cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Karate

is a Japanese martial art.  It was developed in the former Ryūkyū Kingdom in what is now Okinawa Prefecture.

Karate uses all parts of the human body as a weapon such as the hand, fist, elbow, leg and knee. 
Karate training has three main sections:
  is learning the basic techniques or fundamentals;
 　is the training of form, the specific order and way of using techniques;
  is to learn how to fight using those techniques.

History of Karate 
Gichin Funakoshi, a school teacher from the island of Okinawa, introduced Karate to mainland Japan in the early 1900s. Traditional karate is different from boxing, wrestling and kickboxing: in karate, there is just as much importance on the strength of the mind and good manners as there is on strength of the body and self-defence to use when you're in trouble.

Karate became more known around the world because of Karate movies in the 1960s and 1970s. Now people all over the world learn Karate.

After World War II, Karate also became popular in Korea, where a local variation appeared, it is called "tangsudo".

The full name of Karate is "Karate-do" which means "the way of the empty hand" in English.

There are many schools or styles of karate, including
 Gōjū-ryū
 Sankukai
 Shitō-ryū
 Shōtōkan
 Wadō-ryū

A person who does Karate is called a "karateka".  Notable Karateka include: Gichin Funakoshi, Yoshitaka Funakoshi, Shigeru Egami, Masutatsu Oyama, and Fumio Demura.

Karate Clothing 

When people practice Karate, they wear special clothes called a karategi. The karategi is made up of a white jacket and white pants. People who practice Karate also wear a colored belt, which tells other people their rank. The belt shows how long you have trained rather than how good you are. Two people wearing different colored belts can be surprisingly similar.

Different schools of Karate have different colours of belts for their ranks. You cannot know precisely how good they are without either asking them or knowing how their school arranges the belt colours in ranks. Usually the black belt is for the students who try very hard to be the best that they can be for a long time.

Some schools have several degrees of black belts. They show this by having a white stripe, called a Dan, on the one end of the belt, for the black belt degree the person has. For instance a "3 Dan black belt" would have 3 white stripes on his black belt and would be higher ranked than a "1 Dan black belt".

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan

References

Other websites
Kickboxing

Kickboxing is a descriptive term for martial arts that, while similar to boxing, use the feet just like the hands to hit. Kickboxing can be practiced for general health, or as the fight sport. The word kickboxing represents a set of disciplines or sports of combat that use the feet and the fists. Especially, kickboxing is one of the disciplines of Boxe pieds-poings which was developed at first by the Japaneses and afterwards by the North Americans. There are different kinds of kick boxing, most popular form is one where kicks are allowed towards head & torso only.

In the middle of the years 1960, the Japanese Kurosaki, who trained in Kyokushinkai Karate, travelled to Thailand discovering Thai boxing. In his returning to the Japan decided to combine his techniques of karate with that of Thai boxing, removing elbow strikes (the Americans also removed knee strikes), so a new sport called "kickboxing" was born. 

Among the non-Japaneses that gained more successes, a special consideration should be given to Frenchman Christian Guillaume who in 1969 gained four victories and two draws; and American Benny "The Jet" Urquidez who in 1977 defeated Tatsuyuki Suzuki in four rounds. 

In 1973 Urquidez and Howard Hanson created the W.K.A. (World Karate Association), changing years after the "K" de karate for that of Kick-Boxing. 

The more known champions are Rob Kaman, Benny Urquidez, Dennis Alexio, Ernesto Hoost, and Marek Piotrowski.

Rules 
The punches and kicks are permitted for above the waist, the sweepings and the low kicks (kicks to the thigh) also are permitted. 

The "amateur" combats take place in three rounds, and the professional ones last five rounds; 10 in championships of Europe and 12 in the championships of the world, with a one-minute half-time (break) between rounds. 

The kicks to the thigh (low kick) usually decide about the difference in the combats.

Equipment 
Pants (long or short), boxing gloves and protectors for the teeth and for the genitals; in the female combats, women should also wear protector of chest and boots (not required in the professional combats).

Other websites 
 World association of all styles Kickboxing Organizations (W.A.S.K.O.) 
 The World Kickboxing & Karate Association (W.K.A.)- Prof & Amateur Kickboxing 
 International Sports Kickboxing Association (I.S.K.A)- Prof & Amateur Kickboxing
 International Kickboxing Federation (IKF) - Prof & Amateur Kickboxing
 International Kickboaxing Board of Control (IKBC)
 World Kickboxing Network (W.K.N.)
 World Kickboxing Union (W.K.U.)
 World Kickboxing Federation (W.K.F.)
 World Federation of Kickboxing (WFK) 
 World International kickboxing league (I.K.L.) 
 Professional Kickboxing Association (P.K.A) 
 Muay Thai Kickboxing (M.T.K) 
 Kickboxing Guide (Premier)
Robert Kubica

Robert Józef Kubica (born 7 December 1984 in Krakow) is a Polish racing driver.

On 1 December 2005, Kubica got to test in Formula One for the Renault F1 Team. After the test, he was hired by the BMW Sauber F1 team as the test and reserve driver for the 2006 F1 season. 

Robert Kubica got the chance to race in the Hungarian Grand Prix replacing the departing Jacques Villeneuve for the remainder of the 2006 season. On 10 September 2006 he drove to an impressive third place and became the first Polish driver on the podium in Formula 1. This led to Kubica getting a full-time drive for the BMW outfit in 2007.

In 2008 Kubica has good season. He took the first pole position for BMW Sauber. At the Canadian Grand Prix Kubica won after a long fight with teammate Nick Heidfeld. It was first win in the race for BMW.

After BMW announced they were leaving Formula 1 in 2009, Kubica joined the French team Renault F1.

2011 

On February 6, 2011, Kubica was in a bad crash while competing in a rally race. He was driving a Škoda Auto in the Ronde di Andora. His car ran off the road and crashed at high speed into a wall. He was removed from the car, and air-lifted to hospital by helicopter. His co-driver, Jacub Gerber, was unhurt. Gerber was able to get out of the wrecked car.

Kubica's condition was reported to be serious. Reports say that he has several fractures to his right arm, leg and hand. It was reported that his hand was crushed. Doctors are trying repair the damage to his hand.

On February 6, Kubica had seven hours of surgery to repair his injures. Lotus Renault GP has reported that he is doing better and his recovery encouraging. He was able to talk to his doctors and family. Kubica "is ready to fight for his comeback." He will need several more surgeries to repair the damage. He will also need to stay in the hospital for about three weeks.

Renault announced that Nick Heidfeld will replace Kubica starting at the test in Barcelona. Eleven weeks after his accident, Kubica was released from the hospital. He plans a short rest at his home before starting the rehabilitation treatment. He is optimistic about his progress.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.
 As Kubica was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.

Complete Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

Complete Formula Three Euroseries results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

* Season still in progress.
 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

References

Other websites 

1984 births
Living people
People from Kraków
Polish sportspeople
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
Grady Sizemore

Grady Sizemore III (born August 2, 1982) is a retired American baseball player. He played for four Major League Baseball teams: the Cleveland Indians, Boston Red Sox, Philadelphia Phillies, and Tampa Bay Rays. He was a center fielder.

Sizemore graduated from Cascade High School in Everett, Washington in 2000. A notable high school star in football, basketball, and baseball, Sizemore signed a letter of intent to play football and baseball at the University of Washington. At the time of his high school graduation, Sizemore was the Cascade all-time leader in rushing yards with 3,081 yards and interceptions with 16.

Sizemore did not play for the college because the Expos selected Sizemore in the 3rd round of the 2000 Draft. The team offered him a $2 million signing bonus for him not to play for the college. Sizemore signed and almost immediately began his quick climb to the big leagues. 

In 2002, he was traded to the Cleveland Indians by the Montreal Expos.

In 2006, Sizemore was selected to his first All-Star Game as a reserve outfielder.

Sizemore currently resides in Mill Creek, Washington and Tempe, Arizona.

Other websites 

 

1982 births
Living people
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Seattle, Washington
Tempe, Arizona
Boston Red Sox players
Cleveland Indians players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Tampa Bay Rays players
Everett, Washington

Everett is a city in the American state of Washington.  It is the county seat of Snohomish County. 103,019 people live there.

The city is where Boeing builds many of its airplanes, like the Boeing 747 and Boeing 787. It is also where the United States Navy has a base called Naval Station Everett.

Other websites 
 City website

County seats in Washington
Hoyerswerda

Hoyerswerda (Upper Sorbian: Wojerecy, Lower Sorbian: Wórjejce) is a city in the north of the Saxonian Upper Lusatia, lying  north east of Cottbus and  from Dresden, (Saxony). It is in the Sorbian settlement area. The city is one of the six centers of the Free State of Saxony and is a member of the Euroregion Neisse, a group which helps international trade and cooperation in the area.

History

First mention of Hoyerswerda
The first time Hoyerswerda was mentioned in a document was in 1268. In the year 1371 the emperor Karl IV. made it a market place. The people were allowed to choose their own council . This right was given to them by Baron von Duba. In the year 1705 the Elector of Saxony August the Strong gave Hoyerswerda to Katharina of Teschen. She was an important person in the small town. She helped the town to develop its trade and handicraft.

In 1759, during the Seven-Years War between Prussia and Saxony, there was a fight between Austrian and Prussian troops which is called: the Battle of Hoyerswerda.

The Prussian invaders
After the Congress of Vienna in the year 1815 Hoyerswerda was given to Prussia. In 1825 it became part of Selesia. In 1873 the railway came to Hoyerswerda – opening up access to other parts of the country. This brought economic prosperity. A large repair workshop was built. In 1912 the Sorbians formed an organization called "Domowina" in Hoyerswerda. In the year 1945 a lot of Hoyerswerda was destroyed because it was a military stronghold of the German army. The invading troops of the Red Army set parts of the city on fire.

In 1955 the brown coal industry developed close to the city. Today this industry is partly in Brandenburg. Houses were built here for the families of the people working in the industry. From 1957 the need of for housing increased even more. The first large blocks of flats were built. Altogether ten residential complexes were built creating housing for tens of thousands of people. In the year 1981 the number of inhabitants of the city reached its maximum of 71.124. At this time Hoyerswerda had the highest birth rate in the GDR. In 1990 the former Prussian province of Lower Saxony decided by popular vote to go over to the Free State Saxony.

After the GDR
In 1991 rioting took place in Hoyerswerda outside a hostel for foreign asylum-seekers. People used the word Ausländerfrei (foreigner-free). This word was voted the Unwort (politically incorrect word) of 1991.

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain many people have left the town. Since the number of inhabitants continued to decrease after 1999, many iron buildings were pulled down. From 1 January 2008 Hoyerswerda will no longer be able to rule itself as there will be changes to the administration of Saxony, and Hoyerswerda will become part of a district (Kreis) instead of being a kreisfreie Stadt.

References

Other website
 Official website

Bautzen Rural District
Cities in Saxony
Borussia Dortmund

Borussia Dortmund (BVB) is a German Sports club in Dortmund. It is most noted for its football team that plays in the Bundesliga. Dortmund is one of the most successful clubs in German football history.

Besides football, the club has handball and table tennis departments since the end of 2004, the club also has a fan section, which represents the interests of the team supporters. In the 2010/11 season the matches were visited by an average of 79.151 people. This means that 98,1 percent of the seats were sold.

The official name reads ball play association Borussia 1909 registered association Dortmund and frequently shortened with BVB or BVB 09. The club was the first German team to win an international title (1965 Cup Winners Cup against Liverpool FC) and also the first to win the newly installed UEFA Champions League (1997, final 3-1 win about Juventus).

Football 
The football (soccer) team plays their home games in the Signal Iduna Park (formerly Westfalen Stadion) in Dortmund. Borussia Dortmund competes in the highest german league, the Bundesliga.

League position

Former position

Players

Current squad

Out on loan

1997 UEFA Champions League Winning Squad

Manager history since the start of the German Bundesliga

Honors

Domestic
*German Champions:
Winners (8): 1955–56, 1956–57, 1962–63, 1994–95, 1995–96, 2001–02, 2010–11, 2011–12
Runners-up (4): 1948–49, 1960–61, 1965–66, 1991–92, 2012-13, 2013-14, 2015-16, 2018-19, 2019-20

DFB-Pokal
Winners (2): 1964–65, 1988–89, 2011-12, 2016-17, 2020-21
Runners-up (2): 1962–63, 2007–08, 2013-2014, 2014-15, 2015-16

DFB-Supercup/DFL-Supercup
Winners (3): 1989, 1995, 1996, 2013, 2014, 2019
Runners-up (1): 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2020, 2021

DFB-Ligapokal
Runners-up (1): 2003

European

 UEFA Champions League
Winners (1): 1996–97
Runners-Up (1): 2012-13

 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
Winners (1): 1965–66

 UEFA CupRunners-up (2): 1992–93, 2001–02

 UEFA Super CupRunners-up (1): 1997

WorldwideIntercontinental Cup'Winners (1)'': 1997

References

Other websites 

Fußball-Bundesliga
German football clubs
Dortmund
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
1909 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in Germany
Palace of Soviets

The Palace of Soviets (Russian: Dvorjez Sovjetov / Дворец Советов) was a building project planned by the government of the Soviet Union. A contest was held for the architectural design of the building from 1931 until 1933. Construction was started on the building in 1937, but was stopped in 1941 because of World War II. The building was going to be used as a administrative center and meeting place. It was to be built in Moscow near the Kremlin. The palace would have had a height of 415m. This would have made it the largest building of the world at that time.

The building was designed by the architect Boris Iofan. During its design, there were many changes to how it would look and to the location of the palace in Moscow.

Soviet Union
Palaces in Russia
San Marino, California

San Marino is a residential town in Los Angeles County, California, United States. It's population is 13,147 as per the 2010 United States Census.
Ballade (musical form)

This article is about the instrumental ballade that was popular in the 19th century.
For the medieval French ballade see Ballade.

A ballade is a piece of music, usually for piano. It has several tunes, and one can easily imagine that it is telling a story (a ballade is a medieval French song which tells a story).

The first composer who used the title “ballade” for his piano pieces was Frédéric Chopin. He wrote four ballades. They are quite free in form. Chopin does not tell us about any particular story he had in mind. Perhaps they are just musical stories. They are four of his finest works.

Later on other composers also wrote ballades: César Franck and Franz Liszt in particular. Johannes Brahms wrote ballades for piano which are quite like songs in their form. Edvard Grieg wrote a ballade which was based on a Norwegian song.

Gabriel Fauré wrote a ballade for piano and orchestra. Some composers wrote ballades for orchestra, but they are really like short symphonic poems.

Musical forms
Allianz Arena

Allianz Arena (; known as Fußball Arena München for UEFA competitions) is a football stadium in the north of Munich, Germany. Bayern Munich, TSV 1860 München and the Germany national football team use this stadium. The stadium offers 69,901 seats.

The stadium was used for the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final.

Construction 

The stadium took about 340 million Euros to make. The stadium was made with real grass. The architect was Herzog & de Meuron and ArupSport.

International tournament matches

2006 FIFA World Cup 
The stadium was one of the venues for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. However, due to sponsorship contracts, the arena was called FIFA World Cup Stadium Munich during the World Cup.

The following games were played at the stadium during the World Cup of 2006:

UEFA Euro 2020 
The stadium hosted three group stage matches and one quarter-finals match at the UEFA Euro 2020.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of Allianz Arena Facts and Figures Section provides details like the amount of concrete used, composition of the facade, facade lighting etc.
 
 Seat Plan of the Allianz Arena
 Allianz Arena – video
 Allianz Arena Guide and Images

Buildings and structures in Munich
Football stadiums in Germany
Sport in Bavaria
Veltins Arena

The Veltins-Arena (between 2001-2005 Arena AufSchalke) in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, is the stadium of the German member of the soccer federal league FC Schalke 04. The Veltins arena is one of the most modern stages of the world and possesses since June 2015 a capacity of 62.271 spectators with plays on national level, with international plays due to the standing place prohibition of 54,740 spectators. Apart from the actual use as football stadium of the FC Schalke 04 also different meetings, like concerts, take place in this multi-function arena. Due to the outline of the Rhine stadium in Duesseldorf the arena became occasionally also venue of the Home plays of the American football crew Rhine Fire.

The Veltins arena got 2004 lent of the UEFA the status of a 5-Stars-Stadium. The comment of the UEFA delegation read even: The place of event will the requirements more than fair and could even than ‚six star Stadion' be evaluated. It may align thereby final games of the UEFA champions League and the UEFA cup.

Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Football stadiums in Germany
Gelsenkirchen
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
Coat of arms of Germany

The coat of arms of Germany (German Wappen Deutschlands) is a symbol of Germany; the coat of arms feature an eagle. The coat of arms are similar to those of the flag of Germany (black, red and gold ). It is the oldest existing state symbol in Europe and is one of the oldest insignia in the world. Its history as an emblem is far longer, however. To the Germanic tribes the eagle was the bird of the god Odin, and by the Romans, too, it was revered as the symbol of the supreme god, of the emperor and of invincibility. From there and through its religious significance in Christendom it came to be incorporated into medieval symbolism.

 
Germany
Braunau am Inn

Braunau am Inn is a town in the Innviertel region of Upper Austria (Oberösterreich), the north-western state of Austria. It lies about 90 km west of Linz and about 60 km north of Salzburg, on the border with the German state of Bavaria. It has a continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification). The population in 2001 was 16,372. A port of entry, it is connected by bridges over the Inn River with its Bavarian counterpart, Simbach am Inn. It is the birthplace of Adolf Hitler.

References

Settlements in Upper Austria
Berlin Hauptbahnhof

Berlin Hauptbahnhof (English: Berlin Central Station) is the central railway station of the German capital Berlin. It began full operation two days after a ceremonial opening on 26 May 2006.

It is on the site of the old Lehrter Bahnhof. Until it opened as a main line station, it was a stop on the Berlin S-Bahn suburban railway, temporarily named Berlin Hauptbahnhof - Lehrter Bahnhof in 2002.

The station has the largest traffic volume for a through-station in Europe. Paris Gare du Nord is the largest station in Europe measured by traffic volume but it is regarded as a terminus.

The longest route that runs through Berlin Central railway station is the Sibirjak. It links Berlin to some cities in Russia. It passes through Poland, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan. The longest route offered goes to Novosibirsk. This takes almost four days to travel.

References

2006 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Germany
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Railway stations in Germany
Group of Eight

The Group of Eight (G8) was a group made up of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia (suspended), the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission is also represented in the committee. The group has conferences or meetings throughout the year, it researches policies, and has a summit meeting once a year. The heads of government of each G8 country attend the summit meeting.

Each year a different country takes over the presidency of the group for the duration of the year. The country that holds the presidency sets the agenda for the year and hosts the summit for that year. The first G6 meeting was in 1975. Canada joined in 1976, making G7. Russia made it G8 in 1997. 

The organization's official 2014 summit was not held in Moscow as previously planned, due to the invasion and takeover of Crimea. In March 24, 2014, all seven member nations voted to suspend Russia from the G-8. The meeting was held in Brussels instead, and the G8 will be called G7 since there are now seven leaders.

Overview
The G8 is not considered an international organization because it does not have administrative structure. This means that besides the president, there are no official titles for the members, they are all considered equal. Their meetings are not formal. The goal is to talk about global topics and problems in a relaxed manner.

There are many global problems and issues that can be discussed at meetings. Some common topics of discussion include: health, law enforcement, labor, economic and social development, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice, terrorism, and trade.

Yearly summit
The annual meeting of G8 leaders is attended by the heads of government and other invited guests. It is usually held for three days in the middle of the year. Each year one of the G8 countries is considered the G8 president. The country of the G8 presidency is responsible for organizing and hosting a summit during that year. The first summit meeting was held in November of 1975 in France.

Economic power 
The eight countries that make up the G8 represent about 14% of the people in the world but produce over 65% of the world's economic output measured by gross domestic product (GDP).

Source: World Development Report 2006, World Bank

References

Other page
World Economic Forum

Other websites
 G8 research group, "G8 Research Group's Information Centre", utoronto.ca
 "Special Report: G8", Guardian Unlimited
 "Profile: G8", BBC News
 "We are deeply concerned. Again", New Statesman, 4 July 2005, - G8 development concerns since 1977

 
1975 establishments
Helmut Kohl

Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German CDU politician. He was the last Chancellor of West Germany, and he stayed in office after reunification as the first Chancellor of a united Germany. 

From 1969 to 1976 he was the Minister President of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and from 1982 to 1998 Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. Kohl helped to arrange the process of German reunification and participated considerably in the European unity process. A pro-EU conservative, he was often compared to Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, two other leaders with similar views in the 1980s. In 1998, he retired as Chancellor, as the SPD won the election. His replacement was Gerhard Schröeder.

His involvement with the CDU donation affair, and in particular offences against party law is open to question.

Kohl died on the morning of Friday, 16 June 2017 in his hometown of Ludwigshafen, aged 87.

References

Notes

1930 births
2017 deaths
Chancellors of Germany
Former members of the German Bundestag
Ministers-President of Germany
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Ludwigshafen
Politicians from Rhineland-Palatinate
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Influence

Social influence means someone affecting the emotions, opinions, or behaviours of others. It can be either planned for a purpose, or be an unplanned result of other events.

The adjective influential means "having much influence", so influential people or things have the power to change other people or things in some way. This word is often used to describe famous people. For example, Mahatma Gandhi was a very influential person, because the things he did and said changed many peoples lives, and many people believe he has even influenced the world. Kings, clergy and celebrities are also among the influential, as people pay attention to what they say or do. 

Events can also influence. For example, World War II changed many people's lives. They died or became richer or poorer or went to a new place, even after the war ended. When printing became common, it influenced developments in science, politics, religion, and other human activities.

References 

Social sciences
VOA Special English words
Existence

Existence usually means "the state or fact of being", but there are many different views on the meaning of the word existence, and what it means to exist.

In English, existence is usually connected with the verb "to be".
 I am a human.
 This is a pen.
 The sky is blue.
 Four plus three is seven.
The first sentence can be understood to say "I exist as a human", and simply speaking, this is probably true. The fourth sentence is more difficult to understand, because it can be understood to say "seven exists as the sum of four and three", but "seven" is not something that we can see or touch like a pen or a human.

The question "What is existence?" is a very important one for philosophers, and many people think Aristotle is the first human being to have thought seriously about the question.

Other page
Ontology

Other websites
"A Treatise on Book Titles" is an old book written by Muhammad al-Amidi. It talks about existence and is written in Arabic.

Basic English 850 words
Philosophical concepts
Asian Games

The Asian Games  are a multi-sport event, held every four years between competitors from all nations of Asia. It includes a variety of sports, from soccer to alpine skiing. Like the Olympics, it has a winter event and a summer event ^^

List of Asian Games
 1951 - 1st Asian Games, New Delhi, India 
 1954 - 2nd Asian Games, Manila, Philippines
 1958 - 3rd Asian Games, Tokyo, Japan
 1962 - 4th Asian Games, Jakarta, Indonesia
 1966 - 5th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand
 1970 - 6th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand (Originally hosted by Seoul, South Korea)
 1974 - 7th Asian Games, Tehran, Iran
 1978 - 8th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand (Originally hosted by Karachi, Pakistan)
 1982 - 9th Asian Games, New Delhi, India
 1986 - 10th Asian Games, Seoul, South Korea
 1990 - 11th Asian Games, Beijing, China
 1994 - 12th Asian Games, Hiroshima, Japan
 1998 - 13th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand
 2002 - 14th Asian Games, Busan, South Korea
 2006 - 15th Asian Games, Doha, Qatar  
 2010 - 16th Asian Games, Guangzhou, China
 2014 - 17th Asian Games, Incheon, South Korea
 2018 - 18th Asian Games, Jakarta and Palembang, Indonesia (Originally hosted by Hanoi, Vietnam)

List of Winter Asian Games
 1986 Winter Asian Games, Sapporo, Japan
 1990 Winter Asian Games, Sapporo, Japan
 1996 Winter Asian Games, Harbin, People's Republic of China (originally hosted by North Korea)
 1999 Winter Asian Games, Gangwon, South Korea
 2003 Winter Asian Games, Aomori, Japan
 2007 Winter Asian Games, Changchun, People's Republic of China
 2011 Winter Asian Games, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Other websites 
 Olympic Council of Asia
 15th Asian Games - Doha - 2006 
 6th Winter Asian Games - Changchun - 2007

 
Multi-sport events
Himalayan musk deer

The Himalayan musk deer or white-bellied musk deer (Moschus leucogaster) is a deer that lives in Central Asia.

Like other musk deer, the Himalayan musk deer lives in the Himalayan mountains and places around those mountains.  They are large plant-eating animals that can live in cold places.

Behavior

Himalayan musk deer are active at night and at dawn and dusk.  They spend most of their time alone.

Himalayan musk deer all leave their feces in the same place.  Scientists call this a latrine site.  They do this to mark their territory, meaning to show other deer that a place belongs to them.

Scientists have seen them 3200-4200 meters above sea level.  Scientists believe Himalayan musk deer like forests with a mixture of Himalayan birch and Himalayan fir trees.  They like places with many different kinds of smaller plants.

Threats

Himalayan musk deer are in danger of dying out because human beings trap them for their fur and their musk pods.  People use musk pods to make perfumes and in traditional medicines.  When people set traps for male musk deer, they trap and kill female musk deer and fawns too.  In the 21st century, one kilogram of musk pod can pay USD45,000.

References

Deer
Mammals of Asia
Ludwigsburg

This page is about the city. For the district of the same name, please see Ludwigsburg (district).

Ludwigsburg is an about 12 km northern city in the center of Baden-Württemberg, of the Stuttgart city center. It is the district town and largest city of the Ludwigsburg district, as well as after Esslingen at the Neckar the second largest medium-sized town of Baden-Wuerttemberg.

Together with Kornwestheim, Ludwigsburg forms a central center for the surrounding municipalities. Since the 1 April 1956 Ludwigsburg is a large district town.

References

Other websites
Cooking oil

Cooking oil is clean fat from plants or animals that is used for cooking. It is usually a liquid. Cooking oils can either be refined or cold extracted.

Some of the many different kinds of cooking oils are:

 Olive oil
 Coconut oil
 Avocado oil
 Canola oil
 Corn oil
 Cottonseed oil
 Sunflower oil
 Safflower oil
 Peanut oil
 Grapeseed oil
 Sesame oil
 Soybean oil
 Argan oil 
 Rice bran oil
 Vegetable oil
 Oils from tree nuts (E.g. cashew, almond, macadamia, etc)

References
Hulk (Marvel Comics)

The Hulk is a popular superhero in Marvel Comics. He was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. There has been lots and lots of stuff made about this character, including a television show and a few movies.

The Hulk is the alter-ego of Bruce Banner, a mild-mannered scientist. One day when Bruce was working he was exposed to Gamma radiation. When he gets mad, he turns into the Hulk. The Hulk is big and large. When he turns into the Hulk all his clothes except his purple shorts rip off. The Hulk has really really strong strength and is almost invincible. Hulk. Bruce Banner.

Portrayals
The Hulk has been portrayed by Eric Bana in Ang Lee's 2003 movie, Edward Norton in his first MCU appearance and Mark Ruffalo in the rest of his MCU appearances.

Other websites 
 tuffer.com
super man
MDP: Hulk (dr susie) - Marvel Database Project
 One of Stan Lee's Best  Article on the Incredible Hulk's Popularity
 The 1982 Incredible Hulk Cartoon @ Toon Zone 
 Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Awards 

Characters created by Stan Lee
Dissociative identity disorder in fiction
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s
Hulk (Marvel Comics)
Marvel Comics adapted into movies
Marvel Comics mutates
Marvel Comics superheroes
Marvel vs. Capcom fighters
Fictional American people
Sharpie

Sharpie is a line of permanent marker pens in the United States that are manufactured by Newell Brands.

Sharpie markers are made with many tips. The most common and popular is the Fine tip. Other tips include Ultra Fine Point, Extra Fine Point, Brush tip, Chisel tip, and Retractable tip.

Other websites 
 Sharpie's website

Writing tools
Francis Ford Coppola

Francis Ford Coppola (born April 7, 1939) is an American director and movie producer. He directed the Godfather trilogy and the Vietnam War epic Apocalypse Now. He is part of the group called the New Hollywood.  This group includes Martin Scorsese, Terrence Malick, Robert Altman, Woody Allen, William Friedkin, Philip Kaufman, and George Lucas.  In the 1970s they made movies in a different way.

Coppola was born in Detroit. At age two, he moved to Woodside, Queens, New York City.

Many of his relatives are famous. Actor Nicolas Cage is his nephew. Actress Talia Shire is his sister. Sofia Coppola is his daughter. Roman Coppola is his son. His first child Gian-Carlo Coppola died in 1986.

Filmography

References

Other websites

 
 

1939 births
Living people
Academy Award winning directors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
BAFTA Award winners
Movie directors from Michigan
Movie producers from Michigan
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from Michigan
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from Detroit, Michigan
Writers from Queens
Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair

Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair (1954) from the United Arab Emirates is the chief executive of the publicly traded Mashreq Bank. His family's most valuable holding is worth an estimated US$8 billion.

References

Business people
1954 births
Living people
Emirati people
Polonaise

The polonaise is a Polish dance.  It started as a folk dance and then became popular among the Polish nobility.  It is in 3/4 time.  It follows a distinctive rhythm as illustrated above. Many polonaises are composed in what is called ternary form, or song form, or minuet and trio. These forms all follow an A-B-A pattern. The music of the A sections is similar in both sections, if not exactly identical. The B section is entirely different. It provides contrast in some way to the A sections.  In the courts of the aristocracy musicians would often play a polonaise from the gallery while the people danced below in the reception hall.

Polish culture was very popular in Europe in the 1830s and so the polonaise became known in other countries.  Composers started to write polonaises for the piano.  Pieces called Polonaise had already been composed by Bach, Handel, François Couperin and others, but it was Frédéric Chopin who in the 19th century wrote several Polonaises for piano which became famous.  Most of them are very difficult to play, especially the famous Polonaise in A flat, Op. 53.  

Several Russian composers wrote polonaises to give a Polish atmosphere, e.g. Tchaikovsky in his ballet The Sleeping Beauty and in his opera Eugene Onegin .

Musical forms
Ballroom dances
Malcolm Arnold

Sir Malcolm Arnold (born Northampton, 21 October 1921; died 23 September 2006) was an English composer.  He is famous for writing symphonies, concertos and movie music.  People disagree about whether he is one of the really great composers, or just a very skilled musician.  His music is often very tuneful, sometimes it is sentimental.  He could write music very quickly.  His famous music for the movie The Bridge on the River Kwai was composed in ten days.

Life
In 1938 Malcolm Arnold went to the Royal College of Music to study composition with Gordon Jacob.  He started his career as a trumpeter with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, later becoming principal trumpet.  By the late 1940s he was concentrating on his composing career.

Arnold was composing at a time when many composers were writing music which was quite atonal which made it hard to understand, but Arnold’s music is tonal and there are many tunes which are easy to remember.  He wrote nine symphonies and several concertos for different instruments, even unusual instruments like the harmonica.  Some of his best orchestral works are the set of dances: English Dances , Scottish Dances  and  Cornish Dances .  He also wrote 2 operas, 7 ballets and 2 string quartets. His overture Tam O'Shanter is very exciting.  It tells in music the story in the poem by Robert Burns.

Arnold wrote music for 132 films.  The most famous is The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) for which he won an Oscar.  He was the first British composer ever to have won this award. This movie includes the famous Colonel Bogey March.  This march had been written many years earlier by Kenneth J. Alford, but Arnold composed a countermelody to it.  His original music for the movie includes the famous River Kwai March (this is not the same as the Colonel Bogey March).   Other movies for which he wrote music include The Belles of St Trinian's (1954), The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (1958) and Whistle Down the Wind (1961). 

He was made a CBE in 1970 and was knighted in 1993.

Youth orchestras and amateur orchestras enjoy playing his works because they are an exciting mixture of classical, jazz, popular and folk music, and are not too difficult to play.

Arnold’s health was often very poor. At times he fought with alcoholism and depression, and in his later years with dementia.  He had moved to Dublin in 1972, but moved back to England in 1984 and settled in Attleborough, Norfolk.  His full-time carer Anthony Day helped him a lot during his final years.

Arnold died from a chest infection in September 2006.

References

1921 births
2006 deaths
20th-century English composers
People from Northampton
Trumpeters
Bowser (character)

Bowser is a video game character. He is the evil Koopa that takes over the Mushroom Kingdom and kidnaps Princess Peach. He has spikes on his back, breathes fire, and is bigger than normal koopas. He was ranked #1 in the Top 50 Video Game Villains of all-time list by the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2013.

Video games 
Bowser's first appearance was in Super Mario Bros. as a final boss to Mario. The first seven castles in the game had Bowsers, but they only looked like him and were actually his minions, who were disguised as him. Only the eighth Bowser is really him.

Bowser's kids, called the Koopalings, were bosses in Super Mario Bros. 3, Super Mario World, New Super Mario Bros. Wii, New Super Mario Bros. 2, and New Super Mario Bros. U. However, after Super Mario World, The Koopalings were no longer Bowser's biological kids, since they are now adopted children and Bowser Jr. is now his biological child. In Super Mario World, Bowser appears in a clown car and throws Mecha Koopas.

When Mario moved to the Nintendo 64 with Super Mario 64, Bowser was again the main bad guy. In the remake of this game, Super Mario 64 DS, he is fought as a boss three times.

He also appears in the Disney movie Wreck-It Ralph.

References

Other websites
 Bowser on Giant Bomb

Fictional characters introduced in 1985
Animated television characters
Mario series characters
Fictional dragons
Video game antagonists
Video game bosses
Lars Ulrich

Lars Ulrich ( ; born 26 December 1963) is a Danish musician and songwriter best known as the drummer and co-founder of the American heavy metal band Metallica. He was born in Denmark, but moved to Los Angeles when he was seventeen.

Lars Ulrich is also known for his part in the removal of a music-sharing computer program called Napster, which he felt to be illegally using and sharing the music he and Metallica made.

Lars Ulrich stars as himself in the 2010 movie Get Him to the Greek starring Russell Brand. The movie is a spin-off of the 2008 movie Forgetting Sarah Marshall.

Discography

Metallica
 Kill 'Em All (1983)
 Ride the Lightning (1984)
 Master of Puppets (1986)
 The $5.98 E.P.: Garage Days Re-Revisited (EP) (1987)
 ...And Justice For All (1988)
 Metallica (1991)
 Live Shit: Binge and Purge (1993)
 Load (1996)
 ReLoad (1997)
 Garage Inc. (1998)
 S&M (1999)
 St. Anger (2003)
 Death Magnetic (2008)
 Orgullo, Pasión y Gloria: Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México (2009)
 Six Feet Down Under (2010)

Mercyful Fate
 In the Shadows (Guest on "Return of the Vampire 1993") (1993)

1963 births
Living people
Danish musicians
Metallica
Rock drummers
Kim Possible

Kim Possible is a Disney Channel original Emmy Award winner and American cartoon series. The title character is a teenage girl tasked with fighting crime on a regular basis while coping with everyday issues commonly associated with adolescence. Kim is aided by her clumsy best friend and eventual love interest, Ron Stoppable, his pet naked mole rat Rufus, and ten year-old computer genius Wade. Known collectively as Team Possible, Kim and Ron's missions primarily require them to thwart the evil plans of the mad scientist–supervillain duo Dr. Drakken and his sidekick Shego.

Characters 

Kimberly Ann "Kim" Possible - Main character, show centered around this crime-fighting teenage girl.
Ronald "Ron" Stoppable - Kim's best friend and sidekick. Often messes up, but ultimately helps by stuffing up.
Wade - Kim's gadget guy. Was afraid of leaving his room, but finally left to meet Kim's friend.
Bonnie Rockwaller - Kim's rival. She attempts to take over head cheerleader from Kim.
Dr. James Timothy Possible - Kim's Dad. A rocket scientist.
Dr. Ann Possible - Kim's Mum. A brain surgeon.
Hana Stoppable - Ron's adopted sister. Came along on a mission.
Dr. Drakken - The main supervillain. Wants to take over the world.
Shego - Drakken's sidekick. Has green glowing hands that are really her special super power.

Other websites 

 Disney's official site for the show 
 TV.com's guide to Kim Possible 

 

Animated television series
Television series by Disney
Television series by Buena Vista Television
English-language television programs
2002 television series debuts
2007 television series endings
Great Dane

The Great Dane is a large breed of dog. They are about  or taller at the shoulder. Great Danes can have coats of a fawn color, black, Harlequin (a combination of black and white spots), blue, brindle, or mantle. The females are usually smaller and weight on an average of . Males are slightly larger.

Exercise 
They need to be walked daily to maintain good health.

Other websites 

 Standards
 FCI-Standard N° 235 / 09. 08. 2002 

 Miscellaneous
 Great Dane Barri
 http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/greatdane.htm

Dog breeds
0s BC

The 0s BC was the decade before Jesus Christ was born.

Events 
 circa 4 BC? – Jesus is born in Bethlehem.
Bissau

Bissau is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau. It is also the largest city in the country; around 355,000 people live there. The city is where the Geba river flows into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The city was built by the Portuguese in 1687. It became the capital of Portuguese Guinea in 1942, and has been the capital since independence was declared, except for a short time in 1973 and 1974 when the capital was at Boe. Bissau is famous for having a carnival every year. 

The main things that come from here are peanuts, wood, coconut meat, palm oil, and rubber.

Capital cities in Africa
Regions of Guinea-Bissau
Celle

Celle is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany.

References
Cloppenburg

Cloppenburg  (Low Saxon: Cloppenborg, Saterland Frisian: Kloppenbuurich) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, capital of Cloppenburg District. It lies some  south-south-west of Oldenburg in the Weser-Ems region between Bremen and the Dutch border. The town is a centre for the largely agricultural region of southern Oldenburg.

References

Other websites

 Official site
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords

Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords is a RPG video game set in the Star Wars expanded universe. It was developed by Obsidian Entertainment and was released in December 2004 on Xbox video game console and in February 2005 on PC.

Description 
Developed with the Odissey Engine, the game is set five years after KotOR, or 3.951 BBY. After the Jedi Civil War, Revan left the Galaxy to find something in the unknown areas, something that could be a threat to the Old Republic. There are less than 100 Jedi left in the Galaxy after the brutal war against Darth Malak. They are killed, one by one, by Sith assassins who attack from the shadows.

The player takes the role of the "Jedi Exile", believed to be the last Jedi or one of the last.
The player will meet several companions who will join him in his quest depending on his alignment and on the gender the player has chosen for his character. The Exile can eventually meet up to 11 characters: Kreia, Atton Rand, Bao-Dur, The Handmaiden (if the player is set to male), The Disciple (if the player is set to female), Mira (if the player is set to light-side), Hanharr (if the player is set to dark-side), T3-M4, HK-47, G0-T0, and Mandalore.

Role-playing video games
Star Wars games
2004 video games
Julius Caesar (play)

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is a play by William Shakespeare. It is about the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC.  
Shakespeare based his play on stories in Plutarch's Life of Brutus and Life of Caesar. The play was probably written in 1599. It was first published in 1623 in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays.

The play was probably one of Shakespeare's first plays to be performed at the Globe Theatre. The theatre had just been built. A Swiss traveller saw a tragedy about Julius Caesar at a London theatre on 21 September 1599. This was probably Shakespeare's play.

The play has been made into movies three times. In a 1950 movie, Charlton Heston played Mark Antony. In a 1953 movie, James Mason played Brutus and Marlon Brando played Antony.  In a 1970 movie, Jason Robards played Brutus, Charlton Heston played Antony again, and John Gielgud played Caesar.

References

Other websites 

Text of Julius Caesar, fully edited by John Cox, as well as original-spelling text, facsimiles of the 1623 Folio text, and other resources, at the Internet Shakespeare Editions
Julius Caesar Navigator Includes Shakespeare's text with notes, line numbers, and a search function.
No Fear Shakespeare  Includes the play line by line with interpretation.
All Julius Caesar  Provides a summary of the play, background on Shakespeare and Julius Caesar, including historical background on Julius Caesar, and a character analysis of Caesar.
 Julius Caesar – searchable, indexed e-text
Julius Caesar – from Project Gutenberg
Julius Caesar  – by The Tech
Julius Caesar – Searchable and scene-indexed version.
Julius Caesar in modern English
Lesson plans for Julius Caesar  at Web English Teacher
Quicksilver Radio Theater adaptation of "Julius Caesar", which may be heard online, at PRX.org (Public Radio Exchange).
 Julius Caesar study guide, themes, quotes, analysis, multimedia, & teaching guide

Plays by William Shakespeare
Twisted Sister

Twisted Sister is an American metal band. They were popular in the 1980's with their music videos We're Not Gonna Take it and I Wanna Rock. Originally a glam rock band influenced by New York Dolls, when Dee Snider came they moved to a heavy metal direction.

References

Other websites 
 Official site
 Official Bent Brother site 
 Official Dee Snider site
 Official Eddie Ojeda site
 Official A.J. Pero site

1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hard rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from New York City