cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Chechen Wikipedia

The Chechen Wikipedia — () is the Chechen language edition of Wikipedia.

The Chechen Wikipedia was created on 28 February 2005. Activity was very low, changes mainly were made by bots. There was discontent with the situation. But after discussion in December 2006, a decision was made to keep the Chechen Wikipedia.

On 16 February 2013, there were 1604 articles. After changing administrators team work activated. On 6 June 2013, there were 2200 articles.

Notable events 
2013
 28 April - 2 000 articles
 16 June - 2 500 articles
 6 July - 3 000 articles
 14 July - 10 000 pages
 27 July - 100 000 edits
 4 August - 3 333 articles

Other websites 
 Спасем Википедию на чеченском! (Save the Chechen Wikipedia!) 
 List of Wikipedias by sample of articles

Wikipedias
Kristen

Kristen (also Kristin) is a female given name, though some males are given the name. Kristen is the Scandinavian form of the name Christine. This name is the feminine version for Christian. People with the name include Kristen Wiig, Kristen Bell and Kristen Johnston.

Given names
Eva

Eva is a female given name. It is the Latin form of the English name Eve. The name Eve comes from a Hebrew name, meaning "life" or "the living one". In the 1990 United States Census, the name Eva was very popular. Its popularity peaked one year earlier at #31. In 2006, the name ranked at #124. Eva is more common across England and Wales. Notable people with the name include Eva Gabor, Eva Marie Saint and Eva Longoria.

Given names
Jeanne

The name Jeanne is a female given name which is from French. The name is the equivalent for Joan and Jane. There are many celebrities with the name, including Jeanne Cooper, Jeanne Moreau and Jeanne Calment.

Jeanne was used for three hurricanes in the Atlantic. Hurricane Jeanne in September 2004 killed over three thousand people in the Caribbean Islands and caused heavy damage in eastern Florida. The name Jeanne was then retired and replaced with Julia.

Given names
Anglo-Norman

The Anglo-Normans were mainly the sons, grandsons, etc. of the Normans living in England. Most of the Normans came to England at the time of the Norman conquest in 1066.   A few Normans had settled in England prior to the conquest. After the conquest the Normans, although few in number, controlled most of England. They often married English wives and their children became Anglo-Norman as a result of being of two cultures.       

It was during the reign of Henry I of England the term Anglo-Norman was first used in the Hyde Chronicle. The term Anglo-Norman kingdom is first applied to the reign of William the Conqueror. He was the first to bring both England and Normandy under one ruler.

References

Normandy
 
History of England
Chechen language

The Chechen language is spoken by more than 1,3 million people. It is spoken mostly in Chechnya and by Chechen people in other places. It is one of the Northeast Caucasian languages.

Other websites

Indigenous Language of the Caucasus (Chechen), grammatical sketch of Chechen language
The Cyrillic and Latin Chechen alphabets
The Chechen language | Noxchiin mott Wealth of linguistic information.
Rferl North Caucasus Radio (also includes Avar and Adyghe)
Chechen Language course including audio  with Russian explanations
Russian-Chechen On-Line Dictionary 
Chechen basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
Chechen Cyrillic - Latin converter

Languages of Russia
Chechnya
House of Normandy

The House of Normandy is the usual name for the family that were the Dukes of Normandy and Kings of England. they were in power from shortly after the Norman conquest of England and lasted until the House of Plantagenet came to power in 1154. It began with Rollo and his descendants, and from William the Conqueror and his heirs down through 1135. Two of William's grandchildren, Matilda and Stephen of the House of Blois argued over the throne ending the dynasty.

The Norman dukes were:
Rollo, 911–927
William I, 927–942
Richard I, 942–996
Richard II, 996–1027
Richard III, 1027
Robert I, 1027–1035
William II, 1035–1066 (became King of England)
The Norman monarchs of England and Normandy were:
William I & II, 1066–1087
William II, 1087–1100 (not Duke of Normandy)
Robert II, 1087–1106 (not King of England)
Henry I, 1100–1135; 1106–1135
Matilda of England, 1141–1141 (never crowned)

Anglo-Normans
Bonaventure

Saint Bonaventure (1221–1274) was a scholastic theologian and a cardinal. He is one of the Doctors of the Church, and is remembered by Catholics on 15 July.

Other websites
Bonaventure at Catholic encyclopaedia

Christian saints
1221 births
1274 deaths
Game Revolution

Game Revolution (formerly Game-Revolution) or GR is a gaming website. It was created in 1996. The website was founded in Berkeley, California. The website includes reviews, previews, a gaming download area, cheats, a merchandise store, webcomics, screenshots, and videos. As of 2013, it is one of the oldest video game review and news site on the Internet.

References

Other websites 
 Game Revolution
 CraveOnline

Internet culture
1996 establishments in California
Companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
GameRankings

GameRankings was a gaming review website. The website received reviews from other publications and gave an average rating. It had over 315,000 articles relating to more than 14,500 video games.

GameRankings was owned by CBS Interactive. Similar websites include GameStats, Metacritic, MobyGames, and TopTenReviews.

Shutdown 
In late 2019, GameRankings was shutting down, with every link being moved to Metacritic.

References

Other websites
GameRankings
"High Scores Matter To Game Makers, Too", The Wall Street Journal, September 20, 2007.

1999 establishments
Internet culture
Sandra

The name Sandra is a female given name, which is often used for short form of Alexandra or Cassandra. This name is a form of the masculine name Alexander, which from Greek means "protector of man". Many celebrities are named Sandra, including Sandra Dee, Sandra Bernhard and Sandra Bullock. This name was also used for tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific region.

Given names
Sandy

The name Sandy is a given name. It can be used for both men and women. It is a short form of the names Alexander, Cassandra or Sandra. This name is used more for females than for males. Notable people by the name include baseball player Sandy Koufax, professional golfer Sandy Lyle, and actresses Sandy Duncan and Sandy Dennis. This name was also used for the fictional dog belonging to Annie in Little Orphan Annie.

In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy struck the Northeastern United States. The name Sandy was later retired and replaced by Sara.

Given names
Elena

The name Elena is a female given name. It is a variation of Helen, which dates to the 12th century. Elena was among the most popular female names given to girls in Russia in 2004, and third most popular in North Macedonia in 2006. Notable people who have the name include Elena Kagan, a politician in the United States.

Hurricane Elena went across the Gulf Coast of the United States in late August/early September 1985. The name Elena was then retired and replaced by Erika.

Given names
Dick Figures

Dick Figures is an American adult comedy series created and written by Ed Skudder and Zack Keller. Episodes are shown on YouTube. The series is about two best friends named Red and Blue. They are stick figures. The series is rated MA. The first episode, "A Bee or Something", was shown on November 18, 2010. Episodes were uploaded every second week with ten episodes per season. There is currently, however, a big delay with season five as it is planned to be shown after the movie is released sometime in 2013.

Cast
 Ed Skudder as Red, Raccoon, Mr. Dingleberry
 Zack Keller as Blue, Jason (Trollz0r)
 Ben Tuller as Lord Tourettes
 Shea Logsden as Pink
 Mike Nassar as Broseph
 Lauren Kay Sokolov as Stacy

Season 1 (2010-2011)

Season 2 (2011)

Season 3 (2011-2012)

Season 4 (2012)

References

Internet
Animated television series
Lists of television series episodes
Christina

Christina (or Cristina) is a female given name. It comes from the Greek language. The name has been used for many saints. Celebrities with the name include Christina Aguilera, Christina Hendricks, Christina Ricci, Christina Applegate and Christina Milian.

As Cristina, the name has been used for tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Region.

People
 Saint Christina of Persia, 6th century (feast day: March 13)
 Saint Christina of Bolsena (Christina of Tyre, Christina the Great Martyr) (feast day: July 24)
 Saint Christina the Astonishing (1150 – 1224) (feast day: July 24)
 Christina of Denmark (1521 – 1590), Danish princess
 Princess Christina of the Netherlands, Dutch princess
 Christina of Sweden, Queen regnant 1632
 Christina Applegate (born 1971), American actress
 Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden, Swedish princess, died 1122
 Christina Gyllenstierna (1494–1559), Swedish national heroine
 Cristina Kirchner (born 1953), President of Argentina (2007- )
 Christina Rossetti (1830–1894), English poet

Given names
Light-second

A light-second is a unit of length equal to the distance light in empty space travels in one second, and is exactly 299,792,458 meters.

The light-second is used in telecommunications, astronomy, and physics. In telecommunications, it measures how much time it must take to send a signal a certain distance.

References

Units of length
Light
Mélanie Laurent

Mélanie Laurent (born 21 February 1983), is a French actress, Director and singer.

She was born in Paris, Île-de-France, France. Her father a voiceover actor, and her mother a ballerina. She grew up in the 9th arrondissement of Paris.

She made her acting debut at the age 16. In 2006, she has starred in French drama film I'm Fine, Don't Worry (Je vais bien, ne t'en fais pas), for which she won a César Award for Most Promising Actress. In 2009, she was cast for her role as Shosanna Dreyfus in the Quentin Tarantino film Inglourious Basterds. Laurent singing career began in 2011 and she released her debut studio album, titled En t'attendant.

Filmography 
 1999: Un pont entre deuxx rives
 2001: Ceci est mon corps
 2002: Embrassez qui vous voudrez
 2003: Snowboarder
 2004: Rice Rhapsody
 2004: Le Dernier jour
 2004: Une vie à t'attendre
 2005: De battre mon cœur s'est arrêté
 2006: Dikkenek
 2006: Je vais bien, ne t'en fais pas
 2006: Indigènes
 2007: La Chambre des morts
 2007: Le Tueur
 2008: Paris
 2009: Jusqu'à toi
 2009: L'Amour caché
 2009: Inglourious Basterds
 2009: Le Concert
 2010: La Rafle
 2010: Beginners
 2011: Un requiem pour une tueuse
 2011: Et soudain, tout le monde me manque
 2013: Insaisissables
 2013: An Enemy
 2013: Night Train to Lisbon

Discography 
 2 May 2011: En t'attendant

References

Other websites 

 

French actors
1983 births
Living people
People from Paris
Daniel Adair

Daniel Patrick Adair (born February 19, 1975) is a Canadian musician and producer. He is the current drummer of the Canadian rock band Nickelback. He also played for the American rock band 3 Doors Down.

Career
Adair originally auditioned for David Martone, a guitarist that wanted to start a instrumental fusion band. They shortened the name of the band to Martone and they recorded their first album in 1999.

In the summer of 2002, he auditioned for the band 3 Doors Down and played as their touring and studio drummer. He recorded their third studio album Seventeen Days and live album Another 700 Miles.

He left the band in January 2005 and joined Nickelback. He recorded their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons, their sixth studio album, Dark Horse and their seventh studio album, Here and Now.

He also recorded drum tracks for James Hart's band Burn Halo.

References

Other websites
Official website

1975 births
Living people
Canadian drummers
Canadian rock musicians
Heavy metal musicians
Musicians from Vancouver
George Brettingham Sowerby I

George Brettingham Sowerby I (12 August 1788 – 26 July 1854) was a British naturalist, illustrator, and conchologist (expert on shells).

He was the second son of James Sowerby. With his brother James De Carle Sowerby he continued his father's work on fossil shells. They published the last parts of the Mineral Conchology of Great Britain.

Sowerby published about 50 papers on molluscs and started several comprehensive, illustrated books on the subject, the most important the Thesaurus Conchyliorum, a work that was continued by his son, George Brettingham Sowerby II and his grandson George Brettingham Sowerby III.

Works 
Partial list
 A Conchological Manual (1839)
 Thesaurus Conchyliorum
 Illustrated Index of British Shells (1859)

Related pages 
Sowerby family

1788 births
1854 deaths
British zoologists
Sowerby family
English naturalists
British illustrators
Slaviša Stojanovič

Slaviša Stojanović (born 6 December 1969) is a former Slovenian footballer and manager. He is currently managing Red Star Belgrade in the Serbian SuperLiga. Stojanović has won the Slovenian PrvaLiga twice with Domžale.

References

Slovenian footballers
Slovenian football managers
1969 births
Living people
Nodiko Tatishvili

Nodiko "Nodar" Tatishvili (; born 5 November 1986) is a Georgian singer. He performed with Sopho Gelovani for Georgia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmo, Sweden.

References

1986 births
Living people
Georgian people
Singers
Coral snake

The coral snakes are a large group of elapid snakes. There are two main groups of coral snakes. These groups are Old World coral snakes and New World coral snakes. 

There are 11 species of Old World coral snake in one genus (Calliophis)
There are over 65 recognized species of New World coral snakes in three genera (Leptomicrurus, Micruroides, and Micrurus).

Coral snakes have notable red, yellow/white, and black colored banding. Most species of coral snake are small. North American species average around  in length, but specimens of up to  or slightly larger have been reported. Coral snakes that live in water have flat tails. These tails act like a fin to help the snake swim.

Like all elapid snakes, coral snakes have a pair of small fangs to deliver their venom (some coral snakes are rear fanged).  These fangs, which are enlarged and hollow, deliver their venom to their prey species. Coral snakes mostly eat smaller snakes, lizards, frogs, and nestling birds and rodents, etc. The venom takes time to take full effect.

Coral snakes often hold on to a victim when biting, unlike vipers. Vipers have retractable fangs and tend to prefer to strike and let go immediately. Coral snakes are not aggressive or prone to biting. They account for less than one percent of the number of snake bites each year in the United States.

Coral snakes in the U.S.A. 
New World coral snakes live in the southern range of many temperate U.S. states. They are found in the southern coastal plain from North Carolina to Louisiana, including all of Florida. 

There is debate about whether the Texas coral snake is a separate species. Its habitat, in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas, is separated from the eastern habitat by the Mississippi River. The coral snake population is most dense in the southeast United States, but coral snakes have been spotted as far north as Kentucky.

The Arizona coral snake, which is a separate genus, is found in central and southern Arizona, extreme southwestern New Mexico and southward to Sinaloa in western Mexico. It lives in dry regions in  thornscrub, desert-scrub, woodland, grassland and farmland. It is found in the plains and lower mountain slopes from sea level to 5800 feet (1768 m); often in rocky areas.

References 

Elapidae
Charlotte

Charlotte is a female given name of French origin. It is a female version of Charles. The name indicates "strong and virile". There are many famous people having the name, including Charlotte Church, Charlotte Gainsbourg and Charlotte Arnold. The most famous fictional character with the name is the spider in Charlotte's Web.

People
 Charlotte Brontë, English author
 Charlotte Church, musician
 Charlotte Lennox, English author and poet
 Charlotte Lewis, English actress
 Charlotte Schreiber, Canadian artist and illustrator
 Charlotte Scott, British mathematician
 Charlotte Turner Smith, English poet and novelist

Places

United States
 Charlotte County, Florida
 Charlotte, Iowa
 Charlotte, Maine
 Charlotte, Michigan
 Charlotte, New Jersey
 Charlotte, New York, a town in Chautauqua County
 Charlotte, Rochester, New York, a neighborhood
 Charlotte, North Carolina
 Charlotte, Tennessee, location of a meteorite fall in 1835
 Charlotte, Texas
 Charlotte, Vermont
 Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands
 Charlotte Amalie West, United States Virgin Islands

Canada
 Queen Charlotte, British Columbia
 Charlotte County, New Brunswick
 Queen Charlotte Islands, an archipelago off the northwest coast of British Columbia, Canada
 Queen Charlotte Basin, the continental shelf offshore of the British Columbia mainland
 Queen Charlotte Sound (Canada)

Other places
 Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand

Food
 Charlotte (cake)

Given names
Patricia

Patricia is a female given name of Latin origin. It comes from the Latin word patrician, meaning noble. The male version of this name is Patrick. The name Patricia can be shortened to Patty, Patsy or Trisha. Patricia was the second most popular female name in the United States, according to 1990 Census. There are many celebrities with the name, including Patricia Arquette, Patricia Clarkson and Patricia Heaton. As Patty, the name is being used on Atlantic tropical cyclones. In the Pacific, a hurricane with the name became the most intense on record in the Western Hemisphere.

Given names
First Battle of Bull Run

The First Battle of Bull Run was the first large battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on July 21, 1861. The battle took place near a stream called Bull Run. The battle actually has two names: the First Battle of Bull Run and First Battle of Manassas.

Background
Union general Irvin McDowell was put in command of the Union army in northeastern Virginia. Many people in the North wanted him to attack to Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia. McDowell didn't think his soldiers were ready to fight but Union president Abraham Lincoln wanted him to march south into Virginia anyway.

The Confederates had an army nearby, which was commanded by P.G.T. Beauregard. After McDowell's army started marching towards Beauregard's army, Joseph E. Johnston came to Manassas Junction with his army from the Shenandoah Valley. Johnston was in command of the entire Confederate army and Beauregard was his second-in-command.

The Battle

The battle started early in the morning on July 21st. McDowell started marching part of his army around the left end of the Confederate army. The two armies started shooting at each other about 6 a.m. near Matthews Hill. The Confederates did not expect the Union army to attack but they moved brigades to their left flank.

McDowell made the Confederates leave Matthews Hill about 11 a.m. The Confederates retreated back to another hill called Henry House Hill. On the hill was Thomas J. Jackson's brigade. Another Confederate general was trying to regroup his men. He said, "There stands Jackson standing like a stonewall". After the battle Jackson would be called "Stonewall".

The Union army made many attacks on the Confederate line on Henry House Hill. All of the attacks failed. In the afternoon the Confederates made an attack of their own. This drove the Union army back towards Washington, D.C. The Confederates were too tired to march after the Union army.

Aftermath
The Union army had 2,896 casualties. McDowell was blamed for the Union defeat. He was replaced by George B. McClellan. The Confederates had 1,982 casualties. Even though Johnston was in charge of the Confederate army, Beauregard became famous after the battle.

Notes

References

Other reading 
 Davis, William C. Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1977.
 Gottfried, Bradley M. The Maps of First Bull Run: An Atlas of the First Bull Run (Manassas) Campaign, including the Battle of Ball's Bluff, June – October 1861. New York: Savas Beatie, 2009. .0

Other websites 
 Bull Run Animated Map on Vimeo; YouTube
 1st Battle of Bull Run; Schooltube

Bull Run 1
1861 in the United States
1860s in Virginia
July events
Memory leak

When a program gets executed, it uses memory. In some cases, a poorly-written program may incorrectly manage the memory that has been given to it. As a consequence, the memory that was actually supposed to be reused after the program has finished its job cannot be accessed again. This is known as a memory leak.

One of the most common reasons for memory leaks is the program not giving its memory back after it has finished execution. 

Memory leaks may result in several issues such as degradation of performance and systems being unresponsive.

Software
Stevens–Johnson syndrome

Stevens–Johnson syndrome is a disease of the skin. In most cases, it is caused by an allergic reaction to drugs. This accounts for about half the cases. Lymphoma, and other infections are responsible for most other cases. The disease is characterized by cell death that causes the epidermis to separate from the dermis. Since this is similar to what happens in burn, some of the same methods are used to treat patients.

Symptoms
Dermatology
Minions

Minions is a 2014 American computer-animated comedy movie and a spin-off/prequel to the 2010 animated movie Despicable Me and the 2013 animated movie - and sequel to Despicable Me - Despicable Me 2. It was released on July 11, 2014.

The movie stars Sandra Bullock and Jon Hamm and is narrated by Geoffrey Rush.

Cast 
 Pierre Coffin as the yellow, small Minions, including:
Kevin, The leader of the trio of Minions who set out to find a boss.
Stuart, a musician, and the slacker of the three.
Bob, the youngest and smallest of the group.
 Sandra Bullock as Scarlet Overkill, the world's first female supervillain and Herb's wife.
 Jon Hamm as Herb Overkill, a genius inventor and Scarlet's husband.
 Michael Keaton as Walter Nelson, Madge's thief husband and Tina, Walter Jr. and Binky's father.
 Allison Janney as Madge Nelson, Walter's thief wife and Tina, Walter Jr. and Binky's mother.
 Steve Coogan as the aged, blind Tower Guard.
Coogan also voices Professor Flux, a scientist.
 Jennifer Saunders as Queen Elizabeth II.
 Geoffrey Rush as the narrator.
 Steve Carell as young Gru, the Minions' boss at the end of the movie.
 Katy Mixon as Tina Nelson, Walter and Madge's thief daughter, Walter Jr.'s younger sister and Binky's older brother.
 Michael Beattie as Walter Nelson Jr., Walter and Madge's thief son and Tina and Binky's older brother.
Beattie also voices a VNC Announcer.
 Hiroyuki Sanada as Dumo, a sumo fighter villain.
 Dave Rosenbaum as Fabrice, Scarlet's personal stylist.

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 

2015 comedy movies
2015 animated movies
American comedy movies
American animated movies
Despicable Me
Universal Pictures movies
Prequel movies
Buddy movies
Movies directed by Pierre Coffin
Pierre Coffin

Pierre-Louis Padang Coffin (born November 1, 1967) is a French animator and director. He is best known for directing Despicable Me (2010) and Despicable Me 2 (2013) as well as the spin-off called Minions released in December 2014.

References

Other websites

Coffin's Site

1967 births
Living people
French movie directors
French voice actors
Animators
Benjamin Bratt

Benjamin Bratt (born December 16, 1963 in San Francisco, California) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Rey Curtis on the TV series Law & Order and as Ernesto de la Cruz in the 2017 Oscar-winning Disney-Pixar animated movie Coco. He also appeared in many movies such as The River Wild, Miss Congeniality, Demolition Man, Catwoman, Blood in Blood Out, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, Traffic, La Mission, Despicable Me 2, and Piñero. Bratt voiced Benjamin from the TV show Benjamin Berkins.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Benjamin Bratt profile at NNDB
 Rare 1989–1990 Footage of Benjamin Bratt Behind the Scenes of Dick Wolf's "Nasty Boys" 
 Article "Emmy-Nominated Actor Benjamin Bratt" 
 'The People Speak' - Los Angeles Times

1963 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from San Francisco
Chris Renaud

Chris Renaud (born 1966 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American Academy Award-nominated illustrator and filmmaker. He is known for his works in the Ice Age franchise. Recently he is known for his works in Despicable Me and Despicable Me 2. Renaud is in the works for a Despicable Me spin-off called Minions.

References

Other websites

DC Comics profile
Interviews
2007 interview with animatedviews.com
2012 interview  with boxoffice.com

1966 births
Living people
American movie directors
American movie producers
American voice actors
American animators
Actors from Baltimore
American illustrators
Matt Batts

Matthew Daniel "Matt" Batts (October 16, 1921 – July 14, 2013) was a Major League Baseball catcher. He played from 1947 through 1956 for the Boston Red Sox (1947–1951), St. Louis Browns (1951), Detroit Tigers (1952–1954), Chicago White Sox (1954) and Cincinnati Reds (1955–1956).

Batts was born on October 16, 1921 in San Antonio, Texas. He died on July 14, 2013 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana from natural causes, aged 91.

References

Other websites
Baseball Library 
Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers

1921 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American baseball players
Boston Red Sox players
Baltimore Orioles players
Detroit Tigers players
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players 
Sportspeople from San Antonio, Texas
A Modest Proposal

A Modest Proposal is a famous work of satire by Irish writer Jonathan Swift. It was written in 1729.

Other websites
Text

18th-century books
1729
Amar Bose

Amar Gopal Bose (November 2, 1929  July 12, 2013) was an American academic and entrepreneur. An electrical engineer and sound engineer, he was a  professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for over 45 years.

In 2007 he was listed in Forbes 400 as the 271st richest man in the world, with a net worth of $1.8 billion. In 2009, he was no longer on the billionaire list, and returned to the list in 2011, with a net worth of $1.0 billion.

Bose was born on November 2, 1929 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Bose died on July 12, 2013 in Wayland, Massachusetts, aged 83.

References

Other websites
 Short biography of Amar Gopal Bose 
 Bose at MIT 
 Doctoral Thesis
 Bose Breakthrough: Electromagnetic Auto Suspension
 A History of Bose
 
 Bose Founder Discusses Audio Perfection and Digital Music
  Business India -Interview; July; 2007

1929 births
2013 deaths
American billionaires
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Businesspeople from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Paul Jenkins (actor)

Paul Jenkins (August 2, 1938 – July 1, 2013) was an American actor. He appeared on many television programs such as M*A*S*H, Columbo, Lou Grant, Kojak, The Partridge Family, and in Starsky and Hutch. He is mostly known for his roles as Professor Parks in The Waltons and as Eddie in Dynasty.

Jenkins was born on August 2, 1938 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He retired in 2005. Jenkins died on July 1, 2013, following a brief illness in Los Angeles, California, aged 74.

References

Other websites

1938 births
2013 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Joe Conley

Joseph H. Conley, Jr. (March 3, 1928 – July 7, 2013) was an American actor and writer. He played many small roles on television and is most remembered for his role as the storekeeper Ike Godsey on The Waltons.

Conley was born on March 3, 1928 in Buffalo, New York. He was married to Louise Ann Teechen from 1969 until his death in 2013. They had four children. Conley died from complications of dementia in Newburry Park, California, aged 85.

References

Other websites
 

1928 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from dementia
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Buffalo, New York
Writers from Buffalo, New York
Gwen

The name Gwen is a female given name of Welsh origin. It means "white, holy". The name is often a shortened form of Gwendolyn. Famous people with the name include the singer Gwen Stefani. Fictional people with the name include Gwen Hotchkiss from the soap opera Passions.

Given names
Clarissa

Clarissa is a female given name. It comes from the German name Clarice. Clarice, in turn, comes from the Latin word Clarus, which means "bright, clear or famous". Clarissa also has a Greek origin, meaning "brilliant".

People with the name include Clara Barton, who was born Clarissa Harlowe Barton. A fictional teenage character named Clarissa was played by Melissa Joan Hart in Clarissa Explains It All during the early to mid 1990s.

People
 Clarissa Davis (b. 1967), American coach and Women's Basketball hall-of-famer
 Clarissa Dickson Wright (1947-2014), English celebrity chef
 Clarissa Eden, Countess of Avon (b. 1920)
 Clarissa Pinkola Estés (b. 1945), American poet

Places
 Clarissa, Minnesota, a small city in the United States

Science
 302 Clarissa, an asteroid

Media
 Clarissa (film), a 1941 German film
 Clarissa Explains It All, a U.S. television sitcom
 Clarissa (TV series)'', a British television drama series

Given names
Marcia

The name Marcia is a female given name which comes from Latin. It means "dedicated to Mars". Marcia also means "proud, warlike, martial". It is a feminine form of Marcus.

People who have the name include entertainers Marcia Cross and Marcia Wallace. Fictional people include Marcia Brady from The Brady Bunch.

Given names
Joanna

Joanna is a female given name. Forms in the English language include Joan, Joanne and Jeanne. The earliest recording for the name Joanna is from Gospel of Luke. There are many famous people and celebrities named Joanna, including Joanna Kerns, Joanna Cassidy and Joanna García. There was also a hit song named "Joanna" that was performed by Kool & the Gang in the 1980s.

Given names
Government of Japan

The Government of Japan is a constitutional monarchy, like the United Kingdom. The head of state is the Emperor of Japan, Emperor Naruhito, while most executive power rests with the Prime Minister of Japan, currently (2021) Fumio Kishida, and his Cabinet. The Diet of Japan is the legislative branch or Parliament, made up of two houses. The upper house, the House of Councillors, is the subject of a national election every three years; the last election was in July 2019, when half of the seats for six year terms were voted on.

Other websites
 Japanese Consulate-General in San Francisco- FAQ 
Asahi website on the Upper House election
Physical geography

Physical geography is one of the two major subfields of geography. Physical geography is related to geology, because it is about the processes and patterns in the natural environment. Some of the things this includes are the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and landforms. Physical geography influences what people do. For example, few live in deserts, and many live in cities near a big river.

References
Chuck Comeau

Charles-André "Chuck" Comeau (born September 17, 1979) is a Canadian musician. He is the current drummer of the Canadian pop punk band Simple Plan.

Career
Comeau originally started his musical career with the band Reset which he formed in 1993 with bandmate Pierre Bouvier. He left Reset in 1998 to pursue a degree in law at McGill University.

He reunited with Bouvier at a Sugar Ray concert and after he left school, he formed Simple Plan with Bouvier. Aside from drumming, Comeau writes lyrics for the band. In 2008, he was a judge for the 7th annual Independent Music Awards.

References

Other websites

Canadian drummers
Canadian rock musicians
Living people
Musicians from Montreal
Punk musicians
Rock drummers
1979 births
Multitasking (iOS)

Multitasking is a feature available on iOS that allows multiple applications to run and perform tasks at the same time. It is available in iOS 4 or later.

Multitasking was first released in June 2010 with the release of iOS 4.0.  Only iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 3rd generation were able to use multitasking. The iPad did not get multitasking until iOS 4.2 was released in November 2010. Multitasking is currently supported on iPhone 3GS or newer, iPod Touch 3rd generation or newer, and all iPad models.

Features

Fast app switching
Fast app switching lets apps to pause and resume themselves quickly and easily change to other apps.An app that is on the screen is "running". An app that is not on screen but is still in memory is "suspended". All apps that are built with iOS 4 SDK support fast app switching if running on iOS 4 and a compatible device. Users can use fast app switching by opening the multitasking bar. The multitasking bar can be displayed by double-tapping the home button.

Task completion
Task completion lets apps continue a certain task after the app has been suspended. Apps can ask for up to ten minutes to complete a task in the background in iOS 4.0 or later.

Running in the background
Apps can run in the background by using background APIs. The following are available in iOS 4.0 or later:
 Audio—plays audio
 Location—uses location services
 VOIP—makes VOIP calls
The following two APIs were added in iOS 5.0:
 Newsstand—downloads content for Newsstand
 External accessory—interacts with an external accessory

Related pages
 Multitasking

References

Apple software
Gordon

The name Gordon is a masculine given name in the English language. The name is also a family name in Scotland. People who have the name Gordon include race-car driver Jeff Gordon, and English actress Lucy Gordon. The name has been used on several hurricanes over the Atlantic Basin. In November 1994, Hurricane Gordon moved through Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola and the southeastern United States.

Given names
Surnames
Barnum Museum

The Barnum Museum is a museum in Bridgeport, Connecticut. It collects memorabilia pertaining to 19th century circus showman, P. T. Barnum.

Museums in the United States
Connecticut
Denise

Denise is a female given name. It is a feminine form of the masculine name Dennis. The name Denise means "to be devoted to Bacchus". People with the name include Deniece Williams, Denise Richards, Denise Darcel and Denise Huxtable, a character on The Cosby Show.

Given names
Anglo-Dutch Wars

The Anglo-Dutch Wars ( or ) were a series of wars fought between the Dutch Republic and first the Kingdom of England and then the United Kingdom of Great Britain during the 17th and 18th centuries. The nations fought for control over trade routes on the seas.  All of the wars were mostly fought by naval warfare.

The First War (1652–1654) took place during the Interregnum in England, the period after the Civil War when England did not have a king or queen. The war was fought between the navies of England and the Dutch Republic (also known as the United Provinces). It mainly took place in the English Channel and the North Sea. It ended with the Royal Navy of England gaining control of these seas and a monopoly over trade with the English colonies.

The second (1665–1667) and third (1672–1674) wars happened after the English Restoration of the monarchy. England tried to end the Dutch monopoly over world trade. Most of the fighting in both wars was done in the North Sea. In the Third War, England fought alongside France. Both of these wars ended in strong victories for the Dutch. They confirmed the Dutch Republic's position as the leading maritime power of the 17th century. The English took New Netherland and the Dutch let them keep it in return for Suriname.

The Fourth War (1780–1784) took place after the Acts of Union 1707 in Great Britain, and involved the Dutch Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain. It mainly started because Britain disagreed with the Dutch trading with the United States during the American Revolutionary War. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris (1784). It ended with a very bad defeat for the Dutch. They lost parts of their Dutch Empire.

Related pages
 Glorious Revolution
 History of the Netherlands
 History of England
History of the United Kingdom
 British East India Company
 Dutch East India Company
 Anglo-Manipur War

References

More reading
 D. R. Hainsworth, et al. (1998) The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars 1652-1674
 James Rees Jones (1996) The Anglo-Dutch wars of the seventeenth century
 Angus Konstam and Tony Bryan (2011) Warships of the Anglo-Dutch Wars 1652-74

Other websites
 .
National Maritime Museum , London.
Dutch Admiral Michiel de Ruyters' flagship 'The Seven Provinces'  is being rebuilt in the Dutch town of Lelystad.
 .

17th century in Europe
18th century in Europe
History of the Netherlands
Wars involving the United Kingdom
Wars series
Abigail

Abigail is a feminine given name. The name is from the Hebrew name Avigail, which indicates "father rejoice". The name can be shortened to Abbie or Abby. People with the name include Abigail Breslin, Abigail Adams and Abbie Cornish. The shorthand Abby was used for several Atlantic hurricanes in the 1960s.

People named Abigail
 Abigail Adams (1744–1818), wife of U.S. President John Adams
 Abigail Breslin (born 1996), American actress
 Abbie Cornish (born 1982), Australian actress
 Abigail Fillmore (1798–1853), wife of U.S. President Millard Fillmore
 Abigail and Brittany Hensel, (born 1990), American conjoined twins
 Abigail (born as Abigail Rogan) (born 1946), Australian actress
 Abigail Kubeka (born 1945), South African jazz musician and actress
 Abigail Spears (born 1981), American tennis player

Given names
Tosa Inu

The Tosa Inu () also called the Japanese Mastiff is a breed of dog of Japan.  It was originally bred in Tosa (present day Kōchi) as a fighting dog and still today is a known fighting dog.

Appearance 
The Japanese breed generally weighs between 40 and 60 kg, while the non-Japanese breeders have focused on dogs that weigh from 55 to 95 kg and stand 24.5 to 31 inches (62 to 80 cm) at the withers.
The coat is characterized by its short and smooth appearance and is often red, brindle, or fawn. Occasionally it can be a dull black, but this is somewhat rare. Maintenance of the coat is usually minimal. Dogs should be very muscular and athletic. Tosa is a very resistant to pain and physical exhaustion.

History
This breed originated in the second half of the nineteenth century in Japan. The breed started from the native Shikoku-Inu, an indigenous dog weighing about 25 kilograms (45 pounds) and standing about 55 centimetres high, which closely resembles the European Spitz.  These dogs were crossed with European dog breeds, such as the Old English Bulldog in 1872, Mastiff in 1874, St. Bernard, German Pointer in 1876,  Great Dane in 1924, and the Bull Terrier.  The aim was to breed a larger, more powerful and very fast agile fighting dog. Today it is still used in some countries as a fighting dog, but usually it is kept as a pet where it is ideal companion. In family environment Tosa is patient and very friendly in attitude.

References

Other websites
 Shakuhachi Imperial Tosa-inu 
 Tosa Inu Information Pages
 Wielie Walie Tosa Inu 
 Molosserworld's Tosa Inu Page 
 More Japanese dog breeds
 Greatbreed.com 
 Ostuni, Steve (2003) Japanese Tosa.  Allenhurst: Kennel Club Books. .
 Tosa Inu Information Pages

Dog breeds
Computer data storage

Computer data storage is the name for a number of components of a computer. The main purpose of these components is to store data. The central processing unit is then able to fetch and change the data. In most computers, there is a computer memory hierarchy: Memory that is "closer" to the CPU is usually faster to access, but it is also smaller; data that is stored in this kind of memory usually needs electrical power to keep the data.

Memory that is farther away is usually slower to access, but also bigger.  Classical storage media of this kind of data include hard drives and USB flash drives.  Some media offer even more capacity, but accessing them is very slow. Examples for such media are tape drives. Modern CPUs have registers that can store data, they also often have several levels of cache.

Finally, there is the main memory the CPU can access. These three are usually referred to as Primary data storage. Some computers also have a cache memory.

Secondary storage is usually not directly accessible by the CPU, and data needs to be transferred to primary storage to be available. Secondary storage includes hard drives and non-volatile random-access memory. Tertiary storage is used for archival and backup; very often it is copied to secondary storage before use. Software is sometimes distributed by tertiary media such as magnetic tape and CD-ROM.

Computing
Eugene Onegin

Eugene Onegin (, Yevgeniy Onegin) is a novel in verse by Alexander Pushkin.

It is a classic of Russian literature. It was published in parts between 1825 and 1832. The first complete edition was published in 1833, and the currently accepted version is based on the 1837 publication.

Almost the entire work is made up of 389 stanzas of iambic tetrameter with the unusual rhyme scheme "AbAbCCddEffEgg". This form has come to be known as the "Onegin stanza" or the "Pushkin sonnet."

The story is told by a narrator (a lightly fictionalized version of Pushkin), whose tone is educated, worldly, and intimate. The narrator digresses at times, commenting on aspects of the social and intellectual world. This helps develop the characters and the drama of the plot.

An opera Eugene Onegin by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky has been composed based upon the book.

The storyline 
Onegin, a nobleman who has just taken over his uncle's estate, is a fine young dandy, but bored and cynical. He does not value shy, bookish Tatyana Larina. Soon after their meeting she bares her soul to Onegin in a letter. She expresses her love for him.

Onegin does not write back. When they meet in person, he rejects her advances. This famous speech is often referred to as 'Onegin's Sermon' He admits that the letter was touching, but says that he would quickly grow bored with marriage and can only offer Tatyana friendship. He advises her to keep more emotional control in the future, lest another man take advantage of her innocence.

As their lives develop. His life falls apart after he kills his best friend in a duel. On the other hand, her life blossoms.

Years pass, and he attends a society ball in St. Petersburg. He sees a beautiful woman who captures the attention of everyone. He realizes her as Tatyana. Now she is married to an aged prince. He becomes obsessed with winning her affection, despite the fact that she is married. However, his attempts are rebuffed. He writes her several letters, but receives no reply.

Eventually Onegin manages to see Tatyana, and offers her the opportunity to renew their past love. She recalls the days when they might have been happy, but that time has passed. Onegin repeats his love for her. Faltering for a moment, she admits that she still loves him, but she will not allow him to ruin her. She declares her determination to remain faithful to her husband. She leaves him to his bitter regrets.

Notes 

Russian novels
19th-century books
1820s books
Flora (given name)

The name Flora is a female given name. The name originally referred to a plant. Hurricane Flora in 1963 struck many Caribbean Islands. The storm killed more than 7,000 people.

Given names
Gertrude

Gertrude is a female given name. It comes from Germanic words that mean "spear" and "strength". The short forms of Gertrude are Gertie or Gert. The name Gertrude was used for an Atlantic storm in 1974. Gert has been used for Atlantic tropical storms every six years since 1981.

Given names
T11 (classification)

T11 is a classification used in paralympics. It is used for  blind athletes.

Paralympic Games
Monica

Monica is a female given name. In the United States, the name was very popular in the late 1970s, when it peaked near #39. The popularity has been declining since then. In 2010 the name ranked #363. The 1858 novel Doctor Thorne had a character was named Monica Thorne. People with the name include Monica Lewinsky, Monica Seles and Monica Potter. Fictional people by the name include Monica Geller from the television sitcom Friends.

Forms of the name include the French name Monique.

Given names
Agatha

Agatha is a female given name. It comes from the Ancient Greek word agathos, meaning "good". The name last ranked in the Top 1000 girls names in the United States in the 1930s.

Saint Agatha of Sicily was a 3rd-century saint. There was a famous crime writer named Agatha Christie. There have been several tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Region named Agatha. Tropical Storm Agatha in 2010 caused over $1 billion in damage and over three hundred deaths across Central America.

There are different versions of the name, for example Agata.

People named Agatha
 Saint Agatha of Sicily (died 251), Christian saint
 Agatha Barbara (1923–2002), only female President of Malta
 Agatha Christie, British novelist
 Agatha Sangma (born 1980), member of the Parliament of India

Given names
Lisa

The name Lisa is a female given name. It is a form of the name Elizabeth.

Across the United Kingdom, Lisa was the fifth most popular female name. Around 1996, the name fell out of Top 100. In the United States, during the 1960s and 1970s, Lisa was among the most popular feminine names. However, by around the late 1970s, the name began to decline.

People with the name include Lisa Loeb, Lisa Kudrow, and Lisa Marie Presley. In the Atlantic, there have been several tropical cyclones named Lisa.

Given names
Lake Malawi

Lake Malawi (or Lake Nyasa, Lake Niassa) is a lake in Africa. It is the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system. It is shared between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. Before Malawi became independent in 1964, the territory was called Nyasaland. For this reason, Mozambique and Tanzania call the lake Lake Nyasa.

Lake Malawi is the third largest and second deepest lake in Africa. It is the ninth largest lake in the world. 

Malawi
Geography of Malawi
Geography of Mozambique
Geography of Tanzania
Krav Maga

Krav Maga  (, lit. "contact combat") is an Jewish–Israeli martial art. It was developed by Hungarian-Israeli martial artist Imi Lichtenfeld in Slovakia. Today it is used by the Israeli Defense Forces.

Other websites 

 
 International Krav Maga Federation

Martial arts
Safed

Safed (, Tzfat; , Ṣafad) is a major city in northern Israel. It is in the Safed region of the Upper Galilee Mountains. Safed is an international center for Kabbalah study. It is one of Judaism's four holiest cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Tiberias. 

Located at an elevation of 900 meters (2,953 feet), Safed is the highest city in the Galilee and in Israel. Due to its high elevation, Safed has warm summers and cold, often snowy, winters.

Due to its pleasant climate and scenic views surrounded by pine forests, Safed has become a popular holiday resort visited by Israeli and foreign tourists.

Related pages 
 Safed Old Jewish Cemetery

Other websites 

Zefat.net
Safed's Old City 

Cities in Israel
Habeas corpus

A writ of  (; Latin: "may you have the body") is a writ (legal action) that requires a person who has been arrested or imprisoned to be brought to a judge or into court. Once the person is brought before the court, the judge will determine if the person is being lawfully detained or must be released.

References

Other websites
 ACLU: Background on Habeas Corpus
 Library of Congress: Magna Carta: Muse and Mentor
 This American Life: 331: Habeas Schmabeas 2007
 Habeas Corpus Resource Center

Law
Human rights
Latin phrases
Tiberias

Tiberias (; , Tverya, Tiveria ; , ) is a city in northern Israel. It is located along the Sea of Galilee, in the Lower Galilee at the Jordan Valley. Tiberias has been considered one of Judaism's four holiest cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Safed.

Other websites 

 City council website   Municipality Site in Hebrew 
 Place To Visit in Tiberias  (English)
 Tiberias - City of Treasures: The official website of the Tiberias Excavation Project 
 Hamat Tiberias National Park : description, photo gallery
 Nefesh B'Nefesh Community Guide for Tiveria-Tiberias, Israel
Bustan (garden)

A bustan (, ) is an agricultural garden, especially one next to a house.

Gardens