cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Photochemistry

Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions that go with light. There are many natural examples of such reactions. One is photosynthesis, which is a very important process through which plants form oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Another is making vitamin D in the body.

Many times reactions go with heat: as you heat molecules, they start to move around and so hit other molecules which can then react. What molecules need is just some activation energy, a little energy to start the reaction. In the case of photochemistry, this energy is given by the light. A molecule or an atom absorbs at a certain wavelength. If light is given at this wavelength then the molecule or atom becomes excited. It is then easier for it to react.

Another way in which light can help reactions go is by changing the symmetry of a molecule. This can be tested with the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. Some pericyclic reactions go with heat, some go only with light.

In atmospheric chemistry, light is very important. This is because there is much more UV light at the top of the atmosphere. This allows reactions that don't happen on the ground. For example, ozone can split in an oxygen molecule and one oxygen atom.

Chemistry
Hastings-on-Hudson, New York

Hastings-on-Hudson is a village in Westchester County, New York. It is a suburb of New York City.

Villages in New York
Gameshow Marathon

Gameshow Marathon is an American television program which aired on CBS from May 31, 2006 to June 29, 2006. Six celebrity contestants competed in a tournament with classic game shows. The game shows that were played included The Price is Right, Match Game, and Family Feud. Ricki Lake was the host of the show. Contestants in the show included Kathy Najimy and Leslie Nielsen.

2000s American television series
CBS network shows
Television game shows
English-language television programs
J. R. Martinez

Jose Rene "J. R." Martinez (born June 14, 1983) is an American actor, motivational speaker and former U.S. Army soldier. He participated in Dancing with the Stars and won in Fall 2011. He was the grand marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade in 2012. In 2008, he played the role of Brot Monroe on the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children.

In 2003, Martinez sustained severe burns over 34 percent of his body while serving as an Army infantryman in Iraq.

Early life
He was born in Shreveport, Louisiana to Maria Zavala. He has two sisters who were raised with his mother's family in El Salvador. His sister Anabel died before Martinez ever had the chance to meet her. Martinez has never met his father. When he was young he moved to Hope, Arkansas with his mother. At 17, Martinez and his mother moved to Dalton, Georgia, before his senior year of high school.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1983 births
American television actors
Living people
Actors from Louisiana
People from Shreveport, Louisiana
People from Hope, Arkansas
Batman Forever

Batman Forever is a 1994 American action-adventure starring Val Kilmer as Batman. Tommy Lee Jones, Jim Carrey and Nicole Kidman also act. This was released June 16, 1994 across the United States. It grossed over $330 million at the box office.  It got mixed reviews from the critics.

References

Other websites

 

1994 action movies
1994 crime movies
1990s superhero movies
Batman (1989 movie series)
Batman movies
English-language movies
Movies based on comic book characters
Movies directed by Joel Schumacher
Screenplays by Akiva Goldsman
Sequel movies
Henri Valois

Henri Valois was also the name of Henry III of France
Henri Valois, sometimes called Henricus Valesianus, was a medieval scholar. He was born in 1606 and died in 1676. His family belonged to nobility, and was established in Bayeux and Lisieux. He studied with the Jesuits in Verdun, and later in Paris. He also studied law in Bourges. To make his father happy, he lived as a lawyer in Paris for 7 years, even though he preferred to study. Today, he is known for the church history of Eusebius which he translated in 1660, and other translations of classical texts and fragments. Among these are the works of Constantine VII, which he identified and translated, Ammianus Marcellinus, and a history of Pope Constantine. He translated and published histories of Socrates of Constantinople, Sozomen, Athanasius of Alexandria, as well texts of the First Council of Nicaea,Theodoret, Evagrius Scholasticus, Philostorgius, Theodorus Lector. He also published two texts from anonymous authors, known as Anonymus Valesianus today.

His translations were later used for translations of these texts into French.

1606 births
1676 deaths
French scientists
Translators
Verdun

Verdun is a commune in Lorraine. About 18,000 people live there. It is the sub-prefecture of the Meuse department and lies on the river of the same name. It has a long history. The city is known for its Dragées, a confectionery which contain either almonds or anise seeds. The London Quai (Quai de Londres) is named in honor of the British capital that financed the city's reconstruction after Word War I.

Related pages
 Treaty of Verdun
 Battle of Verdun

Cities in France
Communes in Meuse
Subprefectures in France
Paula Patton

Paula Maxine Patton (born December 5, 1975, Los Angeles) is an American movie and television actress. She acted in movies like Idlewild, Precious and Swing Vote. She also did quite a few television shows.

References

Other websites

 

Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
1975 births
Living people
American television actors
Carl Stumpf

Carl Stumpf (21 April 1848 – 25 December 1936) was a German philosopher and psychologist. He is known for his impact on phenomenology, one of the most important philosophical trends of the twentieth century. 

He had an important influence on Edmund Husserl, the founder of modern phenomenology, as well as Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka, co-founders of Gestalt psychology. 

Stumpf was also one of the pioneers of musicology and ethnomusicology. He held positions in the philosophy departments at the Universities of Göttingen, Würzburg, Prague, Munich and Halle, before obtaining a chair (professorship) at the University of Berlin.

Phenomenology
Stumpf began his Tonpsychologie (Tone psychology) in 1875, perhaps his greatest contribution to psychology. He distinguished between phenomena and mental functions, suggesting that phenomena such as tones, colours, and images are either sensory or imaginary. Stumpf termed the study of such phenomena as phenomenology. He did a wide range of studies of the sounds of different instruments, melody, tonal fusion, and the consonance and dissonance of tones.

Sensational phenomena
In 1903 and 1904, Stumpf was involved in two public episodes about sensational phenomena. First, an engineer from Prague claimed to have invented a machine that could change photographs of sound waves into sound. Stumpf, after attending a demonstration, wrote an article challenging it, and it was never heard about again. However, the case of Clever Hans, an apparently brilliant horse owned by Herr von Osten, was even more sensational. The research done under his guidance disproved the idea that the animal understood language. It turned out that the horse was following subtle clues given unconsciously by its owner.

Major works 
1885. Tonpsychologie
1911. Die Anfänge der Musik
1928. Gefühl und Gefühlsempfindung
1939-1940. Erkenntnislehre. 2 volumes, Leipzig: J.A. Barth.
1997. Carl Stumpf – Schriften zur Psychologie. H. & L. Sprung (eds) Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang.

 Other sources 
1911. Pfungst O. Clever Hans (the horse of Mr. von Osten): a contribution to experimental, animal, and human psychology. New York: Henry Holt.
1982. Spiegelberg H. The phenomenological movement. 3rd ed, The Hague: Nijhoff.
1995. Ash M.G. 1995, Gestalt psychology in German culture 1890–1967. Cambridge: Camb. U. Press.
2006. Carl Stumpf – Renaissance de la philosophie. D. Fisette (ed), Paris: Vrin.
2009. Carl Stumpf. Gestalt Theory''. vol. 30, #2.

References 

1848 births
1936 deaths
German philosophers
German psychologists
Musicologists
Michael Learned

Michael Learned (/my-kel Lern-ed/ born on April 9, 1939, Washington, D.C.) is an American actress. She became well known for playing Olivia Walton for the television series The Waltons in the 1970s. She also starred in other television series and in movies. She was married to actor Peter Donat from 1965 until 1972.

References

American television actors
1939 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
Actors from Washington, D.C.
James Okubo

James K. Okubo (May 30, 1920 – January 29, 1967) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life 
Okubo was born in Anacortes, Washington.  His parents were Japanese immigrant parents. He was a Nisei, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.

The Okubo family was interned at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in California; and then they were moved to the camp at Hart Mountain in Wyoming.

Soldier
Okubo joined the US Army in May 1943.

Okubo volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in October 1944, Okubo  was awarded the Army's third-highest decoration, the Silver Star.  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the Silver Star during World War II.  Okubo's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Okubo's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in eastern France in 1944. many times, he exposed himself to intense fire to treat and evacuate wounded men.

The words of Okubo's citation explain:
Technician Fifth Grade James K. Okubo distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 28 and 29 October and 4 November 1944, in the Foret Domaniale de Champ, near Biffontaine, eastern France. On 28 October, under strong enemy fire coming from behind mine fields and roadblocks, Technician Fifth Grade Okubo, a medic, crawled 150 yards to within 40 yards of the enemy lines. Two grenades were thrown at him while he left his last covered position to carry back wounded comrades. Under constant barrages of enemy small arms and machine gun fire, he treated 17 men on 28 October and 8 more men on 29 October. On 4 November, Technician Fifth Grade Okubo ran 75 yards under grazing machine gun fire and, while exposed to hostile fire directed at him, evacuated and treated a seriously wounded crewman from a burning tank, who otherwise would have died. Technician Fifth Grade James K. Okubo's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

Namesake
Okubo is the namesake of the Okubo Family Health Clinic at Joint Base Lewis-McChord in Washington.

The Okubo Barracks at the Fort Sam Houston in Texas are named after the Nisei soldier.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov  

1920 births
1967 deaths
People from Washington
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
Automotive industry

The automotive industry refers to the design, manufacture, marketing and selling of motor vehicles. It is one of the world's biggest economic sectors in terms of the money it makes. The automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers making the "horseless carriage". The Ford Model T was one of the first cars to be sold for very little money. For a long time, the United States was the biggest producer of automobiles. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use. The U.S. automobile industry had produced over 90% of them. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons. From the 1960s, Japan became the second biggest producer of automobiles in the world. China became the world leader in making automobiles in 2009.

References

Other websites
 Top Ranking Car Companies
 Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers 

Automobiles
Industries
Opel Signum

The Opel Signum is a car produced by Opel. It was a more upmarket version of the Vectra that it was based on and it arrived in 2003 with a facelift in 2005 and was discontinued in 2008 with no replacement. It was sold in the UK as the Vauxhall Signum. 

It is a hatchback version of the Opel Vectra.

Engines 
 1.8 90 kW (122 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
 2.0 Turbo 129 kW (175 hp)
 2.2 Direct 114 kW (155 hp)
 2.8 Turbo 169 kW (230 hp) and 184 kW (250 hp)
 3.2 155 kW (211 hp)
 1.9 CDTI 74 kW (100 hp), 88 kW (120 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.0 DTI 74 kW (100 hp)
 2.2 DTI 92 kW (125 hp)
 3.0 CDTI 130 kW (177 hp) and 135 kW (184 hp)

Signum
Front wheel drive vehicles
2000s automobiles
Opel Omega

The Opel Omega is a car produced by Opel. It replaced the Opel Rekord in late 1986. The first generation was sold as the Vauxhall Carlton in the UK and was facelifted in 1990. It was sold as the Vauxhall Omega in the UK with the second generation which arrived in Spring 1994 with a facelift in late 1999. It was discontinued in June 2003 with no direct replacement. It was also sold as the Cadillac Catera in the US from 1997 to 2001 with a facelift for the 2000 model year. 

Omega
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Bob Balaban

Robert Elmer "Bob" Balaban (born August 16, 1945) is an American actor, author, producer, and director who is known for his roles in Moonrise Kingdom, Gosford Park, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Best in Show, Lady in the Water, and as his guest-staring roles as Russell Dalrymple in Seinfeld and Frank Buffay, Sr. in Friends.

Balaban was born on August 16, 1945 in Chicago, Illinois to a Jewish family. His grandparents were Russian immagrants who came to Chicago. Balaban studied at Colgate University and at New York University. He has been married to Lynn Grossman since 1977. They had two children, Hazel and Mariah. He is Jewish. Balaban now lives in Manhattan, New York.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1945 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
Jewish American actors
Actors from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
Movie directors from Chicago
Movie producers from Chicago
Sofi Needs a Ladder

Sofi Needs a Ladder is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5 and features vocals from Sofia Toufa (SOFI). The song is featured on deadmau5's fifth studio album 4×4=12. 

The song was first played on BBC Radio 1 on 22 October 2010.

It was originally an instrumental song and was called "You Need a Ladder" but the song was changed to "Sofi Needs a Ladder" when Sofia Toufa performed the vocals for it.

Deadmau5 create a contest for the best remix of "Sofi Needs A Ladder". The winner's name is MosDam, that had remixed a lot of Deadmau5 tracks.

The song is featured during a house party in a season 8 episode of Entourage, The finals of The X Factor where the first verse was mashed with "What a Feeling" and was performed by Cher Lloyd, the club scene during The Hangover Part II and on the soundtrack of Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit.

Sofi Needs a Ladder won a Juno Award for "Best Dance Recording" in 2011.

References

2010 songs
deadmau5 songs
Animal Rights (song)

Animal Rights is a collaboration song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5 and American house music producer, Wolfgang Gartner. The song is featured on deadmau5's fifth studio album 4×4=12. 

The song was first played on BBC Radio 1 on 28 August 2010. Animal Rights was added to the BBC Radio 1's playlist on 1 December 2010.

The song reached #72 on the UK Singles Chart and reached #15 on the UK Dance Chart.

References

2010 songs
deadmau5 songs
Some Chords

Some Chords is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5. The song is featured on deadmau5's fifth studio album 4×4=12. 

The song is the first single from 4×4=12. It was featured on a CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode titled "Pool Shark" where deadmau5 played himself in the episode. The song also appears on the soundtrack to the 2010 video game, The Sims 3.

The music video for the song was selected as the winner of a competition deadmau5 sent out using Wooshii. The music video is about a man named Tom who has a snare drum for a head.

References

2010 songs
deadmau5 songs
Strobe (song)

Strobe is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5. The song is featured on deadmau5's fourth studio album For Lack of a Better Name. 

The song is the second single from the album and was released on 23 February 2010. The song was originally came from the 2006 song, "Then We Stood Still". A live version of the song was released only through the iTunes version of his sixth studio album > album title goes here < in 2012. The song is a progressive house song that is influenced from the ambient music genre. There are also several remixes for the song including a Michael Woods remix, a Plump DJs remix and a DJ Marky & S.P.Y. remix.

It reached #128 on the UK Singles Chart and also reached #13 on the UK Dance Chart in the United Kingdom.

References

2010 songs
deadmau5 songs
Ghosts 'n' Stuff

Ghosts 'n' Stuff, also known as Ghosts N Stuff, is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5 and features vocals from Rob Swire of Pendulum and Knife Party. The song is featured on deadmau5's fourth studio album For Lack of a Better Name. 

The song was first made in 2004 and deadmau5 said that the song ended up going through at least 10 revisions. deadmau5 and Swire met each other backstage at various festivals and they both decided to collaborate on a song.

The song was specifically made for Pete Tong's BBC Radio 1 Essential Selection show which deadmau5 was a guest on along with Steve Angello. Tong asked deadmau5 if deadmau5 could create something new for his appearance. deadmau5 said that the song was originally called "Hotel" because he made it for Tong's show when he was staying in his hotel. He also said that the song was "just now" finished and that he would now call it "Ghosts 'n' Stuff".

The music video for the song was shot in Toronto, Ontario and features Joel Zimmerman being rushed to the hospital but dies on arrival. Zimmerman is then revived as a ghost and roams the streets of Toronto where he gets a tattoo of a Space Invader alien, gets runs into a gang of ghosts and attends a rave where the other people are dressed up in different costumes. One of the people at the rave wearing a deadmau5 helmet pulls the white sheet off and Joel wakes up in the hospital. Joel also finds that the Space Invaders tattoo that he got as a ghost is still on his neck.

The music video for the song was also shown on a 2011 episode of Beavis and Butt-head titled, "Drones".

References

2008 songs
deadmau5 songs
I Remember

I Remember is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5 and American DJ Kaskade. The song is featured on deadmau5's first studio album Random Album Title and the Strobelite Edit is featured on Kaskade's fifth solo album Strobelite Seduction.

The song is featured on the soundtrack of the 2011 film The Lincoln Lawyer and the remix by FSG was featured in DJ Hero 2 and GoldenEye 007.

The music video for the song was shot in Manchester and features British actor Stephen Graham as well as Warren Brown, Aston Kelly, Greg Walsh & Emma Edmondson. 

The video starts with Graham's character talking to two young men played by Warren Brown & Aston Kelly about rave culture and life. Brown and Kelly's characters then find a place for what is later revealed to be an illegal rave where deadmau5 is performing as the DJ. The video ends with a "to be continued" title card.

Actor Stephen Graham was almost arrested because the police accidentally mistook the music video for an actual illegal rave.

References

2008 songs
deadmau5 songs
Bandipora Tehsil

Bandipora () is a sub-district of Baramulla District in Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Proserpina

Proserpina (; Latin: Prōserpina) or Proserpine is the goddess of springtime and the queen of the underworld in Roman mythology.  She was the daughter of Ceres.  In Greek mythology, there was a goddess who was like Proserpina called Persephone.  She was first introduced to the Romans in the year 204 BC, and many of her myths were based on those of the Greek goddess. 

The most famous story about her is how she was taken by force to the Underworld by Pluto, and how she later became able to return to the world above, but only for part of each year. This myth was a popular subject in Roman art and literature, and remained so well into the Renaissance.  Her name is possibly derived from the Latin proserpere, meaning "to emerge or come forth". 

Roman gods and goddesses
Ordinary People

Ordinary People is a 1980 drama movie. It was directed by Robert Redford. It is based on the 1976 Judith Guest novel by the same name. The movie stars Donald Sutherland, Timothy Hutton, Judd Hirsch and Mary Tyler Moore. It is about suicide and family dysfunctions. The movie got several Academy Awards, including Best Picture of the Year.

Release Dates 

1980 drama movies
American drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Robert Redford
English-language movies
Paramount Pictures movies
List of Irish American Medal of Honor recipients

The following is a list of Irish-American soldiers, sailors, airmen and marines who were awarded the American military's highest decoration — the Medal of Honor, sometimes referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor. The Medal of Honor is bestowed "for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, above and beyond the call of duty, in actual combat against an armed enemy force." The medal is awarded by the President of the United States on behalf of the Congress.

Of the 3,464 Medals of Honor awarded as of September 17, 2009, an estimated 2,018 have been awarded to Irish-American recipients, more than twice the number awarded any other ethnic group; 257 Irish-born Americans have received the Congressional Medal of Honor which represents more than half of foreign-born MOH recipients. A monument to these Irish-born Medal of Honor winners is located at Valley Forge's Medal of Honor Grove. The first Irish American to receive the Medal was Michael Madden, who received it for his actions in the American Civil War.

Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously.

Civil War

Indian Wars

Korean Expedition

Spanish-American War

Philippine-American War

Boxer Rebellion

United States occupation of Haiti

World War I

World War II

Korean War

Vietnam War

War in Afghanistan

Peacetime

References

Further reading

Other websites
 
 Medal of Honor Recipients (Irish Born) 

Lists of Medal of Honor recipients
David Denby

David Denby (born 1943) is an American journalist, critic, and historian who works with The New Yorker along with Anthony Lane. His career began in 1970s. He was influenced by critic Pauline Kael.

Denby was born in 1943 in New York City, New York. He studied at Columbia University and at Stanford University. He now lives in Manhattan, New York.

References

Other websites
 David Denby archive, New York (articles from January 1998 to January 2001)
 Transcript of February 25, 2004, online chat with David Denby , Forbes.com Q&A
Booknotes interview with Denby on Great Books: My Adventures with Homer, Rousseau, Woolf and Other Indestructible Writers of the Western World, December 22, 1996. 

1943 births
Living people
American movie critics
American journalists
American historians
Writers from New York City
Serius Jones

Serius Jones is an American and all-time champion freestyle rapper. He has been featured in many rap battles and is a part time amateur rapper.

Discography
2006: King Me (Street Album)
2008: Serius Bizness
2009: Why So Serius?
2011: Serius Bizness 2
Coming 2012: Life is Serius

References 

http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.8141/title.serius-jones-speaks-on-split-with-ludacris-new-deal
http://realtalkny.uproxx.com/2007/05/topic/topic/videos/fight-klub-season-2-taping-june-4th/ 
http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/mixtape_monday/012907/

Other websites 
 
 Youtube channel

1982 births
Living people
Musicians from New Jersey
Anthony Lane

Anthony Lane (born 1962) is a British-American movie critic and journalist. He works for The New Yorker along with David Denby.

Lane was born in 1962 in London, England. He studied at Sherborne School and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He is partners with Allison Pearson. They have two children, Eveline and Thomas Lane. He now lives in Cambridge, England.

References

Other websites
Interview of Anthony Lane by Robert Birnbaum (October 3, 2002)
 Sample of Lane's cinematic taste  on Rotten Tomatoes.

1962 births
Living people
British journalists
American movie critics
Writers from London
Theresa Randle

Theresa Randle (December 27, 1964, Los Angeles) is an American movie performer who began with studies in comedy and stage. Her movies include the Bad Boys series, Maid to Order and Girl 6.

Filmography

References

American movie actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1964 births
Living people
Barbara Bel Geddes

Barbara Bel Geddes (born October 31, 1922 - August 8, 2005) was an American television and movie actress. She was born in New York City. She acted in many television programs and movies. She performed as Ellie Ewing in the television show Dallas. Bel Geddes died of lung cancer in 2005 in Maine.

Other websites 

1922 births
2005 deaths
Actors from New York
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Breast cancer survivors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from lung cancer
Alpine skiing

Alpine skiing is a winter sport. In this sport people try to go down hills which have snow on them with skis. The person who goes down fastest is the winner. There are many different types of races that can be done. This sport started around 1850 in Norway. 

Today, many people can try it because there are many ski resorts around the world to do this. For the best athletes there are many important competitions: the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup is the most known of them. Alpine skiing is played in the Olympics.

Alpine skiing is also sometimes called downhill skiing. However, under this last name there are many more types of skiing, for example freestyle.

Types of races 
There are four types of races in alpine skiing. In all of them, there is a start and finish line and some gates on the slope between these lines. Athletes must go between the gates, otherwise they are disqualified.
Downhill: this is the fastest race. It is also the most dangerous one. The gates are very few and the course is very long. It can have jumps and very fast turns. Every skier goes down one time only.
Super-G: this is a bit slower than downhill. There are a few more turns, but there is still some distance between them. The course can include fast turns and jumps again, and is still quite long. Every skier still goes down once only.
Giant slalom: this is much slower than downhill. There are many turns, though they are still quite wide. Every skier goes down twice in the same day. The times are then added, and the fastest total time wins.
Slalom: this is the slowest type of competition. The course is also usually very short. However, there are very many turns. The turns are very close to each other, so the skier needs to get a very quick rhythm to go through all of them. The technique here is the most important thing rather than just speed.

There is also a combined event. This has one downhill race and two slalom races. The races are usually shorter than the normal ones. The event takes place on one day only. The times are added and the athlete who has the fastest total time is the winner.

References 

Skiing
Winter Olympic sports
Sharon Gless

Sharon Gless (born May 31, 1943 in Los Angeles) is an American movie and television actress. She has two Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. She acted as Maggie Philbin in the TV series Switch and as Christine Cagney in Cagney & Lacey. She also did other television programs.

In 1991, she married producer Barney Rosenzweig.

References

Other websites

 

1943 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Hans Ferdinand Linskens

Hans Ferdinand Linskens (Lahr, Germany, May 22, 1921-August 13, 2007) was a German scientist. He did research in botany and genetics. He was professor of botany at the Radboud University Nijmegen from 1957 to 1986. Linskens was the editor-in-chief of the scientific journals Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1977 to 1987) and Sexual Plant Reproduction. He was also an influential editor of handbooks.

Linskens was an elected member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, Linnean Society of London, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, and the Académie Royale des Sciences de Belgique.

References 

German botanists
1921 births
2007 deaths
Old Tom Morris

Thomas Mitchell Morrison (16 June 1821 - 24 May, 1908) was a Scottish professional golf pioneer. He influenced many popular golfers including Tiger Woods, Rory McIlroy, Phil Mickelson, and others.

Personal life

Morris was born in St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland on 16 June 1821. He was the son of a weaver. He started playing golf by the age of 10. He used wine bottle corks pierced with sharp nails as golf balls. He played around the streets of the town using a homemade golf club.

1821 births
1908 deaths
Scottish sportspeople
British golfers
People from Fife
Rosemary Harris

Rosemary Harris (born 19 September 1927) is an English movie and stage actress. She starred in the Spider-Man movie series, Being Julia, and many others. She was born in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire. 

Harris was married to novelist John Ehle from 1967 until his death in 2018. They had one daughter, Jennifer Ehle.

References

Other websites

English movie actors
1927 births
Living people
English stage actors
Lesley Ann Warren

Lesley Ann Warren (born August 16, 1946 in New York City) is an American movie and television actor. She starred in many television programs and movies. She was in Color of Night (which did poor at the box office). She also appeared on the television series Will & Grace and Desperate Housewives.

References

American movie actors
Actors from New York City
1946 births
Living people
List of Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime

Prior to World War II the Medal of Honor could be received for actions not involving direct combat with the enemy; 193 men earned the medal in this way. Most of the peacetime medals were presented to members of the United States Navy for their actions during boiler explosions, man-overboard incidents, and other hazards of naval service.

Given in the list below are the place and date of each recipient's Medal of Honor action, as well as their rank at the time of the action. A posthumous recipient is denoted by an asterisk after the recipient's name.

Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).
A Medal of Honor during peacetime has not been presented since 1939.

List of recipients

Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied from the official Medal of Honor citation

Notes

References

 
 
 
 
 
 

Peacetime
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

The Vietnam War, (also known as the Second Indochina War, Vietnam Conflict, and in Vietnam as the American War), took place from 1965 to 1973. The war was fought between the Communist-supported Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the United States-supported Republic of Vietnam. It concluded with the defeat and failure of the United States foreign policy in Vietnam.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipients must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).

During the Vietnam War 248 Medals of Honor were received of which 156 of them were presented posthumously. Soldiers of the Army received the most with 161. Fifty seven went to the Marines and 16 to the Navy. The remaining 14 went to the Air Force. The first medal of the war was presented to Roger Donlon for rescuing and administering first aid to several wounded soldiers and leading a group against an enemy force. The first African American recipient of the war was Milton L. Olive, III who sacrificed himself to save others by smothering a grenade with his body. Riley L. Pitts was killed after attacking an enemy force with rifle fire and grenades and was the first African American commissioned officer of the war to receive the medal. Thomas Bennett was a conscientious objector who received the medal for his actions as a medic; three chaplains received the medal, including Vincent R. Capodanno, who served with the Marine Corps and was known as the Grunt padre.

Recipients

Unknown soldier
The unknown soldier from the Vietnam War who was buried in the Tomb of the Unknowns was authorized a Medal of Honor and in 1998 was identified as 1st Lieutenant Michael Blassie. After DNA testing confirmed his identity, the remains were removed from the tomb and returned to Blassie's family, but the Medal of Honor remained as a tribute to those veterans still unknown. The Blassie family requested that the Medal of Honor be granted to him but the request was denied by the Department of Defense.

References

 

Vietnam War
Uyghur language

Uyghur (, Uyghurche; formerly known as Eastern Turkish) is a Turkic language with 8 to 11 million speakers, spoken primarily by the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China. There are several writing systems used to write Uyghur. While Uyghurs usually use the Uyghur alphabet, an alphabet based on the Arabic alphabet, there are also two Latin and one Cyrillic alphabet that can be used to write Uyghur.

References
East Turkestan independence movement

The East Turkestan independence movement is a broad term that refers to advocates of an independent, self-governing East Turkestan in the region now known as Xinjiang, an autonomous region in the People's Republic of China.

Nationalism
Politics of China
National liberation movements
East Turkestan Islamic Movement

The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM, also known as the Turkistan Islamic Party, Turkistan Islamic Movement, and other names); is a Waziri based mujahideen organization. Its stated goals are the independence of East Turkestan. ETIM has reportedly committed over 200 acts of terrorism between 1990 and 2001, resulting in at least 162 deaths and over 440 injuries.

References

Nationalist organizations in Asia
Terrorism
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Politics of China
Politics of Pakistan
Eastern bluebird

The eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) is a species of Turdidae. Its name comes from the colour of its feathers, which is a vibrant blue.

Appearance
There is a marked contrast between his blue back and its subdued orange-brown belly. The female's colours are less intense. The head's colour is a kind of blue-gray and there is a more vibrant blue on the tail and the wings. The belly is a mix of orange-brown and white. The male is completely blue. It is only his breast and his throat which are orange and blue, his belly and undertail are white.

Habitat
The eastern bluebird lives in many regions of North America. It has been seen more frequently in the American Midwest and in southern Canada. It does not have a definive habitat. It lives in light woods, gardens, agricultural areas and orchards. This species prefers to use a hole already made as a nest. In fact, those birds often live in deserted woodpecker holes. To make it more comfortable they add to the hole little twigs or brushwood. They cut and bring it back to the hole they want to live in and it covers the bottom of the wood cavity.

Food
This bird eats insects. In summer and spring time, perching on a low branch or on a nest boxes, it searches for prey. When it finds one it simply attacks it. During colder seasons, bugs are less present. Thus, it can also eat little fruits like field or forest berries.

Population
Females have between four and five eggs at a time. Before hatching, there is about fourteen days of incubation.  The eastern bluebird has been decreasing in population over time. Despite the fact that many eggs are laid, the birth's success rate is low. One thing that can be the source of that phenomenon might be the introduction of the common starling from Europe. That kind of bird is a strong competitor fighting against eastern bluebirds for natural cavities. If they are fighting every day females would not be able to lay their eggs because they need a calm location to do it. However, the situation could be worse without nest boxes to help eastern bluebirds find a safe location.

Notes

References 
 Proctor, Noble. Répertoire des oiseaux chanteurs du Québec et de l’Amérique du Nord, édition Québecor, Montréal, 1991, p. 83
 Bluebird , The Canadian Encyclopedia.
  , ESPÈCE : Merlebleu de l’Est.

Passeriformes
Mariette Hartley

Mariette Hartley (born June 21 1940 in Weston, Connecticut) is an American movie and television actress. She acted in the television drama Channing. She also acted in many other TV programs and movies. Hartley won an Emmy Award.

References

Actors from Connecticut
American television actors
American movie actors
Emmy Award winning actors
1940 births
Living people
José B. Nísperos

José B. Nísperos (December 30, 1887–September 1, 1922) was a member of the Philippine Scouts. He received the Medal of Honor during the Philippine-American War. He was the first Asian to receive the medal. On September 24, 1911, at Lapurap, Basilan, Philippines, Nísperos, a member of the U.S. Army's 34th Company of the Philippine Scouts, defended his unit's position against natives armed with spears despite being severely wounded. Nísperos became the first Filipino and Asian to receive the medal of honor; the medal was presented by Brigadier General Bell in February 1913.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:
Having been badly wounded (his left arm was broken and lacerated and he had received several spear wounds in the body so that he could not stand) continued to fire his rifle with one hand until the enemy was repulsed, thereby aiding materially in preventing the annihilation of his party and the mutilation of their bodies.

Related pages
List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
List of Philippine–American War Medal of Honor recipients

Notes

References

United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
1887 births
1922 deaths
Telesforo Trinidad

Telesforo de la Crux Trinidad (November 25, 1890-May 8, 1968) was a Filipino fireman 2nd class in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor for actions, in Mexican waters near La Paz, on board the USS San Diego in peacetime. He was the second service member, and first and so far the only sailor of Asian descent to receive the award.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:
For extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession at the time of the boiler explosion on board the U.S.S. San Diego, 21 January 1915. Trinidad was driven out of fireroom No. 2 by the explosion, but at once returned and picked up R.E. Daly, fireman, second class, whom he saw to be injured, and proceeded to bring him out. While coming into No. 4 fireroom, Trinidad was just in time to catch the explosion in No. 3 fireroom, but without consideration for his own safety, passed Daly on and then assisted in rescuing another injured man from No. 3 fireroom. Trinidad was himself burned about the face by the blast from the explosion in No. 3 fireroom.

Related pages
List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime

References

1890 births
1968 deaths
American military personnel of World War I
American military personnel of World War II
Filipino people
Firefighters
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Terry Teruo Kawamura

Terry Teruo Kawamura (December 10, 1949 – March 20, 1969) was a United States Army soldier. He was also a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor. He received it for his actions in the Vietnam War.

Early life
Kawamura was born at Wahaiwa, Hawaii on the island of Oahu. His grandparents were Japanese immigrant parents. Kawamura was a Sansei, which means that he was a third generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
Kawamura joined the Army from Oahu in 1968.  By March 20, 1969, was serving as a Corporal in the 173rd Engineer Company, 173rd Airborne Brigade. On that day, at Camp Radcliff, Republic of Vietnam, Kawamura smothered an enemy-thrown explosive with his body, sacrificing his life to protect those around him.

Kawamura was 19 when he died. He was buried in Mililani Memorial Park in Mililani Town, Hawaii.

Medal of Honor citation
Kawamura's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in Vietnam in 1969. He smothered the blast of an explosive charge with his body.

The words of Kawamura's citation explain:

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Cpl. Kawamura distinguished himself by heroic action while serving as a member of the 173d Engineer Company. An enemy demolition team infiltrated the unit quarters area and opened fire with automatic weapons. Disregarding the intense fire, Cpl. Kawamura ran for his weapon. At that moment, a violent explosion tore a hole in the roof and stunned the occupants of the room. Cpl. Kawamura jumped to his feet, secured his weapon and, as he ran toward the door to return the enemy fire, he observed that another explosive charge had been thrown through the hole in the roof to the floor. He immediately realized that 2 stunned fellow soldiers were in great peril and shouted a warning. Although in a position to escape, Cpl. Kawamura unhesitatingly wheeled around and threw himself on the charge. In completely disregarding his safety, Cpl. Kawamura prevented serious injury or death to several members of his unit. The extraordinary courage and selflessness displayed by Cpl. Kawamura are in the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.

Namesake
Tanouye is the namesake of the Kawamura Gate which connects Wheeler Army Airfield with the city of Mililani. This east gate is named in honor of Kawamura.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites

1949 births
1969 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Military people from Hawaii
Purple Heart recipients
Darkhan (city)

Darkhan (Mongolian: Дархан) is a city in Mongolia.  It is in a province with the same name.   It is the third largest city in the country.  In 2010, the population was 74,738.

Name
Darkhan means blacksmith in Mongolian.

Economy

The city's economy is mostly industrial.  Education is also an important sector of the city's economy.

History

Darkhan is a new city.  It was begun on October 17, 1961.

Climate

Darkhan has a borderline humid continental climate (Dwb), close to the more typical subarctic climate (Dwc) of northern Mongolia, which is found in higher areas near the city, and only marginally wet enough to avoid qualifying as a semi-arid climate (BSk). This area has extremely cold and dry winters; however the summers are warmer and more humid.

Education

There are ten colleges in Darkhan.  Many students come to Darkhan to study.  There are also the Institute of Management and Development, the Regional Business Development Center and the Plant Science and Agricultural Training Research Institute.

Culture

The city has a monument to the horse-head fiddle (morinkhuur), the national instrument of Mongolia.

There is a Buddhist monastery Kharagiin monastery in a pretty log cabin in the older part of the  town.

The Museum of Darkhan-Uul is the Traditional Museum of Folk Art.  It has a collection of archaeological findings, traditional clothing, religious artifacts, and taxidermy.
  
Cities in Mongolia
Cities in Asia
1961 establishments in Asia
Establishments in Mongolia
Jamie Hyneman

James Franklin "Jamie" Hyneman (born September 25, 1956) is an American special effects expert, scientist, and television personality. He has been the co-host of MythBusters since 2003.

Hyneman was born on September 25, 1956 in Marshall, Michigan. He was raised in Columbus, Indiana. He studied at Indiana University. Hyneman has been married to Eileen Walsh since 1989. He is an atheist.

References

Other websites
Jamie Hyneman's M5 Industries

Jamie Hyneman biography from the Discovery Channel

1956 births
Living people
American historians
Scientists from Michigan
American television personalities
American atheists
Educators from Michigan
Entertainers from Michigan
Entertainers from Indiana
Educators from Indiana
Scientists from Indiana
Adam Savage

Adam Whitney Savage (born July 15, 1967) is an American special effects, scientist, artist, television personality, and educator. He has been the co-host of MythBusters since 2003.

Savage was born on July 15, 1967 in New York City, New York. He studied at Tisch School of the Arts. He has been married to Julia Savage since 2002. He has two children. Savage is an atheist.

References

Other websites

 
 Adam Savage's "Tested" website
 
 Adam Savage's biography from the Discovery Channel 
 Discovery
 Savage Presentation at The Entertainment Gathering (December 2008)

1967 births
Living people
Television personalities from New York City
American historians
Scientists from New York City
Artists from New York City
American atheists
Educators from New York City
Writers from New York City
Kendra Wilkinson

Kendra Leigh Wilkinson (formerly Baskett; born June 12, 1985) is an American television personality and model. She is known for being one of Hugh Hefner's girlfriends and for her role on the E! reality television series The Girls Next Door. She was not a Playboy Playmate but she has been in Playboywith her Girls Next Door co-stars Holly Madison and Bridget Marquardt. Her first reality series, Kendra, debuted in June 2009. It ended in November 2011. It was followed by Kendra on Top which ran on WE tv until 2017.

References

Actors from San Diego, California
American television actors
Models from San Diego, California
1985 births
Living people
Writers from California
Participants in American reality television series