cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Feijoa

The feijoa is the fruit of Acca sellowiana, an evergreen shrub or small tree, 1–7 m in height. It comes from the highlands of southern Brazil, parts of Colombia, Uruguay, Paraguay and northern Argentina. They are also grown throughout Azerbaijan , Iran (Ramsar), Georgia, Russia (Sochi), New Zealand and Tasmania Australia .

The fruit is also called the 'pineapple guava' or 'guavasteen'.

Description of fruit and plant 
The fruit matures in autumn and is green, and about the size and shape of an egg. It has a sweet, aromatic flavour. The flesh is juicy. The fruit drops when ripe, but can be picked from the tree before to prevent bruising. Feijoa fruit have a distinctive smell. The chemical methyl benzoate smells strongly of feijoas and the aroma of the fruit is caused mostly by this and other closely related chemicals.

Growing conditions 
It is a warm-temperate to subtropical plant that will also grow in the tropics but requires some winter chilling to fruit. In the northern hemisphere it has been cultivated as far north as western Scotland but does not fruit every year, as winter temperatures below about -11 °C will kill the flower buds. A lot of feijoa are grown in New Zealand, where the fruit is a popular garden tree and the fruit is commonly available in season.

Eating 
The fruit is usually eaten by cutting it in half, then scooping out the pulp with a spoon. It is popular in New Zealand to stew them in a pot with sugar and serve hot with vanilla ice cream in the wintertime . The fruits have a juicy sweet seed pulp, and slightly gritty flesh nearer the skin. The flavor is aromatic and sweet. The skin itself is tart and sour but also edible. If the utensils needed to eat it this way are not available, the feijoa can be torn or bitten in half, and the contents squeezed out and consumed.

Fruit maturity is not always apparent from the outside as the fruits remain green until they are over mature or rotting. When the fruits are immature the seed pulp is white and opaque, becoming clear and jelly-like when ripe. Fruits are at their optimum maturity when the seed pulp has turned into a clear jelly with no hint of browning. Once the seed pulp and surrounding flesh start to brown, the fruit is over mature and should not be eaten.

Other websites 

 Fruits of Warm Climates: Feijoa
 California Rare Fruit Growers: Feijoa Fruit Facts 
 New Zealand Feijoa Growers Association Inc.

Myrtaceae
Trees
Fruits
Wessex

Wessex was an old Anglo-Saxon kingdom before England became one country. It was one of seven kingdoms in England. It was named after the West Saxons. It was in the south and southwest of England. Wessex was a kingdom from the 6th century until the English state was made in the 9th century. It was an earldom between 1016 and 1066. Then "Wessex" was not an official place name. The 19th century novelist Thomas Hardy wrote about Wessex in his books which tell stories set in that area.
  
His Royal Highness The Prince Edward was given the title "Earl of Wessex" when he married Sophie who became the Countess of Wessex. The title Earl of Wessex had not been used since the last earl, King Harold Godwinson, was killed at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

Anglo-Saxons
Barrel racing

Barrel racing is an event often seen in rodeos. It involves a rider and horse going around 3 barrels in a cloverleaf pattern, started on either the right or the left side, but more often than not, the right side. Riders go from one barrel to the next making a square pattern around each and then running back past the timer in want of the fastest time.

Horse riding
Clover

Clover (Trifolium) is a genus of about 300 species of plants in the pea family. It grows worldwide, mainly in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, but many species also in South America and Africa, including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics.

They are small herbaceous plants. It has three sections to each leave, which looks like three leaves. This is called trifoliate.

Clover is often associated with Ireland.

References 

Faboideae
Clover (disambiguation)

Clover could mean:

Plants
 Clover, a genus of plants

Places
 Clover, South Carolina, a town in York County
 Clover, Virginia, a place in Halifax County

Companies
 Clover Studio, the now defunct Capcom funded game developer
 Clover (toy company), a Japanese toy company
 Clover (dairy), a South African dairy company
 Clover (basses), a German company manufacturing bass guitars
 Clover Records, a record label
 Clover G Records, a record label

Clover was also the name of a defunct discount department store owned by Strawbridge and Clothier department stores in Pennsylvania.

Rivers
 Clover Creek (Pennsylvania), a tributary of the Frankstown Branch Juniata River
 Clover Creek (Washington)

Other things
 Clover (telescope), an astronomical telescope
 Clover (detector), a gamma ray detector
 Clover (manga), a manga by CLAMP
 Clover may also refer to the symbol on the Command key for official Apple Computer keyboards (⌘, U+2318)
 The Clovers, an American R&B band
 Clover (software tool), a Java code coverage tool
 Clover, one of the three spies in the cartoon Totally Spies!.
 CLOVER, a family of modulation techniques, mainly used for data communication over HF radio links.
Discus throw

The discus throw is an event in athletics, where a heavy disc is thrown for distance. It was invented in 708 BC in Ancient Greece. The goal is to throw the discus farther than your opponents.

The discus throw is the subject of a number of well-known ancient Greek statues and Roman copies of them.US thrower Al Oerter is one of only two athletes to win the same individual event at four consecutive Olympic Games.

Related pages
Hammer throw
Javelin throw
Shot put

References 

Events in athletics
William Baillie

Captain William Baillie (June 5, 1723 – December 22, 1810) was an Irish military man and artist. 
         
Baillie went to London at age of 18 to study law, but liked art more. Shortly after getting to London, he joined the army. He served at the Battle of Culloden the Battle of Minden and retired with the rank of Captain. Baillie was later made the Commissioner of Stamps, which he was until 1795.

While he continued as an artist, what he is most famous for was his skill repairing and printing etching plates. He worked on plates by many artists, including Gerard Dou, Nicolas Poussin, and most notably Rembrandt. Apparently he got a number of Rembrandt's worn-out plates. The three best known:

The Goldweigher: He did a really fine job on this. The prints from it are at least as good as those done personally by Rembrandt.
The Hundred Guilder Print (Christ Preaching): He changed it in a rather bad way. He then cut it up, and sold the pieces separately.
The Three Trees: The lower portion of this had been destroyed. Baillie redid that part of the plate by copying an old print. It is not bad, but does not have the feeling that was in the original Rembrandt.

A book of prints, after the above artists, was published in 1792, in two volumes, with subsequent editions.

Other websites
Artist profile on Artoftheprint.com

1723 births
1810 deaths
People from the Republic of Ireland
Artists
Rusty Anderson

Rusty Anderson (born January 20, 1959) is an American guitarist, singer and songwriter from La Habra, California. He has played lead guitar for Paul McCartney since 2001. He has played for many famous musicians, for example, Elton John, The Bangles, Courtney Love and Belinda Carlisle. He also has a band called Rusty Anderson Afternoon whose first single "Effortless" hit Number One on American radio  and whose first full-length record RAA debuted in the Top Ten Alt Chart on iTunes.

Discography 
 2004 CD Undressing Underwater 
 2009 CD Born On Earth
 2014 EP II 
 2016 RAA

References

Other websites 

 Official site
 maccareport page of Rusty 
facebook
twitter
instagram

American guitarists
Singer-songwriters from California
American rock musicians
1959 births
Living people
Handshake

A handshake is when two people hold hands for a few seconds and move them up and down before letting go.  It is often used like a greeting (like saying "Hello, Hi" or "goodbye" when people meet) or to say that two people have agreed on something. Handshakes are also used between romantic partners.

The action is ancient, and occurs (or occurred) in many cultures. There are, however, many slight differences. In some cultures, the handshake is firm, in others it is gentle. In some cultures the senior person leads the handshake. The length of time also varies between cultures. One thing is almost universal: hand shaking is done with bare hands.

Another aspect is: do men shake hands with women? In the past, in many societies, they did not. Today, in western society, handshakes are allowed if the female offers her hand. It is not done between family members, when hugs and kisses are more usual.

Some secret societies have secret handshakes to show they are part of the group.

Related pages 
Greeting

References 

Non-verbal communication
Messaging
Wave (gesture)

A wave is a movement of the hand that people use to greet each other or say goodbye. People wave by raising their hand and moving it from side to side. They can also wave by moving their hand up and down. The way that people wave generally depends on their culture. 

Non-verbal communication
Baseball bat

A baseball bat is a smooth wooden or metal rod used in the game of baseball to hit the ball after the ball is thrown by the pitcher.  It is not more than 2⅔ inches (70 mm) in diameter at the thickest part and not more than 42 inches (1067 mm) in length. It usually weighs no greater than four pounds (1.8 kg). The batter uses the bat to try to hit a pitched ball so that he may run around the bases and score points.

Bats are sometimes used as a weapon in fights or attacks. When a bat is used this way, it can be called a club.

Major League Baseball is using bats of pink color by players who agree during games played on Mother's Day as an event to support the pink ribbon campaign (breast cancer extermination movement). 

Baseball equipment
Buxtehude

For the German Baroque composer, see Dieterich Buxtehude.

Buxtehude () is a town in Northern Germany. It has 39,000 inhabitants. It is by the Este river which joins the city to the important river Elbe just 6 miles away.

Buxtehude is known as "The Fairytale Capital" of the world. The tale of "The Bunny and the Hedgehog" by the Brothers Grimm is set in this town.

The Pistennacht is an event where bars, restaurants and clubs in the old part of town are open all night long. The Pfingstmarkt is a big fair which is held at Whitsun (Pfingsten). There is a lot to do including rides on a Ferris Wheel. On the first weekend of June there is a big feast in the old part of the town, which also has a wine festival every year.

References

Other websites

 Official site
Summit Entertainment

Summit Entertainment is an American movie production and distribution company. It is a label of Lionsgate Films, owned by Lionsgate Entertainment. The company was founded in 1991. It is headquartered in Santa Monica, California.

References 

Movie production companies
Companies based in Santa Monica, California
1991 establishments in California
Harlem Renaissance

The Harlem Renaissance is the name for a movement in African-American culture in the 1920s and 1930s which has had a big influence  on African-American literature, philosophy and music. The Harlem Renaissance is also called the "Black Literary Renaissance", '"The New Negro Movement" and "The flowering of Negro literature". 

The movement began in Harlem, New York after World War I. In 1925 a book was published called "The New Negro", edited by Alain Locke. This book was a collection of writing by African-Americans which looked at their people's lives experiences since the Civil War. From 1925 onwards, there was a movement called the "New Negro Movement", named after the book. 

The movement began to affect the thinking of many African-American writers and artists of all sorts. They challenged the thinking of many white Americans towards black Americans. They refused to be treated as if they were not equal. They refused to just copy the sorts of writing, art and music that white Americans did. They wanted to celebrate the fact that their African culture had survived through the terrible years of slavery, and was being "reborn". (The word "Renaissance" means "rebirth" and is generally used for a time from 1400 to 1600 in Europe.)

Important writers and musicians of the Harlem Renaissance

Novels 

 Jessie Redmon Fauset – There is Confusion (1924), Plum Bun (1928), The Chinaberry Tree (1931), Comedy, American Style (1933)
 Rudolph Fisher – The Walls of Jericho (1928), The Conjure Man Dies (1932)
 Langston Hughes – Not Without Laughter (1930)
 Zora Neale Hurston – Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934), Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937)
 Nella Larsen – Quicksand (1928), Passing (1929)
 Claude McKay – Home to Harlem (1927), Banjo (1929), Gingertown (1931), Banana Bottom (1933)
 George Schuyler – Black No More (1930), Slaves Today (1931)
 Wallace Thurman – The Blacker the Berry (1929), Infants of the Spring (1932), Interne (1932)
 Jean Toomer – Cane (1923)
 Carl Van Vechten – Nigger Heaven (1926)
 Eric Walrond – Tropic Death (1926)
 Walter White – The Fire in the Flint (1924), Flight (1926)
Paul Laurence Dubar - The Old Cabin (1905)

Drama
 Charles Gilpin, actor
 Eugene O'Neill, playwright–Emperor Jones, All God's Chillun Got Wings
 Paul Robeson

Poetry
 Langston Hughes, poet
 Jessie Fauset, editor, poet, essayist and novelist
 Countee Cullen, poet – The Black Christ and Other Poems (1929)
 Claude McKay, poet
 James Weldon Johnson, poet
 Arna Bontemps, poet
 Richard Bruce Nugent, poet

Musicians/Composers 

Nora Douglas Holt Ray
Billie Holiday
Duke Ellington
Count Basie
Louis Armstrong
Eubie Blake
Bessie Smith
Fats Waller
Aretha Franklin
Ella Fitzgerald

Popular entertainment
Cotton Club
Apollo Theater
Black Swan Records
Small's Paradise
Connie's Inn
Speakeasies
Rent party

1920s in the United States
African-American history
American music history
Literature
Hollywood Pictures

Hollywood Pictures was one of Walt Disney Studios movie companies. It makes movies for a more adult audience than Walt Disney Pictures.  It is similar to Disney's Touchstone Pictures brand. The studio was launched in 1989, but was closed in 2007.

List of films released by Hollywood Pictures

1990s

2000s

Movie studios
Disney
Defunct companies
Third World

The "third world" describes the developing countries.

History 
The term third world was introduced during the Cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union. At that time, there were three "worlds". Colors do not represent current economic development.

References 

politics
economics
Country classifications
Database normalisation

Database normalisation is an approach to designing databases which was introduced by Edgar F. Codd in the 1970s. Certain databases, known as relational databases, allow data to be stored in separate groups. Each group is commonly called a table.  To provide useful information, these groups are connected to each other. For example, students could be stored in one group, and classes in another group. To show that a student is enrolled in a class, a "relationship" is established from one group to the other. A student could have a relationship to many classes, each of which he or she would be enrolled in, while a class would have a relationship to many students.

A traditional alternative is the "flat file database", where all of the data is grouped together like in a spreadsheet. The problem with flat file databases is that they can have a lot of blank spaces and there is a lot of information that has to be repeated for each entry. This means that the database is bigger than it has to be, and it makes it more likely that the database will contain mistakes. Relational databases, by breaking the data into groups, reduce the chance of mistakes happening and does not take up any more space than necessary. But for it to work it needs to be well designed. 

Database normalization is a method of designing good relational databases. There are several "normal forms", each of which have rules which the database should be designed to meet. Codd originally specified three sets of criteria that different databases must meet: first, second and third normal form.

If a relation (or "database table") meets a certain normal form, it is not vulnerable to certain modifications, that will affect data integrity. The drawback of meeting such a set of criteria is usually that querying certain data from the database will become more difficult.

 First normal form
 Second normal form
 Third normal form
 Fourth normal form
 Fifth normal form

Normalization
Clipboard

''For the clipboard in computers, see Clipboard (computing).

A clipboard is a thin board with a large (usually metal) clip at the top. Clipboards are a little larger than a piece of paper. They are used to support paper with one hand, while writing on the paper with the other hand. Clipboards are often used in situations where a person may not be able to find a good writing surface.

Clipboards can be made of many things. Most clipboards are made of masonite or particleboard, two types of wood. They can also be made from aluminum, steel, or acrylic, which is a type of plastic.

Police and EMT clipboards

Many police officers and EMTs carry clipboards. These clipboards are used very often and are usually made of metal. They often have one or two sections inside for carrying papers and reports.

Tools
Ugliness

Ugliness is a property of physical things that are not nice to look at. Something or someone who has ugliness is called ugly. This word is commonly used in when talking about human appearance. The opposite of ugliness is beauty. Someone who discriminates against ugly people is called a  lookist or cacophobe.

Ugliness can be a matter of opinion. Two people can look at the same object and one may think it is beautiful and the other may think it is ugly. This is shown in the popular phrase . 

Although ugly usually means "a lack of physical beauty", the property of ugliness may also be used to describe other things such as music, literature, or human behavior. The word can also be used as an insult, even if the person does not think the person they are talking about is ugly.

Ugliness in popular culture
One of the most well-known examples of "ugly" in popular culture is the story The Ugly Duckling by Hans Christian Andersen. The moral of this story is that ugliness is a matter of opinion.
Movies with ugly in the title include Coyote Ugly (based on New York's Coyote Ugly Saloon), and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly.
Ugly dolls and troll dolls are unique because of their ugliness.
 The Star Trek episode "Is There in Truth No Beauty?" had an alien race called the Medusans, who were so ugly that any human who sees one without protection would be driven insane.
 Ugly Betty is the name of a television series on ABC that started in 2006.

Related pages
Aesthetics

Characteristics
Texture

The word texture means: what things are made of and how they feel.  Textures can be described as “rough”, “smooth”, “hard”, “soft”,  “liquid”, “solid”, “lumpy”, “gritty” etc.  The word “texture” is used for many different things.  It can even be used in abstract senses, e.g. for music and poetry.

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Food

People like or dislike food because of its taste, but the texture of the food also plays a part in whether we like it or not. We enjoy the feel of it in our mouth. Food can be hard, soft, lumpy, gritty (e.g. a cake made with ground rice). Adding some lettuce to a cheese sandwich will change the texture of the sandwich: it makes it more crunchy.

Architecture

In architecture we often talk about “texture”.  This can mean: the things that the buildings are made of.  It can also mean: the general way it looks, e.g. whether everything is built close together or whether there is plenty of space.  This is an abstract use of the word, because it compares the way we see things to the way things feel.

Painting

Painters talk about the texture of paintings. This can be seen clearly in pointillism which is a way of painting by using lots of little dots. This gives the painting a very interesting texture.

Music

In music we can talk about the texture of a piece of music.  If there are a lot of notes being played at once, we could call this a “thick” texture.  If there are just two or three notes being played so that every note can be heard clearly we could call this a “thin” or “clear” texture.  Music may have a “polyphonic” texture or a “chordal” texture.  The word “texture”, this time, is being used to describe something we hear instead of something we feel.

Vocabulary
Sensory system
Outlook Express

Microsoft Outlook Express, also known as Microsoft Internet Mail and News, is an email program and newsreader program made by Microsoft. It is a free version of Outlook, also made by Microsoft. Microsoft's Outlook Express was discontinued in 2006 with the release of its new operating system, Windows Vista, which has Windows Mail instead.

Problems
Outlook Express needs a database to work, sometimes this database gets damaged when there are too many emails or when the database gets compacted. Compaction is needed when its size gets too large to handle well. Also, sometimes emails or attachments are infected with viruses.

Other websites
Moving emails from Outlook Express to Windows 8.1 - Microsoft, the company that created Outlook Express, tells how to move your old emails to a new version of Windows
Outlook Express Help - Tips and Tricks - How to use Outlook Express
 UnDBX  online -  an open-source program that lets you save easily emails from a damaged database. The very complicated source code is at sourceforge.net

Microsoft software
E-mail
Michael Spinks

Michael Spinks (born on July 13, 1956) is a retired American boxer. He was the light heavyweight and heavyweight champion of the world. 

Spinks was a member of the 1976 United States Olympics team and won a gold medal in the boxing competition. He became a professional boxer in 1977 and won the light heavyweight championship in 1981. In 1985 he fought heavyweight champion Larry Holmes and beat him for the title. It was the first time a light heavyweight champion had become heavyweight champion. He beat Holmes again in a rematch and defended his title another two times before losing to Mike Tyson in 1988. He never fought again.

Michael Spinks is the brother of heavyweight champion Leon Spinks.

References

Other websites
Boxing Record

American boxers
American Olympic gold medalists
Sportspeople from St. Louis, Missouri
1956 births
Living people
Goodbye

Goodbye is a word used to express good wishes when parting. It may originate from the phrase "God be with you".

Goodbye can also mean:

Music
Goodbye (Cream album), an album by Cream
Goodbye (Ben & Jason album), an album by Ben & Jason
Goodbye (Dubstar album), an album by Dubstar
Goodbye (Ulrich Schnauss album), an upcoming album by Ulrich Schnauss
"Goodbye", a song written by Lennon-McCartney in 1968 and recorded by Mary Hopkin on the Apple Records label
"Goodbye" (Elton John song), a song written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin
"Goodbye" (Spice Girls song), a 1998 single by Spice Girls
"Goodbye", a 2002 song by Mudvayne from their album The End of All Things to Come
"Goodbye?", a 2005 song by Grandaddy
"Goodbye" (Def Leppard song), a single by Def Leppard
"Goodbye", a song by Gravity Kills from their album Gravity Kills
"Good Bye", a song by Japanese musician hide from the album Psyence
"Goodbye", a song by Night Ranger from their 1985 album Seven Wishes
"Goodbye" (Tevin Campbell song), a 1992 single by Tevin Campbell
"Goodbye" (The Corrs song), a 2006 single by The Corrs
"Goodbye", a 2006 single by Army of Anyone from their album Army of Anyone
"Goodbye" (Everlife song), a 2007 single by Everlife
"Goodbye" (Eurovision song), the Bosnian and Herzegovinian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997, performed by Alma Čardžić.
Candy cane

A candy cane is a hard cane-shaped candy stick. It is usually white with red stripes and tastes like peppermint. It is also made in many other flavors and colors.  The candy cane is a traditional candy of the Christmas holiday in the United States, but you can find them during the rest of the year. It is a symbolic figure in the Christmas season.

In the 17th century, white sticks of candy were popular, but they were not colorful. According to legend, a choir leader in Germany asked the people that made the candy to bend the sticks so that they looked like shepherd's staffs. He then gave the candy canes to the children to keep them quiet during church services. The colors are also said to be symbolic. The white part represents purity, and the red represents the blood of Jesus.

References 

Candy
Christmas
Leon Spinks

Leon Spinks (July 11, 1953 – February 5, 2021) was an American boxer. He won the world heavyweight championship. He won a gold medal in the 1976 Olympics in the boxing category. He became a professional boxer. In his eighth bout, he won the heavyweight championship from Muhammad Ali. In his first defense, he lost the title back to Ali. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri.

Spinks continued boxing with little success after that. He fought Larry Holmes for the heavyweight title in 1981, but lost. He also fought for the cruiserweight championship, but he lost that fight, too. He stopped fighting in 1995.

He ws the brother of boxer Michael Spinks and the father of boxer Cory Spinks.

In December 2019, Spinks was hospitalized in Las Vegas after his prostate cancer spread to his bladder. He died on February 5, 2021 from the disease in Henderson, Nevada at the age of 67.

References

Other websites

 Boxing Record

1953 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
American boxers
American Olympic gold medalists
Sportspeople from St. Louis, Missouri
Cruiserweight

Cruiserweight is a division in boxing for fighters who weigh over 175 pounds and up to 200 pounds (91 kg). The weight limit was once 190 pounds. The World Boxing Council created this weight division in the late 1970s because it felt that some fighters were too small to fight in the heavyweight division but too big to fight in the light heavyweight division. So they made a weight class in-between. Many cruiserweight champions and contenders may eventually fight in the heavyweight division.

Longest reigning cruiserweight champions 
Below is a list of longest reigning cruiserweight champions in boxing measured by the player's longest reign. Career total time as champion (for multiple time champions) does not apply.

 Active reign
 Reign has ended

References

Cruiserweight
Botanic

Botanic is a district of South Belfast, in the country of Ireland. It is named after Botanic Gardens, a local park dedicated to the science of botany.

Northern Ireland
Steve Jay

Stephen "Steve" Jay (born January 26, 1951) is a bassist best known for working with the singer-songwriter "Weird Al" Yankovic.

1951 births
Living people
Bassists
Minimum wage

The minimum wage is the least amount of salary that employees of a business can be paid. Around the world, the minimum wage is enforced as a law that every company must follow. If companies do not give their employees at least the minimum wage, the companies will be forced to pay an expensive fine for breaking the law.

Minimum wage is a relative term. Different countries have different minimum wages. Nunavut in Canada has a minimum wage of $11.00 per hour. Ontario, another place in Canada has a minimum wage of $10.25 per hour. 

Some people think the minimum wage should be raised, so poor working people will have more money and enjoy human rights. Others think it is worse because the government will not have enough money to pay all the employees, so they will raise the taxes or raise the inflation. Some people think that the minimum will hurt employees because companies only hire employees whose labor is worth the price they are required to pay. They think that if the minimum wage is raised employees will lose their job because companies cannot afford to pay them the raised minimum wage.

Related pages
 Constitution
 Constitutional economics
 Economic, social and cultural rights

Macroeconomics
Joe Manchin

Joseph (Joe) Manchin III (born August 24, 1947) is an American politician. He was elected Governor of the state of West Virginia in the 2004 election. He took office as Governor on January 17, 2005 and remained in that position until 2010. In 2010, he became a Senator for West Virginia, after the death of Robert Byrd. He is one of the least liberal Democrats in the Senate, having conservative views on social issues, energy, the environment, and the military. He co-sponsored an amendment, a change to a bill, with Senator Pat Toomey (R-PA) that would require gun sellers to check whether gun buyers are mentally ill or have a criminal record. This amendment did not become law.

1947 births
Living people
United States senators from West Virginia
Governors of West Virginia
Renaissance art

Many of the most famous and best-loved works of art in the world were created during the time known as the Renaissance. The Renaissance began about 1400 and lasted until about 1600. Italy, and in particular the city of Florence is thought of as the home of Renaissance art. 

Many Flemish painters from the area of modern Belgium were also very busy at this time. The style of their pictures, and their use of oil painting influenced the Italian painters.

Important artworks
 Competition for the Baptistry Doors
In 1401, a competition was held to find a sculptor to make a huge set of bronze door for the oldest church in Florence. Lorenzo Ghiberti, Filippo Brunelleschi and Donatello all entered the competition. Ghiberti won. When he finished the first set of doors, he had to make another set. It took fifty years. In that time, dozens of artists helped Ghiberti to make the doors. 

 Brancacci Chapel 
On the walls of this family chapel at the church of the Carmelite Monastery, Massaccio painted pictures which were so realistic that everyone was amazed. 

 The statue of the Smug Cat 
The most famous sculptor of the Early Renaissance was Donatello. His most important job was to make a huge equestrian monument of a soldier (on horseback). The soldier's was called by his nickname, Gattamelata, meaning the Smug Cat (a Cat who is fed on Honey). Donatello had seen a huge equestrian monument before; there is one in Rome of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. No-one had made such a big bronze statue for more than a thousand years. Donatello's statue was a huge success. It still stands outside the Basilica of Saint Antonio, in the city of Padua. 

 The painting of the Last Supper 
Leonardo da Vinci did one of the world's most famous paintings, the Last Supper on the wall of the dining room in a monastery in Milan while he was working there for the Duke. It shows Jesus, on the night before he died, sharing a meal with his disciples. It has been reproduced and copied thousands of times. 

 The Sistine Chapel Ceiling 
Michelangelo painted the whole ceiling of the Sistine Chapel all by himself over five years. The way that the figures were painted was to influence other artists for hundreds of years.

 Mona Lisa
Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda) is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a poplar panel by Leonardo Da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance. The work is owned by the French government and hangs in the Musée du Louvre in Paris, France with the title Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo.

The painting is a half-length portrait and depicts a woman whose expression is often described as enigmatic. The ambiguity of the sitter's expression, the monumentality of the half-figure composition, and the subtle modeling of forms and atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the painting's continuing fascination. Few other works of art have been subject to as much scrutiny, study, mythologizing and parody.

Related pages 
Renaissance architecture
Renaissance music

Art
Renaissance
Renaissance architecture

The Dome of Florence Cathedral
Florence Cathedral, (called il Duomo), built by Arnolfo di Cambio, had a huge hole at the centre. The competition to build a roof over it was won by Brunelleschi who built the largest dome since Roman times. He cleverly got the whole city excited by getting teams of workers from the eight parts of the city. 

Church of San Lorenzo 
This church in Florence was designed by Brunelleschi using all the things he had learnt by looking at the architecture of Ancient Rome. It has arches, columns and round-topped windows in the Roman style. It looks completely different to the pointy-arched churches of the Middle Ages. Only the inside was finished. The outside is still all rough bricks and no-on knows exacly how it was meant to look. On the inside, however, Brunelleschi taught everyone a new set of architectural rule that revolutionised The Renaissance.

Church of Sant' Andrea 
When the Ancient Roman Emperors came back from winning a battle, they built a Triumphal Arch as a monument to themself. There are several of these monuments in Rome and they have the same design: a big arch at the centre, and a smaller lower arch or doorway on either side. The architect Alberti used this as the design for the front of the church of Sant' Andrea in Mantua. He used the same pattern of tall and arched, low and square, all down the inside of the church as well. This was copied by many other architects. 

Medici-Riccardi Palace 
When it came to building palaces, the rich people of the Renaissance had different needs to the Roman Emperors, so the architects had to use the rules to make a new sort of grand building. These Renaissance palaces are usually three stories high and quite plain on the outside. On the inside there is a courtyard, surrounded by beautiful columns and windows. Architects like Michelozzo who worked for Cosimo de' Medici, looked at the Roman Colisseum (sports arena) which is three stories high with rows of arches. 
 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Florence_Medici_Riccardi_Palace.jpg  
Saint Peter's Basilica
The most famous church in Rome was the ancient Church that had been built over the grave of St. Peter. By 1500 it was falling down. The Pope decided that instead of repairing it, it should be pulled down and a brand new church should be built. By the time it was finished, lots of important artists had worked on the design including Michelangelo, Raphael, Bramante, Maderna and Sangallo. It was the first building to use huge columns called a "giant order". It has one of the most magnificent domes in the world. It has been copied in many countries. 

Villa Rotunda 
This country house was built by Palladio in 1550. It is a square building which looks the same from every side. At the centre, there is a dome. On every side is a large porch, (portico), like a Greek temple. It is such an elegant design that other architects used the same style which can be seen on churches, houses and palaces, including the White House.

Architecture
Renaissance
Fiji One

Fiji One is a free-to-air television channel run by Fiji Television. It is shown all across Fiji. It is paid for by advertisements. For this reason, programs on Fiji One have commercial breaks, to allow advertisers that fund the programs to showcase their products or services.

References

Television networks
Fiji
Comet Group

Comet was a chain of shops in the UK. They were the second largest retailer of TVs, and biggest retailer of fridges, washing machines and dishwashers in England.

Shops
Sainsbury's

Sainsbury's is the biggest supermarket chain based in the United Kingdom. Sainsbury's originally sold only food, but it now sells other things like mobile phones, clothing, and books. Sainsbury's is the second largest supermarket in the UK (after Tesco). The clothing range at Sainsbury's has changed a lot over the years. It started off with, Jeff & Co, then another range was brought in, after that Adams Kids. Now it is called TU. Sainsbury's sister store is called Argos.

References

Supermarkets of the United Kingdom
Shops
1869 establishments in the United Kingdom
Acts of Supremacy

The Acts of Supremacy was passed by Elizabeth I in 1558. This act stated that the king, not the pope was the head of the Church of England.

When this act was originally passed by Henry VIII, in 1534, he had been the ‘Head of the Church in England’ but under Elizabeth’s reign, she was “Supreme Governor of the Church in England”.

The change may have been made to appease Catholics who could not accept the monarch as "Head of the Church", seeing the church as the Pope's domain, or it may have been made because Elizabeth was a woman. In the sixteenth century, women were regarded as inferior to men in spiritual matters, and many were uncomfortable with the idea of a woman being in charge.  This act also included an oath of loyalty to the Queen that the clergy were expected to take. If they did not take it, then they would lose their office.  A High Commission was established to ensure that the oath was taken.

1550s in England
1558
Protestant Reformation
Winston Smith

Winston Smith is a fictional character and the protagonist of George Orwell's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. In the book, Winston is a clerk for the Ministry of Truth, where his job is to rewrite historical documents so that they match the current party line, which changes on a daily basis.

Characters in written fiction

de:1984 (Roman)#Winston Smith
pt:Winston Smith
Yantai

Yantai is a city in Shandong, China. It is on the coast facing the Huang Hai. The average annual temperature is 12°C. The annual rainfall is 20 mm. 

The city used to be called "Chefoo" because an island close to the city was named "Chefoo". The name of the city means "Smokey Tower" (yan - smoke, tai - tower). The city is named "Yantai" because in 1398 the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty, built watch towers nearby to tell everyone if Japanese pirates were coming.

 the city of Yantai and the area around it had 6,516,900 people living in it. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 343.4 billionRMB while the GDP divided by the population was 49,012RMB.

Cities in China
Qiemo

Qiemo, also called Cherchen, is an inland city in Xinjiang, China. About 60,000 people live in the city. It is a river town on the edge of the Taklamakan Desert. The area has been settled for a long time. A cemetery at least 3,500 years old is near the town, as well as Bronze Age rock carvings. The town was along the trade route to Tibet. Marco Polo is supposed to have passed through the town in 1273.

References

Cities in China
Ronnie James Dio

Ronnie James Dio (born Ronaldo Giovanni Padovan July 10, 1942 - May 16, 2010) was an American heavy metal singer. His parents were Italian Americans. He performed with Elf, Rainbow, Black Sabbath, and his own band Dio. He was also part of the band Heaven and Hell (named after Black Sabbath's most famous song), with some of the original Black Sabbath members. Dio was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and raised in Cortland, New York. He starred in the Tenacious D movie, The Pick Of Destiny.

In November 2009, Dio was diagnosed with stomach cancer, which caused his death in Houston, Texas, on May 16, 2010. He was 68.

References

Other websites 
 Official site of Ronnie James Dio

American rock singers
Bassists
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from stomach cancer
People from Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Singers from New York
Singers from New Hampshire
1942 births
2010 deaths
Chow Yun-Fat

Chow Yun-fat SBS (born May 18, 1955), formerly called Donald Chow, is a Hong Kong actor and singer. He often worked with John Woo in the action movies A Better Tomorrow, The Killer, and Hard Boiled. He also acted in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, and has acted in many drama movies.

Career
His parents were farmers and poor. He grew up on an island without electricity. While in college, Chow began training to become an actor with TVB. He first appeared on the 1980 TV series The Bund. Chow appeared in many TV series, but he wanted to act in movies. He acted in a few movies, but they were very bad. He finally became sucessful when he teamed with John Woo in A Better Tomorrow.

References

Other websites

1955 births
Living people
Actors from Hong Kong
1019



Events 
 The Azdâjis ends the Kingdom of Nekor in Morocco.
 Sviatopolk I dies, and is succeeded by his brother Yaroslav I (the Wise). He becomes, with the support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian (Viking) mercenaries, the Grand Prince of Kiev. Yaroslav consolidates the Kievan state, through both cultural and administrative improvements, and military campaigns.

References
Joan of Acre

Joan of Acre (April 1272 – 7 April, 1307) was a daughter of King Edward I of England and his first wife, Eleanor of Castile (1241-1290).

English royalty
1272 births
1307 deaths
Atze Schröder



Atze Schröder is a German comedy figure played by Hubertus Albers.

Atze Schröder 
The figure "Atze Schröder" was born on 27 September 1965 in the German town Essen.

Biography of the comedian 
In public, he always acts as his pseudonym "Atze Schröder". Some sources report Emsdetten as his place of birth. He was suing a German newspaper and the German Wikipedia after publishing his real name Hubertus Albers.

Awards 
 2000: Deutscher Comedypreis – Best Comedy Act for Alles Atze
 2003: Deutscher Comedypreis – Best Actor in a comedy show for Alles Atze
 2003: Deutscher Fernsehpreis – Best Sitcom for Alles Atze
 2005: Deutscher Comedypreis – Best Comedy Series for Alles Atze

Other websites 
Official Atze Schröder homepage (German)

Atze Schröder as a trademark
Commentary of WikiMedia CEO

References

1965 births
Living people
Fictional characters

fr:Atze Schröder
tr:Atze Schröder
simple:Atze Schröder
Autonomy

Autonomy means being able to rule without having to obey some other higher authority. Autonomy is something that philosophers often talk about.  The idea occurs in moral, political, and bioethical philosophy.  It means that someone is able to make a sensible decision without being forced to do so by someone else.  They are able to make a "free" decision.  

In moral and political philosophy, autonomy is often used when discussing whether someone has a moral responsibility for what he does. One of best known philosophical theories of autonomy was developed by Kant. In medicine, doctors have to respect the autonomy of the patient, i.e. the patient has been given good information about their illness, they should be able to decide whether they want treatment.  The doctor cannot force it on them.

In politics, autonomy means self-determination that people can govern themselves instead of being ruled by someone else.

References

Other page 
Bodily integrity
Independence

Philosophy
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, which is now southwest Germany. He started Hegelianism and is a part of German Idealism. He influenced many writers and philosophers, including those who agreed with him (Bradley, Sartre, Küng, Bauer, Stirner, Marx), and those who did not agree with him (Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Schelling). Hegel's books are difficult to read and deal with many different ideas at the same time. He has written about history, politics, religion, art, logic and metaphysics.

Major works 
 Phenomenology of Spirit (Phänomenologie des Geistes Sometimes translated as Phenomenology of Mind) 1807 (This gives an example of the problem: The English translators of the Phänomenologie des Geistes are not sure if they should translate "Geist" by "Spirit" or by "Mind", although the terms "Spirit" and "Mind" are sharply distinct in the English language.)
 Science of Logic (Wissenschaft der Logik) 1812–1816 (last edition of the first part 1831)
 Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (Enzyklopaedie der philosophischen Wissenschaften) 1817–1830
 Elements of the Philosophy of Right (Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts) 1821
 Lectures on Aesthetics
 Lectures on the Philosophy of History (also translated as Lectures on the Philosophy of World History) 1830
 Lectures on Philosophy of Religion
 Lectures on the History of Philosophy

Secondary literature 
 Theodor W. Adorno, 1994. Hegel: Three Studies. MIT Press. Translated by Shierry M. Nicholsen, with an introduction by Nicholsen and Jeremy J. Shapiro, . Essays on Hegel's concept of spirit/mind, Hegel's concept of experience, and why Hegel is difficult to read.
 Avineri, Shlomo, 1974. Hegel's Theory of the Modern State. Cambridge University Press. Best introduction to Hegel's political philosophy.
 Frederick C. Beiser, ed., 1993. The Cambridge Companion to Hegel. Cambridge University Press. . The Cambridge Companions are a good way to start learning about a particular philosopher; this one is no exception.

Other websites 

 The new HegelWiki
 A superior biography of Hegel with graphics
 Hegel.net - resources available under the GNU FDL
 Hegel.net  - wiki article on Hegel
 Alicia Farinati -  Hegelian Works  Several articles on Hegel. Available in English, Spanish and French
 Commented link list
 Hegel mailing lists in the internet
 Explanation of Hegel, mostly in German
 The Hegel Society of America
 Hegel in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 http://www.gwfhegel.org/
 Hegel page in 'The History Guide'
 Is Hegel a Christian? 
 Rethinking the Place of Philosophy with Hegel - Call for Papers for Cosmos and History

Hegel texts online 
 
 Philosophy of History Introduction
 Hegel's The Philosophy of Right
 Hegel's The Philosophy of History
 Hegel by HyperText reference archive

Continental philosophers
German philosophers
People from Stuttgart
1770 births
1831 deaths
Nicolas Sarkozy

Nicolas Sarkozy, born on 28 January 1955 in Paris, France,
 is a French politician. He was the  23rd President of France and, because of that position, ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 to 15 May 2012 succeeding Jacques Chirac.
 
He was the leader of the UMP, and was elected President of the French Republic on 6 May 2007. He defeated Ségolène Royal, of the Socialist Party.

Political career
Sarkozy was known for his conservative law and order politics and his admiration for a new economic model for France during his presidency. He wanted a more liberalised economy for France because he saw the United States and the United Kingdom as positive examples. Until 26 March 2007, he was the Minister of the Interior of France. His nickname Sarko was  used by both supporters and opponents. On 6 May 2012, Sarkozy was defeated in the 2012 election by Socialist François Hollande by a margin of 3.2%, or 1,139,983 votes. After leaving the office, Sarkozy pretended to retire from political life. As a former president, Sarkozy is entitled to de jure membership in the Constitutional Council.

Corruption trial
On 23 November 2020, a corruption trial started. He was accused for an attempted bribery of a judge. The trial was postponed until November 26, following a request from one of his co-defendants for health reasons.

On March 1, 2021, a court in Paris found former Sarkozy guilty of corruption, trading in influence in a wiretapping and illegal data exchange. Sarkozy and his two co-defendants were sentenced to three years, two of them suspended, and one in prison.

Notes

Other websites

Official websites 
 Nicolas Sarkozy Construire Ensemble—Official web site of the presidential campaign 
 Website of the UMP, Sarkozy's party 
 Nicolas Sarkozy–Official Website
 Supporters de Sarkozy–Official Website of Nicolas Sarkozy's supporters

Press 
  Charlie Rose show 02.02.07 (video interview at Place Beauvau, Paris with PBS journalist Charlie Rose, 30.01.07)
  Sarkozy takes over Chirac's UMP party (BBC)
  Profile: Nicolas Sarkozy (BBC)
  Nicolas Sarkozy: French Choose the American Way?  by David Storobin
  Vive this difference by Suzanne Fields
  France's chance, Economist, 12 April 2007
  Letter From Europe- Round 1  Jane Kramer, The New Yorker, April 23, 2007

Related contents 
 Some Nicolas Sarkozy's quotations (French)
 Sarkozy 2007 — Website to promote Nicolas Sarkozy's candidacy in 2007

French Roman Catholics
French lawyers
Politicians from Paris
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Presidents of France
Princes of Andorra
1955 births
Living people
French Ministers of Finance