cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Tracheid

Tracheids are long cells in the xylem of vascular plants. They  transport water and mineral salts. Tracheids are one of two types of elements in the xylem, vessel elements being the other. Tracheids do not have perforation plates; vessel elements do. These define vascular plants, as opposed to  non-vascular plants.

All tracheary elements get a thick lignified cell wall. When the plant is mature, the protoplast has broken down and disappeared.  Tracheids have two functions. They transport material and provide structural support.

The secondary walls have thickenings in various forms: rings, spirals, networks or as extensive thickenings except where there are pits. Tracheids provide most of the structural support in softwoods, where they are the major cell type.

Because tracheids have a much larger surface area to volume ratio compared to vessel elements, they hold water against gravity (by adhesion) when transpiration is not occurring. This mechanism helps plants prevent air embolisms.

The term "tracheid" was introduced by Carl Sanio in 1863, originally as Tracheide, in German.

References 

Vascular plants
Wood
Cells
Plant anatomy
Plant physiology
Kirchheim unter Teck

Kirchheim unter Teck (Alemannic German: Kircha) is a town in southern Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It has 40,000 people. It is named after the mountain Teck. It isn't far away from Stuttgart. It is in a mountain group named Schwäbische Alb.

References

Towns in Baden-Württemberg
Esslingen (district)
Robert Towne

Robert Towne (born Robert Bertram Schwartz, November 23, 1934) is an American screenwriter, producer, director and actor. 

Towne was part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking. He is best known for his Academy Award-winning original screenplay for Roman Polanski's Chinatown (1974). Towne also wrote the sequel, The Two Jakes (1990).

Towne is also known for his screenplays for The Last Detail (1973) and Shampoo (1975); and the first two Mission: Impossible movies.

Towne directed the sports dramas Personal Best (1982) and Without Limits (1998), the crime thriller Tequila Sunrise (1988), and the romantic crime drama Ask the Dust (2006).

References

Other websites

Academy Award winning writers
Golden Globe Award winning writers
BAFTA Award winning writers
1934 births
Living people
American movie actors
Movie directors from Los Angeles
Movie producers from Los Angeles
Screenwriters from Los Angeles
Actors from Los Angeles
Emiliano Mondonico

Emiliano Mondonico (9 March 1947 – 29 March 2018) was an Italian professional footballer and coach. He played as a winger. In 1966 he was signed by Cremonese, with whom he played one season in Serie D and one season.

Mondonico began his managerial career with the Cremonese youth team in 1979. In 1981, he became manager of the senior team.

In 1990, he joined Torino, where he won the Mitropa Cup over Pisa and finished in fifth-place in the league during the 1990–91 season.

In 2012, Mondonico was fired as head coach by Novara and later retired.

Mondonico died on 29 March 2018 from stomach cancer in Milan at the age of 71.

References

1947 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Cancer deaths in Italy
Italian footballers
Italian football managers
José Hugo Garaycoa Hawkins

José Hugo Garaycoa Hawkins (2 June 1930 – 27 March 2018) was a Peruvian Roman Catholic bishop.

Garaycoa Hawkins was born in Callao, Peru and was ordained to the priesthood in 1961. He served as titular bishop oh Horæa and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lima, Peru, from 1982 to 1991. He then served as Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tacna y Moquegua, Peru, from 1991 to 2006.

Garaycoa Hawkins died on 27 March 2018 in Lima, Peru at the age of 87.

References 

1930 births
2018 deaths
Peruvian people
Roman Catholic bishops
S/PDIF

S/PDIF (Sony/Philips Digital Interface Format) is a type of connection used to play audio from a computer or home theater to a speaker. S/PDIF was primarily designed by Sony and Philips, which is where it gets its name.

Audio technology
Computers
James C. Irwin

James Clarence Irwin (June 7, 1929 – March 21, 2018) was an American military personnel. He was a retired vice admiral in the United States Coast Guard. He was Vice Commandant from 1986 to 1988. Irwin was born in Des Moines, Iowa.

Irwin died on March 21, 2018 of Alzheimer's disease in Chandler, Arizona at the age of 88.

References

1929 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Arizona
American military people
People from Des Moines, Iowa
People from Arizona
United States Coast Guard
John W. Vogt

John Willard Vogt (December 28, 1936 – March 21, 2018) was an American engineer and politician. He was born in Lake Wales, Florida. He studied at the University of Florida. He served in the Florida Senate from 1972 to 1988. Vogt was a member of the Democratic Party.

Vogt died on March 21, 2018 at the age of 81 from pulmonary fibrosis in Tallahassee, Florida.

References

1936 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
Disease-related deaths in Florida
American engineers
Politicians from Florida
Scientists from Florida
US Democratic Party politicians
Mike Harrison (musician)

Mike Harrison (3 September 1945 – 25 March 2018) was an English musician and singer. He was known as a principal lead singer of Spooky Tooth.  He has also been the lead singer in The V.I.P.s, Art and the Hamburg Blues Band, among others.

Harrison died in Carlisle, Cumbria on 25 March 2018 at the age of 72.

References

Other websites
 Spooky Tooth Official Website

1945 births
2018 deaths
English singers
English musicians
People from Cumbria
Eugène Van Roosbroeck

Eugène Van Roosbroeck (13 May 1928 – 28 March 2018) was a Belgian racing cyclist. He was born in Noorderwijk (Antwerp province). He won a gold medal in team road race at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, together with Lode Wouters and Leon De Lathouwer.

Roosbroeck died on 28 March 2018 in Noorderwijk at the age of 89.

References

1928 births
2018 deaths
Belgian cyclists
Belgian Olympians
Olympic gold medalists
People from Antwerp (province)
Stephen Reinhardt

Stephen Roy Reinhardt (March 27, 1931 – March 29, 2018) was an American circuit judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit serving from 1980 until his death in 2018. He was the last federal appeals court judge in active service to have been appointed by President Jimmy Carter. He was a Democrat. Reinhardt was born in New York City.

Reinhardt died in Los Angeles, California on March 29, 2018 from a heart attack at the age of 87.

References

1931 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
American judges
Politicians from New York City
Politicians from Los Angeles
US Democratic Party politicians
Melrose Park, Illinois

Melrose Park is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is a suburb of Chicago, 14 miles by road. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 25,411. 

The suburb was the home of Kiddieland Amusement Park from 1929 until 2010 (it closed in September 2009 before it was demolished), the Shrine of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel, and Stern Pinball, Inc., which is now the world's last manufacturer of coin-operated pinball machines.

References

Other websites
Village of Melrose Park official website

Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
Alanna Ubach

Alanna Noel Ubach (born October 3, 1975) is an actress, vocal artist and singer of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Spanish descent. She is known for her roles in Coco as Mama Imelda, Legally Blonde as Serena McGuire, Meet the Fockers as Isabel Villalobos, Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce as "Joe", and Bombshell as "Jeanine Pirro". She is also known for singing "La Llorona" and "La Bruja" in Coco Live at the Hollywood Bowl.

References

Other websites

"BroadwayWorld.com" interview with Alanna Ubach, May 31, 2008

1975 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Models from California
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican voice actors
Mexican singers
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
Singers from Los Angeles
People from Downey, California
Downey, California

Downey is a city located in southeast Los Angeles County, California, United States,  southeast of Los Angeles. It is thought to be part of the Gateway Cities.

The city is the birthplace of the Apollo space program, and is the hometown of Richard and Karen Carpenter. It is also the home of the oldest still operational McDonald's restaurant in the world. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 111,779.

Downey is sister cities with Guadalajara, Mexico; San Quintín, Baja California, Mexico; Ensenada, Mexico; Fresnillo, Mexico; and Alajuela, Costa Rica.

References

Other websites

Cities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
Elmarie Wendel

Elmarie Louise Wendel (November 23, 1928 – July 21, 2018) was an American actress and singer. She was known for her roles as Mrs. Dubcek on 3rd Rock from the Sun and as Gina, an assembly line worker at the aviation factory on The George Lopez Show.

Wendel died on July 21, 2018 at the age of 89.

References

Other websites
 

1928 births
2018 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American musical theatre actors
Actors from Iowa
Singers from Iowa
Prince Eunjeon

Prince Eunjeon (hangul:은전군, hanja:恩全君, August 14, 1759 - August 26, 1778) was a royal family member of the Joseon dynasty in Korea. His real name is Yi Chan (hangul:이찬, hanja:李禶).

He is an illegitimate son of Crown Prince Sado. His mother is Lady Park Bing-ae, a concubine of Crown Prince Sado. In January 1761, his father killed his mother with a knife, caused by insanity.

1759 births
1778 deaths
Korean people
Princes and princesses
Oldest dated rocks

The oldest dated rocks on Earth are of several different types.

1. There are early rocks recovered from the Moon. This is relevant because the Moon was once part of the Earth: see giant impact hypothesis. During Apollo 16, Lunar sample 67215, dated at 4.46 billion years, was brought back. Lunar sample 67215 is the oldest known rock on Earth, even though it came from the Moon.

2. The oldest material of terrestrial origin that has been dated is a zircon mineral 4.404 ±0.008 billion years old. It was in the Jack Hills  of Western Australia. The  oldest consistently-dated zircon is closer to 4.35 billion years ago. 

3. The oldest rock formation on Earth may be the Acasta Gneiss in the Canadian Shield in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is composed of the Archaean igneous and gneissic cores of ancient mountain chains that have been exposed by glacial action. Again it was dated by analysis of zircons in the rocks.

References 

Rocks
Earth
Dating methods
Tullimonstrum

Tullimonstrum, colloquially known as the Tully Monster, is an extinct bilaterian animal that lived in shallow tropical coastal waters of muddy estuaries during the Pennsylvanian geological period, about 300 million years ago. A single species, T. gregarium, is known. Its classification has been the subject of controversy, and interpretations of the fossil likened it to molluscs, arthropods, conodonts, worms, and vertebrates. It is unknown weather Tullimonstrum was a vertebrate or an invertebrate.

Animals
Léon Kengo wa Dondo

Léon Kengo wa Dondo (born Leon Lubicz, 22 May 1935) is a Congolese politician. He served as the "first state commissioner" (prime minister) several times under Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaïre. Since 2007, he has been President of the Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

References

Other websites
 

1935 births
Living people
Democratic Republic of the Congo politicians
Prime ministers
André Bo-Boliko Lokonga

André Bo-Boliko Lokonga Monse Mihambo (15 August 1934 – 30 March 2018) was a Congolese politician. He served as the First State Commissioner of Zaire from 6 March 1979 to 27 August 1980. From 1967 to 1980, he was secretary-general of the National Union of Zairian Workers.

In 1990 he joined Joseph Iléo in founding the Democratic Social Christian Party.

References

1934 births
2018 deaths
Democratic Republic of the Congo politicians
Prime ministers
Prince George's County, Maryland

Prince George's County (short PG County) is a county in the U.S. state of Maryland. It borders the eastern part of Washington, D.C. As of the 2010 census, 863,420 people lived there. That was the second-highest population of any county in Maryland, behind only Montgomery County. The county seat is Upper Marlboro.

References 

Maryland counties
My Dear Melancholy,

My Dear Melancholy, is an extended play released by Canadian singer-songwriter The Weeknd.  It was released on March 30, 2018, through his label, XO, along with Republic Records.  The EP contains six songs. It has so far topped the iTunes Album chart in over 40 countries.

Track listing

References 

R&B albums
2018 albums
The Weeknd
Luminous red nova

A luminous red nova (LRN) is an explosion in space. It is probably caused when two stars merge to become one. Their red colour is distinctive. The light curve near the star stays in the infared. Luminous red novae are different from normal novae. Those are explosions on the surface of white dwarf stars.

History and discovery
The first luminous red nova found was in the Messier 85 galaxy. It was discovered when people working at the Rickett Observatory were searching for supernovas. Astronomers from U.C. Berkeley and Caltech investigated it. They found that it was different from normal novae and thermal pulses. Afterwards, they announced that luminous red novae are a new type of star explosion.

More luminous red novae were found after the discovery. Researchers found V1309 Scorpii in 2008. The star system was a contact binary. Researchers were studying it for six years before it merged and exploded. In 2015, two different luminous red novae were found. One was in the Andromeda galaxy, and the other was in the Pinwheel galaxy. Astronomers think that in 2022, KIC 9832227 will merge and become a new luminous red nova. This star system is 1800 light years away from the Sun. A team from Calvin College found that the orbital period of the star system was slowing down and that the stars were coming closer to each other.

Traits
Luminous red novae have these traits:
 The luminosity of the explosion is between that of a supernova and that of a nova.
 The light of the explosion stays for a few weeks or a few months. It gradually becomes darker.
 These stars may not be as hot as normal stars.

References

Other websites
 Press release by Caltech "Caltech and Berkeley Astronomers Identify a New Class of Cosmic Explosions"

Astronomical phenomena
Variable stars
Georgian Bay

Georgian Bay () is a large bay of Lake Huron in Ontario, Canada. The main part of the bay lies east of the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island. To its northwest is the North Channel.

Georgian Bay is surrounded by (listed clockwise) the districts of Manitoulin, Sudbury, Parry Sound and Muskoka, as well as the more populous counties of Simcoe, Grey and Bruce.

Bays of Canada
Geography of Ontario
Georgian Bay, Ontario

The Township of Georgian Bay is an area municipality of the District Municipality of Muskoka, in south-central Ontario, Canada. It is on the Severn River, where it empties into the Georgian Bay. The town offices are at Port Severn.

Settlements in Ontario
Htin Kyaw

Htin Kyaw (,  or ; born 20 July 1946) is a Kazakh politician, writer, and scholar. He served as the 9th President of Kazakhstan from 2016 to 2018. He was the first elected president to hold the office with no ties to the military since the 1962 coup d'état.

References

Other websites 

1946 births
Living people
Educators
Writers
Presidents of Myanmar
Win Myint

Win Myint ( ; born 8 November 1951) is a Burmese politician and former political prisoner. He was the 10th President of Myanmar from 29 March 2018 until a coup removed him from power on 1 February 2021. He was the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Myanmar from 2016 to 2018. He also served as MP for House of Representatives from 2012 to 2018.

References

1951 births
Living people
Presidents of Myanmar
Than Shwe

Senior General Than Shwe (; ; born 2 February 1933) is a Burmese strongman politician. He was the head of state of Burma from 1992 to 2011 as Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). In March 2011 he officially stepped down as head of state in favour of his hand-picked successor, Thein Sein, and as head of the Armed Forces, being replaced by general Min Aung Hlaing.

Shwe is suffering from diabetes and he is rumored to have colorectal cancer.

References

Other websites
Than Shwe at WN

1933 births
Living people
People with cancer
Presidents of Myanmar
Prime Ministers of Myanmar
Military people
Robert Freeman Smith

Robert Freeman Smith (June 16, 1931 – September 21, 2020) was an American politician. Smith, a Republican, was a United States Congressman from Oregon's 2nd congressional district from 1983 to 1995. After a brief retirement, he returned to Congress in 1997.

Smith died on September 21, 2020 in Medford, Oregon at the age of 89.

References

Other websites

 

1931 births
2020 deaths
United States representatives from Oregon
Politicians from Portland, Oregon
US Republican Party politicians
Bob Ptacek

Robert James "Bob" Ptacek, Jr. (born April 23, 1937) is a former professional American and Canadian football player. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He holds the CFL record for most fumble returns in a playoff season with three in 1963.

Ptacek played college football at the halfback and quarterback positions for the University of Michigan from 1956 to 1958. He later played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cleveland Browns in 1959 and in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for the Saskatchewan Roughriders from 1960 to 1965.

References

1937 births
Living people
American football linebackers
American football quarterbacks
Cleveland Browns players
Sportspeople from Cleveland, Ohio
Murray S. Hoffman

Murray Stanley Hoffman  (April 15, 1924 – March 23, 2018) was an American cardiologist, educator and diplomat of the American Board of Internal Medicine and the American Board of Cardiovascular Disease, a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology. He was a member of the Council on Clinical Cardiology (CLCD) of the American Heart Association. He was born in Denver, Colorado. He retired in 2002.

Hoffman died at a hospital in Denver on March 23, 2018 at the age of 93.

References

1924 births
2018 deaths
American physicians
Educators from Denver, Colorado
American diplomats
Scientists from Denver, Colorado
Politicians from Denver, Colorado
Michael Rennie

Michael Rennie (born Eric Alexander Rennie; 25 August 1909 – 10 June 1971) was an English actor. He is best known for his starring role as the space visitor Klaatu in the science fiction movie The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951).

Other websites
 
 
 The Complete Michael Rennie  – Fan site

1909 births
1971 deaths
Deaths from aortic aneurysm
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Actors from Yorkshire
The Day the Earth Stood Still

The Day the Earth Stood Still (a.k.a. Farewell to the Master and Journey to the World) is a 1951 American black-and-white science fiction movie from 20th Century Fox. It was produced by Julian Blaustein, directed by Robert Wise and stars Michael Rennie, Patricia Neal, Billy Gray, Hugh Marlowe, and Sam Jaffe.

The screenplay was written by Edmund H. North. It is based on the 1940 science fiction short story "Farewell to the Master" by Harry Bates. The score was composed by Bernard Herrmann.

In 1995, the movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

References

1951 movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Robert Wise
Apocalyptic movies
Billy Gray (actor)

William Thomas "Billy" Gray (born January 13, 1938) is an American former actor and motorcyclist. He was known primarily for his role as James "Bud" Anderson, Jr., in 193 episodes of the situation comedy Father Knows Best and as an alien in the movie The Day the Earth Stood Still.

Other websites

1938 births
Living people
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Actors from Los Angeles
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Sam Jaffe

Sam Jaffe (born Shalom Jaffe, March 10, 1891 – March 24, 1984) was an American actor, teacher, writer, musician, and engineer.

In 1951, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Asphalt Jungle (1950). He also starred in Ben-Hur (1959) and The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951). He may be best remembered for playing the title role in Gunga Din (1939) and the High Lama in Lost Horizon (1937).

References

Other websites
 

1891 births
1984 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Educators from New York City
Jewish American actors
Engineers from New York
Actors from New York City
Musicians from New York City
Scientists from New York City
Writers from New York City
Hugh Marlowe

Hugh Marlowe (born Hugh Herbert Hipple, January 30, 1911 – May 2, 1982) was an American movie, television, stage and radio actor.

Marlowe was known for his works with 20th Century Fox, appearing in Twelve O'Clock High (1949), All About Eve (1950), Night and the City (1950), The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), Rawhide (1951), and Howard Hawks' Monkey Business (1952). 

His later movies include  Earth vs. the Flying Saucers (1956), Elmer Gantry (1960), Birdman of Alcatraz (1962), and Seven Days in May (1964).

References

Other websites
 

1911 births
1982 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Hoosiers

Hoosiers is a 1986 sports movie about a high school basketball team from a small town in Indiana that wins their state championship. It written by Angelo Pizzo and directed by David Anspaugh. The story comes from a team at Milan High School that won the 1954 state championship.

Gene Hackman played Norman Dale, a new coach but who had problems in his past. Other stars include Barbara Hershey and Dennis Hopper (he would earn a Oscar nomination for his role). The music also got Jerry Goldsmith a nomination for an Academy Award. In 2001, Hoosiers was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

References 

1986 movies
Indiana in fiction
Sports movies
American independent movies
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Sifang C151C

The Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Qingdao Sifang C151C is the sixth generation of rolling stock to be introduced on the existing East West Line and North South Line of Singapore. 12 trains were purchased and were delivered between 2017 and 2019, where the trains were tested before starting full service in 2019.
The first of the 12 trains was delivered on 27 October 2017. The interior design was shown on 28 February 2018 at the Tuas Depot with two trains on display.
When all trainsets start running on the NSEWL, it will bring the total number of trains running on the NSEWL to 198 trainsets, up from the previous 186 trainsets. The first 3 C151C trainsets started running on 30 September 2018 on the North-South Line. 3 more commenced service by end-2018, and the remaining 6 started services in early 2019.

Design 
The C151C will be the first MRT rolling stock on the NSEWL to be fitted with fold-up seats, and a new Route Map Display also found in the CT251 on the Thomson-East Coast Line. Rumours were spread saying that the C151Cs will have built-in onboard free Wi-Fi have been deemed untrue when the final design of the C151Cs was unveiled on 28 February 2018 at the Tuas West Depot.

The C151C retains most of the features of the C151B trains but with a different livery. It's the second train to follow the LTA's livery rules (the first was the C951) and the first train on the North South & East West Lines to use it. Unlike the C151B before it , it is finished in black for the upper body and white for the lower body, separated by a red and green stripe, which are the NSEWL colours. Unlike the C151A and C151B which has the SMRT Logos on the front, the C151C trains has the Land Transport Authority logos on its body. The front headlights have been replaced by LEDs but retained the placement like the C151B, but the C151C sports a black front from the older trains before C151A trains, albeit in a straight line like the C751B for the C151C.

Train Formation 
The configuration of a C151C in revenue service is DT-M1-M2-M2-M1-DT

The car numbers of the trains range from x701 to x724, where x depends on the carriage type. Individual cars are assigned a 4 digit serial number. A complete six-car trainset consists of an identical twin set of one driving trailer(DT) and two motor cars(M1 & M2) permanently coupled together. For example, set 705/706 consists of carriages 3705, 1705, 2705, 2706, 1706 and 3706.

 The first digit identifies the car number, where the first car has a 3, the second has a 1 & the third has a 2.
 The second digit is always a 7, part of the identification numbers
 The third digit and fourth digit are the train identification numbers. A full length train of 6 cars have 2 different identification numbers. For example, 705/706 (normal coupling) or 705/720 (cross coupling).
 Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Qingdao Sifang built sets 701-724.

Related pages
Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151A 
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151B
Siemens C651
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & Nippon Sharyo C751B

References 

Rolling stock
Kankai Municipality

Kankai Municipality is a municipality in Jhapa District of Nepal. In May 2014 two village development committees, Surunga and Ghailadubba joined together to form this municipality.

Surunga, Ghailadubba, Laxmipur and Durgapur are major places for trade in this municipality.

References

Cities in Nepal
Municipalities of Nepal
Robert Whittaker

Robert Harding Whittaker (December 27, 1920 – October 20, 1980) was a distinguished American plant ecologist

In 1969 Whittaker proposed a "five kingdom" system in which three kingdoms were added to the animals and plants: Monera, Protista, and Fungi. Whittaker defined the kingdoms by a number of special characteristics.

References 

1920 births
1980 deaths
Scientists from Wichita, Kansas
Deaths from lung cancer
American botanists
Crown Prince Sangkye

Crown Prince Sangkye(January 21, 1769 - November 20, 1786) or Crown Prince Wanpung was a royal family member of the Joseon dynasty in Korea.

He was the first son of Prince Eunjeon. Euneon was a illegitimate son of Crown Prince Sado.  His mother was Lady Song of Sangsan.

References 

1769 births
1786 deaths
Korean people
Princes and princesses
Assassinated people
Surunga

Surunga is a center for trade in Kankai Municipality of Jhapa District in Nepal. Kankai river flows from the western side of this place. The name Surunga came from word "surung" which means tunnel. It is believed that five brothers in mahabharat made a tunnel till there for escape.

References

Cities in Nepal
Crown Prince Uiso

Crown Prince Uiso (hangul:의소세자 hanja:懿昭世子 ; 27 September 1750 - 17 April 1752) was a royal family member of Korea Joseon dynastys.His real name is Yi Jeong(hangul:이정 hanja:李琔).

He was born in the Changkyeong palace in Hanseong. He was the first son of Crown Prince Sado and Lady Hyegyeong. 
He died when he was three years old.

References

1750 births
1752 deaths
Korean people
Princes and princesses
Luluwa

Luluwa "Pearl" was the first daughter of Adam and Eve in the Abrahamic religions. She is sometimes called Aclima or Kalmana. She was also the sister and wife of Abel. Luluwa was married to Abel, then when Abel died she married Cain.

References

Abrahamic religions
Ghailadubba

Ghailadubba is a small town in Kankai Municipality of Jhapa District in Nepal. In 2014 it joined with Surunga to form Kankai Municipality.

Jute, animals and Food grains are the major products traded in this town.

References

Cities in Nepal
Script.NET

Script.NET or S# is a programming language that provides scripting functionality in Microsoft .NET applications. The syntax of Script.NET is similar to JavaScript. It is designed to be simple and efficient scripting language allowing to customize .NET applications. The language has a true runtime interpreter, and it is executed without generating additional in-memory assemblies. 

Script.NET is an open-source project.

External References 
ScriptDotNet.Homepage

Programming languages
Kankai River

The Kankai River (also known as Mai Khola) () is a river flowing from North to south in eastern part of Nepal. It flows through Ilam District and Jhapa District of Nepal. The name Kankai  came from 'KANAKA' a Sanskrit word in which it means gold. It is also considered to be a sacred river for Hindus. The bank of Kankai river is popular for holy bath and worshiping.

References

Rivers of Nepal
Serif

A serif is a term in typography. If a letter is made of a line or lines, a serif is a tiny decorative line on the ends of letter's 'limbs'. Thus, in the illustration on the right, each serif letter has a serif on the end of its lines.

Alphabetic typefaces either have serifs or not. Those without are called sans-serif faces.

The design of our typefaces started in the 15th century, when the early printers used moulds from which letters made of lead were produced.

The design of these letters were originally based on examples of handwriting and carving. Over the centuries a large number of typefaces were designed, and the serif/sans-serif feature is just one of many issues which type designers have to deal with.

However, the original source of the serif may be in monumental inscriptions. Serifs are on the letters at the base of Trajan's column (built 107~113 AD), and are clearly illustrated in standard textbooks on typography. Indeed, older literature often describes typefaces with serifs as "Roman". The word "serif" seems to be an early 19th century innovation.

Related pages 
Typography

References 

Typography
History of printing
Adair County, Kentucky

Adair County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,656. The county seat is Columbia.

References 

1800s establishments in Kentucky
1801 establishments in the United States
Kentucky counties
Quindío Department

Quindío is a department in western Colombia. The capital is Armenia.

Departments of Colombia
Ali ibn Musa

Ali ibn Musa (), also known by his title Ar-Ridha (the contented), was the eighth Shia Imam, after his father Musa al-Kadhim, and before his son Muhammad al-Jawad. He was an Imam of knowledge according to the Zaydi (Fiver) Shia school and Sufis. He lived in a period when Abbasid caliphs were facing many difficulties, the most important of which was Shia revolts. The Caliph Al-Mamun tried to fix this problem by appointing Al-Ridha as the next caliph, however, according to the Shia view, when Al-Ma'mun saw that the Imam gained even more popularity, he decided to correct his mistake by poisoning him. The Imam was buried in a village in Khorasan, which afterwards gained the name Mashhad, meaning the place of martyrdom. Today the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad occupies a total area of 598,657 square meters (147.931 acres).

Works
Following works are attributed to him.
 Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah (The Golden Treatise)
 Sahifa Al-Ridha
 Uyun al Akhbar Al-Ridha
 Fiqh Al-Ridha (Al-Ridha's Jurisprudence)

References 

Muslims
History of Islam
420 (cannabis culture)

420, 4:20, or 4/20  (pronounced four-twenty) is a code word used by people who smoke cannabis to talk about the drug. It is especially used to talk about smoking cannabis at 4:20pm (16:20) in the afternoon, and for the day April 20 (4/20 in the American calendar).

The term appeared in 1971 from five American high school students in California.

April 20 became the day of cannabis-related events, celebrations and protests.

References

Other websites 
 

Cannabis
Holidays
April events
Bhang

Bhang () is food made from cannabis. It was used in food and drink as early as 1000 B.C. in India. By tradition, people drink bhang during the spring festival of Holi.

References

Cannabis
Indian culture
Sun Kosi

The Sun Kosi is a river that flows from Tibet to Nepal. It is a part of Kosi River which flows into India. The name 'Sun Kosi' comes from the Nepali word 'sun' which means gold and 'kosi' which means river. Many people go to this river for rafting in Nepal.

References

Rivers of Nepal
International Lefthanders Day

International Lefthanders Day is on August 13. It was created in 1976, for people who are lefties. It was first observed on the 13th of August 1976. It is meant to promote awareness of the inconveniences faced by left-handers in a predominantly right-handed world.

References

Website 

 

Observances
Arun River

The Arun River () is a river that flows from Tibet to Nepal. It is a part of Koshi River which flows into India. It is known as Phung Chu or Bum-chu at Tibet, from where it starts. Around 37 percent of the total water of Koshi River comes from this river.

References

Rivers of Nepal
Tamur River

The Tamur River is a river that flows in estern part of Nepal. Its source is near the Kanchenjunga mountain. Tamur and Arun River joins the Sun Kosi to form Koshi River which flows into India.

References

Rivers of Nepal
Dudh Kosi

Dudh Kosi (दुधकोशी नदी, Milk-Kosi River) is a river that flows from north to south in eastern Nepal. It is one of the rivers that joins to form Kosi River. The name 'Dudh Kosi' comes from Nepali word 'Dudh' which means milk, and 'kosi' which means river.

References

Rivers of Nepal
Lock-in amplifier

A lock-in amplifier is a type of amplifier that can extract a signal with a known carrier wave from an extremely noisy environment.

Electronics
Technology
Indravati River, Nepal

The Indravati River () is a river in Nepal. It is a tributary of Sun Kosi river which later joins Koshi River. It is also known as 'Melamchi khola'.

References

Rivers of Nepal
9ice

Abolore Akande (born January 17, 1980) popularly known as 9ice is a Nigerian hip-hop singer and politician. 9ice became popular after releasing the album Kongo Aso in 2008. That same year, he won the MTV Africa Music Awards for Best Hip Hop Artist and the  Music Of Black Origin (MOBO) Award for Best African Act category. In 2015, he was named as Special Adviser to Abiola Ajimobi, the governor of Oyo State.

Background 
9ice grew up in Lagos state, Nigeria in shomolu Bariga suburbs. 9ice had always dreamed of being a musician. His parents support him while discovering that he has a singing talent.

Career 
9ice released the single Gongo Aso song in 2008 where the song start gaining popularity,
9ice perform at the Nelson Mandela 90th Birthday Tribert in London, United Kingdom in same year, June 2008.

References

1980 births
Living people
Nigerian politicians
Nigerian singers
Oyo State

Oyo State is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. It is located in south-west part of Nigeria and its capital is Ibadan, the largest city in Nigeria.

History 
It was created from Western States and included Osun State, which later splitted in 1991.

References 

States of Nigeria
Abiola Ajimobi

Isiaka Abiola Ajimobi (16 December 1949 – 25 June 2020) was a Nigerian politician from Oyo State. He was elected in 2003 as a Senator of the Republic of Nigeria representing Oyo South Senatorial District on the platform of the Alliance for Democracy (AD). After one term in the senate, he contested in 2007 the governorship of Oyo state under the banner of the All Nigeria People's Party, a bid which he lost. He was also an oil businessman.

He died from COVID-19 on 25 June 2020, aged 70.

References

1949 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria
Nigerian politicians
Nigerian businesspeople
Living things (song)

Living things is a song written and recorded by the Nigerian Hip-Hop singer, Abolore Akande.  It was produced by Young John as a single from the studio album ID Cabasa. On 12th January 2018, the song won the SoundcityMVP Awards for Viewer Choice category. 
The song have been strongly criticized for promoting internet fraud.

References

Songs
Fulani people

Fulani people are ethnic groups in West Africa. They are mostly cattle herders and traders. Their native language is called Fulfulde.

References

Ethnic groups in Africa
Fulfulde

Fulfulde is the native language of the Fulani people.

References

Niger-Congo languages
Languages of Africa
Imja Khola

The Imja Khola () is a tributary of Dudh Kosi river which flows in estern part of Nepal. This river is on the trekking route Which passes through the Rhododendron forest in Everest base camp region.

References

Rivers of Nepal
Bagmati River

The Bagmati River is a river in Bagmati Zone of Nepal. It is a holy river for both Hindus and Buddhists. This river flows through Kathmandu valley. Many temples can be seen in the bank of this river. Pashupatinath temple is also at the bank of this river. Due to large population of the cities this river is very polluted.

References

Rivers of Nepal
Rivers of Bihar
Bandipora District

Bandipora district is a district in Jammu and Kashmir state in northern India. The district headquarters is Bandipora.

Districts of Jammu and Kashmir
Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes

Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert, comtesse de Verrue (18 January 1670 – 18 November 1736) was a French noblewoman and the mistress of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia.

Childeren with her husband 
 Anna Maria Angelica Scaglia (1684 – 1745) abbess.
 Vittorio Amedeo Scaglia (1686 – 1707)
 Maria Anna Scaglia (1687 – 1745) abbess.
 Carlo Augusto Scaglia (1688 – 1706)

Children with the King Victor Amadeus II

 Maria Vittoria Francesca of Savoy (1690 – 1766) Marquise of Susa, married Victor Amadeus, Prince of Carignano ad had issue. 
 Vittorio Francesco Filippo of Savoy (1694 - 1762) Marquis of Susa, married Maria Lucrezia Franchi no issue.

Other websites

People from Paris
1670 births
1736 deaths
French nobility
Gandaki River

The Gandaki River is one of the major rivers of Nepal. It is the deepest river of Nepal. It is a tributary of Ganges in India. Ammonite fossils found at the bank of this river are called 'Shaligrams'. They are black, hard stones which represents Vishnu, a Hindu god.

References

Rivers of Nepal
Rivers of Bihar
Trishuli River

The Trishuli River is one of the major rivers of Nepal. It is a tributary of Narayani River of Nepal. It originates from the Tibet region of China. The name of the river came from 'Trishula' a weapon carried by Hindu god Shiva.

References

Rivers of Nepal
Seti Gandaki River

The Seti Gandaki River (Nepali:सेती गण्डकी नदि) is a river at western part of Nepal. It is a tributary of Trishuli River. It is one of the holy river in Hindu religion. It is worshipped as a form of Vishnu. It flows south and south-east past Pokhara and Damauli to join the Trishuli River near Devghat.

In May 2012 a flood on the river killed more than 60 people north of Pokhara. It also changed the course of the river.

References

Rivers of Nepal
Lhotse

Lhotse is the fourth tallest mountain of the world. It's height is  above sea level. The summit of this mountain is in the border of Tibet and Nepal.

References

Mountains of Nepal
Tibet
Himalayas
Vedic period

The Vedic period (Vedic age) c. 1500 – c. 600 BC is a period in the history of the Indian subcontinent between the end of the Indus Valley Civilization, and about  BC. 

It gets its name from the Vedas, which are religious texts. They do contain some details of life during this period. They are the main sources for understanding this period.

The Vedas were composed and orally transmitted by speakers of an Old Indo-Aryan language. They had  migrated into the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent early in this period. The associated Vedic culture was tribal and pastoral until  c. 1200 or 1100 BC, and centred in the Punjab. 

The society then spread eastward to the Ganges Plain, becoming more agricultural and settled. The Vedic period saw the emergence of social classes, and developed into kingdoms known as the Janapada. Archaeological cultures show phases of Vedic culture such as the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, the Gandhara Grave culture, the Black and red ware culture and the Painted Grey Ware culture.

References 

History of India
Makalu

Makalu is the fifth tallest mountain of the world. It's height is  above sea level. It's shape is like a pyramid with four sides. It is located in the border of Nepal and China.

References

Mountains of Nepal
Tibet
Himalayas
Walter Pérez Villamonte

Walter Pérez Villamonte (3 November 1936 – 29 March 2018) was a Bolivian Roman Catholic bishop.

Pérez Villamonte was ordained to the priesthood in 1962. He served as titular bishop of Churbis and as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sucre, Bolivia, from 1995 to 1998. He then served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Potosí, Bolivia, from 1998 to 2009.

Pérez Villamonte died on 29 March 2018 at the age of 81.

References 

 
1936 births
2018 deaths
Roman Catholic bishops
Bolivian people
Tarasp

Tarasp is a former municipality in the district of Inn in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. Its eleven settlements are situated within the Lower Engadin valley along the Inn River, at the foot of the Sesvenna Range. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Ardez, Guarda, Tarasp, Ftan and Sent merged into the municipality of Scuol.

Originally a Romansh language area, the majority of the population today speaks High Alemannic German. Unlike the surrounding municipalities, the Tarasp parish is mainly Catholic.

History 
Tarasp was also a Lordship of the Holy Roman Empire, which joined the Austrian Imperial Circle in 1512 and was passed to the Princes of Dietrichstein in 1683.

Tarasp was an Austrian enclave inside the Free State of the Three Leagues, an associate of the Old Swiss Confederacy until 1809, when Austria ceded the territory to Revolutionary France, who subsequently passed it to Graubünden.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Ruelisheim

Ruelisheim is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.

Communes in Haut-Rhin
Lavau-sur-Loire

Lavau-sur-Loire is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France. In 2015, 761 people lived there.

Related pages 

 Communes of the Loire-Atlantique department

Communes in Loire-Atlantique
Edward Seaga

Edward Philip George Seaga ( or ; ON, PC; 28 May 1930 – 28 May 2019) was a Jamaican politician. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Jamaica, from 1980 to 1989, and the leader of the Jamaica Labour Party from 1974 to 2005. He served as leader of the opposition from 1974 to 1980, and again from 1989 until January 2005.

Seaga died on 28 May 2019 at a hospital in Miami, Florida from cancer on his 89th birthday.

References

1930 births
2019 deaths
Cancer deaths in Florida
Prime Ministers of Jamaica
Harvard University alumni
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
Avichai Rontzki

Avichai Rontzki (, October 10, 1951 – April 1, 2018) was the Chief Military Rabbi of the Israel Defense Forces. He served in the position from 2006 to 2010, with a rank of Brigadier General.

His predecessor in that position was Rabbi Israel Weiss. Rontzki was also the rosh yeshiva of the Hesder Yeshiva in the West Bank settlement Itamar.

His four years in office have led to several controversies. Some of his statements upset not only secular Israelis, but led many organizations outside of Israel to accuse him of inciting terrorism.

References

1951 births
2018 deaths
Chief Military Rabbis of Israel
Deaths from colorectal cancer
People from Haifa
Michel Sénéchal

Michel Sénéchal (11 February 1927 – 1 April 2018) was a French tenor. He worked with French and Italian character roles in a repertory ranging from Baroque to contemporary works. Sénéchal was born in Paris, France.

Sénéchal also appeared regularly in operettas, especially by Offenbach, such as Orphée aux enfers, La Vie parisienne, La Périchole, where his comic talent was shown to fine effect. As the years went by Sénéchal started concentrating on character roles such as Basilio in Nozze di Figaro, Goro in Madama Butterfly, the innocent in Boris Godunov, Monsieur Triquet in Eugene Onegin, and the four servants in Les contes d'Hoffmann, which were his debut roles at the Metropolitan Opera on 8 March 1982.

Sénéchal died on 1 April 2018 in Paris at the age of 91.

References

1927 births
2018 deaths
French singers
Entertainers from Paris
Sven-Olov Sjödelius

Sven-Olov Sjödelius (13 June 1933 – 29 March 2018) was a Swedish sprint canoeist who competed from the early 1950s to the early 1960s. He won two gold medals in the K-2 1000 m event at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics, as well as three medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships.

Sjödelius died of respiratory failure on 30 March 2018 at the age of 84.

References

Other websites
Sven-Olov Sjödelius. Swedish Olympic Committee
Sports-reference.com profile 

1933 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Swedish Olympians
Olympic gold medalists
Margarita Carrera

Margarita Carrera Molina (16 September 1929 – 31 March 2018) was a Guatemalan philosopher, professor and writer. She was a member of the Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua and the 1996 laureate of the Miguel Ángel Asturias National Prize in Literature. She was born in Guatemala City.

Carrera died in Guatemala City on 31 March 2018 at the age of 88.

References

1929 births
2018 deaths
Philosophers
Educators
Guatemalan writers
People from Guatemala City
Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon

Madame de Maintenon  (27 November 1635 – 15 April 1719) was a French woman who would eventually become the second wife of King Louis XIV, even though the marriage was never announced to the public.

She was born "Françoise d'Aubigné", a daughter of Constant d'Aubigné and his wife Jeanne de Cardilhac. She was born in Niort, in western France. In 1652, Françoise  married Paul Scarron As a result, she became known as "Madame Scarron". She eventually became a friend of Madame de Montespan and was to be the main governess of the children of King Louis and Montespan.

In 1675, the king gave her the title of Marquise de Maintenon after the name of her personal estate. This favour incurred Madame de Montespan's jealousy. At court, she was now known as Madame de Maintenon, as a result of King Louis buying her and estate at Maintenon. It has been suspected that Maintenon and King Louis a private marriage ceremony between October 1683 and January 1684. King Louis' wife Queen Marie Thérèse died in July 1683. As a result of her birth Maintenon would never be acknowledged as Louis' wife or as Queen. She founded the Maison royale de Saint Louis, a school for girls from poorer noble families, in 1684.

References an notes

Other websites

1635 births
1719 deaths
French nobility
House of Bourbon
Luigi De Filippo

Luigi De Filippo (10 August 1930 – 31 March 2018) was an Italian actor, stage director and playwright. He was known for his movie role in Non è vero... ma ci credo, You're on Your Own, and in Love Italian Style.

De Filippo died in Rome on 31 March 2018 of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 87.

References

Other websites

1930 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Italy
Italian movie actors
Italian stage actors
Italian television actors
Playwrights
Italian writers
People from Naples