cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Rick Snyder

Richard Dale Snyder (born August 19, 1958) is an American politician, business executive, venture capitalist, and accountant who was the 48th Governor of Michigan. A member of the Republican Party, he became governor on January 1, 2011 and left office on January 1, 2019.

Snyder was seen as a possible Republican Party candidate for Vice President of the United States in 2012, although Paul Ryan was selected.

A report by the University of Michigan School of Public Health concluded Snyder has "significant legal responsibility" for the Flint water crisis, exposing 6,000 to 12,000 Flint children to lead.

On April 16, 2020, an article was published in Vice gave details and evidence of corruption, and a cover-up by Snyder, including details of how he was warned repeatedly about the dangerous effects of the decisions he had made about the water supply to the city of Flint during the water crisis. In January 2021, Snyder was criminally charged for his role in the crisis.

References

1958 births
Living people
Governors of Michigan
Businesspeople from Michigan
US Republican Party politicians
Bibliomania

Bibliomania can be a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder, by collecting of books to the point where social relations or health are in danger. It can be connected to stealing (kleptomania) of books.

Bibliomania is not to be confused with bibliophilia, which is the usual love of books.

Don Quixote may be the most famous bibliomaniac in fiction.

More reading

Symptoms
Jersey Shore

The Jersey Shore is the name for the part of New Jersey that is along the Atlantic Ocean.

Geography of New Jersey
Jefferson Cardoso dos Santos

Jefferson Cardoso dos Santos (15 February 1986 in São Vicente, Brazil) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga. He is a defender.

He started playing football with his local club  São Vicente Atlético Clube and then went on to Jabaquara Atlético Clube in Brazils 4th league. He became Champion with this team and then went on to Red Bull Brasil. With this team he was two times promoted. In summer 2011 he and his team mate Alex Rafael were invited to train with F.C. Red Bull Salzburg. He played two test matches for Salzburg (Bayer 04 Leverkusen, Olympique Lyon). He convinced the club and so he was signed for Red Bull Salzburg. After some matches as substitution he played his first match in the starting team on 21 August 2011 in a league match versus S.K. Sturm Graz.

Honours
 1x Champion Campeonato Paulista Série B (4th league): 2009
 1x Champion Campeonato Paulista Série A3 (3rd league): 2010
 1x Finale Copa Paulista: 2010

1986 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
2010 Russian Premier League

The 2010 Russian Premier League was the 19th season of the Russian Premier League. The team with the most points was Zenit St. Petersburg, with 68 points. CSKA Moscow was second with 62 points. The season started on March 12, 2010. The last match was played November 29, 2010. On November 14, 2010, Zenit St. Petersburg claimed their titles after a 5-0 win against FC Rostov. Lastly, this season was Saturn Moscow Oblast's last season. The team was dissolved after.

Club Positions 

Russian Premier League
List of FIFA World Cup goalscorers

This is a list of FIFA World Cup goalscorers. This is until the 2014 World Cup.

Currently, Miroslav Klose has the most with 16 goals.

Overall top goalscorers

16 goals 
  Miroslav Klose

 15 goals
  Ronaldo

 14 goals
  Gerd Müller

 13 goals
  Just Fontaine

 12 goals
  Pelé

 11 goals
  Jürgen Klinsmann
  Sándor Kocsis

 10 goals
  Gabriel Batistuta
  Gary Lineker
  Helmut Rahn
  Teófilo Cubillas
  Grzegorz Lato

 9 goals
  Ademir
  Jairzinho
  Vavá
  Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
  Uwe Seeler
  Roberto Baggio
  Paolo Rossi
  Christian Vieri
  Eusébio

 8 goals
  Diego Maradona
  Guillermo Stábile
  Leônidas
  Rivaldo
  Rudi Völler
  David Villa
  Oscar Míguez

 7 goals
  Careca
  Oldřich Nejedlý
  Hans Schäfer
  Lajos Tichy
  Johnny Rep
  Andrzej Szarmach

 6 goals
  Mario Kempes
  Erich Probst
  Bebeto
  Rivelino
  Hristo Stoichkov
  Davor Šuker
  Thierry Henry
  Helmut Haller
  Lothar Matthäus
  Max Morlock
  György Sárosi
  Gyula Zsengellér
  Salvatore Schillaci
  Dennis Bergkamp
  Rob Rensenbrink
  Zbigniew Boniek
  Oleg Salenko
  Josef Hügi
  Diego Forlán

5 goals
  Hans Krankl
  Marc Wilmots
  Garrincha
  Romario
  Zico
  Roger Milla
  Tomáš Skuhravý
  Jon Dahl Tomasson
  Geoff Hurst
  Michel Platini
  Zinedine Zidane
  Franz Beckenbauer
  Thomas Müller
  Lukas Podolski
  Alessandro Altobelli
  Silvio Piola
  Johan Neeskens
  Wesley Sneijder
  Peter McParland
  Valentin Ivanov
  Estanislao Basora
  Emilio Butragueño
  Raúl González
  Fernando Hierro
  Fernando Morientes
  Kennet Andersson
  Henrik Larsson
  Landon Donovan
  Pedro Cea
  Juan Alberto Schiaffino

Goalscorers
Lists of footballers
Chillán Viejo

Chillán Viejo is a Chilean commune in the south of Chillán. According to the Chilean , Chillán Viejo has an area of  and 26,172 inhabitants.

History 
This commune began in 1895. Thanks to an administrative crisis, the title of commune was revoked on 1927. Finally, in 1995, during the promulgation of a law in the government of the now ex-president Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, Chillán Viejo is again a commune.

Tourist Attractions

The Monumental Park "Bernardo O'Higgins" 
The colonial house where Bernardo O'Higgins born on 1778.

Traditional Parties 
 Saint Raphael
 Our Lady of Mount Carmel
 Our Lady of the Rosary

References

Other websites 
Municipality of Chillán Viejo 

Cities in Chile
Pyramid scheme

A pyramid scheme is a way of making money that cannot continue very long. It involves promising people payment, services or ideals, primarily for enrolling other people into the scheme or training them to take part. It does not supply any real investment or sale of  products or services to the public. Pyramid schemes are a form of fraud. For this reason, pyramid schemes are illegal in many countries. 

This type of scheme has existed for at least a century (100 years). The way the scheme is described is sometimes changed to hide what it is doing. Many people believe that multilevel marketing (MLM) is also a pyramid scheme.

Concept and basic models
A successful pyramid scheme combines a business that seems real with a simple-to-understand money-making description which is used for profit. The idea is that the first person, Mr. X, makes a payment. To get money, Mr. X has to recruit others like him who will also make a payment. Mr. X gets paid out of money received from those new people (recruits). The recruits go on to involve others. As each new recruit makes a payment, Mr. X gets a part. He is promised always increasing benefits as the "business" expands.
Such "businesses" do not have real products or services. To make them more believable, most such scams have fake letters from successful members and information. Only the first person (sometimes called the "pharaoh") and a very few at the top levels of the pyramid make a lot of money. The amounts get much smaller further down the pyramid. Someone at the bottom of the pyramid loses money. They paid to enter, but cannot get anyone else to join.

The "Eight-Ball" model

Recruiting a large number of others into a scheme can be difficult so a system is used that seems more simple. In this model each person must recruit only two others. However, a larger number of levels is needed before the person gets paid any money. The scheme requires a person to recruit two others, who must each recruit two others, who must each recruit two others.  

The "eight-ball" model contains a total of fifteen members. This scheme has been called the "Airplane Game" and the four tiers labelled as "captain," "co-pilot," "crew," and "passenger" to denote a person's level. 

Such schemes may hide their pyramid nature by calling themselves as "gifting circles" with money being "gifted." The eight passengers must each pay (or "gift") a sum (e.g. $1,000) to join the scheme. This total of $8,000 goes to the captain who leaves the scheme. Everyone remaining moves up one level. There are now two new captains so the group splits in two with each group requiring eight new passengers. A person who joins the scheme as a passenger will not get any money until they advance through the crew and co-pilot levels to captain. Therefore, the participants in the bottom 3 tiers of the pyramid lose their money if the scheme collapses. Popular schemes such as the "Women Empowering Women" do this.

See also
 Ponzi scheme: it is similar but not the same as pyramid scheme

Commercial crime
Marketing
The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales

The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales is a children's book by Jon Scieszka. It was published in 1992 by Viking. It is a collection of stories which make fun of famous children's stories and fairy tales, such as "Chicken Licken", "The Gingerbread Man" (changed to The Stinky Cheese Man of the title), "The Ugly Duckling", and others. It was illustrated by Lane Smith, who won the Caldecott Honor for his illustrations. This book also won the New York Times Best Illustrated Book award, among numerous awards in many countries.

The book was also re-released in a new edition in 2002 to celebrate its tenth anniversary. This new edition also included a story which had been listed in the Table of Contents of the previous editions, but had not appeared anywhere in the book. This story was printed on the back of the dust jacket.

1992 books
Children's books
Fairy tales
Collections of fairy tales
Palestine at the Olympics

Palestine at the Olympics is a history which includes 5 games in 5 countries and 10+ athletes.  Since 1996, Palestine (PLE) has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

History
Palestine has been at the Summer Olympics since 1996.  Since 1986 Palestine is part of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA).  Palestine has not won any Olympic medals.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Palestine profile at London2012.com

Palestinian culture
Nations at the Olympics
São Paulo Museum of Art

The São Paulo Museum of Art is an art museum on Paulista Avenue in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The museum opened in 1968.

The São Paulo Museum of Art's collection includes the greatest names in international art history van Gogh, Francisco de Goya, Matisse, Picasso, Modigliani, Giuseppe Amisani, Marc Chagall, Max Ernst, Salvador Dalí, Joan Miró, Andy Warhol, El Greco, Diego Vélasquez, Mantegna, Bellini, Botticelli,  Giambattista Pittoni, Raphäel, Le Pérugin, Titien, Tintoretto, Guercino, Poussin, Manet, Degas, Cézanne, Monet, Renoir, Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec, Pierre Paul Rubens, Rembrandt, Antoine Van Dyck.

Art museums
São Paulo
1968 establishments
1960s establishments in Brazil
Philippines at the Olympics

Philippines at the Olympics is a history which includes 23 games in 16 countries and 370+ athletes.  Since 1911, the Philippines has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the Philippines is PHI.

History
The Philippine National Olympic Committee was formed in 1911.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1929.

Philippines's team first competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.

The team did not compete in the 1980 Summer Olympics.

Filipino athletes have also been at the Winter Olympic Games  three times after 1972, but not since 1994. The Philippines is the first nation in the tropics to be in the Winter Olympic Games.

Medalists

Summer games

Summer Youth games

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Philippine Olympic Committee website
  Philippines profile at London2012.com

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
Robert Louis Stevenson

Robert Louis Stevenson was a Scottish novelist, essayist, poet and travel writer. He was born on 13 November 1850  and died on 3 December 1894.His parents were Thomas Stevenson, a and Margaret Isabella Balfour. He spent much of his childhood sick in bed with lung trouble. He studied law in Edinburgh University. But he turned his interest to writing. Some of his best known works are Treasure Island, Kidnapped and Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll.

Selected works
Treasure Island (1883)
A Child's Garden of Verses (1885)
The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886)
Kidnapped (1886)
The Black Arrow (1888)
The Master of Ballantrae (1889)
Island Nights' Entertainments (1893)

References

Scottish writers
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
1850 births
1894 deaths
Qatar at the Olympics

Qatar at the Olympics is a history which includes 8 games in 7 countries and 100+ athletes. Since 1979, Oman has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Qatar is QAT.

History
The Qatar Olympic Committee was formed in 1979 and recognized by the IOC in 1980.

Teams from Qatar have taken part in the Summer Olympic Games but not the Winter Olympic Games.

After the 2008 Summer Olympics, Qatar was, along with Saudi Arabia and Brunei, one of only three countries to never send a female athlete to the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee in 2010 said it would "press" these countries to have women's participate.  Then the Qatar Olympic Committee said it "hoped to send up to four female athletes in shooting and fencing" to the 2012 Summer Games in London.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Qatar profile at London2012.com
 "Qatar using black gold to tap into top performers", The Guardian, December 13, 2005 (on Olympic competitors from various countries switching to Qatari citizenship)
home page

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
The Westing Game

The Westing Game is a mystery novel written by Ellen Raskin. It was published in 1978 and it won the Newbery Medal in 1979. It was made into a movie which was released in 1997. This movie was released under both the names The Westing Game and Get a Clue.

References

Other websites
 

1978 books
Children's books
Crime fiction books
Young adult novels
Newbery Medal winning books
Selous' zebra

The Selous' zebra (Equus quagga borensis) is one of the six subspecies of the plains zebra (Equus quagga). Selous' Zebra is a critically endangered species. These are often confused with the Damaraland zebras (Equus quagga antiquorum), and the Chapman Zebra (Equus quagga chapmani). The Selous' Zebra's belly is partly striped and they have clean black and white banding. They do not have the brown shadow stripes of the Chapman Zebra. 

Selous's Zebra lives in the northwest of Kenya, parts of Uganda, and the southeast of Sudan.

References

Equids
Mammals of Africa
Zebras
Saudi Arabia at the Olympics

Saudi Arabia has been in eight Summer Olympic Games. They first were in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.  They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

By Saudi Arabian law, women cannot be in the Olympic Games. However, the International Olympic Committee is reportedly pressuring the Saudi Olympic Committee to send female athletes to the 2012 Summer Olympics.  Others want Saudi Arabia to not be in the Olympics unless they let women in.

The Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee was formed in 1964 and recognized in 1965.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Saudia Arabia profile at London2012.com

Sport in Saudi Arabia
Nations at the Olympics
Honus Wagner

Johannes Peter "Honus" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 – December 6, 1955 ) was an American Major League Baseball shortstop. He was nicknamed "The Flying Dutchman" because he was German and very fast. He played in the National League from 1897 to 1917. He played for the Louisville Colonels for two years, and then for the Pittsburgh Pirates for 17 years. Wagner won eight batting titles, the most in National League history. He held the league record for slugging percentage six times, and the record for stolen bases five times.

He was inducted (added to) the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936. He was one of the first five members of the hall of fame. He received the second-highest vote total to be added. Ty Cobb is the only person to get more votes. Babe Ruth tied with Wagner for second-highest.

Most historians think that Ty Cobb is the greatest player of the dead-ball era. But some think that Wagner was a better all-around player. Most baseball historians think that Wagner was the greatest shortstop ever. Cobb said that Wagner was "maybe the greatest star ever to take the diamond."

Early life 
Johannes Wagner was born on February 24, 1874 in the Chartiers neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Chartiers is now part of Carnegie, Pennsylvania.) His parents were Peter and Katheryn Wagner. His father was a coal miner and his mother was a housewife. Both of his parents were German immigrants.

Wagner was one of five children. His mother called him Hans as a child. This name evolved (change into over time) into Honus. When he was 12, Wagner dropped out of school to work in the coal mines with his father. In their free time, Honus and his brothers played sandlot baseball. They became so good that three of Honus's brothers also became professional baseball players.

Honus's older brother, Albert "Butts" Wagner, was a professional baseball player. In 1895, he was playing for the Inter-State League. He got Honus a tryout with the league.

In 1894, Honus married Bessie Baine Smith. They had three daughters: Elva Katrina (b. 1918), Betty Baine (b. 1919), and Virginia Mae (b. 1922).

Minor league career 
Honus started playing for the Inter-State League in 1895. He played for five different teams in his first year. The towns he played for were Steubenville, Akron, Mansfield, Adrian, and Warren.

Ed Barrow, a manager from the Atlantic League, saw Honus play. He convinced Honus to come play for the Paterson Silk Weavers of Paterson, New Jersey. In 1896, Wagner had a batting average of .313. In 1897, Wagner played 74 games and hit .375.

References

Other websites

1874 births
1955 deaths
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Major League Baseball players
Pittsburgh Pirates managers
Pittsburgh Pirates players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
19th century baseball players
Klaipėda

Klaipėda is a city in Lithuania. It is where the Nemunas River  flows into the Baltic Sea. Klaipėda is the third largest city in Lithuania and the capital of Klaipėda County. The German name of the city is Memel. Until 1920, this city was the northernmost city of the German Empire. 

The city's history is complicated. The Port of Klaipėda is important in the area. It is a usually ice-free port on the Baltic Sea. It has been controlled by the Teutonic Knights, the Duchy of Prussia, the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire, the Entente States, Lithuania, and the Third Reich. The city became part of Lithuania while it was a Soviet Socialist Republic. Klaipėda remained part of Lithuania after it again became independent state.

The population shrank from 207,100 in 1992 to 177,823 in 2011. Popular seaside resorts found close to Klaipėda are Nida to the south on the Curonian Spit, and Palanga to the north.

Sister cities and areas

Cities in Lithuania
JIT

JIT, Just-In-Time compilation is a way to translate bytecode instructions to instructions the processor understands. Bytecode is a set of computer instructions for a processor that only exists on paper. 

The alternative to a JIT is an interpreter that looks at each bytecode instruction individually and then decides what to with it. When you run over the same part of the program again, an interpreter has to make the decisions again. While a JIT makes the decisions on how to handle the bytecode once, and then stores it as native processor instructions (this takes memory). Properly deciding how to translate bytecode take some time, so you have some minor slowdown in startup speed. A proper modern JIT first runs a regular interpreter, and then does the JIT step once it knows something is used frequently.

Related pages
Java Virtual Machine

Computer programming
Hınıs

Hınıs is a town in Erzurum district in east of Turkey. Over 30,000 people live there, mainly Kurdish.

Settlements in Turkey
Avro 683 Lancaster

Avro 683 Lancaster was developed out of Avro 679 Manchester. It was the most used RAF bomber in the Second World War. The changes made on Avro 679, like four Rolls-Royce Merlin X instead of two powerplants and longer wings, have led to the new name Avro 683. Royal Air Force ordered 1070 pieces of this airplane.  After the success on the war places, Avro sold the production licence to other companies. One of those was Packard, who bought the licence for powerplant production and improved them. The variant with the most produced pieces was Avro 683 B I, a plane which was the base of RAF Bomber Command at that time.

Technical data (Lancaster B I)

References

Notes

Other websites
 20./21. February 1945 - The last flight of RAF PD421 IQ-F. Historical research of an Avro 683 lost near Hagen, Germany German

Royal Air Force aircraft
Blackburn B-103

Blackburn B-103 Buccaneer was made for the Royal Navy, the naval part of the United Kingdom´s armed forces. It was also by the Royal Air Force starting in 1968. That was the first airplane with some technical innovations like a system for increased buoyancy, a split rudder (which widens to be an air brake), and rotating magazine for nuclear or conventional weapons. After tests, this plane was selected and put in use by Royal Navy in 1962. This aircraft was retired in 1994. It was used in the 1991 Gulf War.

Technical data (Buccaneer S 2B)

Military aircraft
Southern (Govia Thameslink Railway)

Southern is a train operating company in the south of England. They operate routes around the southeast such as London, Kent, West Sussex, East Sussex and more. It is a division of Govia.

References 

Train operating companies
Railway companies of the United Kingdom
Annie Lennox

Ann Lennox OBE (born 25 December 1954) is an Academy Award-winning Scottish pop-rock singer. She is best known for being the lead singer of the Eurythmics. Lennox has also released five albums on her own.

1954 births
Living people
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
British feminists
People from Aberdeen
Scottish pop singers
Scottish rock singers
Michael Sheard

Michael Sheard (born 18 June 1940 Aberdeen) is a Scottish actor. He as been in a many movies and television programmes.

Scottish movie actors
Scottish television actors
People from Aberdeen
1940 births
John Steell

Sir John Steell (1804 - 1891) was a Scottish sculptor born in Aberdeen, but moved to Edinburgh at an early age. A number of the public statues there are by him including the one of the Duke of Wellington outside Register House and that of Sir Walter Scott at the Scott Monument.

1804 births
1891 deaths
British artists
People from Aberdeen
Knights Bachelor
Alexander Auldjo

Alexander Auldjo (October 21, 1758 – May 21, 1821) was a businessman and political figure in Lower Canada.

Auldjo was born in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1758. He came to Montreal around 1778. He became a fur trader. Later he exported wheat and imported goods from England. In 1796, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for Montreal West. He also became a Justice of the Peace. Auldjo was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel during the War of 1812. In 1817, he became a shareholder in the Bank of Montreal. His brother George was Lord Provost of Aberdeen.

1758 births
1821 deaths
People from Aberdeen
Neuromancer

Neuromancer is a science fiction novel by William Gibson. It was published in 1984. It is an important book that started the cyberpunk genre. It was Gibson's first novel and the beginning of the Sprawl trilogy. Neuromancer was the first novel to win all three of the important awards in science fiction — the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award, and the Hugo Award.

Publication
Terry Carr asked Gibson to write the book for the third series of Ace Science Fiction Specials. This was a series for authors' first novels.

Other websites
 Neuromancer at the William Gibson Aleph, featuring cover art and adaptations
 Neuromancer at Worlds Without End
 
 Study Guide for William Gibson: Neuromancer (1984)  by Paul Brians of Washington State University
 Gibson on the influence of Blade Runner
 Neuromancer, reviewed by Ted Gioia (Conceptual Fiction)

1984 books
Science fiction books
Hugo Award winning books
American novels
English-language novels
Fantasy books
Nebula Awards
The Giver

The Giver is a novel by Lois Lowry. It is science fiction. Bantam Books published the book in 1993. It won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American literature for children in 1994. The Giver has sold more than 5 million copies.

People have been complaining that the novel "The Giver" is unsuitable for children, simply because it is too dark. This is why the book has been often challenged.

The Giver is the first book in a quartet. Gathering Blue, Messenger, and Son are the books. 

1993 books
Children's books
Science fiction books
Newbery Medal winning books
Alex Rafael da Silva Antônio

Alex Rafael da Silva Antônio (born  1 January 1988 in São Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian footballer. He plays for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga as striker.

Career
He started playing football in the youth teams of Corinthians São Paulo. In 2007, he went on to the local rival  Palmeiras. After the foundation of Red Bull Brasil, he played with this team and was promoted two times till they played in the Série A2, the second league in the province of São Paulo. In 2010, he played in the final of the Copa Paulista.

In 2011, he and his team mate Jefferson were invited to practice with FC Red Bull Salzburg in Austria. He played in test matches versus Bayer Leverkusen and Olympique Lyonnais. He could convince the coaches and so he signed with FC Red Bull Salzburg in Austrias Bundesliga.

Honours
 1x Champion Campeonato Paulista Série B (4th league): 2009
 1x Champion Campeonato Paulista Série A3 (3rd  league): 2010
 1x final Copa Paulista: 2010

Brazilian footballers
1988 births
Living people
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Corroboree frog

There are two species of corroboree frog:
 Southern corroboree frog, Pseudophryne corroboree
 Northern corroboree frog, Pseudophryne pengilleyi

en:Corroboree frog
Northern corroboree frog

The northern corroboree frog is one of two species of corroboree frog (Pseudophryne pengilleyi). The other is the southern corroboree frog.

The two frogs were believed to be the same. But in 1996 they were recognised as two different species. The northern corroboree frog is a very small black frog with either light green or yellow stripes. Unlike the southern species, these stripes are sometimes broken.

It lives in the subalpine areas of south eastern Australia, an area of about  including the Kosciusko National Park, Namadgi National Park, the Brindabella Mountains and the Fiery Ranges. 

The northern corroboree frog has not suffered as badly as the southern as it has a much larger habitat. It lives above above sea level and with higher population numbers at the lower level. It has recently been downgraded from critical to an endangered species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

References

Frogs
Galaxy Science Fiction

Galaxy Science Fiction was an American science fiction magazine. It was published from 1950 to 1980.

Editors and authors
H. L. Gold was the first editor. He made Galaxy the leading science fiction magazine of its time. He published stories about social issues, not just technology. Gold published many well-known and important stories, including: Robert A. Heinlein's The Puppet Masters and Alfred Bester's The Demolished Man. He also published Ray Bradbury's "The Fireman", which later became the novel Fahrenheit 451.

By the late 1950s, Frederik Pohl was helping Gold with the magazine. When Gold became ill, Pohl became editor. He started officially at the end of 1961, but had been doing most of the editing for a while. Galaxy continued to be successful. Pohl often published fiction by important writers such as Cordwainer Smith, Jack Vance, Harlan Ellison, and Robert Silverberg. However, Pohl never won the annual Hugo Award for his work at Galaxy. He did win three Hugos for another magazine, If.  In 1969, Galaxy was sold to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation (UPD) and Pohl quit. Later editors included  Ejler Jakobsson and James Baen.

American magazines
Science fiction
George Medal

The George Medal (GM) is the second highest civil award of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth. It ranks below the George Cross. It is only awarded for non-combat acts of bravery.

The GM was created on 24 September 1940 by King George VI.  At this time, during the height of The Blitz, there was a desire to reward acts of civilian courage. It was decided that the George Cross and the GM would recognise civilian bravery in the face of enemy action and brave deeds more widely.

Announcing the new award, the King said: 
"In order that they should be worthily and promptly recognised, I have decided to create, at once, a new mark of honour for men and women in all walks of civilian life. I propose to give my name to this new distinction, which will consist of the George Cross, which will rank next to the Victoria Cross, and the George Medal for wider distribution".

The Warrant for the GM was published in the London Gazette on 31 January 1941. The medal is granted in recognition of "acts of great bravery". The GM was originally not issued posthumously, but the warrant was amended in 1977 to allow posthumous awards, several of which have been subsequently made.

The medal is primarily a civilian award, but it may be awarded to military personnel for gallant conduct that is not in the face of the enemy. As the Warrant states:

"The Medal is intended primarily for civilians and award in Our military services is to be confined to actions for which purely military Honours are not normally granted".

Bars are awarded to the GM in recognition of the performance of further acts of bravery meriting the award. In undress uniform or on occasions when the medal ribbon alone is worn, a silver rosette is worn on the ribbon to indicate each bar.  Recipients are entitled to the postnominal letters GM.

The details of all awards to British and Commonwealth recipients are published in the London Gazette.

Related pages 
 Victoria Cross
 George Cross
 Elizabeth Cross

References 

Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom
George Cross

The George Cross (GC) is the highest civil decoration of the United Kingdom, and many other countries of the Commonwealth of Nations. The GC is the civilian counterpart of the Victoria Cross (VC). It is the highest gallantry award for civilians. Also, it may be awarded to military personnel in actions not in the face of the enemy or for which purely military honours would not normally be granted.

Living holders of the George Cross
The list of living holders of the George Cross is small.
 This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 John Bamford, GC
 James Beaton, GC, CVO
 Arthur Butson, GC
 Matt Croucher, GC
 Christopher Finney, GC
 Henry Flintoff, GC
 Anthony Gledhill, GC
 John Gregson, GC
 Kim Hughes, GC
 Barry Johnson, GC
 Derek Kinne, GC
 Alfred Lowe, GC
 Peter Norton, GC
 Michael Pratt, GC
 Margaret Purves, GC
 Awang Anak Raweng, GC
 Samuel Shephard, GC
 Henry Stevens, GC
 Carl Walker, GC
 Ernie Wooding, GC

Related pages 
 Victoria Cross
 George Medal
 Elizabeth Cross
Flag of Malta

References 
4. George Cross Encyclopaedia, by Marion Hebblethwaite, comprehensive illustrated bibliographies of all recipients, 2021
Land Rover

Land Rover is a brand of the British Jaguar Land Rover company. The brand is used on cars (SUV's). Land Rover vehicles are supplied to the British Army. The original Land Rover car dates back to 1948, and was designed by Maurice Wilks.

As of 2021, the Land Rover brand is used on seven ranges of vehicle: the Defender, Discovery, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque, Range Rover Sport, Range Rover, and Range Rover Velar.

Other websites

British automobile companies
Croix de Guerre

The Croix de guerre (English translation: Cross of War) is a military medal of both France and Belgium.

It was first created in 1915 in both countries. It consists of a square-cross medal on two crossed swords, hanging from a ribbon with various degree pins. The decoration was awarded during World War I, again in World War II, and in other conflicts. The Croix de guerre was also often awarded to foreign military forces allied to France and Belgium.

The Croix de guerre may be given to a unit or to individuals who for acts of heroism involving combat with enemy forces. The medal is also awarded to those who have been "mentioned in despatches". This means a heroic deed was performed meriting a citation from an individual's headquarters unit. The unit award of the Croix de guerre was issued to military commanders who performed heroic deeds in combat and were subsequently recognized by headquarters.

Orders, decorations, and medals of France
QWOP

QWOP is a Flash game created by Bennett Foddy and released on the Internet in 2008 to his website called "Foddy.net". Players play as an athlete named "Qwop", who is participating in a 100-meter sprint event at the Olympic Games. Using only the Q, W, O and P keys, players must control the movement of the legs to make the character move forward. When the player has successfully reached 50 meters they must jump a hurdle, and at 100 meters the player is encouraged to perform a long jump, although simply passing the finish line is sufficient to complete the game. 

The game has been criticized for being too hard to get good at. In early December 2010, the game had a viral popularity outbreak after video blogger Ray William Johnson reviewed a YouTube video that annotates the game, becoming the subject of an Internet meme. Despite this, the game helped Foddy’s site reach 30 million views. After the success of the game, Foddy created another flash game called "GIRP", which was released on his site in 2011.

References

Other websites 
 QWOP website
 GIRP website

Online games
Aga Khan IV

His Highness Karīm al-Ḥussayni Shah, Aga Khan IV KBE (born 13 December 1936) is the 49th and current Imam of the Shia  Ismaili Muslims.

He has held this position under the title of Aga Khan since 11 July 1957, when, at the age of 20, he succeeded his grandfather, Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah Aga Khan. He is responsible for the interpretation of the faith for his followers and helps to improve the quality of their lives and communities.

Unlike his grandfather, the present Aga Khan's higher education was in the United States at Harvard University. His children have also been educated in the U.S.

Since he became imam, the Aga Khan has followed the political and economic changes which have affected his followers. These events included the independence of African countries from colonial rule, the expulsion of Asians from Uganda, the independence of Central Asian countries such as Tajikistan from the former Soviet Union and the continuous turmoil in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The Aga Khan is interested in the elimination of global poverty; the advancement of women; the promotion of Islamic culture, art, and architecture; and promoting pluralistic values in society. He is the founder and chairman of the Aga Khan Development Network, one of the largest private development networks in the world. This works for the environment, health, education, architecture, culture, microfinance, rural development, and disaster reduction. Goals include promotion of private-sector enterprise and the revitalisation of historic cities.

During his visit to India in 1983, the Aga Khan said,

The Aga Khan has been married twice, and has four children. His main residence is a vast walled compound and chateau, the Aiglemont estate near Chantilly, France. His Highness has many awards. Especially notable are the Nishan-e-Pakistan, Pakistan's highest civil award (1983), and the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. The Aga Khan is the first Muslim to receive this honour (1977).

References 

1936 births
Living people
British businesspeople
British Muslims
Harvard University alumni
Quran reciters
Imams
Jesse Jackson

Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr. (born October 8, 1941) is an American church minister, activist and politician. Jackson was born Jesse Louis Burns, in Greenville, South Carolina. His mother, Helen Burns, was 16 years old at the time he was born. She never married his father, Noah Louis Robinson. When Jackson was two, his mother married Charles Jackson. Jesse was raised by his grandmother Matilda until he was 13. In 1957, he returned home when his step-father adopted him.

Early life and civil rights
After he graduated from high school, Jackson had an offer to play professional baseball from the Chicago White Sox. He also received a scholarship to play college football at the University of Illinois, which he accepted. He later transferred to North Carolina A&T. He was one of Martin Luther King Jr.'s main organizers in Chicago for the Southern Christian Leadership Conferences.  After King was shot, Jackson formed several civil rights organizations of his own. Two of these were Operation PUSH and the Rainbow Coalition. Jackson was also active in civil rights movements outside the United States. He also served as a Baptist minister.

Presidential runs
Jackson ran for President in 1984 and 1988, coming in second in the 1988 Democratic party.  Both times, he ran on a very liberal platform that wanted people of all races to co-operate, as well as more emphasis on education, urban issues and infrastructure.  He wanted to be chosen as the Democrat's Vice-Presidential nominee, but Lloyd Bentsen was chosen instead.  From 1991 to 1997, he was a shadow senator from the District of Columbia. People thought Jackson might run against Bill Clinton in the 1996 primaries, but he did not. 

In 2016, during the 2016 United States presidential election he endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton. In 2020, during the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he endorsed Bernie Sanders to be the democratic nominee.

Controversy
He is known for saying some things that are controversial. Some things he said were offensive to Jews.  He also said that Barack Obama was "acting like he's white" and "talking down to black people."

Personal life
Jackson's eldest son, Jesse Jackson Jr., is a former congressman from Illinois.

In November 2017, Jackson was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.

In August 2021, Jackson and his wife were hospitalized at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago, with COVID-19.

References

1941 births
Living people
African American politicians
American adoptees
American Baptists
American civil rights activists
Christian ministers
People with Parkinson's disease
People from Greenville, South Carolina
Politicians from Chicago
Politicians from South Carolina
HuffPost writers and columnists
1984 United States presidential candidates
1988 United States presidential candidates
United States Shadow senators from District of Columbia
US Democratic Party politicians
Structured program theorem

The structured program theorem is a theorem in programming and computer science. A computer program can be split into pieces of code that do a certain task. According to the structured program theorem, these smaller tasks can be combined in only three ways to get any larger task done.

A program gets a large task done by splitting it into many smaller tasks that the computer can do easily. These smaller tasks are called subprograms in computer science. According to the structured program theorem, the three ways subprograms can be combined are:
 In sequence. Executing (running) one subprogram, and then executing another subprogram.
 By selection. Executing a subprogram based on a certain condition.
 In repetition. Executing the same subprogram over and over again.
The theorem was first published in 1966 by Corrado Böhm and Guiseppe Jacopini. It comes from the 1946 description of the von Neumann architecture and the normal form theorem developed by Stephen Kleene.

Computer programming
Theoretical computer science
Mathematical theorems
Lower Triassic

The Lower Triassic is the first of three epochs of the Triassic period. It lasted from about 252.2 million years ago (mya) to ~247.2 mya. The Lower Triassic is the oldest epoch of the Mesozoic era. These rocks were laid down just after the great Permian–Triassic extinction event.

The Lower Triassic was called the Scythian stage, which can be found in older literature. In Europe, most of the Lower Triassic is composed of sandstone.  It is a lithostratigraphic unit of continental red beds.  They were formed on land under desert conditions.

Fauna 
 

The massive extinctions that ended the Paleozoic era caused extreme hardship for the surviving species. Many types of corals, brachiopods, molluscs, echinoderms, and other invertebrates had completely disappeared. The most common hard-shelled marine invertebrates were bivalves, gastropods, ammonites, echinoids, and a few articulate brachiopods. The most common land animal was the herbivorous synapsid Lystrosaurus. 

The earliest Triassic faunas lacked biodiversity and were like that throughout the epoch. Recovery on land took 30 million years. 

The first ichthyosaurs evolved in this epoch.

The climate during the Lower Triassic (especially in the interior of the supercontinent Pangaea) was generally dry. Deserts were widespread. The poles had a temperate climate. The relatively hot climate of the epoch may have been caused by widespread volcanic eruptions.

References 

Triassic
Middle Triassic

The Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period. It lasted from about 247.2 million years ago (mya) to ~237 mya.

Once the middle series in the Triassic was known as the Muschelkalk. This name is now only used for a unit of rock strata of Middle Triassic age, found in western Europe.

Fauna 
Archosaurs were initially rarer than the therapsids which had dominated Permian terrestrial ecosystems, but they began to displace therapsids in the Middle Triassic. This 'Triassic takeover' may have contributed to the evolution of mammals. It forced the surviving therapsids and their mammalian successors to live as small, mainly nocturnal insectivores. Nocturnal life probably forced the proto-mammals to develop fur and higher metabolic rates. In their burrows, keeping warm, looking after the young and feeding them with milk were keys to their later success.

The ancestors of crocodiles, and the ancestors of pterosaurs and dinosaurs, were the most important archosaurs of this epoch.

In the Tethys Ocean, the first sauropterygia were present, the nothosaurs and early plesiosaurs. Ichthyosaurs had arrived in the Lower Triassic.

References 

Triassic
Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi

Shahāb al-Dīn Yahya ibn Habash as-Suhrawardī (, also known as Sohrevardi) was a 12th-century Persian poet, philosopher and Sufi. He was the founder of the Illuminationist philosophy or "Oriental Theosophy", or the Suhrawardi Order of Sufism. He is sometimes also called Sheikh al Maqtul (The Murdered Master/Sage) as he was executed for his beliefs and practices by orthodox Islamic authorities.

References

1155 births
1191 deaths
Asian Sufis
Muslims
Religious leaders
Philosophers
Adduction

Adduction is a form of movement in animal biology which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the sagittal plane of the body. The opposite of adduction is abduction.

Muscles of adduction

Upper limb
 of arm at shoulder (lowering arm)
 Subscapularis
 Teres major
 Pectoralis major
 Infraspinatus
 Triceps brachii (caput longum)
 Latissimus dorsi
 Coracobrachialis

 of hand at wrist
 Flexor carpi ulnaris
 Extensor carpi ulnaris

 of fingers
 Palmar interossei

 of thumb
 Adductor pollicis

Lower limb
 of thigh at hip
 medial compartment of thigh/adductor muscles of the hip
 Adductor longus
 Adductor brevis
 Adductor magnus
 Pectineus
 Gracilis

 of toes (S2-S3)
 Adductor hallucis
 Plantar interossei

Other
 vocal folds
 Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

 eyeball
 Superior rectus muscle
 Inferior rectus muscle
 Medial rectus muscle

Adduction in Scallops
Scallops have a central adductor muscle. It lets them open and close their shells. It is quite large and developed compared to other bivalves because they swim a lot.

References

Anatomy
List of Kurdish poets and authors

The following is a list of people who have contributed to the Kurdish literature.

16th century - 20th century
Malaye Jaziri (Melayê Cizîrî),(1570–1640), Kurdish poet and sufi
Sherefxan Bidlisi (1543–1599), historian and poet, author of Sharafnama.
Faqi Tayran (Feqîyê Teyran), (1590–1660), poet, author of Sheik San'an and Battle of DimDim.
Ali Taramakhi (Elî Teremaxî), (16th century), linguist and writer.
Mustafa Besarani, (1642-1701),Kurdish poet

Ahmad Khani (Ehmedê Xanî), (1651–1707), Kurdish poet and a Muslim scholar, author of Mem û Zîn.
Khana Qubadi (Xana Qubadî), (1700–1759), Kurdish poet, author of  Şîrîn û Xesrew.
Mahmud Bayazidi (1797–1859), Kurdish writer, translator and historian.
Nali (1797–1869), Kurdish poet.
Mastoura Ardalan (1805–1848), Kurdish poet and historiographer.
Mawlawi Tawagozi (1806–1882), Kurdish poet and sufi.
Haji Qadir Koyi (1817–1897), Kurdish poet.
Mahwi (1830–1906), Kurdish poet and sufi.
Sheikh Rezza Talabani (1835–1910), Kurdish, Iraq.
Wafaei (1844–1902), Kurdish poet, Iran.

Edeb (1860–1918), Kurdish poet, Iran
Piramerd (1867–1950), Kurdish poet, writer, novelist and journalist, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Muhamed Amin Zaki (1880–1948), writer, historian and politician, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Taufiq Wahby (1891–1984), writer and linguist, Iraq.
Celadet Bedir Khan (Celadet Alî Bedirxan), (1893–1951), linguist, journalist and politician, founder of the Latin-based Kurdish alphabet.
Nuri Barzinji (1896–1958), poet, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Arab Shamilov (Erebê Şemo) (1897–1978), Kurdish writer and novelist, Armenia.
Rafiq Hilmi (1898–1960), Kurdish writer, literary analyst and politician, Iraq.
Cigerxwîn (Cegerxwîn), (1903–1984), Kurdish poet and writer, Turkey/Syria.
Abdulla Goran (1904–1962), Kurdish poet.

Osman Sabri (1905–1993), Kurdish poet, writer and journalist, Turkey/Syria.
Emînê Evdal (1906–1964), Kurdish writer and linguist, Armenia.
Alaaddin Sajadi (1907–1984), Kurdish writer, poet and academic, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Hecîyê Cindî (1908–1990), Kurdish writer, linguist and researcher, Armenia.
Qanate Kurdo (1909–1985), Kurdish writer, linguist and academic, Russia.
Qedrîcan (1911–1972), Kurdish poet and writer, Turkey/Syria.
Ibrahim Ahmad (1914–2000), Kurdish writer, novelist and translator, Iraqi Kurdistan/England.
Dildar, (Yonis Reuf), (1917–1948), Kurdish poet, Iraq
Hejar (Abdurrahman Sharafkandi), (1920–1990), Kurdish poet, writer, translator and linguist, Iran.
Hemin Mukriyani (Hêmin Mukriyanî), (1921–1986), Kurdish journalist and poet, Iran.
Ahmad Hardi (1922–2006), Kurdish poet, Iraqi Kurdistan/UK.
Karim Hisami (1926–2001), Kurdish writer, Iran/Iraq/Sweden.
Muhamad Salih Dilan (1927–1990), One of the founders of modern Kurdish poetry.
Shamil Asgarov (1928–2005), poet, researcher on the history and culture of the Kurds in Azerbaijan, translator.
Mahmud Baksi (1944–2001), Kurdish writer and journalist, Sweden.

Kurds
Lists of poets
2011–12 FC Barcelona season

The 2011–12 season is Futbol Club Barcelona's 118th in the Spanish league.

Barcelona signing a £125m deal with the Qatar Foundation.

Pre-season

Transfers

In

Out

Released

New deal

Squad

Supercopa de España

La Liga

Champions League

 FC Barcelona advanced to the Round of 16.

References 

Football seasons
2011 in association football
2012 in association football
2011 in Europe
2012 in Europe
2010s in Barcelona
Strength Through Joy

Strength Through Joy was a large state controlled program of rest and play in Nazi Germany. It made the tourism industry richer after a long time of no tourists. Many cruise ships were created specifically for this program, such as the MV Wilhelm Gustloff. Strength Through Joy was paused during the Second World War, and never restarted.

Nazi Germany