cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Northern Virginia military shootings

The Northern Virginia military shootings were several attacks by a man shooting a rifle at empty military buildings. The shots were fired in October and November 2010. Experts looked at the bullets left at the various places. They could see that all of the shots were from the same rifle.

Incidents
The first shooting was aimed at the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Triangle, Virginia on October 16, 2010. Some bullets from a high-velocity rifle went through the atrium skylight.  The second shooting happened on October 19, 2010 shortly before 5 a.m. Someone shot at the south side of The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia.  The bullets broke windows on the third and fourth floors. Special glass stopped the bullets from entering the building.  The offices behind those windows were empty because of repairs.  The Pentagon Reservation was temporarily closed because the police searched the area for evidence. The building was reopened about 5:40 a.m.  The Joint Terrorism Task Force is leading the investigation into the incident. In the third shooting, the same rifle shot the Marine Corps Museum again on October 29.  The same rifle was used to attack a Marine Corps recruiting center in Chantilly, Virginia on October 26.

These attacks made the organizers of the October 31, 2010 Marine Corps Marathon upgrade the safety measures. The race was run without problems.  On November 3, police announced that the same rifle was used to shoot at a United States Coast Guard recruiting center in Woodbridge, Virginia on late November 1 or early November 2.

Suspect
The person behind the attacks remained unknown until June 17, 2011 when Yonathan Melaku was arrested. He is a 22 year old naturalized Ethiopian immigrant and Marine Corps Reserve Lance Corporal. He was found at Arlington National Cemetery while it was closed. He was carrying spent shell casings, a notebook containing references to the Taliban and Osama bin Laden, and plastic bags filled with ammonium nitrate, a common component of homemade explosives. He also left his car parked in the woods near the Pentagon, police said. He had also been recently charged with breaking into 27 cars in suburban Washington. The investigation of the incident connected Melaku to the shootings. On June 23, 2011, he was charged with two counts of willfully injuring the property of the United States. If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for 20 years. Melaku is also charged with two counts of using a firearm during a violent crime.  If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for the rest of his life. More charges are possible.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation is working with the Fairfax County Police, the Prince William County police and the Pentagon Force Protection Agency to investigate the case.

References

2010s in Virginia
The Pentagon
2010 in the United States
October 2010 events
November 2010 events
Paradise Lost

Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English writer John Milton. It was printed in 1667 though it was written nearly ten years earlier. The second part was printed in 1674. Most of the poem was written after Milton was blind.

The poem is about the Christian story of the Fall of Man: how Adam and Eve got out from the Garden of Eden and about the fallen angel Lucifer.

Notes

Discussion and Information Forum 

17th-century British poems
Epic poems
Otto Konrad

Otto Konrad (born 1 November 1964) is a retired Austrian football goalkeeper. He now works as goalkeeping coach for SV Grödig in Austria's First League.

Career

Club
He started his professional career with his local club SK Sturm Graz. He stayed 11 years and then went to SV Austria Salzburg. With this team he reached 3 national titles and played in the  1994 UEFA Cup Final which Salzburg lost to Inter Milan. In the 1994/95 season he even scored a goal for Salzburg. This goal was voted "Goal of the year 1994". 1997 to 1998 he became goalkeeper of Real Zaragoza in Spain but returned to Austria where he played for GAK, DSV Leoben and PSV Salzburg.

International
He played 12 matches for the Austrian national football team and was member of the squad for the 1990 FIFA World Cup. At all his international career was not as successful as the club career because at that time there was a lot of competition among goalkeepers in Austria.

Honours
Austrian Football Bundesliga (3):
 1994, 1995, 1997

References

1964 births
Austrian footballers
Austrian football managers
Players of the Austrian national football team
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Living people
Arctic hare

The Arctic hare (Lepus arcticus) is a social animal that lives in the frigid tundra of North America, Newfoundland, and Greenland. These hares often congregate in groups of up to 200 individuals. They hop at great speeds on their large, powerful hind legs, in a kangaroo-like fashion. The female is called a doe, the male is called a buck, and the baby hare is called a leveret. The young are born open-eyed and furry. Most hares live for about a year in the wild. 

This mammal is hunted by arctic foxes, arctic wolves, polar bears, falcons, snowy owls, golden eagles and ermine. They are unharmed during winter and are used to wintry weather.

Mammals of North America
Lagomorphs
Petrichor

Petrichor () is the name of the scent of rain on dry dirt. The term was created by two Australian researchers for an article in the journal Nature.

References

Soil
Citroën Xsara Picasso

The Citroën Xsara Picasso is a compact MPV from Citroën introduced in 1999. Its successor, the Citroën C4 Picasso, was introduced in 2006, but the Xsara Picasso still continued to be made until 2012.

Engines 
 1.6 i 65 kW (88 hp) and 70 kW (95 hp)
 1.6 i 16V 80 kW (109 hp)
 1.8 i 16V 85 kW (115 hp)
 2.0 i 16V 100 kW (136 hp)
 1.6 HDi 66 kW (90 hp) and 80 kW (109 hp)
 2.0 HDi 66 kW (90 hp)

Related pages

Xsara Picasso
Front wheel drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Crypsis

Crypsis is a word in ecology which means "hiding". It refers to the ways animals avoid being seen, or otherwise detected. It also includes the situation when an animal is noticed, but is not recognised for what it is. It may be either a defence against predators, or a device for predators to get near prey.

Methods include camouflage, nocturnality (night-time activity), subterranean lifestyle, transparency, and mimicry. The word can also be used about eggs, and about pheromone production.  Crypsis can in principle involve visual, olfactory or auditory camouflage.

Hiding is the simplest case of crypsis. The animal moves to a place where it cannot be seen.
Camouflage is the case where an animal can be seen by (for example) a predator, but not recognised.
Mimicry is the case when an animal can be seen, but seems like another animal or plant. Warning colouration is an example.

References 

Ecology
Cannabaceae

Cannabaceae the hemp family of the rose order, containing 11 genera and 270 species of aromatic herbs distributed throughout temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere.

Description 
Older authorities included the two genera, Cannabis and Humulus, in the mulberry family. These and the former hackberry family (Celtidaceae) are now included in Cannabaceae. Members of the family are erect or climbing plants with petalless flowers and dry, one-seeded fruits. Hemp (Cannabis) and hop (Humulus) are the only economically important species.
Urticaceae

Urticaceae the nettle family comprising about 45 genera of herbs, shrubs, small trees, and a few vines, distributed primarily in tropical regions. The family is typical of the nettle order.

Description 
Many species, especially the nettles (Urtica) and Australian nettle trees (Laportea), have stinging hairs on the stems and leaves. The leaves are varied and the sap is usually watery. 
The small, greenish flowers often form clusters in the leaf axils. Both male and female flowers may be borne on the same plant. The curled stamens of the male flowers straighten quickly as the flowers open, releasing the pollen.
Bernadette

Bernadette is a feminine given name. It is the female version of the masculine name Bernard. Celebrities with the name Bernadette include the actress Bernadette Peters.

People named Bernadette
 St. Bernadette Soubirous (1844–1879), Marian visionary of Lourdes
 Bernadette Bowyer (born 1966), Canadian field hockey player
 Bernadette Lafont (1938–2013), French actress
 Bernadette Sembrano (born 1976), Filipino television reporter, newscaster and host
 Bernadette Szőcs (born 1995), Romanian table tennis player

Fictional people
 Bernadette Rostenkowski, a character on the TV show The Big Bang Theory

Music
 "Bernadette", a 1967 hit recording by the Four Tops
 "Bernadette", a single by IAMX from his 2011 album Volatile Times

Given names
Hwang Hui

Hwang Hui (, Hanja:黃喜, 1363 - 1452) was a Korean Goryeo dynasty and Joseon Dynasty scholar and politician. He was the Prime Minister of Joseon Dynasty from 1431 to 1449.

He was the adopted son of politician Hwang Gun-seo (황군서, 黃君瑞), nickname was BangCheon (방촌, 厖村).

Related pages
 Maeng Sa-seong
 Kim Jong-seo
 Choi Yun-deok

References 
 Naver.com article (Korean)
 Nate Studies (Korean)

1363 births
1452 deaths
Korean politicians
Confucianism
Harald Cerny

Harald Cerny (born 13 September 1973) is a former Austrian football midfielder. He played mostly for TSV 1860 München.

Career
He started his career  with ASV Hinterbrühl and FC Admira/Wacker where he played in the different youth teams. At the age of 19 he went to Bayern München where he started the professional career. The first two years he played for the second squad but in the 1992/93 he played in the first team giving his debut versus Eintracht Frankfurt. 1993 he went back to Austria playing with  FC Admira/Wacker . After Wacker Innsbruck in the 1994/95 season he went back to Munich but played for Bayerns rival TSV 1860 München. With 268 matches, 238 of them in the Bundesliga, for 1860 he is the record holder of the club. Due to injuries, he ended his career in 2007.

International
Cerny made his debut for Austria in  March 1993 against Greece. He played 47 matches and  scored four goals.His last international was an April 2004 against Luxembourg. He was also in the squad for the  1998 FIFA World Cup in France. There he played two matches versus Cameroon and Chile.

National team statistics

|-
|1993||4||0
|-
|1994||6||0
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||7||0
|-
|1998||8||3
|-
|1999||6||0
|-
|2000||4||0
|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||2||1
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
!Total||47||4
|}

References

Austrian footballers
1973 births
Austrian football managers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Living people
Franz Wohlfahrt

Franz Bernhard Wohlfahrt (born 1 July 1964 in Sankt Veit an der Glan, Austria) is a former Austrian goalkeeper.

Career
He started with the local club SV St.Veit and turned professional with F.K. Austria Wien. He came together with his older brother Mario, who soon went back to St. Veit. Franz Wohlfahrt played then 20 years or 496 matches for this club divided in two sections. With Austria Wien he became 6 times Austrian Champion and four times Austrian cup winner. He became widely known during a UEFA Cup match versus Ajax Amsterdam when he was injured by a bar thrown by an Ajax supporter. Following this Ajax was banned for one year in European football. From 1996 till 2000 he played for the German team VfB Stuttgart, with the club he played in the 1997/98 UEFA Cup final versus Chelsea (0:1). 2000 he went back to Austria Wien. 2002 he ended his career but in 2007 he started again playing for ASK Hirm, whose goalkeeper was injured.

International
In 1983 he played in the 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship. His first match in the senior team was in August 1987 in a match versus Switzerland. His last match was  a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup versus Turkey. He was also a goalkeeper in the 1998 FIFA World Cup squad. In 1999 he was goalkeeper during the 0:9 defeat versus Spain in Valencia. All in all he played 59 matches for Austria.

Honours
Austrian League: 1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93
Austrian Cup: 1985–86, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1993–94
German Cup: 1996–97
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: Runner-up 1997–98
Austrian Footballer of the Year: 1993

References

1964 births
Austrian footballers
Austrian football managers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Living people
Gas exchange

Exchange of gases or gas exchange is carried out by organisms. 

Animals breathe out carbon dioxide and breathe in oxygen. Plants use carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis, which makes oxygen. Plants only do this out during the day, when there is sunlight. Plants respire all day and night.

In the human respiratory system, gas exchange happens in the alveolus (alveoli for plural). These are in the lungs and help with diffusion. Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream, from the air. Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream, into the air. Carbon dioxide is a waste product made by respiration.

References 

Physiology
Pentene

Pentene is the name of alkenes with the formula C5H10. They are hydrocarbons. In total, there are five different pentenes. Pentens occur in cracking processes and in natural gas. Pentenes are used for polymerization, and for the synthesis of isoprene, amyl alcohols and Alkylphenols. Amyl alcohols are used as stabilizers in the production of Chloroform and Dichloromethane to stop phosgene from being made.

5
Paul Strzelecki

Paul Edmund de Strzelecki (20 July 1797 — October 1873) was a Polish man who taught himself geology. He became famous for his explorations in Australia.

He was born in Gluszyna, near Poznan, Western Poland in 1797 and later served briefly with the Prussian army. He tried unsuccessfully to marry a young girl, and then was accused of stealing money from his employer. He moved to London and gave himself the title of Count Strzelecki. In 1834 he went to North America and spent time visiting mineral areas and exploring for minerals. He is said to be the first person to find copper in Canada. In 1836 he travelled along the west coast from Chile to California.

In 1839 he visited the Hawaii, Tahiti, New Zealand and finally landed in Sydney, Australia. He wanted to make a geological map, and explored large parts of New South Wales and Victoria, including the Australian Alps. He climbed Australia's highest mountain, and named it Mount Kosciuszko, after the Polish leader, Tadeusz Kosciuszko.

He spent several years in Tasmania before going back to Sydney. He went back to London in 1843. He wrote a book on his discoveries in Australia called Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. He was given the Founder's Medal by the Royal Geographical Society.

In 1847—8 he was put in charge of the giving out money in Ireland during the Great Famine for the British Relief Association. He established standards for giving out assistance that are still being used.

He was made a Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society and the Royal Society. He was awarded the K.C.M.G. in 1869. He died from cancer in 1873. He left instructions that after his death his papers were to be burnt and his body buried in an unmarked grave.

A road from Lyndhurst to Innamincka was named the Strzelecki Track after Paul Strzelecki. It was used until the 1930's to move cattle to Adelaide, and now is the main road to Moomba, a huge natural gas field which supplies Adelaide and Sydney. The Strzelecki Ranges in Victoria are also named after him. A large national park on Flinders Island, the Strzelecki National Park, was named after Strzelecki who climbed the mountains there in 1842.

References

1797 births
1873 deaths

Explorers
Exploration of Australia
Polish people
Pericyclic reaction

In organic chemistry, a pericyclic reaction is a type of chemical reaction between organic compounds. In the case of pericyclic reactions, the transition state of the molecule is a ring (has a cyclic geometry), and the reaction goes forward in a concerted way. Pericyclic reactions are usually rearrangement reactions. The most important groups of pericyclic reactions are:

 Electrocyclic reactions
 Cycloadditions
 Sigmatropic reactions
 Group transfer reactions
 Cheletropic reactions
 Dyotropic reactions

In general, pericyclic reactions are equilibrium processes. However, it is possible to push the reaction in one direction if the product is at a significantly lower energy level. This is applying Le Chatelier's principle to a reaction involving a single molecule.

Many pericyclic reactions have similar stepwise radical processes connected with them. Chemists disagree whether some reactions are pericyclic reactions. For example, it is not definitively known whether the [2+2] cycloaddition mechanism is concerted (or may depend on the reactive system). Many pericyclic reactions have similar reactions that are metal-catalyzed. But these metal-catalyzed reactions are also not really pericyclic. The metal catalysts stabilize the reaction intermediates. So the reaction is not concerted, but rather metal-stabilized.

A large photoinduced hydrogen sigmatropic shift was utilized in a corrin synthesis performed by Albert Eschenmoser containing a 16π system.  

Due to the principle of microscopic reversibility, there is a parallel set of "retro" pericyclic reactions, which perform the reverse reaction.

Pericyclic reactions in biochemistry 

Pericyclic reactions also happen in several biological processes:

Claisen rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate in almost all prototrophic organisms.
[1,5]-sigmatropic shift when precorrin-8x is being changed into hydrogenobyrinic acid
non-enzymatic, photochemical electrocyclic ring opening and a (1,7) sigmatropic hydride shift in vitamin D synthesis.
a conversion of Isochorismate into salicylate and Pyruvate in a catalyzed, true pericyclic reaction.

Related pages
Woodward–Hoffmann rules

References 

Pericyclic reactions
Rearrangement reactions
Organic Chemistry
2011–12 Manchester United F.C. season

The 2011–12 season is Manchester United's 20th season in the Premier League.

Manchester United signed a £40 million four-year deal with DHL.

In November, Sir Alex Ferguson celebrated 25 years in charge of the club.

Pre-season 

Manchester United started their season with a tour in the United States. United finishing the tour with a game against Barcelona in Washington on 30 July.

Community Shield

Transfers

Squad

Premier League

Stats

Champions League 

Manchester United will face Benfica, Basel and Otelul Galati in Group C.

League Cup and FA Cup

League Cup 
Manchester United were drawn against Crystal Palace in the quarter-finals of the League Cup.

References 

Football seasons
2011 in association football
2012 in association football
2011 in the United Kingdom
2012 in the United Kingdom
2010s in Manchester
The Annoying Orange

Annoying Orange is a popular live action/animated comedy web series created by Dane Boedigheimer. The main character is an orange who annoys other fruits. The episodes are uploaded to the YouTube channel realannoyingorange weekly, with now over 200 videos. , The channel had almost 3 million subscribers. At that time, it was 43rd in terms of how many people are subscribed to it.

Characters

Orange
Orange (Dane Boedigheimer) is the main character. He is described as really annoying, but sometimes funny. He warns others about a knife and other items ready to kill them.

Pear
Pear (Boedigheimer) is described as a normal/bad/lying/negative/abusive character. He was Orange (Annoying Orange)'s best friend and normally tells Orange to stop being annoying and shut up, but it is discovered in the episode "Wishful Thinking" that Pear would not be friends without Grapefruit. Pear is in Grapefruit's gang and was making fun of Orange.

Midget Apple
Midget Apple (Boedigheimer) is a small apple in the series. He does not like being called "Midget Apple", preferring the term "Little Apple".

Apple
Apple (Boedigheimer) is Orange's former best friend and current rival (bully). Apple is in Grapefruit's bullying gang.

TV show
In 2012, Cartoon Network made a 2012-2014 high fructose adventures TV show based on the YouTube series.

Other websites
 Annoying Orange on YouTube

References

YouTube
Internet memes
Group transfer reaction

A Group transfer reaction is pericyclic reaction where one pi bond is converted to one sigma bond, at the same time that a sigma bond migrates.

The best known group transfer reaction is the ene reaction.

Chemical reactions
Mercedes-Benz W201

The Mercedes-Benz W201 is a car produced by Mercedes-Benz. It was introduced in 1982 and came before the C-Class, that replaced the W201 in 1993.

Models and engines

Petrol
 190 4-cylinder 66 kW (90 hp), 75 kW (102 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
 190 E 1.8 4-cylinder 80 kW (109 hp)
 190 E 2.0 4-cylinder 87 kW (118 hp) and 90 kW (122 hp)
 190 E 2.3 4-cylinder 97 kW (132 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
 190 E 2.3-16 4-cylinder 125 kW (170 hp), 130 kW (177 hp) and 136 kW (185 hp)
 190 E 2.5-16 4-cylinder 143 kW (194 hp) and 150 kW (204 hp)
 190 E 2.5-16 Evolution II 4 cylinder 173 kW (235 hp)
 190 E 2.6 6-cylinder 118 kW (160 hp) and 122 kW (166 hp)
 190 E 3.2 AMG 6-cylinder 172 kW (234 hp)

Diesel
 190 D 4-cylinder 53 kW (72 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
 190 D 2.2 4-cylinder 54 kW (73 hp)
 190 D 2.5 5-cylinder 66 kW (90 hp) and 69 kW (94 hp)
 190 D 2.5 Turbo 5-cylinder 90 kW (122 hp) and 93 kW (126 hp)

References

W201
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Cadel Evans

Cadel Evans (born 14 February 1977 in Katherine, Northern Territory) is an Australian professional bicycle race driver. In 2011, he is the first Australian to win the Tour de France.

Early life
Cadel Evans was born on 14 February 1977 at the Katherine Hospital, Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia. He is the son of Helen Cocks, a bank manager and Paul Evans, a council foreman. He spent his early childhood in the small aboriginal community of Barunga, 80 km east of Katherine. At the age of seven, he was hit in the head by a horse and spent seven days in an induced coma. In 1986, his parents got divorced and he moved with his mother to Armidale, New South Wales. Later they moved to the state of Victoria. Skateboarding was one of his interests when he was a teenager. His father describes him as a good student, but otherwise just an ordinary kid who would leave his toys around. "Not in [my] wildest dreams" would he imagine that his son would become a top world athlete.

Evans attended Newling Public School in Armidale, and Eltham High School in Melbourne.

References 

1977 births
Living people
Australian cyclists
Tour de France winners
People from the Northern Territory
Grand Army Plaza (Manhattan)

Grand Army Plaza is at 59th Street and Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, New York.  It is in front of the Plaza Hotel. It is opposite the southeast corner of Central Park. The sculptor Karl Bitter first had the idea for the Plaza in 1898. It is named after the Grand Army of the Potomac. The Carrère and Hastings architecture firm designed it. Construction was finished in 1916.

The Plaza is oval. 59th street divides it into northern and southern parts. The northern part has a golden statue of William Tecumseh Sherman designed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The statue features Sherman on a horse with the goddess "Victory" in front of him. There are often temporary sculpture exhibits at the north side of the plaza.

The southern part is the Plaza of the Pulitzer Fountain of Abundance. This fountain was designed by Bitter and paid for by Joseph Pulitzer. A bronze statue of the Roman goddess Pomona is at the top of the fountain. The statue of Pomona was the last one that Bitter designed.

The plaza was renovated in 1990 at a cost of $3.7 million.  The  Plaza Hotel is named for the Plaza, and is at its southwest corner.

Related pages
 Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn.

References 

Landmarks in Manhattan
Town squares
New York City Designated Landmarks
Linaceae

The Linaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family is cosmopolitan, and includes exactly 250 species. There are 14 genera, classified into two subfamilies: Linoideae and Hugonioideae (often recognized as a distinct family, the Hugoniaceae). Leaves of Linaceae are always simple. Their arrangement varies from alternate (most species) to opposite (in Sclerolinon and some Linum) or whorled (in some Hesperolinon and Linum).

Malpighiales
Celastraceae

Celastraceae the staff-tree family, in the order Celastrales, comprising about 55 genera of woody vines, shrubs, and trees, native in tropical and temperate zones but best known for ornamental forms of the genera Euonymus and Celastrus (bittersweet). Fruit of the family is often colourful. Leaves are frequently leathery and flowers are small, with four to five sepals and petals; alternating between the petals, stamens rise from a usually conspicuous nectar disk.

Celastrales
Torquoselectivity

In organic chemistry, torquoselectivity describes electrocyclic reactions that produce one isomer more than the other. An official definition is "the preference for inward or outward rotation of substituents in conrotatory
or disrotatory electrocyclic reactions." In other words, a chemical reaction is torquoselective if the groups of atoms that hang from a ring of atoms are more likely to have rotated in a particular direction during the reaction (instead of being equally likely to rotate in both possible directions.) Torquoselectivity is different from the normal diastereoselectivity of pericyclic reactions. Instead it is more selectivity beyond the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. The name comes from the idea that the substituents in an electrocyclization appear to rotate during the reaction. The reaction produces a single product because only one direction of rotation was allowed (that is, the direction of rotation on the substituents was favored). The concept was originally developed by Kendall N. Houk.

When a chemical reaction closes a ring, its torquoselectivity is the same as enantioselectivity. A single enantiomer of a cyclization product is formed from the selective ring closure of the starting material. In a typical electrocyclic ring closing, selection for either conrotatory or disrotatory reactions modes still produces two enantiomers. Torquoselectivity is a discrimination between these possible enantiomers that requires asymmetric induction.

Torquoselectivity also happens in selective electrocyclic reactions that break open rings. The different directions of rotation produce distinct structural isomers. In these cases, steric strain is often the driving force for the selectivity. Studies have shown that the selectivity can also be changed by the presence of electron donating and electron withdrawing groups.

Torquoselectivity can also apply to other mechanisms, including chiral Lewis acid catalysts, induction by neighboring stereocenters (in which case the torquoselectivity is a case of diastereoselectivity), and axial-to-tetrahedral chirality transfer. An example of axial-to-tetrahedral chirality transfer is shown below for the torquoselective Nazarov cyclization reaction of a chiral allenyl vinyl ketone.

References

Stereochemistry
2011 Pan American Games

The 16th Pan American Games were held in 2011 in Guadalajara, Mexico. Over 6,000 athletes from 42 countries competed in 36 sports.

References

Pan American Games
William Kidd

Captain Kidd, or, by his real name, William Kidd, (c. 1645 – 23 May 1701) was a Scottish pirate and sailor. It is heard that he buried a treasure chest on a deserted island. The chest had a lot of gold and jewels in it. He was found guilty of murder and was executed by hanging at 'Execution Dock', Wapping, in London on 23 May 1701.

References 

Scottish people
People executed by hanging
Pirates
1645 births
1701 deaths
Jeff Kent

Jeffrey Franklin Kent (born March 7, 1968) was an American baseball player. He played second base. He played for six different teams, including the New York Mets, San Francisco Giants, and Los Angeles Dodgers. He was a five-time All-Star, and the 2000 National League MVP. In his career, he batted .290, with 2,461 hits, 377 home runs and 1,518 RBIs.  He has more home runs than any other second baseman.  He also drove in 90 or more batters in nine straight seasons.

Kent was from Bellflower, California and went to high school in Huntington Beach.

Other websites

1968 births
Baseball players from California
Cleveland Indians players
Houston Astros players
Living people
Los Angeles Dodgers players
National League All-Stars
New York Mets players
San Francisco Giants players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Angelshark

An angelshark is a species of cartilaginous fish in the genus Squatina. They have flattened bodies and wide pectoral fins, which make them look similar to rays. Twenty-three species are known. 

The genus is the only one in its family, Squatinidae, and order Squatiniformes. They are worldwide in temperate and tropical seas.  Most species are in shallow temperate or tropical seas, but one species is found in deeper water, down to 1,300 metres.  Angelsharks are specialised for a kind of predation which is unusual for sharks.
They are ambush predators. They have extensible jaws with long, needle-like teeth. They quickly snap upwards to capture prey. They bury themselves in sand or mud lying in wait for their prey, which includes fish, crustaceans, and many different types of mollusks.

Discription and biology
The front part of the angel sharks' bodies are wide and flattened, but the back part is more muscular. The eyes and spiracles are on the top, and the five gill slits are on its back. Both the pectoral fins and the pelvic fins are large and are held horizontally. There are two dorsal fins, no anal fin. Unusually for sharks, the lower lobe of the caudal fin is longer than the upper lobe. Most types of angel sharks grow to a length of about 1.5 metres: the Japanese angelshark reaches two metres. They are ovoviviparous, and can have up to 13 pups at a time.

Behavior
Although angelsharks are bottom dwellers and appear harmless, they can give painful bites if provoked, due to their powerful jaws and sharp teeth. Angelsharks may bite if a diver approaches the head or grabs the tail. 

thumb|right|200px|An Australian angelshark

References

Cartilaginous fish
Let's Kill Hitler

"Let's Kill Hitler" is the eighth episode of the sixth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. The episode was broadcast on BBC One, Space and BBC America on 27 August 2011. It is the second episode of a two-part story. The story began with "A Good Man Goes To War" (episode seven). It is the 778th episode. 

The episode centers around River Song and the history of Amy Pond. 

Doctor Who
2011 television episodes
British television episodes
Romano Mattè

Romano Mattè (Trento, January 17 1939) is an Italian former association football player, who coached the national teams of Mali and Indonesia.

Italian footballers
1939 births
Living people
Mental breakdown

Mental breakdown (also known as a nervous breakdown) is a non-medical term used to describe an acute, temporary, short phase of a disorder with features of depression or anxiety.

Definition
The terms 'nervous breakdown' and 'mental breakdown' are not formally defined in a diagnostic system such as the DSM-IV or ICD-10. The terms are not often used in the scientific literature on mental illness.

Specific cases are sometimes described as a 'breakdown' only after a person cannot function in day-to-day life. It is a temporary condition.

Causes
Different things can cause a mental breakdown. A study found that problems with intimate relationships, such as divorce or separation, contributed to 24% of nervous breakdowns. Problems at work and school accounted for 17% of cases, and financial problems for 11%. Surveys suggest that in the United States, health problems have decreased in importance as a contributor to nervous breakdowns, as these accounted for 28% of nervous breakdowns in 1957, 12% in 1976, and only 5.6% in 1996.

In themselves, nervous breakdowns are considered a 'health problem' by most professionals.

References 

Mental illnesses
Javier Hernández

Javier Hernández Balcázar  (born June 1, 1988 in Guadalajara, Mexico), also known as Chicharito, is a Mexican footballer. He plays for the American club, LA Galaxy and the Mexican national team.

Biography
Hernández was born in 1988 in Guadalajara, Mexico. His father Javier Hernández Gutiérrez is a retired footballer.

Honours
Guadalajara
Mexican Primera División: Apertura 2006

Manchester United
Premier League: 2010–11, 2012–13
FA Community Shield: 2010

Real Madrid
FIFA Club World Cup: 2014

Mexico
CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2011
CONCACAF Cup: 2015

Individual
Mexican Primera División Balón de Oro – Best Striker: Bicentenario 2010
Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year: 2010–11
CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Boot: 2011
CONCACAF Gold Cup MVP: 2011
IFFHS Most Popular Player of the CONCACAF: 2011
Bundesliga Player of the Month: November 2015, December 2015, January 2016, September 2016, February 2017
Bundesliga Idol: 2015
Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2015–16
CONCACAF Player of the Year: 2015

Career statistics

Club

1Includes the InterLiga, FA Cup and DFB-Pokal.
2Includes the Copa Libertadores, Copa Sudamericana, North American SuperLiga, UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League.
3Includes other competitive competitions, including the Primera División playoffs, FA Community Shield, UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup.

International

References

1988 births
Living people
Mexican footballers
Booster seat

A booster seat is a seat cushion that is used to elevate children in cars. Children have to use booster seats so that the seat belt fits better. 
In general most booster seats can be used for children who are between four and twelve years of age and between 40 and 59 inches (100–150 cm) tall. Children under 40 inches are usually too small to use booster seats and have to use a car seat (a child safety seat with an own seat belt system, used for children under the age of 4-6).
Many countries have laws that require the use of booster seats. In the United States of America children  under 57 inches (145 cm) and younger than 9 years old have to use a booster seat. Many European countries require a booster seat until the child is either twelve years old or 59 inches tall. There are some exceptions. In the United Kingdom for example children are allowed to ride without a booster seat when they are 53 inches tall and in Austria children who are not 59 inches tall have to use a booster seat until their 14th birthday. However booster seats are used to keep children safe, not because of a law. In general no child can ride safely in a car without booster seat when he is not 57 inches tall. It is proved that children under 57 inches who do not use a booster seat are more likely to suffer serious injuries or even death in the event of an accident.

References

Children
Safety
Arthur Rubinstein

Arthur Rubinstein (January 28, 1887 – December 20, 1982) was a Polish-American pianist. He got praise from around the world for his playing of the music of a selection of composers (many call him the greatest Chopin player of the century).

Rubinstein was born in Łódź, Poland to a family of Jews. He was the youngest child of the family. His father was a rich owner of a factory.

Although his given name is Artur Rubinstein, in English-speaking countries he wanted to be known as Arthur Rubinstein. However, his United States impresario Sol Hurok wanted him to still be billed as Artur, and his recordings were released in the West under both names.

Rubinstein learned the piano at the age of two in Warsaw, before beginning study in Berlin at the age of eight. His debut in Berlin was made in 1898 followed by a debut at Carnegie Hall in the United States in 1906.

Throughout his life, Rubinstein was famous as a solo pianist, a soloist in piano concertos, and even as a chamber musician. He retired from the stage at age eighty-nine, and died in Geneva, Switzerland, on 20 December 1982, at the age of ninety-five, and his body was cremated. On the first anniversary of his death, his ashes were buried in Jerusalem – as specified in his will – in a plot now nicknamed the "Rubinstein Forest" overlooking the Jerusalem Forest.

References

Other websites 

 

1887 births
1982 deaths
American pianists
Jewish American musicians
Polish pianists
People from Łódź
U.S. Defense Department firefighters

The United States Department of Defense employs civilian firefighters. They are stationed at military bases to work as firefighters. These workers have their own uniforms and equipment. They are not a part of any military unit. They will work alongside military units if needed. Many times, they are the only firefighters at a military facility. The civilian firefighters wear special uniforms, usually a dark blue suit with a badge and with a shoulder patch indicating their firefighting organization.

Firefighters go to special classes to learn firefighting skills. They earn certificates after taking the classes. One major class is called "DoD Fire & Emergency Services Training."

Related pages
 Firefighting

References

Other websites
 Military Firefighter Heritage Foundation  website.  
 U.S. Defense Dept. Fire & Emergency Services Certification Program  web page.
 dodfire.com, Organization website
 History web page, dodfire.com 
 Website for US Army civilian firefighter units , U.S. Army Installation Management Command 
 fedfire.org, federal firefighters group in California. 
 Fort Knox firefighters  website
 Fort Knox firefighters patch  website
 US Government document authorizing use of uniforms for civilian firefighters

United States Department of Defense
Firefighting
Bongo (antelope)

The bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) is a nocturnal antelope. It has two subspecies: the western or lowland bongo, and the eastern or mountain bongo. The western bongo is near threatened and the mountain bongo is critically endangered. Bongos eat plants. They live in forests in Africa. Kenya is the only place eastern bongos live in the wild. Like the west African giraffe, the eastern or mountain bongo is one of the most threatened animals in Africa. Bongos live in both captivity and the wild.

As bongos grow their horns appear. Both male and female bongos have horns.

References

Bovines
Mammals of Africa
Dyotropic reaction

A dyotropic reaction is a type of chemical reaction. It is when an organic compound changes its structure. Two substituents jump from one place on the molecule to another. It is a pericyclic valence isomerization when two sigma bonds move at the same time to a new place on the same molecule. Dyotropic reactions are important in organic chemistry. They can explain how certain reactions work. Dyotropic reactions can be a useful step in making large and complicated molecules. Dyotropic reactions were first described by Manfred T. Reetz in 1971. The name "dyotropic reaction" comes from the Greek word dyo meaning "two." "Rearrangement" means that the reaction changes the bonds between atoms on a single molecule.

In a type I reaction, two migrating groups trade their relative positions. A type II reaction   involves migration to new bonding sites without positional interchange.

Type I rearrangements
In type I rearrangements (Y-A-B-X conversion to X-A-B-Y), the two migrating groups are oriented trans to each other. The reaction leaves both groups on the opposite sides. The first example of a dyotropic rearrangement involving a carbon-carbon bond was reported by Cyril A. Grob and Saul Winstein. They saw the exchange of two bromine atoms in a certain steroid. 

In a simple example, the two bromine atoms in 3-tert-butyl-trans-1,2-dibromohexane mutarotate by heating. In the transition state both bromine atoms connect symmetrically two both carbon atoms on opposite sides and the reaction is concerted. Chemists have also investigated stepwise mechanisms in dyotropic reactions. 

In organic synthesis, an important dyotropic reaction is the conversion of 4-substituted-gamma-lactones to butyrolactones. Type I dyotropic rearrangements also occur around carbon-oxygen bonds. One example is using heat to change RRSi1R3C-O-Si2R3 to RRSi2R3C-O-Si1R3.  (This reaction can go in both directions depending on temperature.) Another example is the 1,2-Wittig rearrangement. Dyotropic reactions can also happen with N-O bonds or N-N bonds.

Type II rearrangements
Type II rearrangements often involve two hydrogen atoms moving along a carbon skeleton. This reaction type can be found in certain transfer hydrogenations. An example is hydrogen transfer in syn-sesquinorbornene
disulfones.

References

Organic reactions
Diels–Alder reaction

The Diels–Alder reaction (DA) is a chemical reaction between organic compounds. The reaction causes the compounds to form a new six-sided compound. This is called a cyclohexene. A conjugated diene joins with an alkene to make the cyclohexene. This compound looks like a ring.

This reaction was discovered by Otto Diels and Kurt Alder in 1928. In 1950, they were given the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work on this reaction. The DA reaction is very useful as it means cyclohexenes can be made with very little energy. Cyclohexenes are used to make complex organic molecules. One of the first uses of the DA reaction was to make insecticides.

The DA reaction makes a new hexagonal ring-shaped compound. A compound with two double bonds which are one carbon atom apart from each other is joined to another compound with at least one double bond. A DA reaction can also happen if some of the atoms in the newly formed ring are not carbon. Some of the DA reactions are reversible. The reaction caused during this breaking up of the cyclic system is called the retro-Diels–Alder. These retro-Diels–Alder compounds are often seen when they are analyzed by mass spectrometry.

Some chemists call the Diels–Alder reaction the 'Mona Lisa' of organic reactions. Like the simple smile on the painting, the reaction may be far more complex than chemists have so far discovered.

Lewis acids (AlCl3, ZnCl2, and others) act as catalysts to the reaction.

References

Other websites
 Asymmetric Hetero-Diels–Alder Reactions
 Semi-empirical calculations of the Diels–Alder reaction.
 Endo Addition Rule 

Organic reactions
Dagestan

Dagestan is a federal subject of the Russian Federation in the Caucasus region. The name comes from two Persian words, dag which means mountain, and stan which means land. Dagestan has a population of nearly 3 million, and its people are known as Dagestani. Its capital city is Makhachkala.

People 
Dagestan has the status of "republic" in Russia and has its own constitution and official languages. Republics in Russia are the home of its ethnic minorities (those who are not Russians), and usually one or two nationalities have a majority of the population in each republic. But in Dagestan, there are over 30 different nationalities (the largest of which are the Avar, Lak, Dargwa, Lezgian, and Tabasaran), and none of these form a majority. This is because the mountains in the region make it hard for people to move around. These people speak 30 different languages, but use Russian as their lingua franca to communicate between each other.

Most people of Dagestan are Muslims and belong to the Shafi`i school of Sunni Islam.

Famous people 
 Rasul Gamzatov
 Imam Shamil
 Shaykh Said afandi al-Chirkawi

Sources 
 Islam in Dagestan
 Official website of Dagestani government

References

Caucasus
Republics of Russia
Federal subjects of Russia
Pebble

A pebble is a piece of rock with a particle size of 4 to 64 millimetres. They are often made of flint.

Pebbles are larger than granules (2 to 4 millimetres diameter) and smaller than cobbles (64 to 256 millimetres diameter). A rock made predominantly of pebbles is termed a conglomerate. Pebble tools are among the earliest known man-made artifacts, dating from the Palaeolithic period of human history.

A beach composed chiefly of surface pebbles is commonly termed a shingle beach. This type of beach resists wave erosion, and has ecological niches which can provide habitat for animals and plants.

Sedimentary rocks
MESSENGER

MESSENGER, MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging, was an unmanned NASA and APL spacecraft. It was orbiting and studying the planet Mercury.  Its mission lasted 10 years, 8 months and 28 days.

It was launched on August 3, 2004 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. It was aboard a Boeing Delta II rocket. After launch, the probe did several fly-bys and deep space manoeuvres to gain the right trajectory and speed. 

It completed 30% mapping of Mercury on January 14, 2008. MESSENGER made one more pass by Mercury in 2009, and on March 18, 2011 began to orbit Mercury. 100% mapping was completed in March 2013 and the probe continued its studies. On April 30, 2015, it crashed into Mercury. It crashed near the crater Janáček.

References

NASA spacecraft
Compensation (psychology)

In psychology, compensation is a way people hide something that they cannot do well, by doing something else really well. They may not even be aware that they are doing it. Compensation can hide real or imagined problems and personal or physical inferiority. However it does not really solve the cause of the problem. Positive compensations may help a person overcome difficulties. But negative compensations do not, and can even make the problems worse.
 
There are two kinds of negative compensation:
Overcompensation, where a person has a goal to gain superiority. This leads to wanting power, dominance, self-esteem and self-devaluation.
Under compensation which includes a demand for help, leads to a lack of courage and a fear for life.

A well-known example of failing overcompensation, can be seen in people going through a mid life crisis. Approaching midlife many people (especially men) lack the energy to maintain their psychological defenses, including their compensatory acts.

Origin
Alfred Adler, founder of individual psychology, used the word compensation in relation inferiority feelings. In his book Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Physical Compensation (1907) he wrote if a person feels inferior (weak) then they will (usually) try to compensate for it somewhere else.

Adler's reason to explore this was from his own experience. He was shy and yet he pushed himself to give lectures.

Adler also "transferred" this idea of compensation to psychic training.

Cultural implications
Narcissistic people, by compensation theory, hide their feelings of low self-esteem by:
 talking "highly"
 contacting "highly admired" persons

Narcissistic children try to compensate for their jealousy and anger by fantasizing about:
 power
 beauty
 wealth

Christopher Lasch, an American historian and social critic wrote in his book The Culture of Narcissism (1979) that North American society in the 1970s was narcissistic. The narcissistic society:
 worships consumption
 fears dependency, aging, and death. 
Therefore, it is "fascinated" with fame.

Consumption can be an example of compensation (see study by Allison J. Pugh: From compensation to ‘childhood wonder’). Examples:
 use of goods to convey human relationships. 
 parents make up for "bad" conditions (poverty, abuse ...) they lived in
 parents make up for "bad" conditions (divorce, ...) they caused to children

References
 Claude S. Fisher: Comment On “Anxiety”: Compensation In Social History 
 Christopher Lasch (1979). The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations. New York: Norton.
 Allison J. Pugh: ‘From compensation to ‘childhood wonder’: Why parents buy. 
 http://www.infinityinst.com/articles/alfred_adler.htm
 http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=535671

Psychology
Shingle beach

A shingle beach (or pebble beach) is a beach made of pebbles, not sand. The stones may be from  diameter. These beaches strongly resist erosion by waves.

This beach landform is quite common in Western Europe, because the pebbles come from the lines of flint in the chalk. Chesil Bank is an example. When the chalk erodes, the tough flint stays as pebbles.

Other examples are found in Bahrain, North America and in a number of other places. On the east coast of New Zealand's South Island, there are mixed shingle and sand fans in the braided rivers.

References 

Geography of England