cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
John Travolta

John Joseph Travolta (born February 18, 1954) is an American actor, dancer and singer.

Biography

The youngest of six children, he was born and raised in Englewood, New Jersey. His father, Salvatore Travolta (November 1912 – May 1995), was a semi-professional American football player of Italian descent. His mother, Helen Cecilia (née Burke, January 1912 – December 1978), was an Irish-American actress and singer. He was raised Roman Catholic, but changed to Scientology in 1975. 

Travolta was engaged with Diana Hyland who died of breast cancer in 1977, they met while filming The Boy in the Plastic Bubble. He married actress Kelly Preston in 1991. The couple had a son, Jett (1992–2009). Their daughter, Ella Bleu, was born in 2000. On May 18, 2010, Travolta and Preston said she was pregnant with the couple's third child. Later they said it would be a boy. Their son, Benjamin, was born on November 23, 2010 in Florida. 

He starred in the movies Grease with Olivia Newton-John, Pulp Fiction with Samuel L. Jackson and Hairspray.

His wife, Preston died of breast cancer in July 2020.

Filmography

Discography

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites 

1954 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
People from Englewood, New Jersey
American aviators
American movie actors
American television actors

Golden Globe Award winning actors
American musicians
Scientologists
Objectivity (science)

Objectivity in science means that scientific ideas and measurements are tested. That means they are independent from the individual scientist (the subject) who proposes them. In other words, if scientist A claims something, scientist B must be able to check whether A is right.

The evidence can (in principle) be shown to anyone who doubts it. The "in principle" bit is because some science needs complex machinery, and if you don't understand the machinery, you won't understand the results. But elementary science can often be shown in a classroom, or on television.

Some science does need a proper scientific education. To some extent the general public has to trust a qualified scientist to present the idea in some suitable form. That means on television or on the web, or perhaps in published articles or books. Most awards of the Nobel Prize in science are followed by presentations on various web channels.

It is generally agreed that, at least in some subjects, modern science needs a person to have some education before they can understand it. Specialist communicators often do this on television or the web. 150 years ago, people read science directly from books written by scientists like Faraday and Darwin. Now most people get their science from people who act as communicators of science.

Objectivity in measurement 
To avoid the variety in subjective (ambiguous) interpretation of quantifying terms such as "green", "hot", "large", "considerable", and "negligible", scientists try hard, where possible, to eliminate human senses by use of standardized measuring tools (meter stick, stopwatch, thermometer, etc.) and mechanical/electronic measuring instruments (spectrometer, voltmeter, timer, oscilloscope, gravimeter, etc.) for performing the actual measuring process, eliminating much of the perceptive variability of individual observers. The results of measurements are expressed on a numerical scale of standard units - so that everybody else understands them the same way. Where data must need be used, the ideal is to use "hard", "objective" criteria for assigning the classifications (see definition), such that different classifiers would get the same results.

Literature 
 Dawkins, Richard 2003. A Devil’s Chaplain: selected essays. Phoenix. 
 Kuhn, Thomas 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press, 3rd ed. 1996.
 Porter, Theodore M. 1995. Trust in Numbers: the pursuit of objectivity in science and public life. Princeton University Press. 
 Restivo, Sal 1994. Science, Society, and Values: toward a sociology of objectivity. Lehigh University Press.
 Sokal, Alan & Bricmont, Jean 1997. Intellectual Impostures: postmodern philosophers’ abuse of science. Profile Books 2003.

Science
Roundhay Garden Scene

Roundhay Garden Scene is a short movie made on October 14, 1888 in the garden of Oakwood Grange, Roundhay, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It was made by a French man named Louis Le Prince. It was silent. The movie had Adolphe Le Prince, Sarah Whitley, Joseph Whitley, and Harriet Hartley walking in the garden of Oakwood Grange. It is believed to be the oldest surviving movie by many people. It is 1.66 seconds long. The digitalized version lasts 2.11 seconds.

Other websites 
 
 
 Louis Le Prince Centre for Cinema, Photography, and Television
 YouTube video of Roundhay Garden Scene

Silent movies
1888
Herpetology

Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with reptiles and amphibians. It is about cold-blooded animals like salamanders, frogs, toads, snakes, lizards, turtles, tuataras and crocodilians.

Herp
"Herp" is a vernacular term for reptiles and amphibians. It is derived from the old term "herpetile". Linnaeus  grouped reptiles and amphibians together in the same class, and that is where the term comes from. The term has persisted, particularly in the names of herpetology, the scientific study of reptiles and amphibians, and herpetoculture, the captive care and breeding of reptiles and amphibians. There are over 6700 species of amphibians and over 9000 species of reptiles.

Batrachology
Batrachology is the study of amphibians. Batrachology can also mean that a person enjoys amphibians and are among their favorite pets.

Branches of zoology
Reptiles
Amphibians
Hector Barbossa

Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character and a recurring antagonist of the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise. He appeared in the first five movies of the series. 

At first he was the main antagonist as an undead pirate in The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003). The character dies at the end of the movie, however, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of Dead Man's Chest. 

He later became an antihero in supporting roles as a Pirate Lord in At World's End (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in On Stranger Tides (2011), and finally as the rich pirate in Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017).

He is seen as the evil version of Captain Jack Sparrow.

References

Pirates of the Caribbean characters
Alpha Kappa Alpha

Alpha Kappa Alpha is the first sorority founded by African-American women.  The sorority was founded on January 15, 1908, at Howard University. The sorority has more than 300,000 women in over one thousand chapters. They are in the United States, the Caribbean, Germany, Korea and Japan.

Other websites

Official website

Fraternities and sororities
1908 establishments
Organizations based in the United States
Fraud

Fraud (or defrauding or scamming) is a crime in which someone tricks somebody else to get unfair or unlawful gain. Frauds are almost always about money, either directly or indirectly.  

A fraudster or a fraud is the person who commits the fraud. Fraudulence is the adjective, as in He tried to pass a fraudulent cheque. To defraud someone is to commit a fraud against them. 

Fraudsters may find people to defraud by phone calls, emails, or websites. Fraud often starts by saying there is a free or low price item. The fraudster then asks for personal information, such as a home address and bank account numbers. Instead of giving an item, the fraudster takes their money. Fraudsters often target senior citizens.

Fraud is a criminal wrong: a fraudster may be prosecuted and imprisoned. It is also a civil wrong: a fraud victim may sue the fraudster to get compensation.

All societies have laws against fraud, but the details differ in each jurisdiction. In England an Act of Parliament defines three kinds of fraud.
fraud by false representation, 
fraud by failing to disclose information, and 
fraud by abuse of position. 
Lesser cases are heard in a Magistrates' Court; more serious offences are tried in the High Court (jury proceedings).

Related pages
 Phishing
 Ponzi scheme
 Pyramid scheme
 Welfare fraud
 Internet fraud, online fraud

Types of crime
Pump

A pump is a machine which moves a liquid from one place to another, often upwards.

Pumps need some kind of power, often kinetic energy, to make them work. Sometimes the power comes from a person. Sometimes the power comes from a motor.

Types of pumps 

There are many different kinds of pumps. Some types of pumps are:
 Air pump
 Boiler feedwater pump
 Fire pump
 Heat pump

Related pages 
 Gas compressor

Resources 

 Pumps history - 2000 BC to Now

Engineering
Mechanics
Tools
Alpha (disambiguation)

Alpha may mean:

The Greek letter alpha
Alpha, a letter in the Greek alphabet. α may be used as the symbol for:
Angle of attack in aerodynamics
Common-base current gain of a transistor in electronics
In physics:
Fine-structure constant, a fundamental physical constant
Alpha particle, form of particle radiation
H-alpha, or H-α, an emission line created by hydrogen atoms
The alpha carbon in organic chemistry
In Bayer designation, the typically brightest star in a constellation
The significance level in statistical hypothesis testing
Alpha channel, describing transparency and opacity in computer graphics
The alpha coefficient in evaluating financial returns
Thermal diffusivity

Place names
Alpha, Michigan
Alpha, Minnesota
Alpha, New Jersey
Alpha, Queensland

Media, literature and fiction
Alpha (band), a British electronic music group
Alpha Magazine, Australian men's sport magazine
Alpha (search engine), a search engine by Yahoo!
Alpha TV, a Greek terrestrial channel
Alpha the Ultimate Mutant, a character featured in Marvel Comics

Science and mathematics
 The Bayer designation of the brightest star in a constellation, for example
 Alpha Centauri, the brightest star system in the southern constellation of Centaurus
Alpha (biology), "alpha male" and "alpha female", the highest ranking individuals in a community of social animals
Alpha (investment), a measurement of risk-adjusted performance
Alpha waves, recorded by electroencephalography
Cronbach's alpha, a statistical measure of reliability
ALPHA, the Antihydrogen Laser PHysics Apparatus, an experiment at CERN.

Computing
Alpha (machine learning), the degree to which a learning agent takes into account new information
ALPHA refers to the set of ASCII characters A-Z and a-z, as defined in RFC 4234
The ALPHA programming language
Alpha, a development stage of software release
DEC Alpha, a microprocessor/central processing unit (CPU)
AlphaServer - DEC now HP machine successor to the VAX
AlphaStation - DEC now HP workstation successor to the VAX

Other
Latin alpha, an open back unrounded vowel
Space Station Alpha, the original name and unofficial call sign for the International Space Station
The first letter in the NATO phonetic alphabet
Alpha (radio navigation), a Russian radio navigation system similar to the former Omega Navigation System
Alpha 2000, a light aircraft built in New Zealand
Alpha Group, a dedicated counter-terrorism unit that belonged to OSNAZ
Alpha class submarine, a Russian fast attack nuclear submarine
Sony α or Sony Alpha, a digital SLR series by Sony
Minolta α or Minolta Alpha, the Japanese name for a series of SLR cameras known as Maxxum or Dynax elsewhere, and predecessor to Sony's brand of the same name
Tropical Storm Alpha (2005)
Alpha Industries, clothing company

Related pages
Beta
Ioan P. Culianu

Ioan Petru Culianu (January 5, 1950–May 21, 1991) was a Romanian historian of religion, culture, ideas, philosopher, political essayist, poet, mystic and short story writer.

He was 41 when he was shot in the head in the men's room in his University, Divine School where he was teaching on May 21 1991. At times he preached against communism and its system of brainwashing youth. It is alleged that he was killed on the orders of outgoing Romanian Communist Party leaders.

Other websites
Biography - The life and death of Romanian mystic, The Forces of Darkness- professor Ioan Culianu
Culianu's works

1950 births
1991 deaths
Romanian writers
Romanian historians
Poets
20th-century philosophers
Romanian philosophers
Single (music)

In popular music marketing, a single is a record release with only one or two songs. The first song (usually the one given the most promotion, and heard more often in the media) is called an A-side, while any other song on the single is called a B-side.

The pairing of recordings on a single comes from the days of  and vinyl records, when discs had two playable sides. Modern compact disc singles may contain more than one version of either the A- or B-side, or sometimes an additional recording by the same performer. B-sides may be selections from an album, or songs not otherwise issued for sale.

Many times the chance to get a new song issued as an A-side creates competition between members of bands, or teams of songwriters. John Lennon and Paul McCartney of the Beatles tried to write better songs than each other, to get more A-sides than the other. George Harrison, also a Beatle, rarely had his songs chosen for singles, but had a hit with "Something" for the band. 

In the days of vinyl singles,  for both A- and B-sides were paid equally. Many listeners never played B-sides more than once, and radio focused on A-sides. Many people who made recordings knew this, and used it to earn extra money from sales, or to promote other music they made. Phil Spector sometimes used short  by his studio band as B-sides to singles he produced. 

Michael Nesmith of the Monkees wanted his songs to appear on Monkees singles. He would settle for B-sides, if he could not get an A-side. Don Kirshner, who oversaw the band's early music, wanted the B-sides to come from other songwriters who worked for him. Nesmith and Kirshner disagreed, and it caused tension for the Monkees and their company.

Records that include more than two or three songs are usually called EPs (for "extended play"), and may include four or more distinct songs, but not as many as on an album.

Related pages
 Album
 Extended play
 Vinyl (or gramophone record)

Marketing
Songs
Captain America

Captain America is a fictional superhero from the Marvel Comics. He made his first appearance in the comic book Captain America Comics #1 in 1941. He wears a suit that has a white star on his chest with 2 stripes (still white) on each side next to the star. His suit is blue. He also has an indestructible shield with a bullseye and a star on the front of it. He is also known as his alter ego Steve Rogers. Captain America had a sidekick (friend), Bucky who later became the Winter Soldier, is a very good fighter, both hand-to-hand and using his guns to take care of his enemies easily. Captain America has an nemesis called Red Skull. He later joins a team called the Avengers to help protect the world.

Power and abilities 
Captain America has superhuman strength, superhuman stamina, and can live without eating, sleeping and resting.

Film and TV 
He first appeared in the serial (film) Captain America, which was from 1940.

He appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, played by Chris Evans. He was in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) and Captain America: Civil War (2016), as well as Marvel's The Avengers (2012), and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019).

In Real Life 
In 1966, Joe Simon (one of the people who helped make Captain America) sued Marvel, saying that he was the one who should be able to use the character, not them. It was agreed that Captain America was made under the publisher's rules, and belonged to them. This meant that Marvel won.

References 

Comic books
Fictional characters introduced in 1941
Marvel Comics adapted into movies
Marvel Comics superheroes
Marvel vs. Capcom fighters
Fictional American people
Fictional characters
Objectivity (journalism)

Objectivity is a significant principle of journalistic professionalism. It involves presenting information that can be relied upon.

Objectivity may have several meanings in the eye of the public. "Fairness" involves making sure that multiple sides of an issue are presented. "Disinterestedness" means that the presenters are neutral in a story in which the people involved try to influence them. "Factuality" bases story content on facts that can be checked by an independent agent. "Nonpartisanship" means not taking sides, especially on political matters. Depending on the topic of a story, any or all of these factors may be relevant in the journalist's remaining objective.

The editorial board of media outlets such as the press or broadcast news chooses what information to present, so the editors' selection may be biased toward one position or belief system.

In many countries, "advocacy journalism," which supports a particular position, is considered as a legitimate sort of professional journalism. These stories may be either news or analysis. They may or may not be objective.

Definitions 
Few journalists would make a claim to total neutrality or impartiality.  However, most try to keep distance from their own personal biases in their news work.  In Discovering the News (1978), sociologist Michael Schudson argues that "the belief in objectivity is a faith in 'facts,' a distrust in 'values,' and a commitment to their segregation."  In the United States, an objective story is typically considered to be one that steers a middle path between two poles of political rhetoric. 
 
Journalism without any bias, as if one just came to Earth from another planet and had no opinions about our behavior or ways is rarely practiced, although some argue it would lead to radical changes in reporting. (See, for example, Noam Chomsky, The Journalist from Mars.)

Related pages
Objectivity
Objectivity (philosophy) for a general discussion of objectivity
Objectivity (science)

References 
Herman, Edward and Noam Chomsky.  1988.  Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media.  New York: Pantheon.
Mindich, David T. Z.  1998.  Just the Facts: How “Objectivity” Came to Define American Journalism.  New York: New York University Press.
Schudson, Michael.  1978.  Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers.  New York: Basic Books.
Schudson, Michael.  1997.  "The Sociology of News Production."  In Social Meaning of News: A Text-Reader.  Dan Berkowitz, ed.  Pp. 7-22. Thousand Oaks: Sage. 

Mass media
Journalism
Genesis Nomad

The Genesis Nomad is a portable video game console released by the Sega Corporation. It has a colour screen and can play most games designed for the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis.

It cannot be used with the Sega CD and Sega 32X unless special modifications are made. But such special modifications may not be safe.

Fewer than one million Genesis Nomads were sold. 

Handheld video games
Sega video game consoles
Erlasee Solar Park

The Erlasee Solar Park  is in one of the sunniest regions of Germany. On the former wine-producing Erlasee estate near Arnstein in Bavaria, in southern Germany, SOLON has constructed what is currently the largest tracking photovoltaic solar power station in the world with an output of 12 MW. Just under 1,500 "SOLON-Movers" modules convert sunlight into environmentally friendly power, generating as much as the average consumption of the nearby town of Arnstein.  

The solar power plant cost £35 million and covers 77 hectares of land.

Related pages
Photovoltaics

References

Other websites
SunPower Celebrates the Dedication of SOLON's Gut Erlasee Solar Park 

Buildings and structures in Bavaria
Power stations in Germany
Solar power plants
Khula

Khula is the right of a woman to ask her husband for a divorce and to offer him a compensation in case he does so. Following the Sharia the husband has no right to ask for a compensation of a higher value than that what he gave his wife when they married. 

After divorce the former husband is responsible for education, food and residence of children. The children live with the mother for 7 years. After 7 years children have the right to live with father or mother, as they decide.

Marriage
Islamic culture
Hashemi Rafsanjani

Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Persian: اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی Akbar Hāshemī Rafanjānī), Hashemi Bahramani (هاشمی بهرمانی) (August 25, 1934 – January 8, 2017) was an influential Iranian politician. He has been the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran from 1989 until his death in 2017.

Forbes magazine listed Rafsanjani in their list of richest people in the world and has written that as the real power behind the Iranian government, he "has more or less run the Islamic Republic for the past 24 years."  His wealth has earned him the infamous nickname of Akbar Shah in Iran.

He served as President of Iran from 1989 to 1997, losing on the second ballot to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the 2005 election on his attempt for a third term in office. After this, he has tried to use his position in the Expediency Council to denounce President Ahmadinejad's administration.  He said he would do some  privatizations and change foreign policy. However, President Ahmadinejad has noted Rafsanjani's failure to make a difference between  privatization and self takeover of government-owned companies. Ahmadinejad has also commmented on  the foreign policies of Rafsanjani's administration which lead to sanctions against Iran in 1995 and 1996.

Currently, one of his sons has been accused of receiving a bribe. Analysts expect that his son will not be put on trial, however. 

Rafsanjani died on January 8, 2017 in Tehran from a heart attack, aged 82.

References

Other websites 
Profile: Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani at BBC News
Profile:  Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani  at www.aljazeera.com

Video clips
Rafsanjani and Al-Qaradhawi on Muslim Unity - Part 1
Rafsanjani and Al-Qaradhawi on Muslim Unity - Part 2

1934 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Iranian clerics
Iranian Muslims
Speakers of the Islamic Consultative Assembly
Presidents of Iran
Evander Holyfield

Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962) is an American boxer. He held both the world heavyweight championship and the world cruiserweight championship. He also won a bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Holyfield was born in Atmore, Alabama. He became a professional boxer in 1984 and won the cruiserweight championship from Dwight Muhammad Qawi in 1986. He moved to the heavyweight division in 1988 and won the world championship from James "Buster" Douglas in 1990. He defended the title three times, including fights against former champions Larry Holmes and George Foreman. He lost the title to Riddick Bowe in 1992 but won it back the next year. In 1994 he lost to Michael Moorer and briefly retired. He soon fought again, however, and surprised many by knocking out Mike Tyson in 1996. He had a draw against Lennox Lewis in 1998 and then lost a rematch to him in 1999. 

In 2005, Holyfield  was a contestant on season 1 of Dancing with the Stars. He was a housemate in the January 2014 series of Celebrity Big Brother (UK).

Other websites
Boxing record

African-American boxers
American Olympic bronze medalists
Celebrity Big Brother contestants
Dancing with the Stars participants
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Alabama
1962 births
Living people
Porthmadog F.C.

Porthmadog Football Club is a football team, playing in the League of Wales. The club was started in 1884.

Current squad

Other websites 
 Official website

Welsh football clubs
1884 establishments in the United Kingdom
1880s establishments in Wales
Wadowice

Wadowice  () is a town in Poland in Lesser Poland Voivodeship in the mountainous range known as Zakopane region,  southeast of Krakow - (former Polish capital).

Pope John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla) was born there on May 18 1920. He also attended elementary and high school there, graduating with honors in 1938.

The town is twinned with 4 others, all in Italy.

Other websites 
History of Wadowice

Cities in Poland
Piano six hands

Music described as piano six hands is for three pianists at one piano, as distinct from piano duet which is music for two pianists at one piano, and from piano trio which is music for piano, violin and cello.  Not much music has been written for this combination, although there are several arrangements of music originally written for other forces.

Examples
Compositions include 5 pieces by Percy Grainger, Sergei Rachmaninoff's Romance and Valse, Alfred Schnittke's Hommage, Carl Czerny's op.17 and 741, Jean Cras's "Âmes d’enfants", Paul Robinson (composer)'s "Pensees" and "Monmartre", various pieces by German composer Armin Fuchs, Bulgarian composer Tomislav Baynov's "Metrorhythmia 1", John Pitts's "Are You Going?", Greek composer Dionysis Boukouvalas's "Fantasy on a theme by Steve Reich", Canadian composer Paul Frehner's "Slowdown" and Italian composer Fabio Mengozzi's "Promenade".

References

Musical terminology
Piano
Pedal

A pedal is something that is made to work by someone's foot.  The word "pedal" comes from the Latin word for "foot".  Many things can be made to work by pedals.  These include:

a car (automobile) which has a brake pedal, an accelerator pedal and sometimes a clutch;
a musical instrument such as piano, harp or organ (see pedal (music));
a spinning wheel
a sewing machine (in the days before electricity)

Mechanics
Rice wine

Rice wine is a word some people use to talk about alcoholic drinks. However, it is not a true wine, despite the name. True wine is made by fermenting grapes, and perhaps other fruit. In rice wine, the starch in the rice is first changed into sugar. This sugar is then fermented. This process is more like the fermentation as it is done in beer. 

The rice wines made in this manner have more alcohol in them than normal wines (18–25% alcohol compared to 10–14% for normal wines). Beers on the other hand usually have 4–8% alcohol in them.

Many people use the term rice wine to refer to sake (which is just one variant of many different kinds of rice wines). 

Wine
Alcopop

Alcopops are alcoholic drinks. They are also known as Ready-to-drink (RTD), Flavored Alcoholic Beverage (FAB) or Flavored Malt Beverage (FMB). They are usually available in bottles or cans. They contain about the same amount of alcohol as a beer. Usually, they are very sweet, so that the alcohol can not be tasted. 

There are two different kinds of this drinks. In Europe, they are usually spirits mixed with lemonade, like vodka with lemon juice (and a lot of sugar, so the alcohol cannot be tasted),  or rum with fruit juice (also very sweet). In the US, they tend to be beers, which taste very sweet.

Because they are very sweet, alcopops tend to be more popular among young people. Since the fact that they contain alcohol is usually not obvious from the taste, these drinks are considered to be dangerous for young people by many countries. These have either raised the taxes on the drinks, or they have outlawed the sale of these drinks to people under a certain age (usually 18, sometimes 21 years).

Related pages
Mixed drink

Alcoholic drink
Pedal (music)

Pedals on musical instruments are used to control parts of the instrument, or provide extra notes.

There are several musical instruments which have pedals for various reasons.

Piano

The piano has at least two pedals; large concert grand pianos always have three.  The pedal on the right (operated by the player's right foot) sustains the sound of the notes for as long as the pedal is depressed. It does this by lifting the dampers from the strings.  Some of the other strings even start to vibrate as well ("in sympathy").

The pedal on the left makes the sound quieter.  It is called the "una corda" pedal (Italian for "one string").  This is because, in the early days of the piano, the una corda pedal made all the hammers move over so that a hammer would only hit one string for each note instead of three (most notes on a piano each have three strings to make a bigger sound).  On modern pianos the hammers actually hit two strings instead of just one.  They also tend to hit the string at a point where the hammer is softer, away from the grooves which get worn in the hammerhead.  On an upright piano the una corda pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings so that they do not hit them so hard.

On pianos which have a middle pedal (called a sostenuto pedal) any note or chord which the player is holding down when the pedal is pressed will be sustained, but any more notes he plays afterwards will not be affected.

Organ

On pipe organs there is a pedalboard with pedals which play notes in the same way that the fingers are playing notes.  An organ pedalboard usually has two and a half octaves of notes.  These are low notes written in the bass clef.  An organist has to learn to play with the feet at the same time as with the hands.  He uses the toes or the heels of his shoes.  It is even possible to play four notes at once (four part chords) but this is very difficult and usually found in some modern French music.

Harp

There are seven pedals on a concert harp.  Each pedal can be in a high, middle or low position.  The strings of the harp can be thought of like the white notes of a piano, tuned to naturals (C,D,E etc.).  Each pedal can change one of the letter-named notes one semitone higher or lower. For example: the pedal on the left changes all the Ds to D flat (if the pedal is in the highest position) or D sharp (in the lowest position).  From left to right the pedals operate the Ds, Cs, Bs, Es, Fs, Gs and As.

Timpani

Pedal timpani are timpani with a pedal which will tighten or loosen the drumhead.  This will make the note go up or down in pitch.  It is a fairly new invention.  Composers in the Classical music period never had pedal timpani.  Their timpani always had to be tuned by hand using the taps around the side.  Composers like Béla Bartók wrote for pedal timpani.

Harpsichord
Modern harpsichords often have pedals which change the sound in the same way that stops on an organ change the sound.  In earlier harpsichords the sound was more often changed by pushing in or pulling out hand stops.

Related pages
Pedal point

Musical terminology
Sprain

A sprain is a type of injury in which a person hurts the part really bad, but it is not broken. It has common side affects of a broken bone, but it is less serious.

Degrees 

The first degree is only a minor tear or stretch of a ligament.

The second degree is a tear of a ligament, which is usually followed by pain or swelling.

The third degree is a complete rupture.

Signs and symptoms 
The typical signs and symptoms associated with a sprain are the main signs of inflammation: 
 localized pain
 swelling
 loss of function

Joints involved 
Although any joint can experience a sprain, some of the more common include:
 the ankle. It is the most common.
 the knee. Perhaps one of the more talked about sprains is that to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee. This is a disabling sprain common to athletes, especially basketball, soccer, and judo players. 
 the fingers.
 the wrist. The wrist is also a popular sprain area.

Prevention 
Sprains can best be prevented by proper use of safety equipment (wrist, ankle guards), warm-ups and cool-downs (including stretching), being aware of your surroundings and maintaining strength and flexibility. Physical conditioning is the best way to avoid or lessen the degree of sprains.

Other websites 
 More information and treatment at nhsdirect.nhs.uk 

Skeletal system
Ligament

In anatomy, the word ligament usually means the fibrous tissue that joins bones to other bones or cartilages.
 
A ligament is a short band of tough fibrous connective tissue made of long, stringy collagen fibres. Ligaments join bones to other bones to form a joint. They do not connect muscles to bones; that is the function of tendons. Some ligaments limit the amount of movement in a joint, or stop certain movements altogether. 

Ligaments are only slightly elastic; when under tension, they gradually lengthen. This is one reason why dislocated joints must be set as quickly as possible: if the ligaments lengthen too much, then the joint will be weakened. Athletes, gymnasts, dancers, and martial artists perform stretching exercises to lengthen their ligaments, making their joints more supple. 
The result of a broken ligament can be instability of the joint. Not all broken ligaments need surgery, but if surgery is needed to stabilise the joint, the broken ligament can be joined.

References 

Skeletal system
Powiat

A county (Polish: powiat, pronounced "povyat"; plural, powiaty) is the Polish  second-level unit of  administration, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture in other countries.  A county is part of a larger unit called a "voivodship" (in Polish, województwo. One would call it in English "province").

Names 
Most Polish counties are named after their capital city, or county seat. 
If a county seat has a double-barreled name, as with "Maków Mazowiecki," the county may become either "Maków County" or "Maków-Mazowiecki County."  Due, in all but the first case, to the existence, respectively, of two "double-barreled" county seats with the identical noun name, the corresponding adjectives "bielski," "grodziski," "ostrowski" and "tomaszowski" each denote two distinct counties.

History and functioning

Some Polish urban communes constitute administrative entities called the "urban county" (powiat grodzki), similar in local administration and self-governance to "land counties." An average county (the largest being the powiat of Białystok) comprises 5 – 8 communes. The largest urban county, in terms of population and area, is the city of Warsaw.  

The history of Polish counties goes back to the second half of the 14th century. They remained the basic units of territorial organization in Poland, then in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the latter's total dismemberment by its neighbors in 1795.  

In the 19th century, the county continued to function in the part of Poland that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire ("Congress Poland"), and as the Polish equivalent of the German "Kreis" in the German-governed Grand Duchy of Poznań. 

After Poland regained independence in 1918, the county again became the basic territorial unit throughout Poland. Powiats (counties) were abolished in 1975 in favor of a larger number of voivodships, but were reintroduced in 1999.  There are now 314 "land counties" (powiat ziemski) and 65 "urban counties" (powiat grodzki), more formally "municipalities with county status" (miasto na prawach powiatu).

Poland
1. FC Köln

1. FC Köln is a football club that is from Cologne, Germany. The 1. FC KOLN was created in 1948. It was a connection of two football clubs in Cologne (Kölner BC 01 und SpVgg Sülz 07).
In the present day, 1.FC Köln plays in the Bundesliga, the first teir of German football. The club's main rival is Borussia Mönchengladbach, though their Ultrá group WH96 does have friendly connections to The Unity of Borussia Dortmund.

League title 
 Bundesliga : 2
 1963/64, 1977/78

League position

Former position

Head coaches since 1963

Current squad 
Squad in August 2011:

Popular ex-players 
 Toni Polster
 Bernd Cullmann
 Thomas Häßler
 Bodo Illgner
 Pierre Littbarski
 Dieter Müller
 Morten Olsen
 Wolfgang Overath
 Anton Polster from 1993 – 1998
 Harald "Toni" Schumacher from 1972 – 1987
 Bernd Schuster from 1978 – 1980 (Coach 1998 – 1999)
 Lukas Podolski from 1995 - 2006 and from 2009 to 2012

References

Cologne
German football clubs
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
1948 establishments in Germany
Carolina Gynning

Carolina Gynning (born 6 October 1978) is a Swedish celebrity and model. She also is the winner of the 2004 season of reality television program Big Brother. Gynning has also written the book, Ego Girl. It is a biography of her early life. In 2008 it was reported that Gynning would write a continuation to Ego Girl called Ego Woman.

Sources 
Gynning in Swedish newspaper

References 

1978 births
Living people
Big Brother winners
Swedish entertainers
Swedish models
Carrie Underwood

Carrie Marie Underwood (born March 10, 1983) is a US country singer-songwriter and actress. She won the fourth season of American Idol. Her first album, Some Hearts, has sold 7 million copies. Underwood has won one American Music Award, eight Billboard Music Awards, and two Grammy Awards (including Best New Artist) and more.

Carrie Underwood grew up in Oklahoma, on her family's farm in Checotah. She started singing at a young age, initially at church and later in school plays and talent shows. In 2002 she entered Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, with intentions to pursue a career in broadcast journalism. She has had fourteen songs reach number one on charts in the United States and Canada, including "Inside Your Heaven", "Jesus, Take the Wheel", and "Before He Cheats". In 2007, Underwood sang during one of the live shows of American Idol, season 6. On December 5, 2013, Underwood appeared in The Sound of Music Live on NBC television. She played the heroine Maria von Trapp in the three-hour production. She received critical praise in the New York Times for her singing, but was reviewed negatively for her acting.

Personal life
She is married to Nashville Predators ice hockey player, Mike Fisher. They married on July 10, 2010 in Greensboro, Georgia.

Discography
Singles
"Church Bells" (2016)

Albums
She has released six albums.
 Some Hearts
 Carnival Ride
 Play On
 Blown Away
 Storyteller
 Cry Pretty

Related pages
List of country musicians from Oklahoma

References

Other websites 
 Arista Records Official site of Carrie Underwood from Arista Records
 Carrie Underwood music, videos, news and more at CMT.com
 Arista Nashville Résumé of Carrie Underwood's autobiography, accomplishments, and personal interests
 
 

1983 births
Living people
American Idol winners
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Oklahoma
Christian music singers
Country musicians
American Music Awards
Nicole Richie

Nicole Camille Richie (born September 21, 1981) is an American socialite, actress, and author She is the adopted daughter of Lionel Richie, and is best known for being in the reality show The Simple Life. During late 2007 Nicole Richie faced charges of drunk driving and risked a jail sentence similar to Paris Hilton, her co-star and friend in The Simple Life. She has had two children with Joel Madden: Harlow and Sparrow Madden. On February 15, 2010, she announced that she was engaged with Madden. They got married later in 2010.

In 2013, Richie was in the video for the song "Let There Be Love" by Christina Aguilera.

Richie is of black, Creole, English, French, French-Canadian, Indigenous Mexican, Mexican, Cherokee Native American, Scottish and Spanish descent.

References

Other websites 
IMDb - Nicole Richie

American movie actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
American socialites
Participants in American reality television series
Singers from California
Actors from San Francisco

1981 births
Living people
The Simple Life

The Simple Life is the name of a reality television series originally broadcast on Fox from 2003 to 2005 and on E! from 2006 to 2007. The series stars Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie doing ordinary jobs.

Other websites 
 FOX - The Simple Life official website 

2003 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American reality television series
Fox television series
English-language television programs
Jordin Sparks

Jordin Brianna Sparks (born December 22, 1989 in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American recording artist, singer and actress. On May 23, 2007, she won the 6th season of the reality television show American Idol. She was the youngest winner of the talent show. She has released two studio albums Jordin Sparks and Battlefield. She has a vocal range of a mezzo-soprano.

Other websites 
Jordin Sparks official webpage 
Jordin Sparks Planet 

American Idol winners
Singers from Phoenix, Arizona
1989 births
Living people
Mezzo-sopranos
People from Glendale, Arizona
Taylor Hicks

Taylor Reuben Hicks (born October 7, 1976) is an American singer, songwriter and musician. In 2006, he won the fifth season of American Idol. His runner-up was Katharine McPhee. After he won, he was signed to Arista Records. His album called Taylor Hicks was released on December 12, 2006.

Other websites 
 Taylor Hicks Official Site

 Taylor Hicks at rehearsals.com
 Taylor Hicks  at GoFish
Taylor Hicks on American Idol  at American Idol Watch
Taylor Hicks on the Tonight Show with Jay Leno

1976 births
Living people
American blues singers
American rock singers
American soul singers
American blues musicians
American rock musicians
American soul musicians
Musicians from Birmingham, Alabama
Writers from Birmingham, Alabama
Singers from Birmingham, Alabama
American Idol winners
All Saints' Day

All Saints' Day is celebrated by Catholic Christians on November 1. Other Christians celebrate it as well. (May not be on the same day) It is a mandatory Catholic holiday. It is celebrated in the Catholic Church.
The next day, November 2 is celebrated as All Souls' Day, souls in Purgatory are especially remembered. Both days are considered important and they are integrated with each other. 
The older name is All Hallows or Hallowmas 

All Saints is also a Christian formula involving all the faithful saints and martyrs, known and unknown.

Customs 

In Portugal, Spain and Mexico, ofrendas (offerings) are made on this day. In Spain, the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed. In Spain, Portugal, Italy and France, people bring flowers to the graves of dead relatives. In Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Lithuania, Croatia, Austria and Germany, the tradition is to light candles and visit the graves of deceased relatives. In the Philippines, the day is spent visiting the graves of deceased relatives, where they offer prayers, lay flowers, and light candles, often in a picnic-like atmosphere. In English speaking countries the festival is traditionally celebrated with the hymn "For All the Saints" by William Walsham How. The most familiar tune for this hymn is Sine Nomine by Ralph Vaughan Williams. 

The festival was retained after the Reformation in the calendar of the Church of England and in many Lutheran churches.

References

Other websites 
	 
 American Catholic - Saints FAQs, All Saints and All Souls Day  	 
 All Saints' Day article in the Catholic Encyclopedia 	 
 All Saints Sunday Orthodox England
 All Saints Church, Barbados 

Christian holidays
November events
Ishy Bilady

Ishy Bilady is the national anthem (a song that represents the country) of the seven United Arab Emirates. The tune was written in the year 1971 without words to sing. Then, in the year 1986 Arif Al Sheikh Abdullah Al Hassan Sahab came up with words for the song. The song is dedicated to the UAE. In the song, the people praise their country by stating that "the unity of the Emirates has lived" and "the United Arab Emirates has lived to be the nation, whose religion is Islam and whose guide is the Quran" the people also vow to forever work hard and sincerely for the country. The people also state that they "supply their country with their body, blood and souls." The song is a representation of love and submission of the Emirati people to country. It music was composed by Mohammed Abdul Wahab.

Lyrics 
These are the words in Arabic, and English.

National anthems
United Arab Emirates
1971 establishments in Asia
Establishments in the United Arab Emirates
JSPWiki

JSPWiki is a feature-rich and extensible WikiWiki software built around the standard J2EE components (Java, servlets, JSP).
It was created by Janne Jalkanen.

Other websites 

JSPWiki Homepage

Wiki software
Salvation

In theology, salvation can mean various things:

 following the sunnah of prophet Muhammad (surah Baqarah)
 rejecting shirk, or disbelief in the oneness of Allah (sahih Bukhari)
 being saved from something, such as suffering or the punishment of sin - also called deliverance (see Epistle to the Romans 5:8)
 being saved for something, such as an afterlife or participating in the Reign of God - also called redemption (Gospel of Luke 23:43)
being saved through a process of healing or transformation to wholeness, such as gaining secret knowledge, or becoming Christlike.(Ephesians 1:4)

Related pages 
 Crucifixion of Jesus
 History of salvation
 Salvation (Christianity)

Theology
Polyhedron

A polyhedron (one polyhedron, many polyhedra, or polyhedrons) is a geometrical shape. It is a 3D shape with flat faces, and straight edges. Each face is a polygon surrounded by edges. Usually it is defined by the number of faces, or edges. 

Two types of polyhedron are convex and concave. The line connecting any two points of a convex polyhedron is inside the polyhedron. The line connecting two points of a concave polyhedron may go outside the polyhedron. 

Mathematicians do not agree on what makes a polyhedron. They do agree that there are five Platonic solids, which are regular polyhedra. On a regular polyhedron, all faces are the same and all vertices are the same.

Naming 
Usually, polyhedra are named by the number of faces they have. The first polyhedra are the tetrahedron, which is made of four triangles, pentahedron (five faces, can look like a four-sided pyramid), hexahedron (six faces, a cube if it is regular), heptahedron (seven faces) and octahedron (eight faces). Prisms, pyramids and other shapes can also be named according to how many faces they have.

Other websites 

 Making Polyhedra
 Polyhedra Pages
 Stella: Polyhedron Navigator – Software for exploring polyhedra and printing nets for their physical construction.  Includes uniform polyhedra, stellations, compounds, Johnson solids, etc.
 The Uniform Polyhedra
 Virtual Reality Polyhedra – The Encyclopedia of Polyhedra
 Polyhedra and Pyramids
 Paper Models of Polyhedra Many links
 Paper Models of Uniform (and other) Polyhedra
 Interactive 3D  polyhedra in Java 
 World of Polyhedra  – Comprehensive polyhedra in flash applet, showing vertices and edges (but not shaded faces)
 Polyhedra software, die-cast models, and posters
 Electronic Geometry Models – Contains a peer reviewed selection of polyhedra with unusual properties
 Symmetry, Crystals and Polyhedra 
 uniform solution for uniform polyhedra by Dr. Zvi Har'El 
 Java applet with the use of kaleido 
 Origami Polyhedra – Models made with Modular Origami
 Polyhedra Collection – Various virtual and physical polyhedra models
Pentagon

A pentagon is a polygon with five edges. It is defined by five points, which are all on a plane. If all the edges have the same length and the angles at the corners are all 108°, the pentagon is called regular. If the pentagon intersects itself, it is called a pentagram.

Pentagons also occur in nature: Fruits of the Okra are pentangular. The flowers of Ipomoea are pentagular. In chemistry, many Cyclic compounds are pentangles: Cyclopentane and Furan are examples for this. In architecture, many bastions are pentangular: Bourtange, in the Netherlands has been completely restored, and is a pentangle.  The Citadel of Lille, Nyenschantz, near St. Petersburg, or the Citadel of Pamplona are . The Villa Farnese is a palace in the form of a pentagon, so is the castle of Nowy Wiśnicz. The Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk near Žďár nad Sázavou  also uses a pentangular design.

Formulas 
Note: these formulas only work for regular pentagons.

R is the radius of the circumcircle.

Examples of pentagons

Plants

Animals

Artificial

5
Calendar date

A Calendar date is a way to refer to a certain day in a calendar. With the calendar date and the calendar, the exact day can be identified. With a different calendar, the same calendar date may refer to a different day. This can be seen easiest when comparing the Julian calendar with the Gregorian calendar. 

Calendar dates are important to refer to events (most holidays are fixed with reference to a particular event or calendar date.) One example may be Easter. In the Middle Ages, it has been fixed that Easter is to be the first Sunday that is (on or after) the 14th day after the spring equinox. 

Most calendar systems have a date format that has three parts, the day of a certain month, the month and the year. Sometimes the week is added.

Other websites
On This Day In History

Calendars