cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Rapping

Rapping is a type of vocals, like singing. It is different to singing because it is more like talking, but timed with rhythm over music. Someone who raps is called a rapper, or sometimes an MC. That stands for Master of Ceremonies.

Rapping can be done over music of many types (or genres), including jazz, house, reggae and many more. One genre of music that includes a lot of rapping is hip hop. What people think of as rapping today, was started by African Americans in New York City, USA, in the 1970s. People would talk over disco music DJs at parties, and this gradually evolved into rapping. But, the start of the art of rapping is even older. Reggae artists in Jamaica used a similar style to rapping from the 1950s. Going back further than that, the West African Griots (travelling musicians and poets) would also rap over tribal drums in the 1400s.

Today rapping is a very popular style of vocals. Many of the best selling artists in the world use it in their music.

References 

Music
Snowboarding

Snowboarding is a sport that is much like skiing. A person stands on a snowboard and rides down a mountain covered with snow. A snowboard is a flat board with bindings that hold your feet in place while gliding down the mountain. It is different from skiing because both feet are on one board - like surfing.

Some snowboarders like to ride over jumps and do tricks.

Origin 
The snowboard was born in the seventy's through the imagination of several different Americans.

The original idea was born in 1965 through Sherman Poppen. He invented the ‘’snurfer ‘’, which was made of two skis fixed together, as a gift to his daughter. It soon became very popular, so he licensed it to the Brunswick Corporation who sold about a million over the next 10 years.

In the mid 1970s Dimitrije Milovich created a snowboard inspired by the surfing board called the 'Winterstick'. Finally, in 1977 Jake Burton Carpenter helped by Tom Sims and Chuck Barfoot created the first snowboard model, which made them very rich.

During the eighty's, the sport became very popular. In 1982 the first National Snowboard race was held in Vermont at Suicide Six. The number of windsurfering and snowboarding stations grew very fast everywhere there was snow and mountains.

Snowboarding was first recommended to join the Olympic program in 1996 by the Olympic council in Atlanta. Two years later, some competitions like the Big slalom and the Half-pipe took place in The Olympic Nagano games.

Equipment 
Snowboarders must wear hot and good quality clothes against the cold temperature. They wear also some ski goggles to protect their eyes from reflection of the sun on the snow, against the snow and the wind that can be very hurtful. It is essential to have a good view during the ride. The board that they used has to be fitted by squares on all its length that allow snowboarders to practice this sport even if there is not a lot of snow. Also, the snowboard is equipped with binding to provide snowboarders solidity and stability. The security attach have to be firmly tied on the binding and clip on one of your boots adapted to this sport. Wearing a helmet is strongly recommended.

Positions 
There are two possible positions on the board. First of all, there is the regular one. With this position, your right foot is placed in the back. The second one is called goofy where you have to put your left foot in the back. The choice between those two positions is personal to everyone. Contrary to what everybody can thinks, goofys are not necessary left-handed or regulars right-handed. In fact, seventy-five percent of the people are regulars. Because the board make a curve in the front and in the back, it can glide on the two sides. In addition, the board called twin-tips is perfectly symmetric, so it allows windsurfers to glide in switch (when the favorite foot is in the back) or in normal-foot (when the favorite foot is in the front).

References 

Winter Olympic sports
Winter sports
Board sports
Trinitrotoluene

TNT (Trinitrotoluene, also called Trotyl, Tritol, Tolite and Tol) is a powerful, shattering (brisant) nitroaromatic explosive, somewhat similar to dynamite (which is based on the nitric acid ester nitroglycerin, however).

Sometimes TNT is used to mean dynamite, or dynamite is used to mean TNT, because they can both be used in similar ways; however the two materials are distinct, different chemicals with only some of their properties (such as the brisance, their shattering power) being similar while other properties (such as stability and sensitivity) are entirely different. 

Traces of TNT can be detected by analytical forensic chemical investigation even in extremely small amounts.  For example, if a person has been involved in a crime using TNT, scientists can track it down by testing hair or clothing samples to see if TNT traces are found on them.  These traces can remain in the hair or in the fabric of the clothes even after many washings.  TNT is a nitroaromatic explosive and it can be dangerous both as an explosive and for being poisonous if handled incorrectly.  Soldiers, engineers and workers who must work with TNT should therefore observe strict safety measures when handling this explosive.

Construction
Explosives
Nitrogen compounds
Spore

Spores are the way fungi and some non-seed plants (ferns and mosses) reproduce. They are also made by bacteria for long-term survival. Some protozoa also make long-term survival spores.

The spores of seed plants are single cells that grow into a pollen grain or the gametophyte inside the ovule. The structure of seeds in higher plants is more complicated than spores. The main 'innovation' of seeds is their nutrition for the developing embryo, which spores do not have.

Fungal spores 
Fungi (for example, mushrooms) produce spores, which may be asexual or sexual. The asexual spores have inside them the genetic material to make a whole new organism identical to its parent.

Conidia are asexual, non-motile spores of a fungus; they are also called mitospores due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis. They are haploid cells genetically identical to the haploid parent, can develop into a new organism if conditions are favorable, and serve in dispersal.

Asexual reproduction in Ascomycetes (the Phylum Ascomycota) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called conidiophores. The morphology of these specialized conidiophores is often distinctive of a specific species and can therefore be used in identification of the species.

Germination
Sporangia

Bacterial spores 
Bacterial spores are extremely resistant. Spores of tetanus and anthrax, for example, can survive in the soil for many years. The origin of these spores was discovered in the 19th century, when a biologist noticed, under the microscope, a small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells. This survived even when the bacteria were boiled for five minutes. This killed the bacteria, but not the spores. They germinated when conditions were right.p186

Plant spores
Plants have alternation of generations. One of the generations is the sporophyte, which produces spores by meiosis, and the other is the gametophyte with produces gametes.

References 

Plant anatomy
Fungi
Bacteria
Guns N' Roses

Guns N' Roses is a popular American hard rock band. The band was formed in Los Angeles, California, USA. The five original members of the band were Axl Rose (lead vocals), Slash (lead guitar), Izzy Stradlin (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Duff McKagan (bass, backing vocals), and Steven Adler (drums). The band's most known songs are Welcome to the Jungle, Paradise City, Sweet Child O'Mine, Patience, Live and Let Die, November Rain", Knockin' on Heaven's Door, Don't Cry, and Civil War.

The music they made was different from the rock music that was popular in the 1980s. They played harder rock music. It was also closer to traditional rock. Because of this, many music fans became interested in Guns N'Roses. Guns N'Roses was created in Los Angeles in June, 1985. By singer W. Axl Rose, guitarists Tracii Guns and Izzy Stradlin, bassist Ole Beich and drummer Rob Gardner. Axl's old band was named Hollywood Rose, and Tracii's old band was named L.A. Guns. They joined the two names and got the name Guns N' Roses.

In 1985, Guns N' Roses went to Seattle to perform. Tracii Guns and Rob Gardner could not attend the show. Rose called guitarist Slash and drummer Steven Adler, who were his friends. He asked them for help. They agreed, and became permanent members. On the way back to Los Angeles, the five members wrote the lyrics for 'Welcome to the Jungle' which became one of their most famous songs. Then in 1990 Drummer Steven Adler got fired from the band because of his drug abuse. He was replaced by The Cult Drummer Matt Sorum.

Slash, McKagan and Sorum were in Velvet Revolver with Stone Temple Pilots frontman Scott Weiland and Wasted Youth guitarist Dave Kushner, until Scott died.

Since parting ways with the Appetite for Destruction lineup, Rose has remained a constant member and many lineups have changed since. The last studio album the band  released was Chinese Democracy, which had been delayed for over ten years, to mixed reactions. In 2016, Slash and Duff rejoined the band, along with the band's first female member, Melissa Reese.

The band members now
 Axl Rose- Lead Vocals
 Slash - Lead Guitar
 Duff McKagan - Bass, backing vocals
 Dizzy Reed-Keyboards, Piano, backing vocals
 Melissa Reese - Keyboards, backing vocals
 Richard Fortus- Rhythm Guitar, backing vocals, Lead Guitar
 Frank Ferrer- Drums

Discography
 Appetite for Destruction - 1987 (toured in 1987-1988)
 G N' R Lies - 1988 (toured in 1988-1989)
 Use Your Illusion I - 1991 (toured in 1991-1992)
 Use Your Illusion II - 1991 (toured in 1991-1992)
 The Spaghetti Incident? - 1993 (Tour cancelled, initially planned for 1993-1994)
 Live Era: '87-'93 (Gold) - 1999
 Greatest Hits -2004
 Chinese Democracy''- 2008 (initially going to release in 1999, but was in development hell for about nine years)

References

Other websites
 LAGUNS - (COVER BAND) - forums, videos, chat, photos 

 
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American hard rock bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Glam metal bands
Hans Enoksen

Hans Enoksen (born 1956) was the Prime Minister of Greenland. He was the Prime Minister of Greenland from 2002-2009.

1956 births
Prime Ministers of Greenland
Living people
Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit

Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit (You Our Ancient Land; ) is the national anthem of Greenland. It was written by Henrik Lund, and it became the national anthem in 1916.

Greenlandic 
Nunarput, utoqqarsuanngoravit niaqqut ulissimavoqq qiinik.
Qitornatit kissumiaannarpatit tunillugit sineriavit piinik.

Akullequtaastut merlertutut ilinni perortugut tamaani
kalaallinik imminik taajumavugut niaqquit ataqqinartup saani.

Atortillugillu tamaasa pisit ingerlaniarusuleqaagut,
nutarterlugillu noqitsigisatit siumut, siumut piumaqaagut.

Inersimalersut ingerlanerat tungaalitsiterusuleqaarput,
oqaatsit "aviisit" qanoq kingunerat atussasoq erinigileqaarput.

Taqilluni naami atunngiveqaaq, kalaallit siumut makigitsi.
Inuttut inuuneq pigiuminaqaaq, saperasi isumaqaleritsi.

English 
Our country, which has become so old your head is all covered with white hair. 
Always held us, your children, in your bosom and gave us the riches of your coasts.

As middle children in the family we blossomed here Kalaallit, 
we want to call ourselves before your proud and honourable head.

With a burning desire to develop what you have to give, renewing, 
removing your obstacles of our desire to move forward, forward.

The way of matured societies is our zealous goal to attain; 
the effect of speech and letters we long to behold.

Humbleness is not the course, Kalaallit wake up and be proud! 
A dignified life is our goal; courageously take a stand.

Greenland
National anthems
Noble Eightfold Path

In Buddhism, the Noble Eightfold Path (Pali: ariya atthangika magga) is the path to the end of suffering. It is the fourth part of the Four Noble Truths. It can be summed up in three categories: wisdom (pañña), virtue (sila), and concentration (samadhi). It asks for the Right view and the right intention, as well as other things. It also asks for the right speech.

Here is a description of the path:

 Right Thought - Realizing the Four Noble Truths (samyag-dṛṣṭi, sammā-diṭṭhi)
 Right Understanding - Commitment to mental and ethical growth in moderation (samyak-saṃkalpa, sammā-saṅkappa)
 Right Speech - One speaks in a non hurtful, not exaggerated, truthful way (samyag-vāc, sammā-vācā)
 Right Actions - Wholesome action, avoiding action that would do harm (samyak-karmānta, sammā-kammanta)
 Right Livelihood - One's job does not harm in any way oneself or others; directly or indirectly (weapon maker, drug dealer, etc.) (samyag-ājīva, sammā-ājīva)
 Right Effort - One makes an effort to improve (samyag-vyāyāma, sammā-vāyāma)
 Right Mindfulness - Mental ability to see things for what they are with clear consciousness (samyak-smṛti, sammā-sati)
 Right Concentration - State where one reaches enlightenment and the ego has disappeared (samyak-samādhi, sammā-samādhi)

Other websites 
 Notes on the Noble Eightfold Path
 Noble Eightfold Path, in Chapter 7: Success, in "A Young People's Life of the Buddha" by Bhikkhu Silacara
 The Noble Eightfold Path - The Middle Way by Ven Dr.K.Sri.Dhammananda
 The Fourth Noble Truth: The Middle Path: BuddhaNet’s Buddhist Studies for Secondary Students

Religious ethics
Buddhist terminology
Gone with the Wind

Gone with the Wind is a 1936 novel by Margaret Mitchell. It tells the story of a family woman in the American South (and in the plantation of Tara) during the Civil War. She falls in love with a city gentleman. It is one of the most famous books of its time, and was made into a movie of the same name.

The title takes the name from the line of Ernest Dowson's poem: "I have forgot much, Cynara! gone with the wind." (The line appeared in the book). Critics and historians have disagreed with its views of Confederacy and the American South before the Civil War. But it is true to the events of the time, and also has a well-written account of the fall of Atlanta in 1864. The book won the Pulitzer Prize on May 3, 1937. In 1991, Alexander Ripley wrote its official sequel, Scarlett. Three years later, it was made as a television miniseries. In 2001, the copyright holders of the original book tried to stop sales of Alice Randall's The Wind Done Gone. (The book retold Mitchell's story from a slave's point of view.) The resulting lawsuit allowed the book to be published; it was seen, based on rules in the First Amendment, as a parody.

Related pages
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

Other websites 
 The Story behind Margaret Mitchell's book 
 
 RaveCentral: Gone with the Wind 
 Greatest Movies page
 
 Photos of the first edition of Gone with the Wind

1936 books
20th-century American novels
English-language novels
Fiction set in the past
Georgia (U.S. state) in fiction
Novels about the American Civil War
Pulitzer Prize winners
Romance novels
Greenlandic language

Greenlandic can be divided into three dialects:

Kalaallisut or, in English, Greenlandic, is the standard dialect and official language of Greenland. This standard national language is now taught to all Greenlanders in school, regardless of their native dialect. It is related to Inuktitut. It reflects almost exclusively the language of western Greenland and has borrowed a great deal of vocabulary from Danish, while Canadian and Alaskan Inuit languages have tended to take words from English or sometimes French and Russian. It is written using the Roman alphabet. The dialect of the Upernavik area in northwest Greenland is somewhat different in sound from the standard dialect.

Tunumiit oraasiat, (or Tunumiisut in Kalaallisut, often East Greenlandic in other languages), is the dialect of eastern Greenland. It differs sharply from other Inuit language variants and has roughly 3,000 speakers.

Avanersuaq is the dialect of the area around Qaanaaq in northern Greenland. It is sometimes called the Thule dialect or North Greenlandic. This area is the northernmost settlement area of the Inuit and has a relatively small number of speakers. It is reputed to be fairly close to the North Baffin dialect, since a group of Inuit from Baffin Island settled in the area during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It counts under 1,000 speakers.

References

Eskimo-Aleut languages
Whip

A whip is a long strand of leather or other fabric with a hard handle. When a person shakes a whip fast, it makes a loud "crack" sound, because it has broken the sound barrier. It is used for directing or hitting animals or people.

Basic English 850 words
Tools
Hemp

This article is about the cultivation and uses of hemp. For the biology of the plant, see Cannabis. For the drug, see Cannabis (drug). For other uses of the word hemp, see Hemp (disambiguation).

Hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) is a plant and the fibers made from it. It is a subspecies of the Cannabis sativa plant. It is usually used to make cloth and other textiles, and ropes.

History
Hemp is one of the oldest plants humans have grown and used. Hemp was domesticated in Asia over 10,000 years ago. It was already used to make clothes, ropes, and an early form of paper. The seeds were eaten, and the plant had medicinal uses. From there the use of hemp spread. In Europe, hemp was at least used 5,500 years ago. It is one of the earliest domesticated plants recorded. It is quite strong and does not need many pesticides (to keep away bugs) and no herbicides. Linen and hemp were the most important fiber plants in Europe for a long time.

Hemp is similar to marijuana, but contains very little THC, the chemical that makes people feel good while using marijuana. Hemp is completely legal in most U.S. states, France, Spain, Indonesia, England, and Ireland.

Uses for hemp 
Hemp can be used for the following things:

 Building materials
 Hempcrete
 Mud bricks
 Rammed earth
 Wallboard
 Cellulose based plastics
 Paints and finishes
 Paper
 Medicine (cannabidiol)
 Food & edible oil (seeds)

References

Other websites

Fibers
Plants
1157



Births 
 September 8 – King Richard I of England (died 1199)
 Leopold V of Austria (died 1194)
 Hojo Masako, wife of Minamoto no Yoritomo (died 1225)

Deaths 
 May 15—Yury Dolgoruky, Russian prince (b. c. 1099)
 August 21—King Alfonso VII of Castile (b. 1105)
 Agnes of Babenberg, daughter of Leopold III of Austria (b. 1111)
 Eystein II of Norway, king of Norway, (b. c. 1125)
 Sweyn III of Denmark, king of Denmark (b. c. 1125)

Events 
 June 11 Albert I of Brandenburg, also called, The Bear (Ger: Albrecht der Bär), became the founder of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, Germany and the first Margrave
 23 October—Battle of Grathe Heath. A civil war in Denmark ended with the death of king Sweyn III. Valdemar I became king of all Denmark and restored and rebuild the country.
Rock music

Rock music is a genre of popular music. It developed during and after the 1960s in the United States. It originally started in the 1940s and 1950s with the start of rock and roll. Rock and roll grew out of rhythm and blues and country music.  Rock music is related to a number of other genres such as blues and folk. It has influences from jazz, classical and other music genres.

Musically, rock mostly uses the electric guitar as part of a rock group with bass guitar and drums. Rock music is song-based. It has a 4/4 beat and it has verse-chorus form. However, rock has become very different and it is hard to say what its common musical instruments are. Like popular music, rock music lyrics are mostly about "romantic love". They can also have social or have political themes, however.  Rock focuses on musical skill, live performance, and it tries to be more real than pop music.

By the late 1960s, a number of different rock music below-genres had come out. These included hybrids like blues rock, folk rock, country rock, and jazz-rock fusion. From these forms, the counterculture developed psychedelic rock. New genres that came from this scene included progressive rock, glam rock and heavy metal. Progressive rock made the music more artistic. Glam rock focused on showmanship and what you can see. Heavy metal which focused on loudness, power and speed.  In the second half of the 1970s, punk rock both intensified and reacted against some of these trends to produce a raw, energetic form of music characterized by overt political and social critiques. Punk caused other below-genres to come about into the 1980s, including New Wave, post-punk and eventually the alternative rock movement. From the 1990s, alternative rock began to be the most popular type of rock music. It broke through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop, and indie rock. More merging of below-genres have since emerged. These include pop punk, rap rock, and rap metal, as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the garage rock/post-punk and synthpop revivals at the beginning of the new millennium.

Rock music has also helped cultural and social movements. This led to large sub-cultures including mods and rockers in the UK and the "hippie" culture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s punk culture made the goth and emo subcultures. Rock music has the same folk tradition as the protest song. Rock music has been involved with political activism. It has also made changes to social attitudes towards race, sex and drug use. It is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity.

Other websites

Sources
Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the United States of America. Because of this, the Court leads the Judicial Branch of the United States Federal Government. It is the only U.S. court established by the United States Constitution. Its decisions are supposed to be followed by all other courts in the United States. The Court meets in its own building in Washington, D.C. However, until 1935, the Supreme Court met in the United States Capitol. 

There are 9 justices on the court now: one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. The most recent justice, Amy Coney Barrett, replaced Ruth Bader Ginsburg after she died. Courts are unofficially named for the Chief Justice; the current Court is called the "Roberts Court" after Chief Justice John Roberts.

The Supreme Court chooses which cases it will decide on. Many people ask the Supreme Court to decide their cases, but the court refuses most of them.  For the Supreme Court to decide a case, the case must be about federal law or be about the laws of more than one state. Cases must first be decided by a federal District Court and a federal Court of Appeals or by a state supreme court. Even after that, the Supreme Court can choose not to decide a case for any reason. There are some cases that can start in the Supreme Court and that the Supreme Court must decide, but those are rare.

The justices serve for life unless they want to retire earlier or are impeached.  If a justice retires, he or she can still be asked to serve as a judge on a federal Court of Appeals. New justices are nominated (picked) by the President of the United States, and later must be approved by the United States Senate. In February 2022, President Joe Biden nominated first back woman Ketanji Brown Jackson as judge of supreme court.

The present Court
The current court is named "The Roberts Court" named after Chief Justice John Roberts.

References

Supreme Court of the United States
Fall (motion)

A fall is, in everyday language and thought, a movement down that happens due to gravity.  An example is when something rolls off a table and falls down to the floor.

Scientific and universal definition 
Falling is a motion towards a place where an object will have a lower total potential energy or lower potential.  Total potential energy being the sum of all potential energies -- those from gravitational fields, electric fields, and magnetic fields.

The idea of falling in natural human language(s) as falling down begs the definition of what down really is.  What is down in natural human language(s)?  Down may be straight towards your feet, or if you are on a hill, be off at an angle.  Often an attempt is made to correct this definition by saying down is towards the center of the Earth.  But that definition only works here on Earth. The idea of falling using common everyday language as being in the direction of down does not work in places in the universe other than Earth.  In space, somewhere between the Earth and it's moon, an object may fall to the earth or fall to the moon.  At other places an object may fall towards the Sun or Jupiter.  At other places in the universe an object may even fall to a point in space between stars and planets.

Falling using common everyday language is also true only due to gravity.  What about an electrically charged object?  A balloon rubbed on your hair and held close to the ceiling will fall up towards the ceiling.  Electrically charged objects do not always fall due to the force of gravity, but due to electric forces.  (Thank goodness or our electronics would not work and life would not even exist.)  As masses fall in gravitational fields, charges or charged objects will fall to a place where they have less total potential energy.  Magnetic objects will fall in a magnetic field to a place where they have less total potential energy.

Falling people
Falling is a very common cause of people's injuries, possibly the most common cause.  This is especially the case for elderly people, people with various conditions causing a loss of balance, and for people who do sports and other leisure activities requiring significant motion.

In many cases, elderly people become less steady on their feet and if they fall they are at a greater risk of having serious injuries, such as breaking their hip, because of the more brittle condition of their bones.

During sports and other recreational activities such as bicycling or skateboarding, people are more likely to fall.  Some bicyclists and skateboarders wear protective clothing to protect their body in the event of a fall, such as a helmet, elbow pads, and knee pads.

Force
Safety
Fall
Autumn

Autumn is the season after summer and before winter. In the United States this season is also called fall. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is often said to begin with the autumnal equinox in September and end with the winter solstice in December. In the Southern Hemisphere, it runs from the autumnal equinox in March to the winter solstice in June.

In many places in the temperate zone, autumn is a time for harvesting most crops. Deciduous trees (trees that lose their leaves every year) lose their leaves, usually after turning yellow, red, or brown. In many countries, autumn is the time a new school year starts. The period of school between the start of September and the end of December is often referred to as the “Fall Semester”, “Fall Quarter”, or “Fall Term”.

When it is autumn in the Northern Hemisphere, it is spring in the Southern Hemisphere. When it is autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere. On the Equator, autumn is very much like spring, with little difference in temperature or in weather. Autumn is a time when most animals are looking for food so they can store up for winter, because they soon will be going into hibernation. The weather gets colder and more windy.  In Autumn the hours of daylight and the hours of night are the same. In autumn the weather changes all the time. The weather turns cooler and often windy and rainy.
Marcha Real

La Marcha Real (English translation: The Royal March) was the national anthem (country's song) of Spain when the fascist dictator Francisco Franco ruled Spain. It is one of only four national anthems in the world (our planet Earth) that does not have official words, only music.

Lyrics

In Spanish (ES) 
¡Viva España! Cantemos todos juntos 

Con distinta voz

Y un solo corazón .

¡Viva España! desde los verdes valles 

Al inmenso mar, 

Un himno de hermandad.

Ama a la patria pues sabe abrazar, 

Bajo su cielo azul,

Pueblos en libertad 

Gloria a los hijos 

Que a la Historia dan

Justicia y grandeza democracia y paz. 

National anthems
Spain
La Marseillaise

La Marseillaise is the national anthem of France.

It was written by Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg on April 26, 1792. It was first called "Chant de guerre pour l'armée du Rhin" ("Marching Song of the Rhine Army").

Quotation in music
Composers have often quoted La Marseillaise in their music, for example Tchaikovsky uses it in the 1812 overture.

National anthems
France
Olympia, Washington

Olympia is the capital city of the state of Washington, in the United States of America. It became a city on January 28, 1859. As of the 2010 census, it has 46,478 people living in it. The people of Olympia are called Olympians. Olympia is the county seat of Thurston County.

Geography 
Olympia is located at 47°2'33" North, 122°53'35" West (47.042418, -122.893077).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total size of 48.0 km² (18.5 mi²). 43.3 km² (16.7 mi²) of it is land and 4.7 km² (1.8 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 9.77% water.

Olympia is on the water (Puget Sound) and close to dark green forests and high mountains (the Olympic Mountains and Mount Rainier). On most days of the year the sky is full of clouds and it rains, but sunny weather is more common in July, August, and September.

Economy 
Many people in Olympia work for the government of the State of Washington. Every year, state representatives and state senators come to Olympia to make laws and to pass a budget for the state government.

Olympia is the home of the Olympia Farmers Market and The Evergreen State College.

Culture 
Every April, the people of Olympia celebrate the "Procession of the Species,". It is a parade. Many Olympians, of all ages, dress up to look like animals, birds, fish, plants, and even insects, and walk in the parade. Some also play drums or dance the samba.

References

Other websites 
 City of Olympia
 State of Washington
 The Evergreen State College
 Procession of the Species
 Photography of Olympia 

County seats in Washington
 
State capitals in the United States
1859 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
Invertebrate

An invertebrate is an animal that does not have a spinal column or backbone. This contrasts with vertebrate: if an animal is not a vertebrate (fish, reptile, amphibian, bird, or mammal), it is an invertebrate.

The main phyla (groups) of invertebrate animals are:
 Annelida: segmented worms 
 Arthropods: (arachnids, crustaceans, insects, and others); the largest group of invertebrates.
 Brachiopods: the lamp-shells.
 Bryozoa: sea mats or moss animals (sometimes they look like corals)
 Cnidarians: jellyfish, sea anemones, hydroids.
 Echinoderms: starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
 Molluscs: (gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves and others); a large group of invertebrates.
 Nematoda: roundworms
 Porifera: sponges
 Platyhelminthes: flatworms
 Rotifers: tiny "wheel animals", which live in habitats such as pond water.

Insects and other arthropods have no bones, but they have a skeleton on the outside of their bodies, called an exoskeleton. 

There are 18 more groups of invertebrates, mostly minor: see List of animal phyla.
Lawrence of Arabia

Lawrence of Arabia is a British epic movie from 1962, based on the life of T. E. Lawrence. It stars Peter O'Toole as the title character, along with Omar Sharif and Alec Guinness. The opening scene of the movie shows Lawrence dying in a motorcycle accident. The movie then goes into a series of flashbacks (past events) from his life.

The 1982 movie Gandhi follows the story pattern of Lawrence of Arabia's: after the main character dies at the start, it moves into a series of flashbacks from Gandhi's life.

Lawrence of Arabia won seven Academy Awards, one of them for Best Picture.

Considered one of the greatest movies ever made, it has appeared on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list (as the number five selecion).

A director's cut of the movie, running at 216 minutes, has no women talking in it.

Other websites 
 
 Greatest Films
 RaveCentral 

1962 drama movies
1960s adventure movies
1960s war movies
British adventure movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
British war movies
Movies directed by David Lean
United States National Film Registry movies
Multilingual movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies set in deserts
Glyphosate

Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide used in agriculture for the control of weeds, shrubs, and grasses. One brand name it is sold as is Monsanto's Roundup. It is also used in genetically modified crops.

There are many studies indicating glyphosate is dangerous for animals, including humans.

Other websites 
 Fact sheet
 glyphosate resistance

References 

Agriculture
Snack

A snack is a small amount of food eaten between meals. It can be any kind of food that you do not eat in large amount. People eat snacks if they are hungry between meals. For example, eating potato chips after lunch but before dinner is eating a snack. Other foods that can be eaten as snacks are fruit, candy, muffins, ice cream, and popcorn.

Snacking has surged during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. Now only a little bit of people do not snack. Most of the snacks bought are processed foods.

References

Snack foods
Charleston, West Virginia

Charleston is the capital city of West Virginia, a state of the United States of America.  It is where the Elk and Kanawha Rivers join in Kanawha County. As of the 2000 census, Charleston has 53,421 people living in it, which makes it the largest city in the state. It is the county seat of Kanawha County.

References

Other websites 

 City of Charleston official website  Chat:

State capitals in the United States
County seats in West Virginia
Cities in West Virginia
1788 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Virginia
Jeannie Longo

Jeannie Longo (born October 31, 1958 at St. Gervais-les-Bains in Haute-Savoie, France) is a female French cyclist.

One of the greats of cycling, Jeannie's list of achievements follows:

Olympic Road Race Gold Medal 1996

Olympic Silver Medal 1992

Olympic Bronze Medal 2000

World Champion, Road Race 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1995

World Time Trial Champion 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001

Tour de France Feminin 1987, 1988, 1989.

World Hour Record 2000 (45.094)

56 French National Titles

Other websites 
Official site

Longo, Jeannie

1958 births
Living people
Buckminster Fuller

Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller (July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American architect, engineer, author, designer, inventor and futurist.

Fuller published more than 30 books, inventing and popularizing terms such as "Spaceship Earth",  and "Synergetics".

He also developed numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs. The best known of which is the geodesic dome. Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their resemblance to geodesic spheres.

Some of his books 
 Nine chains to the Moon (1938)
 Untitled epic poem on the history of industrialization (1962)
 Ideas and integrities, a spontaneous autobiographical disclosure (1963) 
 No more secondhand god and other writings (1963)
 What I have learned: a collection of 20 autobiographical essays, Chapter "How little I know", (1968)
 Operating manual for Spaceship Earth (1969) 
 Utopia or oblivion (1969) 
 Approaching the benign environment (1970)  (with Eric A. Walker and James R. Killian, Jr.)
 Buckminster Fuller to Children of Earth (1972) compiled and photographed by Cam Smith, 
 The Dymaxion world of Buckminster Fuller (1960, 1973), coauthor Robert Marks, 
 Earth, Inc (1973) 
 Synergetics: explorations in the geometry of thinking (1975) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite with a preface and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb, 
 Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the three bears,: a cosmic fairy tale (1975)
 And it came to pass — not to stay (1976) 
 R. Buckminster Fuller on education (1979) 
 Synergetics 2: Further explorations in the geometry of thinking (1979) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite
 Critical path (1981) 
 Inventions: the patented works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983) 
 Humans in Universe (1983), coauthor Anwar Dil, 
 Cosmography: a posthumous scenario for the future of humanity (1992), coauthor Kiyoshi Kuromiya, 

Please check UNITED STATES NAVAL HISTORY for Bucky Buckminster Fuller's service to the United States of America Navy.

References

Other websites

Buckminster Fuller Institute

1895 births
1983 deaths
American architects
Engineers from Massachusetts
American inventors
Designers
Futurists
Writers from Massachusetts
Paul Bremer

Lewis Paul Bremer III is an American author and politician.  He was born on September 30, 1941.  He was named "Director of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance" on May 6 for Iraq in 2003, after the war..

Biography
Bremer was born in Hartford, Connecticut. He grew up in New Canaan, Connecticut.  He went to school at Phillips Academy and graduated in 1959.  Then he went to Yale University.  He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1963.  In 1996, he received a master's degree from Harvard University.  His degree was in business. He also received a degree in Paris.

In 1967, he joined the United States foreign service.  At first he worked in Kabul, Afghanistan.  He also worked in Blantyre, Malawi from 1968 to 1971.  He worked for the United States State Department for 23 years. During that time, he worked for six different Secretaries of State, including Alexander Haig.  A Secretary of State is the top government official in the U.S. State Department.  A secretary of state is appointed by the United States President.  He also worked as a deputy chief at an American embassy in the country of Norway.  A deputy chief is a person in charge at the embassy.

In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed Bremer to the position of Ambassador to the Netherlands.  He also became "Ambassador at Large for Counter Terrorism."

Bremer retired in 1989.  Then he spent the next 15 years working in private (non-government) companies. One of the companies he worked for was Kissinger Associates (a company that was run by someone who used to be a Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger).  He also served as a board member for several corporations.  A board member is someone who makes big or strategic decisions on how a company should operate.  Mr. Bremer has served on the board for corporations such as Air Products and Chemicals Incorporated, Akzo Nobel NV (a Dutch company), and Marsh Crisis Consulting Company.

Bremer speaks many languages besides English.  He speaks Arabic, French, Dutch, Norwegian, Persian, German, and Spanish.

Bremer is married to named Frances Winfield. They were married in 1966. They have two adult children and two grandchildren.

After he worked in Iraq, Bremer wrote a book.  The title of the book is My Year in Iraq:  The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope.  The book was published in January 2006.

1941 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States
American Roman Catholics
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
Politicians from Hartford, Connecticut
Writers from Connecticut
Yale University alumni
People from New Canaan, Connecticut
1530s



Events and trends 
 Spanish conquest of Peru
 Beginning of colonization of Brazil
 Henry VIII and his control over the English church.
 Reformation in Denmark and Norway.
Headache

A headache is when your head hurts. It is not when you hit your head with something and made it hurt that way, but when your head hurts from inside.

A headache can be caused by one of several things, which are listed here:

 Fever
 Watching television or looking at a computer screen for a long time.
 Being tired or sleepy.
 As an effect of stress
 By other neurological conditions ('neurological' means touching the nerves and the brain), like with epilepsy

The second edition of the International Headache Classification (ICHD-2) defines more than 220 different types of headaches in three categories:

 Primary headaches, for example migraine, tension headache and cluster headache.
 Secondary headaches
 Cranial neuralgias, central and primary facial pain and other headaches

Many headaches can be relieved with analgesics like aspirin.

Causes 
 Brain tumor
 Lyme disease
 Influenza
 Brain metastasis
 Foodborne Intoxication
 Sinusitis
 Meningitis
 Encephalitis

Treatments 

In many cases headaches can be relieved naturally. Many methods such as massaging the temples near the eye, exercising your eyes (blinking, palming) and walking can all help relieve the tension of headaches. Maintaining a healthy diet, with rich proteins and iron, can keep your brain awake and healthy. One of the main factors is drinking plenty of water. These natural techniques tend to give you long-term relief whilst medication can often give you short term relief.

There are many medicines which can treat mild headaches, such as Paracetamol, Co-codamol, and Ibuprofen; but you should always consult your doctor or pharmacist before taking any.

References 

Symptoms
Head (body part)
Pain
Peoria, Illinois

Peoria is a city on the Illinois River in the U.S. state of Illinois.  In the 2000 census, Peoria had more than 110,000 people living in it. It is the home of the Peoria Rivermen ice hockey team. One of Peoria's largest businesses is Caterpillar, a company that makes bulldozers, mining trucks, and other kinds of tractors.

Roads
Many people drive in and out of Peoria on Interstate 74.  People also drive around Peoria on Interstate 474.  Peoria is 157 miles (257 kilometers) southwest of Chicago, Illinois.

Culture
Peoria has become famous as a representation of the average American city because of its demographics and its perceived mainstream Midwestern culture. On the Vaudeville circuit, it was said that if an act would succeed in Peoria, it would work anywhere. The question "Will it play in Peoria?" has now become a metaphor for whether something appeals to the American mainstream public.

References

Cities in Illinois
County seats in Illinois
Sedative

A sleeping pill (people also call it sedative) is a drug that people take to help them sleep. It calms them, and makes them very relaxed. 

There are different kinds of sedatives:
Pills that help people fall asleep.
Pills that help people keep sleeping (not to wake up during the night).
Pills that calm people down, without making them sleep.

Some sedatives can act very fast, usually in 10-15 minutes. Those who consider taking sedatives should talk with their doctor, who can give them the sedatives which are best for them.

Most sedatives are highly addictive, so people need a prescription from their doctor to get sedatives.
If they take sleeping pills for a longer time, they can get addicted. Getting rid of the addiction is very hard to do.  Addiction means that people who take the drug cannot stop taking it, without bad consequences (as described below). It's like people who want to stop smoking, but who cannot.

People who have taken sedatives may seem dull, and sleepy. Since sleeping pills act on their ability to react, those who have taken such pills should not do the following:
Operate any machines
Drive a car
Drink alcohol (This may make the effect of the pill bigger.)

Some people are addicted to sedatives. When they stop taking the sedatives, they may experience the following
Insomnia (being unable to sleep)
Restlessness
Anxiety (feeling fear)
Convulsions and seizures

Some addictions can also be psychological; when the users stop taking the drug, they may feel depressed.

Drugs

ja:精神安定剤
Trout

A trout is a kind of teleost fish that belongs to the Salmoninae subfamily of the Salmonidae family. There are many different kinds of trout. They belong to the same family as the salmon. 

Most trouts are fresh water fish. They live in clear streams, rivers and lakes in America, Europe, and Asia. 

It is possible to work out the difference between a trout and any other fish, by looking for a second dorsal fin (or adipose fin). Also, you can find for spots in mature trout and parr marks in the young.

Teleosts
Edible fish
Diana Krall

Diana Krall (born November 16, 1964) is a Canadian jazz singer and pianist from Nanaimo, British Columbia.

Krall began to play the piano when she was four years old.  She began to play in restaurants when she was 15. When she was 17, she won a Vancouver Jazz Festival scholarship (student money award) to study music at the Berklee College of Music in Boston.  She later moved to Los Angeles to study with Jimmy Rowles.  In 1990, she moved to New York City.

Krall's 1996 album All For You, was a tribute (way to honour someone) to the Nat King Cole trio. It was on the Billboard jazz charts for 70 weeks. The album was considered for a Grammy Award.  She won a Grammy in 1999 for "Best Jazz Musician of the Year".  Her 2001 album The Look of Love was #1 in Canada.  It also won the Juno Award as Canadian album of the year.  Her 2002 album Live in Paris won the Grammy for Best Vocal Jazz Record.  Also in 2002, Krall won the Juno for Canadian artist of the year.  Her version of the Tom Waits song "Temptation" made #1 on the World Jazz Charts in 2004.

Krall married British musician Elvis Costello in December 2003.

Albums
Heartdrops (1989)
Stepping Out (1993)
Only Trust Your Heart (1994)
All For You (1996)
Love Scenes (1997)
When I Look in Your Eyes (1999)
The Look of Love (2001)
Live in Paris (2002)
The Girl in the Other Room (2004)
Christmas Songs (2005)

DVDs
Live in Paris (2002)
Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival (2004)

Other websites 

Diana Krall's website
DianaKrallfans.com fan website
Diana Krall Lyrics
Diana Krall MusicBrainz

Canadian singers
Grammy Award winners
Jazz musicians
Musicians from British Columbia
Canadian pianists
1964 births
Living people
Half-Life 2

Half-Life 2 is a first person shooter video game created by the company Valve Corporation and released in 2004. This game is the sequel to the original Half-Life video game which came out in 1998. It is sold through the Steam platform also developed by Valve. It is also available in The Orange Box, along with Half-Life 2: Episode One and Half-Life 2: Episode Two (sequels to Half-Life 2), Portal, and Team Fortress 2. Half-Life 3 is currently in development. Half-Life 2 is based on a game engine called Source. There have been many other Source-based games, such as Portal, Team Fortress 2, Counter-Strike: Source, and Garry's Mod.

Half-Life was a very popular video game, and Half-Life 2 was also very popular. Many reviewers believe Half-Life 2 is better than Half-Life and one of the best games ever made. It took six years to create Half-Life 2 (from 1998 to 2004). It was supposed to be released in 2003, but it was not ready. Many fans were very angry and said Valve lied to them. However, it did release the next year (2004). It had much better graphics than Half-Life. It also had more complicated non-player characters and more of a story.

Plot and Characters 
In Half-Life 2, the player is Gordon Freeman (the same character as in Half-Life). It begins about 20 years after the first Half-Life. The Combine, a group of evil aliens, took over Earth and made humans their slaves. Gordon Freeman wakes up on a train in a place named City 17. He finds the resistance, some humans who fight the Combine. In the game, he must help them and fight with them. The game ends with Gordon Freeman stopping Doctor Breen, the evil human who is helping the Combine.

There are many important characters in this game other than Gordon Freeman. Some are Eli Vance, who worked at Black Mesa with Gordon Freeman before the Combine came. He is part of the resistance. Alyx Vance is Eli's daughter. She travels with Gordon in part of the game. Doctor Mossman also worked at Black Mesa. She works with the resistance, but is also a traitor who helps Doctor Breen. Barney Calhoun was a guard at Black Mesa. Now he leads the resistance.

Other websites 
Half-Life 2 official website
Steam website

Shooter video games
2004 video games
Half-Life series