cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Adela Noriega

Adela Noriega  (), born Adela Amalia Noriega Méndez on October 24, 1969, in Mexico City, Mexico, is a Mexican television actress. Noriega gained popularity as a teenager participating in telenovelas as a lead actress. Some of her most famous works include Quinceañera (1987), Dulce Desafío (1989), María Isabel (1997), El Privilegio de Amar (1999), El Manantial (2001) and Amor Real (2003). She is known as the "Queen of telenovelas".

Personal life 
Noriega was born in Mexico City, Mexico, on October 24, 1969. At the age of 12, she was discovered by a talent scout. She started working as a child model and appearing in commercials and music videos. Her father died when Noriega was in her early adolescence. Her mother died in 1995 from cancer. She has two siblings; an older sister, Reyna, and a younger brother, Alejandro. Noriega takes long breaks between projects and avoids publicity. She lives in the United States.

Career 
Noriega made her television debut at the age of 14 in the telenovela, Principessa. Soon after, she appeared in another telenovela, Juana Iris, and on a comic show, Cachún cachún ra ra!. In 1986, she got her first leading role in the telenovela Yesenia where she played a role of a young gypsy. Shortly after, she starred as a leading character of Quinceañera. Quinceañera is considered to be the first telenovela made for teenagers because it dealt with the problems of youth (drugs, date rape and gangs) for the first time in the television genre. A year later, she appeared in another teen drama, Dulce Desafío.

In 1993, Noriega signed a contract with the U.S. network, Telemundo, and starred in a successful telenovela, Guadalupe. In 1995, she moved to Colombia and played the leading role in Maria Bonita, co-produced by RTI Colombia and Telemundo network. Noriega returned to Mexico in 1997 and starred as the lead of María Isabel, where she portrayed an indigenous woman. A year after, she played the leading female character in El Privilegio de Amar, the highest rated television program in Mexico to date.

In 2001, Noriega played the leading role in El Manantial. In 2003, she portrayed an aristocrat, Matilde Peñalver y Beristáin, in Amor Real. This historical telenovela received critical acclaim and was highly successful.  In 2005, she played the leading role in La esposa virgen. Her most recent starring role was in the telenovela, Fuego en la sangre, from 2008.

Filmography

Awards and nominations

The following table shows some of the nominations and wins for Adela Noriega.

Notes

References

Other websites
Adela Noriega  – official website 

Mexican television actors
1969 births
Living people
Actors from Mexico City
White rice

White rice is rice after the outer part of each grain has been removed.

Rice
Gas discharge lamp

Gas discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources (or lamps). These lamps produce light by sending electricity through an ionized gas. Most of these lamps use a noble gas (usually argon or neon gas), or a combination of noble gases, but they often contain other materials, such as mercury, sodium or metal halides. The gases in these lamps are ionized in operation. This means that there are free electrons. When an electric current is sent through the gas, electrons collide with atoms of the gas and the metals. This will mean that some reach a higher energy state. When they fall back into the lower energy state, they will emit the energy in the form of light. 

The fluorescent lamp is probably the best known gas discharge lamp. Sodium vapor lamps are commonplace as streetlights.

Gas-discharge lamps have a long life and a high efficiency, but they are more complicated to manufacture, which makes them more expensive to buy than incandescent lamps. Due to their greater efficiency, gas-discharge lamps replacing incandescent light bulbs for many purposes in the late 20th century. Early in the 21st century, light-emitting diodes improved, with even higher efficiency. They began to replace some gas discharge lamps.  

Lamps
Charged particle

A charged particle, also called an ion, is an atom with a positive or negative charge. This happens whenever something called an ionic bond forms. Two particles that have different numbers of electrons (the smallest particle in an atom which is negative) start reacting to each other. The particle that has the greater amount of electrons steals the other particle's electrons. One becomes positive because it lost an electron, and the other negative because it got another electron. The two particles become attracted to each other and mix together, making a new kind of particle.

References

Electromagnetism
Physics
Germicidal lamp

A Germicidal lamp is a lamp that produces  a special type of ultraviolet light. This light can ionise oxygen and produce ozone. Ozone can kill many types of germs. There are different designs of such lamps; some are very similar to compact fluorescent lamps.

Lamps
Nineveh

Nineveh was an ancient Assyrian city on the eastern side of the Tigris River. It was the capital and a major city of the Assyrian empire. Its ruins are across the river from the modern-day city of Mosul, Iraq.

The ruins of Nineveh are surrounded by the remains of a massive stone and mudbrick wall dating from about 700 BC. The wall was bout 12 km in length. The stone retaining wall had projecting stone towers spaced about every . The stone wall and towers were topped by three-step parapets.

The city wall had fifteen monumental gateways. They were checkpoints for people entering and exiting the city. They probably had  barracks and armouries. With the inner and outer doors shut, the gateways were fortresses. The gateways had passages and interior chambers lined with finely cut stone. A stairway led from one of the interior chambers to the top of the mudbrick wall.

The city wall was destroyed by ISIS by February, 2015. The wall was destroyed during an effort to destroy historical buildings and monuments in the province by the jihadist rebel group.

References

Assyria
Archaeological sites in Iraq
Cities in Iraq
Mesopotamia
List of most visited art museums in the world

This article lists the most visited art museums in the world. This list of 100 is based on an attendance survey compiled by The Art Newspaper published in April 2013.

The country with the highest number of visitors in the top 100 is the United Kingdom. The country with the most museums appearing in the list is the United States.

The list also includes exhibition centers organizing temporary art displays. Several major art museums, such as the Palace Museum in Beijing, which annually draw close to 12 million visitors, the Museo del Prado in Madrid, with 2,800,000 visitors in 2012, and the National Museum of Anthropology of Mexico City, with 1,767,092 visitors in 2011, were not included.

Annual fluctuations occur due to the popularity of special exhibitions and improved collections. For example, the National Gallery of Victoria 2,800,000 visitors in 2017, placing it well into the top 20.

References

Art museums
Lists of museums
White asbestos

White asbestos, also called chrysotile asbestos or serpentine asbestos, is one of the six types of asbestos. About 95% of asbestos found in buildings is white asbestos. It is considered by experts to be less dangerous than the other types of asbestos, but it is still a major health hazard and exposure can cause cancer and asbestosis.

References 

Asbestos
Pope Innocent XII

Pope Innocent XII (; 13 March 1615 – 27 September 1700), born Antonio Pignatelli, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 243rd Pope from 1691 to 1700.

Early life
Pignatelli was born at Spinazzola in Puglia.

He was educated at the Jesuit college in Rome.

Pignatelli developed diplomatic experience when he was papal legate to Poland and to Austria.

He gained administrative experience when he was governor of Perugia.

Bishop
Piganatelli was made Bishop of Faenza in 1681.  Pope Innocent XI made him Archbishop of Naples in 1687.

Cardinal
Pope Innocent XI raised Pignatelli to the rank of Cardinal in 1682.

Pope
Cardinal Pignatelli was elected pope on 12 July 1691; and he chose to be called Innocent XII.

In 1692, Innocent XII issued the papal bull Romanum decet Pontificem which banned the curial office of the cardinal-nephew.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

In the Papal States, Innocent invested in public works.  For example, he caused the harbor of Porto d'Anzo to be constructed on the ruins of Antium.  Also, he constructed the aqueduct of Civitavecchia.

After his death
The tomb of Innocent XII at St. Peter's Basilica was sculpted by Filippo della Valle.

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent XII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Pignatellit 

Italian popes
1615 births
1700 deaths
Pope Innocent XIII

Pope Innocent XIII (; 13 May 1655 – 7 March 1724), born Michelangelo Conti, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 245th Pope from 1721 until his death.

Michelangelo Conti was born in Poli, near Rome.

Conti was born into a family that which included several popes including Pope Innocent III. (1198–1216), he was a member of the family of the counts and dukes of Segni.

Bishop
In 1695, Conti was made Archbishop of Tarsus.

Cardinal
In 1706, Pope Clement XI raised Conti to the rank of cardinal.

Pope 
Cardinal Conti was elected pope on May 8, 1721; and he chose to be called Innocent XIII.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Conti family

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Innocent XIII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Conti

Italian popes
1655 births
1724 deaths
M. H. de Young Memorial Museum

The M. H. de Young Memorial Museum is an art museum in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. It is often called  just the de Young Museum. It is named for early San Francisco newspaper publisher M. H. de Young. The museum opened in 1895. It was damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. A new museum building opened in 2005.

References

Other websites

Official website 

Art museums in the United States
Buildings and structures in San Francisco
1895 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in California
Hurricane Roxanne

Hurricane Roxanne was a destructive storm that hit the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula during October 1995. The hurricane had winds next to 115 miles per hour when it hit. Because of its impact, the name Roxanne was later retired and replaced by Rebekah.

1995 Atlantic hurricane season
1995 in Mexico
October events
Authors of the Bible

The Bible is a collection of texts that are commonly referred to as books. Many of these books have the name of only one person. There is a controversy about how the texts of these books were fabricated. For example, there is a discussion if all the Pauline epistles have been written by Paul the Apostle.

Bible
Big Mama Thornton

Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton (November 12, 1926, Montgomery, Alabama – July 25, 1984 in Los Angeles, California) was an American blues singer, harp player and songwriter. 

Thornton was the first who recorded "Hound Dog" by Leiber and Stoller. Another song which is often covered is "Ball ´n Chain". It is included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame list of the "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll".  It is one of her best-known songs because of being performed and recorded by Janis Joplin.

Career
She was born in Montgomery, Alabama. She got her musical education in a Baptist church, where her father was a minister and her mother a choir singer. At the age of 14 she joined Sammy Green's Georgia-based Hot Harlem Revue and toured the south. She was also a self-taught drummer and harmonica player. She often played each instrument onstage.

1948 she settled in Houston. In 1951  she was signing a recording contract with Peacock Records. For this label she recorded "Hound Dog" which became #1 in the Rhythm ´n Blues charts. Then she toured with  Junior Parker and Esther Phillips. At the end of the 1950s her career faded. She relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area, where she mostly played local blues clubs.

In 1966 she  recorded Big Mama Thornton With The Muddy Waters Blues Band featuring Muddy Waters (guitar), Sammy Lawhorn (guitar), James Cotton(harmonica), Otis Spann (piano), Luther Johnson (bass guitar), and Francis Clay (drums). Her Ball 'n' Chain album in 1968 with Lightnin' Hopkins (guitar) and Larry Williams (vocals), included the songs "Hound Dog", "Wade in the Water", "Little Red Rooster", "Ball 'n' Chain", "Money Taker", and "Prison Blues".

One of Thornton's last albums was Jail (1975) for Vanguard Records.The album was recorded in the mid-1970s at two prisons. She became the leader of a blues ensemble .Thornton performed at the Monterey Jazz Festival in 1966 and 1968, and at the San Francisco Blues Festival in 1979. In 1965 she performed with the American Folk Blues Festival package in Europe where she recorded her album Big Mama Thornton in Europe and followed it up the next year in San Francisco with Big Mama Thornton with the Chicago Blues Band. Both albums came out on the Arhoolie label. Thornton continued to record for Vanguard, Mercury, and other small labels in the 1970s and to work the blues festival circuit until her death in 1984. She was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1984.

Thornton died of a heart attack in Los Angeles on 25 July 1984 at the age of  57.

Selected discography
 1965  Big Mama Thornton in Europe  Arhoolie
 1967  Big Mama the Queen at Monterey  MCA
 1968  She's Back
 1969  Stronger Than Dirt
 1970  Maybe  Roulette Records
 1970  The Way It Is  Mercury
 1973  Saved  Pentagram Records
 1975  Jail  Vanguard
 1975  Sassy Mama!
 1978  Mama's Pride  Vanguard

References

Other websites
 

Blues harp players
American blues musicians
American blues singers
Singers from Alabama
Musicians from Alabama
1926 births
1984 deaths
People from Montgomery, Alabama
Martine Aubry

Martine Aubry (born 8 August 1950) is a French politician. She was born in Paris and is the daughter of Jacques Delors (born 1925). 

Aubry was married to Xavier Aubry, and has a daughter from that marriage. In 2004, she married Jean-Louis Brochen, a French lawyer, but decided to keep the family name of her first marriage. Aubry studied economics in Paris. She also has diplomas in political sciences, social sciences and work. She has also studied at the École nationale d'administration. She became active in the Confédération française démocratique du travail, which is currently the biggest trade union of the country.

She is the mayor of Lille since 2001 and the First Secretary of the Socialist Party since 2008.  She wanted to be the Socialist candidate to the 2012 presidential election but François Hollande defeated her.

References

1950 births
Living people
French mayors
Politicians from Paris
Piano concerto

A piano concerto is a concerto written for piano and orchestra.

Characteristics

Form
A classical piano concerto is often in three movements.

A quick opening movement in sonata form including a cadenza (which may be improvised by the soloist).
A slow, free expressive movement
A faster rondo

Examples by Mozart and Beethoven follow this model, but there are many others which do not. Beethoven's fourth piano concerto includes a last-movement cadenza, and many composers have made innovations – for example Liszt's single-movement concerti.

Other websites 
Classical and Romantic Piano Concertos , a list of Classical and Romantic piano concertos, and other music for piano and orchestra from the same period.

Musical forms
Piano
Ōei

was a  after Meitoku and before Shōchō. This period started in July 1394 and ended in April 1428. During this time, the  emperors were   and .

Events of the Ōei era

 27 August 1394 (Ōei 1, 1st day of the 7th month): Former-Emperor Chōkei died.
 1398 (Ōei 5): Kinkaku-ji or "Gold Pavillion" is built by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.
 September 1398 (Ōei 5, 8th month): In the 6th year of the reign of King Taejong of Joseon, a Korean diplomatic mission was received in Japan.
 1399 (Ōei 6):  began. Ōuchi Yoshiharu raised an army against Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.
 1401 (Ōei 8, 2nd month): The Imperial Palace was destroyed by fire.
 1402 (Ōei 9): A letter from the emperor of China was received by Yoshimitsu; and this formal communication mistakenly gives the title "king of Japan" to the Japanese shogun.
 1419 (Ōei 26) :  was a Joseon military action in Tsushima Province (Tsushima Island).  More than 200 ships and 17,000 fighting men took part in this military expedition.
 10 May 1424 (Ōei 31, 12th day of the 4th month): Former-Emperor Go-Kameyama died.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1394 establishments
14th-century establishments in Japan
1428 disestablishments
Disestablishments in Japan
Shōchō

was a  after Ōei and before Eikyō.  This period started in April 1428 and ended in September 1429. During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Shōchō era

 3 February 1428 (Shōchō 1, 18th day of the 1st month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimochi died at the age of 43.

 30 August 1428 (Shōchō 1, 20th day of the 7th month): Emperor Shōkō died at he age of 27.  

 8 September 1428 (Shōchō 1, 29th day of the 7th month): Emperor Go-Hanazono is established on the throne at age 10.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Eikyō

was a  after Shocho and before Kakitsu.   This period started in September 1429 and ended in February 1441.  During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Eikyō era

 14 April 1429 (Eikyō 1, 9th day of the 3rd month): The name of Ashikaga Yoshinobu was changed to Yoshinori.

 1429: Yoshinori appointed shogun.

 1433 (Eikyō 5, 6th month):  Letter from Emperor of China to the Shogun assumes wrongly that the head of the Ashikaga shogunate is the "king of Japan."

 1433 (Eikyō 5, 10th month):  Former-Emperor Go-Komatsu died.

 1438 (Eikyō 10): Revolt against the shogunate led by Ashikaga no Mochiuji.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Unilineal evolution

Unilineal evolution, also called classical social evolution, was  a 19th-century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures. 

There were different theories by various sociologists and anthropologists. However, they all believed that Western culture is the peak of social evolution. Social status is seen as a single line that goes from most primitive to most civilized. This theory is now generally considered obsolete in universities.

Anthropology
Sociology
Kakitsu

was a  after Eikyō and before Bun'an.  This period started in February 1441 and ended in February 1444. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Kakitsu era

 12 July 1441 (Kakitsu 1, 24th day of the 6th month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori was murdered at age 48.
 1443 (Kakitsu 3): A Japanese-Korean diplomatic agreement (sometimes called the "Kakitsu treaty") was about on pirates (wakō) in the sea between Japan and Korea.
 16 August 1443 (Kakitsu 3, 21st day of the 7th month): Shogun Yoshikatsu died after a fall from a horse.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" – historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Bun'an

was a  after Kakitsu and before Hotoku.  This period started in February 1444 and ended in July 1449.  During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Bun'an era

 1444 (Bun'an 1, 4th month): Kitano Tenman-gū and much of western Kyoto was destroyed by fire.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" – historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 

Japanese eras
Shakin' Stevens

Shakin' Stevens, sometimes called "Shaky" (born Michael Barratt, 4 March 1948) is a platinum selling Welsh rock and roll singer and songwriter. He was the UK's biggest-selling singles artist of the 1980s. His recording and performing career began in the late 1960s, but he was not very successful in the UK until 1980. In the UK alone, Stevens has had at least 33 top 40 hit singles in the sales charts.

References 

1948 births
Living people
Musicians from Cardiff
Welsh rock musicians
Welsh singer-songwriters
Kyōtoku

was a   after Hōtoku and before Kosho.  This period started in July 1452 and ended in July 1455.  During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Kyōtoku era 

 1454 (Kyōtoku 3): Ashikaga Shigeuji caused the killing of Uesugi Noritada; and this event is known as the Kyōtoku no Ran.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Hōtoku

was a  after Bun'an and before Kyotoku.  This period started in July 1449 and ended in July 1452.  During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Hōtoku era

 8 May 1449 (Hōtoku 1, 16th day of the 4th month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa is honored with the gift of a sword from the emperor.
 1451 (Hōtoku 3, 7th month ): A diplomatic mission from the Ryukyu Islands is received for the first time in Heian-kyō (Kyoto).
 1451 (Hōtoku 3, 8th month ): Shogun Yoshimasa sent a letter to the Emperor of China.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 Okinawa Prefectural Archives, http://www.archives.pref.okinawa.jp/publication/2009/04/post-168.html 

Japanese eras
Kōshō

was a  after Kyōtoku and before Chōroku.  This period started in July 1455 and ended in September 1457. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Kōshō era 

 1456 (Kōshō 2, 3rd month): Ashikaga Yoshimasa visited Iwashimizu Shrine; and all the officials of the Daijō-kan joined him at the shrine.
 1456 (Kōshō 2, 8th month): The father of Emperor Go-Hanazono died at age 85.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Chōroku

was a  after Kōshō and before Kanshō.  This period started in September 1457 and ended in December 1460.  During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Chōroku era 

 1458 (Chōroku 2, 8th month):  The stolen Sacred Jewel was returned to the emperor.

 1459 (Chōroku 3): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa provided a new mikoshi and a complete set of robes as part of repairs to the Atsuta Shrine.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Kanshō

was a  after Chōroku and before Bunshō.  This period started in December 1460 and ended in February 1466. During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Kanshō era 

 1460 (Kanshō 1, 9th month): Wakae Castle in Kawachi Province was destroyed when  was forced out of it.
 21 August 1464 (Kanshō 5, 19th day of the 7th month): Go-Hanazono resigned.  He abdication caused the Imperial succession to pass to his son who would be known as Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Bunshō

was a  after Kanshō and before Ōnin. The period started in February 1466 and ended in March 1467. During this time, the emperor during this period was .

Events of the Bunshō era

 1466 (Bunshō 1): At Nara, Kinpusen-ji's Nio Gate (niomon) was built.
 1466 (Bunshō 1, 1st month): Ashikaga Yoshimi, brother of the Shogun, was promoted to the second rank of the second class in the Imperial court hierarchy.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Fashion Bug

Fashion Bug is a women's clothing retailer.  It owned by the Lane Bryant company.  Like Lane Bryant, it is focused on plus-sized clothing.

History

Fashion Bug was founded in 1960.  It is headquartered in Margate, Florida.

Clothing companies
1960 establishments in the United States
Ōnin

was a  after Bunshō and before Bunmei. This period started in March 1467 and ended in April 1469. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Ōnin era

In the Ōnin era, the emperor gave Yoshimasa's villa with a special name -- Higashiyama-dono., Construction work was interrupted by the Ōnin War.

Ōnin War 
The Ōnin War started in 1467.  This conflict is called Ōnin no ran because of the nengō in which it began. The fighting began as a dispute over who should follow Ashikaga Yoshimasa as shogun after his retirement – whether it would be his brother (Yoshimi) or his son (Yoshihisa).
 1467 (Ōnin 1, 1st month): Yamana Souzen and Hatakeyama Yoshinari took up positions around Muromachi-dono in Heian-kyo.  This was the headquarters of the Ashikaga Shogunate.
Rival groups of daimyo fought for military supremacy. In the end, there was no winner. The war stopped because the factions simply exhausted themselves.

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" – historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Bunmei

was a  after Ōnin and before Chōkyō. This period started in April 1469 and ended in July 1487.  During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Bunmei era

 18 January 1471 (Bunmei 2, 27th day of the 12th month ): The former-Emperor Go-Hanazono died at age 52.

 16 April 1473 (Bunmei 5, on the 19th day of the 3rd month):  Yamana Sōzen died at age 70.

 1478 (Bunmei 10): The philosopher Ichijō Kanera (1402–1481) published Bummei ittō-ki (On the Unity of Knowledge and Culture) which is about political ethics.

 21 February 1482 (Bummei 14, 4th day of the 2nd month): Construction of Ashikaga Yoshimasa's Silver Pavilion was started.

 1484 (Bunmei 16): Ginkaku-ji or "Silver Pavillion" is built by Ashikaga Yoshimasa

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Chōkyō

was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) after Bunmei and before Entoku. This period started in July 1487 and ended in August 1489. During this time, the emperor was Go-Tsuchimikado-tennō (後土御門天皇).

Events of the Chōkyō era

 1487 (Chōkyō 1, 8th month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshihisa led a large army against the daimyo of southern Ōmi Province.
 1488 (Chōkyō 2): Ryōan-ji is built by Hosokawa Katsumoto.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Honoré de Balzac

Honoré de Balzac  (; 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. His most famous work is La Comédie humaine. It is a collection of novels and short stories and is about French life after 1815. La Peau de chagrin (1831), Eugénie Grandet (1833) and Le Père Goriot (1835) are some of the most famous works from this collection. His books influenced many other people such as Marcel Proust, Émile Zola, Gustave Flaubert, Charles Dickens and Edgar Allan Poe.

Works

Tragic verse

Cromwell (1819)

Incomplete at time of death

Le Corsaire (opera)
Sténie
Falthurne
Corsino

Published pseudonymously

As "Lord R'Hoone", in collaboration

L'Héritière de Birague (1822)
Jean-Louis (1822)

As "Horace de Saint-Aubin"

Clotilde de Lusignan (1822)
Le Centenaire (1822)
Le Vicaire des Ardennes (1822)
La Dernière Fée (1823)
Annette et le Criminal (Argow le Pirate) (1824)
Wann-Chlore (1826)

Published anonymously

Du Droit d'aînesse (1824)
Histoire impartiale des Jésuites (1824)
Code des gens honnêtes (1826)

Selected titles from La Comédie humaine

Les Chouans (1829)
Sarrasine (1830)
La Peau de chagrin (1831)
Le Chef-d'œuvre inconnu (1831)
Le Colonel Chabert (1832)
Le Curé de Tours (1832)
La Fille aux yeux d'or (1833)
Eugénie Grandet (1833)
Le Contrat de mariage (1835)
Le Père Goriot (1835)
Le Lys dans la vallée (1835)
La Rabouilleuse (1842)
Illusions perdues (I, 1837; II, 1839; III, 1843)
La Cousine Bette (1846)
Le Cousin Pons (1847)
Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes (1847)

Plays

L'École des ménages (1839)
Vautrin (1839)
Les Ressources de Quinola (1842)
Paméla Giraud (1842)
La Marâtre (1848)
Mercadet ou le faiseur (1848)

Tales

Contes drolatiques (1832–37)
La Grande Bretèche
An Episode of terror

Other websites
La Comedie Humaine - extra information about Balzac's works

1799 births
1850 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French novelists
French Roman Catholics
Leona Cavalli

Leona Cavalli (stage name Alleyona Canedo da Silva, November 6, 1969 in Rosário do Sul) is a Brazilian actress.

Biography 

Her father politician, lawyer and poet and teacher mother's name, has three brothers. At birth, was named Alleyona. His mother wanted it to be Leona, but the father thought the name too strong for a baby and decided to adapt - it. Cavalli comes from their sponsors.

His childhood was in nature, playing fields by the gauchos, where the horse ran, climbed trees, swam praticaca and many other sports. With his father, who was twice mayor of the city, learned early to live with a lot of people climbing on the stump, attending rallies without bothering to be the daughter of a public person alive. With his mother, learned to appreciate the beauty and love freedom.

At age ten he was traveling, had boyfriends and wanted to be an actress.

He participated in several parts as, A Divina Sarah, As Lágrimas Amargas de Petra Von Kant, Brincando em cima Daquilo, O Homem e o Cavalo, etc.

Then came the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), in the course of Performing Arts and the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC), in the course of law. But, dropped everything and went to St. Paul in an attempt to do theater professionally.

Participated in several movies such as, Um Céu de Estrelas, Amarelo Manga, Carandiru, Olga, Antônia, Aparecida - O Milagre, etc.

Is also participated in several telenovelas and miniseries as, Belíssima, Bang Bang, the miniseries Amazônia, de Galvez a Chico Mendes, Duas Caras, Negócio da China, etc.

In 2011, he made a cameo on the soap opera, Araguaia. Currently, this air, soap opera, A Vida da Gente as Dra. Celina.

References

Other websites 

1969 births
Living people
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
People from Rio Grande do Sul
Entoku

was a  after Chōkyō and before Meio.  This period started in August 1489 and ended in July 1492.  During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Entoku era 

 26 April 1489 (Entoku 1, 26th day of the 3rd month): The Shogun, Ashikaga Yoshihisa died at age 25.  He was killed in battle in Ōmi Province.

 27 January 1490 (Entoku 2, 7th day of the 1st month): The former-Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa died at age 56.

 1490 (Entoku 2, 7th month): Ashikaga Yoshitane became shogun at age 25.

Jonen-ji, a Buddhist temple near Edo, was founded in the Entoku era.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Hurricane Juan (1985)

Hurricane Juan in 1985 was the most costly of all the storms of the hurricane season. It killed about 24 people and caused about $1.5 billion in damage even though it was a weak hurricane. Even though the damage was bad, the name Juan was not removed from the list of hurricane names in the spring of 1986.

Hurricanes in the United States
Meiō

, also known as Mei-ō, was a  after Entoku and before Bunki. This period started in July 1492 and ended in February 1501. During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Meiō era 

 1492 (Meiō 1, 8th month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimura led an army into Ōmi Province.
 1492 (Meiō 2, 1st month): The kampaku Ichijō Fuyuyoshi was named daijō-daijin.
 1492 (Meiō 2, 2nd month): Shogun Yoshimura led an army against the daimyo of Kawachi Province.

 1495 (Meiō 4):  Statue of Kannon carved in the 8th century was lost to fire at Hase-dera in Nara.
 12 September 1495 (Meiō 4, 24th day of the 8th month): Earthquake at Kashima (Latitude: 35.100/Longitude: 139.500), 7.1 magnitude on the Richter Scale.

 9 July 1498 (Meiō 7, 20th day of the 6th month): Earthquake in the Enshunada Sea (Latitude: 34.400/Longitude: 137.700), 6.4 on the Richter Scale.
 20 September 1498 (Meiō 7, 2nd day of the 7th month): Earthquake in the Enshunada Sea (Latitude: 34.000/Longitude: 138.100), 8.6 on the Richter Scale; and also on that same day, another earthquake in Nankaido (Latitude: 33.500/Longitude: 135.200), 7.5 on the Richter Scale.

 21 October 1500 (Meiō 9, 28th day of the 9th month): Emperor Go-Tuschimikado died.

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Hurricane Hortense

Hurricane Hortense cut across Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico in September of 1996. The storm took next to 40 lives and did $139 million in damage. The storm also affected portions of eastern Canada, striking southeastern Nova Scotia as a Category 1 hurricane. The name Hortense was later retired.

Hurricanes
Bunki

was a   after Meiō and before Eishō.  This period started in February 1501 and ended in February 1504. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Bunki era 

 1501 :  The era name was changed  to mark the 58th year of the Chinese zodiac.  The previous era ended and a new one started in 1501 (Meiō 10, 29th day of the 2nd month).

 1501 (Bunki 1): Ashikaga Yoshitane was exiled to Suruga province.

 1502 (Bunki 2,  7th month): Minamoto-no Yoshitaka was elevated to the 2nd tier of the 4th class official in the Imperial court.

 1503 (Bunki 3): There was a great drought in the summer.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Eishō (Muromachi period)

was a  after Bunki and before Daiei.  The period started in February 1504 and ended in August 1521. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Eishō era
 1504 (Eishō 1): A great famine.

 1508 (Eishō 5, 1st month):  Ashikaga Yoshitane led troops into Kyoto.

 21 September 1510 (Eishō 7, 18th day of the 8th month): Earthquake at Seionaikai (Latitude: 34.600/Longitude 135.400), 6.7 magnitude on the Richter Scale.

 10 October 1510 (Eishō 7, 8th day of the 9th month): Earthquake in the Enshunada Sea (Latitude: 34.500/Longitude: 137.600), 7.0 on the Richter Scale.
1511 (Eishō 8, 2nd month): Yoshida Kanetomo died at the age of 77.

 16 September 1511 (Eishō 8, 24th day of the 8th month): Battle of Funaokayama.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period
 Eishō (Heian period)

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Daiei (era)

, also known as Taiei or Dai-ei, was a   after Eishō and before Kyōroku. This period started in August 1521 and ended in August 1528.  During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Daiei era

 24 January 1525 (Daiei 5, on the 1st day of the 1st month):  All ceremonies in the court were suspended because of the lack of funds to support them.

 29 April 1525 (Daiei 5, 7th day of the 4th month): Emperor Go-Kashiwabara died.

 1526 (Daiei 6, 4th month): Emperor Go-Nara was made emperor at age 31.

 1526 (Daiei 6, 7th month): An army from Awa Province was stopped before it reached Kyoto (Heian-kyō).

 1526 (Daiei 6, 12th month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiharu invited archers from neighboring provinces to come to the capital for an archery contest.

 1526 (Daiei 6, 12th month): Large-scale mining operations started at the Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine in what is now Shimane Prefecture.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
9A-91

The 9A-91 is a carbine gun currently being used by the Russian police.

Related pages 
List of Russian weaponry

Firearms
Mike Starr (musician)

Michael Christopher "Mike" Starr (April 4, 1966 – March 8, 2011) was an American musician. He is best known as the playing bass guitar in Alice in Chains. 

Starr was an original member of Alice in Chains since they were formed in 1987. Starr left Alice in Chains in 1993 which lead singer Layne Staley said to be "just a difference in priorities. We wanted to continue intense touring and press, Mike was ready to go home.".

Starr appeared on the VH1 television series Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew in 2010. 

Police found Starr dead on March 8, 2011. Dr. Drew said that Starr's death was caused from "a prescription-drug overdose."

References

1966 births
2011 deaths
American rock musicians
Bassists
Drug-related deaths
Musicians from Hawaii
People from Honolulu
So Weird

So Weird was a Disney Channel television show about a girl of 14 called Fiona Phillips, played by Cara Delizia. She was obsessed with the occult. She was the daughter of a singer named Molly Phillips, played by Mackenzie Phillips, and had a brother, age 16, named Jack. Fiona was played by Cara Delizia.

In the series her singer mother homeschools her and they travel around the country by bus. In the series Fi's brother is skeptical of the occult. Their father was obsessed with it but died when Fi was only 3. Later on in the series Fi meets an entity called a will o' the wisp who seems to know her father and gives her information about him. He takes possession of her brother Jack's body in one episode until she expels him by discovering his name and saying it through a computer puzzle based on a hint he gives her. His name is Bricriu. Bricriu in a later episode takes possession of her mother's body and tries to prevent her from meeting a man who knows who killed her father. Bricriu lets slip to her that his allies in the spirit, although not Bricriu himself, murdered her father because of his investigations into their world. He finally meets Fi again in the first episode of season 3 and convinces her to give up interest in the occult in order to protect her family. Fi stopped appearing in the show after that episode. Fi met her father by time traveling to her third year in the episode Fountain. The first two seasons of the show, particularly the second, were dark. In the second season Fi even meets vampires. However, in the third season Disney decided to choose a lighter tone. Also Delizia left the show in the third season so she was replaced by Alex Johnson who played a new character called Annie who replaced Fi.

Television series by Disney
English-language television programs
1999 television series debuts
2001 television series endings
Carmen Amaya

Carmen Amaya (2 November 1913 – 19 November 1963) was a flamenco dancer and singer, of gypsy origin, born in the Somorrostro slum of Barcelona, Spain. 

She has been called "the greatest Spanish gypsy dancer of her generation". and "the most extrardinary personality of all time in flamenco dance".

She danced from the time she was 4 years old. Accompanied on the guitar by her father, she danced in waterfront bars in Barcelona. A young person who saw her dance as a girl was the Spanish guitarist Sabicas (Agustín Castellón Campos). He later said "I saw her dance and it seemed like something supernatural to me... I never saw anyone dance like her. I don’t know how she did it, I just don’t know!". Sabicas accompanied her for many years. He recorded Queen of the Gypsies (1959) and Flamenco! with Amaya.

In 1929, she made her debut in Paris, to warm acclaims and admiration of her dancing skill. She moved to America in 1936, where she went on to act in several movies that broke box office records, including the Romeo and Juliet adaptation Los Tarantos, and the short movie Danzas Gitanas (Gypsy dances). 

Amaya often danced in trousers rather than the layered skirt traditional for female flamenco dancers. One theory is that she did this to give more scope to her footwork, which was exceptional, and rather like a flamenco male dancer. Apparently, in early flamenco, women did not do so much footwork, and male dancers used to fill in the steps while sitting on chairs, unseen in the wings.p100 Her style has been described as repetitive because she always did the same dances: "Carmen was a fabulous dancer, but limited" (Antonio Ruiz Soler).

She was invited by Franklin Roosevelt to dance in the White House in 1944, and also by Harry S. Truman in 1953.

Amaya is buried in the Cementiri del Sud-Oest on Barcelona's Montjuïc.

References

Bibliography
 
 Bois, Mario (1994). Carmen Amaya o la danza del fuego. Madrid: Espasa Calpe.
 Hidalgo Gómez, Francisco (2010). Carmen Amaya. La biografía. Barcelona: Ediciones Carena.
 Madridejos Mora, Montserrat (2012). El flamenco en la Barcelona de la Exposición Internacional (1929-1930). Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra.
 Madridejos Mora, Montserrat y David Pérez Merinero (2013), Carmen Amaya. Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra.
 Montañés, Salvador (1963). Carmen Amaya. La bailaora genial. Barcelona: Ediciones G.P.
 Pujol Baulenas, Jordi y Carlos García de Olalla (2003). Carmen Amaya. El mar me enseñó a bailar. Barcelona: Almendra Music.
 Sevilla, Paco (1999). Queen of the gypsies. The Life and legend of Carmen Amaya. San Diego, EE.UU: Sevilla Press.
 Francisco HIdalgo Gómez (1995). Carmen Amaya: cuando duermo sueño que estoy bailando. Barcelona. Libros PM.
 Revista de l'Associació d'Investigació i Experimentació Teatral, año 2008 num 66-67

Other websites 
 Carmen Amaya Biography and related products.
 Carmen Amaya description on her grandniece's website. 
 QUEEN OF THE GYPSIES, a Portrait of Carmen Amaya. VIDEO clips from the documentary.

1913 births
1963 deaths
Dancers
Musicians from Barcelona
Spanish singers
Antonio (dancer)

Antonio Ruiz Soler (Seville, 4 November 1921 – Madrid, 6 February 1996), was a Spanish flamenco dancer, choreographer and dance director. He was professionally known as Antonio or Antonio el bailarin (Antonio the dancer). With his cousin Rosario (Florence Pérez Padilla) he had a partnership which was world-famous for 25 years (1928–1953). They were billed as Antonio and Rosario.

In 1952 he formed his own Spanish ballet company, Antonio and the Ballets de Madrid, and Rosario also formed a company, partnered for a while by Julio Iglesias. Antonio and Rosario performed together again in his 1964 season in London and New York City. Antonio choreographed many works in Spanish and classical style; several were taken up by other companies.

In the United States he danced in Ravel's Boléro in New York City and appeared in several Hollywood movies, such as "Ziegfeld Girl" (1941), "Hollywood Canteen" (1944) and "Honeymoon" (1947).

References 

Spanish entertainers
Dancers
Choreographers
1921 births
1996 deaths
Sang Sapurba

In the Malay annals, the legend of Sang Sapurba was a king of the Malay who came from mount Siguntang Mahameru. He claimed descent from the Dhul-Qarnayn, king of the Malay world, later the Malay of royal clans who claimed to be his descendants.

According Minangkabau chronicle, he is referred to as great king of the king (Maharajadiraja), he was a heroic figure who killed Katimuno Snake, an immense snake, which destroyed their cultivation.

References

Folklore
History of Malaysia
Selman Waksman

Selman Waksman  (July 22, 1888- August 16, 1973) was an American biochemist and a microbiologist. His research into organic substances and their decomposition helped the discovery of Streptomycin and other antibiotic medicines. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1952 "for his discovery of "streptomycin" the first antibiotic active against tuberculosis."

American biochemists
American Nobel Prize winners
American microbiologists
1888 births
1973 deaths
Foam

A foam is a substance that is formed by trapping gas in bubbles.  Gas is present in large amounts so it will be divided in gas bubbles separated by liquid regions which may form films, thinner and thinner when the liquid phase is drained out of the system. When the scale is small, e.g. for fine foam, this dispersed medium can be considered as a type of colloid.

References

Mechanics
Iroquois Falls

Iroquois Falls is a small town in Northern Ontario, Canada. The Canada 2006 Census said that 4,729 people live there.

References

Other websites 
 Town of Iroquois Falls

Towns in Ontario
Marcel Koller

Marcel Koller (born 11 November 1960 in Zürich) is a former Swiss football (soccer) player. His playing position was defender. He is now head coach of the Austria national team.

Career

Player
He played all his time as a professional football player for Grasshoppers Zürich in the Swiss league. In 24 years he won seven Swiss championships and five Swiss cups. He played also 56 times for the Swiss national football team. He shot 3 goals and was a member of the team for the 1996 UEFA European Championship.

Coach
Koller's career as coach started at the Swiss club FC Wil in the season 1997/98. In January 1999 he went to FC St. Gallen in the Swiss Super League. The next year the club won the championship for almost 100 years. In the UEFA Cup the Swiss team could eliminate English top club FC Chelsea. Koller was voted Swiss manager of the year 2000. From 2002 till 2003 he managed his former club Grasshoppers Zürich. His first club abroad was in the German Bundesliga where he managed 1. FC Köln. Being not successful he resigned after seven months. At this time Lukas Podolski made his first match in the Bundesliga.

From 2005 on he was coach of the VfL Bochum in the 2.Bundesliga. They promoted to the Bundesliga. The next year was planned to stay in the league. The club finished this year in 8th place, the third-best season for Bochum ever. After poor results at the beginning of the 2009/10 season, Koller was dismissed.

On the 4th of October 2011, Koller was declared as the new coach of the Austrian National Team (ÖFB). It was announced that he signed a contract until December 2013. After his nomination, there was heavy criticism against him because he was from abroad. During the long history of the team, he is the third coach who was not from Austria. He took over on the 1st of November. His first match as new coach was a friendly match versus Ukraine which the Austrian team lost.

References

Swiss footballers
Swiss football managers
1960 births
Austria national football team managers
Living people
Sportspeople from Zürich
1. FC Köln managers
Thailand at the Olympics

Thailand was first at the Olympic Games in 1952.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  They were not in the 1980 Summer Olympics.

Thailand has been in the Winter Olympic Games since 2002. Only one person, Prawat Nagvajara, has competed for Thailand in the Winter Olympics.

Thai athletes have won a total of twenty-one medals, mostly in boxing. In 2008 Thailand won 8 medals, their best so far.  The National Olympic Committee for Thailand was formed in 1948 and recognized in 1950.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

 Thailand profile at London2012.com

Sport in Thailand
Nations at the Olympics