cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Clackmannanshire

Clackmannanshire is a British county and a council area in Scotland. It lies north of the River Forth, between Perthshire to the north and Fife to the south.

Clackmannanshire is the smallest county in the United Kingdom. The second smallest, Kinross-shire, lies net to it.

Some villages/places in the county: Clackmannan, Alloa, Dollar, Tillicoultry, Tullibody

Scottish Council Areas
Counties of Scotland
British shires
Selby

Selby is a town in North Yorkshire, England, UK. There was a great fire there in 1906. It is not far from the border with the East Riding of Yorkshire.

Towns in North Yorkshire
Goole

Goole is a town and inland port in the East Riding of Yorkshire of England, UK. It is near to the border with North Yorkshire.

References

Other websites 

 Informative guide to Goole
 Yorkshire Waterways Museum 
  Goole Town Council Website

Port cities and towns of England
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Towns in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Burnley

Burnley is a town in Lancashire, England, UK. It is not far from the border with West Yorkshire.

Industry
Burnley is a large market town in the north west of England. It has a population of about 70,000. It lies approximately 34 km north of Manchester and 40 km east of Preston at the confluence of the River Calder and River Brun. Burnley grew larger during the industrial revolution when it was home to many cotton mills and was one of the world’s largest producers of cotton cloth.

Location
Burnley lies along the M65, east of Accrington, Blackburn and Preston where it joins the M6. Lots of people use this motorway to go to these, and other large settlements like Manchester. It is surrounded by other small towns such as Padiham, Todmorden and Nelson. Many people come to Burnley from these settlements to shop and work. Burnley has a range of shops including:

Those that sell convenience goods, like newspapers and bread
Larger stores selling comparison goods such as furniture and other household items
Some clothes shops, for example: 
Next
Marks and Spencer

Since the mills closed, Burnley has become one of the poorest towns in Britain. Houses in Burnley are on average the cheapest in the UK.

People
Burnley has produced many celebrities, including Ian McKellen and Ryan Simonds. 

Towns in Lancashire
Broadstairs

Broadstairs is a town in Kent, England, UK. It is between the bigger towns of Margate and Ramsgate.

Thanet
Towns in Kent
Street, Somerset

Street is a town in Somerset, England, UK. It is to the south of Glastonbury. The River Brue makes the boundary with Glastonbury.

References

Towns in Somerset
Mendip
Warminster

Warminster is a town in Wiltshire, South West England. It is to the south of Westbury and to the east of Frome.

Towns in Wiltshire
Wisbech

Wisbech is a town in Cambridgeshire, England, United Kingdom. It is not far from the border with Norfolk. 

Towns in Cambridgeshire
Pant, Shropshire

Pant is a small village in Shropshire in England. It is in the civil parish of Llanymynech and Pant. It is located on the border with Powys in Wales. It is situated 15 miles north west of Shrewsbury, the county town.

In the 2011 census, the village's population was listed under the civil parish's population, which was 2,100 people.

The village's name means "hollow" in Welsh.

Villages in Shropshire
Southport

Southport is a coastal town in Merseyside, England, UK. It is on the border with Lancashire.

Towns in Merseyside
National Hockey League rivalries

There have been many rivalries between teams in the National Hockey League (NHL).  Rivalries have started up for many different reasons, the most common ones include: the teams being in the same area, knowing each other, violence during the game, and culture related reasons or national pride.

Ice hockey related lists
Puck


Puck may refer to:
 Puck (mythology), a nature spirit

Characters 
 Puck (Shakespeare), from A Midsummer Night's Dream
 Puck, the narrator of the book Puck of Pook's Hill (1906) by Rudyard Kipling
 Puck, a character in the Japanese anime/manga Berserk
 Puck (comics), a diminutive superhero in Marvel comics
 Puck, a trickster in the animated television show Gargoyles
 Peter Puck, the name of a hockey-puck-shaped cartoon character
 Puck, a minor character appearing in Final Fantasy IX
 Puck the talking dog, a character in  Ouida's 1870 novel Puck who narrates and makes comments on British society.
 Puck (The Faerie Dragon), a hero in the video game Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne's custom map, "Defense of the Ancients"
 Puck, a character in the novel series "The Sisters Grimm"

People
 Theodore Puck (1916-2005), American geneticist 
 Wolfgang Puck (born 1949), an Austrian celebrity chef and restaurateur
 Kirby Puckett
 Axel (Puck) Munthe, Swedish physician and author
 David "Puck" Rainey a cast member from MTV's reality television show, The Real World

Places
 Puck (moon), a moon of Uranus
 Puck, Poland, a town in Poland
 Puck Building, a block in Manhattan, New York City, USA
 Bay of Puck, a shallow western part of the Bay of Gdańsk in the southern Baltic Sea

Others
 Puck (band), South African based electronic band
 Puck (sports), the object used for scoring goals in ice hockey, roller hockey, underwater hockey, air hockey, carrom and novuss
 Puck (goat), a specially captured wild goat crowned "King Puck" at Puck Fair every year in Ireland
 Puck (magazine), a 19th century US periodical
 Puck (literary magazine), a late 20th century US periodical
 Puck, an amount of tamped coffee within an espresso machine's portafilter
 Puck, a pointing device used with a graphics tablet
Belves

Belves is a former commune in the Dordogne Department in the south-west of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Pays-de-Belves.

References 

Former communes in Dordogne
WWE Tribute to the Troops

The WWE Tribute to the Troops is a televised event held every year since 2005 by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in December around Christmas and Hanukkah. The wrestlers and employees of the WWE travel to Iraq and Afghanistan to honor the United States military. The event features wrestlers from Raw, SmackDown, and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) brands competing in matches against each other. They hold a televised episode of Raw on an open field for any troop member to attend for free. Along the travel, wrestlers and employees stop at autograph sessions and local hospitals to visit those who fight and may have been injured in war. Walter Reed Army Medical Center and Bethesda Naval Hospital are among the hospitals visited by the WWE employees. The WWE most recently held its fifth annual event, and has their next visit planned for December 2008.

In 2004, USO of Metropolitan Washington awarded the WWE the first Legacy of Hope award for their extensive support of their troops and the USO’s Operation Care Package program. In 2006, WWE received the Secretary of Defense Exceptional Public Service award. It was presented to WWE Chairman, Vince McMahon and other wrestlers. Upon receiving the award, McMahon handed it to wrestler, John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL), noting that the idea of the Tribute to the Troops was his original idea. WWE also received recognition from General Casey, the Commander of Multinational Forces Iraq. The WWE generally stays for three days.

Overall, WWE has traveled to Iraq and Afghanistan six consecutive times since 2003. The events are held in December every year, as they are intended to be a holiday treat for the troops. Not every WWE wrestler and employee attends the trips, but any wrestler willing to go may attend, with their brand not considered a factor.

Related pages
WWE Raw

References

Other websites
2005 Official website
2006 Official website
2007 Official website

World Wrestling Entertainment television programs
Bruce Gamble

Bruce George Gamble (May 24, 1938 – December 30, 1984) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played 10 seasons in the NHL between 1962 and 1972.

Resources

Other websites
 Goaltenders.info profile of Bruce Gamble 
 Find A Grave Memorial

1938 births
1984 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey people from Ontario
People from Thunder Bay
Philadelphia Flyers players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Stanley Cup champions
American Hockey League players
Memorial Cup winners
Central Professional Hockey League players
1937–38 NHL season

The 1937–38 NHL season was the 21st season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Eight teams each played 48 games. The Chicago Black Hawks were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs three games to one in the final series.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1937 in North America
1938 in North America
Falsifiability

Falsifiability  is a concept from philosophy of science that says that it is possible to prove that a theory is wrong. There are different ways in which it can be done. The easiest way to do it is to find an example where the theory should apply, but somehow does not. As an example: Swans are birds related to ducks and geese. Today, several species of swans are known. For most people in Europe, a swan is a large white bird: The only species of swan that occurs in Europe is white. Several hundred years back, people in Europe therefore thought that all Swans were white.  In 1697, the Dutch explorer Willem de Vlamingh found black birds that looked like swans, during an expedition on the shores of Swan River, in Australia.  Later, it turned out these birds were indeed swans. With his discovery, de Vlamingh had falsified the theory that all Swans were white. 

There are some special cases, where a statement or theory cannot be falsified: 

Kurt Gödel showed that certain propositions inside a system of logic cannot be proved inside that system.
Closely related to this is the fact that some statements are undecidable (This statement is false, see paradox). Undecidable statements cannot be falsified 

Falsification is to prove that a theory is wrong. This is done in the following way: There is a set of statements (which are logically sound, and do not contradict each other) called theory. If a single logical statement can be found, which is also logically sound, and which contradicts one of the statements in the theory, then the theory is proven wrong. This can be done with observation, as in the example with the Swans above. It can also be done using mathematical logic, using  induction.

Karl Popper had the opinion that only theories that are falsifiable are scientific.<ref>Thornton, Stephen,  "Karl Popper," Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyWinter 2011);  "Science, Pseudo-Science, and Falsifiability,"  1962; retrieved 2012-5-8.</ref> Falsifiability is then a line between science and other kinds of knowledge: if it can be refuted, it is science; it if cannot, then it is not science. Many working scientists think Popper was right.

Not everyone agreed with this: Pierre Duhem and Paul Feyerabend had different ideas. Feyerabend's Against method (1975) argued that there was no one scientific method. Instead, whatever works, works and anything goes. This is called epistemological anarchy''. 

Duhem's idea was more subtle. He thought that for any given set of observations there is a huge and uncountable number of explanations. According to Duhem, an experiment in physics is not just an observation, but an interpretation of observations by means of a theoretical framework. Furthermore, no matter how well one constructs one's experiment, it is impossible to subject an isolated single hypothesis to an experimental test. Instead, it is a whole interlocking group of hypotheses, background assumptions, and theories that is tested. This thesis has come to be known as holism. According to Duhem, it makes crucial experiments impossible.

Related pages 
Hypothesis
Philosophy of science
Raven paradox

References

Philosophy of science
Kenosha, Wisconsin

Kenosha is a city in Kenosha County in the state of Wisconsin. It is part of the Chicago Metropolitan Area, but is nearer to Milwaukee than it is to Chicago. It is the fourth biggest city in the state after Milwaukee, Madison, and Green Bay.

Cities in Wisconsin
County seats in Wisconsin
Kenosha County, Wisconsin
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
Locality of reference

Locality of reference is a phenomenon that can be seen in Computer science. It says that the same value, or the place where it is stored is accessed often. There are two different kinds of locality of reference:
Temporal locality: If a value is referenced, there is a high probability it will be referenced again a short time from now
Spatial locality: A value is stored in a certain location in storage (memory, disk,..). If this location is referenced, it is very probable that locations that are physically close to it will be referenced as well.

Reasons
There are many reasons why locality of reference occurs:
Predictability: Well-written programs only behave in a predictable way.
Structure of the program: Often programs act on several items, one at a time. This item will be accessed more than once as computation or processing is done.
Linear data structures: Programs may have loops that act on arrays or lists. They reference an item by its index in the array or list.

Uses
Programs can be optimised in certain ways, to make them run faster:
Increase the locality of reference by changing the program
Hardware can be built to exploit the locality of reference. 
Caching is very successful because of locality of reference.

Computer science
Kenosha County, Wisconsin

Kenosha County is a county in the U.S. State of Wisconsin. It is in the far southeast of the state, and faces east onto Lake Michigan. Its county seat is Kenosha. It was founded in 1850.  There is hand sanitizer in Kenosha County.

Cities, villages, and towns

Cities
Kenosha

Villages
Bristol
Genoa City (partially)
Paddock Lake
Pleasant Prairie
Silver Lake
Twin Lakes

Towns
Brighton
Paris
Randall
Salem
Somers
Wheatland

Unincorporated communities

Bassett
Benet Lake
Berryville
Brighton
Camp Lake
Central Park
Chapin
Fox River
Kellogg's Corners
Klondike
Lake Shangrila
Liberty Corners
Lily Lake
New Munster
Paris
Powers Lake
Salem Oaks
Salem
Somers
Trevor
Voltz Lake
Wilmot

Ghost towns
Aurora

1850 establishments in Wisconsin
Tape drive

A tape drive or streamer is a component that is often attached to a computer. It is used to write data to magnetic tape or to read data from it. Usually people use it to do backups. Tape drives are different from hard drives in that the access to the data is sequential (in order). This means to read a certain part of data, all the data before it needs to be read as well. Also tape drives are slow, compared to hard drives. Current capacities range from tens of gigabytes to almost a terabyte, per cartridge.

Storage devices
Quincy, Massachusetts

Quincy is a city in Norfolk County in the U.S. State of Massachusetts. It is part of Metropolitan Boston. 
It is named after Colonel John Quincy, who was Abigail Adams' mother's father. Quincy also had Adams' son, John Quincy Adams, named after him. It is the birthplace of John Adams, the second U.S. President, and Adams' son, John Quincy Adams, the sixth U.S. President. It was settled in 1625 and officially founded in 1792.

References 

Cities in Massachusetts
1625 establishments
1620s establishments in Massachusetts
Edward Rappaport

Edward N. "Ed" Rappaport, Ph.D. is the acting director of the National Hurricane Center.  He replaced former director Bill Proenza on July 9, 2007.

References

American meteorologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Live from Le Cabaret

Live from Le Cabaret is a hit live album by Rock-Pop band Maroon 5. The album was exclusively released on iTunes on July 8, 2008.

The recording of Live from Le Cabaret 
This album was released on July 8, 2008. It was recorded in Montreal, Quebec. The album was originally 1:05:37 long. The album is the third known recorded by Maroon 5.

Songs performed 
The songs performed on Live from Le Cabaret are songs from Maroon 5's past studio albums. Songs from their debut studio album called Songs About Jane like "Harder to Breathe", "This Love", "She Will Be Loved", "Shiver", and "Sweetest Goodbye". Songs are also included from Maroon 5's second hit studio album called It Won't Be Soon Before Long like "Makes Me Wonder", "Little of Your Time", "If I Never See Your Face Again", and more.

Track listing 
 "If I Never See Your Face Again"
 "Makes Me Wonder"
 "Harder to Breathe"
 "The Sun"
 "Secret"
 "Shiver"
 "Won't Go Home..."
 "Sunday mornin"
 "Little Of Your Time"
 "Sweetest Goodbye"
 "She Will Be Loved"
 "This Love"

2008 albums
Pop albums
Thermodynamic entropy

Thermodynamic entropy is a measure of how organized or disorganized energy is present in a system of atoms or molecules. It is measured in joules of energy per unit kelvin. Entropy is an important part of the third law of thermodynamics.

Imagine that a group of molecules has ten units of energy. If the energy in those molecules is perfectly organized, then the molecules can do ten units of work. However, if the energy became less organized (so, the entropy increased), the molecules might only be able to do six units of work, even though they still have ten units of energy in them.

When total entropy is reached, there is no more energy to spend. A good example of this is a cup of hot tea. The tea has a lot of energy compared to the room the tea is in. Over time the heat in the tea will spread into the room. The tea will become colder. This is because the energy (heat) in the tea moves to the surrounding area. Once the tea became cold, there is no more heat that can be spread. The tea has reached total entropy.

There are two types of these "rooms": An open system and a closed system. An open system means that energy (like heat) can freely flow in and out of the room. A closed system means that the room is closed off from the outside; no energy can go in or out.

In the case of the tea, the room was a closed system; no energy could enter it. But we can also make it an open system by placing a heater into the room. If we turn on the heater, we can use the heat from it to reheat the cup of tea. New energy has been brought into the room. The entropy has thus decreased. The heat that went from the heater into the tea can then move into the room again until total entropy has been reached. This is what the second law of thermodynamics is about.

A real life example of an open system is the Earth. It gets a lot of energy from the Sun every day. This allows plants to grow and water to stay liquid. If we took away the Sun, plants would die and water would freeze because the surface of our planet would be too cold.

Thermodynamics
Bolognese sauce

Bolognese sauce is a sauce made with meat that is then mixed with pasta before eating. It is called Ragù alla bolognese in Italy. The sauce came from Bologna in Italy.
Most Italian people eat their Bolognese sauce with tagliatelle, a broad, flat type of pasta. It can also be served with ribbon or tube shaped pasta.

Spaghetti alla Bolognese recipes 

In 1982, the Bolognese delegation, said that the recipe must only be made of beef, pancetta (a type of bacon), onions, carrots, celery, tomato paste, meat broth, red wine and milk or cream. There are different recipes of Bolognese sauce. Some of the recipes contain chopped pork or pork sausage. Mushrooms are sometimes added.

Spaghetti Bolognese is popular outside of Italy where the sauce is put on a plate of spaghetti with a little bit of grated cheese put on. In China Bolognese sauce is served with noodles and it is called Chinese spaghetti.

However, these different ways of making the recipe are never eaten in Bologna. They do use the recipe together with béchamel sauce to make lasagna.

References and further reading 
 Kaspar, Lynne Rossetto (1st Edition: September 21, 1992) The Splendid Table: Recipes from Emilia-Romagna, the Heartland of Northern Italian Food, Morrow Cookbooks. .

Other websites 

Sauces
Bologna
Lixion Avila

Lixion A. Avila (born November 25, 1950) is a weather forecaster with the National Hurricane Center (NHC). He has been a senior hurricane specialist.

References

American meteorologists
Living people
1950 births
Command economy

A command economy is where the big decisions are made and owned at the centre by the government.  A planned economy is where the big decisions are made at the centre by the government. 

In an economic system the main decisions are, for example, allocating resources like labour, capital and oil. Prices, too, are controlled. In a command economy, these decisions are taken by a central body, usually the government. This system contrasts that of a market economy where all the economic actors involved take decisions. The benefit of a planned economy is that the planning body has (supposedly) perfect information, and can make a better decision than in the market economy. Countries at war sometimes command their people to make things the war needs; the major powers in World War II did this.

Friedrick von Hayek, a 20th-century economist, thought that it is not possible for the planning body to have perfect information. For this reason, the decisions taken by this body will be wrong, as it is not possible to foresee all possible events. Once the decision has been taken there is only a small margin to vary the production; this means that a planned economy cannot adapt to a change as rapidly as a market economy. According to Ludwig von Mises, there is no competition, and there are no reasons to innovate or to look for different solutions to a problem, in a planned economy.

Planned economies have sometimes been successful. After World War I and the Russian Civil War the Soviet Union was very undeveloped, but the command economy was able to resume pre-war industrial growth, to build houses and to bring electric power distribution to millions. In a few decades the country became strong and started space travel.

Communism is a type of government system that would use a command economy. The only country that now employs a pure command system is North Korea. All the other communist countries that operated under the command system have converted to a mixed economy that resembles the market system. Formerly, the Eastern Bloc and China were command economies, and are now mixed economies where the government still has a major influence.

References 

Economic systems
Flageolet

A flageolet is an old woodwind instrument.  It belongs to the end-blown flute family.  It started to be used in the 16th century for folk music.  Soon there were two kinds: the French kind and the English.    The French flageolet had four holes in the front and two in the back.  The English flageolet had six holes in the front.

The flageolet is quite similar to the recorder.  In the 18th century it changed because a narrow mouthpiece made of ivory or bone was added at the top.  This led into another section which bulged out.  There was a soft sponge at the end of this.  Sometimes this instrument was called the "flautino".  The piccolo developed from it.  Another instrument that developed from it was the tin whistle.

Henry Purcell and George Frideric Handel both wrote pieces for it.

Small versions of this instrument, called bird flageolets were also made and were used for teaching birds to sing.

References
The illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments;

Other websites
 flageolets.com – information about the flageolet]

Flutes
Paris Opera

Paris Opéra or the Opéra National de Paris is the most important opera company of France. It stages performances at the Opéra Bastille and Opéra Garnier in Paris. The theatre is also the home of the Paris Opéra Ballet.

Other opera houses in Paris are the Théâtre du Châtelet, Opéra-Comique and Théâtre des Champs-Élysées.

History 
King Louis XIV allowed Jean-Baptiste Lully to start the Académie Royale de Musique in 1672. This was an organization that included opera, ballet, and music. The ballet company was part of the opera company. Then Louis XIV started the ballet school, called Académie Royale de Danse, in 1661. From 1671 until Lully's death in 1687, the school was directed by the great dancing master Pierre Beauchamp, the man who set down the five positions of the feet. 

In 1713 King Louis XIV made the Opera company a state institution. There was a group of professional dancers called Le Ballet de l'Opéra. From that time until 1875 they used lots of theatres, each one of which was destroyed by a fire. All these companies were called Paris Opéra or Opéra de Paris.

On 29 October 1873, the old Paris Opéra, known as the Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique, which had been used since 1821, was destroyed by a fire which burned for 27 hours. By 1875 the opera company moved to the new Palais Garnier which was part of the rebuilding of Paris by Emperor Napoleon III.

When the Opéra Bastille was built in 1989 the company chose it as their main theatre.

Other websites 
 Official site

Buildings and structures in Paris
Theatres in France
Faust

Faust or Faustus is a character from German legendary stories.  His name comes from a Latin word meaning "lucky".  The legend is about a man called Faust.  Faust wants to have knowledge.  He meets the Devil.  The Devil tells Faust he can have anything he wants.  In return, the Devil says, Faust must give him his soul.  Faust agrees, and the Devil lets Faust have a wonderful time, but in the end Faust has to go to Hell.

The story of Faust became famous all over Europe.  Many writers from different countries wrote their own versions of the Faust story, e.g. Christopher Marlowe, Goethe, Mikhail Bulgakov, Thomas Mann.  Many composers wrote music about Faust, e.g. Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Charles Gounod and Ferrucio Busoni.

The adjective "Faustian" is used to describe a person who wants something so much that it leads them into trouble.

In the early versions of the Faust story: in ballads, dramas and puppet-plays, Faust is always damned (meaning he will have to go to Hell).  This is because he prefers human knowledge instead of God’s knowledge.  This was thought to be very bad at that time.

Some of the plays and comic puppet theatre from around the 16th century make up their own versions of the story.  They often show Faust as a figure of vulgar fun. The story became popular in England when Christopher Marlowe wrote a play called The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus. But in Goethe's version of the story two centuries later, Faust is described as a well-educated man who wants more than just "meat and drink."

References

Fictional characters
Faust
Robert Mulligan

Robert Mulligan (August 23, 1925 – December 20, 2008) was an Academy Award-nominated American movie and television director. He directed movies such as To Kill a Mockingbird and The Man in the Moon.

Filmography 
 The Man in the Moon (1991)
 Clara's Heart  (1988)
 Kiss Me Goodbye  (1982)
 Bloodbrothers  (1978)
 Same Time, Next Year  (1978)
 The Nickel Ride  (1974)
 The Other  (1972)
 Summer of '42  (1971)
 The Pursuit of Happiness  (1971)
 The Stalking Moon  (1969)
 Up the Down Staircase  (1967)
 Inside Daisy Clover  (1965)
 Baby the Rain Must Fall  (1965)
 Love with the Proper Stranger  (1963)
 To Kill a Mockingbird  (1962)
 The Spiral Road  (1962)
 Come September  (1961)
 The Great Impostor  (1961)
 The Rat Race  (1960)
 Fear Strikes Out (1957)

1925 births
2008 deaths
American movie directors
Entertainers from New York City
Flag of Puerto Rico

The flag of Puerto Rico consists of five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side has a large, white, five-pointed star in the center.

The flag was created in 1892. In 1952, the flag became the official national flag of Puerto Rico.

Other websites

 

Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
P
Crescent and star

The Islamic Crescent is a symbol consisting of a crescent with a star at the concave side. In its modern form, the star is usually shown with five points (though in earlier centuries a higher number of points was often used). The two signs together, or the crescent only, was long a symbol of Byzantium. Now it is often a symbol of Islam. It is seen on a number of different country flags such as Turkey and Pakistan respectively.

Flag of Ottoman Empire was the first flag featuring a crescent with a star. Other states formerly part of the Ottoman Empire also used the symbol, so the symbol emerged into popular use.

Notes 

Islam
 
Symbols
Cootamundra, New South Wales

Cootamundra is a town in New South Wales, Australia. In 2006 there were 5,566 people living in Cootamundra.  It is on the Olympic Highway where it crosses the Muttama Creek, between Junee and Cowra.  Cootamundra's railway station is on the main Melbourne-to-Sydney railway line.

Sir Donald Bradman AC, Australian cricketer said to be the greatest batsman of all time was born in Cootamundra.  The town is very proud of Bradman, and uses this in signs and tourist information. The home where The Don was born is a fully restored visitor site open to the public seven days per week.

Cootamundra is the home of the Cootamundra Wattle (Acacia Baileyana).  Every year there is a large 'Wattle Time' Festival (which happens when the wattle starts to bloom) with an art show and festivities.

References

Towns in New South Wales
Acacia baileyana

The Cootamundra Wattle is an Australian shrub or tree. It is in the Family Fabaceae. The tree's Latin name, Acacia baileyana, is named after the botanist Frederick Manson Bailey.  It is one of nearly 1000 species of Acacia found in Australia.  The Cootamundra Wattle at first only came from a small area in southern New South Wales near Cootamundra. It has been widely planted all over Australia. In many areas of Victoria Cootamundra Wattle has become a weed. It is taking over from acacias that were only found in Victorian.

Almost all wattles have cream to golden colored flowers. The small flowers are arranged in round to cylindrical clusters. Only the stamens, the male part of the flower, stick out. Many wattles have been planted in New Zealand.

Uses 
A. baileyana is used in Europe in the cut flower industry.  It is also used as food for bees in making honey.

Cultivation 
This plant is easy to grow. It can adapt and grow in different areas. Unfortunately it easily produces seeds and will start growing new plants in the surrounding area. It can also cross breed with other acacias, including the rare and endangered Sydney species Acacia pubescens.

A low growing, weeping form, is being grown. The fine leaves of the original Cootamundra wattle is grey-green. A new type with  blue-purple leaves, known as 'Purpurea' is very popular.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
Acacia baileyana
 Society of studies about Ethnobotany and the Modified States of Consciousness 

Trees of Australia
Shrubs
Mimosoideae
Kermanshah

Kermanshah or Kermashan (; ), is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, in Iran, in Iranian Kurdistan.  Kermanshah is the largest Kurdish city in Iran. The city is 525 km from Tehran in the western part of Iran and it is about 120 km from the border of in Iraq. Kermanshah has a continental climate.

The estimated population of the city was 822,921 in the year 2005. The majority of the population speak a Kurdish language as well as the Persian language. The religion of the people is diverse, but there are more Muslims than any other religion.

Cities in Iran
Rider Strong

Rider King Strong (born December 11, 1979) is an American movie and television actor. He became famous in the 1990s as the character Shawn Hunter in the television series Boy Meets World.

Other websites

1979 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American child actors
Actors from San Francisco
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 3



Contestants

In order of elimination 
Magdalena Rivas, 24, from Worcester, Massachusetts
Leah Darrow, 24, from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Julie Titus, 20, from Kent, Washington
Laura "Kristi" Grommet, 20, St. Louis, Missouri
Jennipher Frost, 22, Pocatello, Idaho
Kelle Jacob, 19, New York City, New York
Cassie Grisham, 19, Norman, Oklahoma
Toccara Jones, 22, Dayton, Ohio
Nicole Borud, 21, Minot, North Dakota
Norelle Van Herk, 20, Newport Beach, California
Ann Markley, 21, Erie, Pennsylvania
Amanda Swafford, 25, Hendersonville, North Carolina (2nd runner up)
Camara "Yaya" Da Costa, 21, Harlem, New York (runner up)
Eva Pigford, 20, Los Angeles, California (winner)

Call-out order

 The contestant won the reward challenge
 The contestant was CoverGirl of the Week
 The contestant was CoverGirl of the Week and won the reward challenge
 The contestant was CoverGirl of the Week and was eliminated
 The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel
 The contestant was eliminated
 The contestant won the competition

Statistics
Number of contestants: 14
Oldest contestant: Amanda, 25
Youngest Contestant: Kelle and Cassie, both 19
Most collective first call outs: Amanda, 4
Most consecutive first call outs: Amanda, twice
Most collective challenge wins: Yaya, 5 times
Most consecutive challenge wins: Yaya, 5 times
Most collective bottom two apperences: Ann, 5 times
Most consecutive bottom two apperences: Eva, twice

03
Nitric acid

Nitric Acid (HNO3) is a very corrosive and toxic strong acid that can cause severe burns. It is also known as aqua fortis. Nitric Acid is used in rocket fuels, to help make wood look older, and is used in explosives.

It can react with metals such as copper to produce a brown toxic gas called nitrogen dioxide. It is made by reaction of nitrogen dioxide with water.

In alchemy, it is known as aqua fortis, or strong water. It can dissolve silver but leaves gold unharmed, making it a good test for gold. The term acid test came from this test.

Acids
Nitrogen compounds
Killing of Peter Fechter

Peter Fechter (14 January 1944 - 17 August 1962) is one of the best known victims of the Berlin Wall. Fechter was a bricklayer. Aged 18, he tried to cross the wall into the West, near Checkpoint Charlie, to live with his sister. He did this with his friend and colleague, Helmut Kulbeik. Both started to climb the wall at around 14:15. Kubelik was successful, and could escape. Fechter was hit by several gunshots, one of which pierced his lung, and fell back down, to what was called the Death strip. He was unable to move, and started to cry for help. Crowds started to gather on both sides of the wall; on the east side, they were dispersed by police.

Police gathered on the west side threw medical kits to him; despite the crowd asking them, they would not do more. The DDR border guards did not do anything either; neither did the United States personnel on duty at the Checkpoint.

Fechter bled to death after about an hour. After reunification, two border police were found guilty of manslaughter. They were convicted and given suspended prison terms of 20 and 21 months respectively. Both had told the court they fired shots at Fechter, but did not want to kill him. The court also ruled that Fechter was killed by the shots, and not by the absence of aid. The evidence could not show who of three gunman (one had already died) was responsible for the bullet that killed Fechter.

Other websites 

1962 deaths
1960s crimes
1960s in Europe
Berlin Wall
Cold War
Deaths by firearm in Germany
German crime victims
Manslaughter victims
Manchester Metrolink

Manchester Metrolink (or usually just Metrolink) is the name of the tram system in Greater Manchester, England. The system is owned by Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM), which used to be called the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive (GMPTE). It is operated under contract by the RATP Group.

History

The construction of Manchester's railway network in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries had created a lot of termini around the City Centre. These were not linked together. This left a large amount of Manchester disconnected from the railway network.

For many years there had been plans to connect Manchester's two main railway stations. These are Piccadilly and Victoria. In the late 1960s and early 1970s there were plans for a "Picc-Vic tunnel". This tunnel would carry main-line trains under the city centre. The proposal was abandoned because it would cost too much.

Metrolink was created by converting two British Rail lines serving the suburbs of Manchester, one to the town of Altrincham to the south, and another to the town of Bury to the north, to light rail. These two lines were joined up in Manchester city centre, where trams run on the roads, and had a short branch to Piccadilly railway station. This first section of the new system opened in 1992, and a newer line to Eccles opened in 2001.

Lots of extensions to the system have opened since then, with more that are currently being built or proposed. Metrolink now has lines that serve Didsbury, Ashton-under-Lyne, Oldham, Rochdale, MediaCityUK and Manchester Airport. These expansions increased the system's length from 37 km to 97 km with 99 stops.  Sometime in 2017 there will be a second line through Manchester city centre serving Exchange Square, and another line towards the Trafford Centre shopping mall before the end of the decade. There are also plans for tram-train lines to Stockport and other places in Greater Manchester.

References

1992 establishments in England
Electric railways in the United Kingdom
Greater Manchester
Light rail in the United Kingdom
Rail transport in England
Tram transport in the United Kingdom
Nitrate

Nitrate (NO31-) is a polyatomic ion. It is made up of one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms. It is part of many important molecules. Potassium nitrate is a common type of nitrate. It is often used in fertilizers because plants need both potassium and nitrates to live and grow. Sodium nitrate is also used in preserving foods. 

Some nitrates are explosive. People make large amounts of nitrates from ammonia. Nitrates are similar to nitrites. Many metal nitrates with thermal decomposition makes oxygen and metal nitrate.

Nitric acid has the formula HNO3  and has no overall charge, because the hydrogen ion is positive.  

Nitrate has a group valency of 1.

References 

Nitrogen compounds
Supertram (Sheffield)

Supertram is a tram network in Sheffield, England. The track and connected items are owned by South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive (SYPTE). Stagecoach Group run and look after the vehicles, through their Stagecoach Supertram branded company.

References

Tram transport in the United Kingdom
Happy Xmas (War Is Over)

"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" is a Christmas song by John Lennon, Yoko Ono and The Plastic Ono Band.
The song is a protest about the Vietnam War in 1969. It has become a Christmas standard and has appeared on several Christmas albums.

Notable cover versions 
 Céline Dion covered the song on her 1998 album These Are Special Times.
 The Corrs included a live version as a bonus track on the Live in London DVD (2001).
 Sarah McLachlan led off her 2006 Christmas album Wintersong with a cover of this song.
 Maroon 5 recorded a cover version in 2007.
 Drake Bell sang it live in Times Square, NYC to welcome in the new year, 2007.
 *NSYNC recorded a cover version for one of their albums.
 Sarah Brightman recorded her own version as a bonus track for her album A Winter Symphony.
 Thrice, an experimental rock band, has recorded their own version of the song.
 The melody was used during the early 1990s as a musical commercial to promote tourism to Jamaica.

1971 songs
John Lennon
Christmas music
Nottingham Express Transit

Nottingham Express Transit (or in short NET) is a light-rail tramway in the Nottingham area in England. The first line opened to the public on 9 March 2004. It cost £200 million to construct. It took 16 years from the first idea of the system until it was built. It is operated by Nottingham Tram Consortium, a 50:50 partnership between Transdev and Nottingham City Transport.

References

Tram transport in the United Kingdom
Light rail in the United Kingdom
Sarah Brightman

Sarah Brightman (born 14 August 1960) is an English classical crossover soprano, actress, songwriter and dancer.

She is the best-selling soprano of all times.

Discography
Studio albums
 Symphony (2002)
 A Winter Symphony (2005)
 Dreamchaser (2011)

Other websites

English singers
Sopranos
1960 births
Living people
Space tourists
Philip IV of Spain

Philip IV (, ; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and 1665 He was also sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands and King of Portugal until 1640.

His daughter was Marie Thérèse of Austria, wife of Louis XIV. All but three of his children died in childhood.

Children
With Elisabeth of France (1603–1644, daughter of Henry IV of France) — married 1615 at Burgos:
 Archduchess Maria Margaret of Spain (14 August 1621 15 August 1621)
  Archduchess  Margaret Maria Catherine of Austria (25 November 1623 22 December 1623)
  Archduchess Maria Eugenia of Austria (21 November 1625 21 August 1627)
  Archduchess  Isabella Maria Theresa of Austria (31 October 1627 1 November 1627)
 Archduke Balthasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias (17 October 1629 9 October 1646), Prince of Asturias
 Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria (12 March 1634)
 Archduchess Maria Anna "Mariana" Antonia of Spain (17 January 1636 5 December 1636)
 Archduchess Marie Thérèse (1638–1683), married Louis XIV of France and had children.

With Mariana of Austria (1634–1696) – his niece – 1649:
 Margaret Theresa of Austria (1651-1673), first wife of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
 Archduchess Maria Ambrosia de la Concepción of Austria (7 December 1655 21 December 1655)
 Archduke Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias (28 November 1657 1 November 1661)
 Archduke Ferdinand Thomas Charles of Austria  (23 December 1658 22 October 1659)
 Charles II of Spain (6 November 1661 1 November 1700)

Kings and Queens of Spain
1605 births
1665 deaths
Counts and countesses of Flanders
Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
UTC+10:00

UTC+10:00 means a time zone that is 10 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time or UTC. UTC is the standard time zone of the world. Timezones are often named by how many hours they are different from UTC time. For example, UTC -5 (United States east coast) is 5 hours behind UTC. 

The UTC+10 time zone covers the following the east coast of Australia, Papua New Guinea, Micronesia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and parts of Russia. The map shows the time zone. There are differences with Daylight saving time:

In Australia UTC+10 is called Australian Eastern Standard Time or AEST.

As standard time (all year round) 
  (AEST - Australian Eastern Standard Time)
 Queensland
 Federated States of Micronesia
 Chuuk, Yap and surrounding area
 Papua New Guinea
  (Chamorro Time Zone)
  (territory)
  (commonwealth)

Southern Hemisphere -  as standard time (winter) 
  (AEST—Australian Eastern Standard Time)
 Australian Capital Territory
 New South Wales (except Broken Hill and Lord Howe Island)
 Tasmania
 Victoria

Northern Hemisphere -  as standard time (winter) 
  
 Primorsky Krai   (including Vladivostok)
 Sakhalin Island
 Khabarovsk Krai
 Sakha Republic (central portion)

Northern Hemisphere -  as daylight saving time 
 
 Amur Oblast 
 Chita Oblast 
 Sakha Republic (western portion, incl. Yakutsk)

Other websites 
 Find cities currently in UTC+10:00

UTC offsets

es:Huso horario#UTC+10:00, K
Mount Erebus

Mount Erebus is a volcano on Ross Island in Antarctica. It is the most southern active volcano in the world.

Erebus is  high.

History
On November 28, 1979, an airplane, Air New Zealand Flight 901, crashed into Mount Erebus during a storm. All 257 people in the airplane died.

References

Mountains of Antarctica
Air New Zealand Flight 901

Air New Zealand Flight 901 was a flight that operated from 1977 to 1979. The flight did not stop in Antarctica. It was a sightseeing flight to Antarctica. It was supposed to loop between Auckland, New Zealand, and Antarctica.    

The flight's route had been changed without the crew's knowledge shortly before the plane took off. Because the weather conditions of the Antarctic were so bad (severely limiting visibility), and the crew believed they were following the original flight plan-the plane crashed straight into Mount Erebus. None of the 257 people on board the plane survived the crash. The original investigation showed it was the pilot's fault, but people protested and it led to an inquiry into the crash. The conclusion was the accident was caused by a correction made to the route the night before the disaster, and they failed to inform pilot Captain Jim Collins and co-pilot Greg Cassin.

1979
Antarctica
Aviation disasters in the 1970s
Amborella

Amborella trichopoda is a small, evergreen shrub. It occurs only in the moist, shaded understory of montane forests on the South Pacific island of New Caledonia. The genus is the only member of the family Amborellaceae and contains only this single species.

Amborella is of great interest to plant systematists because molecular phylogenetic analyses put it at or near the base of the flowering plant lineage.

Since Amborella is apparently basal among the flowering plants, the features of early flowering plants can be inferred. This is done by comparing derived traits shared by other angiosperms but not present in Amborella. These traits are assumed to have evolved after the divergence of the Amborella lineage.

The Amborellaceae are a line of flowering plants that diverged very early on (about 130 million years ago) from all the other living species of flowering plants. Among living flowering plants, it is the sister group to all other flowering plants.

References 

Magnoliopsida
Sandon, British Columbia

Sandon, British Columbia is a mining town in British Columbia, Canada. It is also the place where Cecil 'Tiny' Thompson was born.

Settlements in British Columbia
UTC+11:00

UTC+11:00 means a time zone that is 11 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time or UTC. UTC is the standard time zone of the world. Time zones are often named by how many hours they are different from UTC time. For example, UTC -5 (United States east coast) is 5 hours behind UTC. 

In Australia, Australian Eastern Standard Time (AEST) is normally UTC+10, but with Daylight saving time it becomes UTC+11.

UTC+11 is the time zone for the following places:

As standard time (all year round) 
 Federated States of Micronesia
 Kosrae, Pohnpei, and surrounding area
 New Caledonia
 Solomon Islands
 Vanuatu
 
 Primorsky Krai   (including Vladivostok)
 Sakhalin Island 
 Khabarovsk Krai 
 Sakha Republic  (central portion)

Southern Hemisphere - as daylight saving time 
  (Australian Eastern Daylight Time)
 Australian Capital Territory
 New South Wales (except Broken Hill; but including Lord Howe Island, which is UTC+10:30 in winter)
 Tasmania
 Victoria

Other websites 
 Find cities currently in UTC+11:00

UTC offsets

es:Huso horario#UTC+11:00, L