cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Divisor

For the second operand of a division, see division (mathematics).

In mathematics, a divisor of an integer n, also called a factor of n, is an integer which divides n without leaving a remainder. The statement "m is a divisor of n" can be written as . Any number is always divisible by 1 and itself, which are two of the divisors. A prime number is a number with no other divisors. The positive divisors of a number n, other than n itself, are the proper divisors of n.

Finding one or more factors of a given number is called factorization.


Explanation 

For example, 7 is a divisor of 42 because 42÷7 = 6. We also say that "42 is divisible by 7", "42 is a multiple of 7", "7 divides 42", or "7 is a factor of 42", and we usually write 7 | 42. For example, the positive divisors of 42 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42.

In general, we say that m divides n for non-zero integers m and n, if and only if there exists an integer k such that n = km.  Thus, divisors can be negative as well as positive, although we often restrict our attention to positive divisors. (For example, there are six divisors of four, 1, 2, 4, -1, -2, -4, but one would usually mention only the positive ones, 1, 2, and 4.) 

1 and -1 divide (are divisors of) every integer, every integer is a divisor of itself, and every integer is a divisor of 0, except by convention 0 itself (see also Division by zero). Numbers divisible by 2 are called even, and numbers not divisible by 2 are called odd.

A divisor of n that is not 1, -1, n or -n is known as a non-trivial divisor; numbers with non-trivial divisors are known as composite numbers, while prime numbers have no non-trivial divisors.

The name comes from the arithmetic operation of division: if a÷b = c, then a is the dividend, b the divisor, and c the quotient.

Spotting divisors 
There are properties which allow one to recognize certain divisors of a number from the number's digits. Those properties can be used as "math tricks" to quickly spot some divisors of a number.

For example, if the last digit is even (0, 2, 4, 6 or 8), then 2 is a divisor. If the last digit is 0 or 5, then 5 is a divisor. If the digits add up to a multiple of 3, then 3 is a divisor. For the number 340, ending in "0" then both 2 and 5 are divisors, plus 2×5 = 10 is also a divisor. Dividing by 10, 340/10 = 34, as finally 2×17. Combining all the smaller numbers, the 12 divisors of 340 are:
 Divisors of 340:  1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 17, 20, 34, 68, 85, 170, 340.
Note that any number is always evenly divisible by 1 and itself.

Related pages 

 Coprime
 Euclid's lemma

References

Other websites 

 Online Number Factorizer Instantly factors numbers up to 17 digits long
 Factoring Calculator -- Factoring calculator that displays the prime factors and the prime and non-prime divisors of a given number.

Arithmetics
Remainder

In arithmetic, the result of the division of two integers usually cannot be expressed with an integer quotient, unless a remainder—an amount "left over" after the division—is also accepted.

The remainder for natural numbers 
Given a natural number a and a non-zero natural number d, it can be shown that there exist unique integers q and r, such that a = qd + r and 0 ≤ r < d. The number q is called the quotient, while r is called the remainder.

Examples 
 When dividing 13 by 10, 1 is the quotient and 3 is the remainder, since 13=1×10+3.
 When dividing 26 by 4, 6 is the quotient and 2 is the remainder, since 26=6×4+2.
 When dividing 56 by 7, 8 is the quotient and 0 is the remainder, since 56=8×7+0.
 When dividing 9 by 10, 0 is the quotient and 9 is the remainder, since 9=0×10+9.

The case of general integers 
If a and d are integers with d being non-zero, then a remainder is an integer r such that a = qd + r for some integer q, and with 0 ≤ |r| < |d|.

When defined this way, there are two possible remainders. For example, the division of -42 by -5 can be expressed as either

-42 = 9 ×(-5) + 3

or

-42 = 8 ×(-5) + (-2).

So the remainder is then either 3 or -2.

This ambiguity in the value of the remainder is not very serious; in the case above, the negative remainder is obtained from the positive one just by subtracting 5, which is d. This holds in general. When dividing by d, if the positive remainder is r1, and the negative one is r2, then

r1 = r2 + d.

The remainder for real numbers
When a and d are real numbers, with d being non-zero, then a can be divided by d without remainder, with the quotient being another real number. If the quotient is constrained to being an integer, however, the concept of remainder is still necessary. It can be proved that there exists a unique integer quotient q and a unique real remainder r such that a=qd+r with 0≤r < |d|. Similar to the case of division of integers, the remainder could be required to be negative, that is,  -|d| < r ≤ 0. 

Extending the definition of remainder for real numbers, as described above, is not of theoretical importance in mathematics; however, many programming languages implement this definition—see modulo operation for more.

Related pages
Divisor, a number which evenly divides another
Long division
Modular arithmetic
Modulo operation

References 

Arithmetics
Andreas Starke

Andreas Starke (SPD) (born 17 September 1956 in Hamburg) became the Lord Mayor of Bamberg in Bavaria, Germany in 2006. He won the election against Peter Neller (CSU), Ursula Sowa (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) and Norbert Tscherner (BBB).

1956 births
Living people
Bamberg
German mayors
Politicians from Hamburg
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Robert Enke

Robert Enke (born 24 August 1977 in Jena, East Germany - died 10 November 2009, Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany) was a German football player. He was a goalkeeper for the Germany football team.

Football career 
Enke started to play football at BSG Jenapharm Jena, a local club in his city. In 1985 he came to the youth teams of Jena's major football club, Carl Zeiss Jena. On 11 November 1995, at the age of 18, he had his first professional match for Jena in the German 2. Bundesliga. In 1996, he came to Borussia Mönchengladbach in the German Bundesliga.

From 1997 to 1999 he made fifteen matches for the German under-21 national team. In 1999 he was nominated as one of three goalkeepers of the national team and he went to the FIFA Confederations Cup in the same year. After leaving Germany in 1999 and playing in Portugal, Spain and Turkey, he was not nominated.

In 2006, already playing two years back home, he was nominated as a stand-by goalkeeper for the world championships. After that he returned to the team, on 28 March 2007 he made his first match for the team (against Denmark). In May 2008 he became goalkeeper number two after Jens Lehmann who was already 38 years old. After the UEFA Euro 2008, Jens Lehmann left the national team. Since then, the goalkeepers changed often. On 8 October 2008, Enke broke his hand, so René Adler played his first match in the national team. Other goalkeepers who were tested were Manuel Neuer and Tim Wiese.

Enke's last club was Hannover 96. He had a contract until the year 2010. In 2007 he became team captain in his club. He had played eight matches for the national team. His last match for the national team was on 12 August 2009 against Azerbaijan, his last club match was on 8 November 2009 against Hamburg.

Private life 
Enke and his wife had a daughter who died in 2006. She was two years old. In 2009 they adopted another daughter.

Death 
Enke died in the evening of 10 November 2009 when he was hit by a train near Neustadt am Rübenberge. His advisor said that Enke committed suicide. The next day, there was a press conference with Enke's widow and his psychiatrist. They said that Enke had had a major depressive disorder (depression) since the year 2003.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||Carl Zeiss Jena||2. Bundesliga||4||0
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||0||0
|-
|1997/98||0||0
|-
|1998/99||32||0

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Benfica||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||26||0
|-
|2000/01||26||0
|-
|2001/02||25||0

|-
|2002/03||Barcelona||La Liga||1||0

|-
|2003/04||Fenerbahçe||Süper Lig||1||0

|-
|2003/04||Tenerife||Segunda División||9||0

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Hannover||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||34||0
|-
|2005/06||32||0
|-
|2006/07||34||0
|-
|2007/08||34||0
|-
|2008/09||24||0
|-
|2009/10||6||0
200||0
57||0
10||0
1||0
268||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2007||1||0
|-
|2008||3||0
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
!Total||8||0
|}

References

Other websites 
 Robert Enke

1977 births
2009 deaths
German association football goalkeepers
People from Jena
Sportspeople from Thuringia
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides in Germany
Velikiy Novgorod

There is also a town Nizhny Novgorod with Novgorod in its name

Velikiy Novgorod (Russian: Вели́кий Но́вгород) is a city in the European part of Russia. It is about 200km from St. Petersburg. In 2007 about 2170,000 people lived there. "Novgorod" is the Russian word for "new city" and "Velikiy" means "the Great". The city is actually one of the most historic in Russia. Its past can be traced to the 9th century. Yaroslav the Wise ruled there in the 11th century. It was the only Russian province that was not captured by the Golden Horde.

Cities in Russia
Nizhny Novgorod

There is also a town Velikiy Novgorod with Novgorod in its name

Nizhny Novgorod (Russian:Ни́жний Но́вгород, often shortened to Nizhny) is the fourth largest city in Russia. The first three are Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Novosibirsk. Nizhny Novgorod had a population of 1,311,252 in 2002, and one of 1,438,133 in 1989. It is the economic and cultural center of the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and also the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District.

From 1932 to 1990 the city was known as Gorky (Russian: Го́рький) after the writer Maxim Gorky.

Other websites 

Nizhny Novgorod City Government website  
Official website of Nizhny Novgorod State Art Museum  
Art Museum of Nizhny Novgorod 
http://www.nne.ru The Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas Archdiocese 
VisitNizhny.com  Information about tourism and entertainment in Nizhny Novgorod 
Nizhny Novgorod Online 

Capital cities in Russia
Maxim Gorky

Aleksei Maksimovich Peshkov (In Russian Алексей Максимович Пешков) (Old style: 16 March 1868, New style: 28 March – 18 June 1936), better known as Maxim Gorky (Максим Горький), was a Soviet/Russian author, a founder of the socialist realism literary method and a political activist. 

From 1906 to 1913 and from 1921 to 1929 he lived abroad, mostly in Capri, Italy; after his return to the Soviet Union he accepted the cultural policies of the time, although he was not permitted to leave the country.

Selected Works 
 The Lower Depths (На дне), 1902
 Children of the Sun (Дети солнца), 1905

Gallery

Other websites 

 
 

1868 births
1936 deaths

Gorky, Maxim
Ankh

The ankh was the Egyptian hieroglyphic character that stood for the word ʿnḫ, meaning life. Egyptian gods are often portrayed carrying it by its loop, or bearing one in each hand, arms crossed over their chest. It is also known as the Egyptian Cross, or as crux ansata, Latin for "cross with a handle".
"Ankhs" are viewed as a protective symbol. Many Ancient Egyptian Gods are seen holding this item. 

Religious symbols
Ancient Egypt
Ingrid Bergman

Ingrid Bergman  (29 August 1915 – 29 August 1982) was a Swedish actress.

Biography
Born in Stockholm, Bergman enrolled at Royal Dramatic Drama School. She began acting in Sweden before moving to Hollywood in 1939. Her first movie was a remake of a Swedish movie Intermezzo. Bergman starred in movies Casablanca (1942), Gaslight (1944), Spellbound (1945) and Notorious (1946). She was nominated for seven Academy Awards. Her last role was in a television miniseries Golda Meir (1982). Bergman married Roberto Rossellini in 1950.  She had a daughter Pia (born 1938) by her first husband Dr. Lindström, and a son Robertino (born 1950) and twin daughters Isabella Rossellini and Isotta (born 1952) with Rossellini. Bergman died of breast cancer in London, England.

References
 The Illustrated Who's Who of Cinema, Portland House, New York, 1987.

Other websites

Academy Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from breast cancer
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from Stockholm
Swiss stage actors
Swedish movie actors
Swedish television actors
Tony Award winning actors
1915 births
1982 deaths
Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg

The Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg is a cycle trail. It  links the Moselle-valley and
the Hunsrück from Trier to Hermeskeil in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
The length is about :
 Trier-Ruwer - Mertesdorf - Kasel - Waldrach: 
 Waldrach - Sommerau - Gusterath-Tal - Pluwigerhammer: 
 Pluwigerhammer - Hinzenburg - Burg Heid: 
 Burg Heid - Hentern - Zerf: 
 Zerf - Niederkell: 
 Niederkell - Kell am See: 
 Kell am See - Reinsfeld: 
 Reinsfeld - Hermeskeil:

Other websites 

 www.ruwer-hochwald-radweg.de

Cycling in Germany
Sport in Rhineland-Palatinate
Transport in Germany
Novosibirsk

Novosibirsk (Russian:Новосиби́рск , pronounced ) is Russia's third largest city, after Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast. It is also the largest city in Siberia and the administrative center of Siberian Federal District. It is in the southwest of this district.

History 
It was founded in 1893 as the future site of the Trans-Siberian railway bridge crossing the great Siberian river Ob. Its importance further increased early in the 20th century with the completion of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway connecting Novosibirsk to Central Asia and the Caspian Sea. 

The settlement became city in 1903. City name may be translated as New Siberian. From 1893 until 1925 Novosibirsk was called Novonikolayevsk. 
During the Great Patriotic war of the Soviet Union a lot of factories from the west parts of the country were evacuated here.

The city lies along the Ob River in the West Siberian Plain. To the south is the Ukok Plateau part of  the UNESCO World Heritage Site entitled Golden Mountains of Altai.

Climate 
The climate is sharply continental, with very severe, cold and snowy winters and hot and dry summers. Temperatures in summer range from 10 to 30 °C (50...85 °F), in winter -5 to -25 °C (20...-10 °F), but can reach -45 °C (-50 °F) in winter and 35 °C (95 °F) in summer. The difference between the highest and the lowest temperature is 83 °C (181 °F). Most of the time the weather is sunny, with an average of 2880 hours of sunshine per year.

Economy 
Industries include machine manufacturing and metallurgy. It is the home of one of Novosibirsk State University (in nearby Akademgorodok), a number of institutes and a scientific research center. Novosibirsk has opera and ballet companies, several theaters, museums, and art galleries, and numerous sports facilities.

Transportation 
West Siberian railway control organization is located in the city, on the Vokzalnaya magistral street beginning near Novosibirsk Glavny rail terminal.

In 1986 Novosibirsk metro started its working. It became the first subway system in Siberia.

Also, the city has tram, trolley and bus systems.

Tolmachevo international airport is located in Novosibirsk area.

Related pages 
List of cities and other settlements in Russia

References 

 
Siberia
Capital cities in Russia
Recital

A recital is a concert of classical music given by just one musician or one musician and an accompanist.  A pianist playing a concert by himself will be giving a "piano recital".  A "violin recital" will be given by a violinist and piano accompanist.

People started talking about "recitals" in the middle of the 19th century.  Pianists such as Liszt became famous when they travelled about giving piano recitals.  Soon piano manufacturers (firms that make pianos) and concert agents started to sponsor famous pianists to give recitals.  These great pianists became great stars in the way that, in music, only opera singers had been great stars before. Some concert halls have become well-known places for recitals, e.g. the Bosendorfersaal in Vienna, the Beethovensaal in Berlin, the Wigmore Hall in London and the Carnegie Hall in New York.

Some pianists became known for playing recitals of music by just one composer.  Recitals of Chopin's music were particularly popular.  "Song recitals" (or "vocal recitals") are given by singers who sing Lieder and sometimes arias from operas.

Music events
Programme music

Programme music (or "program music" in US English) is music for instruments which describes something or tells a story.  It is the opposite of "absolute music" which is not trying to describe anything, just the sound of the piece.  Programme music was very popular in the 19th century although some programme music was written earlier.

History
Some composers in the Renaissance and Baroque periods wrote music which described battles. Antonio Vivaldi wrote a very famous set of four concertos for violin and strings called The Four Seasons.  Each of the movements describe things happening during the year's seasons, e.g. the birds singing in the spring, snowy winter days, etc.

At the start of the 1800s, Beethoven wrote a pastoral symphony, Symphony No. 6 "Pastorale", which describes the peaceful life in the countryside.  This way of making music describe things became very popular with Romantic composers.  Mendelssohn wrote "concert overtures" which had nothing to do with an opera but were simply short pieces of music for orchestra which told a story.  Hebrides Overture, for example, describes the feel of the sea lapping into Fingal's Cave in the Scottish Inner Hebrides.

Franz Liszt made programme music very popular in his symphonic poems.  Hector Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique describes a story he made up himself about a man who has dreams about a woman he loves.  The woman he loves is represented by a tune (melody) which is heard in different ways during the symphony.  It is called an idée fixe (French for "fixed idea").  This way of linking a theme (tune) with a person led to Wagner's use of leitmotif in his operas in which a tune is linked to a person, event or idea.  At the start of the 19th century Richard Strauss  wrote several symphonic poems, often using a leitmotif to describe the person it is about.  They include Don Juan, Don Quixote and Ein Heldenleben (A hero's life).

References 

Music
Anaerobic organism

An anaerobic organism is any living thing that does not need oxygen for growth. 

 Obligate anaerobes will die when exposed to atmospheric levels of oxygen.
 Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen when it is present. 
 Aerotolerant organisms can survive in the presence of oxygen, but they are anaerobic because they do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. 

Microaerophiles are organisms that may use oxygen, but only at low concentrations (low micromolar range); their growth is inhibited by normal oxygen concentrations (approximately 200 micromolar). Nanaerobes are organisms that cannot grow in the presence of micromolar concentrations of oxygen, but can grow with and benefit from nanomolar concentrations of oxygen.

Obligate anaerobes may use fermentation or anaerobic respiration. In the presence of oxygen, facultative anaerobes use aerobic respiration; without oxygen some of them ferment, some use anaerobic respiration. Aerotolerant organisms are strictly fermentative. Microaerophiles carry out aerobic respiration, and some of them can also do anaerobic respiration.

Some anaerobic bacteria produce toxins (e.g., tetanus or botulinum toxins) that are highly dangerous to higher organisms, including humans.

Related pages 
Cellular respiration
Anaerobic digestion
Biogas

Microbiology
Metabolism
Tetanus

Tetanus is a disease that leads to muscle contractions that stay that way for some time.

Infection generally occurs through wound contamination, and often involves a cut or deep puncture wound. The primary symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani. As the infection goes on, muscle spasms develop in the jaw. This led to the common name of the condition, lockjaw. This is usually followed by  difficulties with swallowing. The condition  leads to general muscle stiffness and spasms in other parts of the body. Infection can be prevented by proper immunization and by post-exposure prophylaxis.

References

Other websites 

 Tetanus Information from Medline Plus
 Tetanus Symptoms 
 Tetanus Surveillance -- United States, 1998-2000 (Data and Analysis)

Diseases caused by bacteria
Immunization

Immunization is a way of preventing a person from getting a disease.  This is done by making the person's body come into contact with a bit of the disease so that the body learns how to fight it.  The body's ability to fight off a disease is called its immune system. 

The material is known as an immunogen.  Immunization is the same as inoculation and vaccination because inoculation and vaccination use an infecting agent (something that infects) in the same way that immunization does.
  
When the human immune system is exposed to an infection once, it can learn how to cope quickly if it is exposed to it again.  By exposing an individual to an immunogen in a controlled way, the body will be able to protect itself from that infection later on in life.
Whipped cream

Whipped cream is a dairy food used in many desserts. It is made with heavy cream, a type of cream that contains a large amount of fat.

Preparation
To make whipped cream, a person whips or beats the heavy cream with a whisk or an electric mixer until it becomes fluffy and filled with air. For some desserts, icing sugar can be added as a sweetener. Some people also add flavourings to whipped cream, such as vanilla.

Serving
Whipped cream is used in many types of desserts. Some desserts, such as apple pie or strawberry shortcake, are often served with whipped cream on top. Whipped cream is also served in milk shakes, Alex's coffee, and on ice cream sundaes. Some desserts have whipped cream inside them, such as cream puffs and eclairs.

Dairy products
Desserts
Tetanospasmin

Tetanospasmin is the neurotoxin produced by the vegetative spore of Clostridium tetani in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus. It is sometimes called spasmogenic toxin, tetanus toxin or abbreviated to TeTx or TeNT. 

Poisons
Biochemistry
Neurotoxin

A neurotoxin is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells – neurons – usually by interacting with membrane proteins and ion channels. 

Many of the venoms and other toxins that organisms use in defense against vertebrates are neurotoxins. A common effect is paralysis, which sets in extremely rapidly. The venom of bees, scorpions, pufferfish, spiders and snakes can contain many different toxins. Many neurotoxins act by affecting voltage-dependent ion channels.

A man named Clairvius Narcisse was dead and came back to life again because the locals used neurotoxin on him to bring him back to life. He was buried in Haiti in 1964.

Physiology
Paralysis

Paralysis is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle groups, when the thing that is paralysed cannot move. 

Paralysis is most often caused by damage to the nervous system or brain, especially the spinal cord. Major causes are stroke, trauma, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), botulism, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Partial paralysis can also occur in the REM stage of sleep (see:Sleep paralysis). Paralysis often includes loss of feeling in the affected area.

Diseases and disorders
Membrane protein

A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.

20–30% of all genes in genomes code for membrane proteins. They are targets of over 50% of all modern medicinal drugs.

Function
Membrane proteins perform a variety of functions vital to the survival of organisms:
 Membrane receptor proteins relay signals between the cell's internal and external environments.
 Membrane transport proteins move molecules and ions across the membrane.
 Membrane enzymes have many activities.
 Cell adhesion molecules allow cells to identify each other and interact. For example, proteins involved in immune response.

Related pages
 Ion channel

References

Other websites 
 General principles of membrane protein folding and stability   from Stephen White laboratory
 Orientations of proteins in membranes (OPM) database 3D structures of integral and amphitropic membrane proteins

Molecular biology
Tampa Bay Buccaneers

The Tampa Bay Buccaneers are an American Football team in the National Football League (NFL). They are a part of the Southern Division of the National Football Conference. The Buccaneers are from Tampa, Florida. The team was founded in 1976, and are the champions from Super Bowl XXXVII in 2002. The current head coach is Bruce Arians. Their quarterback is Tom Brady.

The name "Buccaneer" comes from certain pirates who would raid the western coast of Florida in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

The Buccaneers play in Raymond James Stadium located in Tampa, Florida.

The Buccaneer's division rivals include the New Orleans Saints, the Carolina Panthers and the Atlanta Falcons. Their in state rivals include the Miami Dolphins and the Jacksonville Jaguars.

The Buccaneers have 3 players in the NFL Hall of fame: Lee Roy Selmon, Warren Sapp, and Derrick Brooks.

They are the first team to play the Super Bowl on their homefield, as Super Bowl LV is hosted in Tampa, after defeating the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship game. Tampa played the Kansas City Chiefs in the Super Bowl. They won the game 31-9 against the Kansas City Chiefs.

Other websites 
Tampa Bay Buccaneers official web site
Pro Football Hall of Fame

Sports in Tampa, Florida
National Football League teams
Obelus

An obelus (plural, obeli) is a symbol of a line with dots above and below, , and is used to represent the division operation in mathematics. Because of that, this symbol is also known as a division sign. 

The word "obelus" comes from the Greek word for a sharpened stick, spit, or pointed pillar. This is the same root as that of the word "obelisk". The obelus was first used as a symbol for division in 1659, in the algebra book Teutsche Algebra by Johann Rahn. Today, the obelus is used occasionally, mostly as a standalone symbol for the division operation itself (as on a calculator), or as an operator in elementary arithmetic. In most cases, division is now represented using other ways, often by a forward slash (/), also known as "solidus".

Related pages 

 Slash (punctuation)

References

Other websites 
 Jeff Miller: Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols
 Michael Quinion: Where our arithmetic symbols come from

Mathematical notation
Symbols
Vinculum (symbol)

A vinculum is a horizontal line put over a mathematical expression. It shows that it belongs together as a group. (Vinculum is Latin for "chain".)

Examples are:

1. groups of digits repeating forever, for example,

2. fractions

3. radicals (in the following example the quantity  is the radicand, and thus has a vinculum over it):

Other websites  
MathWorld Vinculum Entry with further (more complicated) examples
Periodic Continued Fraction

Mathematical notation
Colon (disambiguation)

Colon could mean:

Colon (anatomy)
Colon (punctuation)
Colon (rhetoric)
Colon classification, a library classification system
Colon, Michigan, a village within Colon Township
Colon Township, Michigan
Carlitos Colón, professional wrestler
Carly "Carlito" Colón, his son, also a wrestler
Eddie Colón, his son, also a wrestler
Stacy Colón, his daughter, also a wrestler
Fred Colon, a Discworld character
Colon, the French word referring to a French-Algerian colonist.
Bartolo Colon, a pitcher for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Colon, an alternative name use in France for wine made from the Gros Verdot grape.
Tomorrow Never Knows

Tomorrow Never Knows is a song from The Beatles's Revolver album, from 1966.

John Lennon wrote the song based on his readings of The Psychedelic Experience, which adapted the Tibetan Book of the Dead for use as an LSD "user's manual", intending to give users a kind of religious experience. The song's title came from his bandmate Ringo Starr, who was known for his  but insightful comments about life.

Lennon wanted the sound of monks , to complement the Beatles' recording of the song. It was not possible to do this, but Lennon's voice was played through a special speaker (called a Leslie speaker), to give it a  sound, like a voice calling from a hilltop. Other sounds on the record came from tape loops, playing over and over, and from a sitar.

The song has also been recorded by other artists. A dance cover version appeared in the 1990s.

Sources

1966 songs
The Beatles songs
Songs about drugs
Titanic (disambiguation)

Titanic can refer to

RMS Titanic, the ship which sank on its first voyage in 1912
Titanic (1997 movie) a movie about that voyage
Titanic (TV series), a ITV network show
Santino Marella

Anthony Carelli (born March 14, 1974) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler. He currently works for the TNA . He appears under the ring name Santino Marella. During his wrestling career, he was a two-time WWE Intercontinental Champion, one-time WWE United States Champion, and one-time WWE Tag Team Champion with Vladimir Kozlov.

World Wrestling Entertainment
Carrelli made his WWE debut on the April 16 edition of WWE Raw under the name of Santino Marella. He won the WWE Intercontinental Championship after Umaga was attacked by Bobby Lashley. With this, he became one of a few superstars to win a title in their first match.

On July 6, 2014, at a live event in Toronto, Ontario, Marella announced his retirement due to a third major injury to his neck.
TNA 2013 - 2015
Marella defeated Drake
Marella defeated Galloway

References

Other websites
WWE profile

1974 births
Canadian professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Ontario
WWE wrestlers
The Count of Monte Cristo

The Count of Monte Cristo is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, père.  The story is about revenge and forgiveness. The main character of the book, Edmond Dantès, is wrongly sent to prison. There, he meets an old priest named Faria, who tells Dantès of a treasure. He escapes and finds the large treasure. He uses it to carry out a plan of revenge on the three people who sent him to prison. The novel was well received by critics and readers. It has been adapted to many stage plays and movies.

The novel was first published in the Journal des Débats in 18 parts from August 28, 1844 to January 15, 1846. It was first published in Paris by Pétion in 18 volumes (1844-5). It was published in English in 1846 by Chapman and Hall. It has been translated many times since 1846, and into many languages. Dumas wrote a set of three plays that told the story of The Count of Monte Cristo: Monte Cristo (1848), Le Counte de Morcerf (1851), and Villefort (1851). The book inspired the plot for other novels, including Lew Wallace's  Ben-Hur (1880).

Other websites 
 Pierre Picaud: The "Real" Count 
 Sparknotes Literary Analysis of The Count of Monte Cristo

References

1844 books
French novels
Hallandale Beach, Florida

Hallandale Beach is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. The city is named after Luther Halland, a worker for Henry Flagler's Florida East Coast Railroad. The population was 37,282 at the 2000 census. Sometimes the city is called the "southernmost Canadian city". This is because Hallandale Beach has been a popular vacation spot for years, and most of the tourists come from Quebec and the northeast United States. Many of these tourists eventually moved to the area to live there.

Cities in Florida
Göppingen

Göppingen (Swabian: Gebbenga, Gebbeng, or Geppenge) is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. In 2005, there were 57,771 people living in Göppingen. It is at the bottom of the  high "Kaiserberg", or "Emperors' Mountain".

History 
The first settlement at Göppingen was in the Hallstatt period, 800-480 BC. A Roman settlement from about 250 BC was found near the present day Oberhofen Church. An Alemannic prince by the name of "Geppo", is believed to have started the town after the sometime in the 3rd or 4th century. The town is named after him.

A fire on August 25 1782 destroyed most of the town, but it was immediately rebuilt. During the 1800s, many factories were built in the area. Companies such as Märklin and Schuler are still based in the town.

Cooke Barracks
In 1930, an air field was built north of Göppingen. This was taken over by the Luftwaffe in 1935 and was called the Fliegerhorst Kaserne (barracks). From 1945 to 1949, displaced persons and refugees were housed in the buildings. In 1949, it was renamed Cooke Barracks, after Charles H. Cooke, Jr., who been killed in action and given the Silver Star and Soldier's Medal for bravery.

In late 1950, the 7th Army had been reformed in Stuttgart and U.S. Army units began to be stationed at Cooke Barracks. The barracks were made bigger for the 28th Infantry Division headquarters. The 28th Infantry was renamed as the 9th Infantry Division (United States) in 1954 and was replaced by the 8th Infantry Division in 1956. They were then replaced by the 4th Armored Division in 1957, which was renamed as the 1st Armored Division in 1971 and moved to Hindenburg Kaserne in Ansbach in 1972. The 1st Infantry Division moved from Augsburg in 1972 until 1991.

Cooke Barracks were given back to the German government in 1992. The barracks were again used to house refugees for some time, then returned to civilian use.

Sport
Frisch Auf! Göppingen currently plays in the German first handball-division (Handball-Bundesliga).

References

Other websites
 Official website
 for people who served at Cooke Barracks
Unperson

In the George Orwell book Nineteen Eighty-Four, an Unperson is someone who has been vaporized. Vaporization is when a person is secretly murdered and erased from society, the present, the universe, and existence. Such a person would be taken out of books, photographs, and articles so that no trace of them is found in the present anywhere – no record of them would be found. This was so that a person who defied the Party would be gone from all citizens' memories, even friends and family. There is no Newspeak word for what happened to unpeople, therefore it is thoughtcrime to say an unperson's name or think of unpeople. 

This is similar to the Stalinist Soviet Party erasing people from photographs after death; this is an example of "real" unpeople.

The Stalin-era Soviet Union also provided real-world examples of unpersons in its treatment of Leon Trotsky and other members of the Communist Party who became politically inconvenient. In his 1960 magazine article "Pravda means 'Truth'", reprinted in Expanded Universe, Robert A. Heinlein argued that John Paul Jones and a mysterious May 15, 1960 cosmonaut had also received this treatment.

Other websites 
 A look at Orwell’s Newspeak

Words

en:List of Newspeak words#Unperson
Düren

Düren (Ripuarian: Düre, Low Franconian: Dürre or Dure) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is between Cologne and Aachen. About 90,000 people live there. Düren is at the river Rur.

References

Other websites

Düren Rural District
Gütersloh

Gütersloh (Westphalian: Gütsel, Low Franconian: Gütersloh)  is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 96,000 people live there.

References

Other websites

Gütersloh Rural District
Iserlohn

Iserlohn (Westphalian Low German: Iserlaun, Iserliaun, or Iserlauhn; Middle Low German: Eisenwald)  is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 93,000 people live there; it is one of the largest cities in that region.

References

Other websites

Märkischer Rural District
Velbert

Velbert is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 87,000 people live there.

References

Other websites

Mettmann Rural District
Lünen

Lünen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. 88,000 people live there. Lünen has got two important football clubs: Lüner SV and BV Brambauer. Lüner SV is playing in the "Bezirksliga (8. league), but in 1963 the club achieved his greatest aim. They got Champion of Westphalia.

References

Unna Rural District
Marl

Marl is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 91,000 people live there.

Twin towns 
  Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
  Creil, France
  Herzliya, Israel
  Zalaegerszeg, Hungary
  Pendle, United Kingdom
  Kuşadası, Turkey

References

Other websites

Recklinghausen Rural District
Bocholt

Bocholt (Low German: Bokelt) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 73,000 people live there.

References

Other websites

Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia
Borken Rural District
Roman Abramovich

Roman Abramovich (born October 24, 1966 in Saratov, Russia) is a Russian-British businessman. Roman Abramovich was born in Saratov, in the former Soviet Union (FSU) on October 24, 1966. He was orphaned at the age of three and raised by his uncle in Ukhta, in the Komi Republic in northern Russia. When he was eight, Abramovich went to live with his grandmother in Moscow.

Wealth
He is one of the richest men in the world. As in 2019, his wealth was estimated at $12.9 billion by Forbes which made him the wealthiest person in Israel, where he resides, and the 140th wealthiest person in the world.

Business
Abramovich is the owner of Millhouse, LLC, a private investment company, the owner of Evraz, a steel making and mining company, and major shareholder of Norilsk Nickel, a nickel and palladium mining and smelting company. He is also part owner or significant shareholder in a multitude of international corporations, primarily in steel and mining, and private investment and is well known for his sports team—Chelsea Football Club, one of the most successful and popular football teams in the United Kingdom.

Works in Russia
In 1999, Abramovich who was then 33 years old, was elected governor of the Russian province of Chukotka, and was subsequently elected for a second term, serving until 2008.

Abramovich has received the ‘Order of Honor’ by the President of Russia for his significant contribution to economically developing the autonomous district of Chukotka. He was also given the ‘Order of Friendship’ by the President.

References

Other websites 
 Roman-Abramovich.com 

1966 births
Living people
British businesspeople
Russian businesspeople
British Jews
British billionaires
Israeli Jews
Israeli billionaires
Israeli businesspeople
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish politicians
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Portuguese businesspeople
Russian Jews
Russian politicians
Morena Baccarin

Morena Baccarin (born June 2, 1979) is a Brazilian actress. She is best known for her role as Inara Serra in the sci-fi television series Firefly and the movie Serenity. Morena was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Her father is of Italian descent. Her mother is Brazilian stage and television actress Vera Setta.

When she was 10, Baccarin moved with her family to Greenwich Village, New York, in the United States. She later attended the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts (the High School in the movie Fame) before she studied theater at Juilliard.

Interviews 
 When asked in an interview "if she's up for the role of Wonder Woman, " Baccarin replied: "I’m not going to say no to a superhero but it’s not up to me."

References

Other websites 
 
 

1979 births
Living people
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
Whedonverse
People from Rio de Janeiro
José Mourinho

José Mário dos Santos Mourinho Félix, OIH, or simply José Mourinho (born January 26, 1963 in Setúbal) is a Portuguese football manager and former player who is the head coach of Serie A club Roma. He is commonly known as "The Special One". Mourinho is regarded by some players, coaches, and critics as one of the best football coaches of all time. Jose Mourinho's father was no stranger to the world of football. Felix Mourinho practiced this sport as a professional goalkeeper. He also represented his country in one international match. Without a doubt, this factor had a huge impact on the Portuguese coach's career since his childhood, especially with his father's unquenchable desire for Jose to become a big player.

Mourinho won four league titles in a row (two at Porto and two at Chelsea). He has also won the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup with Porto. For two years in a row (2004 and 2005), Mourinho was named the world's best football coach by the International Federation of Football History and Statistics (IFFHS). After leaving Chelsea F.C., he was replaced by Avram Grant. He went to coach Internazionale Milano and won the Serie A, Italian Super Cup and Champions League in a single season (2009/10).

Managerial stats

References

1963 births
Living people
Portuguese footballers
Portuguese football managers
Hazrat Babajan

Hazrat Babajan (1806–1931), birthname Gool Rukh ("like a rose"), was born as a Pathan lady in a noble Muslim family of Balochistan in northern British India Empire (now Pakistan). At the age of 18 she fled her arranged marriage and sought God instead. She journeyed to the northeast, first to Peshawar and then to Rawalpindi, disguised by her Muslim veil. She lived for a year and a half in the mountainous regions of what is now Pakistan under the guidance of a Hindu sadguru, then traveled to Punjab. In Multan, at the age of 37, she received God-realization from an Islamic qutub (Muslim master), Maula Shah.

Babajan is most famously remembered as the spiritual master of Meher Baba. 

1806 births
1931 deaths
Asian Sufis
Muslims
Concept album

A concept album is a kind of album in which all the songs are about the same thing. Most of the time, they tell a story.

Examples 
Examples of concept albums are:
Lemonade by Beyoncé
American Idiot by Green Day
All of Coheed and Cambria's studio albums
Thick as a Brick by Jethro Tull
Most of Pink Floyd's albums
Clockwork Angels by Rush
The Black Parade by My Chemical Romance

Sources 
 New York Post article about American Idiot
Convenience food

Convenience food is a type of food. This kind of food has been made so it can save the consumers time to prepare it. Usually such foods just need to be heated. They are made for a long shelf life, so that they can stay in the store for a long time. One thing to remember is that you may have to pay for the convenience, as this food is often expensive.

Many people criticise these products, because:
They are made from products that would probably not be eaten in their raw form
They are high in bad fat, sugar, and calories
They are low in nutrients and fiber, but fast to prepare. Therefore, they are also blamed for obesity
Their ingredients may come from genetically-modified organisms
Preservatives are almost always used
Most of the foods end up wasted

History 
Before modern times most men worked in the open, often in fields. Agriculture was, before the industrial revolution, the biggest employment for men in most countries. They usually took their midday meal with them, and ate where they worked. 

Many kinds of food types were invented for this purpose. The Cornish pasty from the UK is one which survives to the present day. Other kinds have vanished, and their names forgotten. The Bedfordshire clanger was a baked suet dumpling, and there was also a Bedfordshire roll. This was savoury at one end and sweet at the other. It was eaten from the savoury end to the sweet end. There used to be many other varieties and version.  Many have commented on the way convenience foods are heavy on calories. They were meant to be, for work then was usually manual labour, and men used their muscles continually as they worked.

The modern sandwich is a relatively recent invention, since it dates back only to the 18th century. It has become a standard way of taking food to the school or workplace.

Related pages 
Junk food

References

Other websites 
American women and the making of modern consumer culture

Convenience foods: factors affecting their use where household diets are poor

US Food facts & history

Foods
Zippo

A  Zippo lighter is a refillable metal lighter made by Zippo Manufacturing Company since 1933. Many different styles have been made since 1933, such as the pipe Zippo, for lighting pipes. Many people collect Zippos. Some Zippos are worth a lot of money.

Zippo lighters are wind-proof, which means that the wind can not blow them out. The most common fuel for Zippos is naphtha.

1932 establishments
Tools
Smoking
1367



Events 
 Pedro of Castile becomes King of Castile (now in Spain) again after defeating his half-brother, Henry II, at the Battle of Nájera (Navarette). Pedro was helped in the battle by the English and Henry by the French.
 Ferdinand I becomes King of Portugal after the death of his father, Peter I.
 Charles V creates the first royal library in France.
 Otto I becomes Duke of the independent city of Göttingen (now in Germany) after the death of his father, Ernst I.
 A stone wall is built around Moscow to resist invasion by Lithuania.
 The University of Pécs is founded in Hungary.

Births 
 January 6 – King Richard II of England (died 1400)
 April 3 – King Henry IV of England (died 1413)
 Mary of Enghien, Queen of Naples (d. 1446)
 Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (died 1415)

Deaths 
 January 18 – King Peter I of Portugal (born 1320)
 December 28 – Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shogun (born 1330)
 Gil Alvarez De Albornoz, Spanish cardinal
 Sohier of Enghien, titular Duke of Athens
 Duke Ernst I of Göttingen
Water heating

Water heating is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water are for cooking, cleaning and bathing, and space heating. In industry both hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.

The most common energy sources for heating water are fossil fuels: natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, oil or sometimes solid fuels (coal or firewood. These fuels may be consumed directly or by the use of electricity (which may derive from any of the above fuels or from nuclear or renewable sources). Alternative energy such as solar energy, heat pumps, hot water heat recycling, and sometimes geothermal power, may also be used as available, usually in combination with gas, oil or electricity.

Solar water heaters 

Solar collectors for solar powered water heaters are installed outside dwellings, typically on the roof or nearby.  Nearly all models are the direct-gain type. They consist of flat panels in which water circulates.

Geothermal heating 
In countries like Iceland and New Zealand, and other volcanic regions, water heating may be done using geothermal power, rather than combustion.

References

Other websites 
How It Works - Water Heater 
PATH Tech Inventory: Solar Water Heaters 
Tankless Water Heaters are Brutal on the Grid When Popularized 
Stiebel Eltron Tankless Water Heaters
Water Heating for Dairies in NZ
U.S. Department of Energy Water Heating Guidance
Antique water heater museum

Energy
Heating
Couëron

Couëron is a city in France on the Atlantic Ocean near Nantes. About 18.000 people live in the city.

Communes in Loire-Atlantique
Room temperature

Room temperature does not have an exact scientific definition. It means a temperature that is normal in rooms used by human beings.

Human comfort and health

A comfortable room temperature depends on individual needs and other factors. According to the West Midlands Public Health Observatory (UK),  is the recommended living room temperature, and  is a good bedroom temperature.

However, in hotter countries such as those near the equator room temperature can be as high as .

Room Temperature is the temperature that is comfortable and normal to be in.

Science 

For scientific work, room temperature is taken to be in the range  with an average of . Scientists use kelvins (K) for temperature. The Rankine (°R) unit is no longer used.

Condition for physical experiments

The progress and results of many scientific and industrial processes can sometimes depend on the temperature of the surroundings of the equipment. For example, a measurement of the charge of the electron does not depend upon the temperature of the test equipment. In this case, if scientists mention temperature at all, they usually only mention "room temperature", which means that what is being measured has not been cooled or heated.

References

Temperature