cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Malcolm Barber

Malcolm Charles Barber (born March 4, 1943) is a scholar of medieval history, described as the world's leading expert on the Knights Templar. He is considered to have written the two most comprehensive books on the subject, The Trial of the Templars (1978) and The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (1994). He has been an editor for The Journal of Medieval History and written many articles on the Templars, the Cathars, various elements of the Crusades, and the reign of Philip IV of France.

Biography
Born in 1943, Barber attended Walpole Grammar School in Ealing from 1954 to 1961, followed by the University of Nottingham from 1961 to 1966, where he received his bachelor's degree in 1964. He attended the British School at Rome from 1965 to 1966, and received his PhD in 1968 from the University of Nottingham.

Barber was a Professor of Medieval European History in the Faculty of Arts and Humanities at the University of Reading in the UK, until his retirement in September 2004.

Journal editor
 (with P. Noble and J. Norton-Smith), Reading Medieval Studies, 1977-1985
 Annual Bulletin of the Society for the Study of the Crusade and the Latin East, 1986-90
 The Journal of Medieval History, 1996-2002.

Works
 The Trial of the Templars, Cambridge University Press. 1st edition, 1978. 2nd edition, 2006
 The Two Cities. Medieval Europe 1050-1320. Routledge. 1st edition, 1992. 2nd edition, 2004
 The New Knighthood. A History of the Order of the Temple. Cambridge University Press, 1994
 Crusaders and Heretics, Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries. Collected Studies. Aldershot, 1995
 The Cathars. Dualist Heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle Ages. Longman, 2000

Edited
 The Military Orders. Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick. Variorum, 1994
 (with K. Bate), The Templars, Manchester University Press, 2002
 (with M. Ailes), The History of the Holy War. Ambroise's Estoire de la Guerre Sainte, 2 volumes. The Boydell Press, 2003.

Notes

Other websites
 Reading University biography
 Staff listing at Reading University
 Graduate Centre for Medieval Studies

1943 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Neil Entwistle

Neil Entwistle (born 18 September 1978 in Nottinghamshire, England) is a British convicted double murderer (of his wife and baby girl) who is currently serving two consecutive life sentences in the state of Massachusetts in the United States. A search of Entwistle's computer showed that days before the murders, Entwistle looked at a website that described "how to kill people".

References

Other websites 
 The case of Entwistle

1978 births
Living people
English people convicted of murder
English prisoners
People from Nottinghamshire
Maracanã Stadium

Maracanã Stadium, (Portuguese: Estádio do Maracanã) standard Brazilian Portuguese: , local pronunciation: ), officially Estádio Jornalista Mário Filho, is a multi purpose stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It can hold around 78,838 people.

Sources

Football stadiums in Brazil
Rio de Janeiro
1950 establishments
1950s establishments in Brazil
Shea Stadium

William A. Shea Municipal Stadium, or more commonly Shea Stadium (often referred to in short as Shea), was a major league ballpark that was the home for the New York Mets 1964 to 2008 when the Mets left for their new home Citi Field. Shea was also the home of the New York Yankees while Yankee Stadium was being renovated for the 1974 and 1975 seasons. It was demolished between October 14, 2008 and February 18, 2009.

References

1964 establishments in New York (state)
2009 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in New York (state)
Former Major League Baseball venues
Former National Football League venues
New York Mets
New York Yankees
Queens (New York City)
Sports buildings in New York City
Cellulite

Cellulite is a dimpled appearance of the skin, caused by fat cells pushing against the body's connective tissue. The word "cellulite" only refers to how the skin looks, and does not describe a medical condition.

Cellulite is not related to cellulitis which is a spreading bacterial infection of the skin.

Occurrence 
80-90% of women around the world are thought to have cellulite, and most doctors think that it is the "normal condition of many women".
Cellulite is closely linked with female hormones such as estrogen, and rarely appears in men. 
Cellulite is most common on the upper legs (or thighs), buttocks and the abdomen.

Causes 
The appearance of cellulite has been linked to hormonal changes, changes in diet, stress, and poor blood circulation.

Weight 
Cellulite has little to do with weight. Both slim people and overweight ones can have cellulite.

Genetics 
Cellulite is often hereditary, meaning that you get it from the genes passed on to you from your parents. This can mean many things because you can inherit your body type, shape, and hormonal function from your parents.

Hormonal factors 
Normal hormone functions can cause or change the appearance of cellulite. Estrogen, prolactin, thyroid hormones, and stress hormones may all play a role.

Treatment 
There are lots of treatments for cellulite reduction, but none have been proven by doctors to be effective. Doctors have stated that "there is no outstanding treatment for cellulite" and that "realistically, there is no cure for cellulite."

References

Dermatology
BitchX

BitchX is an IRC client. The first public release was in 1996. The latest stable version is 1.1 and was updated in 2004. It is free of charge and was written in C. It's last version has lots of security software bugs and it's use is generally discouraged.

In 2010, people started working on BitchX again under the name of 'BitchX2'

Related pages
List of IRC clients

IRC clients
Ōkami

is an action-adventure video game made by Clover Studio and published by Capcom for the PlayStation 2 and Wii. It is about an ancient Shinto sun Goddess named Amaterasu in a form of a white wolf. It uses cel-shaded 3D visuals.

A HD version of the game was made for PlayStation 3.

References

2006 video games
Capcom games
PlayStation 2 games
Wii games
Pokémon Pinball

is a pinball video game made by Jupiter and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color game console. It's a pinball game based on Pokémon Red and Blue, and like those games, it requires the player to find and capture all 150 Pokémon to fill the Pokédex. It's one of the only Game Boy games that uses rumble.

In 2003, Nintendo released Pokémon Pinball: Ruby & Sapphire on the Game Boy Advance.

1999 video games
Game Boy Color-only games
Pinball video games
Pinball
Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind

is a manga work of Hayao Miyazaki's., and then later made into an anime.

Summary
A young princess makes various questions between right or wrong in the world.

Setting
The world of is filled with large, carnivorous insects in the poisonous jungle while it grows slowly.

Manga
The manga lasted from 1982 and to 1994.

Anime

The movie premiered in 1984 and follows the same plot as the manga, but it is less developed. It has several famous English actors, including Patrick Stewart, Uma Thurman, Shia LaBeouf and Mark Hamill. It sold more than 1 million tickets when it came out, and it first came out in North America in the 1980s, but was called Warriors of the Wind. It was a cut version of the movie, losing 30 minutes of the movie that the editors called "slow-moving", and the voice actors were never told the plot of the movie. The emphasis that the movie had on environmentalism was diluted because of the cuts, and there was next to no character development. Miyazaki dislikes this version of the movie a lot, and made a "no cuts" clause to make sure this doesn't happen again. The uncut version of the movie was re-released in 2005 on DVD, and won a set of 3 film awards in 1985.

Cast

References 

1984 movies
Anime
1980s fantasy movies
Manga
Studio Ghibli
Japanese movies
Movies directed by Hayao Miyazaki
Princess Mononoke

is a 1997 anime movie made by Hayao Miyazaki. The long animation movie of Studio Ghibli. The catch copy of this movie is Ikiro(生きろ).  Mononoke is not a name, but a word that means spirit or monster in Japanese. The forest in Princess Mononoke looks like Yaku-shima(屋久島).

Story
This movie takes place in Japan during the Muromachi period. There was a small village in Ezo. People lived peacefully. Ashitaka lived there. One day the evil god attacked the village and Ashitaka was cursed. The evil god was once a god of the forest, but he was shot by human and died in terrible pain. Ashitaka knew when he would die. He went to the west where the bullet which killed the god was made.

On his journey, he met a man called Jikobo. Jikobo told him where the Forest of Shishigami was. Ashitaka decided to go there. On his way to the forest, he met the girl raised by the wolf god, Moro. She was with her family. Ashitaka thought they must know about the forest. He called out to them. She and three big wild wolves disappeared into the forest.

Ashitaka rescues the injured men. They reach the village Tatara, where they live. Eboshi Gozen organized there. People made iron weapons there. She wanted to get the Forest of Shishigami, turn all Gods in the forest out, and make it a men-centered place.

It was said that Shishigami had a power of immortality. Because people wanted this power, they aimed at the head of Shishigami. Then these people, Shishigami, Eboshi and her people, San and Ashitaka started and were involved in huge complicated war for the forest. In this war, Ashitaka and San understood each other little by little.

Characters
Ashitaka (Ashitakahiko) Main character. A boy with a strong sense of justice. Seventeen years old. He gets a curse on his right hand as a big snakelike bruise. It sometimes gives him mighty power but shortens his life at the same time.
San-Princess Mononoke The girl who was raised by a Japanese wolf. Fifteen years old. She hates humans because they destroy forest, so she attacks Tataraba many times. She puts a red clay mask on her face.
Yakul Ashitaka's antelope, which he rides.
Moro The wolf which is three hundred years old. She is considered to be a god of the mountain. She speaks Japanese.
Eboshi Gozen She is the leader of Tataraba. She is admired and liked by people. She wants to get Shishigami's forest.
Shishigami God who bring life. It turns into a huge blue creature called Didarabocci at night. 
Okkotonushi A five hundred year old god of wild boars.
Jikobo The man who told Ashitaka about the Forest of Shishigami. He aimed at the head of Shishigami.

Music
The song, "Mononoke Hime（もののけ姫）", was performed by Mera Yoshikazu and composed by Joe Hisaishi.

References

http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~hn7y-mur/mononoke/monolink01.htm

Other websites
 
 
 

1997 movies
1997 animated movies
Anime
Japanese movies
Studio Ghibli
Miramax movies
Movies directed by Hayao Miyazaki
Walloon Brabant

Walloon Brabant (, ; ) is one of the five provinces of Wallonia in the country of Belgium.

History
Walloon in Walloon Brabant means that it is in the Wallon part of the former province of Brabant of Belgium. Brabant was an old region, the Duchy of Brabant. The word Brabant appears for the first time in the seventh century when the abbey of Nivelles was founded in the pagus Bracbatensis (pagus is a Latin word meaning a very small town, with only few houses).

Walloon Brabant is the youngest and the smallest province of Belgium. The province was created in 1995 when the former province of Brabant was split along the language border in three parts: a Flemish part (Flemish Brabant), a Wallon part (Walloon Brabant) and the Brussels Capital Region, which no longer belongs to any province.

Geography
The total area of the province is . The province is very flat and the highest point is in Genappe, with an altitude of  above sea level.

Also the geographical centre of Belgium is in the province, in the municipality of Walhain.

The province has an elongated shape and measures from east to west about  and about  from north to south.

The capital is Wavre; it is much more centrally located than the old capital, Nivelles.

Administrative division
The province of Walloon Brabant has only one arrondissement that is divided in 27 municipalities.

Population by arrondissement
Population on 1 January of each year.

References

Other websites 

 The province's official site
Veracruz

Veracruz is one of the 32 states of Mexico.

References 

 
States of Mexico
Beneath a Steel Sky

Beneath a Steel Sky is a British point and click adventure computer game made by Revolution Software and published by Virgin Interactive for DOS, the Amiga, and the Amiga CD32. The first version became freeware in 2003. An updated version was released for iOS in 2009.

1994 video games
Point-and-click adventure games
Amiga games
Scheme (programming language)

Scheme is a programming language. It is one of the two dialects of LISP in widespread use today. The other dialect of LISP widely used is Common lisp. Scheme is often used as a teaching tool; to teach computer science students functional programming.

Programming languages
Propædia

The Propædia is the first of three parts of the Encyclopædia Britannica, the other two being the 12-volume Micropædia and the 17-volume Macropædia. The Propædia is supposed to be a book that organizes the things in the Britannica, and a guideline to the index of the  other two parts. It was introduced in 1974 with the 15th edition of the encyclopaedia to replace the index, but when many people complained, Britannica put the index back in two books in 1985. The core of the Propædia is its Outline of Knowledge, which is supposed to give people a classification of what we know, but the Propædia also has some parts listing the staff members, advisors and contributors to all three parts of the Britannica.

The Propædia can be used by a student who wants to know what there is to know, before even finding out about it.  Once the student finds out what he needs to know, he will then find out about the thing itself.

The Outline has ten Parts, each with an essay to introduce the part. Below is the table of the ten parts.

Contributors to Propædia

Related pages
 Encyclopædia Britannica
 Micropædia, Macropædia

References 

Encyclopædia Britannica
Macropædia

The 17-book Macropædia is the third part of the Encyclopædia Britannica, and the other two parts are the 12-book Micropædia and the 1-book Propædia. The name comes from the word "macro" and "encyclopaedia". Macro means big, and so, the Macropædia is a big encyclopaedia. The Macropaedia has articles that are very detailed, but one article is usually about a very large topic. It is the opposite of the Micropædia, which has articles that are short. 

The Macropædia was introduced in the 15th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1974 with 19 book having 4,207 articles. In 1985, these articles were combined and made smaller into 17 books with about 700 articles, which can be as short as 2 pages, and as long as 310 pages. The longest article, on the United States, was from the combining of the 50 articles on each state. 

Since it was created, it has not stayed the same. New articles are always being added, older articles can be split, shortened, merged, or even deleted. 

Encyclopædia Britannica
Micropædia

The 12-book Micropædia is one of the three parts of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, and the other two being the one-book Propædia and the 17-book Macropædia. The name comes from the word "micro" and "encyclopaedia". Micro means small and so, the Micropaedia is a small encyclopedia. The Micropaedia has articles that are very short, the articles are found in small strips. It is the opposite of the Macropaedia, which has articles that are very long.

The Micropædia was introduced in 1974 with 10 books having 102,214 short articles, all of them are less than 750 words. In the 15th edition, many articles were put together, with about only 65,000 articles in 12 volumes. In general, the 750-word limit is still used and most articles are only 1-2 paragraphs; however, a few longer articles can be found in the 2007 Micropædia, such as the Internet ones, which takes up a full page.

With some exceptions, the 65,000 articles of the Micropædia have no bibliographies and no named contributors. It is supposed to be for fast-checking to find out the main things about the topic, and as a guide to the 700 longer articles of the Macropædia. People use it to know just a little, but the Macropaedia is used to know in detail.

Encyclopædia Britannica

he:המהדורה החמש-עשרה של האנציקלופדיה בריטניקה
Mantle (vesture)

A mantle (, mandyas; , mantiya) is an ecclesiastical garment in the form a very full cape which extends to the floor, joined at the neck, that is worn over the outer garments.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic churches, the mantle  is a monastic garment worn by bishops, hegumens, archimandrites, and other monastics in processions and while attending various church services, such as Vespers or Matins; but not when vested to celebrate the Divine Liturgy. Unlike the Western cope, the mantle is worn only by monastics. The klobuk is worn over the mantle.

Christian clothing
The Courier-Mail

The Courier-Mail is a newspaper made in Australia. It is made by an Australian company called News Limited. The Courier-Mail is published during the week in Brisbane. The first issue was published 1933.

Other websites
The Courier-Mail homepage

Newspapers published in Australia
Işın Karaca

Işın Karaca (born in London, United Kingdom, on March 7, 1973) is a Turkish-Cypriot pop singer.

She has released four music albums. These are: Anadilim Aşk, İçinde Aşk Var, Başka 33/3 and Uyanış. Her fourth album  means Awakening in English language. She also has been an actress for the film Sen Ne Dilersen.

Other websites 
 Official web site of Işın Karaca 
 Işın Karaca

1973 births
Living people
Turkish singers
Singers from London
A Game of Thrones

A Game of Thrones is the first of seven planned books in A Song of Ice and Fire, a fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin. It was released on 6 August 1996. The book was put up for the 1998 Nebula Award and the 1997 World Fantasy Award, and won the 1997 Locus Award. The first season of the HBO TV series Game of Thrones is based on the book.

Chapters 
The chapters are titled by the name of the person you will read about through their perspective. These are listed in no order and the Prologue is not included for it is not part of the main chapters: Eddard (Stark), Catelyn (Stark), Arya (Stark), Bran (Stark), Jon (Snow), Tyrion (Lannister), Daenerys (Targaryen),

Awards and nominations 
Locus Award – Best Novel (Fantasy) (Won) – (1997)
World Fantasy Award – Best Novel (Nominated) – (1997)
Nebula Award – Best Novel (Nominated) – (1997)
Ignotus Award – Best Novel (Foreign) (Won) – (2003)

References

A Song of Ice and Fire
1996 books
Fritz Wunderlich

Fritz Wunderlich (born Kusel, Rhineland-Palatinate, 26 September 1930; died Heidelberg,  17 September 1966) was a German tenor.  He was one of the great singers of his time, famous both as an opera singer and as a recitalist singing Lieder.

Wunderlich came from a musical family.  His mother was a violinist and his father was a choir-master. The family did not find it easy to make a living, especially after Fritz's father committed suicide when Fritz was five years old.  As a young man Wunderlich worked in a bakery.  People heard him singing while he worked, and he was persuaded to study music.  He got a scholarship to study at the Freiburg College of Music where he studied French horn and singing.

Wunderlich soon became known as a brilliant young tenor.  He sang several roles in Mozart's operas, and gradually learned roles in many other operas, including Verdi's Rigoletto and Don Carlo.  There is an excellent recording of Mozart's Magic Flute in which Wunderlich sings the part of the Prince Tamino and the famous baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau sings the part of Papageno, the birdcatcher.

Wunderlich had a lovely, clear voice which was excellent for German Lieder.  He sang the great songs of Schubert and Schumann, especially Schumann's Dichterliebe song cycle.

Wunderlich was becoming world famous when he died from an accident: he fell down the stairs of a friend's hunting house and died just before his 36th birthday.

Other website 
Website of the Fritz Wunderlich Gesellschaft 

1930 births
1966 deaths
German singers
German opera singers
People from Rhineland-Palatinate
Tenors
Half of a Yellow Sun

Half of a Yellow Sun is a book that was written by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie in 2006, and was published by Knopf/Anchor.  The book tells the story of two sisters Olanna and Kainene during the Biafran War.

Awards

Half of a Yellow Sun won the 2007 Orange Prize for Fiction in the women-only section.  The award is given annually for the best original full-length book; Adichie gained £30,000 as a reward for winning the prize. Purple Hibiscus, her first novel, made the Orange Prize shortlist in 2004, and because of the success of Half a Yellow Sun, critics have said that Adichie may have even more success in the future.

Reviews
The book got good reviews from critics, and it was included in The New York Times''' 100 Most Notable Books of the Year, as well as winning the Orange Prize. In a review for The Seattle Times, Mary Brennan talks about the book as "A sweeping story that provides both a harrowing history lesson and an engagingly human narrative". The Guardian's Kate Kellaway said "An immense achievement, Half of a Yellow Sun has a ramshackle freedom and exuberant ambition," after reading the book. The New York Times did a review of the book, saying some good and some bad things about the book.

Political importance
The Nigerian Civil War began on July 6, 1967 and lasted until January 15, 1970.  The war began because of political struggles caused by the numerous attempts to secede from the southeastern provinces of Nigeria and create the Republic of Biafra.  Political conflict between the Igbo’s, Yoruba’s, and the Hausa-Fulani ended up with two military coups.  The Igbo tried to leave Nigeria to become the Republic of Biafra, but did not have very much support.  From 1968 onward, the war was mostly a tie, with Nigerian forces unable to get an advantage over the Republic of Biafra. Many people died in the war, and even today there is still anger between the different ethnic and religious groups of Nigeria.

The story in Half of a Yellow Sun'' is centered around the war. The author has stated that many of the issues that caused the war remain today.  She also said that the war is very talked about "in uninformed and unimaginative ways," and that the war is as important to the people today as it was in her book. Because none of the major political events were changed in the book, Adichie said that the book had "emotional truth," and that the book showed the war had a large impact on the people of Nigeria.

References

2007 books
1960s in fiction
English-language novels
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (born September 15, 1977) is an award-winning Nigerian writer. She comes from Abba in Anambra State, southeast Nigeria.  Her book Half of a Yellow Sun won the 2007 Orange Prize for fiction.

Adichie was born in Enugu into an Igbo family. She married Ivara Alistair Esege, a Nigerian doctor. 

In December 2013 Beyoncé released her fifth album BEYONCÉ. The eleventh song on the album "Flawless" has a sample from Adichie's TED Talk "Why We Should All Be Feminists". Adichie's sample on the album caused her novel Americanah go up around 600 places in the Amazon chart.

References

1977 births
Feminists
Living people
Nigerian writers
Sind River

The Sind Stream originates from the slopes of Zojila Pass and flowing to south west is joined by another stream coming from Dachhen-Para. Flowing southward and crossing Sind Valley, it empties into Jhelum River near Shadipura.

Rivers of Pakistan
Tributaries of the Indus River
Shaman King

Shaman King is a Japanese anime and manga series by Hiroyuki Takei. The manga ended with thirty two volumes and the anime ended with sixty four episodes.

Reception 
Japanese publisher Shueisha announced that it will be republished all volumes in Japan starting in March 2008. The manga condensed from its current run from 32 to 27 volumes. It was expected to publish two mangas per month.

Main characters 
Yoh Asakura
Anna Kyoyama
Manta Oyamada

Supporting characters 
Ryunosuke Umemiya
Tao Ren
Horohoro
Faust VIII
Lyserg Diethel
Joco McDonnell
Hao Asakura

The Patch Tribe 
Goldva
Silva
Kalim
Nichrom
Magna
Radim
Namari
Bron
Renim
Talim
Rutherford
Chrom
Zinc
Lip & Rap

Hao's followers 
Hoshi-gumi
Opacho
Luchist Lasso
Tsuchi-gumi
BoZ Brothers 
Peyote Diaz 
Tsuki-gumi
Hang Zang-Ching 
Mohamed Tabarsi 
"Big Guy" Bill Burton
Hana-gumi
Canna Bismarck 
Mathilda Mathis 
Marion Fauna

Guardian Ghosts 
Amidamaru
Bason
Kororo
Tokagero
Eliza
Ponchi and Conchi 
Matamune
Pascal Avaf 
Spirit of Fire

References 

Anime
Banihal Pass

Banihal Pass is at an altitude of 9,200 feet above sea level, in the eastern region of Pir Panjal range, at 75.16 longitude and 33.31 latitude. The pass connects the Valley of Kashmir with Jammu. Banihal cart road enters Kashmir valley through this pass. In 16th century, Sheikh Yaqoob Serfi and two other religious leaders had travelled through this pass to invite India's (Hindustani) Mughal Emperor Akhbar to invade Kashmir.

Mountain passes of Pakistan
Parker Brothers

Parker Brothers is a toy and game manufacturer and brand. Over almost 115 years, the company has created more than 1800 games; some of them are Monopoly, Cluedo (known as Clue in North America), Risk, Trivial Pursuit, Ouija, Aggravation and Probe.

References

Other websites 
 The Game Makers, a book by Philip Orbanes, chronicles the history of Parker Brothers.
 Parker Brothers  on the History Channel
 The story of Parker's early games

1883 establishments in the United States
American entertainment companies
Companies based in Massachusetts
Toy companies
Game companies
Kariwood

Cinema in Karachi or Kariwood () had its golden days in the 1960s when some of the prominent movie studios were in Karachi, making movies for the viewership of a large and growing working-class population.

With a metropolitan area hosting the world's second most populated city, the movie viewership is still popular in Karachi. However, the interest has shifted more towards the Hollywood and other international productions. One of the reasons for the shifting trends is attributed to the moving of film-making industry to Lahore, locally termed as Lollywood

Related pages
 Bollywood
 Lollywood
 Hollywood

Other websites
 Official web site of Lollywood 
 Official web site of karachi film industry
 News about Lollywood 
 Watch lollywood movies online
 Lollywood Forums

Cinema of Pakistan
Karachi
Gijsbert Haan

Gijsbert Haan (or Gysbert Haan) (January 3, 1801 - July 27, 1874) was the leader of the 1857 Secession of Dutch-Americans from the Reformed Church in America. He was the creator of the Christian Reformed Church in the United States and Canada. Haan was born in Hilversum, North Holland, the Netherlands and died of liver disease in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

1801 births
1874 deaths
American Calvinists
Christian ministers
Christian religious leaders
Disease-related deaths in Michigan
Dutch Calvinists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Hilversum
Namur (province)

Namur (; ) is a province of Belgium on the border with France. It is one of the five provinces of Wallonia, the predominantly French-speaking southern region of Belgium.

History
The origin of the province of Namur goes back to 1795, when the Austrian Netherlands and the Principality of Liège joint the French Republic; they were made part of the old department of Sambre-et-Meuse.

At the fall of the First French Empire, the department is dissolved and replaced by the Province of Namur, at the time of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The province of Namur was one of the province created by the Constitution of 24 August 1815 of the Kingdom.

When the United Kingdom of the Netherlands ended after the 1830 Belgian Revolution, the province of Namur became part of the new Kingdom of Belgium.

Geography
Namur borders (clockwise from the West) on the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium, and on France.

The total area of the province is  with  inhabitants, and a population density of  inhabitants per km². The highest point of the province is Croix-Scaille, with an altitude of  () above sea level.

Its capital is the city of Namur; other important cities are Dinant, Philippeville, Gembloux, Ciney and Andenne.

Administrative division
The province of Namur is divided into 3 arrondissements and a total of 38 municipalities.

Population by arrondissement
Population on 1 January of each year.

References

Other websites

 The province's official site
 Fédération du tourisme de la Province de Namur
Zojila La

Zoji La () is a high mountain pass  in India. This pass is  above sea level, at 74.50 longitude and 34.17 latitude. The pass connects a valley of Kashmir with Ladakh. Different trade routes lad to Tibet, China and Central Asia. Renchen Shah of Leh entered Kashmir through this pass and became the monarch of the land in the 14th century. Mirza Haider Doughlat also advanced through thi pass to invade Kashmir. The old historical name of the pass was Shurji La meaning lord Shiva's mountain.

Mountain passes of India
Babusar Pass

Babusar Pass is  above sea level. It connects Gilgit with Kaghan via Chilas. Prior to construction of Karakoram highway, this route was very important, because this was the only route leading to Gilgit and Baltistan from Pakistan.

Presently a road by the name of Mansehra-Naran-Jalkhad-Chilas MNJCroad is being constructed through Babusar Pass that will shorten the distance between Mansehra and Chilas by around . Work on the route is expected to conclude sometime in mid 2011.

Mountain passes of Pakistan
Khunjerab Pass

Khunjerab Pass is in the north of Hunza/Nagar on China's boundary. It is at an altitude of  above sea level. Karakoram Highway (Silk Route) crosses into China through this pass. All trade between China and Gilgit is carried through Khunjerab.

Mountain passes of Pakistan
Karakoram Pass

Karakoram Pass is a mountain pass between India and China in the Karakoram Range. It is at a height of  above sea level. It is the highest altitude pass connecting Indian Kashmir with  Sinkiang (China).

Mountain passes of Pakistan
Shandur Pass

The height of this pass is 3738 m above sea level, it connects Gupis, Gilgit with Chitral. The top is flat, a plateau and can be crossed between late April and early November. The grade is very gradual, and the area is crossed by small streams of trout. Grazing in summer is plentiful.

Every year there is a Polo match played on Shandur Top between a team from Chitral and a team from Gilgit.

Shandur Top is one of the four major mountain passes to enter Chitral. The others are Dorah Pass from Badakshan in Afghanistan, Lowari Pass from Dir, and Broghol Pass from the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan.

The people who live on both sides of Shandur Top speak the Khowar language.

Mountain passes of Pakistan
Debian Free Software Guidelines

The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) is a set of guidelines (rules) that the Debian Project uses to decide whether a software license is a free software license, which is used to decide whether a piece of software can be included in Debian. The DFSG is part of the Debian Social Contract.

The guidelines
 Free redistribution.
 Inclusion of source code.
 Allowing for modifications and derived works.
 Integrity of the author's source code
 No discrimination against persons or groups.
 No discrimination against fields of endeavor, like commercial use.
 The license needs to apply to all to whom the program is redistributed.
 License must not be specific to Debian.
 License must not contaminate other software.
 The GPL, BSD, and Artistic licenses are examples of licenses thought of as free.

History

The DFSG was first published together with the first version of the Debian Social Contract in July 1997. The primary authors were Bruce Perens and several other Debian developers at the time.

Application

Software 

Most discussions about the DFSG happen on the debian-legal mailing list. When a Debian Developer first uploads a package to be included in Debian, the ftpmaster team checks the software licenses and decides whether they follow the DFSG's rules. The team sometimes discusses with the debian-legal list in difficult cases.

Non-software content 

The DFSG is focused on software, but in June 2004 the Debian project decided to use the same rules on software documentation, multimedia data and other content. The non-software content of Debian began to follow the DFSG more strictly in Debian 4.0 (released in April 2007) and following releases.

GFDL 

Much documentation written by the GNU Project, the Linux Documentation Project and others licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License contain invariant sections, which do not comply with the DFSG. This assertion is the end result of a long discussion and the General Resolution 2006-001

Related pages
 The Free Software Definition
 History of free software

References

Other websites

 Debian Social Contract and Free Software Guidelines
 debian-legal list, with archives from previous discussions
 Draft DFSG FAQ(down?)
 DFSG FAQ
 Section A.1.3 of Why OSS/FS? Look at the Numbers!  identifies some of the major issues discussed by debian-legal.
 List of software licenses currently found in Debian

Free Software Guidelines
PingOO

PingOO is a communication server based on Debian.

PingOO was created by the CRI (Centre des Resources Informatiques) in Haute-Savoie (France).

Other websites
 Official site

Linux distributions
Debian-based Linux distributions
Madden NFL 09

Madden NFL 09 is a video game about the National Football League (NFL) for the Xbox, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Wii, and Nintendo DS. It was the last game to be released on the original Xbox. A GameCube version was also planned, but it was canceled due to the system's discontinuation in early 2007. It was published by EA Sports and developed by EA Tiburon.

Former New York Jets quarterback Brett Favre is on the cover.

Presentation
On the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Nintendo DS versions, play-by-play and color commentary is provided by Tom Hammond and Cris Collinsworth, respectively, replacing Al Michaels and John Madden. However, Michaels and Madden still appear on the Wii, PlayStation 2, and PSP versions. Madden still has a part in Madden 09 as the person describing instructions to the Madden IQ. Madden guides you on advice and other things to help you understand how to raise your Madden IQ. Madden also appears in Mii form in the Wii version of the game, suggesting plays to run in the game's "Madden's Pick" feature.

EA's relationship with ESPN also enables tie-ins with different ESPN shows.

References

Other websites
Official website

2008 video games
Wii games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Portable games
Xbox games
Xbox 360 games
DGamer
Electronic Arts video games
Lena Katina

Elena Sergeevna Katina (Russian: Елена Сергеевна Катина, born 4 October 1984), better known as Lena Katina is a Russian singer. She and Yulia Volkova are the members of the pop group t.A.T.u.

Katina was born in Moscow. She began going to school at age seven. Within a year, she left ordinary school and went to a music school and studied piano. When she was ten, she started singing with the child group "Avenue". She sang with them for three years before joining the vocal and instrumental group "Neposedi" (Fidgety Children). While a part of Neposedy, she met Julia Volkova and they became friends. Soon Lena left the group because of her age. Neposedy is for children up to 14 years old. At the age of 15 she was selected to be a part of the group which was later named Tatu (t.A.T.u).

References

Other websites 

1984 births
Living people
Child singers
Musicians from Moscow
Pop musicians
Russian singers
Eleanor of Provence

Eleanore of Provence (c. 1223 – 26 June 1291) was the Queen Consort of King Henry III of England.

1223 births
1291 deaths
Kings and Queens consort of England
Jam session

A jam session is an informal gathering of musicians to improvise freely on various themes.  They began with jazz musicians. Musicians sometimes use jam sessions to work on new material, and some songs are made by the band during the session. A jam session will often feature improvisation.

References

Musical performance techniques
Compilation

In music, a compilation is a record, usually an album, which contains songs from more than one source. For instance, it could contain songs from studio albums, live albums, EPs, and other places. The songs often have something in common, for instance a "Greatest Hits" compilation will contain the most popular songs by a band or musician.

Musical terminology
Necrophagist

Necrophagist is a technical death metal band from Germany.  They have released two albums. The band is currently signed with Relapse Records.  They are known for their fast songs that require a large amount of skill to play.

References

Other websites 
Official website
Official MySpace

Death metal bands
German heavy metal bands
Karlsruhe
Page 44

Page 44 is an indie-rock band from England. They have released 3 EPs and 1 demo album and have appeared on television in the United Kingdom. BBC said the band might become "tomorrow's superstars".

References

Other websites
Page 44's MySpace
Page 44 on Facebook

Indie rock bands
English rock bands
Logroño

Logroño () is a city in northern Spain. It is the capital of La Rioja. Logroño is in the Ebro valley. The population of the city is 150.000.

Capital cities in Spain
Cities in La Rioja (Spain)
Municipalities in La Rioja (Spain)
Brain damage

Brain damage is damage to the brain from either illnesses or injuries. Brain cells are damaged, which often affects one's brain in a way that stops the brain from thinking or reacting the same way as it did before the brain was damaged.

Physical damage to the brain is called traumatic brain injury (TBI). It has occurred since ancient times, and old medical records exist.

History 
Head injuries and their effects were known in ancient times.

Ancient Mesopotamians knew of head injury and some of its effects, including seizures, paralysis, and loss of sight, hearing or speech. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written around 1650–1550 BC, describes various head injuries and symptoms and classifies them based on their presentation and tractability. Ancient Greek physicians including Hippocrates understood the brain to be the center of thought, probably due to their experience with head trauma.

Perhaps the first reported case of personality change after brain injury is that of Phineas Gage. He survived an accident in 1848 when a large iron rod was driven through his head, destroying at least his left frontal lobe.

He recovered with no apparent sensory, movement, or big cognitive damage. However, his behaviour so altered that friends described him as "no longer being Gage". This suggested that the damaged areas are involved in "higher functions" such as personality. Many cases of personality change after brain injury have been reported since.

In the 1970s, awareness of TBI as a public health problem grew. A great deal of progress has been made since then in brain trauma research, such as the discovery of primary and secondary brain injury. The 1990s saw the development and dissemination of standardized guidelines for treatment of TBI, with protocols for a range of issues such as drugs and management of intracranial pressure. Research since the early 1990s has improved TBI survival. That decade was called the "Decade of the Brain" for advances made in brain research.

References

Other websites 
Head and Brain Injuries from MedlinePlus
Dr.Diane.com Information on brain injury and related rehabilitation services.
Fact sheets on brain damage, its effects, and strategies for survivors and their families
Brain Damage Research from ScienceDaily

Health problems
Brain
Toffee

Toffee is a candy which is made by boiling sugar with butter, and then cooling the mixture so that it becomes hard. Sometimes it is made with treacle.

Related pages

 Fudge

Candy
Chop (Ukraine)

Chop (, , ) is a city found in the Zakarpattia Oblast (province) of western Ukraine, near the borders of Slovakia and Hungary. It is separated from the Hungarian town of Záhony by the river Tisza.

Demography 
According to the Ukrainian national census, Chop had a population in 2001 of 8,919, of whom 40% were Ukrainians, 39.2% ethnic Hungarians and 20.8% Gypsies, Russians, Slovaks, Belarusians, Jews .

Features 
Chop is an important railway junction in Ukraine where the Lviv-Stryi-Budapest railway line meets the Lviv-Uzhgorod-Košice line. Near Chop, there are also international railway and highway border crossings to Hungary and Slovakia and also to the westernmost point of Ukraine.

Other websites 
Chop in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
Chop (Чоп) of Ukraine 1:100,000 topographic maps 
Discovering The Everyday Life in Chop 

Cities in Ukraine
Zakarpattia Oblast
United States metropolitan area

Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) are large metropolitan areas of the United States as defined by the Office of Management and Budget. These areas are urban areas with a lot of people. An earlier version of the MSA was the "Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area" (SMSA). MSAs are used for official purposes.

MSAs are made up of counties and for some county equivalents. In New England, because of the greater importance of towns over counties, similar areas are based on town units. These are called New England City and Town Areas (NECTAs).

MSAs are created around a central urban area —an areawhere there are a lot of people. The counties with the urbanized area are known as the central counties of the MSA. Other nearby counties (known as outlying counties) can be a part of the MSA if these counties have strong social and economic connections to the central counties. Some areas within these outlying counties may actually be rural areas.

The population estimates for some metro areas are not always agreed upon. In some cases, different sources give numbers of people which differ by millions. The definitions used for the last U.S. Census differed from those for previous censuses. This makes it hard to compare official information from different dates. MSA boundaries do not stretch into Canada or Mexico. This can affect the number of people in several cities. For example, Detroit, Buffalo, El Paso and San Diego are often much larger than their MSA figures.

As of June 2003, there is now an additional classification, “Metropolitan Division.” The term metropolitan division is used for a county or group of counties that are a distinct employment area within a metropolitan statistical area that has at least 2.5 million people. A metropolitan division is a part of a larger metropolitan statistical area but it is often a distinct social, economic, and cultural area within the larger region.

Top 25 
The following is a list of the 25 most populated metropolitan statistical areas and metropolitan divisions in the United States, according to the July 1, 2007 U.S. Census Bureau estimates:

For all U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas, see the Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas.
For a list including combined metropolitan areas, see the Table of United States primary census statistical areas.

Notes 

Cities in the United States
Jenks, Oklahoma

Jenks is a city in Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, and a suburb of Tulsa, in the northeastern part of the state. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 9,557, but it was estimated at 14,123 in 2006.

References

Cities in Oklahoma
Owasso, Oklahoma

Owasso is a city in Rogers and Tulsa counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and a northern suburb of Tulsa. The population was 18,502 at the 2000 census.

References

Cities in Oklahoma
Broken Arrow, Oklahoma

Broken Arrow is a city in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Most of it is in Tulsa County, but part of it is in western Wagoner County.

References 

Cities in Oklahoma
1902 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Indian Territory
Inuvik, Northwest Territories

Inuvik is a town in the Northwest Territories of Canada.  It is also where the local government of the Inuvik Region is based.

History 
Inuvik was created as a replacement in 1953 for the earlier administrative center, Aklavik because that area was often flooded.  At first, it was called "New Aklavik" but was renamed Inuvik in 1958 because there was confusion between the names of Aklavik and New Akalavik.  Inuvik means "Place of Man" in Inuvialuktun, the local Inuit language.

Settlements in the Northwest Territories
Towns in Canada
Edmond, Oklahoma

Edmond is a city in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the  Oklahoma City metropolitan area in the central part of the state.

References 

Cities in Oklahoma
QuikTrip

QuikTrip (abbreviated QT)  is a Tulsa-based chain of convenience stores mainly found in the Midwestern and Southern United States (not to be confused with Kwik Trip convenience stores).

The first QuikTrip opened in 1958 in Tulsa, Oklahoma by Chester Cadieux and Burt B. Holmes.  QuikTrip promotes its gasoline as "high-quality" and offers a money-back guarantee.

References

Companies based in Oklahoma
Tulsa, Oklahoma
1958 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Oklahoma
Retail markets
Oklahoma City Thunder

The Oklahoma City Thunder (abbreviated OKC) are an American professional basketball franchise based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The Seattle SuperSonics franchise had moved to Oklahoma, which meant that there was a new team name (Oklahoma City Thunder). Because of this, the Thunder replaced Seattle in the Western Conference's Northwest Division and began play at Oklahoma City's Ford Center, now known as Paycom Center, during the 2008–09 NBA season.

References

Other websites

 
1967 establishments in the United States
Nadsat

Nadsat is a slang language. It was invented by Anthony Burgess when he wrote a book called A Clockwork Orange. The book is about a teenager called Alex. Alex speaks Nadsat in the book. Stanley Kubrick turned the book into a film, also called A Clockwork Orange.

The name of the slang language Nadsat comes from Russian. So do many words in the language itself. In Russian, numbers between ten and twenty end with -nadsat. This is like the way the same numbers end with -teen in English. So Nadsat means 'teen'.

Although there is 1950s Russian slang in Nadsat, there are other languages too. However, most words in Nadsat are English or variations of English. One type of English variation used is rhyming slang.

Examples
viddy: to see (from Russian slang)
appy polly logy: apology (rhyming slang)

Slang