cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ajaccio

Ajaccio (Latin: Ajax; French: Ajaccio; Corsican: Aiacciu), pronounced "ah-YAH-cho", is a town in France. It is the capital of the territorial collectivity of Corsica and the prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud.

Geography 
Ajaccio is on the west coast of the island of Corsica in a sheltered position at the foot of wooded hills on the northern shore of the Gulf of Ajaccio. The harbour is to the east of the town and is protected on the south by a peninsula. Ajaccio has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Ajaccio was the birthplace of:
 Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821), Emperor of the French
 Joseph Fesch (1763-1839), cardinal
 Tino Rossi (1907-1983), singer, actor
 Fred Scamaroni (1914-1943), WW II Resistance hero
 Alizée (born 1984), pop singer
 Irène Bordoni (1895-1953), singer, Broadway theatre & movie actress

References

Other websites 

 Official website

Sources and References 
 

Communes in Corse-du-Sud
Departmental capitals in France
Regional capitals in France
Prefectures in France

A prefecture in France can refer to :
the Chef-lieu de département, the town in which the administration of a département is located ;
the Chef-lieu de région, the town in which the administration of a région is located ;
the jurisdiction of a préfecture ;
the official residence or headquarters of a préfet.

Subdivisions of France
Spectrum

This article is about the visible spectrum. For all other uses see: Spectrum (disambiguation)

A spectrum, plural: spectra, is a band of several colours: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. A spectrum can be seen if the Sun's light is passed through a prism and allowed to gather on a white screen. This visible spectrum is part of the larger electromagnetic spectrum. Spectroscopy is the study of spectra.

A natural example of a spectrum is a rainbow. The word spectrum was first used by scientists studying optics. They used the word to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated using a prism.  The spectrum seen when light passes through a prism is an example of the dispersion of light.  The material from which the prism is made has a different  refractive index n than air.  Usually, nprism is greater than nair, and nair is taken to be approximately one. This implies that light travels a little slower in the material of the prism than in the space surrounding it.  The angle of refraction can be determined from the angle of incidence and the refractive indexes using Snell's law.  

The reason why the white light separates into in its component colors instead of remaining white is because the shorter wavelengths are refracted, or bent, more than the longer wavelengths.  Thus, red, having the longest visible wavelength, will appear closest to the line perpendicular to the surface of the material (the normal), that is, it will be bent the least.  Violet light, with the smallest wavelength  in the visible spectrum, will be bent the most.  The rainbow produced will always be in the same order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.

References

Light
Arshak II

Arshak II (or Arsaces II) (350-367) was the son of Diran. During his reign, Shapur II of Persia tried to take over Armenia once and for all. Arshak II was taken prisoner during talks about peace with Shapur and later killed himself in prison.

Despite having many troubles during his reign, Arshak II was able to change many parts of his kingdom for the better. They included:
The creation of many monasteries, to keep monks away from the problems of everyday life. They also helped spread the gospel
The building of hospitals
The creation of many schools to teach Assyrian and Greek, since the Holy Bible was read in those languages at that time
The ban of inbred marriages, polygamy, divorce, pagan rituals, drunkenness and killings for revenge
The better treatment of slaves

References 
Translated from the Armenian: Mihran Kurdoghlian, Badmoutioun Hayots, A. hador [Armenian History, volume I], Athens, Greece, 1994, pg. 108-111

Monarchs of Armenia
350 births
367 deaths
Tiridates III of Armenia

Tiridates III (or Trdat III) was the king of Armenia (286-330), and was also known as Tiridates the Great. (Some scholars may be wrong because they call him as Trdat IV as a result of the fact that Tiridates I of Armenia reigned twice.) In 301, Tiridates made Christianity as the sole religion in Armenia, making Armenia the first Christian state in the world.

References 
Translated from the Armenian: Mihran Kurdoghlian, Badmoutioun Hayots, A. hador [Armenian History, volume I],  Athens, Greece, 1994, pg. 96-105.
The Library of Congress - Armenia - A Country Study
Yuri Babayan - Tiridates the Great

Monarchs of Armenia
286 births
330 deaths
Aotearoa

Aotearoa is the current Māori language name for New Zealand. It has replaced previous translations such as Niu Tirani (which was used in the Treaty of Waitangi) and Niu Tireni (which was used in the Whakaputanga Declaration of Independence). It translates to the land of the long white cloud or one long white cloud.

Māori language
Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia (Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία) is a religious building that was first built as a church in the European side of Istanbul, Turkey.

The present building, now a mosque, was the third church building on the site. The third Hagia Sophia was built between 532 and 537, as the cathedral of Constantinople, the capital city of the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity. The Roman emperor Justinian the Great ordered the construction. The architects were Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus. The Greek historian Procopius wrote about Hagia Sophia's construction. The building's roof (a large dome) fell down not long after the church was complete. Justinian again ordered the church's completion. The dome broke apart and has been rebuilt many times, but the walls and floor of the building are the same as those of Justinian's time. The decorations, including mosaics and frescoes, are mostly from the Middle Ages.

After an earthquake, Trdat the Architect finished rebuilding it again in 994. It was used as an Eastern Orthodox cathedral until 1453, except when it was the Roman Catholic cathedral between 1204 and 1261. The Ottoman sultan and caliph Mehmed the Conqueror converted Hagia Sophia into a mosque in 1453 after the Fall of Constantinople.

It became a museum in 1935 after the decision of the secularist Turkish government under Kemal Atatürk in 1934. In July 2020, the Islamist Turkish government under Tayyip Erdoğan ordered the Hagia Sophia to be turned back into a mosque following a supreme court annulment of a 1934 presidential decree that made it a museum.

Other websites

References 

Mosques in Turkey
Eastern Orthodox Church
Cathedrals
Incense

Incense is a fuel that is burned to make a smell. It can be used for many purposes, for example, during rituals in some religions. Incense can be used to make a place smell better or to help improve mood.

In Judaism, instructions for the use of incense were given in Exodus. (E.g. Exodus 30:1). In Christianity, Christ is given myrrh and frankincense by the wise men. (Gospel of Matthew 2:11)

Incense is also used in Hindu rituals.

Other websites
 Incense in Catholicism 

Religious objects
Magic (paranormal)
Perfumery
Derbyshire

Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. A large part of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire. The northern part of Derbyshire overlaps with the Pennines, a famous chain of hills and mountains. The county contains part of the National Forest, and borders on Greater Manchester, West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Staffordshire and Cheshire.

Places of interest 
 Chatsworth — a stately home
 Crich Tramway Village, Crich
 Derwent Valley Mills — a World Heritage Site
 Hob Hurst's House — English Heritage
 Nine Ladies Stone Circle — English Heritage
 Sutton Scarsdale Hall — English Heritage
 Wingfield Manor — English Heritage
 Creswell Crags — pending World Heritage Site proposal 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
South Yorkshire

South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, in the north. The county was created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 and in 2001 covered an area of 155,205 hectares.

Divisions and Environs 
South Yorkshire is divided into four local government districts; they are the City of Sheffield, the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster, the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley and the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham. The county borders Derbyshire, West Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, East Riding of Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire.

History 
The main settlements of South Yorkshire developed around the industries of mining and steel manufacturing. The main mining industry was coal which was concentrated to the north and east of the county. There were also iron mines in the area. The rivers running off the Pennines to the west of the county supported the steel industry that is concentrated in the city of Sheffield.

South Yorkshire was created as a metropolitan county in 1974, by the Local Government Act 1972, from the southern part of the West Riding of Yorkshire and the former county boroughs of Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Sheffield.

Economy 
South Yorkshire is one of the least prosperous areas in Western Europe.

Towns and villages

Main settlements 
The principal settlements of South Yorkshire are:
 Sheffield, an industrial city known for steel and cutlery
 Doncaster, an old Roman town known for railways and horse racing;
 Rotherham, an industrial town bordering Sheffield on the River Don;
 Barnsley, a market town on the River Dearne, the former administrative centre of the metropolitan county.

Urban areas 
South Yorkshire is made up of three main urban areas. Dearne Valley is made up of Barnsley and a number of villages and towns. The Sheffield urban area is made up of Sheffield and Rotherham and the Doncaster urban area is Doncaster and surrounding areas.

Dearne Valley

Doncaster

Sheffield

Other towns and villages

Places of interest 

 Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet, Sheffield 
 Barnsley Town Hall
 Cannon Hall Museum, Park & Gardens, Barnsley 
 Chapel of Our Lady of Rotherham Bridge ("Chapel on the Bridge"), Rotherham
 Clifton Park Museum, Rotherham
 Conisbrough Castle 
 Cusworth Hall
 Doncaster Mansion House
 Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield 
 Monk Bretton Priory
 Sheffield Winter Gardens 
 Roche Abbey 
 Rother Valley Country Park 
 Howden Moors 
 St Lawrence Church, Adwick le Street
 Wentworth Castle & Gardens, Barnsley
 Wentworth Woodhouse
 Weston Park Museum & Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield
 Woodlands model village
 Worsborough Mill and Country Park

Notes 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Salad

A salad is a serving in a meal that includes leaf vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, or arugula. Uncooked or cold cooked vegetables that are sliced into small pieces (for example tomato or onion) are then mixed with the leaf vegetables. Some salads use cheese like Greek salad uses Feta.

A salad dressing or vinaigrette is then poured on top of the vegetables. Salad dressings and vinaigrettes are a mixture of oil, herbs, spices, and flavorings. 

Some people also add other foods to the salad, such as croutons, bacon, chicken, grated cheese, tuna, pasta, olives, cooked potatoes, rice, or beans.

Types of salad

Green salad 

A green salad or garden salad has leafy vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, or rocket (arugula). The salad leaves may be cut or torn into bite-sized fragments and tossed together (a tossed salad). They may also have nuts or croutons.

A wedge salad is made from a head of lettuce (such as iceberg) halved or quartered, with other ingredients on top.

Vegetable salad 
Vegetables other than greens may be used in a salad. Common raw vegetables used in a salad include cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes, onions, carrots, celery, and radishes. Other ingredients include mushrooms, avocado, olives, hard boiled egg, artichoke hearts, heart of palm, green beans, cheeses.

Fruit salads 
Fruit salads are made of fruit, and include the fruit cocktail that can be made fresh or from canned fruit.

Dessert salads 
Dessert salads rarely include leafy greens and are often sweet. Common variants are made with gelatin or whipped cream; e.g. jello salad, pistachio salad, and ambrosia. Other forms of dessert salads include snickers salad, glorified rice, and cookie salad popular in parts of the Midwestern United States.

Composed salad 
A composed salad is a salad arranged on a plate rather than put into a bowl. It can be used as a meal in itself rather than as a part of a meal.

Dressings 
A green salad is often served with a salad dressing. Some examples include:
 Italian dressing
 Mayonnaise
 Olive oil
 French dressing
 Tahini
 Vinaigrette

The purpose of salad dressing depends across cultures. There are many often used salad dressings in North America. Traditional dressings in southern Europe are vinaigrettes, while mayonnaise is predominant in eastern European countries and Russia. In Denmark dressings are often based on crème fraîche. In China, where Western salad is a recent adoption from Western cuisine, the term salad dressing (沙拉酱, shalajiang) means to mayonnaise or mayonnaise-based dressings.

Garnishes 
There are many vegetables and other fare that are often added to salads. Some of them include: 

 shelled sunflower seeds
 onions (mostly the red variety)
 bacon bits (sometimes the bits are artificially flavored pieces of textured soybean protein)
 radishes
 grated carrots
 tomatoes
 surimi - artificial crab meat

Again, individual taste usually governs the choice of salad garnishes.

Related pages 
 Chef salad
 Caesar salad
 Fruit salad
 Watercress salad
 Salade niçoise

References 

 
Appetizers
Nottinghamshire

Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is a county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, North Lincolnshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire and Derbyshire. The county town is traditionally Nottingham, at , though the council is now based in West Bridgford (at a site facing Nottingham over the River Trent).

The districts of Nottinghamshire are Ashfield, Bassetlaw, Broxtowe, Gedling, Mansfield, Newark and Sherwood, and Rushcliffe. The City of Nottingham was administratively part of Nottinghamshire between 1974 and 1998 but is now a unitary authority, although it remains part of the county.

Culture
Nottinghamshire contains the ancestral home of the poet Lord Byron, Newstead Abbey, which he sold in 1818. It is now owned by Nottingham City Council and open to the public.

Settlements and communications 

The traditional county town, and the largest settlement in the historic and ceremonial county boundaries, is Nottingham. The City is now administratively independent, but suburbs including Arnold, Carlton, West Bridgford, Beeston and Stapleford are still within the administrative county and West Bridgford is now home of the county council.

Places of interest 
 Clumber Park
 Creswell Crags
 Rufford Country Park
 Southwell Minster
 Sherwood Forest
 Ye Olde Trip To Jerusalem
 Hawton Church
 Nottingham Castle
 Newstead Abbey

Other websites 
 Nottinghamshire County Council
 BBC Nottingham
 Nottinghamshire Indymedia 
 Visit Nottinghamshire
 Nottinghamshire Police
 Flickr Nottingham  A collaborative blog from the members of the Nottingham Flickr Group, covering the county as well as the city
 Nottingham Nightclub Guide

Ceremonial counties of England
Pennines

The Pennines are a mountain range in England. Often said to be the "backbone of England", they form an unbroken range stretching from the Peak District in the Midlands, through the Yorkshire Dales, parts of Greater Manchester, the West Pennine Moors of Lancashire and Cumbrian Fells to the Cheviot Hills on the Scottish border. Their total length is about .

Etymology
The name Pennines is believed to come from the Celtic pennioroches, meaning "hill", although the earliest written reference to the name dates only from the 18th century.

Altitude and size
The mountains are not very tall and are often called hills. The highest is Cross Fell in eastern Cumbria, at . Other main mountain peaks include Mickle Fell , Whernside , Ingleborough , Pen-y-ghent , and Kinder Scout .

The landscape of the Pennines are mostly upland areas of high moorland. 
The Pennines make up the main watershed in northern England, dividing the eastern and western parts of the country. The rivers Eden, Ribble, and Mersey flow west towards the Irish Sea. On the other side of the watershed, the rivers Tyne, Tees, Swale, Calder, Aire, Don, and Trent flow east to the North Sea. 

Mountains of the United Kingdom
Geography of England
International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system for writing down sounds. It was created by the International Phonetic Association in 1886, so that people could write down sounds of languages in a standard way. Linguists, language teachers, and translators use this system to show the pronunciation for words.

Wikipedia also uses the IPA to show how certain words are meant to be spoken. Most symbols are letters in the Latin alphabet, or variations of it. For example, the palatal approximant (the y in yesterday) is written with []. In IPA symbols can be written between slashes (called a broad transcription, e.g."little" can be written as /lɪtl/ ) or in square brackets (called a narrow transcription, e.g. "little" can be written [lɪɾɫ], which is how specific groups say it). Narrow translation is more precise than broad.

The IPA has symbols only for sounds that are used normally in spoken languages. The Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet (or extIPA) are used to write down other sounds.

The IPA is sometimes changed, and symbols are added or taken away. Right now there are 107 different letters in the IPA. There are also 52 marks which are added to letters to change their sound. These marks are called "diacritics".

History 
In 1886, a group of French and British language teachers formed the International Phonetic Association. These teachers used the Romic alphabet at first. They later changed the alphabet so that different languages would all write the same sounds with the same letters.

Use of the alphabet 
The IPA is made to have one symbol for every sound. This means that every letter always makes the same one sound. This is different from English. In English, some letters make multiple sounds. For example, the letter <x> in English normally is spoken as two sounds ([ks]), but could also be spoken as [gz] or [z].

Letters 
The International Phonetic Alphabet has letters for three types of sounds: pulmonic consonants, non-pulmonic consonants, and vowels.

Pulmonic consonants 

Pulmonic consonants are made by blocking air coming from the lungs. Most consonants (and all English consonants) are pulmonic. The symbols for these sounds are arranged in a table. The rows show how the sound is made (the manner of articulation), and the columns show where it is made (the place of articulation).

Non-pulmonic consonants 
Non-pulmonic consonants are made without air coming from the lungs. There are three types of non-pulmonic consonants. Implosive consonants are made by taking air into the mouth. Ejective consonants are made by forcing the air out of the larynx instead of the lungs. Click consonants are made by creating an airtight pocket in the mouth and quickly releasing it.

References

Other websites 
 Homepage of the International Phonetic Association 
 Interactive IPA Flash Charts
 Interactive IPA Chart, for all languages
Pronunciation
Language transcription
Lake District

The Lake District, also known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a rural area in north west England.  It is a popular vacation area, famous for its lakes and its mountains and its associations with the early 19th century poetry and writings of William Wordsworth and the Lake Poets.

It is on a tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

History
Lake District National Park (created in 1951) is one of the fifteen National parks in the United Kingdom.

Geography
The Lake District is about 34 miles (55 km) across (north-to-south or west-to-east).  It is entirely within Cumbria, and is one of England's few mountainous regions. All the land in England higher than three thousand feet above sea level is in the Park.

25 highest fells
The 25 highest fells (of those given an individual chapter in the Pictorial Guides by Alfred Wainwright) are:

 Scafell Pike, 978 m / 3210 ft
 Scafell, 965 m / 3162 ft
 Helvellyn, 951 m / 3118 ft
 Skiddaw, 931 m / 3054 ft
 Great End, 910 m / 2986 ft
 Bowfell, 902 m / 2960 ft
 Great Gable, 899 m / 2949 ft
 Pillar, 892 m / 2926 ft
 Nethermost Pike, 891 m / 2923 ft
 Catstycam, 889 m / 2917 ft
 Esk Pike, 885 m / 2903 ft
 Raise (Lake District), 883 m / 2896 ft
 Fairfield, 873 m / 2863 ft
 Blencathra, 868 m / 2847 ft
 Skiddaw Little Man, 865 m / 2837 ft
 White Side, 863 m / 2831 ft
 Crinkle Crags, 859 m / 2818 ft
 Dollywaggon Pike, 858 m / 2815 ft
 Great Dodd, 857 m / 2807 ft
 Grasmoor, 852 m / 2795 ft
 Stybarrow Dodd, 843 m / 2772 ft
 St Sunday Crag, 841 m / 2759 ft
 Scoat Fell, 841 m / 2759 ft
 Crag Hill, 839 m / 2753 ft
 High Street, 828 m / 2717 ft

Lakes

Only one lake in the National Park has the word 'Lake' in its name, namely Bassenthwaite Lake. All the others such as Windermere, Coniston Water, Ullswater and Buttermere use other forms, such as 'mere' and 'water'. The major lakes and reservoirs in the park are given below.

The word 'tarn' is a local word used to describe any small lake that may otherwise be called a pond.

Nomenclature
A number of words/phrases are local to the Lake District and are part of the Cumbrian dialect. These include:

fell - brought to England by Viking invaders and close to modern Norwegian 'Fjell' meaning mountain
tarn - a word that has been taken to mean a small lake in a corrie, it is a local phrase for any small pool of water
Yan Tan Tethera - the name for a system of sheep counting which was traditionally used in the Lake District. Though now rare, it is still used by some and taught in local schools.

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
 Yorkshire Dales

References

Other websites

Lake District official website
Lake District Walks
Illustrated Guide to the Lake District

More reading
Hollingsworth, S. 'The Geology of the Lake District: a review', Proc. Geologists Assoc., 65 (Part 4) 1954
Moseley, F. Geology of the Lake District, Yorkshire Geologic

Geography of England
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Khosrov III the Small

Chosroes III The Small (or Khosrov III Godag), was the son of Tiridates III, was a member of the Arshakuni Dynasty and the king of Armenia from 330 – 339 AD. He was a man of short stature, thus his name. He founded the city of Dvin which later became the Armenian capital. 

During his reign, two generals, Vatche Mamikonian and Vahan Amatuni, started a battle, often coming to help the king. During these years, pro-Sassanid  and anti-Mamikonian sentiment grew in Armenia and so did anti-Roman sentiment. Pro-Sassanid groups gained popularity so much so that they were successful in assassinating Catholicos St. Aristaces I, son of Gregory the Illuminator. 

Shapur II, Sassanid king of the Persians, invaded Armenia twice and did gain some territory. Vatche Mamikonian was killed in those battles and was later named a saint by the Armenian Apostolic Church for his sacrifice. Chosroes II died in 339 AD.

References 

Translated from the Armenian: Mihran Kurdoghlian, Badmoutioun Hayots, A. hador [Armenian History, volume I],  Athens, Greece, 1994, pg. 107

339 deaths
Monarchs of Armenia
Queen Isabella of Armenia

Queen Isabella of Armenia (died c. 1252) ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 1219–1252. She was the daughter of Leo II of Armenia and Sybilla of Lusignan (daughter of Amalric I of Cyprus). Leo named Isabella as his heir.

She was married twice. Her first husband was Philip, son of Bohemund IV of Antioch, whom she married in 1223. Philip was murdered in 1225.

Her second husband was Hethum (or Hetoum) I, to whom she was married against her will on June 14, 1226. Hethum was co-ruler (or ruler) of Armenia from 1226 to 1270. The couple had six children:

Leo III (d. 1289)
Thoros (d. 1266),
Sibylle (d. 1290), who married Bohemund VI of Antioch
Euphemie (d. 1309), who married to Julien Grenier, Lord of Sidon
Rita of Armenia
Maria of Armenia, who married Guy d'Ibelin

Bibliography

Isabella of Armenia, Queen
Isabella of Armenia, Queen
Argishti II of Urartu

Argishti II of Urartu was king of the Urartun empire from 714 to 680 BC.

References 

Monarchs of Armenia
Urartu
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Xerxes of Armenia

Xerxes (died c. 212 BC) was the King of Sophene and son of Arsames II. During his domination, Antiochus III the Great invaded his capital Arsamosata. Xerxes recognized Antiochus as his sovereign and received his sister Antiochia as his bride, who later killed him.

Notes
Polybius, VIII.25

References
Johann Gustav Droysen,  Geschichte des Hellenismus, vol. ii. p. 73
Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 204.

210s BC deaths
Monarchs of Armenia
Yorkshire and the Humber

Yorkshire and the Humber is one of the regions of England. It covers most of the historic county of Yorkshire, along with the part of northern Lincolnshire that was previously in the administrative area of Humberside (which existed 1974-1996).

The highest point of the region is Whernside, in the Yorkshire Dales, at 737 metres. The largest freshwater lake is Hornsea Mere in the East Riding of Yorkshire.

The population in 2005 was 5,854,357.

Local government 
The official region consists of the following subdivisions:

Key: shire county = † | metropolitan county = *

It was originally called Yorkshire and Humberside, and defined as North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and Humberside.

Other websites 
 Government Office for Yorkshire and the Humber 
 Yorkshire and Humber Assembly
Sophene

Sophene (Armenian: ) was a province of the Armenian Kingdom and of the Roman Empire, in the southwest of the kingdom. It is currently in modern-day southeastern Turkey.

According to Anania Shirakatsi's Ashkharatsuyts ("World Atlas," 7th century), Tsopk was the 2nd among the 15 provinces of Greater Armenia. It consisted of 8 cantons (gavars): Khordzyan, Hashtyank, Paghnatun, Balahovit, Tsopk (Shahunyats), Andzit, Degiq, and Gavreq (Goreq).

Tsopk was part of the kingdom of Urartu in the 8th-7th cc BC. After unifying the region with his kingdom in the early 700s BC, king Argishtis I of Urartu resettled many of its inhabitants to his newly built city of Erebuni (modern day Armenian capital Yerevan). Around 600 BC, Tsopk became part of the newly emerged ancient Armenian Kingdom of Orontids.
 
After Alexander the Great's campaigns in 330s BC and the subsequent collapse of the Achaemenid Empire, Tsopk remained part of the newly independent kingdom of Greater Armenia. In the early 200s BC, at the instigation of the Seleucid Empire, which was trying to weaken the Armenian kingdom, Tsopk, along with Commagene, split from Greater Armenia, forming the Hellenistic kingdom of Tsopk-Commagene. The kingdom was ruled by a branch of the Armenian royal dynasty of Orontids. Tsopk later split from the Tsopk-Commagene kingdom as well, forming an independent kingdom.

Around 200 BC, in his attempt to finally subjugate Armenia, Seleucian king Antiochus III conquered both Greater Armenia and Tsopk, installing Armenian generals Artaxias I and Zariadres as governors-strategoses respectively in each kingdom. Following Antiochus' defeat by Romans at the battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, both Zareh and Artashes declared themselves independent kings. Zareh and his descendants ruled the kingdom of Tsopk until it was reunified with Greater Armenia by Tigranes the Great in the 80s BC.

Pompey gave Sophene to Tigranes, after defeating his father Tigranes the Great.
Sophene later become part of the Roman Empire, and was made into a province of the Roman Empire. The capital was Amida (modern Diyarbakır). Around 54, the province was ruled by Gaius Julius Sohaemus.
In 530, Sophene was included into the province of Armenia IV.

References 

Places of Ancient Rome
History of Armenia
3rd-century BC establishments
1st-century BC disestablishments
Seleucid Empire

The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic (or Ancient Greek) successor state of Alexander the Great's empire. At its greatest extent, the Empire covered central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, Turkmenistan, Pamir and the Indus Valley.

Primarily, it was the successor to the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, and was followed there by the Islamic Caliphate (Rashidun Empire) conquest and rule, from 650s to 660s AD. Later on, much of this area became part of the Umayyad Empire and then the Abbasid Empire.

There were over 30 kings of the Seleucid dynasty from 323 to 63 BC.

The partition of Alexander's empire (323–281 BC) 
Alexander the Great had conquered the Persian Empire but later died young, leaving his huge empire of partly Hellenized culture without an adult heir. 

The empire was put under the management of a regent named Perdiccas in 323 BC, and the territories were divided between Alexander's generals, who thereby became satraps, at the Partition of Babylon. Leaders who thought they should have more, started wars to get it. Soon the various parts of the empire were fighting each other.

The early Seleucid Empire 
Seleucus I Soter was one of Alexander's generals who received a portion of the huge empire Alexander had carved out. He received huge expanses of land in Syria, Babylon, Anatolia, even as far out as India. When Perdiccas was killed in a political assassination by Ptolemy of Egypt, the empire that was barely held together then splintered apart. The Seleucid Empire quickly expanded, eventually taking parts of Thrace in the west and advancing past the Indus in the East. 

Seleucus I clashed several times with his southern rival for power, the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The Ptolemaic Dynasty controlled most of Egypt and the lands around it, and would fight the Seleucid Empire on many occasions for control of Syria. Seleucus I conquered much of Anatolia, and was preparing to invade Macedonia, when he was assassinated. This momentarily put an end to the Seleucid Empire's ambitions in Greece. After Seleucus I died, his heirs spent much of their time and money trying to maintain the enormous empire they had inherited. In this, they were rather successful, but the vastness of the empire defied attempts by the successors of Seleucus to control it effectively.

References 

History of Persia
Ancient history of Azerbaijan
History of Pakistan
History of the Middle East
Westmorland

Westmorland (an older spelling is Westmoreland, an even older spelling is Westmerland) is an area of north west England and one of the 39 historic counties of England. It was an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 and now is part of Cumbria.

Early history 

At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 the county was said to form part of Yorkshire. 
The historic county borders are with Cumberland to the north, County Durham and Yorkshire to the east, and Lancashire to the south and west. 

The highest point of the county is Helvellyn at 950m (3,117 ft). According to the 1831 census its area was 485,990 acres.  

Appleby, the historic county town, was also a historic borough until it was reformed in 1885.

According to the 1971 census, Westmorland was the second smallest administrative county with people in England, after Rutland. The spead of population was as follows: 

In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the county was abolished and its former area was combined with Cumberland and parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire to form the new county of Cumbria. The former county now forms part of the districts of South Lakeland and Eden.

References 

1889 establishments in England
1974 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
British shires
Historic counties of England

The historic counties of England are subdivisions of UK They were used for various functions for several hundred years and continue to form the basis of modern local government. They are alternatively known as ancient counties and traditional counties.

The counties 
The historic counties are as follows:

References

Other websites 
 GENUKI - Family history links to historic counties
 The Historic Counties Trust

History of England
Historic counties of England
Lists of counties
Lists about England
Samus Aran

is the main character of the Metroid games.  She's a bounty hunter, and helps the Galactic Federation. She has many enemies, including Mother Brain, Ridley, Kraid, Dark Samus, and the Metroids. Because she does not remove her suit or talk much, people thought she was a boy until they saw the secret ending of Metroid, which shows Samus without her suit.

Creation 
The makers said that the Metroid series is supposed to be like the 1979 film, Alien, and Samus was like one of the film's characters, Ellen Ripley. Players thought Samus was a boy until the end of the original Metroid game. One of the makers said that it would be "kind of cool if it turned out that this person inside the suit was a woman". The rest of the makers liked it so it happened

Suit 
Samus' suit is orange and red, and runs on Energy Tanks. It was made by creatures called Chozos, and can gain new powers and abilities. She has lots of other suits as well.

Appearances 
Metroid series 
Metroid Prime series 

The Metroid Prime series takes place in between Metroid and Metroid II: Return of Samus.

In Metroid Prime, Samus has to go to the Frigate Orpheon, and meets Meta Ridley, the revived form of an enemy from Metroid. She loses her powers on the frigate through an accident, and escapes to the planet Tallon IV. She eventually has to do battle with the final boss, Metroid Prime.

In Metroid Prime 2: Echoes, Samus meets a creature called Dark Samus, which is Metroid Prime fused with a suit Samus got on Tallon IV.

In Metroid Prime 3: Corruption, Samus and three other bounty hunters

Other appearances 

Samus was the first female character to appear in the Super Smash Bros. series, and has been in Super Smash Bros., Super Smash Bros. Melee, Super Smash Bros. Brawl, and Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. She's only in her suit in the first two, but in the third and fourth, she can be in Zero Suit Samus form, which comes from Metroid: Zero Mission. In the fourth game, Samus in her power suit and her zero suit are listed as two separate characters. She takes many moves from the Metroid series, including the Charge Beam, Bombs, Screw Attack, and Missiles.

References 

Fictional characters introduced in 1986
Video game characters
Metroid
Nintendo video game characters
Metroid (series)

Metroid is a series of video games made by Nintendo. The series started in Japan in 1986. Its main character in the game is Samus Aran. Almost all of the games in the series have a certain kind of fictional creature called a "Metroid". This is where the name of the series comes from. Metroids look a lot like jellyfish except they can fly. They also have teeth instead of tentacles. They attack creatures and people by charging quickly towards them and sucking out all their life force.

Characters
The main character in the series is Samus Aran.  She always wears a very powerful space suit. This suit lets her do things that normal humans cannot do, such as jump very high and fall long ways without being hurt. The right arm on Samus' suit has a large gun built into it. She is seen in this space suit almost all of the time. In many of the games, if the player finishes the game fast enough or collects enough items, they can see her without the suit on. When this happens, she is either wearing a tight jumpsuit, or something resembling a bikini.

The main enemies of the Metroid games are the Space Pirates. They are tall creatures who look like lizards that walk on two legs. The Space Pirate commander is a dragon named Ridley, who is Samus' worst enemy.

Gameplay
In most Metroid games, the player explores far away planets or space stations. The player, as Samus, starts the game with very few powers, and not many places to go. The player must explore to find items and powers that let him or her get to new areas. In the first Metroid; Samus had to defeat Ridley; a giant monster named Kraid; and then destroy the Space Pirate's computer, Mother Brain. In all Metroid games, there are different goals to achieve, but nearly all of them involve looking for items and exploring.

Other websites
Official English website
Wikitroid, the Metroid wiki
Michelson–Morley experiment

The Michelson–Morley experiment was a scientific experiment to test for the presence and properties of a substance called aether. This was thought hypothetically to fill empty space. The experiment showed the substance did not exist.

The experiment was done by Albert A. Michelson and Edward Morley in 1887.

Since waves in water need something to move in (water) and sound waves do as well (air), it was believed that light also needed something to move in. Scientists in the 18th century named this substance "aether", after the Greek god of light. They believed that aether was all around us and that it also filled the vacuum of space. Michelson and Morley created this experiment to try and prove the theory that aether existed. They did this with a device called an interferometer. This experiment is a test of Einstein's special relativity theory.

The experiment 

The Earth travels very quickly (more than 100,000 km per hour) around the Sun. If aether exists, the Earth moving through it would cause a "wind" in the same way that there seems to be a wind outside a moving car. To a person in the car, the air outside the car would seem like a moving substance. In the same way, aether should seem like a moving substance to things on Earth. 

The interferometer was designed to measure the speed and direction of the "aether wind" by measuring the difference between the speed of light traveling in different directions. It measured this difference by shining a beam of light into a mirror that was only partially coated in silver. Part of the beam would be reflected one way, and the rest would go the other. Those two parts would then be reflected back to where they were split apart, and recombined. By looking at interference patterns in the recombined beam of light, any changes in speed because of the aether wind could be seen.

They found that there was, in fact, no substantial difference in the measurements. This was puzzling to the scientific community at the time, and led to the creation of various new theories to explain the result. The most important was the Lorentz factor, which is used in Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity.

Other websites 

 Early Experiments
 Modern Michelson–Morley Experiment improves the best previous result by two orders of magnitude, from 2003
 Michelson Morley Experiment & Null Results
 Ed Notes & Books For All Semesters In PDF 1st Year, 2nd Year

References

Science experiments
Relativity
Hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide  (British English: hydrogen sulphide) is the chemical compound with the formula , is a colorless, toxic, flammable gas that is responsible for the foul smell of rotten eggs and flatulence. It often results when bacteria break down organic matter if there is no oxygen. This happens in swamps, and sewers (alongside the process of anaerobic digestion). It also happens in volcanic gases, natural gas and some well waters. This is the smell that people often think to be that of sulfur. But sulfur itself does not smell.

Hydrogen sulfide is also known as sulfane, sulfur hydride, sour gas, sulfurated hydrogen, hydrosulfuric acid, sewer gas and stink damp. IUPAC accepts the names "hydrogen sulfide" and "sulfane". When people speak of more complicated compounds they always use the term "sulfane".

Occurrence 

Small amounts of hydrogen sulfide can be found in crude petroleum. Sour natural gas can contain up to 28%. But, sour natural gas must be cleaned before it can enter a long distance pipeline. Pipelines limit hydrogen sulfide to 3 grains per thousand cubic feet of natural gas. Volcanoes and hot springs give off some H2S, where it probably is made by the hydrolysis of sulfide minerals, i.e. MS + H2O to give MO + H2S.

Normal average concentration in clean air is about 0.0001-0.0002 ppm.

Safety 
Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and flammable gas. Because it is heavier than air it tends to accumulate at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces.

Toxicity 
Hydrogen sulfide is considered a broad-spectrum poison, meaning that it can poison several different systems in the body, although the nervous system is most affected. The toxicity of H2S is comparable with that of hydrogen cyanide.

References 

 "Hydrogen Sulfide", Committee on Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants, University Park Press, 1979, Baltimore.

Other websites 
 International Chemical Safety Card 0165
 Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 53
 National Pollutant Inventory - Hydrogen sulfide fact sheet 
 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
 MSDS safety data sheet 
 Abstract of survey article on H2S as used by the body, by P. Kamoun
 Computational Chemistry Wiki 

Sulfur compounds
William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne

William Petty, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, KG, PC (2 May 1737–7 May 1805) was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister of Great Britain. He was born William FitzMaurice in Dublin in Ireland. Petty was known historically as The Earl of Shelburne.

Titles from birth to death 
Mr William FitzMaurice (1737-1751)
Mr William Petty (1751)
The Hon William Petty (1751-1753)
Viscount FitzMaurice (1753-1760)
Viscount FitzMaurice, MP (1760-1761)
The Rt Hon The Earl of Shelburne (1761-1763)
The Rt Hon The Earl of Shelburne, PC (1763-1782)
The Rt Hon The Earl of Shelburne, KG, PC (1782-1784)
The Most Hon The Marquess of Lansdowne, KG, PC (1784-1805)

1737 births
1805 deaths
Irish politicians
British Marquesses
People from Dublin
Whig party (UK) politicians
William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland

William Henry Cavendish Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, (14 April 1738 – 30 October 1809) was a British Whig and Tory statesman and twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. After his first time as prime minister, the kingdom of Ireland joined Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In the new Parliament of the United Kingdom, he again became prime minister in 1807. 

1739 births
1809 deaths
English Dukes
Politicians from Nottinghamshire
Newbie

Newbie is a slang term for a new person in a community, group, or video game, and especially on the internet.  "Newb" is short for newbie and another slang term that comes from the word "new". A noob usually means a bad player in a game, or someone who does not know the rules of a community yet. Being called a noob is usually not a good thing especially if its by an "Epic Gamer".

History  
The use of the word "newbie" originated in World War II. It was a word veterans used to describe new recruits. 

In recent years, however, the term has been used more often in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG)s or other internet based games. It can also mean someone who has a high level in a game, but is not a skilled player. A person new to a game or a younger player can be referred to as a newbie. 

Many places, such as internet forums or online communities, use the word "noob" differently than the word "newbie". A newbie is simply someone who is new to the forum or game. But a noob or n00b is someone who has been around long enough to know better, but doesn't. A noob is thought of as having no respect for the rules and does not seem to want to do anything for himself. So noob has become an offensive term on the internet. To behave like a noob can mean getting disrespect and a lack of interest from other players.

Noobs are usually referred to by the 1337 (pronounced "leet") or skilled players, who have marginally higher experience in the game.  When a leet soundly defeats a noob, he is said to be "pawning noobs". Recently "noob" is used mainly just as a name to refer to other players in various online games.  It's usually a derogatory term, but can be exchanged as a friendly greeting. A noob is sometimes confused with a "choob" (a low skilled person in a game, but having acquired nice things as a result of playing).

References 

Internet slang
Bodhisattva

A bodhisattva is a Buddhist who is on their way to become a Buddha. They have attained a certain level of enlightenment, but decide not to enter Nirvana so that they can continue helping living beings in the world. 

The word Bodhisattva can also refer to certain specific bodhisattvas such as Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri and Vajrapani.

Many bodhisattvas made a special vow that defines their personality or method of helping people. For example, Kshitigarbha vowed not to attain enlightenment until there were no more beings in hell. Some Buddhas, such as Amitabha, made certain vows when they were bodhisattvas. He became a Buddha when these vows were fulfilled.

Related pages
Buddha
Tackey and Tsubasa

Tackey & Tsubasa (タッキー&翼) is a Japanese pop duo from Johnny & Associates. Its two members are Hideaki Takizawa (Japanese: 滝沢秀明, Takizawa Hideaki) and Tsubasa Imai (今井翼, Imai Tsubasa). They are known for their Japanese television dramas and they have been successful with numerous hit singles, especially "Kamen" and "Venus". Their records are produced by Avex Trax.

Discography

Singles 

 (26.02.2003) To be, To be, Ten made To be
 (12.11.2003) Yume Monogatari (夢物語)
 (11.02.2004) One Day, One Dream
 (03.11.2004) Serenade (愛想曲(セレナーデ))
 (04.05.2005) Kamen/Mirai Koukai (仮面/未来航海)
 (18.01.2006) Venus
 (09.08.2006) Ho! Summer (Ho! サマー)
 (04.18.2007) x ~Dame~ / Crazy Rainbow (x～ダメ～ / Crazy Rainbow)
 (08.08.2007) SAMURAI

Albums 

 (11.09.2002) Hatachi
 (28.04.2005) Twenty Two
 (15.11.2006) Two You Four You

Compilations 

 (17.10.2007) Tackey & Tsubasa BEST Album

Other websites 
 Tackey & Tsubasa Official Website
 Tackey & Tsubasa Oricon Page
 Takizawa Hideaki fansite 
 Imai Tsubasa fansite

Japanese musical groups
Fruits Basket

Fruits Basket(フルーツバスケット) is a Japanese manga and anime series about an eponymous student. The manga series ran from 1999 to 2006. An anime television series adaptation aired in 2001.

Plot 
Tohru Honda comes to live with the mysterious Sohma family. She discovers a terrible secret about them - 13 members of the family turn into twelve animals of the Chinese Zodiac, and the cat who was left out of the Chinese Zodiac. Whenever they are hugged by members of the opposite sex or become weak, they turn into each animals.

Characters
Momiji Sohma – He is born in the year of the Rabbit. Momiji is a cute, strange boy who acts like an elementary school student, when he is a freshman in high school.

References

Other websites 

 TokyoPop's Fruits Basket Site  (manga)
 FUNimation's Fruits Basket Site  (anime)
  TV Tokyo's Fruits Basket Site (anime)

1998 manga
2010s anime
Anime series based on manga