cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Joey Graceffa

Joseph Michael "Joey" Graceffa (born May 16, 1991) is an American YouTuber who became known for his musical parodies, including the 2012 Hunger Games song "I Wanna Go." He competed in the 22nd and 24th seasons of The Amazing Race. In 2014, he won a Streamy Award for Best Actor in a Drama for Storytellers. He started his YouTube career making videos (short movies) with Brittany Joyal. In 2012 they stopped working together.

Graceffa launched his own web series on Teen.com called Joey's Dystopia. He released a book in 2015 titled In Real Life: My Journey to a Pixelated World. In the book he came out as gay. He also later released a music video called "Don't Wait" introducing his boyfriend, Daniel Preda. Graceffa has 3.9 million followers on Twitter (October 2017). He has also released a storybook series, called the Children of Eden. On October 4, 2016, Graceffa, along with co-author Laura L. Sullivan, released a young adult novel titled Children of Eden. The sequel, Elites of Eden, was published on October 3, 2017.

Personal life
He grew up with his family in Boston before moving on his own to California to pursue his career. His parents divorced when he was young. He has a brother named Jett and a sister named Nicole. In 2016 he introduced his boyfriend, Daniel Preda. He is good friends with many fellow YouTubers, including Cat Valdes and Louise Pentland.

References

1991 births
Living people
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT people from Massachusetts
American YouTubers
Treiten

Treiten () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Trimstein

Trimstein was a municipality in Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 Trimstein became part of Münsingen.

Former municipalities of Bern
ISO 3166-2:PY

ISO 3166-2:PY is the entry for Paraguay in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces, departments or states) of all countries that are in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Paraguay, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 1 capital and 17 departments. The capital of the country Asunción is similar to the departments.

Each code has of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is , the second part is either of the following:
 two digits (1–16, 19): departments
 three letters: the capital district, Asunción

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA).

Related pages
 Departments of Paraguay

Other websites
 ISO Online Browsing Platform: PY
 Departments of Paraguay, Statoids.com

Paraguay
ISO 3166
Departments of Paraguay

Paraguay has 17 departments and one capital district (Distrito Capital). The departments are formed by districts.

The departments are grouped in two geographic regions, separated by the Paraguay river:
 Occidental (Western) region or Chaco, to the north of the Paraguay river (departments: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón and Presidente Hayes)
 Oriental (Eastern) region, to the south of the Paraguay river (departments: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro and Ñeembucú; the capital district is part of this region)

Related pages
 ISO 3166-2:PY

References

Other websites
 Statoids - Departments of Paraguay
Trubschachen

Trubschachen is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Economy
Kambly is a Swiss biscuit factory headquartered in Trubschachen.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 

Municipalities of Bern
Tschugg

Tschugg is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Kalika purana

The Kalika Purana is a Hindu script. It is one of the 18 uppurana. There are 98 lesson and 9000 sloka in this holy book. This is the only book written for Goddess Kali and her special form. It explains the kamrupa mountain, river and kamakhya temple. It also records how to worship Kali, Kamakhya and Durga. It is the main book of the Shakta branch in Hinduism. Probably this book was written in Kamrup (present Assam) or Bengal. This Purana is an important scripture. Most modern writers mention that it is a main script of shaktadharma. This Purana mentions the mythological story. It is the rare book where we find the term of Hindu.

The oldest printed version of the Kalika Purana was printed in Mumbai in 1907 by Venkateswar Press. Later  the first Bengali version of was printed by Kolkata Bangabasi Press in 1909.

References

Hindu texts
Trabzon

Trabzon,  is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey. It is the capital of Trabzon Province. Trabzon is well known for its fish production. It started as a trading colony of ancient Greece and later became capital of the Empire of Trabizond.

Cities in Turkey
Wabern bei Bern

Wabern bei Bern is a village in the municipality of Köniz in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Villages in Bern
Branching

Branching is a term in linguistics. It refers to the way a phrase or sentence is made up. There is a head word and various other words to make the phrase or sentence.

Examples
Most languages make phrases with a head word and dependents (modifiers). These examples show the phrase heads in bold. 

Examples of left-branching phrases (= head-final phrases):
the house - Noun phrase (NP)
very happy - Adjective phrase (AP)
too slowly - Adverb phrase (AdvP)

Examples of right-branching phrases (= head-initial phrases):
laugh loudly - Verb phrase (VP)
with luck - Prepositional phrase (PP)
that it happened - Subordinator phrase (SP = subordinate clause)

Example of phrases that contain both left- and right-branching (= head-medial phrases):
the house there - Noun phrase (NP)
very happy with it - Adjective phrase (AP)
only laugh loudly - Verb phrase (VP)

Most structures in English are, however, not completely left- or completely right-branching, but rather they combine both. The following trees show a combination of left- and right-branching in English:

There are more right-branching structures than left-branching structures in English. This means that trees usually grow down to the right.

Linguistics
Mürren

Mürren is a village in the municipality of Lauterbrunnen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Other websites

 Official Website 

Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland
Villages in Bern
Ghasem Rezaei

Ghasem Rezaei (Persian: قاسم رضايى‎‎, born August 18, 1985 in Amol) is an Iranian wrestler from Mazandaran Province of Iran.
He won the gold medal in the men’s 96 kg Greco-Roman at the 2012 London Olympics. Rezaei won the bronze medal in the men's 96 kg Greco-Roman at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Rezaei's first success at the international level was 2007 when he won bronze in the FILA Senior World Championships.

Other websites
 FILA Legends: 2012 Olympian Ghasem Rezaei
 profile

1985 births
Living people
Competitors at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Sportsmen
Mazandaran Province
Seeland (administrative district)

The administrative district of Seeland in the Swiss canton of Bern has 46 municipalities in an area of 335 km².

2010 establishments in Switzerland
Seeland
Concepción Department, Paraguay

The Concepción department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Concepción.

Its ISO 3166-2 code  is PY-1.

Geography
The Concepción department is in the central part of the country, in the northwest of the Oriental region. It has an area of , with a population of 189,929 for a Population density of .

Limits
 To the north: Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil), separated by the Apa river.
 To the south: San Pedro department, separated by the Ypané river.
 To the east: Amambay department.
 To the west: Presidente Hayes and Alto Paraguay departments, separated from them by the Paraguay river.

Rivers
The main river in the department is the Paraguay river. Other rivers are the Apa and the Ypané.

Climate
, the total amount of precipitation for the year 2012 in the city of Concepción was . The month with the most precipitation  was March with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was August with .

The average temperature for the year 2012 in Concepción was . The warmest month, on average, was January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

Districts

The department is divided in 11 districts:

Related pages
 Departments of Paraguay
 ISO 3166-2:PY

References

Other websites

 Gobernación de Concepción website 
 Statoids - Departments of Paraguay

Departments of Paraguay
Angora goat

The Angora goat () is a breed of domestic goat. It is named for Ankara, Turkey (before 1930, Angora). The Angora produces fine quality white or coloured mohair which is very similar to wool. Angoras were imported into Europe in 1554 by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. In 1765 they were imported into Spain and about 1785 they were introduced into France. None of these were able to set up a successful mohair production. But in 1838 Angoras were successfully introduced in South Africa. Today, the Union of South Africa is one of the world's top mohair producers. Angora goats are kept mostly for their output of mohair.

References 

Domesticated animals
Tüscherz-Alfermée

Tüscherz-Alfermée () was a municipality in the district Nidau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010 the former municipalities of Tüscherz-Alfermée and Twann merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.

Former municipalities of Bern
Twann

Twann () is a former municipality of the district Nidau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2010 the former municipalities of Twann and Tüscherz-Alfermée merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Bern
Bümpliz

Bümpliz is a quarter of the city of Bern in Switzerland.

Until 1919 it was a municipality of its own. It was then incorporated into Bern.

Villages in Bern
Former municipalities of Bern
Bern
Strongpoint

A strongpoint is a key point in a defensive fighting position which the rest of the positions rely on. Its primary requirement is that it should not be easy to defeat by the enemy. In general, high ground is preferred. But any good tactically important terrain can be used as a strongpoint. Examples from history include Battle of Thermopylae, where 300 Spartans held off an entire Persian army at a narrow pass in the mountains. In the Battle of Monte Cassino in Italy in World War II, the area around the abbey of Monte Cassino was used by the German army as a strongpoint until it was destroyed by American bombers.

References

Fortification
Military terminology
Banshee

In Celtic mythology, a Banshee is a female spirit, who usually announces that a person from the family will die soon. The word is from bean sí, which literally means woman from the hills. An older spelling is bean sidhe. Bean sith, and  bean-nighe are variants.

Mythology
Celtic peoples
Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan

This article is about the ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan.
 
Although more than 91% of the people are ethnic Azerbaijanis, Azerbaijan has many ethnic minorities including Russians, Ukrainians, Georgians, Jews and other minorities. However the numbers of most of these ethnic minorities are small.

After the end of the Soviet Union with the independence of Azerbaijan and the Nagorno-Karabakh War, almost all Armenians (outside the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh) fled or were deported from the country. At the same time, almost all Azerbaijanis fled or were deported from Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. 

Most Russians and other minorities have also left the country and are continuing to leave the country. As a result, Azerbaijan has become ethnically more "pure".

References

 
Ethnic groups in Asia
Ethnic groups in Europe
Ethnic minorities
Waterloo International Airport

Waterloo International Airport is an airport  in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
It is an international airport because it does flights to Chicago, Illinois in the United States.

Transport in Ontario
Airports in Canada
Chañaral Province

The Chañaral Province () is one of three provinces in the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). The capital is the small coastal town of Chañaral.

Geography
The Chañaral province has an area of .

Chañaral is bordered on the north by the Antofagasta region, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Copiapó province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

About  north of the town of Chañaral is the Pan de Azúcar National Park.

Population
 (last national census), there were 32,132 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Chañaral, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 6,384 inhabitants.

Administration
As a province, Chañaral is a second-level administrative division, consisting of two  communes (comunas). The city of Chañaral serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Atacama Official website 
 Province of Chanaral website 

Provinces of Chile
Chamber (firearms)

The chamber is that part of a firearm into which the cartridge is loaded. The chamber is also the place the cartridge is fired from.  In a breech-loading weapon the chamber is directly behind and in line with the barrel. In a revolver there are multiple chambers contained in a revolving cylinder. 

The typical number is 6, which is the reason for the nickname Six Shooter and indicates the cylinder has six chambers each holding one cartridge. Most rifles and pistols have a single chamber. To chamber a round means to load a cartridge into the chamber.

Semi-automatic weapons 

In a semi-automatic firearm, the weapon can fire a bullet each time the trigger is pulled (until the magazine is empty). A semi-automatic firearm can be a pistol, rifle, or shotgun. Each time the trigger is pulled, the gun fires, the spent shell is ejected and a new round is loaded into the chamber. The semi-automatic is a very popular choice for sporting use.

Semi-automatic pistols and rifles use the pressure of the fired cartridge to move the slide backwards. A fraction of a second later, the slide moves forward loading a fresh cartridge into the chamber. The magazine uses a spring to feed one cartridge at a time into the chamber.

Fully automatic weapons 
Fully-automatic firearms are those that automatically reload and fire again repeatedly as long as their triggers are depressed and they still have ammunition in their magazines. Fully automatic weapons are not for sporting use but are used by police and militaries. An assault rifle is "a gun that can shoot many bullets quickly and that is designed for use by the military". Like semiautomatic firearms, automatics have a single chamber.

Manual loading weapons 

A manually loaded firearm is one in which the chamber is loaded by hand each time the weapon is fired. For example, a Bolt action rifle ejects the spent cartridge when the bolt is pulled back, then loads another cartridge into the chamber when the bolt pushed forward (and locked). 

A lever action rifle does the same thing when the lever is moved down (ejects the spent cartridge), then up (loads a new round in the chamber). There are also single shot pistols, rifles and shotguns in which the breech is opened to eject a spent shell, then the shooter loads a round into the chamber manually. 

A popular type of manually loaded firearms for sporting and hunting use is the pump action shotgun. Here, a sliding handle (usually located under the barrel) is moved backwards to eject the spent shotgun shell, then when moved forward it loads a fresh shotgun shell from a tubular magazine.

Notes

References 

Firearm components
Uebeschi

Uebeschi is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Trump

Trump most commonly refers to:
 Donald Trump (born 1946), 45th president of the United States, businessman, and television personality
 Trump (card games), any playing card given an ad-hoc high rank
Trump may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

Movies
 Trump: The Kremlin Candidate?, a 2017 British television movie
 Trump: What's the Deal?, an American documentary movie screened in 1991 and released in 2015

Games and cards
 Trump (card games), any playing card given an ad-hoc high rank
 Court piece or trumps, a trick-taking card game related to whist
 Top Trumps, a card game series
 Trump: The Game, a board game
 Trumps or Major Arcana, special cards in the Tarot pack
 Warden Trump, a character in the 2006 video game Dragon Quest Monsters: Joker

Literature
 Trump (magazine), 1957, a humor magazine
 "The Last Trump", a fantasy story by Isaac Asimov referring to the eponymous trumpet call
 Trump: The Art of the Comeback, 1997 book by Donald Trump and Kate Bohner
 Trump: The Art of the Deal, 1987 book by Donald Trump and Tony Schwartz
 Trump: The Deals and the Downfall, a 1992 biography by Wayne Barrett
 Trump: Surviving at the Top, 1990 book by Donald Trump and Charles Leerhsen

Music
  Jew's trump or Jew's harp, a small musical instrument played in the mouth
 "The last trump", a trumpet call signaling the resurrection of the dead in 1 Corinthians 15
 Trumpet or trumpeting

Businesses and organizations
 Donald J. Trump Foundation, a New York-based private foundation
 The Trump Organization, a business conglomerate owned by Donald Trump

People
 Trump (surname), a family name (including a list of persons with the name)
 Trump family, the ancestral history of the family from 17th-century Germany 
 Family of Donald Trump, the immediate family of the US president
 Trump (video game player) (born 1987), pseudonym of Jeffrey Shih, Hearthstone streamer and competitor

Places

United States
 Trump, Colorado
 Trump, Maryland
 Trump, Ohio

Elsewhere
 Trump Islands, Antarctica
 Trump Street, City of London, United Kingdom

Ships
 HMS Trump (P333), a British submarine, 1944–1969
 USCGC William Trump (WPC-1111), a US Coast Guard cutter

Other uses
 Trump, an act of flatulence
 The Trump (horse), an Australian racehorse

Related pages
 Thumptown, Pennsylvania, United States (also known as "Trumptown")
 Tromp (disambiguation)
 Donald Trump (disambiguation)
 Trump card (disambiguation)
 Trumped (disambiguation)
 Trumpf, a machine tool company
 Trumpy (disambiguation)
 Van Trump (disambiguation)
 List of things named after Donald Trump
Uetendorf

Uetendorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
2013 Africa Cup of Nations

The 2013 Africa Cup of Nations was the 29th Africa Cup of Nations held from 19 January to 10 February 2013. It was organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). South Africa hosted the tournament for the second time. This was also the first tournament to be held on an odd-numbered year. This was done so that it doesn't get in the way of the FIFA World Cup.

Nigeria won the tournament after a 1–0 victory over Burkina Faso in the final. Mali also won the third-place game. Nigeria later represented Africa in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.

Qualification 

A total of 47 countries entered the qualification.

Venues 

The average daytime temperature of the host cities ranges from  to .

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knockout stage 

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Third place match

Final

Goalscorers
4 goals

 Emmanuel Emenike

 Wakaso Mubarak

3 goals

 Alain Traoré

 Seydou Keita

2 goals

 Jonathan Pitroipa
 Dieumerci Mbokani
 Gervinho

 Yaya Touré
 Kwadwo Asamoah
 Mahamadou Samassa

 Sunday Mba
 Victor Moses
 Siyabonga Sangweni

1 goal

 Sofiane Feghouli
 El Arbi Hillel Soudani
 Aristide Bancé
 Djakaridja Koné
 Platini
 Héldon Ramos
 Fernando Varela
 Trésor Mputu
 Wilfried Bony
 Didier Drogba
 Cheick Tioté
 Didier Ya Konan

 Adane Girma
 Emmanuel Agyemang-Badu
 Christian Atsu Twasam
 John Boye
 Asamoah Gyan
 Cheick Fantamady Diarra
 Sigamary Diarra
 Issam El Adoua
 Youssef El-Arabi
 Abdelilah Hafidi
 Uwa Elderson Echiéjilé
 Brown Ideye

 Ahmed Musa
 May Mahlangu
 Lehlohonolo Majoro
 Tokelo Rantie
 Emmanuel Adebayor
 Jonathan Ayité
 Serge Gakpé
 Dové Wome
 Khaled Mouelhi
 Youssef Msakni
 Collins Mbesuma
 Kennedy Mweene

Own goals
 Nando (playing against Angola)

References

Other websites 

Orange CAN 2013 at cafonline.com

2013 in association football
Africa Cup of Nations tournaments
Football in South Africa
2010s in South Africa
Unterlangenegg

Unterlangenegg is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
1994 African Cup of Nations

The 1994 African Cup of Nations was the 19th Africa Cup of Nations held from 26 March to 10 April. It was hosted by Tunisia and had 12 teams who qualified.

Nigeria won their 2nd title after defeating Zambia 2−1 in the final. The Zambian team featured new players because the 1993 Zambia national football team air disaster occurred a few months earlier.

Qualification

Group stage 

Teams highlighted in green move on to the quarter-finals.

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knockout stage 
Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Third place match

Final

Goalscorers

5 goals
  Rashidi Yekini

4 goals
  Joël Tiéhi

2 goals

  Michel Bassolé
  Bashir Abdel Samad

  Charles Akonnor
  Emmanuel Amuneke

  Elijah Litana
  Kenneth Malitoli

1 goal

  Tchiressoua Guel
  Adama Koné
  Ahmed Ouattara
  Donald-Olivier Sie
  Abdoulaye Traoré
  Hamza El-Gamal
  Ayman Mansour
  Prince Polley

  Aboubacar Titi Camara
  Fernand Coulibaly
  Amadou Diallo
  Modibo Sidibé
  Soumaila Traoré
  Mutiu Adepoju
  Ben Iroha
  Momath Gueye

  Athanas Tendeng
  Faouzi Rouissi
  Lemba Basaula
  Nsumbu Ngoy
  Kalusha Bwalya
  Zeddy Saileti
  Evans Sakala

Other websites 
 Details at RSSSF
 Details at www.angelfire.com

African Cup of Nations
Africa Cup of Nations tournaments
Football in Tunisia
African Cup of Nations
African Cup of Nations
Unterseen

Unterseen is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities of Bern
Cities in Switzerland
Ulsan

Ulsan is a metropolitan city in the southeast of South Korea. Big companies such as Hyundai Heavy Industries, Hyundai Hysco, Hyundai Mipo Dockyard, Hyundai Motor Company, SK Innovation and S-Oil. are in Ulsan. Making motors, shipbuilding and petrochemical companies are the main industries in Ulsan. It has the largest area of Korean metropolitan cities but it has the lowest population. In Ulsan, there is a Whale Festival every year to celebrate whales.

Cities in South Korea
AC Sparta Prague

Athletic Club Sparta Praha (), commonly known as Sparta Prague, is a Soccer club from the Czech Republic.  It is the most successful football club in the Czech Republic.  Its nickname is Iron Sparta.  Its biggest rival is Slavia Prague.

Accomplishments 
The A.C. Sparta Prague has:
 Won 36 Czech and Czechoslovak league titles
 Won 20 Czech league cups
 Won two Mitropa Cups in Europe
 Played in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League knockout rounds

History 
In 1991, Sparta came in third place in the Champions League.  The other finalists were F.C. Barcelona, F.C. Porto, and F.C. Spartak Moscow.

Sparta last won a title in the Czech Republic during the 2013/2014 season.  Sparta also won the Czech League Cup and the Super Cup that season.  Because of this, Sparta fans call the 2013/2014 season the "Sparta treble season."

In the 2015/2016 season of the Europa League, Sparta made it to the quarterfinals but lost to Villarreal C.F.

Famous players 
Famous players who have played for Sparta include Pavel Nedvěd, Jan Koller, Andrej Kvašňák, Jan Berger, Tomáš Rosický, Horst Siegl, Václav Mašek, Jiří Novotný, Jiří Jarošík, Libor Sionko, Wilfried Bony, and Leonard Kweuke. 

Sparta's most famous coach was Václav Ježek.

European cups all-time statistics
The following is a list of the all-time statistics from Sparta's games in the three UEFA tournaments it has participated in, as well as the overall total. The list contains the tournament, the number of seasons (S), games played (P), won (W), drawn (D), and lost (L). The statistics include qualification matches.
As of 30 July 2018

UEFA club coefficient ranking
As of 04.04.2018, Source:

References

Notes

Prague
Czech football clubs
Clementi MRT station

Clementi MRT Station (EW23) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station in Singapore. It is part of the East West MRT Line. Part of the East West Line, Clementi MRT Station is heavily used by commuters who live in Clementi itself or further west to go to work and also, by students of the National University of Singapore, Ngee Ann Polytechnic and other schools around Clementi. Hence, the station experiences high passenger traffic throughout the day due to it serving a wide range of passengers.

The tracks between this station and Jurong East is the second longest between any two stations on the East West Line, the longest being the tracks between Expo and Changi Airport MRT Stations. It takes four minutes for trains to travel between these two stations.

The station is also directly linked to the Clementi Mall and Clementi Bus Interchange. Together, they form the Clementi Integrated Transport Hub (ITH).

It was opened on 12 March 1988.

On 5 August 1993, at around 7.53 am, two trains collided in the station. It appeared that one train had stopped at the station for longer than usual after experiencing a technical fault, and then a second westward train hit the first. It was caused by a 50 litre oil spill. 156 commuters were injured, many of whom were on their way to work. Eight were admitted to three hospitals, while the rest received outpatient treatment. In the aftermath of the accident, SMRT said that it would replace the faulty maintenance locomotives and purchase new ones. It also introduced a new policy for station managers to inspect tracks for oil or foreign objects before the start of service.

Exits

A and D: Commonwealth Avenue West, Clementi Avenue 3, The Clementi Mall (via Linkway Bridge), NTUC Fairprice Supermarket, Cityvibe Shopping Centre, Clementi Polyclinic, Clementi Primary School, Clementi Town Secondary School, Clementi Sports Hall, Clementi Swimming Complex, Clementi Bus Interchange, Clementi Stadium, West Coast Recreational Centre
B and C: Commonwealth Avenue West, Clementi Avenue 4, Clementi Community Centre, Clementi Police Division Headquarters, Clementi NPC, Clementi NPP, Darussalam Mosque, Pei Tong Primary School, Clementi Avenue 2

Together with Commonwealth and Queenstown stations, this station will see the construction of an additional pedestrian link bridge linking the station to two new exits, one on each side of the road. The exits will be equipped with fare gates and ticketing machines. It was completed and opened on 25 August 2015.

Gallery

References

Other websites
 

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Queenstown MRT station

Queenstown MRT Station (EW23) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station in Singapore. It is part of the East West MRT Line. It was opened on 12 March 1988.

History
The station was opened on 13 April 1988, as part of the extension of the MRT system from Outram Park to Clementi.

Exits
A and D: Commonwealth Avenue, Stirling Road, Mei Ling Street, Church Of the Good Shepherd, Commonwealth Avenue, Strathmore Road, Queens Condo, Queenstown Primary school
B and C: Queenstown Stadium, Queenstown Swimming Pool, The True Way Presbyterian Church, MDIS, Queenstown Community Centre
Together with Commonwealth and Clementi stations, this station will see the construction of an additional pedestrian link bridge linking the station to two new exits, one on each side of the road. The exits will be equipped with fare gates and ticketing machines. Construction started in mid-2012 and opened on August 23, 2015, together with Commonwealth.

Related pages
 Queenstown, Singapore

References

Other websites

 

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Commonwealth MRT station

Commonwealth MRT Station (EW20) is an MRT station in Singapore. It is part of the East West MRT Line. It was opened on 12 March 1988.

Exits
A and D: Commonwealth Avenue, Tanglin Halt Road, Faith Methodist Church, Haw Par Techno Centre, MDIS, New Town Primary School, Queenstown CC, Queenstown Polyclinic, Sheng Siong Supermarket
B and C: Commonwealth Avenue, Commonwealth Close, GMTI Building, Leng Kee Carmart, MOE Heritage Centre, One Commonwealth, Queenstown Lutheran Church, Queensway Secondary School, Yin Foh Kuan Cemetery
Together with Queenstown and Clementi stations, an additional pedestrian link bridge linking the station to two new exits were built, one on each side of the road. The exits are equipped with fare gates and ticketing machines, whereas the exit numbers are divided into 1 and 2 respectively. These new exits were opened on 23 August 2015, alongside Queenstown.

Other websites
 

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Chañaral

Chañaral is a small coastal city and commune in the Atacama region in the north of Chile. It is the capital of the province of Chañaral.

Its name, Chañaral means a "place where there are many trees of chaña" (the Chilean name for Geoffroea decorticans).

History

In 1824, Diego de Almeyda found a large area with copper ore in the region; later, he looked for a place from where to export the mineral and began to form a small village in the place where is the present town of Chanaral. In 26 October 1833, José Joaquín Prieto founded the  Distrito de Chañaral ("Chañaral District").

Geography
The commune of Chañaral has an area of . The city of Chañaral is to the north of Santiago at  and to the north of the city of Copiapó at .

The commune is bordered on the north by the Antofagasta region, on the east by the Diego de Almagro commune, on the south by the Copiapó province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Near the town of Chañaral, to the north, is the Pan de Azúcar National Park.

The Salado river flows into the Pacific Ocean in the commune of Chañaral; it is about  long.

Chañaral has a very dry climate, a desert climate. The average amount of precipitation for the year, during 47 years, is only .

Population
 (last national census), there were 13,143 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Chañaral is the largest city of the province with a population, in 2002, of 12,123 inhabitants. The small town of Salado has 1,149 inhabitants.

Related pages
Atacama Desert
Provinces of Chile

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Atacama Official website 
 Province of Chanaral website 

Cities in Chile
Linda Partridge

Dame Linda Partridge DBE FRS (born 18 March 1950) is a British geneticist. She studies the biology and genetics of ageing (biogerontology) and age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Partridge is the Weldon Professor of Biometry at University College London, and director of UCL's Institute of Healthy Ageing.

She is also founding director of the Max Planck Institute for the Biology of Ageing.

Awards
Partridge was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1996 and appointed CBE in 2003. She was awarded the Linnean Society of London's prestigious Darwin–Wallace Medal in 2008.

In 2009, she was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE), and received the Croonian lectureship from the Royal Society.

In March 2009, the UKRC announced Dame Linda was one of six Women of Outstanding Achievement in Science, Engineering and Technology.
 
She is a member of the Advisory Council for the Campaign for Science and Engineering.

She was awarded Foreign Honorary Membership from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010.
She has been awarded Honorary Degrees (DSc) from the University of Bath in 2011, the University of Oxford and  the University of Brighton.

BBC interview 
In a recent BBC radio interview Partridge talked about her life and work.

References 

Living people
Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1950 births
Fellows of the Royal Society
British geneticists
Now That You Got It

"Now That You Got It" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second solo studio album, The Sweet Escape (2006). Stefani co-wrote the song with its producers Sean Garrett and Swizz Beatz. The album version of the song is a hip hop and R&B song and the remix is a reggae song.

Music video 
The song's music video was directed by The Saline Project and was shot in Puerto Rico and Jamaica. The Puerto Rico scenes were filmed after Stefani's concert there on July 19, 2007. Most of the video were shot in a studio, including scenes of Stefani riding a motorbike in front of a green screen.

Track listings
 Australian CD single
 "Now That You Got It" (Album Version) – 3:00
 "Now That You Got It" (Remix featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:26
 "Now That You Got It" (Single Version featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:09
 US iTunes remix single
 "Now That You Got It" (Hybrid Mix featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:08 (single version)
 "Now That You Got It" (Main Mix featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:26 (remix)
 US 12" single
A1. "Now That You Got It" (Single Version featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:09
A2. "Now That You Got It" (Album Version) – 3:00
A3. "Now That You Got It" (Instrumental Version) – 2:55
B1. "Now That You Got It" (Remix featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:26
B2. "Now That You Got It" (Dub) – 3:30

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Sweet Escape.

 Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Angel Aponte – additional recording
 Pete Davis – additional keyboards, additional mix programming
 Loren Dawson – keyboards
 Alex Dromgoole – assistant engineering
 David Emery – assistant engineering
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering

 Sean Garrett – backing vocals, co-production, songwriting
 Kevin Mills – recording
 Glenn Pittman – assistant engineering
 Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
 Swizz Beatz – production, songwriting
 Steve Tolle – assistant engineering

Charts

Release history

References

2006 songs
2007 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Hip hop songs
Reggae songs
R&B songs
Diego de Almagro, Chile

Diego de Almagro is a small Chilean city and commune in the Chañaral Province, Atacama Region. The commune is named after Diego de Almagro, a Spanish conquistador.

Its inhabitants are called dieguinos (women: dieguinas).

History
The commune was created on 19 August 1972 with the name of Pueblo Hundido but its name was changed on 13 April 1977 to the present name of Diego de Almagro.

Geography
The commune of Diego de Almagro has an area of . The city of Diego de Almagro is at  from Chañaral (capital of the province and at  from the city of Copiapó (capital of the Atacama region).

The commune is bordered on the north by the Antofagasta region, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Copiapó province and on the west by the Chañaral commune.

Diego de Almagro has a very dry climate, a desert climate. The average amount of precipitation for the year, during 10 years, is only .

Population
 (last national census), there were 18,589 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest town of the commune is Salvador, a mining town, with a population, in 2002, of 9,745 inhabitants. The town of Diego de Almagro has 8,192 inhabitants.

Related pages
Atacama Desert
Provinces of Chile

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Atacama Official website 
 Commune of Diego de Almagro website }

Cities in Chile
Copiapó Province

Copiapó Province () is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). Its capital is the city of Copiapó.

Geography
The Copiapó province has an area of , the largest province in the Atacama region.

Copiapó is bordered on the north by the Chañaral province, on the northeast by Argentina, on the east by the Tierra Amarilla commune, on the south by the Huasco province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean and the Caldera commune.

The main river of the province is the Copiapó river that is  long. In the valley of the Copiapó river, fruits, including grapes, are grown.

Population
 (last national census), there were 155,713 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Copiapó, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 129,091 inhabitants.

Administration
As a province, Copiapó is a second-level administrative division, consisting of three  communes (comunas). The city of Copiapó serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Atacama Official website 
 Province of Copiapó website 

Provinces of Chile
Huasco Province

Huasco Province ) is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). Its capital is the city of Vallenar.

Geography
The Huasco province has an area of , the smallest province in the Atacama region.

Huasco is bordered on the north by the Copiapó province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Coquimbo region and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

The main river of the province is the Huasco river that is  long. In the valley of the river, fruits, including grapes, are grown.

Population
 (last national census), there were 6,649 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Vallenar, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 48,040 inhabitants in the commune.

Administration
As a province, Huasco is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four  communes (comunas). The city of Vallenar serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Atacama Official website 
 Province of Huasco website 

Provinces of Chile
Cimo, Ticino

Cimo is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Bosco Luganese and Cimo merged to form the municipality of Bioggio.

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
Breno, Ticino

Breno is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 13 March 2005 the former municipalities of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio merged into the new municipality of Alto Malcantone.

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
Sirtuin

Sirtuin or Sir2 proteins are a class of enzymes that are important in cell biology. 

Sirtuins regulate important biological pathways in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. The name Sir2 comes from the yeast gene 'silent mating-type information regulation 2', the gene responsible for cellular regulation in yeast.

Sirtuins influence many cellular processes like ageing, transcription, apoptosis, inflammation and stress resistance, as well as energy efficiency and alertness during low-calorie situations.  Sirtuins can also control circadian clocks and mitochondrial biogenesis.

References 

Enzymes
Euryale

Euryale is one of the gorgons in Greek myth. Her sisters are Stheno and the infamous Medusa. All three were once ravishing young women, particularly Medusa, who also happened to  a priestess in the temple of Athena and took a vow of chastity, until she was raped by Poseidon. This was much to the ire of Athena and to punish Medusa, she had her and her sisters, who had been watching, turned into monsters with snakes for hair and a killer gaze, which turned onlookers into stone. The trio of sisters were later banished to a remote island. 

A side effect of the transformation was that while Medusa's sisters were immortal, she herself wasn't, which would lead to Perseus killing her. Euryale is well known for her loud cries, particularly after her younger sister's death.

Greek legendary creatures
MTOR

mTOR is a protein, an enzyme which regulates cell growth, cell division, cell movement, cell survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and transcription. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTOR gene.

It has been given various names. It was originally called the 'mammalian target of rapamycin', but is also known as the 'mechanistic target of rapamycin' and 'FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1' (FRAP1).

The mTOR pathway is a central regulator of mammalian metabolism and physiology, with important roles in the function of tissues including liver, muscle, white and brown adipose tissue, and the brain.

References 

Enzymes
Rapamycin

Rapamycin, also known as sirolimus, is a compound produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus.

It is used in medicine to prevent organ transplant rejection. It has immunosuppressant functions in humans and is especially useful in preventing the rejection of kidney transplants. It inhibits activation of T cells and B cells by reducing the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Sirolimus is also used as a coating for coronary stents.

Effects on longevity 
Rapamycin was first shown to extend lifespan in eukaryotes (actually, yeast cells) in 2006.

In a 2009 study, the lifespans of mice fed rapamycin were increased between 28 and 38% from the beginning of treatment. That is a 9 to 14% increased maximum lifespan. The treatment began in mice aged 20 months, the equivalent of 60 human years.

Later, rapamycin has been shown to extend mouse lifespan in several separate experiments. It is now being tested for this purpose on nonhuman primates (the marmoset monkey). A study on dogs is also planned.

Because rapamycin at high doses can suppress the immune system, people taking rapamycin for transplant or cancer therapy are more susceptible to dangerous infections. 

It is thought that some dietary regimes, like restricting calories and methionine, cause lifespan extension by decreasing mTOR activity. It is believed that this is achieved by limiting the essential amino acid leucine, a potent activator of mTOR. The administration of leucine into the rat brain has been shown to decrease food intake and body weight via activation of the mTOR pathway.

According to the free radical theory of aging, reactive oxygen causes damage to mitochondrial proteins, and decreases ATP production. Then, the mTOR pathway is inhibited and ATP consuming protein synthesis is downregulated. This means the proportion of damaged proteins grows. Moreover, disruption of mTORC1 directly inhibits mitochondrial respiration. 

These positive feedbacks on the aging process are counteracted by protective mechanisms: decreased mTOR activity (among other factors) upregulates glycolysis, and removal of dysfunctional cellular components by autophagy.

References 

Antibiotics
Turning movement

A turning movement , also called a wide envelopment is a maneuver designed to pass around the enemy's front to strike a vital part of the enemy's rear. It is a military tactic where a command is divided into two parts. The first part holds the enemy from the front while the other part moves around to attack the enemy's rear or flank. Unlike an envelopment or a flanking maneuver, the two forces operate beyond the distance where they could usually support each other. It is often easier for an enemy force to avoid an envelopment than it is to avoid a turning movement. To counter a turning movement, the enemy must either abandon their position or turn to meet the new threat. The turning movement is a variation of the envelopment tactic. Another difference is that the turning movement often seeks to avoid enemy contact until they are deep in the enemy's rear. Faced with a new threat in his rear area, the enemy is "turned" out of his defensive position and forced to act.

Examples 
An early example of a turning movement was by Julius Caesar in 48 BC. One of Napoleon I of France's favorite tactics was the "Strategy of Indirect Approach" or the turning movement. One corps of his army would hold the enemy's attention while the main force would move behind the enemy in a wide circle. Ideally he would use the terrain to hide the turning movement. He used this to great effect during his 1805 Ulm Campaign. He repeated his success with this tactic at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, and at the Battle of Friedland in 1807.

The famous "left hook" maneuver by American and French troops during Operation Desert Storm was another example of a turning movement. Paratroopers of the American 82nd Airborne Division in vehicles along with the French 6th Light Armoured Brigade moved up the flanks. At the same time the 101st Airborne Division made the largest helicopter assault in history in the rear of Saddam Hussein's Republican Guard to cut off their retreat.

Related pages 
 Envelopment
 Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
 Flanking maneuver
 Rearguard
 Attrition warfare
 Feigned retreat
 Preemptive war
 Oblique order
 Shock tactics

References

Other websites 
 Top 5 Ancient Military Tactics
 1990-91 Gulf War briefing General Norman Schwarzkopf part 2 (Left hook); YouTube 

Military terminology
Military tactics
Geoffroea decorticans

The Geoffroea decorticans  or  Chañar  is a small tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is found in very arid places of southern South America. It is a deciduous tree that loses its leaves in winter with the cold and also in summer if it gets too dry.

Description

The trunk of Geoffroea decorticans grows vertically when grows alone but the plant looks like a shrub when it grows inside the forest. The tree grows up to  tall.

The trunk could have up to  in diameter, with yellow bark that peels off, revealing the underneath young green bark. The plant has many branches and many leaves, and the tree have a rounded look in its upper part.

The flowers are very visible, small, papery and yellow-coloured. The tree produces flowers in spring (September to October, in the Southern hemisphere), either singly or in groups ("clusters)", and produces fruits from November to January.

Geoffroea decorticans is unique among legumes in that it produces fleshy, oval pods that hold a single seed. Fruits are initially green but turn deep orange as they mature.

Name
The second name of the species,  decorticans, means that the bark of the trunk peels off.

Common names for this tree are chañar, Chilean palo verde and kumbaru.

Synonyms
The species have the following synonyms:
 Gourliea decorticans var. subtropicalis Lillo
 Geoffroea decorticans var. subtropicalis (Lillo) Burkart
 Geoffroya spinosa (Molina) M. de Moussy
 Gourliea spinosa (Molina) Skeels
 Gourliea chilensis Clos
 Gourliea decorticans Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.
 Gourliea decorticata Walp.
 Lucuma spinosa Molina

Where it grows
The plant grows naturally in very dry regions in South America. Geoffroea decorticans is found in Argentina (northwest and central), Bolivia, northern Chile, western Paraguay, southern Peru and western Uruguay.  

The chañar grows from sea level up to  above sea level. In Chile, it grows in the Arica and Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Atacama and Coquimbo regions, and grows in groups called , in plural  ( in singular).

Uses
Geoffroea decorticans is an average tree with a wood moderately hard and dense, good for carpentry and furniture making. It is also used as firewood and to make cheap posts (tall sticks) for fences.

The fruits are sweet and can be eaten, as well as the seeds; both are used as human and animal feed. The fruits are very commonly used for both cooking and medical purposes in the processed form of chañar molasses.

Because they produce many bright, yellow flowers, Geoffroea decorticans is also used as ornamental plants.

References

Other websites

 Arid Zone Trees
Pictures and information of Geoffroea decorticans in Northern Chile
Geoffroea Notes 
Image of G. decorticans branch - sample stored at FieldMuseum (Chicago)

Trees
Fabaceae