cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Glaucophyte

The glaucophytes are a small group of freshwater microscopic algae. Together with the red algae (Rhodophyta)  and green algae plus land plants (Viridiplantae or Chloroplastida), they form the Archaeplastida.

The glaucophytes are of interest because they may be similar to the original algal type that led to green plants and red algae. The relationships between these groups are not yet clear, and the glaucophytes in particular need more study.

Characteristics 
The chloroplasts of glaucophytes are known as 'cyanelles'. Unlike the chloroplasts in other organisms, they have a peptidoglycan layer, like bacterial cell walls. This is thought to be a relic of the endosymbiotic origin of plastids from cyanobacteria.

Glaucophytes have the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a. They harvest light with the same type of pigment molecules as do cyanobacteria and red algae. Green algae and land plants have lost that pigment, which is known as phycobiliprotein.

Glaucophyte mitochondria and flagella (if present) are  similar to forms found in some green algae.

Classification 
Only 13 species of glaucophytes are known, none of which is particularly common in nature. There are three genera.

The glaucophytes were previously placed in the order Chlorococcales.

References 

Algae
Castres, Tarn

Castres () is a commune in the region of Midi-Pyrénées, in southwestern France. It is the sous-prefecture (capital) of the arrondissement of the same name in the Tarn department.

Castres is (after Toulouse, Tarbes and Albi) the fourth largest industrial centre of the mainly rural Midi-Pyrénées région and the largest in that part of Languedoc between Toulouse and Montpellier.

History
The name of the town comes from Latin castrum, and means "fortified place".

Castres grew up round the Benedictine abbey of Saint Benoît. Castres became an important stop on the international pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Spain because its abbey-church, built in the 9th century, was keeping the relics of Saint Vincent, the renowned martyr of Spain. It was a place of some importance as early as the 12th century, and ranked as the second town of the Albigeois behind Albi.

Geography
Castres is in southern France, in the southwestern part of the Tarn department, to the north of the Montagne Noire, a mountain range in central southern France. Castres is crossed from north to south by the Agout river, a tributary of the Tarn.

The commune has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Castres is at  southeast of Albi and at  east of Toulouse.

Climate
The climate of Castres, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Castres are known, in French, as Castrais (women: Castraises).

The city of Castres has a population, in 2014, of 41,382; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Castres

Administration
Castres is a subprefecture of the Tarn department and the capital of the arrondissement of Castres in the same department. It is also the capital of three Cantons:
 Castres-1, formed with a part of Castres (16,890 inhabitants) (2014)
 Castres-2, formed with a part of Castres and 6 other communes (15,422 inhabitants) (2014)
 Castres-3, formed with a part of Castres and the commune Navès (15,319 inhabitants) (2014)

It is part of the intercommunality Castres - Mazamet ().

Education 
 Institut national universitaire Jean-François Champollion

Sister cities
Castres is twinned with:
  Linares, Spain
  Wakefield, England
  Butare, Rwanda

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Castres
 Communes of the Tarn department

References

Other websites

 City Council website  
 Greater Castres-Mazamet Council official website 

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Tarn
Black Lake (Louisiana)

Black Lake is a reservoir located between Creston and Campti in North Louisiana. Water feeds into Black Lake from Black Lake Bayou, a watershed that extends from north of Gibsland in Bienville Parish and south to Clarence in Natchitoches Parish through the parishes of Claiborne, Webster, Bienville, Red River and Natchitoches. The elevation of the lake is . Louisiana Highway 9 runs across Black Lake. On the west side of Highway 9 the body of water is called Black Lake — the east is called Clear Lake or Clear Lake Bayou. The Clear Lake side is near another body of water: Saline Lake. Between Clear Lake and Saline Lake is the Alan Chiverly Dam, constructed in 1934. Road 1226 also extends between the lakes.

Residents about Black Lake use the Campti and Clarence ZIP Codes, 71411 and 71414, respectively. They are zoned to Lakeview Junior/Senior High School. There are boat launches and campgrounds for fishing and boating. Bell's Camp, founded in 1936 by the late Albert and Eva Bell, is still operated by their daughter, Joy Bell Wimberly (born 1924). Nearby is a catfish and steak restaurant known as Sea and Sirloin, which opened in 1983.

Landscape
Black Lake is wide in some places such as at the Hwy 9 bridge and tight in other places because of the growth of cypress trees. There are channels cut into the lake that allow clearance for boats. Boats stay in the channels or risk grounding the bottom of the boat on tree stumps. The aquatic vegetation such as moss, seaweed and algae are visible at surface level.

Cities

Geography
The latitude and longitude coordinates for Black Lake are 31.9574, -93.0466 and the altitude is 102 feet (31 m).

References

Geography of Louisiana
Dams in the United States
Ark-La-Tex
Lakes of the United States
Buildings and structures in Louisiana
Eastwood, Louisiana

Eastwood is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Bossier Parish, Louisiana, United States.

Ark-La-Tex
Census-designated places in Louisiana
Settlements in Bossier Parish, Louisiana
Red Chute, Louisiana

Redchute is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bossier Parish, Louisiana, United States.

Ark-La-Tex
Census-designated places in Louisiana
Settlements in Bossier Parish, Louisiana
Denham Springs, Louisiana

Denham Springs is a city in Livingston Parish, Louisiana, United States.

References

Cities in Louisiana
Extradition

Extradition is a process by which someone who has committed a crime, or is suspected to have committed a crime, is handed from one  jurisdiction to another. Usually, the country that wants the person makes a formal request to the other. Under international law, there is no obligation to extradite a person. There is a web of treaties, which state under what conditions extradition is possible.

In general:
 The offense for which the person is sought must be punishable in both countries, usually it must also carry a minimum sentence.
 The person extradited has the right to get a fair trial.
 The trial must not be political in nature.
 Many countries refuse extradition if there is the possibility of the death penalty being imposed, or of torture.
 Many countries refuse to extradite their own nationals

People who move to a different location to escape legal charges are called fugitives.

Examples
In 2019 protestors in Hong Kong demonstrated against a new extradition law proposed by the government of mainland China.

References

International law
Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is a series of single-board computers. They are low-cost, high-performance and the size of a credit card. The Raspberry Pi was developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. The Raspberry Pi Foundation's goal is to "advance the education of adults and children, particularly in the field of computers, computer science and related subjects." Many people have used Raspberry Pis to make things like cameras, video game consoles, robots, web servers and media centres.

Versions 
There are lots of different versions of the Raspberry Pi, and each has different features.

All of the versions use a Broadcom 'system on a chip' (SoC) which contains an ARM-compatible central processing unit (CPU), random-access memory (RAM) and a graphics processing unit (GPU).

All versions use an SD card or MicroSD card for the operating system and file storage. They also have a 40-pin General-Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) connector, which can be used for controlling other electronics.

Some versions of the Raspberry Pi have an ethernet connector for connecting to the internet. Some versions can also use Wi-Fi to connect to the internet.

The Raspberry Pi comes in three different sizes. The 'standard' size is used for all Model B versions, and is 85.6 mm x 56.5 mm (3.370 in × 2.224 in). The 'compact' size is used for all Model A versions, and is 65 mm × 56.5 mm (2.56 in × 2.22 in). The 'zero' size is used for all Raspberry Pi Zero versions, and is 65 mm × 30 mm (2.56 in × 1.18 in).

Features 
 The Raspberry Pi uses the ARM processor architecture, which is also used by many modern mobile phones.
 An operating system can be installed using the Raspberry Pi Imager, or by copying operating system 'images' to an SD card.
Add-on boards called 'HATs' (Hardware Attached on Top) can be used to give a Raspberry Pi more features, such as LED lights, extra sensors and Power over Ethernet (PoE).

References

LinksComputer hardware 
 http://www.raspberrypi.org - The Raspberry Pi Foundation
https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/faqs/ - Frequently Asked Questions about the Raspberry Pi
Newsboys

Newsboys is a Christian rock, pop, and worship band that started in Australia in 1985. Since then, the band has released 16 studio albums and received numerous awards. The current lead singer, Michael Tait, was once a part of the hit Christian rock/rap 90's band DC Talk.

History

The band started with Peter Furler, George Perdikis, John James, Sean Taylor, and Corey Pryor as "The News," which was later changed due to conflicts with a band by a similar name.

Studio albums

Christian rock bands
Hurricane Arthur

Hurricane Arthur was a 2014 tropical cyclone. The hurricane developed on July 1 not far off the eastern coast of Florida. Arthur became a hurricane early on July 3.

The storm was expected to either just miss or hit the Cape Hatteras and Outer Banks area of North Carolina. Hurricane or tropical storm notices were in effect for areas between northeastern South Carolina and Nova Scotia in southeast Canada.

2014 in weather
Hurricanes in the United States
July 2014 events
2014 in the United States
2010s in the Bahamas
2014 in Canada
The Clark Family Experience

The Clark Family Experience is an American country music group formed in 2000.

Discography
Studio albums
 The Clark Family Experience (2000)

2000 establishments in the United States
2002 disestablishments in the United States
2000s American music groups
Country bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
Musical groups established in 2000
Musical groups from Virginia
20th-century establishments in Virginia
Chad Brown (poker player)

Chad Lewis Brown (August 13, 1961 – July 2, 2014) was an American actor, poker player and color commentator. He was sponsored by PokerStars. He co-hosted the NBC television series Caesars Challenge during the early 1990s.

Brown was born Manhattan, New York City and was raised in the Bronx. He lived in the Los Angeles, California. He married French-American poker player Vanessa Rousso. They separated in early 2012.

In February 2011, Rousso reported on her Twitter account that Brown had a ten-pound malignant tumor removed from his abdomen. This was a rare form of sarcoma called liposarcoma. He died from liposarcoma on July 2, 2014 in New York City, aged 52.

References

Other websites

 

1961 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from liposarcoma
Actors from New York City
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Poker players
Louis Zamperini

Louis Silvie "Louie" Zamperini (January 26, 1917 – July 2, 2014) was an American World War II prisoner of war survivor, motivational speaker and track and field athlete.

Biography
Zamperini was a long distance runner at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany. During World War II, Zamperini was a soldier on a bomber airplane in the Pacific War. After the plane crashed, he and his crew survived 47 days in a lifeboat in shark infested water before being captured by the Japanese army. After the war, he became a motivational speaker.

In 2010, Laura Hillenbrand published Zamperini's biography Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption, which became a bestseller. In 2014, actress Angelina Jolie directed the movie Unbroken, based on the biography. The movie was released on December 25, 2014.

In May 2014, he was chosen to be the 2015 Rose Parade grand marshal.

Personal life
Zamperini was born in Olean, New York to Italian immigrant parents. He and his family moved to Torrance, California at a young age. He did not speak English until school and was bullied because of this. He was married to Cynthia Applewhite from 1946 until her death in 2001. They had two children, Luke and Cynthia.

Zamperini died from pneumonia on July 2, 2014 in Los Angeles, California, aged 97.

References

Other websites

 
 

1917 births
2014 deaths
American autobiographers
American people of World War II
American Protestants
American track and field athletes
Deaths from pneumonia
Evangelicals
Evangelists
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
Military people from California
People from Torrance, California
Sportspeople from California
Sportspeople from New York
Writers from California
Writers from New York
Zalman Schachter-Shalomi

Zalman M. Schachter-Shalomi (August 28, 1924 – July 3, 2014), also known as Reb Zalman, was an American rabbi and educator. He was one of the founders of the Jewish Renewal movement. He was committed to the Gaia hypothesis, to feminism, and to LGBT people within Judaism.

Schachter-Shalomi was born in Zhovkva, Poland (now Ukraine) and raised in Vienna, Austria. He and his family fled the rising power of Nazi Germany for the United States in 1941. He was married to Eve Ilsen.

Schachter-Shalomi died after a long illness on July 3, 2014 in Boulder, Colorado. He was 89.

References

Other websites
 
 Zalman Schachter-Shalomi at the Yesod Foundation

1924 births
2014 deaths
American feminist writers
American LGBT rights activists
American rabbis
Austrian Jews
Boston University alumni
Disease-related deaths in Colorado
Jewish activists
Jewish American academics
Jewish American writers
Jewish feminists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Polish Jews
Refugees from Nazism
Writers from Vienna
Educators from Colorado
Writers from Colorado
Unikont

Unikonts are one of the five superkingdoms in the classification of eukaryotes. They are part of the taxonomy system of Thomas Cavalier-Smith.

Clade 
The group is claimed to be a clade. It includes eukaryotic cells that:
have a single flagellum, or 
are amoebae with no flagella.  
The unikonts include opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and related forms) and Amoebozoa. By contrast other well-known eukaryotic groups are often referred to as bikonts.  Bikonts include Archaeplastida (plants and relatives), Excavata, Rhizaria, and Chromalveolata. These groups may have two flagella (although there are many exceptions).

Characteristics 
The unikonts have a triple-gene fusion that is lacking in the bikonts.  The three genes code for enzymes which make pyrimidine nucleotides. This must have involved a double gene fusion, a rare pair of events, which supports the shared ancestry of Opisthokonta and Amoebozoa.

References 

Eukaryotes
Giovanni Colmo

Giovanni Colmo (1867 – 1947) was an Italian painter. He was born on May 13, 1867 in Turin, He died on April 24, 1947 in Turin.

Biography 

Self-taught his style of painting comes from the frequentation of the masters of the time: Lorenzo Delleani and Andrea Tavernier.

His painting is related to the "Piemontese Landscaping" of the nineteenth century
.

The artist has produced over 5,000 works.

Works in museums 
 Museo d'arte of Avellino with Alberi intrecciati (1905-15).
 Pinacoteca Civica of Garessio (CN).

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References

Bibliography 
 (IT) BODDA Orlando (1970), Mostra postuma di Giovanni Colmo, Galleria  Bodda, Torino 1970, pp. 38.
 (IT) MARINI Giuseppe Luigi (1994), “Giovanni Colmo”, in IDEM Il valore dei dipinti italiani dell'Ottocento e del primo novecento, edizione XI (1993/1994), Umberto Allemandi & C., Torino 1994, pp. 146–148. 
 (IT) MARINI Giuseppe Luigi (2002), “Giovanni Colmo”, in IDEM Il valore dei dipinti italiani dell'Ottocento e del primo novecento, edizione XIX (2001/2002), Umberto Allemandi & C., Torino 2002, pp. 234–235.

Other websites 
   biographical notes in Italian

1867 births
1947 deaths
Italian painters
People from Turin
Salvatore Petruolo

Salvatore Petruolo was an Italian painter. He was born on January 4, 1857 in Catanzaro, He died on 1946 in Naples, Italy.

Petruolo was a pupil of Gabriele Smargiassi at the Institute of Fine Arts in Naples. He is famous for his coastal landscapes, near Naples and very rare landscapes of Calabria. His landscapes from 1875 to 1898 show the style of the School of Posillipo with influences of Edoardo Dalbono. After 1898 his painting style became more personal and distinctive, with a symbolist influence.

He was popular with English and American visitors to Naples. His studio was visited by people including Empress Frederick, the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh, the Prince of Battenberg, Princess Louise, sister of King Edward of England. In 1889 he stayed with Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh at Malta for three months. He went on a painting trip to Spain visiting Granada, Seville, Cordoba and Zaragoza. He showed the works from this trip in an exhibition at Clarence House in London.

Works in museums 
 Museo d'arte of Avellino (Italy) with Paesaggio innevato (1874)
 Museo nazionale di Capodimonte of Napoli (Italy) with Marina di Sorrento (1884).
 Pinacoteca "Enrico Giannelli" of Parabita  (LE) (Italy) .
 Pinacoteca Civica "Giuseppe De Nittis" of Barletta (Italy) with Pini (1908).

References

Bibliography 
 (IT) MARINI Giuseppe Luigi (1994), “Salvatore Petruolo”, in IDEM Il valore dei dipinti italiani dell'Ottocento e del primo novecento, edizione XI (1993/1994), Umberto Allemandi & C., Torino 1994, pp. 362–363. 
 (IT) MARINI Giuseppe Luigi (2002), “Salvatore Petruolo”, in IDEM Il valore dei dipinti italiani dell'Ottocento e del primo novecento, edizione XIX (2001/2002), Umberto Allemandi & C., Torino 2002, pp. 234–235.
 (IT) RICCI Paolo (1981), “Salvatore Petruolo”, in IDEM Arte ed artisti a Napoli, 1800-1943, Edizioni Banco di Napoli, Napoli 1981, pag. 109.
 (IT)  SCIOLI Tonino - VALENTE Isabella (1997), “Salvatore Petruolo”, in IDEM L'animo e lo sguardo. Pittori calabresi dell'Ottocento di scuola napoletana, Editoriale progetto 2000, Cosenza 1997, pag. 113.

Other websites 
  Information in Italian

1857 births
1942 deaths
Italian painters
People from Calabria
Raffaele Tafuri

Raffaele Tafuri (January 27, 1857 – 1929) was an Italian painter. He was born in Salerno and died in Venice.

He completed his early studies in the family, then moved to Naples at the Institute of Fine Arts, in the city of Naples attended the study of sculptor Stanislao Lista.
He is famous for his coastal landscapes.

He participated in the first Biennale of Art in Venice in 1895 and in the editions of 1907, 1909, 1910, 1914.

Works in museums 
 Collezione d'arte della SBAPPSAE of Salerno (Italy) with on deposit: Caffè Florian di Venezia (1910).
 Museo d'arte of Avellino (Italy) with Scorcio Lacustre (1898), Campanile (1900), Baite (1905), Angolo di Pedavena (1910) e Tetti (1929).
 Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci of Milano (Italy) Section Art Collection, with Ragazze al sole (1887).
 Pinacoteca Provinciale of Salerno (Italy) with: Le spannocchiatrici and Masaniello.

References

Bibliography 
 (IT) BONATTI Cecilia (1975), “Raffaele Tafuri”, in MONTEVERDI Mario Storia della pittura italiana dell'Ottocento, Bramante Editrice, Milano 1975, vol.3, pag. 282.
 (IT) MARINI Giuseppe Luigi (1994), “Raffaele Tafuri”, in IDEM Il valore dei dipinti italiani dell'Ottocento e del primo novecento, edizione XI (1993/1994), Umberto Allemandi & C., Torino 1994, pag. 452. 
 (IT) MARINI Giuseppe Luigi (2002), “Raffaele Tafuri”, in IDEM Il valore dei dipinti italiani dell'Ottocento e del primo novecento, edizione XIX (2001/2002), Umberto Allemandi & C., Torino 2002, pag. 736.
 (IT) ORGA Stefano (2017),Raffaele Tafuri (1857-1929). Il grande pittore salernitano dell'Ottocento, Omicron, Napoli 2017, pp. 88. SBN:IT\ICCU\NAP\0794626.
 (IT) ORGA Stefano (2019),Raffaele Tafuri protagonista della pittura italianatra Ottocento e Novecento, Omicron, Napoli 2019, pp. 26. SBN:IT\ICCU\CAM\0233388.

Other websites 
  Information (in Italian)

1857 births
1929 deaths
Italian painters
People from Campania
Opisthokont

Opisthokonts are a superkingdom of the Eukaryota, including the animals and fungi. It is a group of unikonts.

There are several classifications of the eukaryotes which are being discussed. Each of them divides the domain Eukaryota into five groups, but there is disagreement on the details. 

The Opisthokonta is thought to be a monophyletic clade, and therefore superior to the Unikonta as a taxonomic term.

References 

 

Eukaryotes
Vincenzo Irolli

Vincenzo Irolli (30 September 1860 – 27 November 1949) was an Italian painter. He was born and died in Naples.

Biography 
Trained at the Academy of Fine Arts in Naples, Irolli followed the style of Domenico Morelli, characterized by a vibrant use of color. Pursued its production resented the style of Antonio Mancini portraying subjects in the Neapolitan folklore.

His talent easy, flashy, brought him great success with the public.
The artist has produced over 5,000 works.

He participated in the Biennale of Art in Venice in 1922 and in 1924.

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References

Bibliography 
 (IT) FIORIO Maria Teresa (1975), “Vncenzo Irolli”, in MONTEVERDI Mario Storia della pittura italiana dell'Ottocento, Bramante Editrice, Milano 1975, vol.3, pag. 242.
 (IT) MARINI Giuseppe Luigi (1994), “Vincenzo Irolli”, in IDEM Il valore dei dipinti italiani dell'Ottocento e del primo novecento, edizione XI (1993/1994), Umberto Allemandi & C., Torino 1994, pp. 260–264. 
 (IT) MARINI Giuseppe Luigi (2002), “Vincenzo Irolli”, in IDEM Il valore dei dipinti italiani dell'Ottocento e del primo novecento, edizione XIX (2001/2002), Umberto Allemandi & C., Torino 2002, pp. 438–440.
 (IT) RICCI Paolo (1981), “Vincenzo Irolli”, in IDEM Arte ed artisti a Napoli, 1800-1943, Edizioni Banco di Napoli, Napoli 1981, pp. 90–91.

Other websites 
 biographical notes from Treccani   biographical notes from Treccani 
 biography of Irolli  

1860 births
1949 deaths
Italian painters
People from Naples
Giorgio Faletti

Giorgio Faletti (25 November 1950 – 4 July 2014) was an Italian writer, actor, comedian and singer-songwriter. His books have been translated into 25 languages. They have also been published with great success in Europe, South America, China, Japan, Russia and the United States.

Faletti was born in Asti, Piedmont. He lived on Elba Island. He was a fan of the football team Juventus.

Faletti died from lung cancer on 4 July 2014 in Turin, aged 63.

References

Other websites

  
 

1950 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Italy
Comedians
Deaths from lung cancer
Italian movie actors
Italian singers
Italian stage actors
Italian television actors
Novelists
Italian singer-songwriters
Writers from Piedmont
Budapest (George Ezra song)

"Budapest" is a song by English singer-songwriter George Ezra. It is from his 2014 debut studio album, "Wanted on Voyage". It was released as the album's second single in Italy on 13 December 2013 and in the UK on 13 June 2014. 

The song was co-written by Ezra and Joel Pott and was produced by Cam Blackwood.

The single became a hit in the United States. It debuted at number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 2015, and peaked at number 32 in May of the same year.

2013 songs
Songs
A Sky Full of Stars

"A Sky Full of Stars" is an EDM song written by the British band Coldplay featuring Swedish DJ Avicii in 2014.
The song is the band's first EDM track. The song is centered around the piano, with electronic music coming in between verses.

Reception 

Most critics enjoyed the song and gave it positive reviews. The song reached #1 on the charts in the United States, Portugal, Luxembourg, Italy, Israel and Belgium. One day after it's release on ITunes, it had sold 121,690 copies worldwide. The song was also Coldplay's third top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100.

References 

2014 songs
Coldplay songs
Samudaya sacca

Samudaya sacca is the second of the four noble truths in Buddhism. It is about the origins of dukkha (suffering).

Etymology 

Samudaya has many meanings, but it usually means "origin" or "source." Sacca means "truth" or "reality." So because of this, Samudaya sacca means "truth of the origin of suffering."

Within the four noble truths 

According to the Four Noble Truths, the origin (Samudaya) of suffering (sacca) is from cravings taught by ignorance. The craving is shown in three ways:

 Craving for objects that give pleasurable feelings, or craving for sensory pleasures.
 Craving to dominate others.
 Craving to be away from the world because of painful feelings.

References 

Buddhism
Saarland national football team

The Saarland national football team (German: Saarländische Fußballnationalmannschaft) was the association football team representing Saarland from 1950 to 1956 during the French occupation after World War II. Their last game was played on june 6, 1956. Shortly afterwards, the team merged into the West Germany national football team.

Results and fixtures 
The following shows all games played by the Saarland team.

References 

1950 establishments in Europe
1956 disestablishments in Europe
Association football
Paola Romano

Paola Romano (born 17 September 1951 in Monterotondo, Rome) is an Italian painter and sculptor.

She began her artistic training in Rome, where he attended classes at the Rome University of Fine Arts (RUFA).

She participated in the 54 Biennale of Art in Venice in 2011.

Works in museums 
 Museo d'arte of Avellino (Italy) with sculpture Luna sospesa bianca (2011).

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References

Bibliography 
 (IT) (EN) A.A.V.V., Paola Romano. Il mare della tranquillità, Maretti Editore, Falciano (RSM) 2011, pp. 139.

Other websites 
 Biography from arteromano.net 

1951 births
Living people
Italian painters
Italian sculptors
People from Rome
Paola Epifani

Paola Epifani (pseudonym Rabarama) (born 22 August, 1969 in Rome) is an Italian painter and sculptor.

She attended the Art School of Treviso. She graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice in 1991. Since 1990, she has lived and worked in Padua.

She participated in the 54 Biennale of Art in Venice in 2011.

Works in museums 
 Copelouzos Family Art Museum of Athens (Greece) with Trans-lettera.
 Museo d'arte of Avellino (Italy) with  Palpit-azione (2010).
 Contemporary Art Museum of Boca Raton - Miami (USA) with Labirintite.
 Art Museum of Biennale of Beijing (China) with Bozzolo.

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References

Bibliography 
 (IT) (EN) BEATRICE Luca, Rabarama. Ortissa percorsi dorta 2010, Silvana Editoriale, Cinisello Balsamo (MI) 2010, pp. 119.
 (IT) (EN) BEATRICE Luca - BOLGE George, Rabarama. Firenze antico informe 2011, Vecchiato Art Galleries, Padova 2011, pp. 172.

1969 births
Living people
Italian painters
Italian sculptors
Giovan Francesco Gonzaga

Giovan Francesco Gonzaga (born October 12, 1921 in Milan; died October 2, 2007 in Milan) was an Italian painter and sculptor.

Biography 
Attend young “Castello Sforzesco” (of Milan) where he enjoys copying the studies and designs of the past greats such as Leonardo and Michelangelo.
Unlike other artists, and he will remain a self-taught.

Gonzaga has a stylistic autonomous and recognizable.

The subjects are usually depicted horses, riders, still lifes, soldiers, portraits and landscapes; interesting are the sacred subjects such as crucifixions, and especially the portraits of the Virgin Mary, etc.

Works in museums 
 Art Museum of Los Angeles (USA)
 National Museum of Tel Aviv (Israel).

Museums in Italy 
 Museo d'arte of Avellino with  I due corsieri (1995) and Paesaggio bergamasco (2000).
 Museo del Reggimento Savoia Cavalleria of Grosseto with Soldati del Savoia Cavalleria.
 Museo storico dell'arma di cavalleria of Pinerolo (TO).
 Museo storico della Guardia di Finanza of Rome with Il finanziere.

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References

Bibliography 
 A.A.V.V., Giovan Francesco Gonzaga, Il Salotto, Milano 1997, pp. 61.
 A.A.V.V., Gonzaga, Il Salotto, Milano 2002, pp.(7).
 A.A.V.V., Giovan Francesco Gonzaga. Serigrafie 2004-2005, Edizioni Telemarket Comunication, Roncadelle (BS) 2005, pp.(57).
 A.A.V.V., Esposizione di opere del maestro Giovan Francesco Gonzaga, Il Salotto, Milano 2012, pp. 15.
 BONI Francesco - CIVIELLO Renato, Giovan Francesco Gonzaga, Il Salotto, Milano 1993, pp.(15). 
 FALOSSI Giorgio - MONTEVERDI Mario, Gonzaga, F.lli Verga, Milano 1980, pp. (12).
 LEVI Paolo - SGARBI Vittorio, Catalogo generale delle opere di Giovan Francesco Gonzaga. Primo volume, Editoriale Giorgio Mondatori, Milano 2006, pp. 655.

Other websites 
 biography from gonzagagiovanfrancesco.com  
 biographical notes from ilsalotto.it  
 biographical notes from telemarket.com  

1921 births
2007 deaths
Italian painters
Italian sculptors
Rhizaria

The Rhizaria are a supergroup of mostly unicellular eukaryotes. A multicellular form has recently been described.

This supergroup was proposed by Cavalier-Smith in 2002. It has many species. They vary considerably in form, but for the most part they are amoeba-like with  pseudopods. Many produce shells or skeletons, which may be quite complex in structure. They make up the vast majority of protozoan fossils. Nearly all have mitochondria with folds.

Groups 
There are three main groups of Rhizaria:

 Cercozoa – Various amoebae and flagellates, usually with pseudopods and common in soil
 Foraminifera – Amoeboids with reticulose pseudopods, common as marine benthos
 Radiolaria – Amoeboids with skeletons, common as marine plankton

Evolutionary relationship 

Rhizaria is part of the bikont clade, which also comprises the Archaeplastida, the Chromalveolata, the Excavata, and some smaller, groups. As bikonts, they all descend from a heterotrophic eukaryote with two flagella.

Historically, many rhizarians were considered animals, with their movement and heterotrophy as justification. However, when the five-kingdom system took prevalence over the animal-plant dichotomy, the rhizarians were put into the kingdom Protista. Then, after Carl Woese published his three-domain system, taxonomists turned their attention to the eukaryote domain. The protists are paraphyletic, so needed to be split into monophyletic clades. After much debate, which continues to this day, Rhizaria emerged as one of those monophyletic groups.

References 

Eukaryotes
Jaws 2

Jaws 2 is an American adventure horror thriller movie. It is the first sequel to Steven Spielberg's Jaws (1975). It was released in 1978. It is the second in the Jaws series of movies. These are based on Peter Benchley's Jaws novel of the same name. Directed by Jeannot Szwarc, Jaws 2 stars Roy Scheider as Police Chief Martin Brody. He has to deal with another great white shark terrorizing the waters of Amity Island, a fictional seaside resort. Jaws 2 was followed by Jaws 3-D (1983) and Jaws: The Revenge (released in 1987).

Release dates

References 

1978 horror movies
1978 thriller movies

1970s horror thriller movies
American sequel movies
English-language movies
Jaws movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in Massachusetts
Universal Pictures movies
Jaws 3

Jaws 3 (Jaws 3-D) is a 1983 American horror movie sequel to Jaws and Jaws 2. The movie was directed by Joe Alves.

References 

1983 horror movies
1983 thriller movies
1980s adventure movies
1980s horror thriller movies
1980s sequel movies
American horror thriller movies
American sequel movies
Jaws movies
Movies set in Florida
Orlando, Florida
Universal Pictures movies
Altoona, Pennsylvania

Altoona is a city in south central Pennsylvania. About 46,320 people lived there in 2010. The city was founded in 1849. It was incorporated in 1868.

Cities in Pennsylvania
1849 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Pennsylvania
Johnstown, Pennsylvania

Johnstown is a city in southwestern Pennsylvania. It is 70 miles east of Pittsburgh. At the 2010 census, 20,978 people lived there. Major flooding hit in 1889, 1936 and 1977. The 1889 Johnstown Flood was especially bad.

Cities in Pennsylvania
Butler, Pennsylvania

Butler is a city in western Pennsylvania. It is about 35 miles north of Pittsburgh. At the 2010 United States Census, 13,757 people lived in Butler.

Butler was settled in 1802. It was incorporated as a city in 1918.

Cities in Pennsylvania
County seats in Pennsylvania
1802 establishments in the United States
1800s establishments in Pennsylvania
James Rodríguez

James David Rodríguez Rubio, known as James Rodriguez (born 12 July 1991) is a Colombian football midfielder. He currently plays for the Colombia national team and Bayern München.

Because of his performances at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, he is often known as one of the world's best young players.

Career statistics

Club

International goals

References 

1991 births
Living people
Colombian footballers
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
Benedikt Höwedes

Benedikt Höwedes (born 29 February 1988 in Haltern) is a world cup winning German association football defender. He played for FC Schalke 04 and captained the team  for six years. He also represented the Germany national football team. He represented Germany in the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

Career statistics

Club

International

References 

1988 births
Living people
2014 FIFA World Cup players
German footballers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Xu Caihou

Xu Caihou (; June 1943 – 15 March 2015) was a former member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China, Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission and General of Chinese People's Liberation Army. 

On 19 September 2004, Xu succeeded Hu Jintao as Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission after Hu was promoted to chairmanship. Xu retired from public office in 2013. In March 2014, it was reported that Xu was diagnosed with bladder cancer and was undergoing extensive treatment in Beijing. 

In June 2014, Xu was expelled from the Communist Party. Before his death, he under investigation for "serious disciplinary violations." He was also facing a military court martial.

Xu died in China from bladder cancer and multiple organ failure on 15 March 2015 at the age of 71.

References

1943 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Chinese politicians
Communist politicians
Audie England

Audie England (born July 12) is an American actress. She played Elena in Delta of Venus (1994). She also played Claire in Free Enterprise.

England was born in Los Angeles. Many sources use 1972 as her birth date. Other sources mention 1967 as her year.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Living people
Delta of Venus

Delta of Venus is a 1994 erotic drama movie. It is about an American who gets involved in an affair with another American in pre-World War II Paris. Audie England plays the American novelist Elena.

The movie is based on an erotic novel of the same name by Anaïs Nin.

This movie is rated NC-17 because of explicit sexuality. The movie was released in 1995 in the United States.

References

Other websites
 

1990s erotic movies
1994 drama movies
American erotic movies
American drama movies
NC-17 rated movies
Cigarettes & Alcohol

"Cigarettes & Alcohol" is the fourth single off English rock band Oasis' debut studio album Definitely Maybe. The song was released in 10 October 1994. The song was Oasis' second song to enter the UK top ten in the United Kingdom. The song was able to reach #7. It spent 35 weeks on the charts and re-entered Top 75 charts on several occasions until 1997.

It is the second case where Oasis was accused of plagiarism, the first being "Shakermaker". The main riff of Cigarettes & Alcohol is allegedly "borrowed" from "Get It On" by T. Rex, as well as "Little Queenie" by Chuck Berry. The song also bears a similarity to the opening of Humble Pie's cover of "C'mon Everybody".

References

Other websites
"Cigarettes & Alcohol" on YouTube

1994 songs
Oasis (band) songs
Tinglish

Tinglish is an English dialect used by Thai people. English is more complicated than the Thai language and English grammar is easily understood. Tinglish is a simple form of English that is usually hard to understand by English speakers. However, many words in Tinglish have a uniquely Thai pronunciation. Time can be a confusing subject in Tinglish. Thais use a 24-hour clock instead of a 12-hour clock.

References 

English language
The Shock of the Lightning

"The Shock of the Lightning" is the first single off English rock band Oasis' seventh and final studio album Dig Out Your Soul. The song was released in 22 September 2008 as a download and on 29 September 2008 as a physical copy.

Lead guitarist Noel Gallagher said of the song: "If 'The Shock of the Lightning' sounds instant and compelling to you, it's because it was written dead fast. And recorded dead fast. 'The Shock of the Lightning' basically is the demo. And it has retained its energy. And there's a lot to be said for that, I think. The first time you record something is always the best"

NME ranked the song #96 on their list of 100 Tracks of the Decade.

References

Other websites
"The Shock of the Lightning" on YouTube

2008 songs
Oasis (band) songs
The Hindu Times

"The Hindu Times" is the first single off English rock band Oasis' fifth studio album Heathen Chemistry. The song was released on 1 July 2002.

The Hindu Times was the band's sixth number one single on the UK Singles Chart. It stayed on the top for one week before it was overtaken by the Sugababes' cover of "Freak Like Me". The song was one of the first Oasis singles since the singles from the album (What's the Story) Morning Glory? to receive almost completely receive positive reviews from the critics.

In 2008, NME listed the song as one of the greatest indie anthems of the 2000s. In October 2011, NME ranked the song #143 on their list of "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years". In 2010, XFM listed it on their list of "1000 greatest songs of all time" list.

References

Other websites
"The Hindu Times" on YouTube

2002 songs
Oasis (band) songs
Sunday Morning Call

"Sunday Morning Call" is the third single off English rock band Oasis' fourth studio album Standing on the Shoulder of Giants. The song was released on 3 July 2000.

The music video for the song is a take on the movie One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The music video was shot in an old mental institute in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

References

Other websites
"Sunday Morning Call" on YouTube

2000 songs
Oasis (band) songs
Acquiesce

"Acquiesce" is a song that appeared on the B-side to Oasis' first UK #1 single, "Some Might Say". The song was released on 24 April 1995.

The song was included on the B-sides compilation album The Masterplan which was released in 1998, after it was voted for inclusion by fans of the band on their official website. The song was also released as one of the lead tracks to Oasis' Stop the Clocks EP, in promotion of their compilation album, Stop the Clocks.

The verses to "Acquiesce" are sung by Liam Gallagher and the chorus is sung by Noel (because, he claimed that Liam could not reach the high notes), making it the first song to ever feature both Gallagher brothers on lead vocals. The only other Oasis songs to feature both of them on lead vocals are "Put Yer Money Where Yer Mouth Is", from their 2000 album Standing on the Shoulder of Giants, "Born on a Different Cloud", from their 2002 album Heathen Chemistry, and "Let There Be Love", from their 2005 album Don't Believe the Truth.

References

Other websites
"Acquiesce" on YouTube

1995 songs
Oasis (band) songs
Live Forever (Oasis song)

"Live Forever" is the third single off English rock band Oasis' debut studio album Definitely Maybe. The song was released on 8 August 1994. 

The song was written by Noel Gallagher in 1991 before he joined Oasis. Live Forever was inspired by The Rolling Stones song Shine a Light. It featured an optimistic outlook which differed from the attitude of the grunge bands which were popular at that time. Noel Gallagher presented a fully composed "Live Forever" to the band for the first time in early 1993 during their rehearsals. According to drummer Tony McCarroll, the band were awed by it. The demo version of the song begins with an acoustic guitar intro. While recording the album version, the producer Owen Morris cut out the intro and replaced it with a drumbeat that was played by McCarroll. Morris further cut a second section in Gallagher's guitar solo. Although Gallagher was upset, Morris felt the part had sounded "a bit like fucking Slash from Guns N' Roses".

The song is understood to be an ode to Noel and Liam Gallagher's mother Peggy.In general, the lyrics to the song stress an optimistic outlook. Noel Gallagher explained that "At the time . . . it was written in the middle of grunge and all that, and I remember Nirvana had a tune called 'I Hate Myself and Want to Die', and I was like . . . 'Well, I'm not fucking having that.' As much as I fucking like him (Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain) and all that shit, I'm not having that. I can't have people like that coming over here, on smack, fucking saying that they hate themselves and they wanna die. That's fucking rubbish. Kids don't need to be hearing that nonsense." While Gallagher said that he did not intend "Live Forever" as a direct reply to Nirvana or their music (being a professed fan of the band), he differed the lives of Cobain and his band at that point, saying, "Seems to me that here was a guy who had everything, and was miserable about it. And we had fuck-all, and I still thought that getting up in the morning was the greatest fuckin' thing ever, 'cause you didn't know where you'd end up at night. And we didn't have a pot to piss in, but it was fucking great, man". Gallagher says that the line "We see things they'll never see" is the most important line of the song and explained that old friends tend to laugh at jokes and stories that "no one else gets".

References

Other websites
"Live Forever" on YouTube

1994 songs
Oasis (band) songs
Lord Don't Slow Me Down (song)

"Lord Don't Slow Me Down" is a song from English rock band Oasis. The song was released on 21 October 2007 as a download-only single. It was also released on a limited edition 12-inch single in promotion of the release of Oasis' rockumentary of the same name, Lord Don't Slow Me Down.

On 29 October, it debuted debuted at #10 on the UK Singles Chart and became Oasis' 21st UK top 10. The song was well received by both critics and fans. Noel Gallagher said of the song: "You know there's a DVD coming out for Christmas... somewhat predictably. The title track was so brilliant that the powers that be said 'let's just put it out'."

References

Other websites
"Lord Don't Slow Me Down" on YouTube

2007 songs
Oasis (band) songs
Melanocyte

Melanocytes are melanin-producing cells. They are most obvious in the skin, hair and eyes. They are in the bottom layer of the skin's epidermis, in hairs, and in the iris of the eye, and some places inside the body.  

Melanin is the pigment mostly responsible for skin and hair colour. It protects the skin against damage by UV radiation from the Sun. UV radiation causes damage to cell DNA, which makes skin cancer more likely. 

Melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) from the pituitary gland causes melanocytes to produce more melanin. They stimulate the production and release of melanin by melanocytes in skin and hair. MSH signals to the brain have effects on appetite and sexual arousal.

References 

Cells
Lisa Kennedy Montgomery

Lisa Kennedy Montgomery (stage name: Kennedy; born September 8, 1972) is an American political satirist, radio personality and former MTV hostess. She hosted Alternative Nation from 1992 to 1997. 

Kennedy Montgomery was born in Indianapolis, Indiana.

References

American television personalities
American radio personalities
Writers from Indianapolis, Indiana
1972 births
Living people
American political commentators
American LGBT rights activists
Human skin colour

Human skin colour is one of the most easily seen features of a person. It ranges in variety from the darkest brown to the lightest pinkish-white. Skin colour is inherited and is the result of natural selection. Skin pigmentation in human beings evolved mainly to control the amount of ultraviolet radiation penetrating the skin, thus reducing its effects.

The single most important substance deciding human skin colour is the pigment melanin. Melanin is produced within the skin by cells called melanocytes.   The red colour underlying the skin becomes more visible in white skin, especially in the face. In physical exercise or the stimulation of the nervous system (anger, fear), blood vessels expand.

There is a direct relationship between UV radiation (UVR) and the distribution of indigenous skin pigmentation around the world. Areas that have more UVR also have darker-skinned populations. Areas that are far from the tropics and closer to the poles have lower concentration of UVR, and lighter-skinned populations. Human populations have changed from dark-skinned to light-skinned as they left Africa about 100,000 years ago, and some have changed back to darker skin as they returned to higher UV zones.

Natural skin colour can also darken as a result of tanning due to exposure to sunlight. The leading theory is that skin colour adapts to intense sunlight to provide partial protection against the ultraviolet fraction which damages DNA of the skin cells and so produces mutations.

It is easy to see why dark skin is an advantage in the tropics as a partial defence against skin cancer. It is much less easy to see why a white skin is an advantage in colder climates. Researchers have suggested two reasons, and both probably play a part. The first is that, at a given temperature, a white skin radiates less heat than a black skin. The second is that in weaker sunlight the body tends to produce less vitamin D. There is a hypothesis that the selection for lighter skin is due to the need for higher vitamin D production. The change started as soon as populations moved north out of Africa.

In addition, adult human females are usually lighter in skin pigmentation than males. Females need more calcium during pregnancy and lactation. The body synthesizes vitamin D from the action of sunlight on the skin. Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium. Females evolved to have lighter skin so their bodies absorb more calcium.

The social significance of differences in skin color has varied across cultures and over time, as demonstrated with regard to social status and discrimination.

References 

People
Wendi McLendon-Covey

Wendi Anne McLendon-Covey (born October 10, 1969 in Bellflower, California) is an American actress, comedienne, writer and producer. She is known for her role as Rita in comedy Bridesmaids (2011), and as Beverly Goldberg in the ABC sitcom, The Goldbergs (2013–present). McLendon-Covey was nominated for a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014 for her role in The Goldbergs. She also starred in the movies What to Expect When You're Expecting (2012), The Single Moms Club (2014), Blended (2014), and Think Like a Man Too (2014). notable companies such as, Nickelodeon for Blaze and the Monster Machines, Disney for Fish Hooks, Pickle and Peanut, Cartoon Network for Long Live The Royals and Dexter and Dee Dee, Craig McCracken and Bob Boyle provided English dub and voice director also uncredited role in Nutri Ventures as Wendell McLendon in the credits.

References 

1969 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors