cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ned Beatty

Ned Thomas Beatty (July 6, 1937 – June 13, 2021) was an American actor. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He was known for his movie work including Nashville (1975), All the President's Men (1976), Network (1976), The Big Easy (1987) and Prelude to a Kiss (1992).

Beatty died on June 13, 2021 in Los Angeles, aged 83.

References

Other websites 

Actors from Louisville, Kentucky
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
1937 births
2021 deaths
Drama Desk Award winners
Chūgoku region

The , also known as the ,  is one of Japan's traditional regions. The Japanese conventions of geography and history divide the nation into eight regions, including the Chūgoku region.  These have been used since 1905 as basic units for description and comparison and as cultural markers.

The regions of Japan are a fusion of historical divisions and modern administrative needs".  The significance of the region in Japan is geographical, cultural and administrative.

History
In the late 7th century, the San'indō and San'yōdō were identified as two of the eight largest administrative areas of the Imperial system (ritsuryo seido).

Gokishichidō is an ancient system of names for parts of the country, including San'indō and San'yōdō.  Chūgoku covers a western part of the island of Honshū in roughly the same area as the traditional San'indō and San'yōdō.

In the Meiji period, the modern regional system was made by Imperial decree.  Japan was divided into regions (chihō ), including the Chūgoku region. A regional council  (chihō gyōsei kyōgisai) was headed by the governor of the most powerful prefecture in the regional grouping.  The council also included regional chiefs of central government ministries.

Table: Chūgoku

Over time, Chūgoku has developed its own regional dialects, customs and unique traditional culture.

Related pages

 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Geography of Japan
Honshu
We Belong Together

"We Belong Together" is a 2005 hit song by Mariah Carey off of her album The Emancipation of Mimi. The song is available in several versions. It reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and stayed there for 14 weeks. With the song, Carey holds the record for having the longest-running and second-longest running songs at #1 in the US (her song "One Sweet Day" with Boyz II Men stayed on top for 16 weeks).

It was also No.1 in Australia and the Netherlands. It was the best-selling song in the US of 2005 and later became Billboard's Song of the Decade for the 2000s (2000–09). It won two Grammy Awards.

References

2005 songs
Mariah Carey songs
R&B ballads
R&B songs
Vision of Love

"Vision of Love" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was Carey's debut single and the first from her self-titled debut album. Written by Carey and Ben Margulies, "Vision of Love" was released on May 15, 1990, by Columbia Records. After being featured on Carey's demo tape for Columbia, the song was re-recorded and produced by Rhett Lawrence and Narada Michael Walden. It was Carey's first Billboard Hot 100 number one.

Formats and track listings

 Worldwide 7" single
 "Vision of Love"
 Special excerpts from the debut release "Prisoner/All in Your Mind/Someday"
 UK 7" single
 "Vision of Love"
 "Sent from Up Above"

 UK CD maxi-single
 "Vision of Love"
 "Sent from Up Above"
 Special excerpts from the debut release "Prisoner/All in Your Mind/Someday"

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the Mariah Carey linear notes.
 Songwriting – Mariah Carey, Ben Margulies
 Production – Rhett Lawrence, Narada Michael Walden
 Instruments and programming – Rhett Lawrence, Jimmy Ripp
 Recording – Rhett Lawrence
 Audio engineering – Narada Michael Walden
 Background vocals – Mariah Carey
 Programming – Ben Margulies, Marcus Miller, Ren Klyce
 Mixing – Rhett Lawrence, Narada Michael Walden

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Decade-end charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

Related pages
 List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1990
 List of number-one R&B singles of 1990 (U.S.)
 List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1990 (U.S.)
 List of number-one singles of 1990 (Canada)
 List of number-one singles in 1990 (New Zealand)

References

Further reading

 
 
 

1990 songs
Debut singles
Mariah Carey songs
Pop songs
Pop ballads
Soul songs
Soul ballads
R&B songs
R&B ballads
Kansai region

The  is one of Japan's traditional regions  The area is also known as the  or as the .  The Japanese conventions of geography and history divide the nation into eight regions, including the Kansai region.  These have been used since 1905 as basic units for description and comparison. and as cultural markers.

The regions of Japan are a fusion of historical divisions and modern administrative needs".  The significance of the region in Japan is geographical, cultural and administrative.

History
In the late 7th century, the Kinki region were identified as one of the eight largest administrative areas of the Imperial system (ritsuryo seido).

Gokishichidō is an ancient system of names for parts of the country, including Kinki or Kansai.  Kansai covers the area around the capital city of Kyoto on the island of Honshū in roughly the same area as the traditional Kinki.

In the Meiji period, the modern regional system was made by Imperial decree.  Japan was divided into regions (chihō ), including the Kinki region. A regional council  (chihō gyōsei kyōgisai) was headed by the governor of the most powerful prefecture in the regional grouping.  The council also included regional chiefs of central government ministries.

Table: Kansai region 

Over time, Kansai has developed its own regional dialects, customs and unique traditional culture.

Related pages

 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

Places named with Kansai
 Kansai Airport Station
 Kansai International Airport
 Kansai Ki-in (Organization for Go)

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Geography of Japan
Honshu
Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix

"Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix" is a mezzo-soprano aria from Camille Saint-Saëns's opera Samson and Delilah. It is known in English as "Softly awakes my heart", or "My heart opens itself to your voice". It is sung by Delilah in act 2 as she tries to get Samson to reveal the secret of his great  strength.

Music
In the opera, Delilah is responding to Samson's words "Dalila! Dalila! Je t'aime!" (Delilah! Delilah! I love you!) which he repeats between the first and second verses of her aria. These interjections are omitted in recital performances or sometimes sung to the changed words "Samson! Samson! Je t'aime!". Samson's part in the final 22 bars of the stage aria where he joins Delilah in a duet is also omitted in a recital, although some performers, notably Marilyn Horne, have sung Samson's final words – changed as above, rising to a high B-flat. A performance takes between 5 1/2 and 6 1/2 minutes.

The aria is written in D-flat major. The verse has a time signatures of 3/4 but the refrain ("Ah! réponds") has a time signature of 4/4. The tempo indication is andantino (=66) for the verse and un poco più lento (a little slower) for the refrain. The vocal range extends from B-flat4 to G-flat5, with a tessitura from E-flat4 to E-flat5.

The instrumentation calls for flute, oboe, clarinet, horns, harp and strings. All instrument lines, except the harp, make intensive use of divisi (cellos play in four divisi). The orchestral accompaniment consists mainly of reiterated notes for the first verse and of falling chromatic lines for the second verse. The refrain is accompanied by ascending broken chords.

The melismatic setting of the lyrics present a particular challenge for the performance of this aria as it requires legato singing over a wide range.

References

Other websites 
Audio file: "Mon coeur s'ouvre a ta voix" sung by Louise Homer. Recorded October 11, 1909.

Compositions by Camille Saint-Saëns
Arias
Kantō region

The  is one of Japan's regions.  The Japanese conventions of geography and history divide the nation into eight regions, including the Kantō region.  These have been used since 1905 as basic units for description and comparison and as cultural markers.

The regions of Japan are a fusion of historical divisions and modern administrative needs".  The significance of the region in Japan is geographical, cultural and administrative.

History
In the late 7th century, the Tōkaidō region were identified as one of the eight largest administrative areas of the Imperial system (ritsuryo seido).

Gokishichidō is an ancient system of names for parts of the country, including Tōkaidō.  Kantō covers an east-central area of the island of Honshū in roughly the same area as the traditional Tōkaidō.

The region of Kantō covers the east-central part of the island of Honshū.

In the Meiji period, the modern regional system was made by Imperial decree.  Japan was divided into regions (chihō ), including the Kantō region. A regional council  (chihō gyōsei kyōgisai) was headed by the governor of the most powerful prefecture in the regional grouping.  The council also included regional chiefs of central government ministries.

Table: Kanto Region 

Over time, Kantō developed its own regional dialects, customs and unique traditional culture.

Timeline
 1923 (Taishō 12): Great Kantō earthquake has its epicenter near Tokyo and Yokohama.

Geography
The region includes the Greater Tokyo Area.  The Kantō covers seven prefectures: Gunma, Tochigi, Ibaraki, Saitama, Tokyo, Chiba, and Kanagawa.

Subdivisions
North and South subdivisions are sometimes used: 
  covering Ibaraki, Tochigi, and Gunma. 
  covering Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo and Kanagawa. South Kantō is often used as synonymous with the Greater Tokyo Area.

East and West subdivisions are sometimes used: 
 : Ibaraki, Tochigi and Chiba.
 : Gunma, Saitama, Tokyo, Kanagawa (and Yamanashi Prefecture may be included).

Inland and Coastal subdivisions are sometimes used:
 : Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama (and Yamanashi may be included).
 : Ibaraki, Chiba, Tokyo and Kanagawa.

Greater Kantō 
The Japanese national government defines the  as the Kantō region plus Yamanashi Prefecture.

Japan's national public broadcaster NHK defines the  which includes Yamanashi, Nagano and Niigata Prefectures for regional programming.

Related pages

 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Geography of Japan
Honshu
Der Hölle Rache

"Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen" () is an aria for the Queen of the Night in Mozart's opera The Magic Flute ().  Mozart's friend Emanuel Schikaneder wrote the words. The aria is written in D minor. The voice ranges over two octaves. It is known for being difficult to perform well. Mozart's sister-in-law Josepha Hofer was the first to sing the aria on stage.

Music 
The Queen of the Night is a role for a coloratura soprano. She has two arias in the opera. The other is "Oh, tremble not, my beloved son" (). Both arias are famous. "Hell's vengeance" is highly memorable, fast paced and menacingly grandiose.

The aria is written in D minor. It is scored for pairs of flutes, oboes, bassoons, horns, trumpets, timpani, and the string section. It is a larger orchestra than that for "". It comprises all the players from the opera as a whole, except the clarinets and trombones.

The aria is sung in act 2. It is famous for being difficult to perform well. The Queen of the Night is in a fit of rage. She gives a knife to her daughter Pamina. She tells her to kill the priest Sarastro. If she refuses, the Queen will curse her. The aria's range is two octaves, from F4 to F6 and requires a very high tessitura.

First performance 

The first singer to perform the aria onstage was Mozart's sister-in-law Josepha Hofer. She was 33. Mozart wrote the two Magic Flute arias to showcase her voice. He was very impressed with Hofer's performance. In the fifth week of the opera's run, Mozart lay dying. He whispered to his wife Constanze on December 4, 1791: "Quiet, quiet! Hofer is just taking her top F; – now my sister-in-law is singing her second aria, "Der Hölle Rache"; how strongly she strikes and holds the B-flat: ''"

Lyrics 
The words were written (in German) by Mozart's friend Emanuel Schikaneder, who also played Papageno in the first performances.

References 

Compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Arias
Se vuol ballare

The cavatina "Se vuol ballare" is an aria from The Marriage of Figaro by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The lyrics are by Lorenzo Da Ponte. It portrays Figaro's intent to foil Count Almaviva's womanizing, but can also be read as a political attack on the power-wielding nobility of the time.
 
The song is sung in act 1.  Figaro discovers Count Almaviva intends to exercise his feudal right to sleep with Figaro's wife Susanna before they consummate their marriage.  Figaro sings of how he will unravel the Count's schemes and thwart him.

Lyrics

Variations 

Beethoven wrote a series of 12 variations on the theme of Se vuol ballare. It bears the Number WoO 40 (=Werk ohne Opuszahl, work without opus number)

Compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Arias
Lorenzo da Ponte

Lorenzo da Ponte (10 March 1749 – 17 August 1838) was an opera librettist and poet. He is best known for having written the libretti for three of Mozart's operas, The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni,  and Così fan tutte.

Biography 
Da Ponte was born Emanuele Conegliano to Jewish parents near Venice, Italy. He became a Christian, and took the name Lorenzo da Ponte from the bishop who baptized him. He became a priest at the church of San Luca in Venice. He took Anzoletta Bellaudi as his mistress. They ran a brothel. Da Ponte was banished from Venice for 15 years. He went to Austria where he became court librettist to Emperor Joseph II.

About 1792, da Ponte married Ann Celestine Grahl. They had four children. When Joseph II died, da Ponte lost his job. He went to London. He got into debt, and went to the United States.  He ran a grocery store in Pennsylvania for a short time. He moved to New York City and opened a bookstore. He became the first professor of Italian literature at Columbia College. He produced Don Giovanni in New York in 1826. In 1828, da Ponte became a naturalized US citizen.

Da Ponte died in 1838 in New York. His funeral was held in New York's old St. Patrick's Cathedral. His final resting place is uncertain. All of da Ponte's libretti were adaptations of pre-existing plots, except L'arbore di Diana and Così fan tutte. His adaptations are of the highest order. The Don Giovanni character was given new life in da Ponte's hands. The character is now considered the archetypical libertine.

References 
 Acocella, Joan, "Nights At The Opera: The Life of the Man who put Words to Mozart", The New Yorker, 8 January 2007
 Holden, Anthony, “The phoenix”, ‘’The Guardian’’ (London), 7 January 2007
Keats, Jonathan, "Lorenzo's Toil: How the Son of an Impoverished Leatherworker Came to Write Mozart's Libretti", Washington Post, 16 July 2006 — book review
 

1749 births
1838 deaths
19th-century American poets
American businesspeople
American Roman Catholics
Brothel owners and madams
Columbia University faculty
Italian businesspeople
Italian Jews
Italian poets
Italian Roman Catholics
Jewish American academics
Jewish American writers
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish sex industry people
Jews who converted to Christianity
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Veneto
Roman Catholic priests
Magnetic pendulum

A magnetic pendulum is an experiment where a metal ball on a thread (a pendulum) can be influenced by a number of magnets on the ground. The length of the rope is such that the ball cannot touch the magnets, but is still influenced by them. If the ball is moved, its movement will be influenced by both gravitation and the fields the magnets generate. If the movement is so large that the ball can get outside the influence of the magnets, the resulting movement will look irregular. 

Pendulums
Amahl and the Night Visitors

Amahl and the Night Visitors is a one-act opera. The words and music were written by Gian Carlo Menotti. Menotti took inspiration from Hieronymus Bosch's The Adoration of the Magi, a painting in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

Career 
It was the first opera written for television. Its first performance was on Christmas Eve 1951 on NBC. It was the first show in the famous Hallmark Hall of Fame series. About five million people watched the program. It was the largest audience to ever see an opera on television. Amahl was shown every year until 1966. 

Menotti wanted Amahl to always be performed by a boy. He wrote, "It is the express wish of the composer that the role of Amahl should always be performed by a boy. Neither the musical nor the dramatic concept of the opera permits the substitution of a woman costumed as a child."

Story 

Amahl is a crippled shepherd boy who uses a crutch. He sees a huge star in the night sky. His mother thinks he is lying and sends him to bed. She worries that they will become beggars. 

There is a knock at the door. Three kings ask for a place to rest. They are on their way to Bethlehem to find a newborn child. Amahl pesters them with many questions. Shepherds arrive to dance for the kings. The kings grow sleepy and the shepherds go home. 

The room is dark and everyone is asleep. The mother tries to steal a piece of gold from the kings. She is caught by their servant. Amahl wakes and beats the servant. He falls exhausted. The kings tell the mother to keep the gold. They tell her the wonderful baby they are seeking has no need for gold because his kingdom is Heaven. 

Amahl offers his crutch to this wonderful baby. He takes a few stumbling steps. A miracle has occurred. He can walk. He leaves with the kings to give his crutch to the baby himself. His mother waves good-bye.

1950s operas
Compositions by Gian Carlo Menotti
1951
Negro

The word "Negro"  was used in the English-speaking world to refer to a person of black ancestry or appearance. It has been used for people of African ancestry as well as people from other places. Negro means 'black' in Spanish and Portuguese. It comes from the Latin word niger which means 'black'. 

It is usually considered an offensive term nowadays. Words such as 'black' or 'African American' are preferred.

History

"Negro" replaced the term "colored" as the more polite term. This was done when the term "black" was more offensive. This use of the word was accepted as normal during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. It was accepted even by the people it was used to describe.  One example of this is Martin Luther King, Jr. using the term "negro" when talking about his own race in his 1963 speech "I Have a Dream".

During the Civil Rights Movement, some African American leaders in the United States did not like this word. People like Malcolm X wanted the word "Black" to be used. This was because they saw a connection between the term "Negro" and slavery, segregation, and discrimination.

The word is now usually considered offensive and outdated. Since the late 1960s, many other terms have been more commonly used. These include "Black", "Black African", "Afro-American" and "African American". The words "African American" have been used in the United States to refer to Black Americans.

Modern day
The term "Negro" is still used in some ways. It is used by the United Negro College Fund and the Negro league in sports.

The United States Census Bureau said that "Negro" would be used on the 2010 United States Census, with "Black" and "African-American". This was because some older black Americans still feel this is the word that describes them.

In English
Around 1442 the Portuguese first went to sub-Saharan Africa. They were trying to find a way to get to India by boat. The term "negro" was used by the Spanish and Portuguese as a simple description of people. It means "black". From the 18th century to the late 1960s, "negro" was the proper English-language term for most people of sub-Saharan African origin.

Most people stopped using the word "Negro" by the early 1970s in the United States. Many older African Americans grew up when "Negro" was widely said to be the correct term. They thought the term "Black" was more offensive than "Negro." This can be seen by the use the word by historical African-American organizations and institutions. Currently, "Negro" is generally thought to be not offensive when used in a historical way. For example, baseball's Negro Leagues of the early and mid-20th century. It is also used in the name of older organizations. These include Negro spirituals, the United Negro College Fund or the Journal of Negro Education. The U.S. Census now uses "Black, African-American or Negro." The term "Negro" is used to try to include older African Americans who think it is a better term.

Related pages
African American
Black people
Mulatto
Nigger

References

Ethnic groups
Serenade for Strings

Serenade for Strings in C major, Op. 48 is a work for string orchestra by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. It premiered in 1880. The serenade consists of four movements:
 Pezzo in forma di sonatina: Andante non troppo — Allegro moderato
 Valse: Moderato — Tempo di valse
 Élégie: Larghetto elegiaco
 Finale (Tema russo): Andante — Allegro con spirito

Tchaikovsky intended the first movement to be an imitation of Mozart's style. It was based on the form of the classical sonatina, with a slow introduction. The 36-bar Andante introduction is marked "sempre marcatissimo". It is littered with double-stopping in the violins and violas. This introduction returns at the end of the movement. It reappears, transformed, in the coda of the fourth movement. Tchaikovsky intended the work for a large string orchestra. On the second page of the score, he  wrote, "The larger the string orchestra, the better will the composer's desires be fulfilled." George Balanchine used the work for his ballet Serenade in 1934Excerpts from the score were used in the 2005 ballet Anna Karenina, choreographed by Boris Eifman. The waltz was arranged for soprano and full orchestra for the 1945 MGM movie Anchors Aweigh. It was performed by Kathryn Grayson with José Iturbi conducting the MGM studio orchestra.

References

Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Ancient philosophy

Ancient philosophy refers to the philosophies of Ancient China, Greece, Rome, India, Iran, etc. These places had large empires before 200 BC. This time is sometimes called the Axial Age of thought.

Greece and Rome 
Ancient philosophy in Europe refers mainly to that of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Diogenes Laërtius, a 3rd-century scholar wrote Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, which summarized the position of many Ancient Greek philosophers. This work was translated into Latin and meant that Ancient Greek philosophy remained known even after Library of Alexandria lost its influence. Most of Ancient philosophy was forgotten after the 6th century. After this, it was mainly through Islamic thinkers such as Avicenna (11th century), Averroës (12th century), or the Jewish philosopher Maimonides (12th century) that Ancient philosophy became known again. Medieval philosophy, such as that of Albertus Magnus (13th century) or Thomas Aquinas meant that the works of thinkers such as Aristotle were well known.

Citations 

Branches of philosophy
The River (American TV series)

The River is an American television series. The series uses many different genres. These include paranormal, action/adventure, mystery and horror. The series was first broadcast during the 2011–12 winter season on ABC. Eight episodes will be made for the first season. The series was first shown on Tuesday February 7, 2012 at 9pm EST.

Plot
Explorer Dr. Emmet Cole (Bruce Greenwood) went looking for magic in the Amazon. He never came back. To the millions of kids who grew up watching his nature show, Dr. Cole was a hero. To his son, Lincoln (Joe Anderson), he was more of mystery. Six months after Cole was lost, Lincoln was ready to accept that his father was dead. This changes when Dr. Cole's emergency beacon goes off. Lincoln and his mother, Tess (Leslie Hope), begin a search for his father. To pay for the rescue, they let Dr. Cole's  ex-producer, Clark (Paul Blackthorne), film the mission as a documentary. They and a group of others go to the Amazon to try and find Dr. Cole.

Production
Oren Peli and Michael R. Perry created this series about a documentary crew searching the Amazon for a scientist-explorer-television host.

In September, 2010, ABC bought the rights to make the series. NBC also wanted to make it, but ABC offered more money. The show will broadcast on CTV in Canada.

Critical reception
The show has been well liked by the critics. It has a score of 65/100 from Metacritic.

Broadcast
The River was first broadcast in the United States and Canada on February 7, 2012. It is not being broadcast the United Kingdom but was on iTunes on February 8, 2012.

References

Other websites

2012 American television series debuts
American drama television series
Action television series
ABC network shows
English-language television programs
Shin Don

Sin Don (신돈, 辛旽; 21 January 1322 – 21 August 1371) was a Korean Goryeo Dynasty scholar, politician, and Buddhist monk. His  first name was Pyeonjo (편조, 遍照). a penname was Chunghangeosa (청한거사, 淸閑居士). His Chinese style name was Yogong (요공, 耀空). He was a teacher and advisor of king Gongmin of Goryeo.

References

Other websites 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=101518
 http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?contents_id=2692
 http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=560043

1322 births
1371 deaths
Korean educators
Korean politicians
Buddhists
Autobiographers
Subtitle (captioning)

Subtitles are text-like versions of the dialog in movies. Subtitles are also used in television programmes and video games.  The text is usually displayed at the bottom of the screen. Subtitles can also be a form of written translation of a dialog in an unfamiliar language, or a written text version of the spoken words in the same language, with or without added information to help watchers who are not able to hear or people who cannot understand the spoken dialogue.

References 

Movie industry
Communication
W (magazine)

W is a monthly American fashion magazine published by Condé Nast Publications. It was started in 1972 by the publisher of sister magazine Woman's Wear Daily, James Brady. The magazine is an oversize set – ten inches wide and thirteen inches tall. W magazine has nearly half a million, 469,000 subscribers. 80 percent of the magazine's readers are girls and women.

references 

1972 establishments in the United States
Fashion magazines
Monthly magazines
Iraj Eskandari

Iraj Eskandari (; 1907 – 1985) was an Persian Qajar politician. He was active in the Persian Revolution. He was killed in prison during the reign of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar.

References 

Iranian politicians
1908 births
1985 deaths
Béatrice Vialle

Béatrice Vialle (born 4 August 1961 at Bourges) is a French pilot. She is one of the two female Concorde pilots. She was the first French female pilot on a supersonic airliner.

She graduated from École nationale de l'aviation civile (promotion 1981).

References 

1961 births
Living people
Alumni of the École nationale de l'aviation civile
French aviators
People from Centre-Val de Loire
Sandal Bar

Sandal Bar (), is a large and ancient region of Punjab. It is between the river Ravi and river Chenab. It spreads over almost 80 km from east to west and 40 km north to south. "Bar", in the local language, means a forested area where there are no resources for cultivation, like water.

Language
Punjabi is the main language of the region. Many people also speak Urdu. Some who came from Rajasthan, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh States of India during the Partition of India of 1947 speak Haryanvi or Mewati.

Major Cities and towns in Sandal Bar 

Gujranwala
Sialkot
Faisalabad
Shiekhupura
Narang Mandi
Muridkay
Nankana Sahib
Warburton
Rasul Nagar

Qila Didar Singh
Jaranwala
Nowshera Virkan
Sambrial
Zafarwal
Shakargarh
Siranwali
Eminabad

Hafizabad
Shahkot
Ghakhar Mandi
Kamoke
Daska
Pasrur
Toba Tek Singh
Wazirabad
Manawala

Regions of Pakistan
Punjab (Pakistan)
Nankana Sahib

Nankana Sahib, (Shahmukhi: ; Gurmukhi: ) is a city in the Nankana Sahib District. This new district formed in 2005. The city used to be called Rai-Bhoi-Di-Talwandi and was part of the old Sheikhupura District. Nankana Sahib is in the region of Punjab. It is about 75 kilometres west of Lahore and about 55 kilometres east of Faisalabad.

History
The village of Nankana Sahib was founded by Rai Boi. He was a Muslim Rajput of Bhatti Clan, and a retainer of the Delhi Sultanate rulers of the early 15th Century. His descendants were Chaudhary Rai Bular (died 1515), who was a devotee of Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1539), the founder of the Sikh religion. Guru Nanak's parents were from Amritsar District area, as his father Mehta Kalu got a new job as a patwari of the village of Rai Bhoi Di Talwandi (now Nankana Sahib), in the Sandal Bar region of Punjab.

Cities in Pakistan
Detour (1945 movie)

Detour (1945) is a crime movie. It was directed by Edgar G. Ulmer. Critics liked the movie. It has received a lot of praise over the years. The movie is regarded as a good example of film noir.

Detour was chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. The movie was remade in 1992 with Tom Neal's son Tom Neal Jr. in his father's role.

Cast 
 Tom Neal as Al Roberts
 Ann Savage as Vera
 Claudia Drake as Sue Harvey
 Edmund MacDonald as Charles Haskell Jr
 Tim Ryan as Nevada Diner Proprietor
 Esther Howard as Holly, Diner Waitress
 Pat Gleason as Joe, Trucker at Diner
 Don Brodie as the Used Car Salesman

Story 
Al is hitchhiking to Hollywood. A man named Haskell picks him up. Haskell accidentally dies on the road that night. Al believes the police will think he killed Haskell. He dumps Haskell's body on the side of the road. He runs away with Haskell's money and car.

The next day Al picks up Vera at a gas station. She is a drifter. She knows Al is not Haskell. She threatens to turn him over to the police if he does not obey her orders. She reads in a newspaper that Haskell's rich father wants to find his son.

Vera orders Al to pretend to be Haskell. She wants to get the man's money. Al refuses. Vera gets drunk. They argue. Al accidentally kills her. He hits the road again, but the police nab him.

1945 movies
1940s crime movies
United States National Film Registry movies
English-language movies
1940s American crime movies
B-movies
Movies directed by Edgar G. Ulmer
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) was a German physicist who worked in the Netherlands. He became known for the precise instruments he made. The degree Fahrenheit is named after him. He was the first to be able to determine the temperature with precision. His thermometers used Ethyl alcohol at first. When he read an article by Guillaume Amontons about using mercury in barometers, he got the idea of using that substance for his thermometers. He calibrated his mercury thermometers to a cold temperature he could produce easily, the freezing point of salt water. 

In 1724 he discovered that water can be supercooled below its freezing point without turning into ice. 

Fahrenheit also developed a hydrometer, a pycnometer and a hypsobarometer

References 

German physicists
1686 births
1736 deaths
Santa Claus Conquers the Martians

Santa Claus Conquers the Martians (1964) is a science fiction children's movie. The movie is about Martians kidnapping Santa Claus so their children (who watch too much television) will have some fun. It was directed by Nicholas Webster and stars John Call as Santa Claus. Pia Zadora plays a Martian child. The movie is considered one of the worst ever made.

1964 movies
American science fiction movies
Christmas movies
American family movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Gangyō

was a  after Jōgan and before Ninna.  This period spanned the years from April 877 through February 885.  The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Gangyō era

 20 January 877 (Gangyō 1, 3rd day of the 1st month): Yōzei was formally enthroned at age 8.

 877 (Gangyō 1, 2nd month): Ambassadors from Korea arrived in the Izumo province; but they were turned back.

 877 (Gangyō 1, 6th month): There was a great drought; and sacrifices were made at the temples of Hachiman, Kamo and other temples in Ise province.  Eventually, it rained.

 32 December 878 (Gangyō 2, 4th day of the 12th month): Former-Emperor Seiwa died at age 31.

 4 March 884 (Gangyō 8, 4th day of the 2nd month):  In the 8th year of Yōzei's reign, the emperor was deposed; and the succession (senso) was received by the third son of former Emperor Ninmyō.

 23 March, 884 (Gangyō 8, 23rd day of the 2nd month): Kōkō accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
9th-century establishments in Japan
9th-century disestablishments in Japan
877 establishments
885 disestablishments
List of movies in the United States National Film Registry

The following is a list of movies in the United States National Film Registry.

References

United States-related lists
Brian Williams

Brian Douglas Williams (born May 5, 1959) is the anchor of NBC Nightly News, the evening newscast of NBC. He used to anchor the NBC News broadcast The News with Brian Williams on NBC's sister networks CNBC and MSNBC. 

On February 10, 2015, Williams was suspended for six months without pay. That was done because he reported false stories regarding his trips to Iraq in 2003 and to New Orleans during the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

References

American journalists
Living people
1959 births
American television news anchors
Writers from New Jersey
People from Ridgewood, New Jersey
White Zombie (movie)

White Zombie is a 1932 horror movie. It was directed and produced by brothers Victor and Edward Halperin. The movie's zombie theme was based on Kenneth Webb's Broadway play Zombie. Reviews were mixed. A sequel was made in 1936 called Revolt of the Zombies. White Zombie is the first zombie movie.  It was one of the few American horror movies to be approved by the Nazis.

Main cast
Béla Lugosi as Murder Legendre, a zombie master 
Madge Bellamy as Madeleine Short, Neil's fiancée 
John Harron as Neil Parker, a bank employee
Robert Frazer as Charles Beaumont, a plantation owner 
Joseph Cawthorn as Dr. Bruner, a missionary

Story 
Madeleine and Neil are going to be married at Beaumont's house in Haiti. Beaumont secretly loves Madeleine. He wants to find a way to get Madeleine to love him. He goes to a zombie master named Murder Legendre.

Murder tells Beaumont to give Madeleine a certain potion. He does. She becomes lifeless. All think her dead. She is placed in a cemetery vault. In the night, Murder and Beaumont carry her off to Murder's castle on the coast.

Murder has fallen in love with her, too. He gets rid of Beaumont by turning him into a zombie. Neil and his friend Dr. Bruner set off to save Madeleine. Murder falls from a cliff during a fight with Neil. His power over Madeleine is broken. She returns to life.

References 

1932 movies
1930s horror movies
American horror movies
English-language movies
Zombie movies
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by Victor Halperin
American independent movies
Queen of Outer Space

Queen of Outer Space is a 1958 science fiction movie. The screenplay was written by Charles Beaumont and Edward Bernds (uncredited). It was based on an outline by Ben Hecht. The movie was directed by Edward Bernds. It was shot in CinemaScope.

Cast member Lisa Davis said that Gabor's costumes were custom-made while those for the rest of the cast were "retreads" from Forbidden Planet. Davis and co-star Patrick Waltz fell in love at first sight on the set. The two married in June 1958.

Cast 
 Eric Fleming as Captain Patterson, an astronaut
 Dave Willock as Lt. Mike Cruze, an astronaut 
 Patrick Waltz as Lt. Larry Turner, an astronaut 
 Paul Birch as Prof. Konrad, an astronaut
 Laurie Mitchell as Queen Yllana, the ruler of Venus
 Zsa Zsa Gabor as Talleah, a scientist and member of the Queen's court
 Lisa Davis as Motiya, a member of the Queen's court
 Barbara Darrow, Kaeel, Talleah's friend

Story 
Captain Patterson and his crew crash-land on Venus. They are captured by Venusians. The planet is ruled by cruel Queen Yllana. She wears a mask. She has banished men from the planet. The women long for the love of men again. The astronauts are helped by the beautiful Talleah and her friends.

They plot to overthrow the evil Queen. Patterson removes the Queen's mask. She is scarred by radiation burns caused by men and their wars. In a rage, the Queen tries to destroy Earth and its warlike peoples. She dies in the attempt. The Venusians are free to enjoy the love of men again.

References

American science fiction movies
1958 movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Edward Bernds
Screenplays by Ben Hecht
Mandingo (movie)

Mandingo is a 1975 movie based on the book Mandingo by Kyle Onstott and upon the play based thereon by Jack Kirkland. The movie was directed by Richard Fleischer. The movie tells the story of a plantation family and their slaves. The movie was a box office hit, but critical reviews were mixed.

Main cast
 Warren Maxwell, a plantation owner - James Mason
 Hammond Maxwell, his son - Perry King
 Blanche, Hammond's wife - Susan George
 Mede, Hammond's slave - Ken Norton
 Ellen, Hammond's slave - Brenda Sykes

Story
The movie is set on Falconhurst, a run-down plantation owned by widower Warren Maxwell and his son Hammond. Hammond's Mandingo slave Ganymede, or Mede is trained to fight other slaves. Hammond neglects his wife Blanche whom he rejects on their wedding night after discovering she was not a virgin. Hammond instead rapes his slave Ellen while Blanche forces Mede to lay with her. These various, conflicting infidelities all eventually come together causing the movie to end tragically with the deaths of most of the main characters.

Response
Upon its release in 1975, critical response was mixed although box office was strong. Roger Ebert despised the film and gave it a "zero star" rating. Richard Schickel of TIME found the film boring and cliché-ridden. Movie critic Robin Wood was enthusiastic about the movie, calling it “the greatest film about race ever made in Hollywood”. In Leonard Maltin's annual publication Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide the movie is ranked as a "BOMB" and dismissed with the word "Stinko!"

Some prominent critics hail the film, including the New York Times columnist Dave Kehr, who called it "a thinly veiled Holocaust film that spares none of its protagonists," further describing it as "Fleischer’s last great crime film, in which the role of the faceless killer is played by an entire social system." Director Quentin Tarantino has cited Mandingo as one of only two instances "in the last twenty years [that] a major studio made a full-on, gigantic, big-budget exploitation movie", comparing it to Showgirls.

References

Other websites
 
 Trailer at Trailers From Hell

American drama movies
1975 drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies based on plays
Exploitation movies
Movies directed by Richard Fleischer
Hopsin

Marcus Jamal Hopson (born July 18, 1985 in Los Angeles, California), known by his stage names, Hopsin, is an American rapper, hip hop producer, actor and music video director.

Hopsin was signed to Ruthless Records but left later due to lack of support and financial compensation. Hopsin was angry at the owner Tomica Wright and claimed that she didn't know what she was doing. He stated that his first studio album Gazing at the Moonlight was released without his consent and that he wasn't even able to listen to the mastered version before it was released. He left the label when Tomica said "He doesn't do his job as an artist". Hopsin would found an independent label called Funk Volume with business partner Dame Ritter. He also acted as a minor character in an episode of That's So Raven, made a guest appearance in the movie Fame and starred in the independent movie, Bomb The World.

Discography

Albums 
Hopsin has released 6 studio albums:

References

Other websites
 Funk Volume
 Hopsin's Official Facebook page
 Hopsin's Official Twitter

1985 births
Living people
Rap musicians from California
Singers from Los Angeles
Learner's permit

A learner's permit can also be called a driver's permit, learner's license, or provisional license.  It is given to those who are learning to drive a car but do not meet the requirements for a driver's license.  Many countries require drivers to have a learner's permit for some time before they can be given a driver's license.

Getting a learner's permit usually means a person has to take a written test about the rules of the road, such as traffic signs and road safety.  There is also a minimum age.  Depending on the area, the minimum age can range from 14 to 19 years. 

For example, in Victoria, Australia, a person must be 16 years old and pass a written road rules test to get a Learner's permit. The written test consists of 32 questions on road rules; and 25 must be answered correctly. The person must also pass an eyesight test. There are restrictions on what a person with a Victorian learner's permit can do. They must have a sign with the letter "L" (called an L plate) on both the front and back of the car. They must have a fully licenced driver with them at all times. They are not allowed to drive if they have drunk any alcohol. They are not allowed to tow anything behind the car. They must have the learner's permit for 12 months, and completed 120 hours before they allowed to be tested for a full licence.

References

Law
Ursula Burns

Ursula M. Burns (born 20 September 1958) is the first African American woman CEO to lead the company Xerox, from 2009 to 2017. Forbes rated her as the 14th most powerful woman in the world in 2009. Burns is from Manhattan, New York.

References

1958 births
Chief executives
Businesspeople from New York
Living people
Cedar Rapids (movie)

Cedar Rapids is a 2011 comedy movie. It is about an insurance agent from Wisconsin who travels to Cedar Rapids, Iowa for reasons of promotion. In this movie are Anne Heche and Sigourney Weaver. The movie received positive reviews by the critics.

Plot
Naive insurance agent Tim Lippe welcomes his former teacher into his home. He has sex with her. He goes over his experience as a student.

In his position as an insurance agent, he is sent to represent his company, the Brownstar Insurance in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. He does this as a replacement for his co-worker, Roger Lemke. Lemke died in an auto-erotic asphyxiation accident. Tim idolized Roger. He believes Roger's death was just an unfortunate accident.

Tim's boss, Bill, pressures him to win again to make sure they keep the company on top. At the conference, Lippe meets fellow insurance agents Ronald Wilkes, Dean Ziegler and Joan Ostrowski-Fox. He also meets Bree, a sex worker who works the parking lot near a hotel. She calls him "Butterscotch" when he offers her candy. 

Tim is paired with Joan. When they win, they become drunk with Dean in the hotel's swimming pool. Tim and Joan's sexual tension builds to a head. They make out in the pool. They have sex in Joan's hotel room.

Tim runs into Dean. He lets slip about Lemke's bribery. As his friend, Dean agrees to not tell anyone. Tim later comes across Bree. he takes her to a party, then starts a fight. Ron, Dean and Joan come just in time to rescue him and Bree. Bree says she's in love with Tim.

Cast
 Ed Helms as Tim Lippe
 John C. Reilly as Dean Ziegler
 Anne Heche as Joan Ostrowski-Fox
 Isiah Whitlock Jr. as Ronald Wilkes
 Stephen Root as Bill Krogstad
 Kurtwood Smith as Orin Helgesson
 Alia Shawkat as Bree
 Rob Corddry as Gary
 Mike O'Malley as Mike Pyle
 Sigourney Weaver as Macy Vanderhei
 Thomas Lennon as Roger Lemke
 Inga R. Wilson as Gwen Lemke
 Welker White as Diane Krogstad
 Steve Blackwood as Lindy
 Lise Lacasse as Lila
 Mike Birbiglia as Trent

Production
The movie was shot in and around Ann Arbor, Michigan rather than Cedar Rapids, Iowa itself because of the failure of an Iowa movie production tax credit.

Reception
Cedar Rapids has an 86% rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews from 160 critics.

References

2011 movies
2010s comedy movies
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
English-language movies
Movies directed by Miguel Arteta
Jind State

Jind State was a Sidhu Jat princely state in Punjab. It was founded in 1763 by Gajpat Singh of Jind (1738-1789).

Rulers of Jind State (1763-1947)
Raja Gajpat Singh (r.1763-1789) 
Raja Bhag Singh (r.1789-1819)
Prince Pratap Singh Revolts and Takes power (r.1814-1816)
Raja Fateh Singh (r.1819-1822)
Raja Sangat Singh (r.1822-1834)
A vacancy of three years (1834-1837)
Raja Sarup Singh (r.1837-1864)
Raja Raghbir Singh (r.1864-1887)
Raja Ranbir Singh (r.1887-1948)
Raja Rajbir Singh (r.1948-1959)
Jind Royal Family signed the Instrument of Accession to the Dominion of India. (1947-1948).

Religion in Jind State
Hinduism and Islam were the main religions of the State. The Sikhs dominated the northern areas of Jind State.

Indian princely states
1763 establishments
1948 disestablishments in India
18th-century establishments in India
White Zombie

White Zombie was an American heavy metal band.  White Zombie was originally a noise rock band, but they are better-known for their later heavy metal sound.

References

American heavy metal bands
Vought F4U Corsair

The Vought F4U Corsair was a fighter aircraft that fought in World War II and the Korean War.  Vought could not keep up with demand for the aircraft, so Goodyear and Brewster made them. It was deployed in large numbers starting in 1944, and has longest production run of any piston-engined fighter in U.S. history (1942–1953).

The Corsair was used by the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marines, Fleet Air Arm and the Royal New Zealand Air Force, as well as the French Navy Aéronavale and other, smaller, air forces.  Some Japanese pilots said it was the best American fighter of World War II, and the U.S. Navy reported an 11:1 kill ratio.  Besides serving as a fighter, it became the most capable carrier-based fighter-bomber of World War II.

The Corsair also saw action in the Korean War and in the 1969 Soccer War.  The Grumman F6F Hellcat was easier to fly The Corsair had early problems landing on an aircraft carrier, so its first combat flights were from land bases.There were three different types of the Corsair.  

 F4U Corsair 1-A with 6 light caliber browning machine guns, three on one wing. 
 F4U Corsair 1-D again with 6 light caliber browning machine gun  
 F4U Corsair 1-C equipped with 4 heavy caliber cannons, 2 on one wing.

The Corsair had high agility.   With its '''Pratt and Whitney R-2800''' Double Wasp 18-cylinder engine producing over 2000 horsepower, the Corsair was the first US single engine fighter to fly faster than 400 miles per hour. 

During the war, the Corsair flew over 64,000 sorties, shot down over 2,000 enemy aircraft, and only lost 189 planes in action to the enemy.  The aircraft designer, Rex Beisel, developed a new inverted gull wing design.  This allowed the landing gear to be short and sturdy while still providing ground clearance for the propeller.

References

Vought F4U
Vought F4U
Vought F4U