cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Arbitration

Arbitration, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is a way of resolving disputes outside the courts. Litigation can be expensive, time-consuming and unpredictable. With arbitration the parties to a dispute agree to have the disagreement decided by a neutral third party. More often this is a panel of three arbitrators. Each party suggests one, then both arbitrators agree on a third arbitrator. The decision is the result of a majority vote.

Arbitration (hearing) 
Arbitration includes an agreement in advance by both parties to comply with the decision of the arbitrator(s). The process includes a hearing in which both parties may be heard. The arbitrator(s) reviews the evidence in the case and makes a decision. One that is legally binding on both sides and enforceable in the courts.

Mediation 
Another form of alternative dispute resolution is mediation. Mediation and arbitration both use neutral third parties. For that reason they are sometimes confused. One difference is that a mediator does not make any decisions. Instead the mediator works towards getting both parties to agree. Unlike Arbitration, there is usually only one mediator. Another difference is that mediation is usually non-binding. Mediation is used more often in smaller disputes or when the matter is kept confidential. In some jurisdictions, mediation is required before a case can come to court.

References

Other websites 
 Mediation vs. Arbitration vs. Litigation: What's the Difference?, FindLaw

Law
Legal terms
Algebraic topology

Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. Algebraic topology can be used in a number of other fields such as physics, branches of geometry and number theory.

Algebraic topology can be used to count "holes" in a shape: for example, a wedding ring and a hollow pipe both have one hole, but a figure-8 has two. This can also be done in different dimensions; a hollow sphere has a kind of "2-dimensional" hole.

References 

Topology
Kazimierz Łaski

Kazimierz Łaski (December 15, 1921 – October 20, 2015) was a Polish-Austrian economist. He was one of the most famous representatives of Post-Keynesian economics in Austria. He was born in Warsaw, Poland. 

Łaski died in Vienna, Austria at the age of 93.

References

Other websites
 "Das Leben ist stärker als die Dogmen" , Intervention. European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies, Vol 4 (2007), No. 2
 "Schlangen vor den Geschäften oder vor den Arbeitsämtern", Kurswechsel, (2006), No. 4
 "Intelectual trajectories: Kalecki’s place in my career as economist", EAEPE Newsletter, Number 36, Juli-August 2006

1921 births
2015 deaths
Austrian scientists
Economists
People from Warsaw
Polish academics
Polish scientists
Marty Ingels

Martin Ingerman (March 9, 1936 – October 21, 2015), known professionally as Marty Ingels, was an American actor, comedian, comedy, sketch writer, theatrical agent. He was known for his role in the 1960s television series I'm Dickens, He's Fenster. He also voiced many cartoon characters and commercials, such as Pac-Man in the Hanna-Barbera cartoon of the same name.

Ingels was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He began his career in 1958. He was previously married to Jean Marie Frassinxlli from 1964 until their divorce in 1966. He then married actress Shirley Jones in 1977. Ingels died from a massive stroke at Tarzana Medical Center in Tarzana, Los Angeles, on October 21, 2015, at the age of 79.

References

Other websites
 
 C.A. Rejects Age Bias Suit Over Exclusion From Radio Talk Show
 An Interview with Marty Ingels Part One, June 2012
 An Interview with Marty Ingels Part Two, June 2012
 An Interview with Marty Ingels Part Three, July 2012
 Marty Ingels(Aveleyman)

1936 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Comedians from New York City
Deaths from stroke
Mark Murphy

Mark Murphy (March 14, 1932 – October 22, 2015) was an American jazz singer. He was born in Syracuse, New York, but spent most of his life in New Jersey. 

He was won the 1996, 1997, 2000, and 2001 Down Beat magazine readers jazz poll for Best Male Vocalist of the Year. During his career, he had six Grammy award nominations for Best Vocal Jazz Performance. He was also known for his original lyrics to the jazz classics "Stolen Moments" and "Red Clay".

Murphy died on October 22, 2015 in Englewood, New Jersey, aged 83.

References

Other websites
All About Jazz

1932 births
2015 deaths
American jazz singers
American jazz musicians
Singers from New York
Musicians from New York
Singers from New Jersey
Musicians from New Jersey
People from Syracuse, New York
Willem Aantjes

Willem "Wim" Aantjes (; 16 January 1923 – 22 October 2015) was a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as a Member of the House of Representatives from 26 May 1959 until 7 November 1978.

During World War II Aantjes became a member of the Germanic SS in order to escape forced labor. However, he refused participating in SS activities and was therefore imprisoned in a prison camp.

During his early political career, he was a member for the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and from 1977 as a dual member for the CDA. He served as the Parliamentary leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party in the House of Representatives from 22 June 1971 until 30 November 1972 when Barend Biesheuvel the Party leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party served as Prime Minister.

He served again as the Parliamentary leader from 19 December 1977 until 7 November 1978 when he resigned both his positions because of relevations of what happened in World War II.

Aantjes died in Utrecht, Netherlands at the age of 92.

References

Other websites

  Mr. W. (Wim) Aantjes Parlement.com

1923 births
2015 deaths
Anti-Revolutionary Party politicians
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Dutch Calvinists
Dutch civil servants
Dutch jurists
Dutch people of World War II
Dutch trade unionists
Former leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Politicians from South Holland
SS people
Marshawn Lynch

Marshawn Lynch (born April 22, 1986) is an American football running back. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks. He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft. His aggressive running style has earned him the name "Beast Mode".

Early life
Marshawn grew up in Oakland, California with his three siblings and his mother. His mother had to work multiple jobs in order to keep the family moving. Lynch's family had a history of being athletes, such as his mother, who had been a very good sprinter at the high school that Marshawn was attending at the time (Oakland Technical High School). Lynch played many different positions during high school, including Defensive Back, Quarterback, Wide Receiver, and Linebacker.

References
http://www.jockbio.com/Bios/M_Lynch/M_Lynch_bio.html  

1986 births
Buffalo Bills players
Seattle Seahawks players
African American players of American football
American football running backs
Sportspeople from Oakland, California
Sportspeople from Berkeley, California
Living people
Mario Beccaria

Mario Beccaria (18 June 1920 – 22 November 2003) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Christian Democracy Party. He served as mayor of his city and as member of the Chamber of Deputies.

Beccaria died on 22 November 2003, aged 83. In Sant'Angelo Lodigiano it has been dedicated a street to him.

References

Other websites

1920 births
2003 deaths
Civil servants
People from Lombardy
Politicians from Lombardy
Hurricane Patricia

Hurricane Patricia of 2015 was the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere. The storm was headed for western Mexico. Its winds grew to Category 5 level and reached 215 mph. 

Patricia had the highest hurricane winds since Hurricane Linda in 1997.

On April 25, 2016, the name Patricia was retired and replaced with Pamela.

References

Patricia
2015 in weather
2010s in Mexico
Typhoon Vera

Typhoon Vera, also called the Isewan Typhoon, was a super typhoon that struck Japan in September 1959. It was the strongest and deadliest typhoon ever in the country. It was also a severe setback to the Japanese economy (Japan was still recovering from World War II). Vera's wind speed was . 

It was given the name "Vera" by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. It caused extensive damage to Ise Bay (Isewan in Japanese) which is why it is called the Isewan Typhoon in Japan. Overall damage from the storm was ¥600 million. More than 5,000 people lost their lives in the typhoon.

References

1959
Tropical cyclones in Asia
1950s in Asia
20th century in Japan
Ricardo Dolz y Arango

Ricardo Dolz y Arango (January 3, 1861 - July 5, 1937‏) was the rector of University of Havana and a member of the World Court.

Biography
He was born on January 3, 1861 to Juan Norberto Dolz y Guzman and María de la Luz Arango Molina. He was the rector of University of Havana and a member of the World Court in The Hague, Netherlands. He died on July 5, 1937 of a heart attack at his home in Havana, Cuba, at the age of 76.

References

1861 births
1937 deaths
Judges
Chancellors
Damages

In law, damages are an award, usually of money. It is to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury.  The rules for damages can and frequently do vary based on the type of claim which is presented (e.g., breach of contract versus a tort claim) and the jurisdiction. Damages are not the same as court costs which includes the costs to bring a legal case to court. The losing party may also have to pay court costs.

Categories 
In common law countries, damages are usually categorized into compensatory (or actual) damages, and punitive damages. Compensatory damages are further categorized into special damages and general damages. Special damages include economic losses such as loss of earnings, property damage and medical expenses. General damages are noneconomic damages such as pain and suffering and emotional distress. Statutory damages are those required by statute.

Compensatory damages 
Compensatory damages are paid to compensate the claimant for loss, injury, or harm suffered as a result of another's negligence (tort law). Expectation damages are used in contract law. In civil law countries, these are called "ordinary damages" and may be limited to actual loss.

Punitive damages 
Generally, punitive damages, which are also termed exemplary damages in the United Kingdom, are not awarded in order to compensate the plaintiff, but in order to reform or deter the defendant. They are also to intended to be an example to others not to do the same thing. Punitive damages are awarded when it is determined that compensatory damages are not enough. Punitive damages are awarded over and above the amount of compensatory damages, such as in the event of malice or intent. Great judicial restraint is expected to be exercised in their use. In the United States punitive damages awards are subject to the limitations imposed by the due process of law clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.

Punitive damages in most civil law countries are not awarded.

Statutory damages 
Statutory damages are an amount stated within the statute rather than calculated based on the degree of harm to the plaintiff. Lawmakers will provide for statutory damages for acts in which it is difficult to determine the value of the harm to the victim. Someone breaking the law can entitle the victim to a statutory award. This is even if no actual injury happened. 

For example, United States Civil Code 18 USC §§2520 provides for statutory damages to victims of various wiretapping offenses.

References 

Law
Legal terms
Equity (law)

In common law countries equity is based on a judiciary assessment of fairness. It is what is often what is considered fair and right under natural law. It is used when the laws themselves do not address an issue or are inadequate in some way. Examples of equity decisions include imposing a lien, correcting a property line or ordering someone to do something to prevent damage.

History 
Common law in England can be traced back to the Norman conquest. The laws, such as they were then, did not address every concern. At first, a subject (of the king) had to petition the king to ask to be heard in his court. One of the first instances of this was in 1070 when Lanfranc, the Archbishop of Canterbury had a case against Odo, Earl of Kent, the king's brother. The archbishop petitioned that lands taken by Odo be restored. Rules of equity began when it became apparent that the common law courts could not solve all legal problems. The king set up courts of chancery (equity). By the 1800s the equity courts were becoming obsolete. In 1875 Parliament did away with the chancery courts altogether.

States in New England followed the English tradition of maintaining separate courts for law and equity. Others, however, combined their courts with both types of jurisdiction. This is what Congress did with respect to the US federal courts. United States bankruptcy courts are the one example of US federal courts which operate as courts of equity.

References

Other websites 
 The Reasons Behind The Creation Of Equity

Legal terms
Commoners

The terms commoners, common people or the masses refers to ordinary people who are members of neither the nobility nor the priesthood. In a system of social classes they are those without title or rank. Since the 20th century, the term common people has been used in its place. It refers to typical members of society in contrast to highly privileged (in either wealth or influence).

History
In Europe, a concept of common people started in the classical antiquity of ancient Rome around the 6th century BC. The Roman social division was into patricians (nobles) and plebeians (commoners). The division may have been instituted by Servius Tullius, as an alternative to the previous clan based divisions that had been responsible for internecine conflict.  The ancient Greeks generally had no concept of class and their leading social divisions were simply non-Greeks, free-Greeks and slaves. With the growth of Christianity in the 4th century AD, a new world view arose in European thinking about social division. This continued until at least early modern times.  Saint Augustine stated that social division was a result of the Fall of Man. The three leading divisions were considered to be the priesthood (clergy), the nobility, and the common people. Sometimes this would be expressed as "those who prayed", "those who fought" and "those who worked". The Latin terms for the three classes – oratores, bellatores and laboratores – are often found even in modern textbooks, and have been used in sources since the 9th century.

References 

English language
Social sciences
Lateral sulcus

The lateral sulcus (also called Sylvian fissure or lateral fissure) is one of the most prominent structures of the human brain.
It divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below. It is in both hemispheres of the brain. A sulcus is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex.

The lateral sulcus first appears around the fourteenth week of gestation.

References 

Anatomy of the brain
Principal Skinner

Principal W. Seymour Skinner (born Armin Tamzarian) is  a fictional character on the long running TV show The Simpsons. His voice is performed by Harry Shearer. He is the principal of Springfield Elemantary School.

History

Name 

He has after behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner.

Role in The Simpsons 
Skinner was a sergeant in the United States Army during the Vietnam War and now he is the principal of Springfield Elementary School. He has developed a love-hate relationship with Bart Simpson.

References

Other websites
 

The Simpsons characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1989
Leon Bibb

Leon Bibb (February 7, 1922 – October 23, 2015) was an American folk singer. He grew up in Kentucky, studied voice in New York, and worked on Broadway. His career began when he became a featured soloist of the Louisville Municipal College glee club as a student. He was known for performing at Hootenanny, on The Ed Sullivan Show and performed with Bill Cosby on tours.

He lived in Vancouver, British Columbia in Canada since 1969. He died in Vancouver at the age of 93.

References

1922 births
2015 deaths
African-American singers
American folk singers
American folk musicians
Musicians from Louisville, Kentucky
Singers from Louisville, Kentucky
Krunoslav Hulak

Krunoslav Hulak (25 May 1951 – 23 October 2015) was a Croatian chess master. He was awarded the International Master title in 1974, and the grandmaster title in 1976. Hulak was born in Osijek, Croatia.

Hulak died in Zagreb, Croatia, aged 64.

References

Other websites

 Tužna vijest za hrvatski šah: Bio je omiljen... 

1951 births
2015 deaths
Croatian sportspeople
Chess grandmasters
Speedway, Indiana

Speedway is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. It is the home of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.

References

Towns in Indiana
National Informatics Centre

The National Informatics Centre (NIC) is a science and technology group that is part of India's government. It is regulated by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

It was founded in 1976. NIC is responsible for providing IT support to Goverment of India and it also maintains the National Portal of India that contains the Constitution of India.

References

Website
 Official website of NIC
 National Portal of India

Government of India
1959 Mexico hurricane

The 1959 Mexico hurricane was one of only two Category 5 Eastern Pacific hurricanes to make landfall in Mexico. It was first observed south of Mexico on October 23. The storm intensified into a Category 3 hurricane on October 25 and a Category 4 the following day. The storm later turned toward the northeast and intensified to Category 5 level. It made landfall near Manzanillo, Mexico.

The hurricane caused at least $280 million in damage. More than 1,800 people lost their lives.

References

1959 in North America
1950s in Mexico
Hurricanes in Mexico
October events
Shel Dorf

Sheldon "Shel" Dorf (July 5, 1933 – November 3, 2009) was an American comic-strip letterer and freelance artist. He is known for being the founder of the San Diego Comic-Con International. Dorf lettered the Steve Canyon comic strip for the last 12 to 14 years of the strip's run.

References

Other websites

1933 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
American comics artists
People from Detroit, Michigan
Amancio Ortega

Amancio Ortega Gaona (; born 28 March 1936) is a Spanish fashion businessman. He is the founding chairman of the Inditex fashion group.

He is best known for its chain of Zara clothing and accessories retail shops. He is the second richest person in the world just behind American billionaire Bill Gates, with a net worth of USD $78.6 billion.

References

Other websites
 

1936 births
Living people
Spanish billionaires
Spanish businesspeople
Brayden McNabb

Brayden Luke McNabb (born January 28, 1991) is a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Buffalo Sabres and Los Angeles Kings.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, McNabb played parts of 4 seasons with the Kootenay Ice of the Western Hockey League (WHL). McNabb played for Team Canada during the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships and won a gold medal with Canada at the 2008 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament.

He was drafted 66th overall by the Buffalo Sabres in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a three-year entry level contract with the Sabres on May 18, 2011. On November 26, 2011, McNabb made his NHL debut in a 5–1 win against the Washington Capitals. On December 26, 2011, he scored his first NHL goal against Tomáš Vokoun of the Washington Capitals in a 4-2 win. 

On March 5, 2014, the Sabres traded McNabb, along with Jonathan Parker and two draft picks, to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for Hudson Fasching and Nicolas Deslauriers.

References

Other websites 

1991 births
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Kootenay Ice players
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Vegas Golden Knights players
Pseudogene

Pseudogenes are genes that have lost their function. They have lost their gene expression in the cell or their ability to code protein. The term was coined in 1977.

Pseudogenes can result from mutations in a gene whose product is not needed for the survival of the organism. Although not protein-coding, the DNA of pseudogenes may be functional. It may be similar to other kinds of non-coding DNA which have a regulatory role.

Most have some gene-like features. They lack protein-coding ability resulting from a variety of disabling mutations, or their inability to encode RNA (such as with rRNA pseudogenes).  

Pseudogenes are generally thought of as the last stop for genomic material that is to be removed from the genome, so they are often labeled as junk DNA. Pseudogenes contain fascinating biological and evolutionary histories in their sequences. This is due to a pseudogene's shared ancestry with a functional gene. In the same way that Darwin thought of two species as having a shared common ancestry followed by millions of years of evolutionary divergence (see speciation), a pseudogene and its associated functional gene also share a common ancestor and have diverged as separate genetic entities over millions of years.

References 

DNA
Vigo County, Indiana

Vigo County (  or  ) is a county along the western border of Indiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 107,848. The county seat is Terre Haute.

References

Indiana counties
1818 establishments in Indiana
Ján Chryzostom Korec

Ján Chryzostom Korec, SJ (22 January 1924 – 24 October 2015) was a Slovak Jesuit Cardinal and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Nitra. He served in the church from 1990 through 2005. He was in jail for eight years (1960-1968) because of his activism against Communism.

Korec was born in Bošany, Czechoslovakia. He died in Nitra, Slovakia at the age of 91.

More reading

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Anti-Communists
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
Roman Catholic bishops
Slovakian people
Pseudepigrapha

Pseudepigrapha (pseudo = false; graphe = writing) are falsely attributed works. They are written works not by their supposed author.

They include Old Testament works not included in the Bible. They were a group of early writings which were not included in the  Bible, or the Apocrypha.  Most were falsely ascribed to biblical characters.

These are Jewish religious works thought to be written about 300 BC to 300 AD. They are distinguished by Protestants from the deuterocanonical (Catholic and Orthodox) or Apocrypha (Protestant). These books appear in the Septuagint and Vulgate but not in the Hebrew Bible or in Protestant bibles.

References 

Bible versions
Words
Defense (legal)

In civil proceedings and criminal prosecutions under the common law, a defendant may raise a defense (or defence) in an attempt to avoid criminal or civil liability. It is an answer, made by a defendant to a plaintiff's action or a denial of a prosecutor's charges. It is also an answer in equity.

Civil law defenses
Under common law, a defendant may raise any of the numerous defenses to limit or avoid liability. These include:
 Lack of jurisdiction of the court, such as diplomatic immunity.
 Failure to state a cause of action or other insufficiencies of pleading.
 Any of the affirmative defenses.
 Defenses conferred by statute - such as a statute of limitations or the statute of frauds.
 Ex turpi causa non oritur actio - the action against the defendant arises from an illegality.
 Volenti non fit injuria - consent by the victim or plaintiff.
 In pari delicto - both sides equally at fault
 Unclean hands

Criminal defenses 
In a criminal trial, there are a wide variety of defenses offered. Some of these include:
 You could also get shot for major bad acts.
 Most often, defendants claim that they did not commit the alleged act in question.
 The defendant had an alibi. He or she was someplace else when the crime was committed and could not be guilty.
 Self-defense, a claim that an act was justified because of something the other person did.
 An Insanity defense claiming the defendant was not capable of telling right from wrong.
 Under the Influence, a claim the defendant should not be held accountable for their actions due to the influences of drugs or alcoholic drink.
 Entrapment is an inducement to commit a crime by authorities in order to get a conviction.

Many of the above are considered an affirmative defense in which case the burden of proof may be on the defendant to prove their innocence. Otherwise in a criminal trial the burden of proof usually rests with the prosecution. They must prove the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

Related pages 
Absolute defense
Lawsuit
Presumption of innocence
Criminal procedure
Statute of limitations
Adversarial system

References 

Law
Legal terms
Drama (Jamelia album)

Drama is the debut studio album by British singer and songwriter Jamelia. It was released by Parlophone Records in the United Kingdom in June 2000.

Track listing
"One"
"Money" (featuring Beenie Man)
"Call Me"
"Not with You"
"Boy Next Door"
"One Day"
"Ghetto"
"Thinking 'Bout You"
"I Do"
"Room 101"
"Guilty"
"I Can't Be"
"This Time"

Japanese track listing
"One"
"Thinking 'Bout You"
"I Do"
"Not with You"
"This Time"
"Money"
"Room 101"
"You Say You Love Me"
"I Can't Be"
"Call Me"
"Boy Next Door"
"Guilty"
"One Day"
"Ghetto"
"What Is Love"

Singles

Chart performance

UK Album Chart Peak Position 39

References

2000 albums
Debut albums
Jamelia albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Thank You (Jamelia album)

Thank You is the second studio album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia. It was first released on 29 September 2003 by Parlophone Records.

Track listing
Original release

Re-release

French Edition Alternate Track

International Re-release Bonus Track

Japanese Edition Bonus Tracks

Charts

Weekly charts

Certifications

Singles

References

2003 albums
2004 albums
Jamelia albums
Hip hop albums
Hip hop soul albums
R&B albums
Colin Gubbins

Colin Gubbins was Major-General Sir Colin McVean Gubbins KCMG DSO MC (2 July 1896 – 11 February 1976). He was head of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in the Second World War.

Gubbins was also responsible for setting up the secret Auxiliary Units, a civilian force to operate behind the German lines if the United Kingdom was invaded during Operation Sea Lion, Germany's planned invasion.

References 

British Army generals
Military Cross

The Military Cross (MC) is the third-level military award given to officers and (since 1993) other ranks of the British Armed Forces. Previously it was also awarded to officers of other Commonwealth countries.

The MC is granted in recognition of "an act or acts of exemplary gallantry during active operations against the enemy on land to all members, of any rank in Our Armed Forces". In 1979, the Queen approved a proposal that some awards, including the Military Cross, could be awarded posthumously.

References 

Military honors
Walk with Me (Jamelia album)

Walk with Me is the third studio album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia. It was released by Parlophone Records on 25 September 2006 in the UK and Europe. It was released on 17 March 2007 in Australia.

Track listing

Sample credits
"No More" contains a sample of "Golden Brown" by The Stranglers.
"Ain't a Love" contains a drum sample from "Jungle Jazz" by Kool & the Gang.

Notes
Australian edition of the album does not feature the track "Get Up, Get Out".

Charts

References

2006 albums
2007 albums
Jamelia albums
Hip hop albums
Dance albums
R&B albums
Bad Ass Strippa

"Bad Ass Strippa" is the debut single by Jentina from her self-titled debut album, Jentina. It was released in Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. It reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart.

Track listing

CD 1
"Bad Ass Strippa"
"Bad Ass Strippa" (Dave Kelly Remix)
"Bad Ass Strippa" (Radio Slave Remix)
"Bad Ass Strippa" (extended mix)
"Bad Ass Strippa" (instrumental)
"Bad Ass Strippa" (CD-ROM video)

CD 2
"Bad Ass Strippa"
"Bad Ass Strippa" (instrumental)

12"

Side 1
"Bad Ass Strippa"
"Bad Ass Strippa" (Dave Kelly Remix)

Side 2
"Bad Ass Strippa" (Radio Slave Remix)

Chart performance

References

2004 songs
Debut singles
Jentina songs
Hip hop songs
R&B songs
Mysterious (song)

"Mysterious" is the third and final single by Jentina from her self titled debut album, Jentina. It was released only in Italy where it reached number 49 on the Italian charts.

Track listing
"Mysterious"
"Mysterious" (The Vanden Plas Remix)
"Mysterious" (James Ford Remix)
"Mysterious" (Return to the Stone Age Mix)

Chart performance

References

2005 songs
Jentina songs
Hip hop songs
Dance songs
Ashland, Concordia Parish, Louisiana

Ashland is an unincorporated community in Concordia Parish, Louisiana, United States.

Settlements in Concordia Parish, Louisiana
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana
Ashland, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana

Ashland is a village in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. It was incorporated in 1963. A few residences and a convenience store to the north spill over into neighboring Bienville Parish. The population was 291 at the 2000 census but went down 9 percent to 269 in 2010. The median age is 45.7 years. Ashland is part of the Natchitoches Micropolitan Statistical Area but is located nearly forty miles to the north of the parish seat of Natchitoches.

History 

The Ashland mayor is W. Gahagan Lee. The village council consists of Wayne Best and Carol Doyle, both Democrats, and Vincent Bown, a Republican. The police chief is Fred Holland, a Democrat. All of the Ashland town officials were unopposed for new terms in the primary election held on October 2, 2010.

On September 2, 2011, a forest fire destroyed ten houses between Ashland and Creston, but residents escaped personal injury. According to Louisiana Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry Mike Strain, the blaze scorched several thousand acres and was propelled by past drought conditions combined with high winds coming from the aftermath of Tropical Storm Lee in the Gulf of Mexico.

Images

References

Other websites 

1963 establishments in the United States
Villages in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
20th-century establishments in Louisiana
Defence in depth

Defense in depth (also known as deep or elastic defense) is a military strategy. It is a delaying tactic intended to slow down the advance of an enemy, instead of stopping it. The tactic buys time by yielding to the enemy slowly and usually causes additional casualties. A defense in depth can slow down an advancing army and cause it to lose momentum.

Examples 
Hannibal used the tactic at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. Facing a much larger Roman army, he placed his less experienced soldiers in the center. On either side were his most experienced fighters. When the Romans advanced, his center gradually moved back while the troops on the wings began to surround the Romans. That was the largest slaughter of Roman soldiers in the history of the republic.

The classic example is medieval hill forts and castles with rings of defenses (usually walls). The inner circles of defenders support the outer circles with missiles fire. The attacker has to breach each line of defense exhausting himself in the process.

The German Army used the tactic in 1917, during World War I. The Germans used it to great effect against both the French and the British Armies until July 1918. The arrival of the US Army, which joined the French and the British, ended that German tactic.

Strategy 
A properly-planned defense in depth can be used to reduce or eliminate any advantage an attacking force might have,such as superior numbers. The defender places the object of his attack behind several layers of defense. The defender then lets the attacker wear down his forces while they slowly give ground and then he moves back to the next layer of defense.

Carl von Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and the martial art of Budō all agreed that the preferred form of war was defense. Clausewitz stated that defense provided the defenders with additional opportunities. A defense in depth can prevent an enemy from surrounding a position and provides an excellent opportunity to counterattack. A defense in space is not being there when an enemy attacks. A defense in time means slowing down or blocking an enemy when it attacks.

Delaying action 
A similar tactic is called a delaying action.  The object is for a smaller force to harass a larger force and to delay its advance while inflicting as much damage as possible to the larger force without directly engaging it.  This allows the defending army's main force to disengage an enemy while maintaining good order.  The main force is given the time necessary to set up a new defensive position.  The small force protecting the larger force is called a rearguard.

A famous rearguard example was given in the Song of Roland.  The nephew of Charlemagne, Roland, commanded the rearguard at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass.  He and his men protected the rear of the Frankish army while it retreated back to France.  In his delaying action, Roland and all of his men were killed in an ambush.

References

Other websites 
 Defence-in-Depth, King's College, London

Military terminology
Defense (sports)

In many team sports, the defence or defense is the action of those players responsible for preventing the other team from scoring. The term may also refer to the tactics involved in defense. It can also be a specialty team whose primary responsibility is defense. Similarly, a defense player or defender is a player who is tasked with stopping the other team from scoring. The defender also protects their own team's goalkeeper or goaltender. This is in association football, ice hockey, water polo and many other sports.

In American football the defense is the part of the team that is tasked with preventing the other team's ball carrier from scoring. The defense consists of 11 players.

References 

Sports
Cody Eakin

Cody Eakin (born May 24, 1991) is a Canadian ice hockey centre. He plays in the National Hockey League (NHL). He has played for the Buffalo Sabres, Winnipeg Jets, Washington Capitals, Dallas Stars, and Vegas Golden Knights.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Eakin played parts of 4 seasons with the Swift Current Broncos of the Western Hockey League (WHL). 

He was drafted 85th overall by the Washington Capitals in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a three-year entry level contract with the Capitals on October 20, 2009. 

On November 1, 2011, Eakin was called up from the Hershey Bears. The same day, Eakin made his NHL debut in a 5-4 overtime win against the Anaheim Ducks. On November 4, 2011, Eakin scored his first NHL goal against Cam Ward of the Carolina Hurricanes. 

On June 22, 2012, the Capitals traded Eakin along with a second round pick to the Dallas Stars in exchange for Mike Ribeiro.

References

Other websites 

1991 births
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Dallas Stars players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Kootenay Ice players
Living people
Sportspeople from Winnipeg
Swift Current Broncos players
Vegas Golden Knights players
Washington Capitals players
Winnipeg Jets players
Nigella sativa

Nigella sativa is a black cumin (also known as nigella or kalonji). It is an annual flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is from south and southwest Asia. Nigella sativa can grow to be  tall.

The black cumin fruit has numerous seeds which are used as spice, sometimes as a replacement for original black cumin Bunium bulbocastanum. These two plants are both called 'black cumin' on account of their seeds.

References

Other websites

 Spice pages: onion seeds (Nigella sativa, falsely black cumin or black caraway)

Spices
2007 New York Giants season

The 2007 New York Giants season was the team's 83rd season in the National Football League. They finished with 10 wins and 6 losses. They finished second in the NFC East. They earned the fifth seed in the playoffs.

This Giants got into the playoffs in this season. The first playoff game was against the 4th-seeded Tampa Bay Buccaneers. It was played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The Giants won that game 24-14. Neither team met in the regular season or preseason. The next 3 games were opponents they faced in the regular season.

The second playoff game was against the Dallas Cowboys. It was played at Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. The Giants had lost their two previous games against the Cowboys, but this time they won 21-17. Tony Romo would throw an interception at the near end of the game.

The third playoff game was against the second-seeded Green Bay Packers. It was played at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Brett Favre threw an interception in overtime to Corey Webster. The interception is Favre's last pass as a Packer. The Giants won 23-20.

In Super Bowl XLII, the Giants played the New England Patriots. The Patriots had completed the regular season undefeated and were heavy favorites. The game is remembered for the Helmet Catch, when David Tyree caught the ball against his helmet in the fourth quarter. The Giants won the game 17-14. The game was an upset for the Patriots. It stopped the Patriots from becoming the NFL's first 19-0 team.

The team was the first NFL International Series participant to win a Super Bowl. They played the Miami Dolphins in the International Series. That was the first game to be played in London.

The 2007 Giants was the first NFC team to win three games on the road, followed by the Green Bay Packers 3 years later.

In two of their playoff games, the Giants wore blue jerseys against Tampa Bay and Dallas.

The 2007 Giants are remarked a cinderalla story.

Schedule

References

New York Giants
National Football League seasons
2007 in sports
2007 in New Jersey
John Barnes Wells

John Barnes Wells (October 17, 1880 - August 8, 1935) was "one of the best-known concert singers in New York." He was a popular singer. He was on many 78-rpm recordings released in the early 1900s. He starred in the 1903 musical theater production of The Wizard of Oz. One of his last performances was in Uncle Tom's Cabin (1933).

Biography
He was born on October 17, 1880 in Ashley, Pennsylvania. He died on August 8, 1935 in Roxbury, New York.

References

1880 births
1935 deaths
Singers from Pennsylvania
Superstar - The Hits

Superstar – The Hits is the first greatest hits album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia, released by Parlophone Records on 24 September 2007.

Information
Jamelia said about the album "It seems the right time to put out a Greatest Hits and have all the best tracks I've recorded from the past ten years on one album".

Track listing

References

2007 albums
Greatest hits albums
Jamelia albums
Hip hop soul albums
Dance albums
R&B albums
Jamelia - The Collection

Jamelia – The Collection is  the second greatest hits album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia. The album was released on July 27, 2009 on Parlophone Records.

Track listing

References

2009 albums
Greatest hits albums
Jamelia albums
Hip hop soul albums
R&B albums
Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia

The Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia (Srpskohrvatska Wikipedija) is the Serbo-Croatian version of the online encyclopedia, Wikipedia.

There are also Croatian, Serbian and Bosnian Wikipedias.

It is 19th largest edition by article count.

References 

Wikipedias
Minangkabau Wikipedia

The Minangkabau Wikipedia is the Minangkabau version of the online encyclopedia, Wikipedia.  See List of Wikipedias.

It is the 31th largest edition by article count.

References 

Wikipedias
Gene family

A gene family is a set of several similar genes. They occur by the duplication of a single original gene. Usually they have similar biochemical functions. The idea that genes get duplicated is almost as old as the science of genetics. 

One such family are the genes for human haemoglobin subunits. The ten genes are in two clusters on different chromosomes, called the α-globin and β-globin loci.  These two gene clusters are thought to have arisen from a precursor gene being duplicated, about 500 million years ago. 

The biggest gene family is said to be the olfaction genes. The homeobox genes are another important group. 

Genes for the immune system include several gene families. They code for the major histocompatibility complex, and the immunoglobulins. The toll-like receptors are the main sensors of infection in mammals.

References 

Genetics
2007 New England Patriots season

The 2007 New England Patriots season was the 38th season for the New England Patriots in the NFL. It was their 48th season overall. The Patriots won the AFC East for the sixth time.

In 2007, the Patriots won all sixteen of their regular season games. They became the first team with sixteen wins and no losses after beating the New York Giants 38-35. They were the fourth team to do this.

Before the Super Bowl, the Patriots had 18 wins and no losses (18-0). They played the 5th-seeded New York Giants. They had beaten the Giants 38-35 in the last regular season game. However, the Giants won the Super Bowl 17-14.

In 2015, the Patriots started 10-0 before losing in overtime to the Denver Broncos.

Roster

Schedule

Preseason

Regular season

 Simulcast on WCVB-TV and WMUR-TV.
 Simulcast on CBS, NBC, WMUR-TV, WWOR-TV, and WCVB-TV.

Playoffs
The Patriots did not have to play in the wild card because of their undefeated season.

Notes 

2007 in sports
2007 in Massachusetts
National Football League seasons
New England Patriots
Myrna Loy

Myrna Loy (August 2, 1905 – December 14, 1993) was an American movie, television and stage actress. She was known for her roles in The Thin Man, The Best Years of Our Lives, After the Thin Man, Libeled Lady, and in Manhattan Melodrama.

Loy devoted herself to acting after a few minor roles in silent films. She was originally typecast in exotic roles, often as a femme fatale or a woman of Asian descent. Her career prospects improved greatly after her portrayal of Nora Charles in The Thin Man (1934).

Although Loy was never nominated for a competitive Academy Award, in March 1991 she was presented with an Honorary Academy Award.

Loy was born in Helena, Montana. She was raised in Radersburg, Montana. Loy studied at Harvard-Westlake School. Loy died at a hospital in New York City during surgery at the age of 88. She was buried in Forestvale Cemetery in Helena, Montana.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 
 Obituary, nytimes.com
 Profile, virtual-history.com

1905 births
1993 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
People from Helena, Montana
Actors from Montana
Dick Bavetta

Richard W. "Dick" Bavetta (born December 10, 1939 in Brooklyn, New York) is a retired American professional basketball referee for the National Basketball Association (NBA). 

Since starting in 1975, he had never missed an assigned game. He holds the league record for most officiated games. His game on April 12, 2013 in Washington was his 2,600th consecutive game as an NBA official. He retired in 2014.

References

Other websites

 Professional Basketball Referees Association

1939 births
Living people
Sportspeople from New York City
Flip Saunders

Philip Daniel "Flip" Saunders (February 23, 1955 – October 25, 2015) was an American basketball player and coach. During his career, he coached the Minnesota Timberwolves, Detroit Pistons and Washington Wizards. He began his career as a coach in 1977. He retired in 2015 due to health reasons.

Saunders was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at the University of Minnesota. Saunders died of Hodgkin's lymphoma in Minneapolis, Minnesota, aged 60.

References

Other websites

 NBA.com Profile

1955 births
2015 deaths
American basketball players
Cancer deaths in Minnesota
Deaths from Hodgkin's lymphoma
National Basketball Association coaches
Sportspeople from Cleveland, Ohio
Sportspeople from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Roman Polák

Roman Polák (born April 28, 1986) is a Czech ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL) and serves as their alternate captain. He has also played for the St. Louis Blues, Toronto Maple Leafs, and San Jose Sharks.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Polák played parts of 1 season with the Kootenay Ice of the Western Hockey League (WHL) and half of 1 season with HC Vítkovice Steel of the Czech Extraliga. Polák played for Czech Republic during the 2004 IIHF World U18 Championships and the 2005 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. He won a bronze medal at both tournaments. He was drafted 180th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft.

On October 9, 2006, Polák made his NHL debut in a 2-0 loss against the Anaheim Ducks. On December 20, 2008, he scored his first NHL goal against Niklas Bäckström of the Minnesota Wild in a 4-2 win. On June 2, 2011, the Blues resigned Polák to a five-year contract extension.

On June 28, 2014, the Blues traded Polák to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Carl Gunnarsson and a fourth-round pick in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

References

Other websites 

1986 births
American Hockey League players
Czech ice hockey players
Dallas Stars players
Kootenay Ice players
Living people
San Jose Sharks players
St. Louis Blues players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Ice hockey defencemen