cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
National symbols

National symbols are patriotic symbols representing nations and countries. Sometimes, symbols are used for cultural or ethnic groups that do not have their own country yet. 

National symbols try to unite people or send a message by representing the national people, values, goals, or history. People often honor their nation, country, or group by celebrating their national symbol.

Common official national symbols 
 The flag of a nation
 The coat of arms, seal (device) and stamp of the land and/or ruling dynasty
 The national colours
 Animals and plants/flowers, whether real or not
 Crosses or other symbols of religion
 National anthems, royal and imperial hymns
 The office of the Head of State
 The regalia of a monarchy, such as crown jewels
 The Father of the Nation and other founding fathers
 The Mother of the Nation and other honourable female leaders and politicians.

Common unofficial national symbols 
 National myths about the country's history or founding
 National epics
 National dishes
 National dress
 National holiday
 National instrument
 Nationalism (music)
 National pastimes
 Folk dances
 Folk hero
 Folk instrument
 Folk music
 Culture hero
 Tricksters
 Monuments and cliches associated with tourism
 National personifications
 Various other national emblems, including special plants, animals and objects associated with the nation,
 in a nation largely stamped by a particular religion, some of its mste revered symbols may be adopted as national symbols (occasionally even officially), e.g. the patron saint or equivalent deity, a major pilgrimage site, church or temple

Related pages
 National symbols of the United Kingdom
 National symbols of India
 National symbols of Pakistan
 National symbols of Bangladesh

 
Culture
Diego Ramírez Islands

The Diego Ramírez Islands are a group of islands. They are in the Drake Passage, about 100 km southwest of Cape Horn. The Ildefonso Islands are 93 km to the north-northwest. There is a group of 6 islands to the north, then there is a waterway of 3 km, then there is another group to the south. There is a weather station in one of the islands. The islands are an important nesting place for birds.

The islands belong to Chile, and are named after Diego Ramírez. They were first sighted on 12 February 1619 by Marco Ramirez of the Garcia de Nodal expedition, and named after the cosmographer of the expedition. They were the southernmost landmass known at the time. They kept this status for 156 years. In 1775, James Cook discovered the South Sandwich Islands, which are much farther south.

The Chilean Navy built a meteorological station above Caleta Condell, a small cove on the northeast side of Isla Gonzalo (Gonzalo Island), in 1957, and resupply it several times each year. This is the southernmost manned outpost of South America (including islands), even if the South Sandwich Islands are regarded as part of South America. The Argentinian station on Thule Island was taken down in June 1982  after the Falklands War. The next southerly manned outpost of South America is the lighthouse of Cape Horn. Cruise ships sometimes pass by on their way to and from Antarctica.

The archipelago has 2 groups. The North group is smaller and is named as Rocas del Norte. There are 5 islands in this group, Islote Cabezas, Islote Peñailillo, Isla Norte, Islote Martínez and Islote Mendoza. In the South group are many islands, for example; Islote Santander, Islotes Vergara, Isla Bartolomé (the principal island), Islote Pontevedra, Islote García, Isla Gonzalo (the second longest) and Islote Ester.

All the islands have moss on the ground, and they have a cold climate all year, with much rain every month. Because of how far south they are, there is a strong wind from the west.

References

Islands of Chile
Theme Hospital

Theme Hospital is a simulation computer game developed by Bullfrog and EA Games. It was published in 1997. The game is quite humorous.

The Game

In the game, the player must build and operate a hospital. There are different rooms you can build. These are to diagnose the patient and to treat the illness.

Some illnesses are quite unusual. One is the bloaty head disease where the patient's head blows up. Another is the slack tongue disease, where the patient has an unusually long tongue.

Other websites
 Theme Hospital Clinic  (a fansite and strategy guide)

Simulator video games
1997 video games
Electronic Arts video games
Pontin's

Pontin's is a holiday company which was founded by Fred Pontin in 1946. It is now owned by Trevor Hemmings and has eight centres in England and Wales.

Other websites 
 Pontin's official website

Companies of the United Kingdom
Shops
Holidays
Twin prime conjecture

The twin prime conjecture is a mathematical theory. It says that it is possible to find two twin primes that are as big as wanted.

Twin primes are prime numbers that differ by two. For example, 3 and 5 are both prime and differ by two. They are twin primes. 23 is prime, but it is not a twin prime. The primes nearest to 23 are 19 and 29. Twin primes were discovered by Euclid in 300 B.C.

Since Euclid's time mathematicians have wondered whether there are an infinite number of twin primes. Many mathematicians are still trying to find the answer.

References

Prime numbers
Conjectures

en:Twin prime conjecture
fr:Conjecture des nombres premiers jumeaux
Mud

Mud is a mixture of soil, silt, loam or clay, mixed with and water. It is a type of soil that is also called "clay soil".  Others include the sandy soil, or sand, and garden soil.  Wet mud has a soft wet texture. 

Young children sometimes play in puddles of mud.  Mud is usually brown.  
Some animals including worms, frogs, snails, clams, and crayfish live in mud.  Pigs and elephants use it to cool themselves in hot weather.  Some people enjoy making mud pies out of mud. 

Great river systems like the Amazon bring down to the delta immense amounts of mud which ends up in the sea outside the fan of the river mouth. Mudrock is what the mud may become millions of years later. Mudrocks make up fifty percent of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record, and are easily the most widespread deposits on Earth.

Related pages
Mudstone

References 

Soil
Sedimentary rocks
Dwarf planet

Dwarf planet is the name used to classify some objects in the solar system. This definition was made on August 24, 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), and can be described as; a dwarf planet is a body orbiting the Sun that is big enough to round itself by its own gravity, but has not cleared its orbital path of other rival bodies. At the same meeting the IAU also defined the term planet for the first time. Some astronomers think that the term "dwarf planet" is too confusing and needs to be changed.

The seven dwarf planets, in order from their distance from the Sun are:
 Ceres (in the Asteroid belt)
 Orcus
 Pluto (Pluto was named by an 11-year-old girl because it was the initials of the astronomer who found it. )
 Haumea
 Makemake
 Eris
 Sedna

The dwarf planets, unlike the terrestrial and gas giant planets, are in more than one region of the solar system. Ceres is in the asteroid belt. The high orbital eccentricity of Pluto puts it mostly outside Neptune's orbit, but partly inside. The others are in the trans-Neptune region.

NASA's Dawn and New Horizons missions reached Ceres and Pluto, respectively, in 2015. Dawn had already orbited and observed Vesta in 2011.

There are many other dwarf planets in the solar system. Most of them are also Kuiper belt objects.

Discovery
 Ceres was found by Giuseppe Piazzi on January 1, 1801. Classified as a dwarf planet on September 13, 2006.
 Pluto was found by Clyde W. Tombaugh on February 18, 1930. Reclassified as a dwarf planet on August 24, 2006
 Haumea was found by a team led by Mike Brown on December 28, 2004. Accepted as a dwarf planet on September 17, 2008.
 Makemake was found by a team led by Mike Brown on March 31, 2005. Accepted as a dwarf planet on July 11, 2008.
 Eris was found by Mike Brown and his science team on January 5, 2005. Accepted as a dwarf planet on September 13, 2006.

Other websites 
 Dwarf planet Citizendendium

 
Solar System
Blue peafowl

The blue peafowl or Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) is a bird native to the Indian subcontinent.

References

Birds of India
Birds of Pakistan
Green peafowl

The green peafowl (Pavo muticus) is a bird that is native to Southeast Asia.

References

Birds of Asia
Nintendo Virtual Boy

The Nintendo Virtual Boy was a mostly-portable (easily moved) game console which had two screens that showed only red and black graphics. To use the system, one had to put one's face close to the system so that each eye could see only one screen. By showing each eye a different image, the system could create a 3D effect.

The way the system displayed images was not by LCDs, as some would think. At the time, LCDs could not be used because they had two problems when they were first tested on the console: they would blur if anything moved on the screen, and users would see double instead of depth. Instead, a vertical line of 224 very bright, but very small, LEDs were used for each eye. These LEDs flashed on and off very fast in certain patterns. This line of LEDs was then magnified by a lens, and a vibrating mirror would reflect each line at a certain time into each eye, creating a full image due to the human eye's persistence of vision. Unfortunately, due to the quick flashing of the LEDs, many users felt sick, became dizzy, or had headaches after playing for a long time. To help this, an "automatic pause" feature was added, which stopped the game play every 30 minutes for the player to rest his or her eyes.

The Virtual Boy was first sold in 1995, but was not popular. Consumers did not like the console's high price, monochrome graphics, eye and neck strain, and need for a stand. Many were saving money for the soon-to-be-sold Nintendo 64. Nintendo lowered the price many times, but the system did not sell well and was discontinued (Nintendo stopped making them) in 1996. Only 22 games were released in Japan and North America. Virtual Boy sold 770,000 units.

Popular games for the system include Mario Tennis and Virtual Boy Wario Land (Known as Wario Cruise in Japan).

The Virtual Boy was made by Gunpei Yokoi, who also made the Game Boy and Game & Watch.

People rumored that Gunpai Yakoi made the Virtual Boy as a parting gift, but unfortunately it failed.

There was a Japan version of the Virtual Boy, (Family Computer 3-D System) it played in color and indeed, played in 3-D.

References

Nintendo video game consoles
Handheld video games
Duke University

Duke University is a private university in Durham, North Carolina, founded in 1838. It was formed by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity.  The school moved to Durham in 1892.

It has advanced research.  Some famous people including former President of the United States, Richard Nixon<ref>Richard M. Nixon. The White House.'.' Retrieved July 25, 2011.</ref> went to the school. In its 2012 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked the university's undergraduate program 10th among national universities.America's Best Graduate Schools 2009. U.S. News & World Report, 2009. Retrieved on April 23, 2009.

Duke has good libraries, such as Bostock Library. It also has a famous medical school and law school. The school's colours are blue and white and its president is Richard Brodhead.

Duke University owns 220 buildings on  of land.  This includes the  Duke Forest.

Duke University has own press Duke Univeristy Press''.

Athletics 
Duke has 26 varsity sports teams, known as the Blue Devils.  Duke's athletic programs are considered among the very best in the NCAA.  Duke's teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference.

Its Men's Basketball Team under coach Mike Krzyzewski has won the NCAA Tournament four times, and bought out the 2015 title as well. In football The Blue Devils have won seven ACC Football Championships.  They have had ten players honored as ACC Player of the Year (the most in the ACC), Duke's teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference.

References 

Association of American Universities
Atlantic Coast Conference
Colleges and universities in North Carolina
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
1838 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in North Carolina
King of the Hill

King of the Hill was an American animated cartoon that ran from 1997 to 2010 on FOX. It featured a husband, a wife, a son, and their live-in niece. FOX, the network running the series, would not be showing new episodes anymore after its 13th and final season. The final four episodes aired in May 2010.

Characters on King of the Hill

 Hank Hill - An American propane and propane accessory salesmen living in Arlen, Texas, who believes in old-fashion ideals and watches modern society go down the drains. His favorite football team is the Dallas Cowboys. He is married to Peggy and loved his bad and former dog Ladybird. He is 43, then 44, then 45 years old.
 Peggy Hill - a substitute Spanish teacher at Arlen high school, desperate to work and outdo other rivals.  She writes a column in the local newspaper, then she got fired and then worked in real estate, before quitting only to come back. She is married to Hank. She is 42, then 43, then 44 years old.
 Robert "Bobby" Hill - A strange Jr. High student who plays soccer, although Hank wants him to play football. He is 11, then 12, then 13 years old.
 Luanne Platter - a hairdresser who lives with the Hills. Hank desperately wants her to go to college or get an apartment. She is married to Lucky and has a child. Luanne yelled at Cotton. She is 19, then 20, then 21 years old.
 Dale Gribble - A crackpot conspiracy theorist who believes the government is out to get everyone—and everyone else is out to get him.  Dale always comes out with snappy comments to annoy Hank. He also uses an alias called "Rusty Shackleford". He is married to Nancy even though she cheats on him with John Redcorn. Dale was Hank's best friend. He is 43, then 44, then 45 years old.
 William "Bill" Dauterive - A tortured constantly depressed victim of divorce, who is an Army barber and was Hank's best friend. He is 43, then 44, then 45 years old.
 Jeffrey "Jeff" Boomhauer - A ladies man who talks very fast, almost in gibberish, and loves old muscle cars. He is 46, then 47, then 48 years old.
 Carton "Carl" Moss - A former high school football player, friends with Hank, and former school principal.

See also 
Jack Einahr C. Mendoza

Other websites 
King of the Hill on Retrojunk

1997 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
1990s American animated television series
2000s American animated television series
2010s American television series
Fox television series
Television series set in Texas
English-language television programs
Hairdresser

A hairdresser's job is to organise hair into a particular style or "look". They can cut hair, add colour to it or texture it. A hairdresser may be female or male. Qualified staff are usually called "stylists", who are supported by assistants. Most hairdressing businesses are unisex, that is, they serve both sexes, and have both sexes on their staff.

Male hairdressers who simply cut men's hair (and do not serve females) are often called barbers.

Qualifications for hairdressing usually mean a college course, or an apprenticeship under a senior stylist. Some aspects of the job are quite technical (such as hair dying) and require careful teaching.  

Personal service occupations
Hair
Northern bluefin tuna

Northern bluefin tuna are the largest kind of tuna fish. They live for 11 to 26 years. It is one of the largest, fastest, and most colorful of all the world’s fishes.

Origin 
Their name comes from the Latin: Thunnus Thynnus

Appearance 

The normal size is 6.6 ft (2 m) at about 1,100 lb (500 kg). The I.G.F.A. record for a bluefin caught on rod and reel is 1,496 lb.

Feeding habits 
Bluefins feed on mackerel, herring, mullet, whiting, squid, eels, and crustaceans. They are very powerful and fast and can swim at speeds up to 50 mph.

Catching areas 
The following are percentages of tuna caught in different regions in the world.

 40% North-West Pacific
 19% North-East Atlantic
 6% North-West Atlantic
 35% Mediterranean

References

Bony fish
Vending machine

A Vending machine is an automatic machine that sells food or drink or other items.  An automated teller machine is a kind of vending machine, as are arcade games and bulk vending machines for toys or prizes, or anything that vends a physical item, service, or fun in exchange for money.  Vending machine foods include snacks such as potato chips, chocolate bars, and candy.  Hot vending machine drinks include coffee, tea, and hot chocolate. Cold vending machine drinks include juice, bottled water, and soft drinks. Other merchandise includes newspapers or cigarettes. Vending machines in bathrooms sometimes sell condoms, mouthwash, or toothpaste and toothbrushes. 

The machines usually work when some money (usually coins or paper money) is put in a slot. Then, a button needs to be pushed, or a lever pulled.  If there is enough money, the selected item will be dropped to a tray, where it can be taken out by hand.  Ticket vending machines will print the ticket.  Older vending machines were all mechanical, but most newer ones are partly electronic.  Many modern vending machines can accept debit or credit cards in addition to cash.

The first vending machine came about during 1st century AD in Roman Egypt and was invented by the Roman mathematician and engineer, Hero of Alexandria.  It dispensed a certain amount of holy water, so people would not take much of it from the temple.  People dropped tokens to release a certain amount of water.

In 1615, small machines that dispensed tobacco were placed in English taverns.  In 1822, Richard Carlile, an English bookseller and publisher, created a machine that dispensed banned works, thus, allowing readers to purchase them.  During the 1850s and 60s, the first, fully-automatic vending machine was introduced which sold stamps and writing paper.  By the 1880s, coin-operated vending machines were introduced in London and Percival Everitt invented a machine that dispensed envelopes, postcards and notepapers. In 1887, Sweetmeat Automatic Delivery Company set up multiple vending machines in England, which sold chocolates, chewing gums, perfumes and matches. In 1888, United States of America had its first vending machine, set up by the Thomas Adams Gum Company, which sold tutti-frutti gum. In 1907, one of the early models of the modern-day gumball dispensing machines came out. Through the 1940s and 1950s, soda-vending machines also became popular. Due to this, Coca-Cola immensely increased their sales and currently, has one of the largest number of vending machines in the world.

Japan has a reputation for having some of the most innovative uses of automated vending, providing machines that offer fresh fruits and vegetables, sake, hot foods, batteries, flowers, clothing and, of course, sushi. Japan has the highest per capita rate of vending machines in the world.

References 

Commerce
Cape Horn

Cape Horn (; ) is a cape. It was named for the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands. It is the southernmost land area of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile. Many people see Cape Horn as the southern tip of South America. Cape Horn is the most southerly of the great capes. The Drake Passage is directly to the south of it. For many years, it was a major milestone on the clipper route by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. The waters around the cape are very dangerous because of strong winds, large waves, and icebergs. These reasons have made it notorious as a sailors' graveyard.

Today, the Panama Canal has greatly reduced the need for cargo ships to travel via the Horn. However, sailing around the Horn is widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting, and a number of recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe. Several prominent ocean yacht races, notably the Vendée Globe, sail around the world via the Horn, and speed records for round-the-world sailing follow the same route.

Geography of Chile
Capes
Peninsulas
Iceberg

An iceberg is a large piece of ice floating in the sea.  They are generally found in cold water near the North or South Pole. Icebergs are especially common during spring, when ice has begun to melt. About 90% of an iceberg is below the water line and ten percent above. Just by looking at the part you can see, it is hard to tell how the part underwater looks, and how close you can get before crashing into it.

Icebergs break off from larger structures made of ice, like glaciers or ice shelves. These are formed by snowfall in very cold places where it will not melt in the summer. The snow builds up and compacts into ice. This is gradually pulled downhill by gravity and into the sea. The ice then falls off and makes icebergs. The icebergs can drift in the sea for years before they have melted completely.

History 
The first person to give a correct scientific explanation of this phenomenon was Mikhail Lomonosov, around 1750. The density of ice is about 0.92 kg per liter, that of sea water is about 1.025 kg per liter. For this reason, 920 parts of the 1025, or about 90 percent, of the iceberg's volume need to be below the water line. Lomonosov grew up on the shore of the White Sea in the European part of Russia. He studied in Marburg, and is credited with introducing the word iceberg into the Russian language.

Icebergs are very dangerous to ships, and many ships have sunk after crashing into icebergs. The most famous one was RMS Titanic in 1912.

The largest iceberg people know about was called B-15. It broke off from the Antarctic ice shelf in the year 2000, and was as large as the island of Jamaica (over 10,000 km2). It soon started to break up into smaller pieces, some of which still remain in 2008.

Icebergs are affected by global warming.

References 

Water
Circumnavigation

Circumnavigation originally meant going around something, by ship. Usually, it means people going around the world. The first known circumnavigation was done by Fernão de Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan), from 1519 to 1522. Magellan took five ships and went west, from Spain. He discovered a waterway which is now named after him, the Strait of Magellan. Magellan died in a fight with natives on the Philippine island Mactan in April 1521. The voyage was completed under command of Juan Sebastián Elcano. Elcano returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, where the voyage had started, with 18 survivors and valuable cargo in 1522. This proved that the earth was a globe.

Other Famous circumnavigations
 1577-1580 led by the Englishman Francis Drake
 1586-1588 by Thomas Cavendish
 1598-1601 by the Dutchman Olivier van Noort
 1614-1617 by Georg Spielberg, a German who sailed for the Dutch
 1766-1769 by Louis Antoine de Bougainville (The first French circumnavigation)
 1803-1806 by Adam Johann von Krusenstern, first Russian circumnavigation

Water transport
Glacier

A glacier is a large body of ice and snow. It forms because the snow in an area does not all melt in summer. Each winter, more snow is added. The weight of all the snow creates pressure. This pressure turns the lower parts of the snow into ice. After this happens for many years, the glacier will start growing large. It becomes so heavy that gravity causes the ice to move. It flows downwards like water but very slowly. A glacier only moves about  per year. New snowfalls replace the parts that flow away.

Glaciers are the largest sources of fresh water on Earth. The largest bodies of salt water are the oceans.

Creation 

Glaciers will only form in places that are cold enough and get enough snow over time. This can take a long time. It often takes tens or hundreds of years for a glacier to form. There are two kinds of glaciers: continental glaciers and alpine glaciers. Alpine glaciers are also called mountain glaciers.
 Continental glaciers are glaciers that spread out over a large area of land.  They were created mostly during the Ice Ages a long time ago. There are still some continental glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica. They often flow downwards into the sea and break up. The broken parts that float in the sea are called icebergs.
 Alpine glaciers form in mountain areas. They are smaller than continental glaciers. Alpine glaciers usually flow until they reach a point where the temperature is warm enough that the ice melts completely during the summer.

Effects
Glaciers are very important. They have a large effect on the environment. They do this because they are very large and heavy. When they move, they erode mountains and land. Also, since they froze long ago, snow crystals and air bubbles inside are kept in good condition. These can provide a large amount of information for scientists. Recently glaciers have been melting more than they did in the past. Many scientists think this is happening because global warming is changing the climate.

Appearance 
Glaciers are blue in color. This is because water is very good at absorbing light. Only the strongest light, with the most energy, is able to escape. Blue is the color of light that has the most energy. Because of this, blue is the only color of light that can escape without being absorbed. The thicker the glacier is, the more blue it appears.

References

Uncited references

Other websites 

 Swisseduc - Glaciers online Website on Glaciers in English and German
 Time lapse movies of Grosser Aletschgletscher
 Illustrated glossary on Glaciers online, in English and German
 Glacier information for schools
 National Snow and Ice Data Center - Glaciers 
 USGS Glacier Studies Project 
 Glaciers and Glacial Hazards - USGS
 2003-08-15 Scientists Rewrite Laws Of Glacial Erosion
 Fjords National Park, Alaska
 NOVA scienceNOW - A 7-minute video of the NOVA broadcast of July 26, 2005. Hosted by Robert Krulwich, the video is about the world's fastest glacier and why it is moving too fast.

Landforms
Sight-reading

Sight-reading (or sight-singing for singers) is the ability to play music that one has never seen before.  It is important to be able to read music well in order to sight-read.

Many people who learn to play an instrument will take examinations from time to time.  One of the tests that is usually required for an examination is some sight-reading.  

People who find it hard to read music will find it hard to sight-read.  The best way to improve is by regular practice. People who play in orchestras will need to be good sight-readers because they often have to play music that they have never seen or heard before.  

People who learn the piano often find sight-reading hard because they have to read two staves at once (one for each hand).  Playing through lots of easy music is a good way to improve.  Playing piano duets with a friend is also great fun. 

When someone is reading aloud their eyes are looking several words ahead of the word they are speaking.  In the same way a good sight-reader will try to look ahead of the notes he is playing.  The player is "anticipating" (thinking about what is going to happen next).  In this way he can try to make the music expressive, even if it means leaving out some of the notes.

A good sight-reader will be able to see the printed music and imagine what the notes should sound like.  In this way he will not need to keep looking at his fingers to check whether he is playing the correct notes.

Some pianists are very good at sight-reading.  The pianist John Ogdon was able to read extremely difficult modern music at first sight.

Related resources
SightReadingMastery
Fast Keys

Musical performance techniques

de:Notation (Musik)#Blattspiel
Toothbrush

The toothbrush is a tool to clean teeth. The toothbrush has a small brush at the end of a handle. Toothpaste, which often contains fluoride, is commonly added to a toothbrush to help clean the teeth. Both toothpaste and toothbrushes come in many different colours. Toothpastes can also come in many different flavours. Nice toothbrushes (especially electrical) can make toothbrushing fun and help your child on the way to perfect oral health.

Invention 
Toothbrushes were first invented by a prisoner. Before anyone had thought of a toothbrush, people kept their teeth clean by chewing on a stick until one end got soft and frayed like a brush. Sometimes they dipped a finger in chalk or salt and then rubbed their teeth. Toothpicks were another way to take care of teeth, and toothpicks were very fancy then. They were made of gold or jewels, and people would stick them in their hats or hang them on necklaces when they were not using them. 

The first brushes came from China, where the Chinese made them out of hairs pulled from the back of wild hogs. The kind of toothbrush we know came from William Addis. He worked on the toothbrush while he was in jail. First, he saved a bone from one of his meals and poked some holes in it. The prison guard gave him some bristles. Joseph tied the bristles into little bundles, cut them to make them even, put glue on the ends, and stuffed them into the holes. The company he started still make millions of toothbrushes every year.

Etymology
The word toothbrush came from the two parts of the word, first a noun and then a verb or noun. The action of brushing teeth with a toothbrush is basically the use of the invention of Joseph Addis.

References

Tools
Teeth
Hygiene
20s BC



Events

Important people 
 Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor (27 BC – 14).
Homeostasis

Homeostasis  is self-regulation, a basic property of all self-organising systems. In biology, it is the keeping of a stable internal environment.

Homeostasis is life's ability to stay balanced, when the environment changes. Animals keep their body in a stable condition. They do so by regulating their inner equilibrium . For example, they adjust their pH, temperature, amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the blood and so on. In living things, the study of how they keep in a stable condition is called physiology. Mostly, our physiology works unconsciously throughout life. We have many negative feedback systems which adjust our physiology so that we stay alive. These systems are self-organising and do not need to be learnt. They are inherited.

The concept was described by Claude Bernard, and the term was later coined by Walter Cannon in 1926, 1929, and 1932. Walter Cannon thought these were the features of homeostasis:
Constancy in an open system, such as our bodies, is done by mechanisms which maintain this constancy. Cannon based this on insights into the ways by which steady states such as glucose concentrations, body temperature and acid-base balance were regulated.
To keep a steady-state condition, any change automatically meets with factors that resist change. An increase in blood salt results in thirst as the body attempts to dilute the concentration of salt in the extracellular fluid.
The regulating system doing homeostasis has a number of cooperating mechanisms which act simultaneously or successively. Blood sugar is regulated by insulin, glucagons, and other hormones that control its release from the liver or its uptake by the tissues.

Examples of homeostasis:
 The operation of a thermostat
 The regulation of water and minerals in the body 
 The regulation of body temperature: mammals and birds have complicated systems which keep their body temperature within close limits.

In mammals, the main organs involved with homeostasis are:
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland
the lungs
the skin
the muscles
the kidneys
the liver and pancreas
The brain is also central to homeostasis. It controls behaviour, and the basic function of behaviour is to support life by taking action.

References

Related pages
Biology
Biochemistry
Physiology
Cybernetics

Physiology
Systems theory

lt:Savireguliacija
Toilet

A toilet is a place where humans get rid of waste that comes from their bodies (urine and feces). Most toilets use water to flush the waste through plumbing into a sewage system. However, some modern toilets do not use water, and are called dry toilets.

A room that has a toilet can be called a "restroom" or "bathroom" in the United States. In other places it may be called the toilet or the water closet (WC).

Toilets in homes 

Almost all modern buildings have at least one toilet. In the home, a toilet may or may not be in the same room as a shower or a bathtub. Some toilets are outside, in an "outhouse".

In developing countries, many people do not have a toilet in their home. More than 4.5 billion people do not have access to toilets.

Public toilets 

A public toilet may or may not cost money to use. Toilets that cost money are called "pay toilets".

Public bathrooms often have many toilets with walls between them. This makes areas called stalls (US) or cubicles (UK). Bathrooms for men often also have separate urinals. Urinals can either be on the wall for a single user, or a basin or trough for many men to use at the same time. Urinals on walls sometimes have small walls or dividers for privacy reasons.

Outdoor public toilets (in the street, around parks, etc.) are a form of street furniture. These toilets are in individual cubicles. Some are simple and have little or no plumbing. Others are less simple, and some toilets even clean themselves after every use.

Some toilet-cubicles are mobile and can be put in place where and when they are needed. These toilets are called "portable toilets". Portable toilets are commonly used at large outdoor events like concerts, festivals or carnivals.

Inventions 
In 1775, Alexander Cumming patented the S-bend. This was crucial in the development of the flushing toilet. It was a simple length of pipe with a curve in it.

 
Every day, toilets use 141 billion liters of water to flush waste. Engineers try to make toilets that do not need so much water. In 2019, one group made a chemical to put in  toilets to make them more slippery so that the waste flushes away with only a little water.

References

Other websites 

Toilet guide for travelers
Public Toilet Near Me
World Toilet Day celebrated on November 19
World Toilet Organization

Home
Waste management
Psittacosis

Psittacosis is a bacterial disease that can be caught from birds such as parrots, pigeons, and parakeets. The disease is not common, with only 50 reported cases in the United States each year.

Psittacosis usually gives flu-like symptoms, such as fevers, chills, headaches, muscle aches, and a dry cough. The disease can also look like pneumonia on an x-ray. In rare cases, Psittacosis can cause endocarditis - swelling of joints, and swelling of the cornea. 

Psittacosis can be easily treated with antibiotics, especially with Tetracycline. The disease rarely kills people, with only 1% of those who get the disease dying.

Diseases caused by bacteria
Lagomorpha

Lagomorpha is a mammal order. It includes pikas, rabbits and hares. Although the lagomorphs look like rodents, they are not so, but are closely related to them. They have four incisors on the upper jaw, not two as in rodents. Also, they only eat plant material, not meat as rodents do to some extent. 

Rabbits were classified under rodents until the 20th century.  They are divided into two families, Leporidae, hares and rabbits, and Ochotonidae, the pikas.

It has been known for some time that the Lagomorpha is an unusual group, and there have been many speculations about its evolution. Darren Naish explains this.

Taxonomy 
 Order Lagomorpha
 Family Ochotonidae (Pikas)
 Genus Ochotona
 Family Leporidae (rabbits and hares)
 Genus Brachylagus
 Genus Bunolagus
 Genus Caprolagus
 Genus Lepus
 Genus Nesolagus
 Genus Oryctolagus (includes the domestic rabbit)
 Genus Pentalagus
 Genus Poelagus
 Genus Pronolagus
 Genus Romerolagus
 Genus Sylvilagus

References
Kuomintang

Kuomintang (KMT; ; English: Chinese Nationalist Party), also known as Guomindang (GMD), is the main political party in Republic of China (Taiwan). It was ruling in Mainland China until 1949 when Communists captured the mainland and the KMT moved to Taiwan. It was founded by Song Jiaoren and Sun Yat-sen. Chiang Kai-shek later led for decades.

References

Political parties in Taiwan
Conservative parties
Nationalist organizations in Taiwan
Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek was a Chinese nationalist politician and military leader who was  President of the Republic of China, born in Xikou on October 31, 1887.  His father was a merchant who died when Chiang was eight years old.  Chiang became an officer in the army of the Manchu empire, but supported the Chinese Xinhai Revolution of 1911 that converted China into a republic. 

He led the Republic of China from 1930 to 1949 on mainland China until he was overthrown by Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War. He fled to Taiwan where he ruled from 1950 until his death in 1975, although his government was still officially called the Republic of China.

Military career 

After his father died, Chiang joined the army. At first, he went to Baoding in northern China to study military science.  Later, he went to Japan to learn more about the military.  On October 10, 1911, Chiang Kai-Shek came back to China.   

In 1918, he joined the Nationalist Party of Sun Yat-sen.  Sun Yat-sen helped Jiang Kai-Shek make a military academic school called Huangpu Military School. In 1926 and 1927 he led the Northern Expedition to conquer local warlords and unify China.  After Sun Yat-sen died, he pushed out the Communists in 1927. In 1928, he made a new government in Nanjing, and became head of the state. He focused on fighting the Communists and the Empire of Japan. In 1937, Japan began to invade China, and Chiang was in charge of the Nationalist Chinese Army, until the war ended in 1945. Chiang ruled China until 1949, when Mao Zedong, who led the Communist Party of China, attacked Chiang and his officials, and they were forced to flee to Taiwan.

References

Other websites 
 Chiang Kai-shek, Citizendium

1887 births
1975 deaths
Anti-Communists
Deaths from cardiovascular disease
Generals
Methodists
Presidents of the Republic of China
Prime ministers
Taiwanese military people
Time People of the Year
World War II political leaders
Zhejiang
Dark matter

Dark matter is a type of matter thought to be responsible for much of the mass in the universe.

The idea arose when astronomers found that the mass of large astronomical objects, and their gravitational effects, was much greater than the mass from the "luminous matter" that contains stars, gas, and dust.

Dark matter was first proposed by Jan Oort in 1932 as a reason for the spinning speeds of stars in the Milky Way. Fritz Zwicky in 1933 used dark matter to explain "missing mass" in the spinning speeds of galaxies in clusters. Later, many other observations have suggested that there is dark matter in the universe. The spinning speeds of galaxies, gravitational lensing of background objects, the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies: these are some of the examples that make scientists believe in dark matter.

According to the Planck mission team, and based on the standard model of cosmology, the total mass–energy of the known universe contains 4.9% ordinary matter, 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy . Thus, dark matter is estimated to make up 84.5%  of the total matter in the universe, while dark energy plus dark matter make up 95.1% of the total "stuff" in the universe.
 
Because dark matter does not seem to give off or reflect light, x-rays, or any other radiation, the instruments that are used to find normal matter (like hot gas, stars, planets, and us) can't find dark matter. It seems that dark matter is not made of the same thing as the matter we see every day on Earth. The only way we can tell if dark matter is there, is by how it affects things we can "see" by gravity.

In 2006, a group of scientists claimed that they had found a way to find dark matter. Since dark matter is supposedly very different from normal matter, it is expected to act differently. The scientists observed two far-away galaxy clusters that had crashed into each other at high speed: normal matter would have been scattered nearby after the collision, while dark matter would not. By measuring gravity, they were able to detect what looked like two clouds of dark matter, with a cloud of normal matter (hot gas) in between them.

Related pages 
 Dark energy
 Expansion of the Universe
 Nature timeline

References 

Astrophysics
Galaxies
Sanja Stijačić

Sanja Stijačić (born 14 November 1965) is a Serbian flutist. She is also a professor at the Faculty of Arts (Priština), University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia and at the University of East Sarajevo, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Serbian musicians
Stijacic, Sanja
1965 births
Living people
Journey (band)

Journey is an American rock/heavy metal band from San Francisco, formed in 1973. They are known for their hit songs like "Don't Stop Believin", "Anyway You Want It", "Open Arms", "Lovin', Touchin', Squeezin' " and "Faithfully". Some of the members used to be members of the band Santana. The band has sold 75 million albums and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2017.

Discography
Studio albums
 Journey (1975)
 Look into the Future (1976)
 Next (1977)
 Infinity (1978)
 Evolution (1979)
 Departure (1980)
 Escape (1981)
 Frontiers (1983)
 Raised on Radio (1986)
 Trial by Fire (1996)
 Arrival (2001)
 Generations (2005)
 Revelation (2008)
 Eclipse (2011)

1973 establishments in the United States
1970s American music groups
1970s establishments in California
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1973
Musical groups from San Francisco
Bruno Brun

Bruno Brun (1910 — 1978) was a Yugoslavian clarinet player and professor at the Music Academy in Belgrade.

He graduated from the Belgrade Music Academy in 1945 and continued his education in Paris. He played as a soloist in Yugoslavia and other countries. He was one of the founders of the "Association of Musical Artists of Serbia".

His most famous students are Milenko Stefanovic, Mihailo Zivanovic, Ernest Ackun, Ante Grgin and Nikola Srdic.

References
 Blagojevic, Andrija."Bruno Brun (1910-1978) - Founder of the Yugoslav clarinet school."  ''The Clarinet'', Vol. 41/3 (June 2014), pp. 46-51.
 Blagojević, Andrija. "The Performance Career of Bruno Brun."  The Clarinet, Vol. 47/3 (June 2020), pp. 34–37.

1910 births
1978 deaths
Clarinetists
Yugoslavian people
Faculty of Arts (Priština)

The Faculty of Arts of Priština (Serbian: Факултет уметности у Приштини or Fakultet umetnosti u Prištini) is the faculty of arts of the University of Priština in Kosovo, Serbia.

History 
The Faculty of Arts of Pristina was founded in 1973 as the Academy of Arts, and got its present name in 1986. Because of Albanian terrorist attacks it was moved in 1999. It first moved to Varvarin and later to Zvečan, where it is now. It is part of the University of Priština temporarily relocated in Kosovska Mitrovica.

Divisions 
Art
Music
Theatre

Degrees offered

Acting 
 Bachelor of Arts
 Master of Arts

Music 
 Bachelor of Music
 Master of Music

Visual arts 
 Bachelor of Arts
 Master of Arts

Notable teachers 

Jasmina Novokmet
Milenko Stefanovic
Sanja Stijacic

Other websites 

 Official website
 Infostud 
 Ministry of Education of Republic of Serbia 

Colleges and universities in Europe
Buildings and structures in Serbia
1973 establishments in Europe
Jasmina Novokmet

Jasmina Novokmet (born 8 September 1969 in Pristina, Yugoslavia) is a Serbian conductor, professor of conducting and former associate dean at the Faculty of Arts of Priština.  She is a former student of Jovan Šajnović.

Living people
1969 births
Serbian musicians
Conductors
1592

The year 1592 (MDXCII) was a leap year that began on Wednesday.

Events 
 April 13 – The Siege of Busan begins.
 April 24 – Battle of Sangju: The Koreans lose against the Japanese.

Deaths 
 February – Thomas Cavendish, English sailor and explorer
 February 13 – Jacopo Bassano, Italian painter
 September 3 – Robert Greene, English writer

Births 
 March 28 – John Amos Comenius, Czech teacher and writer
1599

The year 1599 was a common year which started on Friday.

Events 
 January 8 – The Jesuit educational plan known as the Ratio Studiorum is issued.
 June 20 – The Synod of Diamper is convened.
 August 15 – First Battle of Curlew Pass: Irish forces defeat the English.
 September 21 – The first reported performance of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar at the Globe Theatre in London, is recorded by Swiss traveller Thomas Platter the Younger.
 * October 18 – Battle of Sellenberk: Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, defeats the army of Andrew Báthory near Șelimbăr, leading to the first recorded uniting of the Romanians.
1612



Events 

Sasaki Kojiro, a famous swordsmen instructor and general, under Tokugawa Ieyasu, was slain in a duel against legendary swordsman, Musashi Miyamoto at Hesagigawa.

1610s
Chordate

Chordata is a phylum (group) of animals which have a notochord. The group includes vertebrates, with some closely related invertebrates.

Classification

Taxonomy 
Phylum Chordata
 Tunicata – (tunicates, formerly Urochordata; 3,000 species)
 †Vetulicolia (8 Cambrian species of fossil)
 Cephalochordata – (lancelets, 30 species)
 Vertebrata (vertebrates – animals with backbones; 57,739 species)
  Agnatha (jawless vertebrates; 100+ species)
 Myxini or Hyperotreti (hagfish; 65 species)
 Conodonta (Conodonts)
 Hyperoartia (Lampreys)
 †Cephalaspidomorphi (Paleozoic jawless fish)
 †Pteraspidomorphi (Paleozoic jawless fish)
 Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates)
 †Placodermi (Paleozoic armoured forms)
 Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish; 300+ species)
 †Acanthodii (Paleozoic "spiny sharks")
 Osteichthyes (bony fishes; 30,000+ species)
 Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish; about 30,000 species)
 Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
 Tetrapoda (four-legged vertebrates; 18,000+ species)

Phylogeny 

Note: Lines show likely evolutionary relationships.  Extinct groups are marked with a "†". Extinct animals are ones that have completely died out.

Origin of chordates 
According to a long-standing theory, the origin of chordates may be found in transformed larvae of sea-squirts (tunicates). Adult tunicates are sessile, but their larvae are motile, and have some features found in early vertebrates.  The process of paedomorphosis, where juvenile features are retained in the adult, is the proposed mechanism. Genome analysis shows that tunicates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates.

References

Other websites 

Chordate node at Tree Of Life 
Chordate node at NCBI Taxonomy
Veneto

Veneto is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in northeastern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Venice.

COVID-19 has killed more than 200 people in Italy. the regions of Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna and Veneto have  92 per cent of recorded deaths and 85 per cent of all cases in Italy.

Geography
The region is in Northeast Italy, bordered to the north by the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region (and Austria in the northeastern corner), to the east by the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, to the southeast and south by the Adriatic Sea, to the southwest by the Emilia-Romagna region, and to the west by the Lombardy region.

Veneto is the 8th largest region in Italy, with a total area of . The main river in the region is the Po. The highest mountain in the region is Marmolada (), in the Belluno province, with an altitude of .

Provinces 
Veneto is divided in a Metropolitan City (Venice) and six provinces:

Largest municipalities
The 10 communi with more people living in it are:

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Regione del Veneto Official site