cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
100

100 or one hundred (Roman numeral: C) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Friday.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

Events 
 Roman Empire
 Pliny the Younger advances to consulship
 Tiberius Avidius Quietus rule as governor of Roman Britain ends
 Timgad (Thamugas) founded by Emperor Trajan
 The Roman Army reaches 300,000 soldiers
 Bricks become the primary building material in the Empire

 Europe
 Lions have become extinct in Europe by this year

 Asia
 Pakores, last king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom, becomes king
 In China, the wheelbarrow is first used 

 Americas
 Hopewell culture begins in what is now Ohio (uncertain date)
 Teotihuacan at the center of Mexi reaches a population of 50,000

 Arabia
 Kingdom of Himyarite is conquered by the Hadramaut

 Religion
 The Temple of the God of Medicine is built in Anguo, China
 Fourth Buddhist Council begins
 The making of the Kama Sutra begins in India

Births

Deaths 
 Josephus, Jewish historian
 Agrippa II of Judea

References
Niue

Niue is an island country in the south Pacific. Situated between Tonga, Samoa and the Cook Islands, it is commonly known as "Rock of Polynesia". It has its own government, but it is an associated state of New Zealand. This means that Niue's head of state is New Zealand's sovereign (queen) in right, and most diplomatic relations are conducted by the latter on Niue's behalf.

The territory is 2,400 kilometres northeast of New Zealand in a triangle between Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands.

Related pages
 Niue national football team

References

 
Commonwealth dependent states
1994 establishments in Oceania
Matthew the Evangelist

Matthew the Evangelist is a semi-fictional character which comes from the idea that the title of the Gospel of Matthew (AD 80-90) actually referrs to the tax collector Matthew the Apostle or "Levi" mentioned in the New Testament of the Christian Bible as being the author to the Gospel of Matthew. According to the concensus of modern biblical scholars Matthew the Apostle is not the writer of the Gospel of Matthew, who in fact is anonymous. The Gospel does not claim to have been written by a certain Matthew, nor writes about the existence of a Matthew the Evangelist. The name "the Gospel of Matthew" was given in the 2nd century. The author was probably a male Jew, standing on the margin between traditional and non-traditional Jewish values, and familiar with technical legal aspects of scripture being debated in his time.

References

Related pages
Twelve Apostles

Early Christian saints
Twelve Apostles
John the Apostle

John the Apostle (;  ) or Saint John the Beloved was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. He is believed to have written one of the four gospels of the New Testament of the Christian Bible that is named after him. He also wrote the New Testament books of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd John and the Book of Revelation. Tradition holds that he was the last surviving apostle and the only apostle to die a natural death rather than by martyrdom. John is the brother of James according to the Bible. He is remembered in many churches on December 27. He was the son of Zebedee and Salome. His so-called brother James was the first disciple of God.

Related pages
 Twelve Apostles

References

 Saint John the Apostle | Biography, Facts, Writings, & Death | Britannica.com

John the Apostle

1st-century births
1st-century deaths
Christian mystics
Early Christian saints
Twelve Apostles
0s births
100s deaths
Ancient Christianity
Ancient Roman writers
Biblical people
Evangelists
Missionaries
New Testament people
Saints
Year of birth unknown
Saint Peter

Saint Peter (, "rock") also called Simon (Kephas) Peter is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. He is often talked about in the New Testament. Most of what we know about Peter comes from the Bible. In the Gospel it is written that Jesus Christ would make Peter the "rock" (foundation) of the Church (Gospel of Matthew 16:18, you are Peter (rock), and upon this rock I will build my church).

It is not known when Peter was born. But the date of his death is said to be about the year 64 AD. He died by being nailed to a cross in Rome. This type of death is called crucifixion. According to the apocryphal Acts of Peter, Peter asked to be crucified upside down, as he felt unworthy to die as Jesus did. Most historical sources only say he was crucified this way.

The historical accuracy of the accounts of Peter's role in Rome is a matter of ongoing debate.

In art, he is often shown holding the keys to the kingdom of heaven (interpreted by Roman Catholics as the sign of his primacy over the Church), a reference to Matthew .

Peter was married according to the gospel of Mark. The name of his wife is unknown.

Saint and Pope
The Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Lutheran Churches, as well as the Anglican Communion, consider Simon Peter a saint. Roman Catholics believe that the Pope is Peter's successor. For this reason, he is the rightful head of all other bishops. Eastern and Oriental Orthodox also recognise the Bishop of Rome as the successor to Saint Peter and the Ecumenical Patriarch sends a delegation each year to Rome to participate in the celebration of his feast. 

In the Ravenna document of 13 October 2007 representatives of the Eastern Orthodox Church agreed that "Rome, as the Church that 'presides in love' according to the phrase of St. Ignatius of Antioch (To the Romans, Prologue), occupied the first place in the taxis (order), and that the bishop of Rome was therefore the protos (first) among the patriarchs. They disagree, however, on the interpretation of historical evidence from this era regarding the rights of the bishop of Rome as protos, a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium."

Christian tradition says Saint Peter was the first leader of an early apostolic community for at least 34 years. At that time the word Pope or "Papa" was not used to name the leader of the Roman Catholic Church. At that time there was only one Christian Church. Later, the Roman Catholic Church would say that Peter was their first Pope.

Tradition also locates his burial place where St. Peter's Basilica was later built, in Vatican City.

Related pages

 Twelve apostles

References

Other websites 

 Online articles about Saint Peter in Simple English

Early Christian saints
Twelve Apostles
Popes
67 deaths
Pope Paul III

Pope Paul III (; February 29, 1468 – November 10, 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 221st Pope from 1534 to 1549.

Early life
Alessandro Farnese was born in an ancient Roman family.  His grandfather was commander-in-chief of the papal troops under Pope Eugenius IV.

Cardinal
In 1493, Pope Alexander VI made Farnese a cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Farnese was elected Pope in 1534; and he chose to be called Paul III.

Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Council of Trent
He convened the Council of Trent in 1545.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul III
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Farnese

1468 births
1549 deaths
Paul 3
Pope Sixtus IV

Pope Sixtus IV (; 21 July 1414 - 12 August 1484), originally Francesco della Rovere, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 213th Pope from 1471 until his death in 1484.

He is known for beginning construction of the Sistine Chapel.

Early life
Della Rovere was born in Celle Ligure, a town near Savona in Liguria. His family was important.

As a young man, he joined the Franciscan Order.  He rose in the order to head of the Franciscans in Liguria.

Della Rovere studied philosophy and theology at the University of Pavia; and he lectured at Padua, Bologna, Pavia, Siena, and Florence.

Cardinal
In 1467, Pope Paul II raised della Rovere to the rank of Cardinal.

Pope
He was elected pope on August 9, 1471.  He took the name Sixtus because the first day of the conclave which elected him pope was the Feast Day of St. Sixtus.

Pope Sixtus was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Papal actions 
 1474 – Christian I of Denmark was received in Rome.
 1479 – University of Copenhagen established
 1482 – St Bonaventura was canonized.

Legacy
Sixtus ordered the building of the Ponte Sisto (Sistine Bridge) across the Tiber River.

The Vatican Library was enlarged during the reign of Sixtus; and the number of manuscripts grew ten times larger—from 360 during the reign of Pope Nicholas V to 3650.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the della Rovere family

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Sixtus IV
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal della Rovere

Italian popes
1414 births
1484 deaths
House of della Rovere
Pope Julius II

Pope Julius II (; December 5, 1443 - February 21, 1513), born Giuliano della Rovere, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 217th Pope  from 1503 until his death in 1513.  He was known as "the Warrior Pope."

He was the nephew of Pope Sixtus IV.

Early life 
Giuliano della Rovere was the son of Rafaello della Rovere.

His uncle would become Pope Sixtus IV.

Cardinal
In 1471, Sixtus made Rovere a cardinal.

Pope
Rovere was elected pope in 1503; and he chose to be called Julius II.

Pope Julius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

In 1506, Pope Julius he established the Swiss Guard.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the della Rovere family

References

More reading
 Shaw, Christine. (1993). Julius II: the Warrior Pope. Oxford: Blackwell. ;  OCLC 417355755

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Julius II
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal della Rovere

 

Italian popes
1443 births
1513 deaths
House of della Rovere
Alexandre Dumas, père

Alexandre Dumas (born 24 July, 1802 at Villers-Cotterêts, died 5 December 1870 at Dieppe) was a French writer of Haitian descent. He is famous for writing The Three Musketeers (1844), Queen Margot, The Count of Monte Cristo (1844-1845) and about the Man with the iron mask.

Dumas was the son of a general, who fought in the French Revolution. His father died and his mother raised him. They didn't have much money when he was growing up.

Dumas wrote his first plays in 1825 and 1826 after reading Shakespeare, Sir Walter Scott, Friedrich von Scholler and Lord Byron.

Dumas was also a gourmand (lover of food), and wrote Le Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine, an encyclopædia of food and cooking with 1152 pages.  He finished it weeks before his death. It is not thought very reliable, because it relies on Dumas' opinions rather than fact.

Dumas was a member of the Club des Hashischins, or Hashish Club. This group of French writers experimented with hashish to get ideas.

Related pages
Alexandre Dumas, fils, son of this writer

References

Futher reading

Other websites

 

1802 births
1870 deaths
French writers
People with foods named after them
Beastie Boys

The Beastie Boys were an American rap group. According to an interview with Charlie Rose, the word "Beastie" is the backronym of Boys Entering Anarchic States Towards Internal Excellence.  They formed in 1981 as a punk rock band. Their most famous albums are probably Licensed To Ill (1986) and Paul's Boutique (1989). Licensed To Ill is their first album, and it is an album that is given credit for starting the type of music "rap rock", which is rapping done over rock guitar or beats. Paul's Boutique is an album famous for its use of samples, or snippets of music, and the fact that the samples were put together in creative, interesting ways.

Adam Yauch (1964-2012) was one of the founding members of the band until his death on May 4, 2012 after a near 3-year battle with cancer of the parotid salivary gland. Former original guitarist, John Berry (1963-2016), died on May 19, 2016 from dementia at 52.

Current members 
 Michael Diamond (a.k.a Mike D) - Voice 
 Adam Horovitz (a.k.a Adrock) - Voice 
 Michael Schwartz (a.k.a. Mix Master Mike) - DJ

Discography 
 1982 - Pollywog Stew (EP) 	
 1983 - Cooky Puss (EP) 	
 1984 - Rock Hard (EP) 	
 1986 - Licensed to Ill 	
 1989 - Paul's Boutique 	
 1992 - Check your Head 	
 1994 - Some Old Bullshit 	
 1994 - Ill Communication 
 1995 - Root Down (EP) 	
 1995 - Aglio e Olio (EP) 	
 1996 - The In Sound from Way Out! (Instrumental) 	
 1998 - Hello Nasty 	
 1999 - The Sounds of Science 	
 2003 - In A World Gone Mad (EP) 	
 2004 - To the 5 Boroughs 	
 2005 - Solid Gold Hits (CD + DVD)
 2007 - The Mix Up (Instrumental)
 2011 - Hot Sauce Committee, Pt. 2

Other websites 
 Official site
 Mic To Mic

1981 establishments in New York (state)
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
2012 disestablishments in the United States
American rap music groups
American rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Hip hop bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups from New York City
Webby Award winners
Public Enemy

Public Enemy is an American rap group. They are also known as PE. They formed in 1982, and are still together today. They became famous for their politically charged, militant messages in their songs. They are also famous for using lots of jazz and funk samples in their songs, doneto create a loud, noisy sound and back their angry, powerful rapping. Group members include Chuck D. and Flavor Flav, as well as Terminator X and Professor Griff, who left the group in 1990, but rejoined in the late 1990s.

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Musical groups from New York
American rap music groups
Love's Labour's Lost

Love's Labour's Lost is a comedy play by William Shakespeare which was written between 1588 and 1597.

The play contains a lot of wordplay and many characters are based off real kings and noblemen from around those years. This makes the play harder to understand for modern audiences, which is why it is less famous than most of Shakespeare's plays. However, it has been performed more often since the 20th century.

Plot 
Ferdinand, the King of Navarre, and three of his men meet together and talk about their intellectual plans. Their plans then go wrong when the Princess of France and three of her ladies arrive. The men find that they are in love with the ladies and cannot hide it.

Name 
The exact original title is unknown. In early written versions of the script, it varied as to how many apostrophes were used in the title. In the first quarto, it is called Loues labors lost, as a "u" was often used for a "v" sound back then. The title is now most often given as Love's Labour's Lost.

References 

Plays by William Shakespeare
Titus Andronicus

Titus Andronicus (c. 1589–1592) is the first tragedy play by William Shakespeare.  Most of its theme, structure and language comes from The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd. It is believed to be Shakespeare's first play, and also the most bloodiest and less respected of his works. 

Plays by William Shakespeare
The Comedy of Errors

The Comedy of Errors (c. 1589–94) is one of the first plays by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. Shakespeare's sources were Menaechmi by Plautus and Amphitruo by Plautus.

References 

Plays by William Shakespeare
Pietà (Michelangelo)

The Pietà is a statue by Michelangelo. It is now in the first temple on the right of Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City.

Related pages
The following are other statues by Michelangelo:
 David
 Moses

Statues
Art by Michelangelo
Non-governmental organization

A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a group of people from different countries acting together, but not connected with the government of any country. Usually non-governmental organizations are non-profit - that is, they are trying to do something other than make money for the people who run them. They include organisations such as 'Oxfam' and 'World Vision'. 

Non-governmental organization (NGO) is a term that has become widely accepted as referring to a legally constituted, non-governmental organization created by natural or legal persons with no participation or representation of any government. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status and excludes government representatives from membership in the organization. 

Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since, according David Rieff, writing in The New Republic, "the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precisely that NGOs and civil society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the governments concerned might think about the matter."

Unlike the term intergovernmental organization, "non-governmental organization" is a term in general use but is not a legal definition. In many jurisdictions these types of organization are defined as "civil society organizations" or referred to by other names.

Top 5 NGOs In India 

 Child Rights and You (CRY).
 Help Age India. …
 K. C. Mahindra Education Trust (Nanhi Kali) …
 LEPRA India.
 Pratham Education Foundation

Purpose Of NGO 
NGO’s work for uplifting the poor and backward sections of the community. Moreover, the main function which is performed by NGOs is to bridge the gap of inequalities and unfair treatments.

Related pages 
International organization
Nonprofit organization
Transparency International
Quango

References

Organizations
Animal rights

Animal rights is a term used for the general belief that non-human animals deserve rights. Most people that support animal rights believe that humans should not use animals in food, clothing, experimentation, and entertainment.

People that support animal rights also believe that just as you have human rights simply because you are a human, other animals deserve animal rights simply because they are an animal.

Related pages

Speciesism
Veganism
Vegetarianism
Animal cruelty
Animal Farm (novel)
Animal Rights Militia
Animal rights movement
Animal Rights (song)

Other websites
Animal Rights Library

 
Political movements
470s



Events
 476 – The last Western Roman Emperor in Rome was removed by Odoacer the Ostrogoth.
40s BC



Events 
 Julius Caesar wins the civil war (49–45 BC) in the Roman Republic against the Roman Senate. He becomes dictator for life.
 Julius Caesar, Roman dictator, is killed by 23 Roman people. Some people who killed him were Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. (15 March 44 BC).

Important people 
 Julius Caesar, Roman dictator (lived 100–44 BC, ruled 46–44 BC).
 Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman politician ( 85–42 BC).
 Mark Antony, Roman politician and general ( 83–30 BC).
 Pharaoh (Egyptian Queen) Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69 – 30 BC, ruled 51–30 BC).
 Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian), Roman politician and general (62 BC – 14).
 Pharaoh Ptolemy XV Caesarion (Cleopatra VII's son) (lived 47–30 BC, reigned 44–30 BC).
 Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman politician (died 42 BC).
California Institute of Technology

The California Institute of Technology (called "Caltech" for short) is a major American research university in the city of Pasadena in the state of California. Caltech specializes - is especially good, or especially interested - in the study of engineering, computer science, and the physical sciences (some physical sciences are physics and chemistry, as well as others). Caltech is also in charge of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, also called JPL. JPL is part of NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which is the part of the United States government that explores space. Caltech is not owned or run by the United States, or NASA, but NASA pays Caltech to run JPL for them. By most measures, it is the most selective college/university in the world and has one of the highest faculty-to-student ratios in the world.

Caltech's mascot is the beaver. Many schools that specialize in engineering have beavers for their mascot, because in the wild, beavers are known for making dams, and so people think that they are the animal most like engineers.

Famous alumni 
 Jean Robieux, French physicist.

References 

 

Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in California
Pasadena, California
1891 establishments in California
Herpes simplex

The herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a virus.  It causes two common diseases.  Both diseases have painful, watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes (such as the mouth or lips) or on the genitals.

The disease is contagious, particularly when the disease is active. Contagious means that it can spread from one person to another. It is not possible to stop this disease completely after it has started in a person.  However, there are some medical treatments that stop the disease for a little while.

An infection on the lips is commonly known as a cold sore or fever blister.  A cold sore is not the same as a canker sore, which appears inside the mouth and is caused by something else.

Diseases caused by viruses
Sexually transmitted diseases
Introversion and extraversion

Introversion and extraversion is a personality dimension. It was promoted by Carl Jung in the 1920s. Individual people differ on this scale. According to the theory, introverts get energy from inside themselves (ideas and concepts in their own minds), while extroverts get energy from outside of themselves (interacting with other people). There are many ideas about introversion and extroversion which are false, such as the idea(s) that all introverts are shy, antisocial and non-emotional. 

The idea of introversion and extroversion has been used in many different personality tests and is a key determining factor for many things. Those who follow this way of looking at the world say that everyone has some parts of both traits in them, although one will usually dominate over the other. 

At one time, extroverts were thought to make up almost three quarters of American society. In more modern times, however, researchers have been able to ascertain that the number of introverts almost equals the number of extroverts in the country. Interestingly, also, the prevalence of both types varies from country to country, with certain nations (Scandinavian countries, Japan) favouring introversion and others (most notably America) favouring extroversion.
Psychology
Human behavior
50s BC



Events 
 Julius Caesar, Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus make the First Triumvirate (ca. 59–53 BC).
 Gallic Wars: Julius Caesar conquers much of Gaul, and leads two journeys to Britain (58–49 BC).
 Bak Hyeokgeose makes the kingdom of Silla in Korea (57 BC)
 Pompey builds Rome's first permanent (made to stay the same for a long time) theatre (54 BC)
 Battle of Carrhae: the Roman general Marcus Licinius Crassus tries to attack the Parthian Empire. Surenais defeats him at Carrhae, now Harran in Turkey; Crassus dies. (53 BC).
 Battle of Alesia: Vercingetorix leads a rebellion by the Gauls. Julius Caesar defeats him. (52 BC).

Significant people 
 Julius Caesar, Roman politician and general (lived 100–44 BC)
 Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69 – 30 BC, ruled 51–30 BC).
 Pompey, Roman general (lived 106–48 BC)
 Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman politician and general (lived 115–53 BC)
 Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman politician (lived 106–43 BC)
 Vercingetorix, ruler of the Arverni (died. 46 BC)
 Cassivellaunus, British war-leader
 Ariovistus, German king
 Commius, Gaulish king
 Phraates III, King of Parthia (ruled 70–57 BC)
 Mithridates III, king of Parthia and Media (ruled 57–54 BC)
 Orodes II, king of Parthia (ruled 57–38 BC)
 Surena, Parthian general (lived 84–54 BC)
 Bak Hyeokgeose, king of Silla in Korea

Births 
 Livy, Roman historian (ca. 59 BC)
 Seneca the Elder, Roman orator (ca. 54 BC)

Deaths 
 Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman politician and general (53 BC)
 Posidonius, Greek philosopher, astronomer, and geographer (51 BC)
1690s BC



Events 
 1700 - 1500 BC Hurrian conquest
1698 BC- King Jie of China kills his minister Guan Longfeng according to Chinese legend.
 The Exodus: The Israelites leave Egypt, Thrasyllus of Mendes says this. He was an Egyptian mathematician and astronomer who lived c. 1691 BC.
1691 BC June—Lunar Saros 32 begins.

Significant people
Belu-bani, King of Assyria, r. 1700–1691 BC.
Libaia, King of Assyria r. 1691–1674 BC.
Abi-eshuh, King of Babylon, r. 1712–1684 (middle chronology)
Jie, Legendary King of the supposed Xia dynasty (existence disputed) in China, r. c.1728–1675 BC
Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt, r. c.1714–1691 BC
Merhotepre Ini, Pharaoh of Egypt, r. c.1691–1689 BC
Fourteenth dynasty Pharaohs (see List of Pharaohs for details), 1705–1690 BC
 Lila-Ir-Tash king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1700–c.1698 BC.
 Temti-Agun I king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1698–c.1690 BC.
 Tan-Uli king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1690–c.1655 BC.
Agum I, King of the Kassites, r. 1705–1690 BC
Kashtiliash I, King of the Kassites, r. 1690–1680 BC
Itti-Ili-Nibi, King of the Sealand, r. c.1700–1683 BC
1695 BC—Death of Sarah, wife of Abraham, according to the Hebrew Calendar
1691 BC—Death of Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt

References

17th century BC
1680s BC

Events (things that happened):

The sixteenth dynasty starts in Egypt
People make leavened bread in Egypt.

Important people:

Hammurabi dies in 1686 BC
Heremon dies in 1684 BC, (Irish legend)

17th century BC
1670s BC



Events

The fifteenth dynasty starts in Egypt.
Pharaoh (king) Tutimaios of Egypt dies in 1674 BC.
People write Ipuwer Papyrus in 1674.
 Hyksos invade Egypt in 1674.

17th century BC
1080s BC

Events (things that happened):

 The nineteenth dynasty ends in Egypt in 1186.
 The Trojan War ends on the 24 April 1184 BC
 Menestheus (in legends he is the king of Athens) dies. he has ruled for 23 years. His nephew, Demophon, becomes king. (Some people think that Menestheus died before, in the 1190s BC.)

Important people:

 Ramesses III of Egypt is born in 1180.
Irish people

The Irish are an ethnic group who come from or came from the island of Ireland. There are two countries on the island of Ireland: the Republic of Ireland and  Northern Ireland. Historically, the Irish have  been primarily a Celtic people. Many countries, especially English-speaking countries, have people with Irish roots.

In Northern Ireland, there have been violent fights between the Unionists, who identify as British people and are mainly Protestant, and the Nationalists, who identify as Irish and are mainly Catholic. Irish people have a strong culture and beliefs.

Due to problems in Ireland, most importantly a famine between 1845 and 1852, caused by the potatoes in Ireland being destroyed by disease, many Irish moved out of Ireland, including Great Britain, and to other countries like the United States, Canada, and Australia. At present, many more Irish live in the United States than in Ireland, with many of them living in large American cities such as Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago. The population of Irish people in the United States is over seven times more populated than that of those who live in the original homeland of Ireland.

References

Other websites
Irish Immigrant who served in US Civil War
Cork man survived the Titanic
Irish Immigrant who served in World War I
Son of Irish Immigrants who served In World War I Scanlon picture can be found on Find a grave website

 
Celtic peoples
Blackbird

The blackbird (Turdus merula, or common blackbird) is a thrush. It is a member of the passerine songbird family Turdidae.

It has a huge range across Europe, Asia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand. It has a number of subspecies across its range. Depending on latitude, the common blackbird may be resident, partially migratory or fully migratory.

Appearance 
The adult male is black, with a yellow/orange bill (beak). Juveniles and females are brown, and less easy to see. Blackbirds are easy to find in gardens all over Europe and in Asia, South of the Arctic Circle. On average, Blackbirds live to be 2.4 years old, but some have been found to be 20 years old.

Behaviour and ecology 

It is a terrific singer, and will breed whenever the weather is right.

The male common blackbird defends its breeding territory, chasing away other males or using a "bow and run" threat display. This is a short run, the head first being raised and then bowed with the tail dipped simultaneously. If a fight between male Blackbirds does occur, it is usually short and the intruder is soon chased away.

The female blackbird is also aggressive in the spring when it competes with other females for a good nesting territory, and although fights are less frequent, they tend to be more violent.

The male attracts the female with a courtship display: oblique runs and head-bowing movements, an open beak, and a "strangled" low song. The female stays still until she raises her head and tail to allow sex. This species is monogamous, and the established pair usually stay together as long as they both survive. Pair separation rates of up to 20% have been noted following poor breeding. Although socially monogamous, there have been studies showing as much as 17% extra pair paternity.

As long as winter food is available, both the male and female will stay in the territory throughout the year, although occupying different areas. Migrants are more social, travelling in small flocks and feeding in loose groups in the wintering grounds. The flight of migrating birds is bursts of rapid wing beats interspersed with level or diving movement, and differs from both the normal fast agile flight of this species and the more dipping action of larger thrushes.

References 

 

Thrushes
Bydgoszcz

Bydgoszcz  (, ) is a city in the north of Poland, capital of Kujavia-Pomerania voivodship, on the Brda and Wisła rivers. As of 2020, 345 000 people live there. Bydgoszcz is one of the biggest cities in Poland - placed in the 8th position. The city was located in 1346 by the king of Poland Casimir III the Great. Patrons of the city are Saint Martin of Tours and Saint Nicholas.

The city is a big center of industry, trade, logistic and traffic cord. In the city is located the Ignacy Jan Paderewski International Airport. In Bydgoszcz, there's a big military garrison and headquarters of most NATO institutions present in Poland.

Tourism 
Bydgoszcz belongs to the greenest cities in Poland, has more than 30 parks which occupy more than 970 hectares. In the north part of the city, the biggest city park in Poland - Myślęcinek - is located. 

Bydgoszcz has many monuments, starting with the gothic cathedral and ending with the downtown, which has Art Nouveau tenement houses. A unique monument is the oldest in Poland artificial waterway - Bydgoszcz Canal, which connects the Vistula and the Oder rivers.

The most visited place in Bydgoszcz is Old Town with the Mill Island. The most important monuments in this area are gothic churches, including a cathedral, fragments of city walls and granaries from the XVII century.

Bydgoszczy's downtown was built almost completely between 1850 and 1914 and is famous for Art Nouveau tenement houses. The east part of the downtown was built on assumptions garden city movement. The Music District - with the Pomeranian Filharmonija, the Bydgoszcz Academy of Music and the Polish Theatre are also located here.

Bydgoszcz has many museums. The biggest one is the Leon Wyczółkowski Regional Museum which has a wide collection including art, numismatics, archeology and souvenirs related to Bydgoszcz.

Gallery

References

Cities in Poland
Vientiane

Vientiane () is the capital city of Laos. It is in the Mekong Valley, and over two hundred thousand people live in its central area.

Capital cities in Asia
Laos
Dome

A dome is a feature of architecture that usually looks like the upper half of a sphere on top of a building.

It is a feature that makes many religious and government buildings stand out, because if someone is speaking to others inside or under a dome, the voice sounds louder. Also a dome makes it easier to identify an important building, for example a temple or a palace.

A large stadium with a roof over the playing field is often called a "dome". One example of that usage is the Metrodome.

Architectural elements
Address

This article is about the kind of address that you find or communicate with someone through. Address can also mean public speaking. It can also be used when someone is working on something, or talking about something.

An address (pronounced AD-dress or ad-DRESS) is a way to find or communicate with someone. It can be a postal address or an e-mail address. On forms, it is common to ask for someone's name, address and phone number, so that the person can be found easily.

Postal address 
A postal address is usually the location of someone's house, but sometimes it is the person's Post Office Box. It is the information that is put on a letter to have the letter delivered to a person.

Example (in England):
Mr John Smith
132, My Street,
Bigtown  BG23 4YZ
England

Example (in the U.S.):
Mr John Smith
132, My Street,
Kingston, New York 12401
United States

Example (in Nigeria):
Mr Daniel Izuchukwu Nwoye
8, My Street,
Ilassan Lekki, Lagos 105102
Nigeria.

Email Address
An email address is used to send someone an e-mail. It has a username, and this is followed by the name of the person's email provider. The at sign (@) separates the two. For example:
john@gmail.com
horseycrazy@yahoo.com
larry.smith@msn.com
example50150@domain.eu

The "name" part can be made up of any letters or numbers, and a few special characters, but it cannot contain spaces. The "provider" part can be made up of any letters or numbers, but no special characters and no spaces. Some providers may restrict the "name" part in other ways. For example, Gmail does not allow underscores.

Human geography
Postal service
E-mail
T cell

A T cell is a type of lymphocyte, a white blood cell. T-cells plays an important role in the immune system. They attack infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells and completely destroy them. This stops viruses or cancer from spreading to healthy cells.

The "T" in T cell stands for thymus. The thymus is where T cells mature.

Types 
 Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)

 Helper T cells, (Th cells) 

 Regulatory T cells (Treg cells), used to be called suppressor T cells

 Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells) 

 γδ T cells

Related pages 
Major histocompatibility complex

Other websites 
 Janeway, Charles A. et al. 2001. Immunobiology. 5th ed, New York and London: Garland. 
 The Immune System (PDF)
 (Successful!) Treatment of metastatic melanoma with autologous CD4+ T cells against NY-ESO-1

Immunology
Blood cells
Electromagnet

Electromagnets are temporary and artificial magnets. They are magnets that are only magnetic when there is a coil of wire with electricity running through it. The coil of wire is called a solenoid. The strength of the magnet is proportional to the current flowing in the circuit.  The electricity running through the wire is called a current. The current is the flow of electrons, which are negatively charged particles. Electromagnets are used for a variety of purposes. In a simple example, an electromagnet can pick up pieces of iron, nickel, and cobalt.

Electromagnets can be made stronger by adding more coils to the copper wire, or adding an iron core through the coils (for example a nail). The current can also be increased to make the magnetism stronger. British electrician William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet in 1825.

An electromagnet is useful because it can be turned on and off easily (using an electric current), whereas a permanent magnet cannot be turned off and will continue to affect its immediate environment. 

Different alloys act differently. Iron stops being an electromagnet very quickly, but steel takes time to wear off. To make an electromagnet, copper wire is wound around an iron rod. The two ends of the wire are connected to the + (positive) and - (negative) side of the battery.

Usage
Electromagnets are used in everyday items such as burglar alarms, electric relays and fire bells. Electric motors are basically electromagnets. Their ability to change from the state of non-magnetic to magnetic just by passing an electric current through it allows it to be used in many different items. This ability is used in relays.

Electromagnets can also be used to make electricity. Movement of a magnet back and forth in front of the electromagnet will make an electric current.

Why electromagnets work 
Electromagnets work because when electricity flows through a wire it makes a magnetic field around the wire. The direction of the magnetic field can be found by using the right-hand rule. This means that if a person points the thumb of their right hand in the direction of the current, the magnetic field would go around the wire the same way their fingers would wrap around the wire.

The magnetic field made by a single wire is not usually very strong. To make an electromagnet normally the wire is wrapped in many loops to make the fields of each piece of wire add together into one stronger magnetic field.

Other websites

Tools
Electromagnetism
Palau

Palau, officially the Republic of Palau, is an island nation. It is in the Pacific Ocean. Palau is 300 miles (500 km) east of the Philippines. It got independence from United Nations trusteeship administration (administered by the United States of America) in 1994. It is one of the world's youngest and smallest nations. It is sometimes referred to in English under its native name Belau. The capital city of Palau is Melekeok. This has been true since October 1, 2006.

States 

Palau is divided into sixteen administrative states:

Climate 
Palau has a tropical climate all year round. Average yearly temperature is around 82 °F (27 °C).

Related pages
 List of rivers of Palau
 Palau at the Olympics
 Palau national football team

Reference

Other websites 

 My Micronesia.com’s Palau section 
 Olekoi Palau
 Palauan Embassy to the United States
 WWFM 89.5 Radio Palau
 East Javanese Beads as Palau Heirlooms 
 Palau photographs 
 Travel Notes - Runoko Rashidi in the Republic of Palau
 Encyclopedia of the Nations - Palau

 
1994 establishments in Oceania
Llivia

Llívia is a small Catalan town which is an exclave of Spain, being surrounded by France. The Spanish border is about one kilometre away. The town is part of Cerdanya, province of Girona. The French territory surrounding Llivia is the Pyrénées-Orientales département. Llivia had a total population of 1252 in 2005.

History 

People lived there in Roman times. Originally, the settlement was a Roman fort (known as an oppidum). The name of the oppidum was Julia Libica.
Llivia was the capital of Cerdagne in antiquity, but in the early Middle Ages, Hix (a commune of Bourg-Madame, France) became the capital of the region.

Other websites 
 Official website
 The bordermarkers of Llivia

Catalan Countries
Exclaves
Monkey Island

Monkey Island is a well-known adventure game series made and published by LucasArts.

The games are known for their humor, and often use parody and clichés, both from pirate stories as well as from films.

The story takes place in the Caribbean. In the different games. The first one involves main character Guybrush Threepwood, who wants to become a pirate, has many adventures. Each of the games usually involves the evil undead ghost/zombie pirate LeChuck and the island which gave the series its name.

The Monkey Island series
 The Secret of Monkey Island (1990)
 Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge (1991)
 The Curse of Monkey Island (1997)
 Escape from Monkey Island (2000)
 Tales of Monkey Island (2009)
 The Secret of Monkey Island Special Edition (2009)
 Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's revenge special edition (2010)

Video game series
Port Arthur massacre

The Port Arthur massacre was a mass killing that took place at Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia. On Saturday 28 and Sunday 29 April 1996 35 people were killed, and 18 people hurt. Martin Bryant used 2 semi-automatic guns to shoot people who were visiting Port Arthur. Port Arthur is a café and, hotel and historic site. Bryant is in jail for the crime.

The massacre was the worst single-day mass murder incident in Australian history. 35 people died on 28 April 1996, the middle day of the massacre. After the massacre, Australia made new laws about gun control. People could not buy guns very easily anymore. New laws were changed. This law also exits in new Zealand and many other countries.

Bryant had first killed the owners of a small guesthouse. then he went to the Port Arthur Historic Site. 20 of the people killed were shot in the Broad Arrow Cafe in 2 minutes of gunfire. before Bryant started shooting in the café he ate lunch Bryant went into the café and began shooting. There were more than 60 people in the cafe. He then went into the gift shop and continued shooting. Two minutes later he went back to his car to escape. He continued to shoot and kill people outside in the gardens.

Bryant then took a hostage and went back to the Seascape Guest House. He killed the hostage and then set fire to the house. He finally gave himself up to the police after 18 hours. He was burned in the fire.

Bryant was found guilty of killing 35 people. He was sentenced to a life sentence for each murder. The court said he was never to be released.

The ruins of the cafe are now a memorial to the people who were killed in the massacre. A square pond has been built as a place for quiet thinking. The Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard spoke at the memorial in 2006. This was to remember 10 years since the massacre.

References

1990s in Australia
April events
Mass murder in 1996
Mass shootings in the 1990s
Massacres
Murder in Australia
Murders by firearm
Tasmania
Backpacker murders

Between 1990 and 1996, a total of seven people were killed in Australia. Since all of the people were backpackers, the events are known as backpacker murders today. All of their bodies were found in Belangalo State Forest, which is close to Sydney. Ivan Milat killed all of these people.

What happened 
7 people were found in Belangalo State Forest.  Five of these people were visiting Australia - three Germans and two British people. The other two were visiting Sydney from other parts of Australia.  Some of these people were by themselves.  Some of these people were with a friend.  The 7 people were all different from each other.

Television report 
On the TV they said that tourists were killed, but not everyone who died was a tourist.

The crimescene 
The 7 people were found all over Belangalo State Forest, which is a big area.  One of them had their head chopped off.  Someone had sex with some of them.  Some of them had their clothes taken off.  Some of them had bits of their bodies cut off and put somewhere else.  Some of the bodies were by themselves.

Deaths 
Some of the people had been killed with a knife. Some had been killed with a gun.  Some seemed to have been strangled.

The 7 people who died had nothing in common.  People who tried to find out who did it said that there may have been more than one person who killed them.  They said that they may have been a part of a gang.

Catching Ivan Milat 
Ivan Milat (born 1944 died 2019) was an Australian man from New South Wales who lived near Belangalo State Forest.  So police arrested Milat and searched his house. They found out that:

Milat had a gun similar to the weapon used to murder the victims and items that belonged to the victims.
One man in England said that he was nearly killed by Milat.
Police then said that Ivan Milat must have tried to kill that man.  They also said that Ivan Milat may have killed all of the other people.

Milat went to court, and people in court said that he did kill all of these people.

The mystery 

Some people think that other people helped Milat.  Some people said his brothers helped him, or a girl, or lots of other people. Police have said that there are more than 30 people that went missing that might have been killed by Milat. 

1990s in Australia
Murder in Australia
Murder in the 1990s
New South Wales
Death of Azaria Chamberlain

Azaria Chamberlain (11 June 1980 – dissapeared on 17 August 1980) was an Australian baby who was born in Mount Isa, Queensland, and went missing in 1980 near Ayers Rock, Northern Territory, Australia. The family were camping in a tent at the base of the rock. Her mother, Lindy Chamberlain, said that she had been taken by a dingo and killed. Police said that Lindy Chamberlain had murdered the baby and had lied about the dingo. After a long trial which was reported around the world, Chamberlain was convicted of murder and sent to jail. Chamberlain kept arguing that she was innocent. On August 24, 1980 Wally Goodwin found Azaria's bloodstained jumpsuit, booties, nappy and singlet near the base of the Rock near a dingo's den, the case was reopened since the 1980s. 

After a long legal battle which involved three inquests, three appeals and a royal commission, she was released. In 2012, a fourth inquest found that Azaria had been taken by a dingo, and the death certificate has now been changed to show this. The inquest noted that there had been other dingo attacks in the region.

Lindy Chamberlain was released from jail on February 7 1986, but not cleared until September 15 1988, at which time Lindy and Michael (her husband) were declared innocent of all charges. She and Michael were divorced on June 27 1991.  She met Rick Creighton on a speaking tour of the United States in February 1992 and married him on December 20 1992.

Azaria in popular culture
The disappearance of Azaria became one of the most argued about events in Australia. Many people thought that a dingo would be unable to kill a baby. This meant that the mother must have lied. People in Australia say "a dingo stole my baby" as a joke, when they think someone is lying. After a dingo killed a nine-year-old boy on Fraser Island in 2001, people have had to rethink their beliefs about dingos.

Author John Bryson wrote a book about the case, called Evil Angels. This was later made into a movie called Evil Angels and starred Meryl Streep and Sam Neill. The movie was released in other countries as A Cry in the Dark.

In 2005, a woman called Erin Horsburgh said that she was really Azaria Chamberlain and wanted police to do a DNA test to check. But police said that the woman was lying and they did not need to check. This created interest in the media, but there was no truth to the story.

References

1980 births
1980 deaths
Australian children
Missing people
People from Queensland
Murder of Peter Falconio

Peter Falconio (20 September 1972 - c. 14 July 2001) was an English tourist who went missing in Northern Territory, Australia in 2001. Falconio was last seen near a place called Barrow Creek. This is one of Australia's greatest murder mysteries. Police say that he is dead. A trial decided that Bradley John Murdoch murdered Falconio.

Story 
Peter Falconio and his girlfriend Joanne Lees had been fighting with each other. Lees was going to leave Falconio because she had a new boyfriend in Australia.  Some people think that Lees wanted to kill Falconio because of this.  Some people think that she might have asked Murdoch to kill Falconio for her.

History 
Bradley John Murdoch sold drugs to people. Falconio and Lees liked to use drugs. It is thought that they knew each other, and that Falconio and Lees bought drugs from Murdoch. Falconio owed a lot of money in taxes, and he was scared.  Falconio had told people that he wanted to fake his own death.  Many people say they saw Falconio over a week after police say that he died. It was known that Murdoch had hurt people before this. He had once shot at some aborigines just for fun.  He had told people that he thought he was being followed and was going to get rid of them.  Some people think that he raped some women too.

Result 
This remains a great mystery and many people have different stories as to what really happened. A movie called Wolf Creek was made that is similar to the story. It was not allowed to be shown until after the trial.

2001 crimes
2001 deaths
2000s in Australia
British people murdered abroad
English murder victims
Missing people
Murder in Australia
Murder in the 21st century
Northern Territory
People declared dead in absentia
People from West Yorkshire