Manipuri dance

Manipuri dance, originally known as Manipuri Rasa Leela Dance is a classical dance form originated from the Manipuri culture of the Indian state of Manipur.   The classical style of the dance is described as being the most graceful of all the Indian classical dances. Rabindranath Tagore used the style for his female characters in his famous dance dramas.

Manipur shares a border with Burma. The people of Manipur are part of the Mongoloid group, with a very rich and artistic culture.

Description

The Rasalila of Manipur is said to be one of the highlights of India culture. It is through the Rasalila that the people of Manipur reach the highest bliss of worship. Following the Srimadbhagavata, the core text of Chaitanite Vaishnavism, the first Rasalila Maharas was composed in 1779. The story as laid down in the Bhagavata was performed in the temple. A Rasamandali, a circular dance area, was built outside the temple and people sat around it to watch the Rasalila. This still happens in the Govindaji temple beside the Palace of the Kings. The success of this Rasalila made Raja Bhagyachandra (ruler from 1755 to 1789) try composing other Rasalilas such as the Vasantarasa and Kunjarasa. The Nityaras and Divarasa are later developments of the Rasalila. The performances of the Maharasa, Vasantarasa and Kunjarasa are fixed in the year, but Nityarasa can be performed at anytime of the year. Later kings continued to develop and compose dances. Raja Gambhir Singh (1781–1833) introduced acting the stories of child Krishna in Goparasa and Udukhalrasa. The time of Raja Chandrakirti (1831–1886) can claim to be the golden age of the evolution of Manipuri dance.

Other dances of Manipur are performed during festivals like Rathayatra, Holi, and Kwakjatra. All these dances are about religious devotion. The songs that are sung with these dances speak of the glory of Radha & Krishna. The main instruments are the Pung and flute.

Technique 
The technique of Manipuri dance is probably the most graceful of all the classical dances of India. The body follows the path of 8 and the feet movements generate light touch on the ground. The face has a subdued expression while the eyes mostly express the bhaktirasa or the emotion of devotion. There are two styles of this dance form: the tandava and the lasya. In tandava, we have the Cholom tandava done by men and the Krishna tandava, which is a counterpart of the lasya technique in Rasalila. The lasya is a very graceful style in Manipur. Rabindranath Tagore used this technique for the female characters in his dance dramas.

The emotional part of this dance form follows the rasa theory as written in the Vaishnava texts. The pancharasa- shanta, dasya, sakhya, vatsalya and madhura- are the main emotions on which the Vaishnavite Manipuri Dance is based.

Manipur stands apart from all the Indian Classical dances for the beautiful costumes of the Rasalila, which is a unique creation of the people of Manipur. Religion and art have merged completely in the making of dance in Manipur. Even today one cannot identify Manipuri dance without the presence of the gods Krishna and Radha.

Development

Lai Haraoba as a reference

The oldest form of dance is found in the Lai Haraoba festival. The word Lai means God, and the word Haraoba means merrymaking. Lai Haraoba means merrymaking of the gods. The festival generally lasts for a month and is held every year in the months of May and June. The Maibi community holds the Lai Haraoba festival. Maibis are female priests, although there a some male priests too. There are specific rituals that the maibis follow during the festival. They dance and worship the forest gods, called the Umang Lai. There are also household gods, for example the Sanamahi or Panthoibi. All these gods are worshipped in the Lai Haraoba festival. The Maibis dance and show the formation of earth and life. They use 364 hand gestures to show this. During the festival the people of Manipur sing, dance, act, play instruments and play sports. The rituals are pre-determined and all the village people participate.

The instrument used in Lai Haraoba is called the Pena (musical instrument). It is a very special instrument of Manipur. It is played by the Pena Khongba, and the tune is believed to put the Lai to sleep or used to wake him up. Other tunes are also played for the dances. The story of Khuman Khamba and Moirang Thoibi are played here. The other stories have characters such as the Nongpok Ningthou and Panthoibi. These are basically love stories. The characters are often identified with the Hindu Gods Shiva and Parvati. Though mostly based on nature worship, according to the Manipuri scholars, this festival has elements of Tantric Cults.

Martial arts as a reference
The very popular martial art of Manipur, Thangpak, is also a part of this festival, with performances of sword and spear play. Many movements of Thangpak are also part of the dances of Manipur. For example, the popular Khujengleibi movement in dance is found in the sword technique.

Vaishnavism 
In the 18th century, Manipur came under the influence of Chaitanite Vaishnavism which was a branch of Hinduism. Vaishnavism made its entry in Manipur during the reign of King Charairongba. During the rule of Raja Bhagyachandra, Chaitanite Vaishnavism became a permanent part of Manipur's culture. The Raja joined this religion and his subjects followed him. Many parts of daily life changed with Vaishnavism; the rituals of Vaishnavism were followed very closely by the community. The gods of the religion, Krishna and Radha were worshipped and temples were built all over Manipur. The people started worshipping the gods with dance. There were two kinds of dance that developed with the influence of this religion: the Samkirtana and the Rasalila.

Samkirtana 

Samkirtana is basically a male dance form in which the performers play instruments, sing and dance. This follows the lines of the Samkirtana as shown by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in Bengal. In Manipur it has a very rich dance element along with singing and playing instruments. It is an energetic and acrobatic dance. The main instrument is a wooden drum, the Pung, which looks like the clay Khol of Bengal. The sounds naturally vary. The dance with the Pung, called the Pung Cholom, is part of the Samkirtana in Manipur. The Cholom is a male dance form of Manipur. The name probably comes from the word Chalan, meaning way of movement. There is also the Kartal Cholom, where the movements are more grand and follow the sound and playing of the big cymbals, the Kartalas. The singing, called the ishei, follows the kirtana style of Bengal. Singers use a trembling tone which is typical of the Manipuri style of singing. The talas (rhythm patterns) used have an immense variety. There are 64 different talas for the Pung. These rhythmic patterns are also used in interesting combinations. The costumes are white, but the turbans vary with the instrument players. The Samkirtana is performed at all major occasions in the society, such as birth ceremonies, weddings, and funerals. It is even performed before the beginning of the Rasalila.

Other websites 
 The Rasa Lila Dance

References 

Jagoi
Manipur
Dance types