cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Hominina

Hominina is a sub-tribe of the hominid primates. It is used by some anthropologists to include the upright biped apes, including the genus Homo.

If an anthropologist wants to includes chimpanzees in the tribe Hominini, then it follows that a sub-tribe is needed to put Australopithecines and humans in. But this is not a majority view at present, and the mainstream view is:
 Family: Hominidae
 Subfamily: Homininae
 Tribe: Hominini
 Subtribe: Hominina 

If used, the group includes Sahelanthropus six to eight million years ago.

Taxonomy
Even today, the genus Homo has not been properly defined.

Because there was no reason to think it would ever have any additional members, Carl Linnaeus did not even bother to define Homo when he first created it for humans in the 18th century. The discovery of Neanderthals brought the first addition.

The genus Homo was given its taxonomic name to suggest that its member species can be classified as human.

Over the decades of the 20th century, there were fossil finds of pre-human and early human species from late Miocene and early Pliocene times.

Classifying a fossil as Homo means evidence of:
competent human bipedalism in Homo habilis inherited from the earlier Australopithecus of more than four million years ago, (see Laetoli);
 human tool culture having begun by 2.5 million years ago.

References

Hominids
Summer Palace

The Summer Palace is a palace in Beijing, China. It is mainly dominated by Longevity Hill (60 meters high) and the Kunming Lake. It covers an expanse of 2.9 square kilometers, three quarters of which is water. The palace is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Between 1750 and 1764 the Qing Emperor Qianlong created the Garden of Clear Ripples (Summer Palace), extending the area of the lake and carrying out other improvements based on the hill and its landscape. During the Second Opium War (1856-60) the garden and its buildings were destroyed by the allied forces. Between 1886 and 1895 it was reconstructed by Emperor Guangxu and renamed the Summer Palace, for use by Empress Dowager Cixi. It was damaged in 1900 by the international expeditionary force during the suppression of the Boxer Rising and 24 years later, it became a public park in 1924.

There are many buildings in the Summer Palace including The Cloud-Dispelling Hall, the Temple of Buddhist Virtue and the Sea of Wisdom Temple.

World Heritage Sites in China
Palaces
Banded stilt

The banded stilt (Cladorhynchus leucocephalus) is a stilt bird from Australia. It is a type of water bird known as a wader.

The bird gets its name from the red-brown stripe that adults have on their chests. Younger birds do not have them. Its other feathers are pied (black and white) and the eyes are dark brown. The Banded stilt is 35–45 cm tall. It is called the "Flamingo of Australia", and the Rottnest snipe on Rottnest Island. However, it is not related to true snipes.

They spend much of their life looking for food near the ocean in river estuaries and on tidal flats, but they lay eggs in the desert when it rains there. They lay 1-5 eggs at a time.  The eggs are white, brown or black eggs.  The nests are small holes scraped in the sand or sandy clay. Banded stilts breed on islands created when dry salt lakes fill with water. They come to the lakes to eat the brine shrimp, Paratemia. The eggs of the shrimp can lie in the dry lake beds for many years until the rains fall.

In 200 years of Europen settlement in Australia, people have only recorded banded stilts laying eggs on 20 occasions. In South Australia, where the stilts are listed as a vulnerable species, they have only bred seven times in the last 70 years. In 2010 there was a huge breeding event at Lake Torrens National Park where more than 150,000 birds gathered as the lake filled for only the second time in 150 years. The eggs and chicks are often eaten by silver gulls. In 2000 when the stilts were breeding on Lake Eyre, nearly all the chicks were eaten.

References

 Marchant, S.; & Higgins, P.J. (Eds). (1993). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds, Volume 2: Raptors to Lapwings. Oxford University Press: Melbourne. 

Birds of Australia
Charadriiformes
Brief psychotic disorder

Brief psychotic disorder is a short illness of less than one month that has psychotic symptoms. This could be like having schizophrenia symptoms for only an hour, but it can be any psychotic disorder, such as delusions or hallucinations. Doctors describe three types of BPD. The first type is caused by some kind of traumatic stress. The second type has no known cause. Some psychologists believe it could be from stimulants such as caffeine, morphine or any type of drug. There is no known cure but staying away from caffeinated drinking may lower the risk of brief psychotic disorder. The third type is caused by childbirth and usually affects mothers about four weeks after having a baby.

References

Mental illnesses
Conduct disorder

Conduct disorder (CD) is a mental disorder in which a person habitually, deliberately violates the rights of others. They are typically aggressive and threaten to hit people. Habitual stealing is common; some people with CD are sex offenders. They do not feel bad or guilty about hurting people, and often enjoy doing so. Many people with CD go on to develop antisocial personality disorder. Everyone who has ASPD previously had CD. The CD affected person finds that acting out gives them attention (even though it is negative attention they are receiving) and in turn they feel it gives them a sense of importance. Some risk factors are heredity, child neglect and the loss of family member and or parent. Anti-psychotic therapy is recommended in cases where the offender is psychotic. A high proportion of people who have CD also have other mental disorders, most commonly attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, which makes the affects of CD worse.

Mental illnesses
Kodad

Kodad is a town in the Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Madhira Institute of Technology and Science has a 40 acre campus about eight kilometres from Kodad.

References

Settlements in Andhra Pradesh
Towns in India
Hox gene

Hox genes are a group of related genes that determine the basic structure and orientation of animals. 'Hox' is short for 'homeobox'. 

Hox genes are critical for the proper placement of segment structures of animals during early embryonic development (e.g. legs, antennae, and wings in fruit flies or the different vertebrate ribs in humans).

Hox genes are a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes. The target genes then activate or repress cell processes to direct the final development of the organism. 
Hox genes have a DNA sequence known as the homeobox. The homeobox is a 180 nucleotide-long DNA sequence which codes for a 60 amino acid-long protein domain known as the homeodomain. This works by binding with DNA.
Hox genes are in gene clusters on the genome
The order of the loci in the chromosome parallels the order in which the loci are expressed in segments along the body.
This cluster of master control genes programs the development of all higher organisms.
The cluster is highly "conserved". It has not changed much over hundreds of millions of years of evolutionary history. Molecular evidence shows that some limited number of Hox genes have existed in the Cnidaria since before the earliest true Bilatera. This means the system evolved before the Palaeozoic era.

Sequence of hox genes 
In some organisms, especially vertebrates, the various Hox genes are very close to one another on the chromosome in groups or clusters.

The order of the genes on the chromosome is the same as the expression of the genes in the developing embryo. The first gene is expressed in the front of the developing organism. The reason for this co-linearity is not yet completely understood. The diagram above shows the relationship between the genes and protein expression in flies.

Found in all animals 
The homeodomain protein motif is highly similar in most animals, with variations in Jellyfish and other species. In addition, homeodomains of individual Hox proteins are similar in many species.

Because of this, it is thought Hox gene clusters evolved from a single Hox gene via tandem gene duplication. A Hox gene cluster with at least seven different Hox genes was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilateral animals.

Humans 
Humans have a total of 39 hox genes in clusters on four chromosomes.

Related pages 
Edward B. Lewis
Transcription factor

References 

Genetics
Evolutionary biology
Developmental biology
Can't Be Tamed

Can't Be Tamed is the third album made by American recording Artist Miley Cyrus. The album has twelve songs including three singles.

Songs 
Liberty Walk
Who Owns My Heart
Can't Be TamedEvery Rose has Its Thorn
Two More Lonely People
Forgiveness and Love
Permanent December
Stay
Scars
Take Me Along
Robot
My Heart Beats For Love

The singles from the album are in bold.

 Development and singles 
"Can't Be Tamed" is Cyrus's first single. It was released May 18th, 2010. "Can't Be Tamed" had good reviews from critics. The song peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached its highest peak at number five on both the Irish Singles Chart and New Zealand Singles Chart. The music video is Cyrus performing with backup dancers throughout a museum. Cyrus is first trapped in a giant cage, being watched by people in the audience as they were trying to see the rare creature 'Adias Cyrus' she then escapes and trashes the museum. She has promoted "Can't Be Tamed" by performing it at several places, including a performance on Britain's Got Talent'' and the critics had negative ratings and reviews. The song is also a part of Cyrus' second world tour, Gypsy Heart Tour.

"Who Owns My Heart" is Cyrus' second single. It was released on October 22, 2010. Cyrus described it as a "total dance track" with a cool idea. Cyrus' "Who Owns My Heart" is a club-oriented song that speaks of meeting a potential love on the dance floor. The song tries not to proceed to question, "Who owns my heart? Is it love or is it art?" Bill Lamb of About.com thought that, despite its beat, the overall sound of "Who Owns My Heart" is faceless and dull. The video starts with Cyrus asleep, blindfolded on a mattress in a bedroom. She wakes up and shakes on the mattress. Following, Cyrus goes to a bathroom, her outfit is a white tank top, white boy shorts, a fishnet hair wrap, rollers, and heavy metal jewelry. While in the bathroom scenes, Cyrus sings as she sits on the edge of a bathtub and prepares herself for a party. When the chorus comes on, Cyrus appears shaking in the backseat of a limousine, costumed in a low-cut gold halter top, black hot pants, a black jacket with shoulder pads, and big hair. Once arrived at the mansion party, she is first seen dancing on top of a big, wooden table. In continuing after, Cyrus dances with multiple people on the dance floor. Cut-scenes feature Cyrus in all prior scenes or dancing with others in the mansion's study. The video finishes with Cyrus back in her bedroom, once again waking up.

"Every Rose Has Its Thorn" is Cyrus' third single. It was a single on June 11th, 2011. It was made by Poison in 1988. Miley's version is one minute and 29 seconds shorter than Poison's official song. Hollywood Records released Cyrus' cover in June 2011, and a music video was created and released in 2010.

2010 albums
Miley Cyrus albums
Brélidy

Brélidy is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Calanhel

Calanhel is a commune. It is in Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in west France.

Calanhel
France
Stubs
Ploumanac'h

Ploumanac'h is a village in the commune of Perros-Guirec. It is in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Villages in Europe
Ploumanac'h
Castleton

Castleton is the name of several places in the world:

In England:
 Castleton, Derbyshire 
 Castleton, Dorset 
 Castleton, Greater Manchester 
 Castleton, North Yorkshire
 
In Scotland:
 Castleton, Scottish Borders, Roxburghshire 
 Castleton, Angus, a village
 
In Wales:
 Castleton, Newport 

In the United States:
 Castleton, Indiana, a neighborhood (formerly a separate small town) in Indianapolis 
 Castleton Square, a large mall in Castleton, Indiana 
 Castleton, Kansas 
 Castleton, Maryland 
 Castleton Township, Michigan 
 Castleton, Staten Island, in New York City 
 Castleton-on-Hudson, New York, in Rensselaer County 
 Castleton, Utah, a ghost town 
 Castleton Tower, Moab, Utah 
 Castleton, Vermont 
 Castleton State College 
 Castleton, Virginia 

In Canada:
 Castleton, Ontario
George Turner (artist)

George Turner (2 April 1841 – 29 Mar 1910) was an English landscape artist and farmer. He was also called "Derbyshire's John Constable".

Life and work
Turner was born in Cromford, Derbyshire in England, then moved to Derby with his family. His father Thomas Turner was a tailer and favoured art works, so he adviced his son to learn art and music. Turner made progress mainly by himself, and became a professional painter and art teacher.

Turner lived in Derbyshire all his life. In 1865 he married Eliza Lakin (1837 - 1900), and worked as a part-time farmer raising four children at Walnut farm in Barrow upon Trent. 

After Eliza's death in 1900, he moved to Kirk Ireton and later married fellow artist Kate Stevens Smith (1871-1964) - they set up home in Idridgehay, and he died there in 1910. His son William Lakin Turner (1867-1929) also became a famous landscape oil painter.

Most of Turner's paintings are of Derbyshire where he lived. They show old English countryside before the coming of modernization. His work was exhibited in Nottingham and Birmingham. Turner was a member of the Art Committee of Derby Art Gallery and the city has both his and his son's paintings.

Notes

Further reading 

Long, Frederick J. George Turner the Derbyshire Artist, 1841-1910 (1995)

Other websites and references 

 
 
 
 
 

English painters
People from Derbyshire
1841 births
1910 deaths
Peace of Münster

The Peace of Münster is part of the Peace of Westphalia. It is the document which ends the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands with Spain's recognition of Dutch independence. 

1640s in Europe
Eighty Years' War
1648
17th century in Spain
History of the Netherlands
Dayton

Dayton may mean:

 Dayton, Ohio, the biggest Dayton
 Dayton, Iowa
 Dayton, Kentucky
 Dayton, Idaho
 Dayton, Virginia

 Mark Dayton
 University of Dayton
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

The following is a list of the 373 communes of the Côtes-d'Armor département in France.

 (CAL) Communauté d'agglomération de Lannion Trégor, created in 2003.
 (CASB) Communauté d'agglomération de Saint-Brieuc, created in 2000.

Cotes-d'Armor
Perros-Guirec

Perros-Guirec is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Sister cities 
Perros-Guirec is twinned with:
 Barr, Bas-Rhin, France
 Quintin, France
 Teignmouth, England

Related pages
 Ploumanac'h

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Trébeurden

Trébeurden is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Sister cities
Trébeurden is twinned with:
 Vâlcelele, Buzău, Romania, since 1989
 Villanuova sul Clisi, Italy, since 2000
 Newton Ferrers, Devon, England, since 2010

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Phase-shift keying

Phase shift keying is a way of transmitting information. This is done by modulating the phase of a carrier wave. In such a system, the amplitude of the wave does not carry any information; all information is present in the phase of the signal. In many cases, this allows to better use the bandwidth available. 

If we think of a wave as a wiggly line, (like a sine wave), wiggling a specific number of times a second, and we can change at which part of the wiggle it is in. Say if it is at the top of its wiggle, and we immediately change it to the bottom of its wiggle, this is called a phase shift. We can use that change to carry information.

By either changing or not changing the wave every time it gets to the top of its wiggle, we can send either ones or zeros. This is called Binary Phase Shift Keying. If we change the phase of the wave as it reaches the top, we can have this represent a 1. If we don't change it at the top, we can have this represent a 0. We can use a computer and a radio to turn text into a wave like this and then send it. A radio and a computer listening to this wave changing or not changing can figure out the original message being sent and turn it back into text.

Binary Phase Shift Keying can be used to send computer data across radio waves quite efficiently. Certain Wireless LAN standards use Phase-shift keying, which they sometimes couple with Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, to get higher data rates.

Radio technology
Pritzker Architecture Prize

The Pritzker Architecture Prize is given each year by the Hyatt Foundation. It is for talented and significant architect who has created great projects throughout his or her life. Jay A. Pritzker and his wife Cindy began the award in 1979. The Pritzker family pays for the prize. It is the top prize in architecture, and it is often called the Nobel Prize of architecture. The country, race, religion or political ideas of the architect are not important. Winners get US$100,000 and  a certificate. Winners receive a medal. The back of the medal has these words in Latin—firmitas, utilitas, venustas (English: durability, utility, and beauty). The idea comes from the Roman architect Vitruvius. Before 1987, a limited edition Henry Moore sculpture came with the prize money.

Selection
Martha Thorne has been the Executive Director since 2009. The director asks many people, including past winners, academics, critics and others involved in architecture to suggest possible winners. Any licensed architect can also apply for the prize before 1 November every year. In 1988 Gordon Bunshaft applied for the award himself and eventually won it. Five to nine jury members meet early the next year before announcing the winner in spring.

Winners
The first winner was Philip Johnson. The award was "for 50 years of imagination and vitality" shown by the many "museums, theaters, libraries, houses, gardens and corporate structures". The 2004 laureate Zaha Hadid was the first female prize winner. Ryūe Nishizawa became the youngest winner in 2010 at age 44.  The most recent winner, in 2019, is Arata Isozaki.

List of prize winners

References

Other websites

 Pritzker Architecture Prize Official Site

1979 establishments
Jejomar Binay

Jejomar "Jojo" Cabauatan Binay (born November 11, 1942), also known as Jojo Binay or VNay, is a Filipino politician. He previously served as the 15th Vice President of the Philippines from June 30, 2010 to June 30, 2016. Before he became vice president, he was Mayor of Makati City from 1986 to 1998 and again from 2001 to 2010.

He ran for President in 2016, but lost to Rodrigo Duterte.

Vice Presidents of the Philippines
1942 births
Living people
Mayors
Loudéac

Loudéac is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Sister city
Loudéac is twinned with:
  Büdingen, Germany

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Plérin

Plérin is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Sister cities
    Herzogenrath, Germany
    Cookstown, Northern Ireland
    Wronki, Poland

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Erquy

Erquy is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Sister city
Erquy is twinned with:
 Oupeye, Belgium, since 1978.

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Lamballe

Lamballe is a former commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Lamballe-Armor.

Sister city
Lamballe is twinned with:
 Oliveira do Bairro, Portugal, since 1998

References

Former communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Quintin

Quintin is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Sister city
Quintin is twinned with:
 Perros-Guirec, France

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Paimpol

Paimpol is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Twin towns
Paimpol is twinned with:

  Grundarfjörður, Iceland
 Romsey, United Kingdom
 Vermilion, United States

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Milparinka, New South Wales

Milparinka is a very small town in New South Wales, Australia. About ten people live in Milparinka, which is about 296 kilometres north of Broken Hill. It is built beside a waterhole on Evelyn Creek, named by the explorer Charles Sturt after his wife in 1844. Sturt and his group had been trapped at a waterhole they called Depot Glen nearby on Preservation Creek for seven months while they waited for rain.

Gold was found at Milparinka, which became the centre for the Albert Goldfields in the 1880s. Two other nearby gold towns, Albert and Mount Browne, were abandoned because of the lack of water. During the peak of the goldrush, Milparinka had a population of more than 3000 people. By 1893 most people had left. Today there are only a few buildings left, the hotel, the courthouse, police station, and the remains of the post office. 

The courthouse was built of local sandstone in 1896. The final court session was in 1921. The building has been restored and is used as a local museum.

References

Other websites
 Milparinka Archaeology  

Towns in New South Wales
Skin cancer

Skin cancer is the term that is used for all bad forms of growth of the skin. In everyday use, people often talk about melanoma, but there are other forms of skin cancer, too. These are usually named after the type of cell that grows uncontrollably. Most skin cancers develop in the epidermis. Very often a tumor can be seen, so it is often possible to detect skin cancer at an early stage. Very few people with skin cancer will die of the disease., though it can be disfiguring. Melanoma survival rates are poorer than for non-melanoma skin cancer, although when melanoma is diagnosed at an early stage, treatment is easier and more people survive.

Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer. Melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers combined are more common than lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer. Melanoma is less common than both basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, but it is the most serious — for example, in the UK there were over 11,700 new cases of melanoma in 2008, and over 2,000 deaths. It is the second most common cancer in young adults aged 15–34 in the UK.  Most cases are caused by over-exposure to UV rays from the sun or sunbeds. 

Non-melanoma skin cancers are the most common skin cancers.  The majority of these are basal cell carcinomas.  These are usually small spot growths caused by too much exposure to the sun over time.  They do not usually spread, and rarely kill.

Types

References 

Cancer
Jafri dialect

Jafri dialect is spoken in the Musakhel District of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Languages of Balochistan (Pakistan)
Yffiniac

Yffiniac is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Sister city
Yffiniac is twinned with:
 Wackersberg, Germany

Born in Yffiniac 
Bernard Hinault (1954- )

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Moncontour, Côtes-d'Armor

Moncontour is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Ploufragan

Ploufragan is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Beriberi

Beriberi (also called vitamin B1 deficiency) is a disease of the nervous system. It happens when a person does not get enough thiamine (vitamin B1) in their diet. 

Thiamine helps the body turn food into energy.  People need thiamine for good brain function and a healthy liver, skin, hair, and eyes. It also helps the nervous system work properly.

Without enough thiamine, a person’s body cannot create all the energy the person needs.  As a result, people with beriberi have severe lethargy and feel exhausted. Beriberi can also cause muscles to get weaker. These symptoms can make it hard for a person to do simple things. 

Some people with beriberi have heart problems or even die. Beriberi can also cause problems with the gastrointestinal system. 

Most people get enough vitamin B1 in their regular diet. However, some groups are more likely to get beriberi. These include people who drink a lot of alcohol and and people who eat an unhealthy or unbalanced diet, like a diet of mostly white rice.     

There are two kinds of beriberi: wet and dry. Wet beriberi mainly affects the cardiovascular system. Dry beriberi affects the nervous system. There is also a rare type of genetic beriberi. 

Most of the time, dry beriberi and wet beriberi happen at the same time in the same person. When this takes place, the victim is likely to only get the symptoms of one beriberi.

Symptoms of dry beriberi
 Difficulty in walking
 Loss of feelings in the hands and feet
 Loss of movement in the legs
 Mental confusion
 Difficulty speaking
 Pain
 Vomiting
 Strange eye movements
 Tingling feelings on the skin

Symptoms of wet beriberi
 Waking up short of breath
 Swelling of the legs
 Fast heart rate
 Fluid in the lungs
 The heart gets bigger

References

Diseases
Vitamin deficiencies
Île-de-Bréhat

Île-de-Bréhat is an island and a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Brehat
Pontrieux

Pontrieux is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Uzel

Uzel is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Born in Uzel 
 Fulgence Bienvenüe, (1852-1936)
 Alphonse Guépin, (1808-1878)

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Hugh Downs

Hugh Malcolm Downs (February 14, 1921 – July 1, 2020) was an American radio and television broadcaster, announcer, television host, news anchor, TV producer, author, game show host, and music composer.

For many years, he held the Guinness World Record for the most hours on commercial network television, before Regis Philbin broke his record. 

Downs was announcer/sidekick for Tonight Starring Jack Paar from 1957 to 1962, co-host of the NBC News program Today from 1962 to 1971, host of the Concentration game show from 1958 to 1969, and anchor of the ABC News magazine 20/20 from 1978 to 1999. 

Downs was born in Akron, Ohio on February 14, 1921. His career would start in 1945 and since then he had appeared in over 100 television programs and guest star appearances, he retired in 1999. He was married to Ruth Shaheen from 1944 until her death in 2017. They had two children together. 

Downs died on July 1, 2020, in Scottsdale, Arizona from heart failure. He was 99.

References

Other websites

1921 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American journalists
American television news anchors
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television actors
American television presenters
American television personalities
American radio personalities
Writers from Akron, Ohio
Actors from Akron, Ohio
Dodder

The Dodder, Cuscuta, is a genus of about 100–170 species of parasitic flowering plants. 

Recent genetic research has shown that it is correctly placed in the morning glory family, Convolvulaceae. 

The genus is found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. Most species live in subtropical and tropical regions. The genus is rare in cool temperate climates, with only four species native to northern Europe.

Appearance
Dodder can be identified by its thin stems. They look leafless, with the leaves reduced to minute scales. 

From mid-summer to early autumn, the vines can produce small fruit that take the same color as the vine, and are about the size of a common pea.  It has very low levels of chlorophyll; some species, such as Cuscuta reflexa, can photosynthesize slightly. Others such as C. europaea are entirely dependent on the host plants for nutrition. 

Dodder flowers range in color from white to pink to yellow to cream. Some flower in the early summer, others later, depending on the species. The seeds are tiny, and produced in large amounts. They have a hard coating, and can survive in the soil for 5–10 years or more.

Life habit 
Dodder seeds sprout at or near the surface of the soil.  Germination occurs without a host, but the seedling must reach a green plant quickly. Dodder grows toward the smell of nearby plants. 

If a plant is not reached within 5 to 10 days of germination, the dodder seedling will die. Before a host plant is reached, the dodder, as other plants, relies on food reserves in the embryo; the cotyledons are very small.

Parasitism
After a dodder attaches itself to a plant, it wraps itself around it. If the host contains food useful to dodder, the dodder produces 'haustoria' that insert themselves into the host. The original root of the dodder in the soil then dies. 

The dodder can grow and attach itself to multiple plants. In tropical areas it can grow continuously, and may reach high into the canopy of shrubs and trees. In temperate climates it is an annual plant, restricted to low vegetation that can be reached by new seedlings each spring.

Dodder is parasitic on a very wide variety of plants, including a number of agricultural and horticultural crop species, such as alfalfa, flax, clover, potatoes, chrysanthemum, dahlia, trumpet vine, ivy and petunias, among others.

References 

Convolvulaceae
Parasitic plants
Kangaroo Island

Kangaroo Island is Australia's third-largest island after Tasmania and Melville Island. 

It is  southwest of Adelaide in the state of South Australia.

At its closest point to the mainland, it is  offshore from Cape Jervis.  

The island is  long and between  and  wide, its area covering . Its coastline is  long and highest altitude is .

Wildlife and its protection

More than half of the island has never been cleared of vegetation, and a quarter of it is conserved in National Parks, Conservation Parks, and five Wilderness Protection Areas. The main protected areas are:
 Flinders Chase National Park
 Seal Bay Conservation Park
 Cape Gantheaume Conservation Park
 Cape Bouguer Wilderness Protection Area
 Ravine des Casoars Wilderness Protection Area

Because of its isolation from mainland Australia, foxes and rabbits are not there. People are forbidden to bring them into the island. Registration and microchipping of cats is complulsory. 

The Kangaroo Island kangaroo, Rosenberg's sand goanna, southern brown bandicoot, Tammar wallaby, common brushtail possum, short-beaked Echidna and New Zealand fur seal are native to the island, as well as six bat and frog species. The sole endemic (found nowhere else) vertebrate species is a small marsupial carnivore called the Kangaroo Island dunnart. The koala, common ringtail possum and Platypus have been introduced and still survive there. Kangaroo Island had a native species of emu, the Kangaroo Island emu which became extinct between 1802 and official European settlement in 1836. Perhaps this was caused by bushfires or hunting by sealers or whalers.

The introduced koalas have flourished so well on the island that their preferred food source, the manna gum tree, is at risk of local extinction. Koalas have recently been forced to turn to other, less tasty, plants. Park Management has been searching for a solution.

Tourism 
The island is a major tourist attraction.

References 

Islands of Australia
Geography of South Australia
J. B. Priestley

John Boynton Priestley OM (13 September 1894 – 14 August 1984)  was born in Bradford and died in Stratford-upon-Avon. He was an English novelist, playwright and broadcaster Generally, he is known as J.B. Priestley. He published 26 novels. His best-known works include The Good Companions (1929) and An Inspector Calls (1946) which were two of his many many creations including his characters. He also wrote social and literary criticism. 

1894 births
1984 deaths
English novelists
English playwrights
People from Bradford
Writers from Yorkshire
Southampton Central railway station

Southampton Central railway station is the main train station in Southampton. It is served by First Great Western, South West Trains, CrossCountry & Southern.

It has services terminating for Portsmouth and Southsea, Great Malvern, London Waterloo, Newcastle and other services.

References

Railway stations in England
Saint-Quay-Portrieux

Saint-Quay-Portrieux is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Langueux

Langueux is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Sister cities
Langueux is twinned with:
 Wadebridge, UK, since 1990
 Mareth, Tunisia, since 1997

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Rostrenen

Rostrenen is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Sister city
Rostrenen is twinned with:
 Kanturk, Ireland, since 1989.

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

The following is a list of the 707 communes of the Côte-d'Or département in France.

(CAD) Communauté d'agglomération Dijonnaise, created in 2000.

Cote-d'Or
Arriva Trains Wales

Arriva Trains Wales () was a train operating company, owned by Arriva, that operated passenger services in Wales and the Welsh Marches. Its busiest stations were ,  and . Other stations on their main line included: , ,  and .

Description 
 
The company operates the Wales and Border railway franchise from the company of the same name in December 2003. They have made direct services between North and South Wales, and the reintroduction of passenger services on freight-only portions of the Vale of Glamorgan Line and Ebbw Vale Line.

It operates on a gauge of 1435 mm, over a route length: 1691 km, with 253 DMU cars and 22 passenger coaches.

Arriva Trains Wales operates almost all services in Wales, with the exception of:

/ to London Paddington (First Great Western)
 to  and  (First Great Western)
 to  and  (CrossCountry)
//Wrexham General to London Euston (Virgin Trains)

References

Other websites
 
 Arriva Trains Wales official website

2003 establishments in the United Kingdom
Birmingham
Rail transport in Wales
Train operating companies
2000s establishments in Wales
List of companies operating trains in the United Kingdom

There are several companies operating trains in the United Kingdom. These include the operators of passenger services, which are, rather confusingly, officially referred to as "train operating companies" or TOCs, as distinct from "freight operating companies".

Passenger operators in Great Britain

Passenger operator structure in Great Britain

Current passenger operators 
The following operate the services that comprise the National Rail network in Great Britain.

There are also several heritage lines and light rail systems.

Defunct operating companies
A number of operating companies have ceased to exist for a number of reasons, including premature withdrawal of the franchise; the natural term of the franchise has expired; bankruptcy; or there has been a merger.

Future operators
Crossrail, a franchise to be let by TfL managing the cross London Maidenhead/Heathrow to Shenfield/Abbey Wood rail link. It will take over control of its first services from 2014 with the full franchise operating from 2018.
Renaissance Trains, the owner of Wrexham & Shropshire, has proposed running services to several destinations under a number of brand names:
Glasgow Trains has proposed to run services between Glasgow to Blackpool, Liverpool and Nottingham.
Humber Coast & City Railway are planning to run services between Cleethorpes and Lincoln to Stratford, London via Peterborough and Cambridge.
Alliance Rail
Go! Cooperative will operate a service between Yeovil and Oxford, via Melksham.

Passenger operators in Northern Ireland
In Northern Ireland passenger trains are still government-owned, under the auspices of Translink. The following brands are used:

Northern Ireland Railways - (domestic services)
Enterprise - (Belfast-Dublin service, jointly operated by Iarnród Éireann)

Railtour operators
Compass Tours
DPS Railtours
Stobart Pullman
Pathfinder Tours
Scottish Railway Preservation Society
Venice-Simplon Orient Express
Vintage Trains
Retro Railtours
Green Express Railtours
Kingfisher Railtours

In Northern Ireland
Railway Preservation Society of Ireland
Irish Traction Group
The Modern Railway Society of Ireland

Freight operators

Colas Rail
Direct Rail Services (incorporating Stobart Rail service)
DB Schenker Rail (replaced English, Welsh and Scottish Railway)
Freightliner
GBRf
Mendip Rail

References

British railway-related lists
Post-privatisation British railway companies
Lists of companies
Abhar

Abhar is a  city in northwestern Iran. In the year 2006 there were 55,266 people living there.

References 

Cities in Iran
Colugo

Colugos are gliding mammals in the order Dermoptera. 

There are two living species, found in south-east Asia. They are also called 'flying lemurs', though they are not lemurs (all lemurs are in Madagascar). They can glide long distances, as they have a thin membrane stretched to the ends of the tail and each limb.

Life style 
Colugos live in the tropical rain forests of southeast Asia. Their diet includes leaves and young shoots. During the day they rest high in the trees, clinging to trunks or hiding in tree holes. At dusk they become active, gliding from trunk to trunk like sheets of paper blown on the wind. The young are carried clinging to the flight membrane.

Habitat 
Colugos range from Burma, Indochina and southern Thailand to peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java. They also occur throughout Borneo. A second colugo species inhabits the southern Philippines.

Mammals of Asia
Main battle tank

A main battle tank (MBT), also called a battle tank, is a tank that is used as the most powerful combat vehicle in modern armies. They were made to replace the light, medium and heavy tanks used in World War II with just one tank. Lighter armor made it easier to put bigger guns on tanks without adding weight. Light tanks are still used in places where heavy ones cannot go.

MBT's are the main force in ground fights but get help from other combat vehicles and soldiers who travel in infantry combat vehicles. They also get help from observation or attack aircraft.

History

Cold War

Medium tanks were the earliest MBTs. MBTs started replacing medium tanks when guns on medium tanks became powerful enough to win against heavy tanks. Heavy tanks could not carry armor strong enough to win against medium tanks.

The nuclear weapon threat and other anti-tank weapons in the Cold War made countries add more protection to survive in all types of combat. Weapon designers made powerful cannons to defeat the armor.

The British Centurion is generally considered to have been the world’s first main battle tank, although the term was not popularised until long after it entered service.  The British followed this up with the Chieftain main battle tank, which entered service in 1966.  The first Soviet main battle tank was the T-64 and the first American MBT was the M60 Patton. By the late 1970s, MBT's were manufactured by France, West Germany, Britain, India, Japan, the USSR, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.

The Soviet Union made MBTs very quickly because it needed them for their type of war. The Soviet Union improved the cannon by replacing the loader crewman with an automatic autoloader. This made the turret smaller which also makes the tank harder to see or hit The Soviet Union made missiles that could be shot much farther than other ammunition.

Gulf War 
After the Cold War, American tanks quickly defeated Iraqi tanks in the Gulf War. The American MBTs were still not as good as attack helicopters at destroying Iraqi tanks. Some said that the MBTs could not stop an enemy force from attacking.

References

Tanks
Swami Vivekananda

Vivekananda (Shami Bibekānondo) (January 12, 1863–July 4, 1902) was the chief disciple of Shri Ramakrishna Paramahansa. At birth, he was called Narendranath Datta (Bengali: নরেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত). He was the founder of Ramakrishna Mission. He introduced Hindu philosophy of Vedanta and Yoga in Europe and America. He brought Hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the end of the 19th century. Vivekananda is considered to be a major force in the revival of Hinduism in modern India. He is perhaps best known for his inspiring speech beginning with "Sisters and Brothers of America". Through this he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions at Chicago in 1893.

Childhood
Swami Vivekananda was born in Shim-la Pally in Calcutta on 12 January 1863. He was named Narendranath Datta. His father Vishwanath Datta was an attorney of Calcutta High Court. His mother was Bhuvaneshwari Devi. Narendranath's thinking and personality were influenced by his parents—the father by his rational mind and the mother by her religious temperament. From his mother he learnt the power of self-control. Young Narendra was an expert in meditation and could enter the state of samadhi very easily. He saw a light while falling asleep. Once he had a vision of Buddha during his meditation. During his childhood, he had a great fascination for wandering ascetics and monks. He was also an expert in games and naughty things. Even in his young age he showed remarkable leadership qualities. His childhood friend was Kamal Reddy.

Youth
In his youth he visited the ramakrishna Samaj and later he came in contact with Sri Ramakrishna. Sri Ramakrishna initiated him, and after his death Naren left his house and went on to found the Ramkrishna movement

Vivekananda's mission
Born into an aristocratic Bengali Kayastha family of Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined towards spirituality. He was influenced by his guru, Ramakrishna, from whom he learnt that all living beings were an embodiment of the divine self; therefore, service to God could be rendered by service to humankind. After Ramakrishna's death, Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent extensively and acquired first-hand knowledge of the conditions prevailing in British India. He later travelled to the United States, representing India at the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions.

Related pages
 Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School

References 

1863 births
1902 deaths
Hindus
Tasmanian Wilderness

The Tasmanian Wilderness is a term that is used for a range of areas in Tasmania, Australia.

The World Heritage Areas in South West Tasmania, Western Tasmania and Central Highlands are the most well known.

However, there are also other wilderness areas in Tasmania, Tarkine and the Cradle mountain wilderness. There is also an organisation known as the Tasmanian Wilderness Society.

The World Heritage Area is one of the largest conservation areas in Australia, covering 13,800 km², or almost 20% of Tasmania. The area constitutes one of the last expanses of temperate wilderness in the world, including the renowned South West Wilderness. The area became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982, and it was extended in 1989. It is important for both its natural value but also its cultural values as well.

Remains found in limestone caves show that humans have lived in the area for well over 20,000 years.

The Tasmanian Tiger was the largest Dasyuromorphia and the last living specimen of the family Thylacinidae. The last known specimen died in captivity in 1936.p77 The world's largest surviving carnivorous marsupial is the Tasmanian Devil; it is the size of a small dog and can hunt, although it is mainly a scavenger.p46 It became extinct on the mainland some 600 years ago, and is now found only in Tasmania.p69

World Heritage area
The following National Parks and reserves make up the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area:
 Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park
 Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park
 Hartz Mountains National Park
 Mole Creek Karst National Park
 Southwest National Park
 Walls of Jerusalem National Park
 Central Plateau Conservation Area
 Devils Gullet State Reserve
 South East Mutton Bird Islet

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites 

 World heritage listing for Tasmanian Wilderness
 Tasmanian Parks & Wildlife Service site 
 Position of World Heritage Area 
 UNESCO site
Valeri Zelepukin

Valeri Mikhailovich Zelepukin (born September 17, 1968 in Voskresensk, URS) is a Russian retired professional ice hockey left winger. He played a total of 11 seasons in the NHL; 7 with the New Jersey Devils, 1 with the Edmonton Oilers, 2 with the Philadelphia Flyers and 1 with the Chicago Blackhawks. He moved back to Russia in 2002 and retired. He won the Stanley Cup with the New Jersey Devils in 1995.

Other websites

1968 births
Living people
Russian ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Edmonton Oilers players
New Jersey Devils players
Philadelphia Flyers players
American Hockey League players
Mikhail Yakubov

Mikhail Yakubov (born February 16, 1982 in Barnaul, Russian SFSR) is a retired Russian professional ice hockey centre. He played for the Severstal Cherepovets of the Kontinental Hockey League. Yakubov also played in the NHL for a total of 3 seasons; 2 with the Chicago Blackhawks and 1 with the Florida Panthers. He was drafted by the Chicago Blackhawks with the 10th overall pick in the 2000 NHL Draft.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Other websites

1982 births
American Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Living people
Red Deer Rebels players
Russian ice hockey players
Ice hockey centres
Queen's Indian defence

The Queen's Indian defence is an important defence to 1.d4. It features a fianchetto of Black's QB.

It starts as follows:
1.d4 Nf6
2.c4 e6
3.Nf3 b6
and now 4e3, 4Nc3 and 4g3 are all possible. So is 4.a3, which prepares 5.Nc3 by preventing Black's 5...Bb4. This is the most usual line:

4.g3 Bb7 (4...Ba6 is also played here)
5.Bg2 Be7
6.0-0 0-0
7.Nc3 Ne4
8.Qc2 Nxc3
9.Qxc3

Chess openings
Bronchiole

The bronchioles or bronchioli are a part of the lung. They are the first airway branches that no longer have cartilage. They are branches of the bronchi. The bronchioles end by entering the circular sacs called alveoli.

Anatomy of the respiratory system
Full twisting layout

A full twisting layout is a gymnastics tumble. The move is essentially a somersault but involves a full twist in the air. It can be performed tucked, piked or straight.

Gymnastics
Master of Public Administration

Master of Public Administration (usually abbreviated MPA) is a postgraduate academic master's degree given by universities. Usually, it is awarded for studies toward Administration in the Public sector and Non-profit organizations. Usually, Public policy is part of the study. Additionally, there may be studies of comparisons between countries.

It is usually required to start a doctorate in Public Administration.

Academic degrees
Tanzanite

Tanzanite is a blue-purple gemstone found in Tanzania, in the Mererani Hills near the city of Arusha and Mount Kilimanjaro. It is named after the country of Tanzania, where it is found. It is a kind of a mineral called zoisite. When it is first mined, tanzanite is usually a red-brown colour. It needs to be heated to 600 degrees Celsius in a special oven to bring out its purple colour.

Gemstones