cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Daruma doll

The  doll is a hollow, round, traditional Japanese  doll.  It is modeled after Bodhidharma, the founder of the Zen sect of Buddhism.

The Daruma dolls are a kind of toy (omocha). The Daruma figurine is also a tumbler doll or roly-poly toy. When the doll is tumbled about, it rights itself. The two were well recognized as synonymous by the mid-19th century. Today, Daruma dolls are widely known, regardless of religion or sect.

Most daruma dolls are made of papier mache, and weighted at the bottom so the doll stands. The dolls are typically painted red. Darumas are sold with the eyes being white. Most daruma dolls are made in Takasaki City at the center of Japan. A fair is held in early January every year for the sale of darumas. Daruma dolls are symbols of good luck and business prosperity.

Daruma eyes
Dolls are sold without the eyes painted in. The custom is to make a resolution or a wish and darken the left eye of the daruma. When the resolution or the wish is fulfilled, the right eye is also darkened. This custom is seen widely today especially in the case of election or entrance examination in.

References

Japanese folklore
Japanese culture
Luck
Viña del Mar

Viña del Mar is a Chilean city and commune with 286.931 inhabitants (2002 census). It was created in 1878.

References

Other websites 
 Viña del Mar Municipality 
 Viña del Mar commercial guide 

Cities in Chile
1878 establishments
19th-century establishments in Chile
Suzuki Choinori

Choinori (riding nearby in Japanese) is a scooter built by Suzuki. 

It was launched at 2003 for 59,800 Yen. Reducing the size and not using any high cost parts were the secret to low price. However, because of cutting costs, they do not have rear suspension and the maximum speed is around . It also has an aluminum four-stroke 50 cc engine. The special thing about the engine is that it weighs 40% less than other four-stroke engines. It also make the scooter lighter and cheaper. 

Due to its low price, it was a great hit in Japan. However, Suzuki stopped producing Choinori in 2007 because it failed to pass the new gas emission standards.

References 
Suzuki Motor Company (Japan), a Japanese anonymous visitor, Tatsuwo Sato, Hiroyuki Takeuchi

2003 establishments in Japan
2007 disestablishments
Choinori
Meiwa

was a  after Hōreki and before An'ei.  This period started in June 1764 and ended in November 1772. During this time, the empress and emperor were   and .

The nengō Meiwa means "Radiant Harmony".

Events of the Meiwa Era
  
 1766 (Meiwa 3): A plan to remove the Shogun was not successful.

 1770 (Meiwa 7): A typhoon flattened the newly built Imperial Palace in Kyoto.

 1770 (Meiwa 7): A great comet (Lexell's Comet) with a very long tale lit up the night skies throughout the summer and autumn.

 1770 (Meiwa 7): This was the start of 15 years of drought in Japan.

 9 January 1771: Empress Go-Sakuramachi abdicated; ; and the succession passed to her nephew (senso).  Soon after, Emperor Go-Momozono's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

 29 February 1772 (Meiwa 9, 26th day or the 1st month): "The Great Meiwa Fire" -- one of the three greatest Edo fire disasters.

 2 August 1772 (Meiwa 9, 4th day of the 6th month): A big storm in the Kantō with floods and lost crops.

 17 August 1772 (Meiwa 9, 19th day of the 6th month): A major storm destroys 4000 houses in Edo.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1764 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1772 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
Mourning

Not to be confused with morning

Mourning refers to process of grieving. This almost always happens at funerals whenever a loved one passes away.

Death customs
Independent record label

An independent record label is a company which musicians can use to make and sell records. These companies are different from major record labels because they are smaller and don't operate under any major businesses.

Examples 
Some examples of independent record labels are:
 Ambush Reality, which is owned and run by the members of the band Enter Shikari and their friends.
 Super Records, which is owned by the band McFly

References
An'ei

was a  after Meiwa and before Tenmei. This period started in November 1772 and ended in March 1781. During this time, the emperors were  and .

The nengō An'ei means "Eternal Tranquility" or "Peaceful and Long".

Events of the An'ei era

 1774 (An'ei 3): Kaitai shinsho, the first complete Japanese translation of a Western medical work, is published by Sugita Gempaku and Maeno Ryotaku.
 1775 (An'ei 4): Epidemic diseases spread in the Japanese population and 190,000 died in Edo.
 1775 (An'ei 4): Carl Peter Thunberg arrived at Dutch East India Company outpost or "factory" in Nagasaki.
 1778 (An'ei 7): Flooding at Kyoto.
 1778 (An'ei 7): Volcanic island of Sakurajima erupted near Kagoshima and 16,000 were killed.
 12 June 1779 (An'ei 8, 28th day of the 4th month): Former-Emperor Go-Momozono died.
 1779 (An'ei 8): Isaac Titsingh arrived at Dejima.
 1780: After the death of Empress Go-Momozono, the succession (senso) passed to Emperor Kōkaku; and his role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 1780 (An'ei 9): Heavy rains and flooding in the Kantō.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" – historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 National Archives of Japan: Hinozenshu sanbutsu zuko, scroll showing illustrated inventory of industries in Hizen, An'ei 2 (1773) 

Japanese eras
1772 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1781 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
1770s establishments in Asia
Take

A take is a performance which is continuously recorded. The word is used in movies and music to track the stages of production.

In movie-making, a take means each filmed "version" of a shot. Takes of each shot are generally numbered starting with "take one" and the number of each take after that is increased (with the director calling for "take two", "take three", "take four", etc.) until the filming of the shot is finished.

Terminology
Lizzy Pattinson

Elizabeth "Lizzy" Pattinson is an English singer and songwriter.

Personal life
Lizzy has a sister, Victoria and brother, actor Robert Pattinson.

Career 
Lizzy has performed with the UK dance act Aurora and German duo Milk & Sugar. She was lead vocalist for them on Milk & Sugar's No. 1 Billboard Hot Dance Club Play track "Let The Sun Shine". She has had three Top 20 hits in the UK.

In 2008 Lizzy recorded background vocals for the movie Twilight. She is heard on the track "Who Are They?" by Carter Burwell.

Other websites 

Lizzy Pattinson on Facebook

English songwriters
English singers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Kansei

was a  after Tenmei and before Kyōwa.  This period started in January 1789 and ended in February 1801.  During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Kansei means "Lenient Government".

Events of the Kansei era

 1790 (Kansei 2): Matsudaira Sadanobu orders  about Confucianism and Neo-Confucian doctrine
 1792 (Kansei 4): Russian envoy Adam Laxman arrives at Nemuro in eastern Ezo (now Hokkaidō).
 1793 (Kansei 5): Shogonuate orders research and publication of daimyo clan genealogies and hatamoto genealogies.
 1797 (Kansei 9):  Kansei Calendar Revision

Related pages 
 Edo period
 Kansei calendar

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1789 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1801 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Japan
1780s establishments in Asia
1800s disestablishments in Asia
Pontoise

Pontoise is a commune of the Val-d'Oise department in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is  from the centre of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise.

Twin towns
Pontoise is twinned with:
  Böblingen, Germany
  Sevenoaks, England
  Geleen, Netherlands

References 

Communes in Val-d'Oise
Subprefectures in France
Fuse

A fuse is a device that shuts off the power to an electrical circuit when too much electric current flows through it.  This usually happens when too many appliances are plugged in or when there is a short circuit. A fuse is made as an intentional weak spot in a circuit that will melt (or "blow") when too much current is flowing through it, shutting off the power to the rest of the circuit. This protects the rest of the circuit. After the fuse blows, the problem that caused it to blow must be corrected and the fuse must be replaced to restore power to the circuit. A circuit breaker does the same job as a fuse, but it can be reset without replacing anything.

Fuses in plugs are made in standard ratings. The most common are 3 A, 5 A and 13 A. The fuse should be rated at a slightly higher current than the device needs. e.g. if the device works a 3 A use 5 A fuse. Fast and slow fuses are made. Fast acting fuses blow immediately once the current rating is exceeded. Slow blow fuses will let the current exceed the rating for a fraction of a second, to allow devices like motors to start up.

Other websites 
 Fuse (electrical) -Citizendium 

Electrical wiring
Electronic components
Kyōwa

was a  after Kansei and before Bunka.  This period started in February 1801 and ended in February 1804. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Kyōwa era

 9 December 1802 (Kyōwa 2, 15th day of the 11th month): Earthquake in northwest Honshū and Sado Province (Latitude: 37.700/Longitude: 138.300), 6.6 magnitude on the Richter scale.

 28 December 1802 (Kyōwa 2, 4th day of the 12th month): Earthquake on Sado Island (Latitude: 38.000/Longitude: 138.000).

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1801 establishments
19th-century establishments in Japan
1804 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Japan
1800s establishments in Asia
1800s disestablishments in Asia
Naengmyeon

Naengmyeon is a traditional Korean summer food. The name means "cold noodles".  Naengmyeon’s basic ingredients are flour, a boiled egg, slices of cucumber and slices of boiled meat. Water or gochujang can be added depending on the type of Naengmyeon. There are many kinds of noodles made from wheat, buckwheat, potatoes or sweet potatoes.

History
According to the 19th century writings, it has been made since the Joseon Dynasty. It began as a delicacy in northern Korea. It was popular in the cities of Pyongyang and Hamhung in North Korea. Naengmyeon became widely popular in Korea after the Korean War.

Types

The two main types of naengmyeon are mul naengmyeon and bibim naengmyeon. Mul naengmyeon is served as a cold soup with the noodles contained in broth made from beef or chicken. Bibim naengmyeon is served with a spicy dressing made mainly from gochujang (red chili paste).

Korean food
Mathieu de Costa

Mathieu de Costa was the first known African to come to Canada, in the early 17th century. He was a storekeeper and translator. He spoke many languages including Portuguese, French, Dutch, English, pidgin Basque, his original African language, and Míkmaq. He helped to make a connection between the Europeans and the Míkmaq people. He was a freeman. Europeans liked that he talked many languages. The Port Royal Habitation National Historic Site of Canada remembers his work. They are in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia.

Explorers
Canadian people
African people
16th-century births
17th-century deaths
Translators
Bunka

was a  after Kyōwa and before Bunsei.  The period started in January 1804 and ended in April 1818. During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Bunka era

 1804 (Bunka 1): Hayashi Jussai explained the foreign policy of the Tokugawa shogunate to the emperor in Kyoto.
 June 1805 (Bunka 2): Genpaku Sugita was granted an audience with Shogun Tokugawa Ienari to explain differences between traditional medical knowledge and Western medical knowledge.
 25 September 1810 (Bunka 7, 27th day of the 8thmonth): Earthquake in northern Honshū (Latitude: 39.900/Longitude: 139.900), 6.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale. 
 7 December 1812 (Bunka 9, 4th day of the 11th month): Earthquake in Honshū (Latitude: 35.400/Longitude: 139.600), 6.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale.
 24 December 1813 (Bunka 10, 2nd day of the 11th month): Former-Empress Go-Sakuramachi died.
 1817 (Bunka 14): Emperor Kōkaku traveled in procession to Sento Imperial Palace, a palace of an abdicated emperor. The Sento Palace at that time was called Sakura Machi Palace.
 7 May 1817 (Bunka 14, 22nd day of the 3rd month): Kōkaku abdicated; and the succession passed to his son (senso).  Soon after, Emperor Ninkō's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1804 establishments
19th-century establishments in Japan
1818 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Japan
1800s establishments in Asia
Bunsei

was a  after Bunka and before Tenpō.  This period started in April 1818 and ended in December 1830. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Bunsei era

 1822 (Bunsei 5): Edo was struck with 150 earthquake tremors over three days.

 11 August 1823 (Bunsei 6, 6th day of the 7th month):  German flora- and fauna-taxonomist Philipp Franz von Siebold arrived at Dejima as new physician for the Dutch trading post in Nagasaki harbor.

 13 August 1830 (Bunsei 13, 25th day of the 6th month): Earthquake at Kyoto (Latitude: 35.000/Longitude: 136.000), no Richter scale magnitude can be inferred from the available data.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1818 establishments
19th-century establishments in Japan
1830 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Japan
1810s establishments in Asia
Tadao Ando

Tadao Ando is a Japanese architect. He was born in Osaka in 1941. Before he designed buildings, he had many other important experiences in his life. He became a professional boxer as a teenager and spent time in Thailand fighting. He then traveled around the world to learn about buildings. Ando became successful in the 1970s and has built buildings all over the world.

In 1995, Ando won the Pritzker Prize in 1995.

References

Further reading

 Ando, (2006) Taschen Books, Masao Furuyama, .

Japanese architects
1941 births
Living people
People from Osaka
Pritzker Prize winners
X rating

In the original Motion Picture Association of America film rating system, X rating represented that no one under 18 should be allowed to enter. Unlike the others, this rating was not copyrighted, and the rating became tied to pornography. Many theaters chose not to take an X rated movie, and many newspapers would not run ads for them. Certain movie companies had to release their films without rating, in particular independent movies. In Autumn 1990 the X was replaced with NC-17, but over the years, NC-17 absorbed the same stigma that the earlier X rating had.

Controversies
Movie ratings
Sinhala script

Sinhala script (Sinhala: සිංහල අක්ෂර මාලාව; Siṁhala Akṣara Mālāva) is an Abugida, a script between a syllabic and alphabetic script. It is also known as Sinhalese script. It is written from left to right. It is used to write Sinhala, which is the official language of Sri Lanka. It is also used to write Sanskrit and Pali. These languages are used for religious texts. The Sinhalese Akṣara Mālāva, one of the Brahmic scripts, comes from the the Ancient Indian Brahmi script. It is also related to the ancient Kannada script.

Structure 
It uses consonants as its base unit. To make different sounds, small strokes of lines called 'pili' (in Sinhala) are written before, after, above or below the base consonant.

Example 
ක = 'ka' sound (this is the base consonant)

ක +  ි = කි = 'ki' sound (a small arch like shape is placed on top of ක)

ක + ් = ක් = 'k' sound (a small flag like shape is placed on top of ක)

ක + ෙ = කෙ = 'ke' sound (a swirl is placed in front of ක)

References

Writing systems
Sinhala language
Arrondissement of Bayeux

The Arrondissement of Bayeux is an arrondissement of France. It is in the Calvados département, in the Basse-Normandie region. It has 6 cantons and 126 communes.

Cantons
The cantons of the arrondissement of Bayeux are:
 Balleroy
 Bayeux
 Caumont-l'Éventé
 Isigny-sur-Mer
 Ryes
 Trévières

Communes
The communes of the arrondissement of Bayeux, and their INSEE codes, are:

Other websites
Bayeux on French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies site (INSEE, in French)

Bayeux
Abugida

An abugida is a writing system that is neither a syllabic nor alphabetic script, but somewhere in between. It has sequences of consonants and vowels that are written as a unit, each based on the consonant letter. Vowels must be written down as well, but they are secondary.

Syllables are built up of consonants, each of which has an inherent vowel, which means a vowel is assumed to be pronounced in a syllable even if it is not written down. For example, in Thai, the syllable written as the consonant-vowel pair หา is pronounced hā, but the syllable just written as a consonant ห is pronounced hɔ.

Diacritic symbols are used to change or mute the inherent vowel, and separate vowel letters may be used when vowels occur at the beginning of a syllable or on their own.

In some abugidas, certain vowels can be written to the right, to the left, on top, or below the consonant that is spoken before it, even if the reading order of the consonants must all be left-to-right or right-to-left. An example of this will use the Thai consonant ก to show where the following vowels must be written.

This is different from a truly alphabetic script, in which the vowels and consonants have the same status, and an abjad, whose vowels are left out. Ethiopic, most scripts of the Indian subcontinent, Mainland Southeast Asia, and some scripts of Maritime Southeast Asia, and Canadian syllabics are abugidas.

Some forms of shorthand also employ diacritics to indicate vowels.

The name 'abugida' is derived from the first four letters of the Ge'ez (Ethiopic) alphasyllabary writing system.

Writing systems
Copenhagen Metro

The Copenhagen Metro (Danish: Københavns metro) is the longest underground traffic system in Denmark. It is a 20.5 km (12.7 mi) metro system. It was opened between 2002 and 2007, and has two lines, M1 (green) 14.3 km (8.9 mi) and M2 (yellow) 14.2 km, (8.8 mi). M3 and M4 will be made in the future.  In 2009, the metro carried 50 million passengers.

The stations in lines M1 and M2 are:	
 Amager Strand
 Amagerbro
 Bella Center
 Christianshavn
 DR Byen
 Fasanvej
 Femøren
 Flintholm
 Forum
 Frederiksberg
 Islands Brygge
 Kastrup
 Kongens Nytorv
 Lergravsparken
 Lindevang
 Lufthavnen (Airport)
 Nørreport
 Ørestad
 Øresund
 Sundby
 Vanløse
 Vestamager

 Number of stations: 22. 9 of these are underground

 Electrification: 750 V, third rail

 Average speed: 40 km/h (25 mph

 Top speed: 80 km/h (50 mph)

References

Transport in Denmark
Copenhagen
Rapid transit systems
Weston, Illinois (DuPage County)

Weston, Illinois was a community next to Batavia. It was a subdivision of pre-fabricated homes started in the early 1960s.  Sales were very slow, so the land developers tried to attract Fermilab to be a new employer on the edge of the new town.  However, it turned out that the amount of land needed would swallow up the entire town.  So, the town voted to sell all of the land, including the houses that had been built to Fermilab.  The people wanted to move the town to the east beyond the edge of Fermilab, but county officials prohibited the move. The town then dissolved.

Before new Fermilab buildings could be finished, the scientists moved into the Weston houses and also moved all of the farm houses on Fermilab to that location for use as office space. They renamed Weston, "Fermilab Village." It still houses visiting scientists.

References

Other websites 
Fermilab History and Archives Project

Villages in Illinois
Fermilab
1960s establishments in Illinois
Unknown disestablishments
Kim Ok-gyun

Kim Ok-gyun (Korean: 김옥균; 1851 – 1894) was Korean Joseon Dynasty politician and diplomat. His nicknames were Gowoo (Korean: 고우, 古遇) and Gokyun (Korean: 고균, 古筠).

Books 
 Kihwageunsa (기화근사, 箕和近事)
 Chidoyakron (치도약론, 治道略論)
 Gapsinillok (갑신일록, 甲申日錄)

References 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=31693
 http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?contents_id=4870

1851 births
1894 deaths
Korean politicians
Korean educators
Murder victims
Autobiographers
Great Britain at the Olympics

Great Britain at the Olympics is a history which includes 50 games in 23 countries and 6,000+ athletes. Since 1896, sportsmen of  the United Kingdom have taken part the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Great Britain is GBR.

History
The British National Olympic Committee was formed in 1905.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1905.

Great Britain's team first competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

Great Britain is the name that the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland uses when it competes at the Olympic Games. Great Britain was one of 14 teams to compete in the first Games in 1896. It has competed at every Games.  As of 2012, Athletes from Great Britain have won 780 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won 22 at the Winter Olympic Games.  Great Britain is the only team to have won at least one gold medal at every Summer Games.

Great Britain was the name given to the United Kingdom team for the 1908 Summer Olympics. It was also given the IOC country code GBR. The team is also called "Team GB". Representatives of the devolved Northern Ireland government, do not think this is a good name. They think it suggests that Northern Ireland is not part of the British Olympic team, and they think the name should be changed to Team UK. However, British is a correct term for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland as, for instance, in "the British Government".
 
In an agreement between the British and Irish Olympic groups, athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to be a part of the Irish Olympic team. All British people may have dual citizenship if they wish.

Summer Games results

Winter Games results

Host country
London, the United Kingdom's capital, has hosted the Games on three occasions.

In 2012, London became the first city to host the Olympics three times.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

 British Olympic Association

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
Sundance Sea

The Sundance Sea was an inland or epeiric sea covering much of western North America in the Jurassic period. It was an arm of what is now the Arctic Ocean, and extended through what is now western Canada into the central western United States. The sea receded (moved back) when highlands to the west began to rise.

Stratigraphy
The Sundance Sea did not occur at a single time; evidence suggests that it was a series of five successive marine transgressions. Each was separated by a period of erosion.The sea advanced and receded from the Middle Jurassic onwards. The terrestrial sediments of the Morrison Formation  eroded from rising highlands to the west  were deposited on top of the calcareous Sundance Formation as the sea retreated for the last time, late in the Jurassic.

The sedimentary rocks which formed in and around the Sundance Sea are often rich in fossils.

Fauna
The Sundance Sea was rich in many types of animals. The oyster Gryphaea was very common, and shark teeth have been found. Fish, belemnites and to an extent ammonites swarmed in shoals. Crinoids and bivalvia dotted the seafloor. Ophthalmosaurus, a large ichthyosaur, swam in the seas using its large, long jaws to catch belemnite 'squid'. Pantosaurus, a plesiosaur the size of a seal, went after the easier-to-catch fish. The largest marine reptile in the Sundance Sea was Megalneusaurus, a large pliosaur similar to Liopleurodon. Its fossils have been found in Alaska and Wyoming, which were both covered by the Sundance Sea when it was alive.

During the periods of recession, dinosaurs and other Jurassic animals walked on the shores, leaving fossil footprints.

Related pages 
Western Interior Seaway (Cretaceous period)

References 

Geography of North America
Jurassic
Seas of the Arctic Ocean
Western Interior Seaway

The Western Interior Seaway  was a huge inland sea. It split North America into two halves for most of the mid- and late-Cretaceous Period. It was up to  deep,  wide and over  long.

Origin and geology 
Sea level was high in the Cretaceous, and the middle part of North America sank down. A shallow subducting plate pulled on the bottom of the lithosphere, causing it to move down. The sea entered both north and south, and came and went during the course of the Cretaceous. Widespread carbonate deposition suggests that the Seaway was warm and tropical, with abundant calcareous algae. The shrunken, regressive phase of the Western Interior Seaway is sometimes called the Pierre Seaway.

Fauna

The long, narrow western border of the seaway called Laramidia had one of the most diverse collections of dinosaurs anywhere on Earth.

The Western Interior Seaway was a shallow sea filled with abundant marine life. This included predatory marine reptiles such as plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs that grew up to 18 meters long.  Other marine life included sharks such as Squalicorax and the giant shellfish-eating Ptychodus mortoni (believed to be 10 meters long). There were advanced bony fish such as the massive 5-meter long Xiphactinus – a fish larger than any modern bony fish. Other sea life included invertebrates such as molluscs, ammonites, squid-like belemnites, and plankton including coccolithophores that secreted the chalky platelets that give the Cretaceous its name, foraminiferans and radiolarians.

The Western Interior Seaway was home to early birds also, including the flightless Hesperornis which had stout legs for swimming through water and small wing-like appendages used for marine steering rather than flight; and the tern-like Ichthyornis, an early avian with a toothy beak. Icthyornis shared the sky with large pterosaurs such as Nyctosaurus and Pteranodon. Pteranodon fossils are very common and it was likely a major component of the surface ecosystem, though it was only found in the southern reaches of the Seaway.

On the bottom, the giant clam Inoceramus left common fossilized shells in the Pierre Shale. This clam had a thick shell paved with prisms of calcite deposited at right angles to the surface, giving a pearly luster in life. Paleontologists suggest that its giant size was an adaptation for life in the murky bottom waters, where a correspondingly large gill area would have allowed the animal to cope with oxygen-depleted waters.

Related pages 
Sundance Sea (Jurassic period)

References 

Geography of North America
Cretaceous
Seas
Common Poorwill

The Common Poorwill (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii) is a nocturnal bird of the family Caprimulgidae, the nightjars.  It is found from British Columbia and southeastern Alberta, through the western United States to northern Mexico. The bird's habitat is dry, open areas with grasses or shrubs, and even stony desert slopes with very little vegetation.

Birds of North America
Hooded pitohui

The hooded pitohui (Pitohui dichrous), is a songbird of New Guinea with black and orange plumage.

This species and its two close relatives, the variable pitohui and the brown pitohui,  were the first known poisonous birds. A neurotoxin  found in the birds' skin and feathers causes numbness and tingling in those touching the bird.

The hooded pitohui gets its poison from part of its diet, the Choresine beetles of the Melyridae family. These beetles are also a likely source of the lethal batrachotoxins found in Colombia's poison dart frogs.

Common and widespread throughout New Guinea, the hooded pitohui is of 'Least Concern' on the IUCN Red List of threatened species.

References

Birds of Oceania
2014 Atlantic hurricane season

The 2014 Atlantic hurricane season was a below-average season in terms of named storms, and an average season in terms of both hurricanes and major hurricanes. It produced nine tropical cyclones, eight named storms, the fewest since the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season, six hurricanes and two major hurricanes. It officially began on June 1, 2014, and ended on November 30, 2014. These dates historically describe the period each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first storm of the season, Arthur, developed on July 1, while the final storm, Hanna, dissipated on October 28, about a month prior to the end of the season

Storm names
This is the list of names used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2014. The list is the same as the 2008 list except for Gonzalo, Isaias, and Paulette because Gustav, Ike, and Paloma were damaging and deadly storms in 2008, and their names were retired. In 2014 no storms were retired so the same exact list was used in 2020.

Notes

References

2014 disasters
Hurricanes
Tenpō

was a , also known as Tempō, after Bunsei and before Kōka.  The period started in December 1830 and ended in December 1844. During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Tenpō means "Heavenly Protection".

Events of the Tenpō era

 1833-1836 (Tenpō 4-7): Great Tenpō Famine
 1835 (Tenpō 6): Copper coins called Tenpō-tsūhō were minted.
 20 July 1835 (Tenpō 6, 7th day of the 6th month): Earthquake in Sanriku (Latitude: 37.900/Longitude:  141.900), 7.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale.
 1837-1843 (Tenpō 8-14): Gold and silver coins called Tenpō-kingin were minted.
 1837 (Tenpō 8): Tokugawa Ieyoshi became the 12th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.
  1837 (Tenpō 8): Uprising led by Ōshio Heihachirō was known as Tempo Jiken and Ikuta Yorozu
  1837 (Tenpō 8): Morrison Incident — an American ship shelled by cannon fire from Uraga and Kagoshima
  1837 (Tenpō 8):  Tokugawa Yoshinobu was born
 12 December 1840 (Tenpō 11, 19th day of the 11th month): Former-Emperor Kōkaku died.
 25 April 1843 (Tenpō 14, 25th day of the 3rd month): Earthquake in Hokkaido (Latitude: 41.800/Longitude: 144.800), 8.4 magnitude on the Richter Scale.
 1844 (Tenpō 15):  Errors in the lunar calendar were corrected. The new calendar was called the Tenpō-Jinin.  It was in use in Japan until 1872 when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.

Related pages 
 Edo period
 Tenpō calendar

References

Other websites 
 "The Japanese Calendar", National Diet Library—historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1830 establishments
19th-century establishments in Japan
1844 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Japan
1830s establishments in Asia
Direct proof

A direct proof is a way of showing that something is true or false by using logic. This is done by combining known facts. No assumptions are made when doing a direct proof. Lemmas and theorems are used to prove direct proofs.

A statement that can be proved with a direct proof is usually in the form "if p, then q." Here, p and q are facts. To solve a statement like this, every case where p is true must be considered.

For example, this statement can be solved with a direct proof: "if x and y are even integers, then x+y is an even integer." Since x and y are even, then we can say that x=2m and y=2n, where m and n are integers. (This is a lemma.) We can also say that m+n is an integer, because adding two integers gives an integer. (This is another lemma.) Then we can say that x+y=2m+2n=2(m+n). Since m+n is an integer, we can say 2(m+n)=2k, where k=m+n. We know that any integer times 2 is an even integer. We can then say that any two even integers added together give an even integer.

Direct proofs are used in mathematics, logic, and computer science. The opposite of a direct proof is an indirect proof (also called a proof by contradiction.)

Related pages
 Mathematical proof
 Proof by contradiction
 Proof by induction

Mathematics
Logic
Death Valley Junction

Death Valley Junction (formerly, Amargosa and '"Death Valley'") is a tiny Mojave Desert community in unincorporated Inyo County, California, at the intersection of SR 190 and SR 127, just east of Death Valley National Park.  The zip code is 92328, the elevation is , and the population fewer than 20. It contains the Amargosa Opera House and Hotel.

References 

National Register of Historic Places
Unincorporated communities in California
Settlements in Inyo County, California
1923 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in California
Criticism of Christianity

Since its beginning, Christianity has been criticized by people in all professions and by people of all other religions. The reason for the criticism varies: many Christians have followed the Bible in criticising homosexuality, abortion and many other hot button issues. Also, Christianity may be rejected because of lack of interest, due to abuse of Christianity, or some just prefer to not convert into it.

Criticism of writings
Beginning with the Enlightenment, in the 18th century, people began to apply methods of text criticism they had also applied to other documents, and philosophical writings.  This form of criticism uses reason, rather than revelations to study texts. There are four primary types of Biblical criticism: form, traditional, higher and lower criticism.
Form criticism tries to find the earlier oral traditions on which the texts were based.
Tradition criticism  studies the Bible and looks at how traditions have changed over time.
 Higher criticism: the study of the sources and literary methods employed by the biblical authors.
Lower criticism: the discipline and study of the actual wording of the Bible; a quest for textual purity and understanding.

Conservative Christians, as well as much of Orthodox Judaism  and Karaite Judaism,  support the idea that the Bible is historically accurate. Moderate and liberal Christians generally think the Bible texts are historical, and reliable. They do however think that certain passages should not be read literally, but metaphorically.

References

Controversies
Kōka

was a  after Tenpō and before Kaei.  This period started in December of 1844 and ended in February of 1848.  During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Kōka era

 1844 (Kōka 1): Takashima Tomonosuke was born.

 1846 (Kōka 3): Two U.S. Navy ships were driven away from Uraga at the mouth of Tokyo Bay. 
 
 21 February 1846 (Kōka 3, 26th day of the 1st month): Ninkō died; and the succession passed to his son (senso).  Soon after, Emperor Kōmei's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

 March 1846 (Kōka 3): Earthquake in Sanriku (Latitude: 39.500/Longitude:  142.000), 6.9 magnitude on the Richter Scale

  9 May 1847 (Kōka 4): Earthquake in Nagano (Latitude: 37.000/Longitude:  138.000), 7.4 on Richter Scale

 1848 (Kōka 5): The last subscription Noh performance of the pre-modern era.

During the Koka era, Hiroshige began making prints of women in the context of famous places.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1844 establishments
19th-century disestablishments in Japan
1848 disestablishments
1840s establishments in Japan
Hoxne treasure

The Hoxne treasure  is the largest find of late Roman silver and gold in Britain, and the largest collection of gold and silver coins of the fourth and fifth century found anywhere in the Roman Empire.

The treasure was found by metal detector in the village of Hoxne in Suffolk, England, on  1992. The hoard consists of 14,865 Roman gold, silver and bronze coins from the late fourth and early fifth centuries, and about 200 items of silver tableware and gold jewellery.

The objects are now in the British Museum in London, where the most important pieces and a selection of the rest are on permanent display. In 1993, the Treasure Valuation Committee valued the hoard at £1.75 million (today £).

The hoard was buried as an oak box or small chest filled with items in precious metal, with some in smaller wooden boxes and others in bags or wrapped in fabric. Remnants of the chest, and of fittings such as hinges and locks, were recovered in the dig. The coins date the hoard to after AD 407, about the end of Britain as a Roman province.

The owners and reasons for burial of the hoard are unknown, but it was carefully packed and the contents seem what a very rich family might have owned. The lack of large silver serving vessels and of some of the most common types of jewellery, suggest that the hoard is only part of the wealth of its owner.

The Hoxne treasure contains several rare and important objects, including a gold body-chain and silver-gilt pepper-pots. The hoard was excavated by archaeologists with the items largely undisturbed and intact. The find has helped to improve the relationship between people using metal detectors and archaeologists. It has influenced a change in English law on finds of treasure.p173

Related pages 
Thetford Hoard

References 

Ancient Rome
Archaeological sites in Suffolk
Suffolk
Treasure troves
Coins
Tōhoku region

The  is one of Japan's traditional regions. The Japanese conventions of geography and history divide the nation into eight regions, including the Tōhoku region.  These have been used since 1905 as basic units for description and comparison and as cultural markers.

The regions of Japan are a fusion of historical divisions and modern administrative needs.    The significance of the region in Japan is geographical, cultural and administrative.

History
In the late 7th century, the Tōsandō region were identified as one of the eight largest administrative areas of the Imperial system (ritsuryo seido).

Gokishichidō is an ancient system of names for parts of the country, including Tōsandō.  Tōhoku covers the northern area of the island of Honshū in roughly the same area as the traditional Tōsandō.

In the Meiji period, the modern regional system was made by Imperial decree.  Japan was divided into regions (chihō ), including the Tōhoku region. A regional council  (chihō gyōsei kyōgisai) was headed by the governor of the most powerful prefecture in the regional grouping.  The council also included regional chiefs of central government ministries.

Over time, Tōhoku has developed its own regional dialects, customs and unique traditional culture. Tōhoku is famous for farming. Now a lot of kinds of vegetable are grown.

The Tōhoku University was built in 1907.

In 2011, Tōhoku was struck with a very strong earthquake and tsunami. It caused a lot of damage. Now, people in Japan do their best for the complete revival of Tōhoku.

Geography

The region occupies the northeastern part of Honshu, which is the largest Japanese island.

Tōhoku Prefectures
The region has six prefectures. From north to south, they are:
 Aomori Prefecture
 Iwate Prefecture
 Akita Prefecture
 Miyagi Prefecture
 Yamagata Prefecture
 Fukushima Prefecture

Related pages

 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
 Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Geography of Japan
Honshu
Sri Lanka Railways S11

Sri Lanka Railways Class S11 is a diesel multiple-unit (DMU) train, built for Sri Lanka Railways by RITES Ltd, an Indian state infrastructure corporation.  The DMUs are currently being imported in phases, with the last batch arriving in Sri Lanka in March 2012.  They were built to replace locomotive-hauled passenger trains.  Twenty S11 DMUs were ordered to strengthen long distance travel on the Coastal railway line from Colombo to Matara.

References

Locomotives
Sri Lanka
Communes of the Guadeloupe department

The following is a list of the 32 communes of the Guadeloupe overseas department of France.

Former communes detached from Guadeloupe on February 22, 2007:

 
Guadeloupe
List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people: A

This is a partial list of famous people who are confirmed to be gay, lesbian or bisexual. Famous people who are rumored to be gay, lesbian or bisexual, are not listed. The definition of sexual orientation varies and has changed over time; for example the word "gay" was not used to describe a person's sexual orientation until the mid 20th century. However, there has been a number of different words or slangs that have been used to describe sexual orientations since the mid-19th century. Several studies have found that much of the research about sexual orientation has failed to define the term at all, which made it difficult to find results of different studies. 

The high numbers of people from the West on this list may be due to societies attitudes toward homosexuality. The Pew Research Center's 2003 Global Attitudes Survey found that "[p]eople in Africa and the Middle East strongly object to societal acceptance of homosexuality. But there is far greater tolerance for homosexuality in major Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. Opinion in Europe is split between West and East. Majorities in every Western European nation surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most Russians, Poles and Ukrainians disagree. Americans are divided; a narrow majority (51 percent) believe homosexuality should be accepted, while 42 percent disagree."

A

Related pages
List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people: W–Z

References

Lists of people
Germany at the Olympics

German athletes have been a part of most of the Olympic Games since the first modern Games in 1896.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Germany is GER.

History
Germany has hosted three Olympic Games. They hosted both the Winter and Summer Games in 1936. They also hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics. Germany was also to be the host of the 1916 Summer Olympics and the 1940 Winter Olympics. Neither of these were held because of World War I and World War II. After these wars, Germans were not allowed to be a part of the Olympics in 1920, 1924 and 1948. From after World War II until 1990, the country was divided and took part in the Olympics separately. Each of the two German states boycotted the Summer Games. West Germany was one of 65 countries that did not go to Moscow in 1980. This boycott was because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In 1984 East Germany joined the Soviet boycott of the Summer Games in Los Angeles.

German athletes have won 1618 medals. . They have won 528 gold, 542 silver and 548 bronze medals.

German post-WW2 division until 1990
German organisations were ended by the Allies in 194. In 1950 the IOC accepted the Nationales Olympisches Komitee für Deutschland for all of Germany. It was in (West) Germany.

Due to the Cold War, the (German Democratic Republic) was created in October 1949. A National Olympic Committee (NOC) for East Germany was created in 1951. It was not accepted by the IOC at first. Until 1965, athletes of the NOC of East Germany had to join the German team represented by the NOC of (West) Germany. This team took part in the Olympics from 1956 to 1964. It is now called the United Team of Germany (EUA, "Equipe Unifiée Allemande"), but was Germany (GER) then. Because of Germany being divided, from 1968 to 1990 two teams took part in each of the Games. Their designations were GER for the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and GDR for the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). In 1980 the West German code was changed to FRG. After the East Germany became a part of Germany again in 1990, Germany had a single team. It was designated GER.

In the early 1950s the French-controlled Saar had its own NOC. It took part in the 1952 Summer Olympics. It became a part of the German Olympic team in 1956.

Medals

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 Germany profile at London2012.com

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
Line Islands

The Line Islands are an island chain in the central Pacific Ocean near the equator. Three of the islands are territories of the United States of America. These islands are Jarvis Island, Kingman Reef, and Palmyra Island. The rest of the islands are part of Kiribati, an island nation in the Pacific ocean. The Islands that are part of Kiribati are Washington Island, Tabuaeran, Kiritimati, Malden Island, Starbuck Island, Caroline Island, Flint Island, and Vostok Island. The islands are sometimes grouped into the southern line islands (Caroline, Vostok, and Flint islands), central line islands (Jarvis Island, Malden Island, and Starbuck islands), and northern line islands (Kingman Reef, Kiritimati, and Palmyra, Washington, and Fanning islands).

Pacific islands
Kaei

was a  after Kōka and before Ansei.  This period started in February 1848 and ended in November 1854. During this time, the emperor was . 

The nengō Kaei means "Celebration of Eternity" or "Eternal Felicity"

Events of the Kaei Era

 1849 (Kaei 2): Medical practice of vaccination first used by Dutch physician at Dejima.

 July 1853 (Kaei 6): Commodore Matthew Perry and the United States Navy anchor off Uraga at the mouth of Tokyo Bay.

 1854 (Kaei 7): Commodore Perry returns to Edo Bay to force Japanese agreement to the Treaty of Kanagawa.  The chief Japanese negotiator was Hayashi Akira.

 2 May 1854 (Kaei 7, the 6th day of the 4th month): Fire destroyed the Imperial Palace in Kyoto.

During the Kaei era, the shogunate bought guns and encouraged the manufacture of guns.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1848 establishments
1840s establishments in Japan
1854 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Japan
Fenius Farsaid

Fenius Farsaid was a King in Irish mythology. He was King of Scythia when the Tower of Babel was being built, and one of 72 chieftains working for King Nimrod to build it. He managed to keep his language alive even after Babel confused languages and this eventually became Irish according to the myth. His son Nel married Scota, the daughter of King Cingris of Egypt. From his son the Gaels supposedly descended. He is mentioned in Lebor Gabala Erenn and Auraicept na en-Eces.

Mythology
Ireland
Kings and queens
Weston, Illinois (McLean County)

Weston, Illinois is an unincorporated community in McLean County, Illinois. It is on U.S. Route 24.

History

On 26 August 1867, W. F. Bryan laid out Weston. The Original Town included 288 small lots, five blocks that were not subdivided and a Public Park. The depot and town hall were on the south side of the tracks. The station was for the Toledo Peoria and Western Railroad. In 1895 there were four churches. Just east of town, Western Cemetery has an area of natural tall grass prairie.

References

Unincorporated communities in Illinois
1867 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Illinois