cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is a field of psychology and medical therapy. It is a set of theories and ways of treating mental disorders. It was started in the early 1890s by the Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud, with experience from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others.

Since then, psychoanalysis has expanded and been revised, reformed and developed in different ways. Freud's own colleagues and students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Jung, had their own ideas. They went on to develop their ideas independently from Freud. Much later, Anna Freud and Melanie Klein used the ideas to treat troubled children.

The basic ideas of psychoanalysis are:
 besides inherited personality, a person's development is determined by events in early childhood;
 human behavior, experience, and thought is largely influenced by unconscious irrational drives;
 attempts to bring these drives into awareness is resisted by defence mechanisms;
 conflicts between conscious and unconscious (repressed) material can result in mental disturbances such as neurosis, neurotic traits, anxiety, depression, etc.;
 liberation from the effects of the unconscious material is achieved by bringing this material into the conscious mind (e.g. by the skilled guidance of the analyst.

The unconscious mind 
Sometimes people cannot say why they are feeling the way they feel or acting the way they act. What causes the feelings and actions is called the unconscious mind in psychodynamic theory.

Different methods 
Under the broad umbrella of "psychoanalysis" there are at least 22 different approaches to the theory and clinical treatment. The term also refers to a method of studying child development.

Freudian psychoanalysis uses a type of treatment where the subject (analytic patient) talks, including free associations, fantasies, and dreams. From these the analyst works out the unconscious conflicts which cause the patient's symptoms and character problems. By interpreting them for the patient, the analyst creates insight into the problems. The analyst identifies and clarifies the patient's pathological defences, wishes and guilt.

Psychoanalysis has been criticized on many fronts. It has been called a pseudoscience, and lacking in empirical support. However, it remains influential within psychiatry, more so in some quarters than others.

References 

Psychology
Philosophical movements and positions
Zaandam

Zaandam is a city in the west of the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It has about 74,000 inhabitants (2014). It makes part of the municipality of Zaanstad.

First settlements in the region were known up from the 11th century.

Czar Peter the Great visited Zaandam in 1697 and 1717.

20th-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in North Holland
Former municipalities of North Holland
Zaanstad
Woodwind instrument

A woodwind instrument is an instrument belonging to the woodwind family.  Traditionally they were always made of wood, although some of them are now made of metal or plastic.

In an orchestra there are four main types of woodwind instrument.  Each of these also has related instruments of different sizes:

The piccolo is the highest of the four main instruments.  The lowest note is Middle C and it has a range of 3 octaves.  The piccolo is the smallest and highest instrument in the orchestra.  It plays one octave higher than the flute.  There is also an alto flute which sounds a fifth lower than the ordinary flute.  Flutes are still sometimes made of wood, but mostly they are metal.

The oboe can play slightly lower than the flute.  There is a larger version called the cor anglais (which means: “English horn”). This is a double reeded instrument. The clarinet plays nearly an octave lower than the flute.  The bass clarinet plays an octave lower than the clarinet. The bassoon is the lowest of the four.

The recorder is one of the oldest and most popular woodwinds and has been used to great effect by greats, such as Bach, Telemann and Vivaldi.  The general public is normally only familiar with the plastic, child's version of the recorder, but professional and high-quality recorders are still made of wood.

The saxophone may look like a brass instrument, but it is played like a clarinet and therefore it is a woodwind instrument.  It is usually played in bands and jazz groups.

Use 
Woodwind instruments are played in several ways. The flute is played by blowing across the top of the mouthpiece.  It is like blowing across the top of an empty bottle.  The oboe and bassoon both have a double reed.  It is like blowing through a drinking straw.  Bagpipes have double reeds which are inside the mouthpiece (“enclosed reeds”). The clarinet and saxophone have single reeds which are clamped against the opening of the mouthpiece.

In comparison, brass instruments are all blown in the same way: by blowing against a cup-shaped mouthpiece.  This is why the saxophone cannot be called a brass instrument, although it is made of brass.

The way that a player shapes his mouth to blow an instrument is called the “embouchure”.  Woodwind instruments have several different embouchures.

In an orchestra there may be two each of flutes, oboes, clarinets and bassoons.  In larger orchestras, particularly from the Romantic period onwards, there may be three or four.  Sometimes the extra instruments such as the piccolo are used.  If, for example, in an orchestral piece the third flute is marked “doubling piccolo”, it means that the person playing flute 3 will also play the piccolo.  However, if the piccolo plays at the same time as flute 3 they will obviously need an extra player for the piccolo part.

Woodwind instruments in an orchestra often have short solos.  These will be played by the first player (the “section principal”).
Bewitched

Bewitched is a comedy television show that was shown on TV by ABC from 1964 to 1972. It is about a man who is married to a witch.

The lead characters are Darrin and Samantha Stephens. Samantha twitches her nose or moves her hands to make a spell happen. Samantha was played by Elizabeth Montgomery. Darrin was played by Dick York from 1964 to 1969. Because of illness, Dick York left the show and was replaced by Dick Sargent who played Darrin from 1969 to 1972. Samantha's mother Endora was played by Agnes Moorehead. Endora dislikes Darrin and often makes things difficult for him.

1960s American television series
1970s American television series
1964 television series debuts
1972 television series endings
American sitcoms
ABC network shows
English-language television programs
Beresford, South Dakota

Beresford is a city in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. Most of the city is located in Union County, but a small part of it is in Lincoln County. Beresford became a city in 1884, and 2,005 people lived there at the 2010 census.

References

Other websites
City of Beresford website

Cities in South Dakota
1884 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Dakota Territory
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (22 January 1729 in Kamenz (Saxony) – 15 February 1781 in Braunschweig) was a German poet and philosopher in the time of the enlightenment.

Life
Lessing was one of twelve children. His father was a Protestant priest. He went to school in Kamenz and got a stipendium for the Higher School in Meißen. From 1746 to 1748, he studied medicine and theology in Leipzig. In 1750, he moved to Berlin, where he met Voltaire. In 1752 he got the Magister (Master) degree from the university in Wittenberg.

He moved back to Leipzig in 1755, but returned later to Berlin. He traveled around in Europe and studied. He worked as a reporter. From 1760 to 1765, he worked as secretary for a general in Breslau (today: Wroclaw). Later he worked at the theater and became a librarian. Lessing got married in 1776. But 1778 his wife died.

In 1781, Lessing died.

Works

Other websites 

In German
 Fabeln von Lessing  im Literaturnetz
 Lessing-Akademie Wolfenbüttel
 Lessing-Museum in Kamenz
 Biographie
 Biographie in ADB
 Briefe, die Neueste Literatur betreffend
 Deutscher Bildungsserver: Pädagogische Materialien zu Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 
 Einführung in die Dramentheorie Lessings
  kostenlose Hörbuchabhandlung als MP3: Über die Wahrheit
 Das Lessing-Denkmal in Wolfenbüttel 

1729 births
1781 deaths
18th-century German philosophers
German poets
People from Saxony
Anna Seghers

Anna Seghers (; born Anna Reiling, 19 November 1900 – 1 June 1983), was a German writer notable for exploring and depicting the moral experience of the Second World War.

Seghers' parents were orthodox Jews, but also interested in Christianity. Nelly made her abitur in 1920. Before this, she had served as a nurse during World War I.

She married Hungarian Laszlo Radvanyi in 1925, and obtained Hungarian citizenship.

After the Nazis took over government in Germany, she was arrested and her books were burned.

In 1947 she returned to Berlin, Eastern Berlin, joining the Socialist Party. She worked for the Writers Union of the GDR.

She died in 1983 in Berlin.

References 

1900 births
1983 deaths
East German people
German communists
Hungarian Jews
Jewish German writers
People from Mainz
Refugees from Nazism
Friedrich Schiller

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (November 10, 1759 in Marbach, Württemberg – May 9, 1805 in Weimar), usually known as Friedrich Schiller, was a German poet, philosopher, historian, and dramatist.

Works

Plays 
 Die Räuber (The Robbers) (1781)
 Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue and Love) (1784)
 Don Carlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos) (1787)
 Wallenstein (1800)
 Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans) (1801)
 Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart) (1801)
 Turandot (1802)
 Die Braut von Messina (1803)
 Wilhelm Tell (William Tell) (1804)
 Demetrius (unfinished at his death)

Poems 
 An die Freude or Ode to Joy (1785) which became the basis for the fourth movement of Beethoven's ninth symphony
 The Artists
 The Cranes of Ibykus
 The Bell
 Columbus
 Hope
 Pegasus in Harness
 The Glove
 Nänie which Brahms set to music

Other websites 

 
 Friedrich Schiller Chronology
 "Say it loud – it's Schiller and it's proud" by George Steiner
 2005 is Schiller year: all dates
 Letters upon the Education of Man at 
 Schiller Monument in Schiller Park, German Village, Columbus, Ohio, USA  
 Schiller multimedial  combines a biographical observation by Norbert Oellers with classic recordings and video clips
 Mobile Schiller  Mobile Java application containing 20 poems of Schiller

German writers
1759 births
1805 deaths
German poets
Clement Attlee

Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee  (3 January 1883 – 8 October 1967) was a British politician. Prime Minister from 1945 to 1951, he was the first Labour prime minister with a majority in government, and was very important in the setting up of the welfare state. He was made a member of the House of Lords after he retired, and became the first Earl Attlee.

Attlee died of pneumonia in 1967. He is buried in Westminster Abbey.

Early life and education
Attlee was born in Putney. Attlee was educated at Haileybury College. He graduated from University College, Oxford with a Second Class Honours BA in Modern History in 1904.

Career
Attlee began a career as a barrister after graduating from Oxford. This lasted for two years. He then worked as manager of Haileybury House in East London. Attlee's work at the House inspired him to become a socialist. In 1907 he joined the Fabian Society. In 1908 he joined the Independent Labour Party. In 1911, he was employed by the UK Government. In 1919 Attlee became Mayor of Stepney. He was elected to Parliament in 1922 as the MP for Limehouse., In 1935 he was elected leader of the Labour Party. From 1942 to 1945 he was deputy prime minister.  Attlee resigned as party leader after Labour lost the 1955 election.  He was made a member of the Order of Merit in 1951 and a Knight of the Garter in 1956. In 1958 he started the Homosexual Reform Society with Bertrand Russell.

1883 births
1967 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British mayors
British military personnel of World War I
Companions of Honour
Deaths from pneumonia
Deputy Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Infectious disease deaths in London
Knights of the Garter
Order of Merit
Members of the House of Lords
People buried in Westminster Abbey
People from Putney
Politicians from London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
United Kingdom Earls
Stephen Harper

Stephen Joseph Harper  (born April 30, 1959) is a Canadian economist, entrepreneur, and retired politician. He was the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada from 2006 to 2015. He is a member and the former leader of the Conservative Party, after being elected in 2004. He was elected in February 2006 and replaced Paul Martin as Prime Minister.

Harper was born in 1959 in Toronto, Ontario and lives in Calgary, Alberta. He is married to Laureen Teskey and has two children. He is the third Prime Minister, after Pierre Trudeau and John Turner, to send their children to Rockcliffe Park Public School, in Ottawa. Stephen Harper was Prime Minister for nine years, during which Canada hosted both the Vancouver 2010 Olympics and Paralympic Winter Games. Harper also hosted the G8 and G20 meetings.

Harper is a conservative and supports cutting government spending and taxes. As Prime Minister, he has cut the goods and services tax and approved a budget that would cut funding to several government programs. He has also shown support for the military and a bigger Canadian military presence in the northern part of Canada.

Even though Harper did win the seat in the riding of Calgary Heritage during the October 19, 2015 federal election, the Conservative Party was defeated by the Liberal Party of Canada, which was led by Justin Trudeau and who succeeded Harper as Prime Minister. It was thereafter announced Harper would resign as party leader and had requested an interim leader be chosen to serve until a leadership election can be held.

References

1959 births
Living people
Politicians from Toronto
Politicians from Alberta
Canadian economists
Privy Councillors (Canada)
Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)
Members of the House of Commons of Canada
Tadpole

A tadpole or polliwog is the larva of a frog. It breathes water and lives in the water. Tadpoles hatch from small eggs.

Frog eggs are round and toad eggs are laid in long strings.  Like bird eggs, they have nutrients (food) inside them for the young animal to grow before it hatches.

Movement

Tadpoles swim by lateral undulation: their tails move side to side, not up and down.

Food

Most types of tadpole eat only plants, for example algae on rocks. Some types of tadpole eat plants and animals, even other smaller tadpoles.

Metamorphosis

After some time, the tadpoles begin to grow legs: first the hind legs and then the front legs. Then they are called froglets.  Soon after, froglets grow lungs and begin to breathe air and lose their tails.  The tail disappears because the cells in the tail gently die.  Each tadpole's mouth changes from small to as wide as its head.  Its intestines become shorter.  They grow larger, and eventually become adults.

Species

How fast or slow the eggs hatch and how fast or slow the tadpole becomes a froglet is different in different frogs.  Some tadpoles take months to become frogs.  Some stay tadpoles all winter and do not become frogs until the next spring, or even three years later. Some frogs lay their eggs in bodies of water that are only there in the spring and dry up in the summer, so the tadpoles must become frogs in only a few weeks.

References

Frogs
Toads
Zeulenroda-Triebes

Zeulenroda-Triebes is a German town in the rural district of Greiz in Thuringia.

It has about 18,000 inhabitants. Most famous sight of the town is the beautiful town hall.

Other websites 
 Official website of Zeulenroda-Triebes
 Landkreis Greiz

Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Thuringia
Greiz Rural District
Harry Nilsson

Harry Edward Nilsson III (June 15, 1941 - January 15, 1994) was an American singer-songwriter. 

Nilsson was born in Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York City. His paternal grandparents were Swedish.

"Without her" is one of his early hits. This number is nowadays considered one of his standards as Blood, Sweat & Tears did later an jazzy cover on their album. His biggest hits were during the late 1960s and the 1970s. His songs include "Me And My Arrow", "Coconut", "Cuddly Toy", "Spaceman", and "One". "One" was also a hit for the band Three Dog Night. Nilsson's two most famous songs were "Without You" and "Everybody's Talkin'". These songs were  written by other people. "Without You" has been re-recorded many times by other singers. It was written by Peter Ham and Tom Evans of Badfinger. "Everybody's Talkin'" was used in the 1969 movie Midnight Cowboy. The song was written by Fred Neil.

Nilsson recorded a tribute to The Beatles on his first album. He used lines from fifteen of their songs in one cover version of "You Can't Do That". Derek Taylor, who worked for the Beatles, sent them copies of the album, and Nilsson became a friend of the band. He later shared a house with John Lennon and Ringo Starr. They worked together on each other's music.

Nilsson also wrote a cartoon movie named The Point!. It was broadcast on ABC. It was about tolerance and diversity. The Point! was later turned into a musical. One production of the musical starred former Monkees Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones. The Monkees had recorded two of Nilsson's songs, "Cuddly Toy" and "Daddy's Song", after they met him through producer Chip Douglas.

Nilsson died of heart failure in Agoura Hills, California.

The movie You've Got Mail uses several of Nilsson's songs in its soundtrack.

Notes

Outer links 
A performance of 'Without Her' from the 1971 BBC Television broadcast.

Singer-songwriters from New York
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from heart failure
Singers from New York City
1941 births
1994 deaths
Acoustic guitar

An acoustic guitar is a string instrument. It has six strings which pass from tuning pegs over the instrument's neck which is marked with lines called frets. These marks show where to press a string with the fingers of the left hand, to change the note that string plays. The right hand plucks or strums the strings, either with the fingers or using a plectrum ("pick"), to make them sound. Acoustic guitars are used in types of music ranging from classical to rock and roll, to bluegrass and folk. The six strings can be steel or nylon. Nylon strings are typically used for classical and related styles of music. Steel strings are typically used for most other styles.

How the guitar became a popular instrument
The acoustic guitar came from Spain (an instrument with six strings), created by Antonio Torres Jurado. But at the beginning, the guitar was different with what we see the guitar now. In the 16th to 17th centuries, the guitar became popular in Europe. In the 18th century, the guitar changed to be similar to how it is now. But before the 19th century, many people thought the guitar could not be same as a piano or violin. They thought it could not play classical music. But at the beginning of 19th century, a famous guitar player, Fernando Sor, made the guitar become more popular and he made more people like playing the guitar. Before the 20th century, people played the acoustic guitar. In the 20th century, a musician in United States, Leo Fender, invented the electric guitar.

Guitar and ukulele compared
The guitar and the ukulele are similar in shape and other ways, but they are also different. The ukulele looking like a small guitar. But the guitar has six strings, and the ukulele has just four strings. The six strings in a guitar are tuned: E, B, G, D, A, and E; the four strings in a ukulele are tuned: G, C, E, and A. Also, the ukulele comes from Hawaii, and the guitar comes from Spain.

Other websites

References

Guitars
Coral fungi

Coral fungi or clavarioid fungi, are mushrooms that are usually shaped like coral, but can also be shaped like forks, worms or clubs. They are rubbery and at times are brightly coloured.

Originally, such fungi were put in the genus Clavaria, and called "clavarioid", which means Clavaria-like. It is now known that clavarioid species are not all closely related. Since they are often studied as a group, we keep the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "clavarioid fungi", and it is frequently used in research papers.

Habitat 
Most coral fungi grow on the ground, but some grow on well decayed logs and stumps.
They are usually found in forests but some can also be found in fields. They are decomposers.

Eating 
Although they are not poisonous, some kinds are a laxative and some can cause stomach pain.

Other websites

fungi
Tap (valve)

A tap, faucet, or spigot is something that a liquid or gas comes out of. Taps usually have a handle that can be turned to start or stop the liquid coming out.

Many taps give water and are used in homes. They are found in kitchens and bathrooms.

Water that comes out of a tap is called tap water. At many restaurants, a person can ask for tap water instead of bottled water.

Hardware (mechanical)

la:Clepsydra
Competition

A competition or contest is an event where people get together to see who is the best at something.  Someone who takes part in a competition ("enters for a competition") is called a competitor.  The competitors compete against one another.  The person who wins may get a prize.  The prize might be a trophy or money.

Competitions can be for lots of different things, for example, sport, writing, music, dancing, science, or chess.

Some competitions need a referee.  The referee will make sure that the game is played fairly and that the competitors obey the rules.  In events like music competitions there will often be an adjudicator who will decide which person they think is the best.

Forms
In nature, animals compete with one another for the best food, the best nesting places, etc. According to Charles Darwin, the competition in nature results in evolution.
In business, firms that make the same things or offer the same services are in competition with one another (see market forms).

The adjective of 'competition' is competitive.
If persons are "competitive" it means that they like trying to compete with other people.
Businesses often say that they sell things at "competitive prices".  This means that their prices are lower than those of other businesses which sell similar things.

Examples of competitions
There are a lot of different kinds of competitions, for example:
 Eating competitions, where people try to eat the most food
 Running competitions, where people see who is the first to run from one place to another
 Sport competitions, where sports teams try to beat each other to win a trophy
 Singing competitions, where someone decides which person sang the best

or see the gallery of images below:

Related pages

International Mathematical Olympiad
Music competitions
Science Olympiad
Spelling bee

References 

Basic English 850 words
Everyday life
Digital rights management

Digital rights management (DRM) is a way to make it difficult to copy music, movies, and computer programs. It is used to make people follow copyright laws. It works by using computer technologies.

Many companies use DRM to protect their properties from copyright infringement, such as Sony, Microsoft and the BBC. Other companies also use DRM.

Some people do not like digital rights management. They think that DRM makes copying harder than copyright laws allow. The Free Software Foundation suggested that 'digital restrictions management' is a better name.

People can break DRM. If someone breaks a DRM technology then copying is possible. All common DRM technologies have been broken. Making a DRM technology that can not be broken is very hard. Some people say that all DRM technologies can be broken. In the United States it is illegal to break a DRM.

DRM is a way for companies to keep their profits while sharing their content online. A good example of this is BBC iPlayer. They do this by keeping their content online for a certain amount of time. 

Technology
Copyright
Cement

Cement is a material that hardens and sticks to other materials to hold them together. Portland cement is a common kind, and made from quicklime (heated limestone) and clay.  Cement is used to make concrete and mortar.

Materials
Brown algae

Brown algae are a large group of multicellular algae.   All the brown algae are multicellular.  Most brown algae have fucoxanthin, a chemical that gives them a brown color. They inlude many seaweeds in colder waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Most brown algae live in marine environments, where they play an important role both as food and as a potential habitat. 

There are 2000 species of brown algae.  Most species live in the ocean. They are important as food and as homes for many animals and marine life.  Some brown algae are gathered by humans for food.  The giant kelp Macrocystis is a brown alga that forms underwater forests, and it may grow to 60 meters.  The Sargasso Sea gets its name from the Sargassum seaweed that floats on the surface. Many brown algae grow on rocks at the seashore.

Brown algae are unique among heterokonts in developing into multicellular forms with differentiated tissues. But they reproduce by means of flagellated spores and gametes that look like the cells of other heterokonts. Genetic studies show their closest relatives to be the yellow-green algae (Xanthophyceae).

Classification
This is a list of the orders in the class Phaeophyceae:

References

Algae
Bacillus

Bacillus is a genus of rod shaped bacteria. They are Gram-positive, meaning they have an extra outside cell layer.

Bacilli are partly or wholly aerobic. They do aerobic respiration. They are everywhere in nature. Bacillus includes both free-living (non-parasitic) and parasitic pathogenic species.

Under stressful conditions, they produce endospores. These are not true spores, but like survival pods they can stay in a dormant state for long periods.

Some species of Bacillus are worth noting:

Bacillus anthracis, which causes Anthrax.
Bacillus subtilis is considered an model organism. It is often used in genetic engineering.
Bacillus cereus which is responsible for a form of food poisoning.
Bacillus thuringensis which is used in pest control. It produces a toxin which can kill some moths, and certain butterflies.

Related pages
 Listeria
 Bacillus (shape)

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
Square Enix

Square Enix is a Japanese company that makes video games and manga. It was created on April 1, 2003. Two companies called Square Co., Ltd. and Enix combined to form Square Enix.

Square Enix is famous for its role-playing games. This includes the Final Fantasy series, the Dragon Quest series and the Kingdom Hearts series.They are one of the biggest videogame companies in the world.

References

Other websites
 Global Site

Comic companies
Japanese video game companies
2003 establishments in Japan
Game designer

A game designer is someone who designs games. The term "game designer" usually refers to someone who designs computer or video games, but can also be a person who designs older games like a board game.

 
Games
Individual

Individual can be an adjective or a noun.

As an adjective, a living thing that is individual is not in a group (by him/her/itself). An object that is individual is for only one person or thing (not shared by a group). Something that is individual can also be different from anyone else (unique).

Some students learn better with tutors because they get individual attention.
He has a very individual taste in music.

As a noun, an individual is only one person or thing, not a group. An individual can also mean someone who is different from anyone else (one a kind).

The rights of individuals
A strange individual

Relating pages 
Individualism

Basic English 1500 Words
Card

Card most commonly refers to:
 Playing card
 Greeting card

Card may also refer to:

 Business card, contains contact details for a business or business person
 Magnetic stripe card, a plastic card with data stored on it
 Credit card
 Debit card
 Smart card
 Membership card, given to a person when they become a member of a club or organisation
 Memory card, used to store digital data for computers
 Postcard, a card sent to friends or relatives while travelling, with a picture on one side and a message on the other
 Punched card, a card with information that is punched with holes
 Telephone card, used to pay for telephone calls
 Visiting card, used to identify a person as a visitor rather than staff

Computer hardware 
 A small printed circuit board
 Sound card, controls the sound
 Video card, controls the graphics

Other uses 
 , when writing mathematics, a function that returns the cardinality of a set
 Arizona Cardinals, a National Football League team nicknamed the "Cards"
 St. Louis Cardinals, a Major League Baseball team nicknamed the "Cards"

Basic English 850 words
Tray

A tray is a shallow container designed for carrying things.

Trays are flat, but with raised edges to stop things from sliding off of them. They are often rectangular, and may or may not have handles with which to carry them.

A butler's tray has a deeper surround, handles on the short sides (usually cut into the surround) so that it can be easily carried, and folding legs. It is used to carry drinks, and can be used as a side table.

Basic English 850 words
Orkney Islands

The Orkney Islands (often also called only Orkney)  is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland, United Kingdom. It is about 16 kilometres north of Caithness. 20 of the about 70 islands have people living on them.  The administrative centre is Kirkwall (with about 8000 people living there). The next largest settlements are Stromness (2000 people) and St. Margaret's Hope (with about 550 people).

In addition to the mainland, most of the islands are in two groups, the North and South Isles. All of them are made of sandstone. The climate is mild and the soil is fertile. Most of the land is farmed and agriculture is the main source of income for the economy. There are many birds and fish.

Transportation 
Ferry services go much of the time to Lerwick (in Shetland). Most islands have air strips (for airplanes). This includes the shortest known flight service in the world, between Westray and Papa Westray. Official flight time is 2 minutes. If the wind goes in the right direction, the flight can take just over a minute.

References

Other websites 

 Orkney.com Official website

 
Counties of Scotland
Scottish Council Areas
Methodism

Methodism, or the Methodist movement, is a group of Protestant denominations. The movement started in Britain in the 18th century and spread to the United States and the British Empire. Originally it was popular with workers, poor farmers, and slaves. Mr. John Wesley started Methodism. He was a priest of the Church of England. His brother Charles Wesley was a famous writer of Church music.

Related pages
George Whitefield

Other websites
United Methodist Church website
Vas deferens

The vas deferens (or ductus deferens)   is a duct in a man’s body.  It is also present in other male vertebrates. Its function is to carry sperm away from the testes, towards the penis.

There are two of these ducts, which are tubes surrounded by smooth muscle.  They connect the left and right epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in order to move sperm. Each tube is about 30 centimeters long. During ejaculation the smooth muscle in the wall of the vas deferens contracts. That pushes the sperm toward the penis. The sperm go from the vas deferens into the urethra. Other male sex glands push out at the same time.

Vasectomy 
There is a surgery called vasectomy that is a method of contraception. The two vasa deferentia (Latin plural) are cut and sealed, so the sperm cannot get out of the body. This is usually permanent, but in some cases it can be reversed.  Sometimes instead of cutting the vas deferentia, the surgeon puts something to block the sperm instead of cutting them.

Related pages 
 Cystic fibrosis

Notes 

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Che Guevara

Ernesto "Che" Guevara, commonly known as el Che or Che  (June 14, 1928 - October 9, 1967) was an Argentine Marxist, revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla, diplomat, and military theorist. He is popular with socialists. In addition to that he was a writer and some of his articles and speeches were even published.

Time magazine said he was one of the most influential people of the 20th century. Guerrillero Heroico, a picture of him, is called "the most famous photograph in the world."

Early life 
Che Guevara was born in Rosario, Argentina in 1928. He studied at the University of Buenos Aires. He wanted to be a doctor. During his holidays, he traveled. He saw how poor some people were. He thought that revolution could fix it.

After college, he went to Mexico. He met Fidel Castro there in 1954. Castro was planning a rebellion in Cuba. Guevara joined Castro. He fought with Castro in Cuba. In 1959, Fidel won and became president of Cuba. Fidel and Guevara declared Cuba a communist country. Guevara was made head of Cuba's bank. He later became Minister of Industry. In 1965, Guevara helped to start other revolutions. They were in Congo-Kinshasa and Bolivia. In 1967, he was captured and executed by Bolivian soldiers. His body was not found until 1997. His nickname among friends was "Chegi Vara".

Che in popular culture 

People have different opinions on Che Guevara. Some see him as a good leader. In addition to that he was an excellent writer and some of his articles and speeches were even published. Others see him as a bad man who wanted to hurt people. A black and white image of Guevara's face is one of the most merchandized images. It can be found on many items. They include t-shirts, hats, posters, and other items. The image was based on a photograph by Alberto Korda Díaz. Díaz was a Cuban photographer. It was taken in 1960.

Guevara is still an important person. He is seen as an example of youthful rebellion.

A movie, The Motorcycle Diaries, is about Che. It describes a trip that he took through South America. The trip took place in the 1950s. The movie was directed by Walter Salles. It was produced by Robert Redford.

References

Other websites 
  BBC News (January 17, 2001). "Profile: Laurent Kabila". Accessed April 10, 2008.
  BBC News (May 26, 2001). Che Guevara photographer dies. Accessed January 4, 2006.
  BBC News (October 9, 2007). "Cuba pays tribute to Che Guevara". BBC News, International version.
  Lacey, Mark (October 26, 2007). "Lone Bidder Buys Strands of Che's Hair at U.S. Auction". New York Times.
  Lacey, Mark (October 9, 2007). "A Revolutionary Icon, and Now, a Bikini". The New York Times.
  O'Hagan, Sean (July 11, 2004). "Just a pretty face?". The Guardian. Accessed October 25, 2006.

Argentine people
Communists
People executed by firearm
Physicians
1928 births
1967 deaths
Cuban scientists
Magma

Magma is the melted rock under the ground. 

There are different types of magma. One is called felsic magma. Felsic magma is thick and has silica minerals. It mostly makes light-coloured rocks. Another type is called mafic magma, which is runny and has less silica. It usually makes dark-coloured rocks. Magmas can be intermediate between both types. 

Magma may become solid  by cooling slowly below the surface. This makes "plutonic" rocks such as granite. When magma comes out from the ground in a volcano it is called lava. Lava cools quickly, and forms other kinds of rock such as basalt. 

Magma is produced by melting of the Earth's mantle or the crust. It happens at tectonic settings, such as subduction zones, continental rift zones, mid-ocean ridges and hotspots. 

Melted material from the mantle and crust moves up through the crust and collects  in magma chambers. 

When they come up through the crust, magmas may feed a volcano and come out  as lava. But they may solidify underground to form an intrusion. Intrusions eventually cool down and become igneous dikes or  sills. 

The study of magma is usually done in lava flows. However, magma was found under the ground three times in geothermal drilling projects—twice in Iceland and once in Hawaii.

References

Other websites

Volcanology
Glue

Glue is a sticky material (usually a liquid) that can stick two or more things together. Glue can be made from plant or animal parts, or it can be made from oil-based chemicals. 

The first glues may have been natural liquids that come out of trees when they are cut. Later, people learned to make glue by boiling animal feet, cartilage or bones. Some very strong glues were first made from fish bones, rubber or milk.

A simple glue can be made at home by mixing wheat, flour and water. This glue will stick pieces of paper together.
Many kinds of art can be made using glue. A collage is a work of art made by using glue to stick coloured things onto paper. 

Some glues can be used to keep water out of boats, buildings or vehicles. In this case, the glue may be called caulk. Some man-made materials, including wood-like materials, are made using glues to bind together small pieces of material or powders. 

While many glues are safe, certain kinds of glue contain strong-smelling chemicals. Some people sniff these glues to get high. Sometimes people breathe in the vapors by mistake. This is a very bad idea because these chemicals are often poisons and may cause brain damage or illness.    

Glue can also be made from rice or rice flour. 

Chemical compounds
Angara River

The Angara is a river in Siberia, Russia, close to the Jenissei. It is nearly 1.779 km long. It flows out of Lake Baikal and into the Jenissei. A big city on the river is Irkutsk.

Rivers of Russia
Siberia
Siberia

Siberia is the part of Russia that is in Asia. It covers wide landscapes, and stretches from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific. It goes from the Arctic Ocean to the border with China, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia. The Yenisei river is sometimes called the border between east Siberia and west Siberia. Siberia covers about 70% of all Russian territory, but only 26% of Russians live there. It is one of the coldest places on Earth where people live. 70% of people in Siberia live in big cities and small towns.

Novosibirsk is the largest city in Siberia, with a population more than .                     
Omsk and Krasnoyarsk also have populations of over a million people. Tomsk and Kemerovo have populations of over a 500 thousand population. 
Tomsk is one of the most beautiful places in Siberia, it has the best education in Siberia.
Omsk has got very polluted air.

Siberian people

Many different ethnic groups live in Siberia. They are sometimes called Sibiryak (Russian: сибиряк) or Sybirak (Russian: сыбирак, from Polish) people. Most people in Siberia who are not Slavic, are Turkic peoples. The first Slavic settlers, from European Russia, arrived in the 17th century.

Related pages
 Siberian languages
 Russian Far East

References 
 Russian Siberia: Ethnic History and Traditional Culture
 Groups of Russians of Siberia
 Russians in Siberia
 Russians: ethnographic description
 History of Russians in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Siberia
Opel Corsa

The Opel Corsa is a subcompact car. It has been produced by the German car manufacturer Opel since 1982. There are five generations of the Corsa. The first generation was sold as the Vauxhall Nova in the UK.

The Corsa is also sold under the Vauxhall brand in the UK. 

The first generation Corsa A was made from September 1982 to March 1993 and was sold as the Vauxhall Nova in the UK from April 1983. It was sold with hatchback and saloon bodies with 2 or 4 doors and was facelifted in September 1987 and again in September 1990. 

The second generation Corsa B was made from April 1993 to September 2000 with Vauxhall taking on the name in the UK. It was only available with hatchback models with 3 or 5 doors and was facelifted in August 1997. In May 1994, it launched as the Holden Barina for the Australasian market. 

The third generation Corsa C was made from October 2000 to September 2006 with the same 3 and 5-door versions as before and was facelifted in August 2003. It was also sold as a Holden Barina from 2001 to the end of 2005. 

The fourth generation Corsa D was made from October 2006 to September 2014 and grew larger in size compared to its predecessor. It was facelifted in early 2011. 

The fifth generation Corsa E was made from October 2014 to September 2019 which is a heavy update of the previous version with revised exterior styling and a new interior, it was not facelifted during its run. 

The sixth generation Corsa F is made from October 2019 to present. Only a 5-door model is offered and shares its platform with the second generation Peugeot 208. An electric version called the Corsa-e is also available. 

For the first time in 2021, the Vauxhall Corsa became the UK’s best-selling car.

Cars of around the same size 
Fiat Punto
Ford Fiesta
Peugeot 206
Toyota Yaris
Volkswagen Polo

More pictures

Other websites

1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Corsa
Iron Maiden

Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band. It was started by Steve Harris in 1975. Its first music album was Iron Maiden, which was released in 1980. The singer Paul Di'Anno was replaced by Bruce Dickinson in 1982. Bruce Dickinson left in 1993 and was replaced by Blaze Bayley. In 1999, Dickinson returned to the band.

The mascot of the band is Eddie, a monster, who is present in the concerts and also appears on the album covers. Eddie is most often shown as a dead body that has come back to life and looks very evil. The band's music shows often have a statue of Eddie that is very large and much taller than the band.

Iron Maiden has released many albums. The band's newest album, The Book of Souls, was released in the year 2015. Iron Maiden has sold over 100 million copies of their albums world wide.

Members 

 Bruce Dickinson - vocals
 Janick Gers - guitar
 Steve Harris - bass guitar
 Nicko McBrain - percussion
 Dave Murray - guitar
 Adrian Smith - guitar
 Sean Marleau - keyboards/synth

Previous members 
 Paul Di'Anno - vocals
 Blaze Bayley - vocals
 Clive Burr - percussion
 Sean Marleau - percussion, vocals

Albums 
 Iron Maiden (1980)
 Killers (1981)
 The Number of the Beast (1982)
 Piece of Mind (1983)
 Powerslave (1984)
 Somewhere in Time (1986)
 Seventh Son of a Seventh Son (1988)
 No Prayer for the Dying (1990)
 Fear of the Dark (1992)
 The X Factor (1995)
 Virtual XI (1998)
 Brave New World (2000)
 Dance of Death (2003)
 A Matter of Life and Death (2006)
 The Final Frontier (2010)
 The Book of Souls (2015)
Senjutsu (2021)

References

Other websites
Official website

1975 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English heavy metal bands
 
Musical groups established in 1975
Musical groups from London
Nukuʻalofa

Nukuʻalofa is the capital city of Tonga. It is on the island of Tongatapu.

35% of Tongans live in Nukuʻalofa. As of 1996, about 22,400 people lived there.

Tonga
Capital cities in Oceania
General Motors

General Motors Company is the largest American car company. It is based in the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan. It was founded in 1908 by a man named Billy Durant. It makes cars and trucks in 31 countries. About 209,000 people work for it. It is the second largest car company in the world, after Toyota.

In the 1950s and 1960s, it dominated the car industry, but it fell into decline by the 1980s and 90s. The company went through a bankruptcy in 2009 and was bought by the US Government, which has been selling its stake in the company.

As of April 2014, GM is being investigated by the United States Congress over the deaths of 13 people involving faulty ignition systems that have been used in many GM cars, with some built as early as 1997. In May 2014 the company was fined $35 million from NHTSA over the ignition problem.

Brands 
GM has many brands, including:
 Cadillac
 Chevrolet
 Buick
 GMC
 Holden
In the past, General Motors has used other brands, including Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Saturn, Hummer, Geo, and Daewoo, but none of these are produced by GM as of 2014. They either have gone out of business or were merged into Chevrolet. GM also owned Saab from 1989-2010, and also held stakes in Isuzu and Suzuki until 2008. In 2017 they sold Opel and Vauxhall Motors to Groupe PSA.

References 

1908 establishments in the United States

1900s establishments in Michigan
 
Companies based in Detroit, Michigan
Bartolomeu Dias

Bartolomeu Dias(or Bartholomew Dias, 1450 - May 29, 1500) was a Portuguese explorer who was the first European to sail past the Cape of Good Hope now Cape Town. 

In 1487, King John II of Portugal asked  Dias to find a new route for the spice trade and to find a legendary Christian king named Prester John in the east. In 1488 Bartholomew and his sailors sailed along the western coast of Africa. They got caught in a storm and landed at a cape in southern Africa and they could not sail beyond that point. They named it "Cape of Storms" and later returned to Portugal. The king of Portugal considered it as a victory gained by the Portuguese adventurers and named it as "Cape of Good Hope". Because Prester John did not really exist, they did not find his country but the route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean leading to Asia turned out to be valuable. With his voyage over, he'd later continue with a voyage with Vasco Da Gama, Reaching India at last

1450 births
1500 deaths
Portuguese explorers
Commanding a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabral's later expedition to Brazil he died at sea in 1500 during a storm. There was a statue made for him later in Cape Town, South Africa.
Cape Agulhas

Cape Agulhas is the point in Africa which is farthest south. It is in the country of South Africa. It is near the town of Agulhas. 

Agulhas
Geography of South Africa
Holy Roman Emperor

Holy Roman Emperor was the title that was given to the ruler of a loose group of places in mostly Central Europe called the Holy Roman Empire.  The title of "emperor" was passed from the Romans to the Frankish kingdom  (for which "France" is named) when, on 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

List of emperors
This list includes all emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, whether or not they called themselves Holy Roman Emperor. There are some gaps. For example, Henry the Fowler was King of Germany but not Emperor.

Emperors before Otto the Great
Some historians say the Carolingian Empire was the start of the Holy Roman Empire. Others say the start of the Holy Roman Empire was 962. The rulers who were crowned as Emperors in the West before 962 were as follows:

Carolingian dynasty

Guideschi dynasty

Carolingian dynasty

Bosonid dynasty

Unruoching dynasty

There was no emperor in the west between 924 and 962.

Holy Roman Emperors

Ottonian (Saxon) dynasty

Salian (Frankish) dynasty

Supplinburg dynasty

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

Welf dynasty

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

House of Luxembourg

House of Wittelsbach

House of Luxembourg

House of Habsburg

House of Wittelsbach

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

References
Tampere

Tampere () is the third biggest city in Finland. It is the capital of the  Pirkanmaa area.
Neighbour municipalities are Kangasala, Lempäälä, Nokia, Pirkkala, Vesilahti, Hämeenkyrö, Orivesi, Pälkäne and Ylöjärvi. 

The population of Tampere was 215,144 in 2011.

History
Tampere was started in 1779. At 1800's, Tampere became to be a notable industrialized city and one of the biggest cities in Finland.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Official Tampere page, in Finnish
 The official Tampere Region visitor website

 
1779 establishments in Europe
Cities in Finland
18th-century establishments in Finland