cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Gulf of Aqaba

The Gulf of Aqaba (, transliterated: ) or Gulf of Eilat (, transliterated: ) is a wide gulf between the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt and west of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia. The gulf is an extension of the Red Sea. It is  long and  wide. At this northern end of the Gulf are three cities: Taba in Egypt, Eilat in Israel, and Aqaba in Jordan.

Other websites 

The Red Sea Marine Peace Park page on Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs - a joint Israel-Jordan initiative

Aqaba
Geography of Egypt
Geography of Israel
Geography of Jordan
Geography of Saudi Arabia
Erythema ab igne

Erythema ab igne is a rash of the skin, which is usually caused by the long-term exposure to heat or infrared radiation, and which is not a burn. Usually the name is abbreviated EAI. Other names include hot water bottle rash fire stains, laptop thigh, granny's tartan and toasted skin syndrome.

Some people may complain of mild itchiness and a burning sensation. When a change in skin pigmentation can not be seen, it is often not noticed at all.

References

Symptoms
Skin
Ayalon River

Ayalon River (, Nahal Ayalon, Nahr el barideh or Wadi Musrara, in Arabic) is a river in central Israel. The river starts in the Judaean Mountains and flows as a dry river from the mountains to the Ayalon Valley in the Shfela region. After this, it flows into a floodplain in the Ayalon Park and gets filled with water. After that it turns into a channel flowing alongside Road 20 in Tel Aviv and also a railway track beside it and flows to the Yarkon River inside the Yarkon Park at the end.

Other websites 

Rivers of Israel
Tel Aviv
Capella

Capella (α Aurigae, α Aur, Alpha Aurigae) is the brightest star in the constellation Auriga, the eleventh brightest star in the night sky and the third brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere, after Arcturus and Vega.

Although it appears to be a single star to the naked eye, it is actually a star system of four stars in two binary pairs.  The first pair consists of two bright, large type-G giant stars, both with a radius about 10 times the Sun's, in close orbit around each other.  These two stars are thought to be cooling and expanding on their way to becoming red giants.

The second pair, around 10,000 astronomical units from the first, consists of two faint, small and relatively cool red dwarfs.  The Capella system is relatively close, at only  from Earth.

The system is a member of the Hyades moving group, a group of stars moving in the same direction as the Hyades cluster.

References 

Binary stars
Yarkon River

Yarkon River (, ) is a river in central Israel that flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The river starts in the Yarkon National Garden near Rosh HaAyin and flows past the city of Petah Tikva. After then it flows through the Yarkon Park in the north of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area beside the cities of Bnei Brak and Ramat Gan, and then flows through Tel Aviv and into the Mediterranean Sea next to the Yarkon River Peninsula and the Tel Aviv Port.

The Yarkon River has a written history of 2000 years. It is described in the Hebrew Bible as a border of the Tribe of Dan of Israelite.

Other websites 

  Yarkon River Authority 

Rivers of Israel
Tel Aviv
Mountifort Longfield Conner

Mountifort Longfield Conner was a South Australian politician. He represented the electorates of Light (1871—1873) and Albert (1875). In 1874 he was a made a Commissioner of the Goldfields Commission, which supervised mining leases in the Northern Territory. Mount Conner in the Northern Territory was named after him by explorer William Gosse in 1873.

References

Politicians from South Australia
Kishon River

The Kishon River is a river in northern Israel. It is the second biggest river of the shores of the Mediterranean Sea in Israel. The river starts in the Samaria Mountains. It goes through the Jezreel Valley. It goes north beside Mount Carmel. It flows to the Mediterranean sea.

The Kishon River is in the Jewish Bible book of Book of Judges.

For many years, this the river was very polluted from of the factories around it. It was the biggest polluted river in Israel. In 2010 the Israeli government started a project to clean the river. It built a big public urban park that will be finished within 10 years.

Other websites 

Kishon River Authority (Hebrew)
Greenpeace Press Release on Kishon River 
Eco Park For A Green Peace

Rivers of Israel
Haifa
Wolf 359

Wolf 359 is a red dwarf in the constellation Leo first measured in 1919 by Max Wolf. About 7.8 light years from the Earth, it has an apparent magnitude of 13.5 and can only be seen with a large telescope. 

Wolf 359 is one of the nearest stars to the Solar System. Only the Alpha Centauri system (including Proxima Centauri), Barnard's Star, and WISE 1049-5319 are closer. It is mentioned in several works of fiction.

Wolf 359 is one of the faintest and lowest-mass stars known. At the light-emitting layer called the photosphere, it has a temperature of about 2,800 K, which is low enough for chemical compounds to form and survive. The absorption lines of compounds such as water and titanium(II) oxide are in the spectrum. 

The surface has a magnetic field which is stronger than the average magnetic field on the Sun. As a result of magnetic activity caused by convection, Wolf 359 is a flare star that has sudden increases in luminosity for several minutes. These flares give off strong bursts of X-ray and gamma ray radiation. Wolf 359 is a relatively young star with an age of less than a billion years. No companions or disks of debris have been detected in orbit around it.

References 

Red dwarfs
Annihilator

Annihilator are a Canadian thrash metal band from Ottawa, Ontario.

Annihilator was formed in 1984 by lead singer Jeff Waters. He met John Bates and they recorded the song Annihilator together. Waters and Bates recruited drummer Paul Malek and bassist Dave Scott into the band but Bates and Scott left a year later.

The band released their first studio album Alice in Hell on April 17, 1989. They released their second studio album Never, Neverland on September 12, 1990. Both Alice in Hell and Never, Neverland are considered masterpieces of Canadian heavy metal.

Annihilator is the highest selling heavy metal artist in Canadian history, even though most of the sales have not been in the band's home country.

Band members 
Current
Jeff Waters - lead vocals, guitar, bass guitar (1984–present)
Dave Padden - vocals, guitar (2003–present)

Live
Alberto "Al" Campuzano – bass (2010–Present)
Mike Harshaw – drums (2012–Present)

Former
John Bates – Lead vocals (1984–1985)
Dave Scott – Bass guitar (1984–1985)
Paul Malek – Drums (1984–1985, 1986)
Richard Death – Drums (1985)
Dennis Dubeau – Lead vocals (1987–1989)
Ray Hartmann – Drums (1987–1992, 1999–2001)
Randy Rampage – Lead vocals (1989, 1998–2000)
Dave Davis – Guitar (1989–1991, 1993–2001)
Wayne Darley – Bass guitar(1989–1993)
Coburn Pharr – Lead vocals (1990–1992)
Neil Goldberg – Guitar (1992–1993)
Aaron Randall – Lead vocals (1992–1994)
Mike Mangini – Drums (1993, 2004–2005, 2007)
Randy Black – Drums (1993–1996, 2002–2003)
Cam Dixon – Bass guitar (1994–1995)
Lou Bujdoso – Bass guitar (1995–1996)
Dave Machander – Drums (1996)
Russell Bergquist – Bass guitar (1999–2003, 2005–2007)
Joe Comeau – Lead vocals (2000–2003)
Curran Murphy – Guitar (2002–2005)
Sandor de Bretan – Bass guitar (2004)
Rob Falzano – Drums (2004)
Tony Chappelle – Drusm (2005)
Alex Landenburg – Drums (2007)
Brian Daemon – Bass guitar (2007)
Carlos Cantatore - Drums (2010)

Discography

Albums
Alice in Hell (1989)
Never, Neverland (1990)
Set the World on Fire (1993)
King of the Kill (1994)
Refresh the Demon (1996)
Remains (1997)
Criteria for a Black Widow (1999)
Carnival Diablos (2001)
Waking the Fury (2002)
All for You (2004)
Schizo Deluxe (2005)
Metal (2007)
Annihilator (2010)

References

Other websites 
Official website

1980s music groups
Musical groups established in 1984
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Canadian heavy metal bands
Canadian thrash metal bands
Speed metal bands
Progressive metal bands
Gloria Loring

Gloria Loring (December 10, 1946) is an American actress and singer. She began her career at the age of 14. She starred in the soap opera Days of Our Lives. She has also carried several hit songs. 

Loring was born in New York City. She was married to Alan Thicke from 1970 until they divorced in 1984. The couple had two sons, Brennan and Robin.

References

Other websites 

1946 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American television actors
Cao Yuan

Cao Yuan (; born February 7, 1995 in Beijing) is a Chinese diver. He competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Men's synchronized 10 metre platform, winning the gold medal.

References

1995 births
Living people
Olympic gold medalists
Chinese sportspeople
Divers
Pedro Almodóvar

Pedro Almodóvar Caballero (born 25 September 1949) is a Spanish movie director, producer and screenwriter. His movies include: All About My Mother and Talk to Her.

Almodóvar is openly gay.

Related pages
List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people

References

Other websites 

1949 births
Living people
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT directors
LGBT producers
LGBT screenwriters
Spanish movie actors
Spanish movie directors
Spanish movie producers
Spanish screenwriters
Old Town, Oslo

Old Town is a part of the city of Oslo, Norway. It is the original town settlement of Oslo. The Norwegian royal family previously lived here. Here were also several churches and the home for the Bishop of Oslo. Today there are still ruins left of the old town, protected in parks.

Oslo
Panama Canal Zone

The Panama Canal Zone () is a  former unorganized United States territory. It is now the country of Panama.

In 1903, the territory was controlled by the United States. As a part of the United States, the zone had several towns and military bases. 

The Zone was disestablished in October 1, 1979 as part of a treaty signed in 1977 by President Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos, the unofficial leader of Panama.

The Panama Canal was operated by the United States until December 31, 1999, when it returned to Panama.

History 
The treaty was approved by the provisional Panamanian government on December 2, 1903, and by the US Senate on February 23, 1903. While the treaty was approved, the Panamanians received US$10 million, much of which the United States required to be invested in that country. The Canal Zone was formally turned over by Panama on May 4, 1904, when American officials reopened the Panama City offices of the canal company and raised the American flag.

Notable people
 John McCain – U.S. Senator from Arizona and the Republican nominee for President for the 2008 US presidential election

References

1903 establishments in North America
1979 disestablishments in North America
20th century in Panama
20th century in the United States
Wii Zapper

The Wii Zapper is a light gun add-on for the Wii Remote made for the Wii game console. It was first released in Japan on October 25, 2007 with Ghost Squad. It was later released in a package with Link's Crossbow Training, a shooter video game based on The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess. It was released in North America on November 19, 2007, in Europe on December 7, 2007, and in Australia on December 13, 2007. It allows players to aim at the screen and hit targets. To hit targets, players have to point the device at the television and pull the trigger. It is mainly used for shooter games, including first-person shooters and third-person shooters. The name is a reference to the NES Zapper, a light gun accessory released for the Nintendo Entertainment System.

Wii hardware
Pam Grier

Pamela Suzette Grier (born May 26, 1949) is an American actress. Her movies include Jackie Brown. She was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

References

American movie actors
Actors from North Carolina
People from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
1949 births
Living people
Agoura High School

Agoura High School is a public high school in Agoura Hills, California, United States. It is the largest school in the Las Virgenes Unified School District, which covers the western section of Los Angeles County. In Newsweek's 2007 poll of the best high schools in the United States, Agoura High School ranked 1173th. The current principal of the school is Brian Mercer.

References

Other websites
Official website

1965 establishments in California
Los Angeles County, California
Schools in California
Barbara Ann Scott

Barbara Ann Scott (May 9, 1928 – September 30, 2012) was a Canadian figure skater. Scott was born in Ottawa, Ontario. She was a champion in the 1948 Winter Olympics, a two-time World Champion and a four time Canadian national champion. She was known as "Canada's Sweetheart" when she returned. Admirers greeted her as she returned from the 1948 Olympic games, and March 9th was then declared Barbara Ann Scott Day. In that very same skating season, she dominated North American, European, and World championships, and did this all at a young age.

She was the only Canadian to win the Olympic ladies' singles gold medal, the first North American to win three major titles in one year and the only Canadian to win a European Championship. Long after her victory, sixty-one years later, Scott carried the Olympic torch into the chamber before the 2010 Vancouver Olympic games. Two months later, she carried the Olympic flag along with seven other Canadians into the Opening Ceremonies.

Barbara was a great figure skater. It is an honor to be able to carry both the Olympic torch and the Olympic flag. She was known well by all of the people in Ottawa, Ontario, where she was born. Barbara was truly a wonderful figure skater for Canada in ladies’ singles (skating by themselves).

Scott died on September 30, 2012 at her home in Fernandina Beach, Amelia Island, Florida at age 84. A local arena was named after her in Nepean, Ontario, as part of the Pinecrest Recreation Centre.

Notes

References 
 "Barbara Ann Scott." Almanac of Famous People. Gale, 2011. Biography in Context. Web. 1 Apr. 2014.
 "A shared history." Maclean's. 10 Mar. 2014: n/a. eLibrary. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.*

Canadian figure skaters
1928 births
2012 deaths
People from Ottawa
Sonic the Hedgehog CD

Sonic the Hedgehog CD or Sonic CD is a platformer video game created by Sega. It is part of the Sonic the Hedgehog series. It was released for the Sega CD game console in 1993. In chronological order it is after the first game and "before the sequel."  The game involves the use of a time travel system that allows Sonic to travel to both the past and the future in a level. Each zone has four variants: the "past," the "present," the "good future," and the "bad future." Each has different graphics, music, enemies, and obstacles. The game introduces two characters to the Sonic the Hedgehog series: Amy Rose, a pink female hedgehog with a hammer as a weapon, and Metal Sonic, an evil robotic version of Sonic.

Development

Release and translation
Sonic CD was released in Japan on September 23, 1993. It was released in Europe in October 1993. The game was released in North America in November 1993.

Reception

Sonic CD received a lot of praise. The Sega CD version sold more than 1.5 million copies. It sold more copies than any other game on the Sega CD.

The graphics and sound were praised. Electronic Games said that the game looked similar to older games. They said it did not use the Sega CD's special features very much. However, they said that this did not make the game worse. They said the music was what amde Sonic CD "stand above the crowd". The reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly (EGM) said the game's animated cinematics and sound were good. however, they said that the frame rate decreases during special stages.

The gameplay was liked. Sega Pro said the bigger environments and the time travel added to the replay value. They said that "the more you play Sonic CD the better it gets". However, they said they felt the game was too easy. In its debut issue, Sega Magazine said Sonic CD could be "a classic". They said the originality in the special stages and time travel was great.

Notes

References

Sonic the Hedgehog games
Platform games
1993 video games
Sega CD games
Card trick

A card trick is something using playing cards that does not do what you think it should. People called magicians do card tricks. Some examples include finding a certain card in a deck of cards.

Magic
Card games
Fork bomb

A fork bomb is a way of stopping a computer from running by making many copies of a program. A fork bomb copies itself into more than two copies, which then copy themselves into four copies. Then both the original and the copy will keep making copies until the computer can no longer handle it and crash.

For example, a simple fork bomb using the bash shell script is :

 :(){ :|:& };:

Here, a function is defined by the name " : ". Inside the curly braces, this function is called and its output is given again to the same function. The " & " is used to run the process in background. The semicolon (" ; ") marks end of the function. The last colon (" : ") calls the function for first time. After that the function keeps on calling itself until computer runs out of memory.

Computer security
Pope Gregory IX

Gregory IX (; c. 1145 – 22 August 1241), born Ugolino dei Conti di Segni, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 178th Pope from 19 March 1227 until his death in 1241.

Early life
The Count of Segni lived in Anagni when his son Ugolino was born. The exact date of this birth is not known, but it was around 1145.  Ugolino was a nephew of Pope Innocent III.

Cardinal
He was created Cardinal in 1198.

Pope
Cardinal di Conti was elected pope in 1227.  He chose to be called Pope Gregory.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
   "Gregory IX", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Gregory IX
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Segni 

1140s births
1241 deaths
Italian popes
Tutu (plant)

Tutu is a common name of Māori origin for plants in the genus Coriaria (Coriariaceae) found in New Zealand.

Six New Zealand native species are known by the name:
Coriaria angustissima
Coriaria arborea
Coriaria lurida
Coriaria plumosa
Coriaria pteridoides
Coriaria sarmentosa

They are shrubs or trees; some are endemic to New Zealand. Most of the plant parts are poisonous, containing the neurotoxin tutin.

Both the seeds and sap of tutu are highly poisonous, resulting in many cattle deaths in the early days of European settlement. After removing the poisonous seeds, Māori people prepared a drink from the fruit, which they often boiled with a type of seaweed (rimu). The resulting jelly (rehia) was then fermented.

Honey containing tutin can be produced by honey bees feeding on honeydew produced by sap-sucking vine hopper insects (Scolypopa australis) feeding on tutu. The toxin is in the sap of the Tutu bush. This sap is eaten by the hoppers, but not all is digested. The undigested sap which contains a lot of plant sugars as well as tutin is excreted as honeydew onto the leaves of the bush. Bees then gather the honeydew and toxic honey is the result.

The last recorded deaths from eating honey containing tutin were in Northland, New Zealand, in 1890, although sporadic outbreaks of toxic honey poisoning continue to occur. Poisoning symptoms include delirium, vomiting, and coma.

References

Cucurbitales
New Zealand
Melanie Amaro

Melanie Ann Amaro (born June 26, 1992) is an American singer. She won the first season of The X Factor USA in 2011. For winning, she got a $5 million recording contract with Syco Music and Epic Records. Amaro was also the youngest contestant to win the competition.

Singers from Florida
1992 births
Living people
British Virgin Islands
People from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
James Baldwin

James Arthur Baldwin (August 2, 1924 – December 1, 1987) was an American novelist, essayist, playwright, poet, and social critic.

Baldwin's essays, such as the collection Notes of a Native Son (1955), explore racial, sexual, and class matters in Western societies, most notably in mid-20th-century America, and their inevitable if unnamable tensions with personal identity, something taken for granted, uncertainties, yearning, and questing.

Baldwin was born on August 2, 1924 in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City. He studied at DeWitt Clinton High School and at The New School. Baldwin was gay. He married and had no children. Baldwin died on December 1, 1987 in Saint-Paul de Vence, France from esophageal cancer, aged 63.

References

Other websites

 
 Altman, Elias. "Watered Whiskey: James Baldwin's Uncollected Writings" April 13, 2011. The Nation.
 
 Gwin, Minrose. "Southernspaces.org" March 11, 2008. Southern Spaces
James Baldwin Photographs and Papers  Selected manuscripts, correspondence, and photographic portraits from the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
 Comprehensive Resource of James Baldwin Information
 James Baldwin: The Price of the Ticket distributed by California Newsreel

1924 births
1987 deaths
African American writers
American critics
American playwrights
American poets
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Gay men
LGBT African Americans
LGBT people from New York City
LGBT writers
Writers from Manhattan
Pest control

Pest control is group of methods to control some species of animals and plants that are considered by humans as harmful to their health, economy or ecology.

Pest control is as old as agriculture, as there has always been a need to keep crops free from pests. In order to get best results from food production there was always need to protect crops from competing plants trying to kill the crops to grow in its place.

Managing or controlling pests can be done with a number of methods. Killing them is often done (using the services of an exterminator or doing it yourself), but there are methods of humane pest control available too. These include using sound to deter or repel pests and making changes around the property to prevent pests from entering. 

Insects and wildlife enter buildings primarily to seek food, shelter, and warmth. The areas typically affected are the attic, the basement, and the roof. Homeowners can do some things to help ensure we don't provide an environment that's attractive to pests.

References
 

Agricultural pests
Pests
Gardening
Happy Wheels

Happy Wheels is a browser game created by Jim Bonacci in 2010.  The game features several playable characters who use different, sometimes unique vehicles to travel the game levels. The game is best known for its violence and the amount of user-generated content its players create.

Controls 
 Up - Push arms above the head and straighten legs.
 Down - Curl into ball.
 Left - Push all joints backwards excluding head.
 Right - Straighten legs and press arms forward.
 Space - Grab.

References

2010 video games
Les Blank

Les Blank (November 27, 1935 – April 7, 2013) was an American documentary filmmaker who is best known for his portraits of American traditional musicians.

Blank was born on November 27, 1935 in Tampa, Florida. He was raised in Tampa, Florida and in Berkeley, California. Blank studied at Tulane University and at the University of Southern California. He had two children. Blank died on April 7, 2013 from bladder cancer in his Berkeley Hills, California home, aged 77.

References

Other websites
Flower Films/Les Blank official site 
Les Blank at IMDB
"Food Filmmaker Les Blank Puts The Scent In Cinema" by Ann Hornaday, Washington Post, 9 March 2005
http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080507/SC2470202/80507009/-1/SC247 Courtney Fathom Sell interviews Les Blank

1935 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from bladder cancer
American movie directors
American historians
Writers from Tampa, Florida
Writers from Berkeley, California
Equivocation

Equivocation is a fallacy when a word has more than one meaning and the person arguing confuses the multiple meanings of the word to prove an argument correct. For example, "All trees have bark. All dogs bark. Therefore, all dogs are trees." This is a fallacy because the two times "bark" is used in the argument have very different meanings from each other, while in the argument, the word "bark" should have the same meaning the whole argument. The first meaning of "bark" is the outer layer of a tree, and the second meaning is a shouting sound that a dog makes. The argument does not work because the person changed the meaning of "bark" in the middle of the argument.

References 

Logical fallacies
Epistemology
Linguistics
Richard Brooker

Richard J. Brooker (1954 – 8 April 2013) was an English stuntman and actor. He is best known for his role in Friday the 13th Part III as Jason Voorhees.

Brooker was born in 1954 in London, England. Brooker died on April 8, 2013 in the United Kingdom from unknown causes, aged 59.

References

Other websites

1954 births
2013 deaths
Actors from London
English businesspeople
English movie actors
English movie directors
English movie producers
Stuntmen
Petermann Aboriginal Land Trust

The Petermann Aboriginal Land Trust is a land trust for a large block of land in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory, Australia. It was created by law in July 1978. The block of land (called Northern Territory Portion 1634) covers an area of . It makes up most of the area of the old Petermann Reserve (1920–1977). The land's traditional owners are mostly Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Luritja people. This includes residents of Kaltukatjara and over 50 family outstations.

The block held by the Petermann ALT is surrounded by other Aboriginal land blocks on all sides. It borders the Ngaanyatjarra Lands to the west (in Western Australia), the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands to the south (in South Australia), Haasts Bluff Aboriginal Land Trust to the north, and Katiti and Urrampinyi Iltjiltajarri Aboriginal Land Trusts to the east.

History
In March 1920, an area of land in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory was made into an aboriginal reservation, called the Petermann Reserve. It was meant to be a temporary refuge (safe place) for the Aboriginal families living in the area, many of whom were still living traditional, nomadic lifestyles. It bordered other large reserves created in Western Australia and South Australia, and together the area was known as the Central Australian Aboriginal Reserve. In 1940, the Petermann Reserve was made smaller, to allow people to look for gold. It was made smaller again in 1958, when the government excised the area around Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa to create the Ayers Rock–Mt Olga National Park.

In 1976, the Commonwealth Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act, which allowed for Aboriginal communities to be granted freehold title to land if they could show that they lived on the land for many years. Section 4 of the act gave the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs the power to establish Aboriginal Land Trusts to look after the title. The trusts would be established by publishing notices in the government gazette. In 1977, the old Petermann Reserve land was transferred to the Petermann Land Trust and to other Aboriginal land-owning corporations. The boundaries of the Petermann trust were first described in the Gazette on 21 July 1978. They were later made into law by Act No. 109 of 1985, which went into effect on 16 October 1985.

References

Aboriginal Land Trusts
Northern Territory
Pitjantjatjara
1978 establishments in Australia
The Cartful

The Cartful 車仔檔 , also known as portable stall and mobile stall, is a style of hawker stall originated from the street vendors selling inexpensive street food, like eggette, Tang Cong Bing 糖葱餅, and cart noodle, in the 1950s.This style of selling is part of Hong Kong traditional culture. It reflects people’s way of living and their spirits. In recent years, the operation of the cartful faces challenges due to the government policies and modernization.

History 
Hong Kong has been experiencing economic downturn in the 1950s, meanwhile, refugees from the Mainland fled to Hong Kong constantly after the establishment of The People's Republic of China, leading to an increase in population. People struggled to make a living, they started to operate mobile stall using wooden carts with a low production cost. With the portable carts, street vendors could get away in time from being arrested by the police. In the 1970s and 1980s, a wide variety of products are sold then. Besides food and snacks, household goods, clothing and kitchenware could be found in the carful in place like Sham Shui Po.

Features 
The cartful sells mainly two kinds of products, street food and clothes. Some traditional street food such as eggette, curry fish balls and fried chestnuts are favored by teenagers. These $10-odd snacks are cheap but delicious. They smell very nice so that they drive people queuing for them. The cartful owners make the snacks once they are ordered so as to keep them hot and fresh. Apart from the street snacks, the carful also sells clothes, sometimes handbags. Women love buying free-sized legging and socks. Though customers cannot try fitting the products, they are willing to buy them.

Owners and locations 
There are mainly two types of owners which are the unemployed middle-aged and the unlicensed hawkers. Both of them are the main support of their family while they cannot find a suitable job. As a result, they choose to run the carful because it can help them make a decent living and avoid the high rent. The carful of these kinds are operated by family units.
Most of the cartful can be found near the public housings, schools and MTR stations, because a steady stream of people from these places can help increase their business turnover.

Relationship with Hong Kong 
The cartful fully reveals Hong Kong spirits: diligence and fast paced lifestyle. With a small amount of capital and time, owners can earn huge profit from the whole day sales by moving their cart around without paying high rent.
This traditional hawking style is threatened because of the government policy and modernization. As the law  prohibits unlicensed hawking, many mobile stalls have been demolished. Yet, the government sets up markets in different districts like Tin Sau Hui  and Wan Chai Tai Yuen Street  in order to gather the mobile stalls. 
Some of the citizens support the government plan since they think it is hygienic and peaceful without the mobile stalls on street, while others object to the cruel government policy due to the reminiscence of the cartful.

References 

Hong Kong
Shops
Celestial equator

The celestial equator is a term in observational astronomy. It is a great circle on the imaginary celestial sphere, in the same plane as the Earth's equator. In other words, it is a projection of the terrestrial equator out into space.  As a result of the Earth's axial tilt, the celestial equator is inclined by 23.4° with respect to the ecliptic plane.

An observer standing on the Earth's equator visualizes the celestial equator as a semicircle passing directly overhead through the zenith. As the observer moves north (or south), the celestial equator tilts towards the southern (or northern) horizon. At the poles, the celestial equator is parallel to the horizon.

The observer always sees the ends of the semicircle disappear over the horizon exactly due east and due west, regardless of the observer's position on Earth.

References 

Astronomy
Epictetus

Epictetus was an Ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in Hierapolis, Phrygia around 55 AD. The name his parents gave him is unknown; the word epíktetos (επίκτητος) in Greek simply means "acquired." He spent his youth as a slave in Rome to Epaphroditos, a rich freedman and secretary to Nero. The city was near the modern-day town of Pamukkale in Turkey. He died around 135 AD in Nikopolis in Epirus, in Greece. He was one of the most influential philosophers of the late Stoa. Epictetus founded a school of philosophy, where he also taught. None of his writings survive, but one of his pupils, Arrian, wrote what Epictetus taught.

Philosophy, Epictetus taught, is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline. To Epictetus, all external events are determined by fate, and so are beyond our control; we should accept whatever happens calmly and dispassionately. However, individuals are responsible for their own actions, which they can examine and control through rigorous self-discipline.

Suffering occurs from trying to control what is uncontrollable, or from neglecting what is within our power. As part of the universal city that is the universe, it is our duty to care for all our fellow men. Those who follow these precepts will achieve happiness and peace of mind.

References 

50s births
130s deaths
Ancient Greek philosophers
Data type

In computer science, a data type is the combination of a value range with permissible operations.
Data type is frequently shortened to type.

Programming 
Data types in programming allow the programmer to perform operations on a date.
Every date has an associated data type.

In the Pascal programming language, the date 42 has the data type integer.
 The data type integer has a certain range of allowed values. For example on an 8-bit computer, this range includes all whole numbers between -127 and 127. The value 1337, however, is not an allowed integer value.
 Furthermore, the data type integer allows certain operations: The operation + can take two integer dates and calculates their combined sum. There are many more operations. All those operations characterize the data type integer.
A data type forms a unit:
Together, the specific permissible range and legal operations, are referred to as a concrete data type.
When a programmer or the compiler read the word integer in the source code, they automatically understand which values and operations are allowed.

Availability

High-level 
Data types are an abstract concept.
This concept primarily appears in high-level programming languages.
Virtually all high-level programming language explicitly include the notion of data type.
Common basic data types may include:
 integers
 Boolean values
 characters (individual letters) and strings
 a subset of real numbers

Usually, these and other basic data types can be combined to custom data types using structure concepts like:
 arrays
 sets
 records

Low-level 
The notion of data type as presented above is unknown in assembly language, a low-level programming language.
All computers know integer number values.
Modern computers also know real numbers in binary.
But there is no rigid enforcement of proper “data type” use.
Assembly language does not prevent using an integer as if it was a real number.
This is intentional, because assembly language is the basis of all (high-level) programming languages.

Yet, the processor’s machine code sets the limits.
Usually, the only “data types” are:
 register names
 memory addresses
 immediate values
All of which may be further differentiated by their size, how many Bytes each of those occupy, or—in the case of memory address—how many Bytes the referenced object occupies.

Related pages 
 File format: describes how to read or write a computer file (legal operations) and what this file may contain (permissible value range)
 variable: variables in computer programming frequently require a data type

Sources 

Computer science
Jean-Léon Gérôme

Jean-Léon Gérôme (11 May 1824 – 10 January 1904) was a French painter and sculptor. Today he is mostly known for painting people in historical settings.

1824 births
1904 deaths
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
French painters
People from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Bloods Range

Bloods Range (or Blood's Range) is a mountain range in central Australia. It stretches roughly east to west across the border between the Northern Territory and Western Australia. It consists of several sets of hills, separated by valleys; the two main valleys are formed by the Hull and Docker Rivers. There are numerous ravines and gorges all throughout the hills. Bloods Range connects with the Petermann Ranges at its western end. In the centre are Mounts Harris (840 m) and Carruthers (1000 m), which are the highest peaks. Further east, the range splits into several branches, including the Rowley Range, McNichol's Range and the Pinyinna Range.

Bloods Range was given its name on 14 March 1874 by the explorer Ernest Giles, when he saw it from the top of Mount Curdie. He named it after the owner of an early pastoral station in South Australia, whose surname was "Blood". On 12 June 1889, Giles' second-in-command, W. H. Tietkins, returned on his own expedition and surveyed the range. He named the two highest peaks Mount Harris and Mount Carruthers. From the top of Mount Harris, he wrote that he could see Kata Tjuṯa, the Petermann Ranges and the Tomkinson Ranges.

References

Other websites
Bloods Range Formation at Geoscience Australia

Mountains of the Northern Territory
Mountain ranges of Australia
Jerusalem Botanical Gardens

Jerusalem Botanical Gardens (JBG) are the national botanical gardens of Israel. The gardens are on the Hebrew University of Jerusalem campuses of Mount Scopus and Givat Ram. The first garden was established in 1926 at Mount Scopus. After 1948, when the university in Mount Scopus was occupied by Jordan, it was opened in a new site, in 1954, on the new campus university, in Givat Ram. After the 1967 war, when Mount Scopus was reoccupied by Israel, the garden in Mount Scopus was opened again. The visitor center is in Givat Ram, next to Nayot neighborhood.

Related pages 
 Tomb of Nicanor
 List of botanical gardens

Other websites 

 Official website of the botanical garden in Givat Ram
 Official website of the botanical garden in Mount Scopus
 Jerusalem Botanical Garden blossoms with flora
 JBG Pictures

Botanical gardens in Israel
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Mount Scopus
Azerbaijan (newspaper)

The Azerbaijan () is a state-owned newspaper and public journal published by the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.

References

Other websites
 Azərbaycan official web site 

Newspapers published in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani-language newspapers
1918 establishments
1910s establishments in Azerbaijan
Birja

Birja is a popular  Azerbaijani weekly free-of-charge announcements and advertising newspaper published by the Birja VDV. It was founded by Rafiq Abasov. The newspaper has one of the widest circulation in Azerbaijan (averaging over 10,000 copies every week).

Birja was founded in 1992 with the goal of providing an advertising newspaper in the Azerbaijani market, where generally only a single local advertising newspaper was available.

Birja supports a nationwide project of Khinalug village.

Other websites
 Birja website  

Newspapers published in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani-language newspapers
1992 establishments in Azerbaijan
SoulDecision

soulDecision was a Canadian pop band from Vancouver, British Columbia. 

soulDecision was formed in 1993 under the original name, Indecision. They changed their name to soulDecision because of naming conflicts. Even though the band started during the boy band era, they were not a boy band, as they played their own instruments and  wrote their own music. The band released their debut full-length album No One Does It Better on August 22, 2000 in Canada. The album featured their hit single "Faded" which reached #1 on Canada's singles chart as well as #22 in the United States. The album also featured the single "Ooh It's Kinda Crazy" which reached #1 in Canada and was the number one request on MTV's Total Request Live at the time. The band toured with Destiny's Child, Christina Aguilera and 'N Sync.

Lead singer Trevor Guthrie left the band in 2005 to write and record his first solo record. The group split up after.

Discography

Albums
No One Does It Better (2000)
Shady Satin Drug (2004)

References

1990s music groups
2000s music groups
1993 establishments in Canada

Canadian musical groups
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups disestablished in 2005
People from Vancouver
Pop music groups
R&B bands
2000s disestablishments in Canada
Moscow Urban Forum

Moscow International Urban Forum is an international event that is held in Moscow, Russia every year. It has been held since 2011. It talks about globalization.

Other websites 
 Moscow Urban Forum - official website
 Moscow Urban Forum in Moscow City Hall site
 Moscow Urban Forum  in Urban Land Institute site
 Moscow Urban Forum in Moscow International Financial Centre

Moscow
Urban planning
Urban design
2011 establishments
21st-century establishments in Russia
Corn Belt

The Corn Belt is the part of the Midwestern United States. It is where corn has been predominant crop, since the 1850s. Corn replaced native tall grasses there. The area includes southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska and part of Missouri and Kentucky. The whole of Iowa, Indiana and Illinois are also included. This region consists of relatively level land and deep fertile soils.

Midwestern United States
Centipede (song)

"Centipede" is the first single by Rebbie Jackson. It is from her first record, Centipede. It was her highest charting single to date. It peaked at #4 on the Billboard R&B charts. The song was released in 1984. It is available in three different mixes, one of them extended.

1984 songs
Pop songs
Transplant (surgery)

Transplants are a type of surgery. Both tissues and organs can be transplanted. Types of transplant:

Heart transplant
Lung transplant
Heart-lung transplant
Kidney transplant
Skin graft
Xenotransplantation
Autotransplantation

An organ transplant is a kind of surgery where the person being operated on will need an organ replaced, and gets a healthy one from someone else, a donor. Usually the organ is taken from someone who is recently deceased, except for organs like bone marrow or kidneys, which can be taken without harming the donor too much.

The critical problem with all transplants is transplant rejection by the host's immune system. Unless the host and donor are a very close genetic match, the host's immune system will reject the transplant. To stop this happening, drugs are used to suppress, or limit, the host's immune system. This in turn makes the host more vulnerable to various kinds of infection.

To keep this problem to a minimum, transplants are only done when surgeons are satisfied that the host and donor are a fairly close match. Tests are done to see how good a match the donor's organ or tissue is to the proposed host.

Surgery
Organs
Asiana Airlines

Asiana Airlines is a major South Korean airline. It is based at Incheon International Airport near Seoul.

Gallery

Other websites
Official website

Airlines of Asia
Companies of South Korea
Star Alliance
Transport in South Korea
1988 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in South Korea
IATA members
Cannabis drug testing

Cannabis drug testing describes many drug testing methods for the use of cannabis in medicine, sport, and law.
Cannabis use is easy to detect using urine testing, hair analysis and breath. There are some ways to cheat such a test using synthetic urine or human hair - making blood testing the most effective.

Unlike alcohol, Cannabis testing is time consuming, expensive and cannot give accurate time of consuming and level of intoxication.
The lack of good testing methods and universal intoxication level scale is an issue in the legality of cannabis debate, especially regarding intoxicated driving.

References

[[Category:Cannabis medicine]]
Medical tests
Premium economy

Premium economy is a travel class offered on some airlines to give better experience than economy class but for much less money than business class. In 1991, EVA Air became the first airline company to offer such a service.

The Premium economy class is not regulated among airlines, and can be much different between airlines and routes. Premium economy is often limited to just small extras like more leg room, free meal and drinks.

References

Travel
Aviation
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure

JoJo's Bizarre Adventure is a Japanese manga series created by Hirohiko Araki. The manga, which began in 1987, currently has 8 parts with each part focusing on a different member of the Joestar family. Part 3 (named "Stardust Crusaders") was adapted into a 13 episode OVA (Original Video Animation) series released between 1993 and 2002. An anime adaptation of the manga by David Productions started airing in 2012.

Related pages
List of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure characters

Manga
Composite decking

Composite decking (also called wood-plastic) is an alternative to timber. It is made with recycled plastic and wood. This type of decking is becoming more and more popular as it is eco-friendly in nature and helps to save forests as it can be used as an alternative to wood. It is being used in many environments projects including outdoor dining, leisure areas, balconies and caravan decks, in addition to many decks of all shapes and sizes.

References

Construction
Recycling
Environmental technology
International Urban Design Conference

The International Urban Design Conference is a international event that held in Melbourne, Australia in every year from 2007 dedicated to urban design. it is the first conference in the world about this subject.

Other websites 
  5th International Urban Design Conference 
   4th International Urban Design Conference 
   2th International Urban Design Conference 

Melbourne
Urban design
Urban planning
Decapitated (band)

Decapitated are a Polish technical death metal band from Krosno. 

Decapitated was formed in 1996 by guitarist Wacław "Vogg" Kiełtyka, his brother drummer Witold "Vitek" Kiełtyka, and vocalist Wojciech "Sauron" Wąsowicz when they were all in their teens. Bassist Marcin "Martin" Rygiel joined the band a year later and they released their first demo, Cemeterial Gardens, in 1997 as well as their second demo, The Eye of Horus, in 1998.

The band released their debut album, Winds of Creation on April 11, 2000. The album was well-received and their second studio album Nihility was released on February 19, 2002. Decapitated was chosen to perform at the Polish Ozzfest event in late May. They released their third studio album The Negation on March 9, 2004 and it was produced by both Slawek and Vojtek Wieslawski.

Sauron quit the band in 2005 and was replaced by Adrian "Covan" Kowanek. The band recorded Organic Hallucinosis and released the album on February 7, 2006. It was their fourth studio album and first album with their new vocalist. Martin left the band sometime after to live with his family and to move to California.

On October 28, 2007, the band was involved in an automobile accident when their tour bus collided with a truck carrying wood in Gomel. Vitek and Covan were injured in the accident and Vitek died on November 2, 2007 in a Russian hospital from the injuries he sustained. Covan went into a coma and the band went on hiatus.

The band ended their hiatus after Vogg said that he was searching for a new drummer and vocalist. Vocalist Rafał Piotrowski, bassist Filip "Heinrich" Hałucha and drummer Kerim "Krimh" Lechner all joined the band in 2009.

They recorded their fifth studio album Carnival Is Forever and released it on July 12, 2011. Heinrich left the band after to concentrate on his other band Vesania. Lechner left the band in September 2012 and was replaced by Paweł Jaroszewicz.

Band members 
Current
Wacław "Vogg" Kiełtyka - Guitar (1996−2007, 2009−present)
Rafał "Rasta" Piotrowski - vocals (2009–present)
Paweł Pasek - Bass (2012-present)
Paweł "Pawulon" Jaroszewicz - Drums (2012-present)

Former
Wojciech "Sauron" Wąsowicz – vocals (1996–2005)
Witold "Vitek" Kiełtyka – drums (1996–2007) (†)
Marcin "Martin" Rygiel – bass guitar (1997–2005, 2006–2007)
Adrian "Covan" Kowanek – vocals (2005–2007)
Filip "Heinrich" Hałucha – bass guitar (2009−2011)
Kerim "Krimh" Lechner – drums (2009−2012)

Live
Jacek Hiro – guitars (2000−2004)
Richard Gulczynski – bass guitar (2005−2006)
Konrad Rossa – bass guitar (2011−2012)

Discography
Studio albums
Winds of Creation (2000)
Nihility (2002)
The Negation (2004)
Organic Hallucinosis (2006)
Carnival Is Forever (2011)
Blood Mantra (2014)
Anticult (2017)

References

Other websites 
Official website

1990s music groups
1996 establishments in Europe
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Death metal bands
Polish musical groups
1990s establishments in Poland