cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Intimacy

Intimacy is linked with feelings of closeness among partners in a relationship. It is usually characterized by love and attachment. These feelings may or may not be connected or confused with sexual feelings. In other relationships, intimacy has more to do with shared moments than sexual interactions.

This is not an exact definition, but it seems that intimacy and healthy relationships go hand in hand. Indeed, intimacy is basic in any meaningful relationship: the basis of friendship and one of the foundations of love.

The main forms of intimacy are emotional intimacy and physical intimacy.  Intellectual intimacy, familiarity with a person's culture and interests, is common among friends.  Members of religious or philosophic groups may also perceive a "spiritual intimacy" in common.

Intimate partners 
Terms for partners in various degrees of love include
 Boyfriend
 Girlfriend
 Mistress (lover)
 spouse

Related pages 
 Interpersonal relationship
 Marriage

Relationships
Social sciences
Seaborgium

Seaborgium is a chemical element. In the past, it has been named eka-tungsten but is now named seaborgium. It has the symbol Sg and it has the atomic number 106.  Seaborgium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. The most stable isotope is 271Sg. Seaborgium-271 has a half-life of 2.4 minutes. 

What Seaborgium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight, but since it is in the same period as tungsten in the periodic table, its appearance and may be similar to it.

The element is named in honor of Glenn Seaborg.

Seaborgium is a transuranium element. This means that it is "beyond" (trans) the element Uranium in the sequence of elements.

Mendeleev predicted that Seaborgium would exist. He called the element eka-tungsten because of its location was near Tungsten in the Periodic Table. The chemistry of seaborgium is like the chemistry of tungsten.

Sources

Other websites 

 WebElements.com - Seaborgium

Chemical elements
Voyager 1

Voyager 1 is a space probe used by NASA to explore Jupiter and Saturn. It is identical in form to its sister spacecraft, Voyager 2.

Voyager 1 was launched on September 5, 1977, to study the outer planets of the Solar System. It is now in an extended mission. Its encounter with Saturn and Titan sent it on a hyperbolic trajectory out of the solar system, traveling at  which is much faster than escape velocity.

Voyager 1 research team announced on August 25, 2012 that it had left the solar system. It passed out of the heliosphere and into interstellar space. It is the most distant man-made object. It is also the first man-made object to leave the solar system. As of January 1, 2020 it was  from Earth.

Both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 include the Voyager Golden Record, which is a recording of sounds and images of life on Earth.  It was designed by a team headed by Carl Sagan to communicate with extraterrestrial life.

Related pages 
 Pioneer 10
 Pioneer 11
 Voyager 2

References 

Voyager program
Martin Scorsese

Martin Scorsese (born November 17, 1942) is an American-Italian movie director. He was born in Queens and raised in Manhattan. Many of Scorsese's movies have Italian American, Roman Catholic and violent themes or ideas. Scorsese is probably best known for his movies about the mafia. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for his movie The Departed at the 79th Academy Awards in 2007; the movie also won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Film Editing and Best Adapted Screenplay. This was Scorsese's first Academy Award for Best Director.

Awards and recognitions

 Scorsese received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1997. 
 In 1998, the American Film Institute placed three Scorsese movies on their list of the greatest movies in America: Raging Bull at #24, Taxi Driver at #47 and Goodfellas at #94. 
 Scorsese received the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic on January 18, 2001.
 In 2001, AFI put two Scorsese movies on their list of the most "heart-pounding movies" in American cinema: Taxi Driver at #22 and Raging Bull at #51.
 At a ceremony in Paris, France, on January 5, 2005, Martin Scorsese was awarded the French Legion of Honor in recognition of his contribution to cinema.
 In 2007, Scorsese won the Academy Award for Best Director for The Departed, which also won Best Picture.
 On September 11, 2007, the Kennedy Center Honors committee, which recognizes career excellence and cultural influence, named Scorsese as one of the honorees for the year.
 On June 17, 2008, AFI put two of Scorsese's films on the AFI's 10 Top 10 list: Raging Bull at #1 for the Sports genre and Goodfellas at #2 for the Gangster genre.
 Scorsese received the 2010 Cecil B. DeMille Award at the 67th Golden Globe Awards.
 On September 18, 2011 Scorsese won in the category Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series, for his work on the series premiere of Boardwalk Empire.
 On January 15, 2012, at the 69th Golden Globe Awards, Scorsese won an award for Best Director on the 2011 movie Hugo.
 On February 12, 2012 at the 65th British Academy Film Awards, Scorsese received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award.

Scorsese has earned praise from many film legends including Ingmar Bergman, Frank Capra, Jean-Luc Godard, Werner Herzog, Elia Kazan, Akira Kurosawa, David Lean, Michael Powell, Satyajit Ray, and François Truffaut.

Filmography

Features

Documentary movies

Short movies

Television work

Appearances on camera

References

Other websites

1942 births
Living people
Academy Award winning directors
Actors from Manhattan
Actors from Queens
American television producers
American television writers
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Emmy Award winning directors
Chabad-Lubavitch

Chabad-Lubavitch is the name of a sect of Hasidic Jews. It is one of the largest groups of Hasidic Jews in the world. Many of the Lubavitch Hasidim live in the United States or Israel. The Lubavitch world headquarters is in Crown Heights, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York. 

The Chabad movement was started by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi in Eastern Europe during the late 1700s. He named his 'Chabad' because in Hebrew it is an acronym for Wisdom, Understanding, and Knowledge. 'Lubavitch' was the name of the town in Russia where the movement was at from the time of the second Lubavitcher Rebbe (leader), Rabbi Dov Ber Schneuri, through the sixth, Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn.

The Seven Rebbes of Lubavitch
 Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi (1745-1812)
 Rabbi Dov Ber Schneuri (1773–1827)
 Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (1789–1866)
 Rabbi Shmuel Schneersohn (1834–1882)
 Rabbi Shalom Dovber Schneersohn (1860–1920)
 Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn (1880–1950)
 Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902–1994)

Other websites 
 Chabad Lubavitch Headquarters Online
 Chabad Lubavitch on the web
 About Chabad-Lubavitch
 Global Chabad-Lubavitch Centers and Institutions Directory
 Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbes (leaders)

Judaism
Judaism in Israel
Judaism in the United States
Brooklyn
Liese Prokop

Liese Prokop (March 27, 1941 – December 31, 2006) was an Austrian athlete and politician. Prokop was born in Vienna, Austria. Before being married to Gunnar Prokop, her name was Liese Sykora.  The two had two sons and a daughter. Prokop won the silver medal in the Pentathlon in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. Prokop was the first female Austrian Minister for Interior affairs. She was in charge of the security of Austria, including its police force. She was a member of the ÖVP, Austrian people's party.

She died unexpectedly December 31, 2006 of a torn aorta  while being taken to a hospital in St. Pölten.

References

1941 births
2006 deaths
Female athletes
Government ministers of Austria
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Vienna
Politicians from Vienna
Austrian People's Party

The Austrian People's Party (German: Österreichische Volkspartei, shortenend to ÖVP) is one of the biggest parties in Austria. It was founded in 1945. Its name roughly translates to Austrian People's party. It has about 630,000 members. Its views are often center-right. This means it often has conservative views on the matters at hand. Many of its voters are Catholics. It is against moderate socialism, which is embodied by the other big party, the SPÖ. 

Former Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel is a member of this party. Former Minister of the Interior Liese Prokop (died 2006) was also a member.

Leaders of the party 
 Leopold Kunschak (1945-1945)
 Leopold Figl (1945-1952)
 Julius Raab (1952-1960)
 Alfons Gorbach (1960-1963)
 Josef Klaus (1963-1970)
 Hermann Withalm (1970-1971)
 Karl Schleinzer (1971-1975)
 Josef Taus (1975-1979)
 Alois Mock (1979-1989)
 Josef Riegler (1989-1991)
 Erhard Busek (1991-1995)
 Wolfgang Schüssel (1995-2007)
 Wilhelm Molterer (2007-2008)
 Josef Pröll (2008-2011)
 Michael Spindelegger (2011- 2014)
 Reinhold Mitterlehner (2014 - 2017)
 Sebastian Kurz (2017 -)

Election results

National Council

European Parliament

References 

1945 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Austria 
Christian democratic parties
Conservative parties
Political parties in Austria
Mińsk Mazowiecki

Mińsk Mazowiecki (Minsk, miɲsk mazɔ'vi̯eʦki) is a town in Poland. It is the capital of Mińsk County.

Location 
It has been located in the Mazovia Voivodship since 1999.

History 
The town of Mińsk was founded in 1421. It has always been a town based on commerce. Before the Holocaust, it was a Polish - Jewish town. The main religion in Mińsk is Roman Catholicism. Mińsk have 37000 inhabitants.

Towns in Poland
Firework

A firework is an explosive pyrotechnic device that is used mostly for entertainment. The most common use of a firework is as part of a fireworks display.

Fireworks (devices) are made to have these four effects: They make noise, light, smoke, and sometimes produce floating materials (confetti for example). They may be designed to burn with colored flames and sparks. Displays are common throughout the world and are a main point of many different cultural and religious festivals. Independence Day, New Year's Eve and Guy Fawkes Night are examples.

Some fireworks are ground-based, and others are shot into the air. Because they explode and can cause fires or burns, most countries have laws that only allow trained professionals to use display fireworks. Smaller, less explosive fireworks are available to regular, everyday people, but they are still dangerous and cause injuries each year.

History 

Fireworks dates back to the 7th century and originated in China. The Chinese developed many different kinds of fireworks with a variety of effects and color. The art and science of firework making developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of complex techniques in mounting firework displays.

During the Song Dynasty (960-1279), many of the common people could purchase various kinds of fireworks from market vendors, and grand displays of fireworks were also known to be held. In 1110, a large fireworks display in a martial demonstration was held to entertain Emperor Huizong of Song (r. 1100-1125) and his court. A record from 1264 states that a rocket-propelled firework went off near the Empress Dowager Gong Sheng and startled her during a feast held in her honor by her son Emperor Lizong of Song (r. 1224–1264).

Rocket propulsion was common in warfare, as evidenced by the Huolongjing compiled by Liu Ji (1311–1375) and Jiao Yu (fl. c. 1350–1412). In 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder and its uses from China. A Syrian named Hasan al-Rammah wrote of rockets, fireworks, and other incendiaries, using terms that suggested he derived his knowledge from Chinese sources, such as his references to fireworks as "Chinese flowers".

The New Year's Eve celebrations for 2014 in Dubai broke the world record for biggest fireworks display.

Further reading

References

Other websites 

 
 How Fireworks work
 Illegal Explosive Devices 
 About.com The Chemistry of Firework Colors

Culture
Technology
Pyrotechnics

Pyrotechnics is often thought to be synonymous with the manufacture of fireworks, but it includes also items for military and industrial uses. 

Items such as safety matches, oxygen candles, explosive bolts and fasteners and the automobile safety airbag all fall under pyrotechnics. Without pyrotechnics, modern aviation and spaceflight would be impracticable.

This is because pyrotechnic devices combine high reliability with very compact and efficient energy storage.

A pyrotechnic show is a pre-planned complex that includes ground and high-altitude fireworks. Sometimes such events are accompanied by the performance of specially trained artists of the original genre with pyrotechnic equipment.

Other websites 

 Pyrotechnics FAQ
 The Pyrotechnics Guild International
 A guide on pyrotechics 
 A basic Pyrotechnics Site

References
R.C. Recreativo de Huelva

Real Club Recreativo de Huelva is a Spanish football club. The club was starting in 1889. It is the oldest football team in Spain.

The Club 
Real Club Recreativo de Huelva is a Spanish football team formed on December 23 1889. This makes it the oldest football team in Spain, formed by Dr McKay and overseas British workers at the Rio Tinto mines. Originally named Huelva Recreation Club. Due to its long-standing existence (it is the oldest surviving team of Spanish professional soccer), the team is often referred to as El Decano ("the dean") of the Spanish football fraternity.

Commonly known as Recre, they play in white with blue vertical stripes and white shorts. Their home ground is the Nuevo Colombino stadium that seats 19,860.

After three seasons in Segunda División (Spanish second division), Recre achieved promotion to top flight after beating Numancia Soria on June 4, 2006, mathematically securing promotion with two matches left to be played. El Decano is again among the elite of Spanish football for the 2006/07 season.

Name 
 1889-? Huelva Recreation Club
 ?-present R.C. Recreativo de Huelva

Honours 
 Champions of Andalucía from 1903 to 1914.
 Reached Primera División for 1978-79 (under coach Eusebio Ríos), 2002-2003 (under coach Lucas Alcaraz) and 2005-2006 (under coach Marcelino Garcia Toral).
 Defeated finalists in Copa del Rey in 2003.

League position

Former position

Foreigners 2006/07 
Only three non-EU nationals can be on the pitch at anytime. Those with European ancestry can claim a passport from the nation their ancestors came from. If a player does not have European ancestry he can claim a Spanish passport by playing in Spain for 3 years.

  and Europe Bertrand Laquait
  and Europe  Florent Sinama-Pongolle
  and Europe  Beto
 and Europe  Laurenţiu Roşu
  and Europe Ikechukwu Uche

Famous players 
 Antonio Valencia
 Santi Cazorla
   Mariano Pernía
  Gastón Casas
  Joaozinho
  Franz Platko
  Yago Alonso
  Nelson Zelaya
  Manuel Almunia
  Luis Aragonés
  Curro Torres 
  Óscar Arpón
  Raúl Molina
  Xisco Muñoz
  Alex Pereira

Famous Coaches 
  Eusebio Ríos
  Víctor Espárrago
  Joaquín Caparrós
  Lucas Alcaraz
  Marcelino García Toral

Other websites 
 Recreativo de Huelva Official Website

Spanish football clubs
Yu-Gi-Oh! (1998 anime)

Yu-Gi-Oh! is the title of the first anime series based on the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga. It is not connected in any way to the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters series (known internationally as simply Yu-Gi-Oh!). They are 2 different anime series that are based on the same manga series. Fans of Yu-Gi-Oh! use the fan name "Yu-Gi-Oh! A Shadow Game" when talking about this show. They may use "Yu-Gi-Oh! first season" or "zero season" to refer to this show but this is not correct.

The series aired on television from April 4, 1998 to October 10, 1998. It has 27 episodes. It was produced by Toei Animation. The level of violence was reduced between the manga and the anime. Some characters and how the characters acted were changed from the manga and new characters and plots were added and Duel Monsters had a bigger part. Unlike the second series, the card game (Duel Monsters) is not the main part of the show.

Other websites
Toei's Yu-Gi-Oh! page
Toei's Yu-Gi-Oh! property information page 

Anime
Yu-Gi-Oh!
1998 television series debuts
1998 establishments in Japan
1998 television series endings
1998 disestablishments in Japan
Asset

An asset is something valuable or useful. In business and accounting, the value of an asset is expressed as certain amount of money. The amount of money can be calculated as the amount of economic value that the asset can produce in future. The calculation is based on past transactions or events. Correct evaluation can be useful in deciding what to do with an asset.

Examples of assets include money, property (land and buildings), and amounts to be received from someone.

There are two types of assets: 
tangible assets
Fixed assets such as buildings, equipment etc.
Current assets like inventory
Intangible assets for example: goodwill, patents, trademarks, copyrights and computer programs

Asset characteristics

Assets have three important characteristics:

They can give a future benefit to contribute directly or indirectly to future net cash flows, and, in the case of not-for-profit organizations, to give services;
It can control access to the benefit; and,
The transaction or event which created the asset has already occurred.

Other websites 
Protecting Business Assets: An article from Oklahoma State University
Roundtable on accounting for intangible assets

Economics
Pension

A pension is a steady income given to someone. If pensions are part of a system of social security, the recipient of the pension is usually retired or disabled. They either have worked a long time during their life, or they are physically unable to do so. A pension is usually paid until a certain date (or event) occurs. In the case of social security plans, pensions are usually linked to the life of the person who receives the pension. 

A defined Benefit pension defines the benefit to the worker based on salary basis, years worked, and a multiplier.  An example might be 2@55 final 3, meaning that the annuity is the highest 3-year average salary times years worked times 2% (if age 55).  A worker with 30 years service would receive 2*30 or 60% of their salary.  Some systems allow a worker to receive more than 100% salary by various maneuvers to alter the final salary basis.

A defined Contribution pension defines the contribution, without constraining or promising a certain benefit.  For example, a company might contribute 10% of a worker's salary to a pension account of the worker's choice, with final benefit received linked to the performance of the investment chosen.

Crisis 
Many pension systems are underfunded and likely unsustainable based on independent financial analysis.  Pension reform is a popular topic since about 2009, with pension debt seen as a contributing factor in the deficits at all levels of government.

Income
Aeneas

Aeneas was a Trojan prince and hero. His father was Anchises, his mother was the Greek goddess Aphrodite (Venus in the case of Roman sources). Both Homer and Vergil mention him in their stories. Vergil wrote a whole series of books about him. These books are called Aeneis in their original Latin. The usual English translation of the title is Aeneid. 

The books are the story of ""pious Aeneas". and about how the city of Rome came to be. 

The tale starts with Aeneas carrying his father out of the burning Troy, and end with Romulus and Remus founding Rome (after Aeneas landed on the coast, after sailing the Mediterranean Sea for a long time). Aeneas also appears in Book 5 of the Iliad written by Homer.

William Shakespeare also wrote a story mentioning Aeneas. Christopher Marlowe wrote a play about Aeneas and Dido, the queen who fell in love with him. There is also an opera about Dido and Aeneas, written by Henry Purcell.

Related pages
 Pope Pius II

References

Roman mythology
People in Greek mythology
Palace

A palace is a place with a grand and imposing building that is the official residence of a king or queen, a head of state such as a president, ruler, or leader.

Besides, it can mean a luxurious House or Mansion or a large building for entertainment: a large public or private building with an imposing ornate style, used for entertainment or exhibitions and large events.
Hasidic Judaism

Hasidic Judaism or Hasidism is a Jewish religious movement that was started by Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer, known as "Baal Shem Tov". It began in Eastern Europe in the middle of the 18th century, and there are now Hasidic communities all over the world. The followers of Hasidism are called Hasidim. Backwards through time prevents lairs. So should we.

Characteristics 

Hasidism teaches about the importance of serving God with happiness and believes in Jewish mysticism. While Hasidim study the same books of Torah as the rest of Judaism, they focus on learning the hidden aspects of the text as well. Hasidic study also includes many of the teachings of Kabbalah.

Hasidism has strict laws about physical contact between the genders, Hasidic men will not even shake hands or make any physical contact with unrelated members of the opposite gender and Hasidic women will not make any physical contact with unrelated members of the opposite gender and also limit conversation.

Leadership

Each Hasidic group has a leader who is called the Rebbe (Rabbi). The Rebbe is a man who is a Rabbi and is chosen by the Hasidim to be their leader. Some of the jobs that he does are giving lectures on Torah and Hassidic-matters and taking part in the different events of his Hasidim, like weddings and Brit milahs.

Hasidic Groups

There are hundreds of different Hasidic groups. They all share similar characteristics but they also have individual customs. Some of the larger dynasties are Satmar, Chabad-Lubavitch, Bobov, Viznitz, and Belz.

Other websites 

Jewish denominations
Lissa Explains it All

Lissa Explains it All is a website. It teaches beginners and children HTML as well as other things like JavaScript to help them make a website. It was made by Alyssa "Lissa" Daniels (born 1986) in 1998.

History

How Lissa Explains Began
Lissa did not plan on teaching HTML at first. She was an 11 year old girl who wanted to make a website but had problems remembering the HTML codes. She saved the codes on a webpage. Many people who saw her website asked her how she made it. Lissa gave them the address (URL) to the webpage she put the codes on. As more and more people went on the page, Lissa added more codes and information, and made the URL it became public.

Changes
A year later, so many people went on Lissa Explains that Lissa decided she needed a domain name for her website. She bought the domain name, lissaexplains.com. The website name was changed to Lissa Explains it All. Soon, even more people went on Lissa Explains, and her web hosters told Lissa that she would have to buy a plan that costed $100 a month. Lissa was upset because her parents would not pay so much money for her website.

Lissa Explains was a popular website that had a lot of visitors, so Lissa filled out many forms at agencies. The agency would pay her money to put their advertisements on her website, Lissa Explains. The money she made paid for her web hosting and other services on her website. The company that hosts Lissa Explains now is Dreamhost.

Now, with even more visitors, Lissa had to change the layout and design of her website again. She got rid of a lot of the pictures on her website to save money and bandwidth space. It changed from this to this, the way it looks right now.

Problems
Lissa's website was the first website that taught children HTML. Many people know about it, and it is being copied. For example, Lissaexplainsitall.com  has a URL that is almost the same as Lissa Explains, and it also has something to do with web design and HTML.

Services
Other than teaching HTML, Lissa Explains also has other services. Lissa teaches HTML, JavaScript, CSS, how to use frames and tables, and how to make a trailing cursor.

LissaMail
In April 2008 the website for LissaMail expired, leading to the conclusion that this service is no longer being provided.

Postcards
Lissa has postcards that users can send to their friends.

Color Tools
Lissa's Color Slider lets users choose a color in the shade they want and get the hexadecimal color code for it. She also has a color wheel for people who have Internet Explorer.

HTML Editor
Lissa's HTML Editor converts and changes formatted text into HTML codes.

Meta Tag Generator
At Lissa's Meta Tag generator, users can get the HTML code to make META tags.

Other websites 
 Lissa Explains it All
 The Original Lissa Explains Website (Old Page)

Websites
Education
Aeneid

The Aeneid (Latin: Aeneis) is an epic poem written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC. It tells the story of "pious Aeneas".

Aeneas is a Trojan warrior who had to leave his city because the Greeks captured Troy after a long war. It starts with Aeneas carrying his father Anchises out of the burning Troy. It ends with Aeneas landing on the shores of Italy, fighting in the region of Rome. It can be read as indirect propaganda in favour of Augustus, the Roman Emperor of the day.

The story is written in hexameters, a type of verse.

References

Epic poems
Quincy, Illinois

Quincy is a city in the state of Illinois in the United States. In 2000 the number of people in the city was 40,366. The town was an important stop of the underground railroad during the 1800s. The town also has many German-style buildings.

Cities in Illinois
County seats in Illinois
John Quincy Adams
Bunk bed

A bunk bed is a stack of two or more beds.  Metal poles or wooden beams connect the bottom bed (called the bottom bunk) to the top bed (called the top bunk). A ladder is used to get up to the top bunk. The ladder is usually attached to the bed. In the Philippines, a bunk bed is called a double deck.

Use in homes
Bunk beds are often used in children's rooms. Since bunk beds allow a family to put two beds in the space of a single bed, bunk beds save space. Bunk beds help families with small apartments or houses to have enough beds for their children.

Use in institutions and public facilities
Bunk beds are often used in institutions such as prisons. As well, they are often used in public facilities such as homeless shelters and bomb shelters. Bunk beds are also used in firehalls, to give firefighters a place to sleep. Many military organizations use bunk beds. Navy ships and submarines use bunk beds for the sailors to sleep in. Army barracks sometimes have bunk beds for soldiers.

Use in camps and hostels
Summer camps and winter cabins for children (such as boy scouts or girl scouts) often have bunk beds. Hostels, a type of inexpensive hotel for travelers, often have bunk beds. Some ski lodges have bunk beds in their rooms.

Furniture
Great Chilean Earthquake

The Great Chilean Earthquake or Valdivian Earthquake was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. The quake occurred in the early afternoon (19:11 UTC) of May 22, 1960, and had a 9.5 rating on the Moment magnitude scale. The earthquake affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. 

Its epicenter was Valdivia, Chile. The earthquake caused tsunamis that pounded the Chilean coastline with waves of up to 25 meters. The main tsunami traveled across the Pacific Ocean and caused great damage to Hilo, Hawaii. Waves as high as 10.7 meters (about 35 feet) were recorded 10,000 kilometers from where the earthquake started. These waves travelled as far as Japan and the Philippines.

The total number of deaths from the earthquake and subsequent tsunami in Chile has been estimated at 490 to 5700.  The Chilean government estimated 2 million people were left homeless and the damage was $550 million USD.

References

Other websites 

 1960 Chilean Tsunami
 Surviving a Tsunami—Lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan

1960
20th century in Chile
Disasters in the 1960s
Earthquakes in Chile
Tsunamis
May events
1960s in South America
Photographer

A photographer is someone who is skilled at taking pictures or photographs with a camera. An amateur photographer takes pictures for their own use. A professional photographer takes pictures as all or part of their job. Many people hire a photographer for their wedding, debutante party or other special events.  Photographers work in many different specialties.

There are several different kinds of photography.  Each type requires a different set of skills. Some examples include:
A news photographer can take photographs quickly when events are rapidly changing. They act as the "eyes" for their publications. Their job is to take as many photographs as they can so an editor can later select the best ones for the story. They correct photos with software, add captions, and send them to their editors. Many news photographers also shoot rapid sequences of film as short videos.
An aerial photographer is comfortable around airplanes and is skilled at taking high and low altitude pictures. They work with specialized cameras which can take infrared, three-dimensional, black and white and color aerial photographs.
A still life photographer takes pictures of still life or inanimate objects. This can be for  advertising, art or science. The subjects may be food, products, or nature studies. Still life photographers must know how to use lighting, angles and have other skills to make an object look as good in movies as it does in real life.
A fashion photographer takes pictures of clothing, makeup, hair designs and other similar products. They shoot pictures of models.  In addition to fashion, they may specialize in areas such as the music industry or movies.
A combat photographer is usually, but not always, a military occupation. They take documentary photographs and videos for many different uses. They may be involved in reconnaissance, training or supporting writers who write stories for publication.  Depending on what part of the military they are in, they often have highly specialized duties.
A portrait photographer takes pictures of people. Portraits aim to capture the personality of the subject.  Styles include Boudoir, engagement, High School Senior, newborn and family portraits. 
 One who makes motion pictures is a cameraman.

References 

Occupations
Stock

In financial markets, stock is the capital that a firm gets by giving out and distributing shares.

A person or organization which holds shares of stocks is called a shareholder. The whole value of the stocks that a firm has issued is called its market capitalization.

Stock can be bought and sold privately or on stock exchanges. Someone who buys and sells stock is called a stockbroker.

In the United Kingdom and Australia, the term share is used the same way as stock is described in the United States.

Related pages
 corporation
 Joint-stock company

References

Other websites 
 The Oldest Share  in the world, issued by the Dutch East India Company VOC, 1606.
Stock Market Trivia: History of Stocks
Who Decides Stock Prices?
Researching Old Company Stock Certificates

Finance
Capital (economics)

Capital has a number of related meanings in economics, finance and  accounting.

In finance and accounting, capital generally refers to financial wealth, especially that used to start or maintain a business. 

In classical economics, capital is one of the four factors of production. The others are land, labor and organization. Goods with the following features are capital goods as opposed to consumer goods or durable goods: 
 Goods that can be used in the production of other goods (this is what makes it a factor of production).
 Goods made by humans, in contrast to "land," which refers to naturally occurring resources such as geographical locations and minerals.
 Goods not used up immediately in the process of production, unlike raw materials or intermediate goods (e.g. machinery).

The third part of the definition was not always used by classical economists. The classical economist David Ricardo would use the above definition for the term fixed capital while including raw materials and intermediate products are part of world life in which they can easily spend their life.

Relating pages 
Human capital
Social capital

Economics
DVD player

A DVD player is a home media device that plays DVDs (also called digital versatile discs). The first DVD player was created by Sony and Pacific Digital Company and released in Japan on November 1, 1996. The DVD player would later be released in the United States on March 19, 1997. 

entertainment
Audio technology
Electronics
Machines

pl:DVD#Odtwarzacz DVD
Labour (economics)

Labor is work done by people.  Labor is one of three factors of production.  The other two factors are land and capital. 

People who can work are also known as human capital, referring not necessarily to what they actually do, but to their abilities.

Related pages 
Wage -paying someone for labor.

 
Factors of production
Zach Braff

Zachary Braff (born April 6, 1975, South Orange, New Jersey) is an American actor, film director, producer and screenwriter. He became famous in the early 2000s playing the part of "Dr. John Dorian" on the NBC series Scrubs. Since then, he has written, starred in and directed the 2004 movie Garden State. He also has directed multiple music videos. Braff is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election. He directed his first movie. It is called Wish I Was Here.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 
 Zach Braff's MySpace
 Video interview on stv.tv

1975 births
Living people
Democrats (United States)
American television actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Actors from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
Widescreen

Widescreen is a video format often used in movies. It is also becoming very popular for television and other things like Computer monitors.
Widescreen is often used as it let more of an image to be seen on the screen.

Widescreen is often used as a nickname for the 16:9 aspect ratio of television screens. This means that if the television screen was sixteen inches wide it would have to be nine inches tall. Most 20th century television screen were 4:3 which means if it was four inches wide it would have to be three inches tall. In addition to these small screens, a screen could be any size with the same ratio. For example, a screen could be 32 inches wide and 18 inches tall and still be considered widescreen.

Display technology
Marketing

Marketing is activity that connects producers with customers.
Marketing has 2 types, which are B2B (business to business) marketing and B2C (business to consumer).

Definitions 
 Exchange value and building strong relationship with customer.  

 Marketing-" To create, grow, develop, maintain, defend, and own markets".

 An approach to business that seeks to identify, anticipate, and satisfy customers needs.

 Al Ries and Jack Trout defined marketing as simply "war" between competitors.

 At a macro level, marketing is the process of raising the standards of living, by identifying the existing problems and unsatisfied needs of people and then satisfying that need with a product/service that delivers value to the customer.

References 

Marketing
Storage

Storage means the act of keeping things and the place where you keep them.

That may be:

 Furniture designed to hold small objects:
 Bookcase, Cabinet (furniture), Chest (furniture), Cupboard, Desk, Sideboard (hutch), Refrigerator, etc.

 Small, mobile containers designed to hold food or other goods:
 boxes, bottles, and cans
 Food storage, containers such as Tupperware and Rubbermaid brands
 Container (cargo), a shipping container, storage for cargo transport
 Magazine (artillery), an item or place within which ammunition is stored

 Larger containers typically designed to store special kinds of objects or substances:
 Reservoir (water), an artificial lake
 Storage tank
 Dry cask storage, storing high-level radioactive waste

 Special rooms, or parts of buildings, designed for storage:
 Storage room, Closet, Cellar, Attic

 Special buildings, or collections of buildings, designed to hold large objects, or a great many objects of a particular type:
 Shed, Depot, Garage (house)
 Warehouse, a commercial building for storage of goods
 Self storage, public storage facility
 Ammunition dump, a military storage facility for live ammunition and explosives

 Devices designed to store and release electrical charge or energy:
 Capacitor, stores electric charge
 battery, a store of electricity

 Devices designed for information storage and retrieval:
 storage medium
 Computer storage, Hard drive, Computer memory
 See also Store and forward, relaying information through one or more intermediate stations which temporarily store the information

 Collections of stored information:
 Archive, or archives – a collection of records
 Books store the wisdom of the ages
 Memory stores the record of experience

Related pages
Store
Hoarding
Storativity – a measure of storage

de:Speicher
Publishing

Publishing is  making information available for public view. A publisher makes and sells literature or information. Publishers can pay their authors, or authors who want to be published can pay the publisher. Sometimes authors are their own publishers.

Traditionally, publishing means the creation and distribution of printed works such as books and newspapers. Since the late 20th century it can also mean internet publishing.

A publication is the product of publishing.

Academic publishers
 Cambridge University Press
 Elsevier
 Oxford University Press
 University of Tokyo Press

Other websites 
Books
Association of American Publishers
Book-Busters: Corporate Consolidation in Book Publishing and Selling and the Decline of Diversity by William Petrocelli (1999)
The British Library - finding information on the book publishing & retailing industry 
Piers Anthony's Internet publishing survey
Publishers Weekly, for book publishers
A Report to the Authors Guild which reveals a "Crisis in Midlist Publishing" : Study (PDF file)
Society of Young Publishers
The Young Publishers Network 
International Publishers Association
A list of Publishers of genre fiction such as thrillers, suspense and mystery

Miscellaneous
 
Writing and Publishing Program : Online courses on writing and publishing from Simon Fraser University
Editor and Publisher magazine and information on the newspaper industry 
Magazine Publishing Startup Resource Web Site for Publishers

Printing
Song Dynasty

The Song Dynasty ruled in China from 960–1279. It was started by Emperor Taizu of Song who forced the state of Later Zhou out of power before reuniting China. This ended the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.   

There are two periods of Song dynasty history: Northern Song and Southern Song. Northern Song lasted from 960 to 1127 and controlled most of China. Southern Song was formed after Northern Song had lost control of North China to the Jin dynasty. Southern Song's capital was in Hangzhou and lasted from 1127 to 1279. Southern Song was conquered by the Mongols.

History

Northern Song: 960–1127 
The Northern Song Dynasty ruled in China from 960 to 1127. The first emperor, Emperor Taizu of Song, set the capital in Bianliang (now we call this city Kaifeng) in northern China. The Northern Song Dynasty enjoyed the highest economic and cultural prosperity during the ancient Chinese history.

Other websites 

Chinese dynasties
960 establishments
960s establishments in Asia
Establishments in China
1279 disestablishments
13th-century disestablishments in Asia
Disestablishments in China
Sodomy

Sodomy is anal or oral sex. The word sodomy is derived from Sodom and Gomorrah in the Book of Genesis. Some countries have passed laws making sodomy a crime. Some of these sodomy laws have been overturned in the western world. In some places, they are not routinely enforced.

Sexual acts
Law
Kurt Schumacher

Kurt Schumacher (born 13 October 1895 in Kulm, West Prussia (now Chełmno in Poland) - died 20 August 1952 in Bonn) was a German politician. He was leader of the SPD from 1946 to 1952 and speaker of the SPD in the Bundestag 1949-1952.

Schumacher was the son of a salesman. When World War I started, he left school to join the German army. In December 1914, he was badly hurt. His arm had to be removed. After this, he went back to school in Berlin to study Law and politics. While there, he became a socialist. In 1924, he was elected to the legislature in Württemberg. He became the SPD leader for Württemberg in 1928. In 1930, he was elected to the national legislature, the Reichstag.

After the Nazis took control of Germany, Schumacher was arrested. He was beaten badly in prison. He was put into concentration camps for the next ten years. In 1943, Schumacher was set free because of his bad health. He was arrested again in 1944 and stayed in the concentration camps until the British set them free in April 1945.

After the World War II, Schumacher put the SPD back together. He was first chief of the Social democrats in West Germany after the WWII. He was also their first speaker in the federal parliament (Bundestag) and first leader of opposition in the Bundestag.

In 1952, Schumacher died in Bonn.

1895 births
1952 deaths
Anti-Communists
Former members of the German Bundestag
German military personnel of World War I
German people of World War II
German prisoners
Holocaust survivors
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
People from former German territories
People from Prussia
Free Democratic Party (Germany)

The Free Democratic Party or Freie Demokratische Partei, short FDP (from 1968 to 2001 F.D.P.) is a political party in Germany. The party advocates for a more free market economy. Although they agree to some aspects of the German welfare state, they want to see a reduction in government spending and a movement to privatization.

History 
Several liberal parties have existed in Germany since the 19th century.
The FDP was founded in West Germany in September of 1945 in the state of Hamburg. It became member of the state parliament of Hamburg in its first election.
Similar liberal parties were founded in other German states, most of them successful in getting mandates.
In 1947, on March 17th, the Demokratische Partei Deutschlands (DPD) was founded as a whole-Germany liberal party by Theodor Heuss and Wilhelm Külz, but it broke down after a short while.

On 11 December 1948 the FDP was founded as a liberal party for West Germany.
Chief of the party was Theodor Heuss.  The next important man was Thomas Dehler.

In its first years the main part of the party followed a national-liberal way. Liberal in the economical field, but very conserative in most other fields.
But in every state it had its own way.

The FDP was the smaller partner of the CDU under Konrad Adenauer. It was member of the West German government from 1949 to 1966.

In 1969 the FDP returned to government. But now the FDP was partner of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands under Willy Brandt, later Helmut Schmidt.

The party changed its values. Left-liberal positions were the leading ideas of the FDP at that time and included ideas like
civil rights and giving everyone the chance for a good education (guaranteed state stipendia, no more study fees, more higher education schools).

It changed again in 1982, when  the government crashed on Schmidt and elected Helmut Kohl of the CDU as the new chancellor.
It became more and more a single issue party with its only interest in a low tax tarif - especially for high incomes.
It fought for study fees now and against social security. It secretary general said one day "We are the party of the best-incomes".

In 1998 it lost its power and became part of the opposition.
In some state parliaments the FDP is still in power as junior partner of the CDU.

The party's unofficial motto is "So viel Staat wie nötig, so wenig Staat wie möglich!", meaning "as much state as necessary, as little state as possible!"

Chairmen of the Free Democratic Party 
 Theodor Heuss 1948–1949
 Franz Blücher 1949–1954
 Thomas Dehler 1954–1957
 Reinhold Maier 1957–1960
 Erich Mende 1960–1968
 Walter Scheel 1968–1974
 Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1974–1985
 Martin Bangemann 1985–1988
 Otto Graf Lambsdorff 1988–1993
 Klaus Kinkel 1993–1995
 Wolfgang Gerhardt 1995–2001
 Guido Westerwelle 2001–2011
 Philipp Roesler 2011–2013
 Christian Lindner since 2013

Other websites 
 Free Democratic Party (FDP) official site

Free Democratic Party of Germany
Liberal parties
Alliance 90/The Greens

Alliance 90/The Greens (), commonly referred to as (The) Greens, is a political party in Germany. It was formed in 1992 by the Western German party Die Grünen and the Eastern German Bündnis '90. Its main interests are ecology, civil rights, equality between men and women and the chances of immigrants in the German society.

History

Early years 
In the 1970s, there were a lot of protests against nuclear power in Germany. The protesters had no support in the political parties in Germany so they got the idea to create their own party.

This Party was founded under the Name "Die Grünen" in Karlsruhe on 13 January 1980.

Since their aims were for civil rights and ecology, a lot of former Anti Vietnam War protesters joined the party. The Greens were pacifists and strictly against nuclear weapons. They wanted to reach a de-militarized Europe. After a short while some right-winged people left the party, so they became a centre-left party. The party has centrist and left-wing factions.

Leaders 
First chiefs of the party were Herbert Gruhl and Petra Kelly. Its current co-leaders are Annalena Baerbock and Robert Habeck, who were elected as the party's co-leaders in January 2018.

Influence 
In the old GDR, a Green party was founded in 1989 and joined to the Western Greens in 1990. In 1993 the Bündnis 90 - a civil rights movement from the former GDR - and Die Grünen joined them.

In 1998 they joined the federal government under Gerhard Schröder together with the Social Democrats.

Programme 
Alliance '90/The Greens support green politics. One of their main issues is saving the earth - especially the climate - without using nuclear power.

Another issue raised by the party is the integration and the chances of immigrants in Germany.

In the foreign policy the Green changed their position in their first period in federal government. Before that time they wanted German soldiers only to allow peace keeping missions of the United Nations, many Greens wanted a de-militarized Germany. After their legislative period - with main influence of foreign secretary Fischer - they accepted to join international military missions e.g. in Afganisthan. But their main issue is to avoid conflicts by development policy and international cooperation. Main issues of foreign policy are international envoirementional and climate saving projects like the Kyoto protocoll, the development of the European Union and a reform of the international law like the installing of the International Crime Court in The Hague.

Prominent Green politicians 

 Joschka Fischer, former foreign secretary and vice chancellor of Germany
 Petra Kelly, pacifist, first chairman of the Greens
 Jürgen Trittin, former environmental secretary of Germany
 Otto Schily, later SPD and home secretary of Germany
 Renate Künast, former secretary for agriculture of Germany
 Hans-Christian Ströbele, lawyer and former chairman of the Greens, only successful direct candidate of the Greens in the Bundestag
 Cem Ozdemir, co-chairman of the Alliance'90/The Greens party
 Winfried Kretschmann, current Minister President of Baden-Württemberg

 
Green political parties