cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Chinese economic reform

The Chinese economic reform () refers to the economic reforms in the People's Republic of China between the 1970s and 1990s. They were led by the Communist Party of China and Deng Xiaoping and started in December 1978. They were also called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics".

Why reform? 
Before the eighteenth century, China had one of the world's largest and most advanced economies. Adam Smith agreed. However, Chinese economy began to slow down and even got worse by the 20th century. This was due to things like the First Sino-Japanese War and Second Sino-Japanese War.

How did they reform? 
The Communist Party began to fix the economy. It introduced market principles in 1978.

Part 1: In the 70s and 80s, they stopped requiring everybody to farm and stopped sending young people to the countryside. They also opened China to foreign investment, allowing people to start businesses. However, most businesses remained owned by the government.

Part 2: In the 80s and 90s, the PRC allowed much more private control of business (less government control, privatization). They removed price controls, protectionist policies, and regulations. Still state monopolies in banking and petroleum remained.

What happened next? 
The private sector grew remarkably, becoming 70% of China's gross domestic product by 2005. From 1978 until 2013, unprecedented growth happened, with the economy increasing by 9.5% each year.

After 2005, Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao controlled the economy more heavily, reversing some reforms. Xi Jinping undid some more reforms by allowing the government greater control in some areas of the economy.

Chinese society changed a lot because of these reforms. They greatly reduced poverty and increased average income. They have also led to China's rise as a world power.

References 

Pages with unreviewed translations
History of the People's Republic of China
Round-bottom flask

Round-bottom flasks (round-bottomed flasks or RB flasks) are types of flasks having spherical bottoms used as laboratory glassware.

They are used mostly for chemical or biochemical work. Today, they are usually made of heat-resistant borosilicate glass. There is at least one tubular section known as the neck with an opening at the tip. Two or three-necked flasks are made. Round bottom flasks come in many sizes.

References 

Glass
Laboratory equipment
Roelof Nelissen

Roelof Johannes Nelissen (4 April 1931 – 18 July 2019) was a Dutch politician and businessman. He was a member of the Catholic People's Party (KVP) (now the Christian Democratic Appeal). He was born in Hoofdplaat, Netherlands. Nelissen was the Deputy Prime Minister from 1971 to 1973 and Minister of Finance at the same time during the Barend Biesheuvel ministry. He was the CEO of the AMRO Bank from 1983 to 1991.

Nelissen died on 18 July 2019 in Hilversum, Netherlands at the age of 88.

References

1931 births
2019 deaths
Bankers
Catholic People's Party politicians
Deputy Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Dutch businesspeople
Dutch Roman Catholics
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Politicians from Zeeland
Jan Terlouw

Jan Cornelis Terlouw (born 15 November 1931) is a Dutch politician, physicist and writer. He is a member of the Democrats 66 (D66) party. Terlouw was born in Kamperveen, Netherlands. He was the Deputy Prime Minister and at the same time the Minister of Economic Affairs from 1981 to 1982 during the Dries van Agt ministry. A children's writer, his best known work is Winter in Wartime (Oorlogswinter, 1972).

References

1931 births
Living people
Democrats 66 politicians
Deputy Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Dutch children's writers
Dutch former Christians
Dutch physicists
Dutch provincial politicians
Former leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Members of the Senate of the Netherlands
Nuclear physicists
People from Kampen
Politicians from Overijssel
Writers from Overijssel
Ágnes Heller

Ágnes Heller (12 May 1929 – 19 July 2019) was a Hungarian philosopher and educator. She was a member of the Budapest School philosophical forum in the 1960s. She later taught political theory for 25 years at the New School for Social Research in New York City. She was born in Budapest.

Heller drowned while swimming at Lake Balaton in Balatonalmádi, Hungary on 19 July 2019, aged 90.

References

1929 births
2019 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning
Hungarian philosophers
Political scientists
Political writers
Hungarian educators
Hungarian writers
People from Budapest
Masha Gessen

Masha Gessen (born Maria Alexandrovna Gessen () 13 January 1967) is a Russian-American journalist, author, translator and activist. She is known for being a very vocal critic of the Russian President Vladimir Putin and American President Donald Trump. She was born in Moscow.

Gessen is openly a lesbian. She lives in New York City.

Gessen has written columns for The New York Times, The New York Review of Books, The Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, The New Republic, New Statesman, Granta, Slate, Vanity Fair, Harper's Magazine, The New Yorker, and U.S. News & World Report.  Since 2017, she has been a staff writer for The New Yorker.

References

1967 births
Living people
American LGBT rights activists
American political commentators
Jewish activists
Jewish American writers
Journalists from New York City
Lesbian Jews
LGBT journalists
LGBT people from New York City
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Russian Jews
Russian LGBT people
Translators
Writers from Moscow
Sheila Dikshit

Sheila Dikshit (née Kapoor; (31 March 1938 – 20 July 2019) was an Indian politician. She was born in Kapurthala, Punjab. Dikshit was a member of the Indian National Congress. She was a member of Lok Sabha (1984–1989), Chief Minister of Delhi (1998–2013) and Governor of Kerala (2014).

Dikshit died at a hospital in New Delhi on 20 July 2019 of cardiac arrest, aged 81.

References

Other websites
 Official profile, Government of Delhi website

1938 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Governors of Kerala
R. L. Bhatia

Raghunandan Lal Bhatia (3 July 1921 – 14 May 2021) was an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Kerala from 23 June 2004 to 10 July 2008 and was the Governor of Bihar from 10 July 2008 to 28 June 2009. He was born in Amritsar, Punjab. Bhatia was first elected to the Lok Sabha in 1972. He was a member of the Indian National Congress. Bhatia retired in 2009.

Bhatia died from COVID-19 at a hospital in Amritsar on 14 May 2021, less than two months before he turned 100.

References

1921 births
2021 deaths
Governors of Bihar
Governors of Kerala
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India
Rama Jois

Justice Mandagadde Rama Jois (27 July 1931 – 16 February 2021) was an Indian politician, activist and writer. He was a member of Rajya Sabha for the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was the governor of the Jharkhand and Bihar states. He was Chief Justice of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in 1992. He was born in Araga, Shivamogga District.

Jois died of cardiac arrest on 16 February 2021 in Bangalore, India at the age of 89.

References

1931 births
2021 deaths
Governors of Bihar
Governors of Jharkhand
Indian writers
Indian activists
Deaths from cardiac arrest
S. M. Krishna

Somanahalli Mallaiah Krishna (born 1 May 1932) is an Indian politician. He was Minister of External Affairs of India from 2009 to October 2012. He was a member of the Indian Parliament in the Rajya Sabha. Krishna was the 16th Chief Minister of Karnataka from 1999 to 2004 and the 19th  Governor of Maharashtra from 2004 to 2008.

References

1932 births
Living people
Governors of Maharashtra
S. C. Jamir

Senayangba Chubatoshi Jamir (born 17 October 1931) is an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Odisha from 2013 to 2018. He was the Chief Minister of Nagaland, Governor of Maharashtra, Governor of Gujarat, Governor of Goa and Governor of Odisha. Jamir is a member of the Indian National Congress. He was born in Ungma, Nagaland.

References

1931 births
Living people
Governors of Goa
Governors of Gujarat
Governors of Maharashtra
Governors of Odisha
K. Sankaranarayanan

Kateekal Sankaranarayanan (born 15 October 1932) is an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Maharashtra from 2010 to 2014. He also was the Governor of Nagaland and Jharkhand. He is a member of the Indian National Congress. He was born in Kerala.

References

1932 births
Living people
Governors of Arunachal Pradesh
Governors of Assam
Governors of Goa
Governors of Jharkhand
Governors of Maharashtra
Governors of Nagaland
R. D. Pradhan

Ram D. Pradhan (27 June 1928 – 31 July 2020) was an Indian politician. He was an Indian Administrative Service officer. He was Union Home Secretary and Governor of Arunachal Pradesh during the Rajiv Gandhi government. He was in service of the government of India for 36 years.

Pradhan died on 31 July 2020, aged 92.

References

1928 births
2020 deaths
Governors of Arunachal Pradesh
Jagannath Pahadia

Jagannath Pahadia  (15 January 1932 – 19 May 2021) was an Indian politician. He was known for being the former leader of the Indian National Congress party. He was the Governor of Haryana from 2009 to 2014, Governor of Bihar from 1989 to 1990 and the Chief Minister of Rajasthan from 1980 to 1981. He was born in Rajasthan.

Pahadia died of COVID-19 at a hospital in New Delhi, India on 19 May 2021 at the age of 89.

References

1932 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India
Governors of Bihar
Governors of Haryana
Axial Age

Axial Age (also Axis Age, from ) is a term invented by German philosopher Karl Jaspers. It refers to ancient history from between 8th to the 3rd century BCE. He says that this represents a turning point in human history.

New ways of thinking appeared in Iran, India, China and the Greco-Roman world. There were new religions and philosophies. Moreover they happened in parallel across Eurasia, without obvious contact.

What is it

References 

History of religion
Ancient history
CS1 German-language sources (de)
Pages with unreviewed translations
Attala County, Mississippi

Attala County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 19,564 people lived there. Its county seat is Kosciusko.

References 

1833 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Franklin County, Mississippi

Franklin County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 8,118 people lived there. Its county seat is Meadville. The county was founded on December 21, 1809 and named for Founding Father Benjamin Franklin.

References 

1800s establishments in Mississippi Territory
1809 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Jefferson County, Mississippi

Jefferson County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi; its western border is formed by the Mississippi River. As of the 2010 census, 7,726 people lived there. Its county seat is Fayette. The county was founded in 1799. It is named for U.S. President Thomas Jefferson.

References 

1799 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Mississippi Territory
Mississippi counties
Luminous intensity

In photometry, luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per solid angle unit, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd), an SI base unit.

Astronomy
Light
Measurement
Optics
Physical quantity
Physics
Physiology
SI units
Benton County, Mississippi

Benton County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 8,729 people lived there. Its county seat is Ashland.

References 

1870 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Bolivar County, Mississippi

Bolivar County is a county located on the western border of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 34,145 people lived there. Its county seats are Rosedale and Cleveland. The county was founded in 1836. It is named in honor of Simón Bolívar, early 19th-century leader of the liberation of many South American colonies from Spain.

References 

1836 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Robie Creek, Idaho

Robie Creek is a census-designated place (CDP) of Idaho in the United States.

Census-designated places in Idaho
Smiths Ferry, Idaho

Smiths Ferry is a census-designated place (CDP) in Valley County, Idaho, United States. As of the 2010 census, there were 75 people living there.

References 

Census-designated places in Idaho
Yellow Pine, Idaho

Yellow Pine is an unincorporated census-designated place of Valley County in the state of Idaho in the United States.

Unincorporated communities in Idaho
Census-designated places in Idaho
Garfield, Washington

Garfield is a city in Whitman County, Washington, United States. The population was 597 at the 2010 census, down from 641 in 2000.

References 

Towns in Washington
Leakey, Texas

Leakey is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Real County.

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Chickasaw County, Mississippi

Chickasaw County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 17,392 people lived there. Its county seats are Houston and Okolona.

References 

1836 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Hakuna matata

Hakuna matata means "no worries" in Swahili, a language of East Africa. The phrase was used in the Disney movie The Lion King in a song of the same name.

In 2003 Disney trademarked the phrase in the US. In 2018, some people accused Disney or "colonialism" and "robbery" for stealing the phrase from East Africa. The phrase is popular in Kenya, one of the countries where it came from. But because of the trademark, Kenyans are not allowed to sell stuff to the US that use that phrase.

References 

The Lion King
Baltimore oriole

The Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula) is a small icterid blackbird. It is common in eastern North America as a migratory breeding bird.

The Baltimore oriole is the state bird of Maryland. It is also the inspiration for the Baltimore Orioles baseball team.

References

Passeriformes
Maryland
Birds of North America
Cosmogony

Cosmogony is any theory of the origin of the universe.

Examples

Physics 

In astronomy, cosmogony is the study of the origin of things like the universe, the Solar System, or the Earth–Moon system. The popular cosmological model for the birth of the universe is the Big Bang theory.

It is generally accepted that the universe began as a singularity, and when the singularity of the universe started to expand, the Big Bang occurred, which began the universe.

People disagree on the origins of the singularity.

It may be like a black hole, which is a singularity sincegravity in a black hole becomes boundless.

Others like Stephen Hawking say "time" did not exist and was only born with the universe. Hence the universe does not have an origin story. Time did not exist before the creation of the universe.

There is currently no theoretical model that explains the earliest moments of the universe's existence (during the Planck time). This is because we lack a testable theory of quantum gravity. Still, some researchers in string theory, M theory, and loop quantum cosmology have some ideas.

Mythology 
There are certain myths that also propose how the universe was created: for example creation myths in the Bible, the Dào Dé Jīng, and other genesis stories. These usually involve

 a supreme being or god
 birth via sex between male and female gods
 or birth via the cosmic egg

The Eridu Genesis, written on Sumerian tablets, is one of the oldest creation myths. The universe was created from a sea (Abzu). In Greek mythology, Zeus created the universe from chaos.

It is not the same as cosmology 
Cosmology studies the universe in general. You can still study the universe without thinking about its origin, which is what cosmonogy studies specifically.

References 

Universe
Creation myths
Pages with unreviewed translations
Glauber dynamics

In statistical physics, Glauber dynamics is a way to simulate the Ising model (a model of magnetism) on a computer. It is a type of Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm.

The algorithm 
In the Ising model, we have say N particles that can spin up (+1) or down (-1). Say the particles are on a 2D grid. We label each with an x and y coordinate. Glauber's algorithm becomes:

 Choose a particle  at random.
 Sum its four neighboring spins. .
 Compute the change in energy if the spin x, y were to flip. This is  (see the Hamiltonian for the Ising model).
 If  flip the spin. That is if flipping reduces the energy, then do it.
 Else flip the spin with probability  where T is the temperature.
 Display the new grid. Repeat the above N times.

This tries to approximate how the spins change over time. The fancy term is that it is part of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, which roughly studies the time-dependent behavior of statistical mechanics.

History 
The algorithm is named after Roy J. Glauber, Nobel Prize winner and a Harvard physicist who worked at Los Alamos.

Related pages 
 Metropolis algorithm
 Ising model
 Monte Carlo algorithm
 Simulated annealing

References 

Subfields of physics
Fort William (India)

Fort William was the fort that was granted(britishers were allowed to construct it on the grounds of Bengal) to the britishers by the Nawab of Bengal for their short termed loyalty and sincerity they showed towards the Nawab.

British India
Kolkata
Tuvan People's Republic

Tuvan People's Republic was a partially recognized state that existed from 1921 to 1944. After 1944 it became part of the Soviet Union. Until 1926, it was also known as People's Republic Tannu-Tuva. Only two states recognized the it: the Soviet Union and Mongolia. Even when it existed, it was seen as a puppet state of the Soviet Union. Its economy was largely based on nomads raising and selling cattle. The republic was between the Siberian part of Russia, and Mongolia. The capital was the city of Kyzyl. Since 1992, the territory is known as the Tuvan Republic. It is a self-governing part inside the Russian state.

References 

1921 establishments in Asia
1944 disestablishments
1940s disestablishments in Asia
Former countries in Asia
Former countries of the Interwar period
Former republics
Former socialist republics
Geography of Russia
20th century in Mongolia
20th century in Russia
History of the Soviet Union
Siberia
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
Grizzy and the Lemmings

Grizzy and the Lemmings is an French animation series, produced by Studio Hari for France Télévisions and Boomerang. The Heart TV series has 156 episodes in 3 seasons. Season 1 was realised for Netflix on July 20, 2019.

Premise 
In a forest there is a Forest Ranger's house. When the ranger goes on weekends into vacations or leaves his cabin, a grizzly bear, named Grizzy comes in house. But he isn't alone - a group of blue Lemmings also want a comfortable and luxury live.

Characters
 Grizzy: Grizzy is a grizzly bear, he lives in the cabin of the forest ranger. 

 Lemmings: The Lemmings are a group of blue lemmings. They also want luxus and they want fun. They also make trouble with Grizzy. 

 She bear: The She bear is a female grizzly bear. Grizzy is loved in she. In season 2, she have got a new redisign.
 Other: There are also other animals, birds, insects like Mooses, chickens, frogs, Butterflies, forest flies, racoons etc. who lives in the Forest.

Seasons

Other websites 
 Grizzy and the Lemmings on Studio Hari's Website

Animated television series
Mark Sanford

Marshall Clement "Mark" Sanford Jr. (born May 28, 1960) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican. He was a U.S. Representative for South Carolina's 1st congressional district from 1995 to 2001. Sanford was then elected Governor of South Carolina from 2003 until 2011. He ran again for the U.S. House and was a congressman from 2013 to 2019. He lost in the 2018 Republican primary for his re-election bid.

Sanford is a teaching fellow at the University of Chicago Institute of Politics.

In July 2019, Sanford said that he was thinking of a 2020 presidential bid against President Donald Trump for the Republican nomination. He formally announced his candidacy on September 8, 2019. He dropped out from the race two months later on November 12.

References

1960 births
Living people
2020 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from South Carolina
Governors of South Carolina
Educators from Florida
Politicians from Florida
People from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
US Republican Party politicians
South Carolina Republicans
Educators from South Carolina
Word (computer architecture)

A word is the number of bits a particular computer's CPU can deal with in one go. 

Modern processors, including those in embedded systems, usually have a word size of 8, 16, 24, 32, or 64 bits.

Computing measurement
Raffaele La Capria

Raffaele La Capria (born 3 October 1922) is an Italian novelist and screenwriter. He is known for his series of three novels (the most important is "Ferito a morte") which were known as Tre romanzi di una giornata. La Capria was born in Naples. He was married to actress Ilaria Occhini until her death in July 2019.

He worked as co-scriptwriter on many of Francesco Rosi's movies, including Le mani sulla città (1963), Uomini contro (1970) and Cristo si è fermato a Eboli (1979). In September 2001 he won a Premio Campiello lifetime achievement award and in 2005 L'estro quotidiano was selected as the winner of the Viareggio Prize for fiction.

References

1922 births
Living people
Novelists
Italian screenwriters
People from Naples
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow

Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow (born 29 June 1957) is a Turkmen politician. He is the 2nd and current President of Turkmenistan since February 2007.

Berdimuhamedow, a dentist, worked in the government under President Saparmurat Niyazov as Minister of Health. He is the first dentist in the world to head a state or a government.

In February 2022, it was reported that Berdimuhamedow is planning to resign after an early presidential election the following month.

References

1957 births
Living people
Presidents of Turkmenistan
Current national leaders
Dictators
President of Turkmenistan

President of Turkmenistan (Turkmen:Türkmenistanyň prezidenti) is the head of state, head of government and the chief executive of Turkmenistan

Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow is the current President of Turkmenistan, only the second in the history of the country since it gained independence with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

The President is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan and the Chairman of the country's Cabinet of Ministers.

Term limits
The country passed reforms in 2016 eliminating term limits for the presidency and removing the age requirement of below 70, as well as extending the term from five to seven years.

Requirements for presidents and removal from office 
Requirements for candidates for President of Turkmenistan include the following:

 Must have been born in Turkmenistan
 Must be fluent in the Turkmen language
 Must be at least 40 years old 
 Must have resided in Turkmenistan for the past 15 consecutive years
 Must be employed

List of presidents

References

Other websites
U.S. State Department profile of Turkmenistan
Raşit Meredow

Raşit Öwezgeldiýewiç Meredow (Cyrillic: Рашит Өвезгелдиевич Мередов; born 1959) is a Turkmen politician. He is the Minister of Foreign Affairs since 2001, as well as a Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan. He is also the First Vice President of Turkmenistan since 2007 working for the Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow administration.

References

1959 births
Living people
Turkmenistan politicians
Vice presidents
People from Ashgabat
Eberhard Kummer

Eberhard Kummer (2 August 1940 – 12 July 2019) was an Austrian folk singer and lawyer. He was an expert of medieval music. Kummer was born in Krems an der Donau, Austria.  He played the hurdy-gurdy, the harp and the guitar, and made important works to medieval music and the Austrian folksong.

Kummer died on 12 July 2019 in Vienna at the age of 78.

References

1940 births
2019 deaths
Austrian singers
Austrian lawyers
Rosa María Britton

Rosa María Britton (July 28, 1936 – July 16, 2019) was a Panamanian doctor and novelist. She was born in Panama City. Her best known novels were: El ataúd de uso (1983), El señor de las lluvias y el viento (1984), No pertenezco a este siglo (1991), Laberintos de orgullo (2002) and Suspiros de fantasmas (2005).

Britton died on July 16, 2019 in Panama City at the age of 82.

References

1936 births
2019 deaths
Panamanian people
Novelists
Physicians
Daniel Callahan

Daniel Callahan (July 19, 1930 – July 16, 2019) was an American philosopher. He was an important person towards the field of biomedical ethics. He was the co-founder of The Hastings Center, the world's first bioethics research institute. He was the Director of The Hastings Center from 1969 to 1983, president from 1984 to 1996, and president emeritus from 1996 to 2019. He was the author or editor of 47 books. He was born in Washington, D.C..

Callahan died on July 16, 2019 in Dobbs Ferry, New York at the age of 88.

References

1930 births
2019 deaths
American philosophers
Writers from New York City
Writers from Washington, D.C.
John Elya

John Adel Elya (16 September 1928 – 19 July 2019) was a bishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. From 1993 to 2004, he was Eparch of Newton, with jurisdiction over Melkite churches in the United States. He was born in Maghdouché, Lebanon.

Elya died on 19 July 2019 at the age of 90.

References

1928 births
2019 deaths
Lebanese people
Bert Rechichar

Albert Daniel "Bert" Rechichar (July 16, 1930 – July 19, 2019) was an American football defensive back and kicker. He played with the National Football League's Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Colts, and Pittsburgh Steelers from 1952 to 1960. He also played for the American Football League's New York Titans in 1961. He was born in Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania.

Rechichar died on July 19, 2019 in Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania from an illness, aged 89.

References

1930 births
2019 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Pennsylvania
Indianapolis Colts players
Cleveland Browns players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania

Belle Vernon is a borough in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is near the Monongahela River. As of the 2010 census Belle Vernon had a population of 1,093.

References

Boroughs in Pennsylvania
Ilaria Occhini

Ilaria Occhini (28 March 1934 – 20 July 2019) was an Italian actress. She starred in more than 30 movies. Her best known roles were Doctor and the Healer, Welcome to Home Gori and Loose Cannons. Her husband was screenwriter Raffaele La Capria.

Occhini died in Rome on 20 July 2019 at the age of 85.

References

Other websites

1934 births
2019 deaths
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
People from Florence
José Manuel Estepa Llaurens

José Manuel Estepa Llaurens (1 January 1926 – 21 July 2019) was a cardinal of the Catholic Church and Military Archbishop Emeritus of Spain from 1986 to 2003. He was born in Andújar, Spain.

He was created Cardinal-Priest of S. Gabriele Arcangelo all’Acqua Traversa by Pope Benedict XVI in a consistory at St. Peter's Basilica on 20 November 2010. Because he had already reached age 80, he was not eligible to participate in a conclave.

Estepa Llaurens died on 21 July 2019 in Madrid at the age of 93.

References

Other websites
 

1926 births
2019 deaths
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
People from Madrid
Louis Lansana Beavogui

Louis Lansana Beavogui (28 December 1923 – 19 August 1984) was a Guinean politician. He was the first Prime Minister of Guinea from 26 April 1972 to 3 April 1984 and was interim President from 26 March 1984 to 3 April 1984.

Beavogui was born on 28 December 1923 in Macenta, French Guinea (now Guinea) and died of diabetes while hospitalized in Conakry, Guinea on 19 August 1984, aged 60.

References 

1923 births
1984 deaths
Prime Ministers of Guinea
Presidents of Guinea
Mayors
Diplomats
Deaths from diabetes
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Choctaw County, Mississippi

Choctaw County is a county in the central U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 8,547 people lived there. The county seat is Ackerman.

References 

1833 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Claiborne County, Mississippi

Claiborne County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 9,604 people lived there. Its county seat is Port Gibson.

References 

1800s establishments in Mississippi Territory
1802 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Clarke County, Mississippi

Clarke County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 16,732 people lived there. Its county seat is Quitman.

References 

1833 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Neshoba County, Mississippi

Neshoba County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 29,676 people lived there. Its county seat is Philadelphia.

References 

1833 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Copiah County, Mississippi

Copiah County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 29,449 people lived there. Its county seat is Hazlehurst.

References 

1820s establishments in Mississippi
1823 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Covington County, Mississippi

Covington County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 19,568 people lived there. Its county seat is Collins.

References 

1810s establishments in Mississippi
1819 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Forrest County, Mississippi

Forrest County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 74,934 people lived there. Its county seat and largest city is Hattiesburg.

References 

1900s establishments in Mississippi
1908 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
DeSoto County, Mississippi

DeSoto County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 161,252 people lived there which makes it the third-most populous county in Mississippi. Its county seat is Hernando.

References 

1836 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
George County, Mississippi

George County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 22,578 people lived there. Its county seat is Lucedale.

References 

20th-century establishments in Mississippi
1910 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Ryukyu Kingdom

The Ryukyu Kingdom is a country that no longer exists in present-day Okinawa. Before Japan took control of it during the Meiji Era, it was an independent country with its own culture, government, and language. Okinawa was a major trading center in Asia, so there are aspects of Chinese, Japanese, and other Asian cultures that were blended into the native Okinawan culture.

The name Ryukyu is a transcription of the Chinese name for the region, Liuqiu (written as 琉球 in Chinese characters).

Before the Ryukyu Kingdom was created, Okinawa was made up of three countries: Nanzan, Chuzan, and Hokuzan. Chuzan took over the other two kingdoms, united the three kingdoms, and created the Ryukyu Kingdom. The kingdom had its own dynasty of kings and they ruled from Shuri Castle in the city of Shuri. Although they used to be different cities, Shuri is now in the northern part of present-day Naha.

Okinawa Prefecture
History of Japan
Former monarchies of Asia

Ryukyu Islands
Shurijo

Shurijo or Shuri Castle was the palace where the Ryukyu kings lived before Okinawa became part of Japan. Since it was built when Okinawa was independent, the castle structure is very different from other castles in Japan. Shuri Castle is located in Shuri. Shuri was once the Ryukyu capital, but it is now part of the present-day city of Naha.

Throughout its history, it had been destroyed and rebuilt four times, including during the Battle of Okinawa. This is why the courtyard is a little asymmetrical, or lop-sided. It was a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

On the morning of 31 October 2019, a large fire broke out at the main hall of the castle. Seiden, Hokuden, Nanden and Bandokoro were completely destroyed. According to news sources, "Six castle buildings occupying some 4,200 square meters in total were [destroyed]." The fire was put out around 1:30 p.m.

References

Okinawa Prefecture
Grenada County, Mississippi

Grenada County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 21,906 people lived there. Its county seat is Grenada.

References 

1870 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Sweetwater, Texas

Sweetwater is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Nolan County.

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Shuri

Shuri was the capital of the former countries of Chuzan and later of the Ryukyu Kingdom, which were in present-day Okinawa. The Ryukyu kings would rule the kingdom from Shuri Castle. Today, it is a district of the present-day city of Naha. Shuri and Naha used to be different cities, but since Okinawa became part of Japan, Shuri would no longer be the capital. The Japanese government made Naha, which was a nearby port city, to be Okinawa's capital instead. Today, Shuri Station it is the last stop on the Okinawa Urban Monorail.

Okinawa Prefecture
Mamady Youla

Mamady Youla (born 1961) is a Guinean businessman and politician. He was the Prime Minister of Guinea from 29 December 2015 to 24 May 2018.

References 

1961 births
Prime Ministers of Guinea
African businesspeople
Living people
Okinawa Urban Monorail

The Okinawa Urban Monorail, or the Yui Rail, is a monorail train line in Naha, the capital of Okinawa, Japan. It is the only public train line in the entire prefecture, and right now the entire line is only in Naha. It has 15 stops, beginning from Naha Airport and ending in Shuri Station. There are plans to extend the line to Urasoe City. There are also plans to allow passengers to pay using Suica by the spring of 2020.

Okinawa Prefecture
Japanese railways
Social commentary

Social commentary is indirectly expressing an opinion on how society should change. Martin Luther, Jonathan Swift and Charles Dickens are among many people who wrote social commentaries.

Sociology
Low comedy

Low comedy is a form of comedy that is meant only to make people laugh without any satire or social commentary. Low comedy can have people getting drunk, getting hit in the face with pies, tripping over banana peels and getting wedgies.  The name "Low Comedy" was created by John Dryden. It is often seen as the opposite of High Comedy.

Comedy
Satire
High comedy

High comedy is a form of comedy based on wit, satire or clever dialogue.  The phrase was created by George Meredith in his 1877 Essay on Comedy in which he says that it is the opposite of low comedy.

Comedy
Satire
Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings

The Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings occurred on 20 July 1982. Members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army used a bomb in each park to attack British military ceremonies in central London.

In Hyde Park, a nail bomb in a car exploded. It killed four soldiers and seven horses.

In Regent's Park, a bomb underneath a bandstand killed seven military bandsmen.

References 

1982 in the United Kingdom
1980s crimes in the United Kingdom
1980s explosions in Europe
1980s in London
1980s murders in Europe
Attacks on buildings and structures in London
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1980s
Car and truck bombings in Europe
Explosions in London
July events
Mass murder in London
Mass murder in the 1980s
Provisional Irish Republican Army
Terrorist incidents in London
Terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom in the 1980s
Mainland Japan

Mainland Japan is the name used to describe all the regions of Japan except for Hokkaido and Okinawa. Until the end of World War II, the name included Hokkaido and Okinawa, but it excluded all the colonies of the Japanese Empire, including Korea and Taiwan. However, since the colonies are no longer under control of Japan, those places have no reason to call Japan "the mainland."

However, they are still used by residents of Okinawa and Hokkaido because their cultures and native people are different from the other parts of Japan.

In Hokkiado, the word Dogai is also used. It means every part of Japan outside of Hokkaido.

Japan
Japanese knotweed

Japanese knotweed (Persicaria japonica) is a perennial herbaceous plant.  It lives in Asian countries including Taiwan, Japan and southern China.

References

Plants of Asia
Korean Empire

The Korean Empire (Daehan Jeguk, ) lasted between 1897 and 1910. It was the last time Korea was unified and independent. After the First Sino-Japanese War, Korea was no longer a Chinese tributary state. But then in 1910, Japan annexed Korea. Korea became a Japanese colony until 1945. Then after the Korean War it split.

History of Korea
1897 establishments
1910 disestablishments
Empires
Japanese annexation of Korea

The Japanese annexation of Korea happened in 1910. The Empire of Japan annexed (made part of its territory) the Korean Empire. In Japanese it is also called 日韓併合、朝鮮併合、日韓合邦 which translate as annexation of Korea, annexation of Joseon (an old name of Korea), and unification of Japan and Korea. 

Then Japanese ruled Korea until 1945, after the Potsdam Conference at the end of World War II.

References

History of Korea
Pages with unreviewed translations
1910
20th century in Japan
Ellsworth County, Kansas

Ellsworth County (county code EW) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 6,497 people lived there. Its county seat is Ellsworth. Ellsworth is also the biggest city in the county.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.0%) is water. It is intersected by the Smoky Hill River.

Demographics

Government

Presidential elections

Education

Unified school districts
 Ellsworth USD 327
 Central Plains USD 112

Communities

Cities
 Ellsworth
 Wilson
 Kanopolis
 Holyrood
 Lorraine

References

Notes

More reading
 Standard Atlas of Ellsworth County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 70 pages; 1918.
 Plat Book of Ellsworth County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 41 pages; 1901.

Other websites

County
 
 Ellsworth County - Directory of Public Officials
Other
 Ellsworth County Independent Reporter (local newspaper)
 Kansas Post Offices, 1828-1961 (Ellsworth County)
Maps
 Ellsworth County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

Kansas counties
1867 establishments in Kansas
Hot pot

Hot pot is a popular food throughout China, and its popularity is increasing in other countries. Hot pot restaurants can be found in many places in China. Hot pot is a pot of boiling water, often with chili oil inside, where people put in whatever food they like to boil. Food that is cooked often includes thin slices of meat, starches, vegetables, mushrooms, and noodles. Chengdu and Chongqing hot pot are especially well-known throughout China and worldwide. In Japanese, the dish is called shabu-shabu.

Foods
Death Parade

is a 2015 Japanese anime television series. It was created, written, and directed by Yuzuru Tachikawa and produced by Madhouse. The television series aired in Japan between January 9, 2015 and March 27, 2015.

Story 
When someone dies, they are sent to one of many bars run by bartenders. There, they must play a Death Games with their souls on the line. The game reveals their secrets and what led them to their situation. Based on what is revealed, the bartender sends them for reincarnation or banishment into the void. The story is about Decim, a bartender of the bar where people who died at the same time are sent to. The place is also known as the Quindecim bar. His role in judging these souls changes when he meets a curious black-haired woman.

References
Birmingham pub bombings

The Birmingham pub bombings were carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army on 21 November 1974. Two bombs exploded in pubs in Birmingham, West Midlands, England, killing 21 people.

The first bomb exploded in the Mulberry Bush, killing ten people.

The second bomb exploded in the Tavern in the Town, killing eleven people.

A third bomb was planted in the doorway of a branch of Barclays bank. It was found by a policeman and did not explode. 

The Birmingham bombings were 20th century England's most deadly terrorist attack.

References 

1974 in Europe
1970s crimes in Europe
1970s disasters in Europe
1970s explosions
1970s in the United Kingdom
Attacks on bars
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1970s
Pub bombings
Building bombings in England
Mass murder in England
Mass murder in the 1970s
November events
Provisional Irish Republican Army
Terrorist incidents in the 1970s
List of heads of state of India

This is a list of the heads of state of India, from the independence of India in 1947 to the present day. The current head of state of India is Ram Nath Kovind, elected in 2017 after being nominated by BJP, the party run by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

From 1947 to 1950 the head of state under the Indian Independence Act 1947 was King of India, who was also the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other Dominions of the British Commonwealth. The monarch was represented in India by a Governor-General. India became a republic under the Constitution of 1950 and the Monarch and Governor-General were replaced by a ceremonial President.

Monarch (1947–1950)
The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.

Governor-General
The Governor-General was the representative of the Monarch in India and exercised most of the powers of the Monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the Monarch. After the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of India without the involvement of the British government. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice served as Officer Administering the Government.

President of India
Under the Constitution, of the Republic of India, the President replaced the Monarch as ceremonial head of state. The President is elected by the Electoral College for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice-President serves as Acting President.

Status

Standards

Living former heads of state
There are two living former Indian heads of state:

References

Lists of heads of state
Politics of India
Gravitino

A gravitino is a theoretical particle that physicists think will carry the force of gravity. There is no confirmation of the particle's existence.

Cosmology
Elementary particles
Quantum mechanics
Bepanah Pyaar

Bepanah Pyaar (English:  Endless Love) is an Indian romantic drama television series produced by Ekta Kapoor under her banner Balaji Telefilms. It premiered on 3 June 2019 on Colors TV. It stars Pearl V Puri, Ishita Dutta and Aparna Dixit as Raghbir, Pragati and Bani.

Synopsis 
The series revolves around two star-crossed lovers Raghbir and Bani who love each other endlessly but destiny brings them apart as Bani dies in an accident. Soon destiny brings Pragati in Raghbir's life.

Cast 

 Pearl V Puri as Raghbir Malhotra; Pragati's husband; Bani's former husband
 Ishita Dutta as Pragati Malhotra; Raghbir's wife
 Aparna Dixit as Bani Raichand; Raghbir's former wife

References 

Indian television series
Louisiana Territory

The Territory of Louisiana or Louisiana Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States. It was made from the former Louisiana (New France) on July 4, 1805. It lasted until June 4, 1812, when it was renamed the Missouri Territory.

Creation
On March 3, 1805, Congress passed legislation organizing the District of Louisiana into the Louisiana Territory, starting July 4, 1805.

The Territory was governed like how the Indiana Territory was governed.

Government
The capitol of government was in St. Louis.

The first territorial governor was James Wilkinson. He was chosen by President Thomas Jefferson. He also was a Senior Officer of the United States Army while he was governor.

References

Other websites
  Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase from the Library of Congress 

Midwestern United States
Louisiana
Grand Canal (China)

The Grand Canal or Dayunhe or Jing–Hang Grand Canal () is the longest and oldest canal and artificial river in the world. 

It starts in Beijing; passes through Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang; and ends in Hangzhou.

It connects China's two longest rivers: the Yellow River and the Yangzi. 

The oldest parts of the canal were built during the 5th century BC.  

The Sui dynasty (581–618 AD) added some other parts. Between 1271–1633, the Yuan dynasty (through Guo Shoujing and others) and the Ming dynasty improved it and built parts to direct water to Beijing. 

The total length is . Its greatest height is 42 m (138 ft) near the Shandong mountains.

Song Dynasty (960–1279) engineer Qiao Weiyue invented the pound lock in the 10th century. This allowed ships to travel higher and lower through the canal. 

The canal amazed many people throughout history including Japanese monk Ennin (794–864), Persian historian Rashid al-Din (1247–1318), Korean official Choe Bu (1454–1504), and Italian missionary Matteo Ricci (1552–1610).

Historically, flooding of the Yellow River threatened to break the canal. During wartime the canal was even used as a weapon: the dikes of the Yellow River were sometimes broken to flood the enemy troops. But this caused disasters and hurt the economy. 

The Canal has greatly improved China's economy and increased trade between the north and south. It is still used heavily to this day.

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

References

World Heritage Sites in China
Pages with unreviewed translations
Canals
Bodies of water of Asia
Primatologist

Primatology is the study of nonhuman primates. It is a diverse discipline, and primatologists can be found in biology, anthropology, psychology and other departments.

Strong intellectual traditions in primatology emerged after World War II in the US and Canada, Western Europe, and Japan. In the US, primatologists are usually trained as psychologists, anthropologists, or, less often, biologists or zoologists. 

Branches of zoology
Evolutionary biology
Primates
Psychology
Zoology
Nebraska Territory

The Territory of Nebraska was an organized incorporated territory of the United States. It existed from May 30, 1854, until March 1, 1867, when the part of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Nebraska. The Nebraska Territory was created by the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. The territorial capitol was Omaha. The territory included areas of what is today Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, North Dakota, Colorado, and Montana.

Other websites
 "Nebraska as a Territory," History of the State of Nebraska, Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1882
 History of Nebraska
 History of Nebraska State Government Organization (PDF)

Nebraska
Hancock County, Mississippi

Hancock County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 43,929 people lived there. Its county seat is Bay St. Louis. The county was created in 1812. It is named for Founding Father John Hancock.

The county is along the Gulf of Mexico and the state line with Louisiana.

References 

1810s establishments in Mississippi Territory
1812 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Holmes County, Mississippi

Holmes County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 19,198 people lived there. Its county seat is Lexington.

References 

1833 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Humphreys County, Mississippi

Humphreys County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 9,375 people lived there. Its county seat is Belzoni.

References 

20th-century establishments in Mississippi
1918 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties