cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
National People's Army

The National People's Army (NPA; , NVA) was the armed forces of East Germany.

The NPA was founded on 1 March 1956. It developed from the Kasernierte Volkspolizei (Barracked People's Police), which was started in 1952. Serving with the army was voluntary at first. Conscription was introduced on 24 January 1962. Conscription was for male citizens between the ages of 18 and 26. If they were selected, they had to serve in the NPA for 18 months. The NVA was at its largest in 1987. It had about 175,000 soldiers at this time.

The NVA was modeled on Soviet military philosophy. Its leadership and operations were governed by the officer corp. The non-commissioned officer corps was limited in terms of authority and responsibility, unlike in the West German army. There were also political officers throughout the NVA, whose job it was to guarantee the loyalty of the military to the ruling political party.

Organization 
The NVA was made up of four main branches:
 The Landstreitkräfte (Land Forces) with a strength of 120,000 soldiers.
 The Volksmarine (People's Navy) with a strength of 16,300 sailors.
 The Luftstreitkräfte/Luftverteidigung (Air Forces/Air Defense) with a strength of 39,000 airmen.
 The Grenztruppen der DDR (Border Troops of the GDR) with a strength of 50,000 border guards. 

The NVA also had a large number of reserve and paramilitary forces. These could be called to serve during a crisis.

The NVA was merged into the Bundeswehr in October 1990 upon the reunification of Germany. The merging of the two German militaries was not done equally. Many non-commissioned officers and almost all commissioned officers were not accepted into the Bundeswehr. Instead, they were discharged from service. Those who were given a place in the Bundeswehr were usually demoted by one rank. Most of the barracks were closed and much of the NVA's equipment was sold or donated to other nations.

East Germany
Military of Germany
1956 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Germany
Serse

Serse (English: Xerxes) is an opera seria in three acts with music by George Frideric Handel. The Italian libretto was written by Silvio Stampiglia. The opera was first performed in London on 15 April 1738. The opera was a failure. It closed after only five performances. The first aria in the opera, "Ombra mai fu", is very famous. It is sometimes known as "Handel's Largo".

Compositions by George Frideric Handel
1730s operas
1738
Land Forces of the National People's Army

The Land Forces of the National People's Army () was the ground-based military branch of the National People's Army. It was the largest branch, with 120,000 soldiers.

Organisation 
The LaSK had a peacetime organisation since 1972 under the command of the Kommando Landstreitkräfte. Its largest formations during peacetime were Military Districts III and V. 

In addition to Military Districts III and V, additional artillery and support units, as well as paratroopers of the Luftsturmregiment 40 (Prior to 1986, the 40. Fallschirmjägerbataillon), were also under direct command of the Kdo. LaSK.

In wartime, both military districts would have been transformed into armies under Soviet high command.

Order of battle (1986-1990):

Military District V (North) 
 1. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (HQ Potsdam-Eiche)
 8. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (HQ Schwerin)
 9. Panzerdivision (HQ Eggesin)

Military District III (South) 
 4. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (HQ Erfurt)
 11. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (HQ Halle)
 7. Panzerdivision (HQ Dresden)

Second line divisions 
 6. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (HQ Königswartha)
 10. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (HQ Ronneburg)
 17. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (HQ Petersrota) 
 19. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (HQ Wulkrow)
 20. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (HQ Bredenfelde)

Other units 
 Luftsturmregiment 40 "Willi Sänger" (Kommando Landstreitkräfte)

Equipment

Small arms 
 Makarov PM pistol
 PPSh-41 submachine gun
 Mauser Kar98k bolt-action rifle
 Mosin-Nagant bolt-action rifle
 SKS semi-automatic carbine
 AKM assault rifle
 AK-74 assault rifle 
 RPD light machine gun
 RPK light machine gun
 PKM medium machine gun
 SVD semi-automatic sniper rifle
 RPG-7D light-AT weapon
 RPG-18 light-AT weapon

Armoured vehicles 
 BMP-1 infantry fighting vehicle
 BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicle
 BRDM-1 amphibious armoured patrol car
 BRDM-2 amphibious armoured patrol car
 BTR-40 armoured personnel carrier
 BTR-50 amphibious armoured personnel carrier
 BTR-60 armoured personnel carrier
 BTR-70 armoured personnel carrier
 BTR-152 armoured personnel carrier
 PT-76 amphibious light tank
 T-34 medium tank
 T-34 main battle tank
 T-55 main battle tank
 T-72 main battle tank

East Germany
Military of Germany
Volksmarine

The Volksmarine () was the navy of East Germany. It was a part of the National People's Army, established in 1956.

Navy
Military of Germany
1956 establishments in Europe
Buddy Scott

Kenneth "Buddy" Scott (January 9, 1935 – February 5, 1994) was an American blues guitarist.

Scott was born in Goodman, Mississippi on January 9, 1935. His family came from Chicago, Illinois.  Buddy formed a group called Scotty and the Rib Tips and recorded several singles late in the 1960s. They played locally in Chicago blues establishments for over a generation.

Scott signed a recording contract with Verve in 1993, and released his debut major-label release, Bad Avenue, that year, but died of stomach cancer in Chicago, Illinois, not long after the album's release.

References

1935 births
1994 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Cancer deaths in Chicago
Chicago blues musicians
Musicians from Mississippi
Musicians from Chicago
Barrett Deems

Barrett Deems (March 1, 1914 – September 15, 1998) was an American swing music jazz drummer.

Early life
Deems was born in Springfield, Illinois on March 1, 1914.

Career
He was probably best known for his work with jazz musicians Jimmy Dorsey, Louis Armstrong (he performed as part of Armstrong's band in the 1956 musical High Society), Red Norvo, and Muggsy Spanier.

Death
Deems died of pneumonia in Chicago, in September 1998, at the age of 84.

References

Other websites
Barrett Deems page at Drummerworld

1914 births
1998 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Chicago
American jazz musicians
American drummers
Musicians from Springfield, Illinois
Peter Novick

Peter Novick (July 26, 1934 – February 17, 2012) was an American historian. He was best known for writing That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question and the American Historical Profession and The Holocaust in American Life. The latter title has also been published as The Holocaust and Collective Memory, especially for non-US anglophonic markets.

Novick was born on July 26, 1934 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He died on February 17, 2012 from lung cancer in Chicago, Illinois, aged 77.

References

1934 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
American historians
Writers from New Jersey
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
Junior Wells

Junior Wells (Amos Wells Blakemore Jr.'; December 9, 1934January 15, 1998), born Amos Wells Blakemore Jr., was an American Chicago blues vocalist, harmonica player, and recording artist.  Wells was best known for his performances and recordings with Muddy Waters, Earl Hooker and Buddy Guy. He also performed with Bonnie Raitt, The Rolling Stones, and Van Morrison.

Wells was born Amos Wells Blakemore Jr. on December 9, 1934 in Memphis, Tennessee. He was raised in West Memphis, Arkansas. 

Wells continued performing until he was diagnosed with cancer in the summer of 1997. That fall, he suffered a heart attack while undergoing treatment, sending him into a coma.

Wells died in Chicago, Illinois from lymphoma on January 15, 1998, and was interred in the Oak Woods Cemetery, Greater Grand Crossing, Chicago.

References

Other websites
 Centerstage Chicago Obituary 
 
 Elvis Pelvis Obituary
 Island Net Obituary

1934 births
1998 deaths
Deaths from lymphoma
Cancer deaths in Chicago
Burials at Oak Woods Cemetery
Chicago blues musicians
Singers from Memphis, Tennessee
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Singers from Arkansas
Musicians from Arkansas
Filippo Taglioni

Filippo Taglioni (5 November 1777 – 11 February 1871) was an Italian choreographer of the 19th century. His greatest work was the ballet, La Sylphide. Most of his work has been lost. He taught his daughter, Marie Taglioni to dance. She became one of the greatest ballerinas in history.

1777 births
1871 deaths
Italian people
Choreographers
Auguste Vestris

Marie-Jean-Augustin Vestris (27 March 1760 – 5 December 1842) was a French dancer and choreographer.

Biography
Vestris was born in Paris, the son of Gaetano Vestris and his mistress, the dancer Marie Allard. He was taught by his father, and made his debut in 1772 in the divertissement La Cinquantaine. He scored his first great success the following year as Amor in his father's ballet Endymion.
 
Vestris was appointed a soloist at the Paris Opéra in 1776, premier danseur in 1778, and premier sujet de la danse in 1780. He performed in the first production of Jean-Georges Noverre's Les Petits Rien and in  Christoph Willibald Gluck's Alceste. 

In 1780, he began a successful association with the King's Theatre in London. He performed there for more than ten years. He choreographed several ballets for the theatre including The Nymphs of Diana (1781), Le Premier Navigateur (1786), dances in Grétry's opera L'Épreuve villageoise (1786), and Les Folies d'Espagne (1791). He and his father were so famous that Parliament stopped sitting to see them dance. He left his wife shortly after the birth of their son Armand. 

He taught many of the famous dancers of the age. Among his pupils were Marius Petipa, Fanny Elssler, August Bournonville, Marie Taglioni and Jules Perrot. 

Vestris retired in 1816 from the Paris Opéra. In 1835, at the age of 75, he danced a minuet at the Opéra with Taglioni. He died in 1842, and is buried in Paris in Montmartre Cemetery.

Vestris had extraordinary elevation and a dazzling virtuoso technique.  Vestris was vain, arrogant and rude. The Opéra only tolerated his bad behavior for 35 years because of his great talent.

References

1760 births
1842 deaths
French choreographers
French ballet dancers
Division of Franklin

The Division of Franklin is an Australian electoral division in Tasmania. It was set up in 1903 and is named for Sir John Franklin, the polar explorer and Lt Governor of Van Diemen's Land 1843–46. It is covers an area of 6514 km² in southern Tasmania. This includes the Hobart suburbs of Bridgewater, Cygnet, Kingston, Lauderdale as well as Bruny Island.

Members

Harry Quick was forced out of the ALP for not paying his membership fees, and for not supporting the new candidate selected to replace him when he retired. Julie Collins was a minister in both Gillard Government and the second Rudd Government.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Franklin – Australian Electoral Commission
 Julie Collin's website.

Electoral divisions of Australia
Tasmania
1903 establishments in Australia
Division of Lyons

The Division of Lyons is an Australian electoral division in Tasmania. It was set up in 1984 is named for Joseph Lyons, Prime Minister of Australia 1931-39, Member for Wilmot from 1929 to 1939, and his wife Dame Enid Lyons. Dame Enid was the first woman elected to the Australian House of Representatives in 1943 and the first female member of Cabinet (1949–51).

It is covers an area of 32,910 km² central Tasmania, stretching from the eastern to western coasts and includes such places as New Norfolk, Deloraine and St Marys.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Lyons - Australian Electoral Commission
 Eric Hutchinson's website 

Electoral divisions of Australia
Tasmania
1984 establishments in Australia
Central Bank of Azerbaijan

The Central Bank of Azerbaijan () is the central bank of Azerbaijan. The headquarters of the bank is in the capital city Baku. The bank has regional branch offices in Nakhchivan, Ganja, Yevlakh, Khachmaz, Goychay and Bilasuvar.

History 
The bank was first established on September 16, 1919 shortly after the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic on May 28, 1918. It was closed when Azerbaijan was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union, and was established again in February 11, 1992 after the Soviet Union ended and Azerbaijan became independent again on October 18, 1991.

Responsibilities 
The main tasks of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan are:
 to control the supply of money and its exchange with other currencies
 to control banks and make sure the economy is stable
 to regularly determine and announce an official exchange rate of the national currency, the Azerbaijani manat
 to print banknotes and coins, and to introduce and withdraw them from circulation
 to make money
 to control how much money goes in and out of Azerbaijan
 to control all commercial banks

Executive Board 
The Executive Board is made up of the Governor, who is the Chairperson of the Board of directors, and 4 members who are appointed by the President of Azerbaijan and the National Assembly of Azerbaijan. The current governor is Elman Rustamov.

Related pages 
 Economy of Azerbaijan
 Azerbaijani manat
 Baku Stock Exchange
 Agriculture in Azerbaijan

Other websites 
  

Central banks
Economy of Azerbaijan
1992 establishments in Azerbaijan
Buildings and structures in Baku
Harbin International Snow and Ice Festival

The Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival (or simply Harbin Ice Festival) is a festival held every year in Harbin, China. It involves ice sculptures and winter activities. Officially, the festival starts on 5 January and lasts one month. The festival has been held since 1963. It started as a local traditional ice lantern show and garden party during Chinese Spring Festival.

Background
The festival was stopped for a number of years during the Cultural Revolution. It was resumed on 5 January 1985, when the Harbin city government hosted it at Zhaolin Park. It was then announced as an annual event. In 2001, the festival was merged with Heilongjiang International Ski Festival and got its current formal name. The Harbin Ice Festival is one of the world's top ice and snow festivals. It attracts a growing number of visitors from around the world.

Things to see and do
The festival has a series of shows at theme parks and ice activities on the Songhua River.   
 Sun Island International Snow Sculpture Art Fair 
 Ice Sculptures Show at Ice and Snow World
 Zhaolin Park Ice Lantern Show 
 Siberian Tiger Park	 
 Harbin Jewish New Synagogue	 
 St. Sophia Cathedral 
 Zhongyang Dajie

Other websites
Harbin Ice Festival
Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival

Festivals in Asia
Chinese culture
1985 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in China
Division of Gippsland

The Division of Gippsland is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named for the Gippsland region of eastern Victoria, which in turn is named for Sir George Gipps, Governor of New South Wales 1838–46. It covers an area of 35,054 km² including the towns of Bairnsdale, Morwell, Sale and Traralgon.

Members

Peter McGauran held several ministerial postions in the Howard Government

Election results
 2004 election result
 2007 election result
 2010 election result
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Gippsland – Australian Electoral Commission
 Darren Chester's website 

Electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
1901 establishments in Australia
Division of Goldstein

The Division of Goldstein is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was set up in 1984. It is named for Vida Goldstein, the first woman in the British Empire to stand for election to parliament. It covers an area of 50 km² in the bayside suburbs of Melbourne, including Beaumaris, Bentleigh, Brighton and Sandringham.

Members

Andrew Robb was the Federal Director of the Liberal Party from 1990-1997. He served as Minister for Vocational and Further Education in the Howard Government, and Minister for Trade and Investment in the Abbott Government.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Goldstein - Australian Electoral Commission
 Andrew Robb's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
1984 establishments in Australia
Linear independence

Linear independence is a concept from linear algebra. It is used to talk about vector spaces. Each vector space has a null vector. This vector is expressed as a linear combination (a sum) of other vectors. A set of these vectors is called linearly independent if and only if all of them are needed to express this null vector. This is equivalent to saying that at least one of the vectors can be expressed as a linear combination of the others. If the vectors are not linearly independent, they are called linearly dependent.

As an example, take the three-dimensional Euclidean space:

Here the first three vectors are linearly independent; but the fourth vector equals nine times the first plus five times the second plus four times the third, so the four vectors together are linearly dependent. Linear dependence is a property of the family, not of any particular vector; for example in this case we could just as well write the first vector as a linear combination of the last three.

Linear algebra
Division of Blair

The Division of Blair is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. Created in 1998, it is named after Harold Blair, an Aboriginal singer and civil rights campaigner. It covers an area of 6,409 km² west of Brisbane and includes Kilcoy, Toogoolawah, Esk, Cominya, Lowood, Fernvale, Ipswich, Minden, Marburg, Rosewood, and Walloon.

During the 2007 election campaign Blair received more funding promises from the Howard Government than any other electorate in the country.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results

References

Other websites
 - Division of Blair (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission
 Shayne Neumann's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1998 establishments in Australia
Mary Kom

Mangte Chungneijang Mary Kom (b. 1 March 1983) is an Indian boxer. Kom is a member of the Kom tribe of north-east India. She was born in Kangathei, Churachandpur, Manipur. 

Since childhood, Kom has liked athletics boxing and was good at them. She became interested in boxing after watching Dingko Singh in 2000. That same year, she began training with M. Narjit Singh (Manipur State Boxing Coach) at Khuman Lampak, Imphal.

Kom has won the World Boxing championship five times in a row. She is the only woman to get a medal and trophy  in all six world championships. She is also the only Indian woman to qualify for boxing in the 2012 London Olympics. At the 2013 Games, she competed in the flyweight category 51kg and won a bronze medal. She had also been ranked as No. 1 AIBA World Women's Ranking Light Flyweight category.

Personal life
Kom is married to K Onler Kom. They have twin sons named Rechungvar and Khupneivar. She lives with her family in Manipur.

References

1983 births
Living people
Indian sportspeople
Boxers
Olympic bronze medalists
Count of Anjou

Count of Anjou was a title first given to Ingelger. His male line ended with Geoffrey II of Anjou. The next line of counts of Anjou were descended from Geoffrey's sister Ermengarde-Blanche and her husband Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais. Their descendants include the Plantagenet kings of England.

Counts of Anjou

House of Ingelger 

 Ingelger († )
 Fulk I 'the Red' (929–942)
 Fulk II 'the Good' (942–960)
 Geoffrey I 'Greymantle' (958–987)
 Fulk III 'Nerra' (987–1040)
 Geoffrey II 'Martel' (1040–1060)The countship passed through his sister Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou to his nephew Geoffrey III below:

Angevins and Plantagenets 

 Geoffrey III 'the Bearded' (1060–1067)
 Fulk IV 'le Rechin' (1067–1096), (1106–1109)
 Geoffrey IV 'Martel' (1096–1106)
 Fulk V 'le June' (1109—1143), Count of Anjou, Maine and King of Jerusalem (1131–1143) 
 Geoffrey V 'Plantagenet' (1129–1151), Count of Anjou, Maine and Duke of Normandy (1144–1150)
 Henry II 'Curtmantle' (1150–1189), Duke of Normandy (1151-1189), King of England (1154–1189) 
 Richard I 'Lionheart' (1189–1199), King of England (1189–1199)
 Arthur I (1199–1203)

In 1204, Anjou was lost to king Philip II of France. It was re-granted as an appanage for Louis VIII's son John. He died in 1232 at the age of thirteen. Anjou was then given to Louis's youngest son, Charles. He later became the king of Sicily.

Capetian dynasty

Capetian House of Anjou 

 Charles I (1246–1285), King of Sicily, King of Jerusalem, Count of Maine, of Provence, of Forcalquier
 Charles II (1285–1290
 Margaret I (1285–1299)

In 1290, Margaret married Charles of Valois, the younger brother of king Philip IV of France. He became Count of Anjou in her right.

House of Valois 

 Charles III (1270–1325), count of Valois
 Philip I (1293–1350), Philip the Fortunate, count of Maine, of Valois
 John II (1319–1364), John the Good
 Louis I (1339–1383)

References
Ingelger

Ingelger (or Ingelgarius) († ) was a Frankish nobleman who became the first count of Anjou. He began a dynasty known as House of Ingelger.

Career 

Ingelger was the son of a Frankish nobleman Tertullus and his wife Petronilla. She was the niece of Raino, Bishop of Angers. Petronilla was also a relative of Hugh the Abbot, an counselor to both Louis II and Louis III of France. His mother's influence was one of the reasons for Ingelger's success. Records of the time call Ingelger a miles optimus (a great military man). Louis II appointed Ingelger as viscount of Orléans which at the time was under the rule of the Bishop of Orléans. While at Orléans Ingelger married Adelais. Later Ingelger was appointed prefect (military commander) at Tours. Some time after this Ingelger was made Count of Anjou. At this time the county went only as far west as the Mayenne River. He was buried in the church of Saint-Martin at Châteauneuf-sur-Sarthe.

Family 

Ingelger married Adelis, a close relative of Raino, Bishop of Angers. He was succeeded by their son:

 Fulk I of Anjou.

Notes

References 

880s deaths
Counts of Anjou
9th-century births
Tyndall effect

The Tyndall effect is when light is scattered by particles of matter in its path. It makes a beam of light visible by lighting the particles.

Under the Tyndall effect, the longer-wavelength light is more transmitted while the shorter-wavelength light is more reflected by scattering. In effect, blue light is scattered much more strongly than red light.

The blue of a clear sky, and the blue of blue eyes is caused by the Tyndall effect, not by a pigment. Its named after John Tyndall. 
Tyndall effect can also be observed when sunlight passes through the canopy of a dense forest. 
It happens due to the scattering of light by the particles of smoke and dust.

Light
Bandai-Azuma Roadway

is a highway in Fukushima Prefecture in Japan.

Other websites 
 Bandai-Azuma Roadway on the Fukushima city web site 

Roads in Japan
Mid-Sea Road

Mid-Sea Road is a road in Uruma, Okinawa in Japan. It connects two islands.

Other websites 
  Mid-Sea Road in the Japanese geocities web site

Roads in Japan
Arrondissements of the Pyrénées-Orientales department

There are 3 arrondissements in the Pyrénées-Orientales department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture. Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Pyrénées-Orientales are:

History
Since its creation, the Pyrénées-Orientales department, first with the name of Roussillon, has had few changes:
 1790 : creation of the department with three districts: Perpignan, Prades, Cèret
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Perpignan, Prades, Cèret

Related pages
Arrondissement of Céret
Arrondissement of Perpignan
Arrondissement of Prades
List of arrondissements of France

References

Pyrenees-Orientales
Occitanie
Arrondissement of Céret

The arrondissement of Céret is an arrondissement of France; it is the southermost arrondissement of Metropolitan France.  It is part of the Pyrénées-Orientales département. Its capital is the city of Céret.

The arrondissement of Céret is in the southeast of the department; it is the southernmost arrondissement of France.

History
When the Pyrénées-Orientales department was created on 17 February 1800, the arrondissement of Céret was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Céret is the smallest of the arrondissements of the department, with an area of , but it is the second in population, after the Perpignan arrondissement, with 73,192 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement is bordered to the north by the Perpignan arrondissement, to the east by the Mediterranean Sea, to the south by Spain, to the west and northwest by the Prades arrondissement.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Céret, there are 2 cantons whose communes are in the arrondissement: La Côte Vermeille and Vallespir-Albères. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:

Communes
The arrondissement of Céret has 40 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):

 Amélie-les-Bains-Palalda (66003)
 Argelès-sur-Mer (66008)
 Arles-sur-Tech (66009)
 Banyuls-dels-Aspres (66015)
 Banyuls-sur-Mer (66016)
 Calmeilles (66032)
 Cerbère (66048)
 Collioure (66053)
 Corsavy (66060)
 Coustouges (66061)
 Céret (66049)
 L'Albère (66001)
 La Bastide (66018)
 Lamanère (66091)
 Laroque-des-Albères (66093)
 Le Boulou (66024)
 Le Perthus (66137)
 Le Tech (66206)
 Les Cluses (66063)
 Maureillas-las-Illas (66106)
 Montauriol (66112)
 Montbolo (66113)
 Montesquieu-des-Albères (66115)
 Montferrer (66116)
 Oms (66126)
 Palau-del-Vidre (66133)
 Port-Vendres (66148)
 Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste (66150)
 Reynès (66160)
 Saint-André (66168)
 Saint-Génis-des-Fontaines (66175)
 Saint-Jean-Pla-de-Corts (66178)
 Saint-Laurent-de-Cerdans (66179)
 Saint-Marsal (66183)
 Serralongue (66194)
 Sorède (66196)
 Taillet (66199)
 Taulis (66203)
 Villelongue-dels-Monts (66225)
 Vivès (66233)

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
Arrondissements of the Pyrénées-Orientales department
List of arrondissements of France

References

Other websites
Photos, slide show
Walks in the Céret region
Ceret virtual Tours

Ceret
Occitanie
East German mark

The East German mark was the official currency of East Germany from 1948 until 1990 when it was replaced by the Deutsche Mark.

Other websites

Banknotes of the German Democratic Republic

Former currencies of Europe
Economy of Germany
East Germany
1948 establishments in Germany
1990 disestablishments in Germany
Fulk I of Anjou

Fulk I of Anjou (870 – 942), called the Red (, ), was first the viscount of Anjou, then Count of Anjou until his death. He was the Count of Tours, Count of Nantes, and a lay abbot. Fulk increased the size of the county of Anjou as well as the prestige of his family.

Career 

Born , Fulk was the son of Count Ingelger and Adelais de Amboise. 

He ruled the county of Anjou from  to 942, first as Viscount then in 929 as Count. It is not known why there was a period of time between Ingelger's rule and his son Fulk's. In 899 he became Viscount of Tours and in 905, Count of Tours. About 900-918 he was Count of Nantes. He increased the territory of the county of Anjou. During his reign, he was permanently at war with the Normans and the Bretons. He lost Nantes to the Normans in 919. Normans and their Viking allies often invaded Brittany and Anjou. , Ingelger, Fulk's oldest son was killed defending Anjou against Norman attacks.

Fulk built important connections for his family. His wife's family helped secure his countship of Nantes. His son Guy became the Bishop of Soissons. Fulk also succeeded his father-in-law, Warnerius, as lay abbot of Saint-Aubin. Fulk was lay abbot of St. Lézin as well. Through these many positions Fulk elevated his family's status and fortune. Fulk I died .

Family

Fulk married Roscille de Loches. She was the daughter of Warnerius (Widone),Seigneur de Loches, de Villentrois, & de la Haye, and his wife Tecandra. He and Roscille had:  

 Ingelger († bef. 927).
 Guy (Wido), Bishop of Soissons († 970).
 Fulk II. Succeeded his father as Count of Anjou.

Notes

References

870s births
940s deaths
Counts of Anjou
Charles University

Charles University is a university in Prague. It is one of the oldest universities in the world. King Charles IV signed an official letter to start the university on April 7, 1348.

Other websites
Charles University

References 

Prague
Colleges and universities in Europe
Fanny Elssler

Fanny Elssler (23 June 1810 – 27 November 1884) was an Austrian ballerina of the Romantic period.

1810 births
1884 deaths
Ballerinas
Austrian people
Wells Fargo

Wells Fargo is a global bank network based in California. They operate all across the world. Wells Fargo is the 4th largest bank in the United States. The bank was established in New York City in March of 1852. The founders of the bank system were Henry Wells and William Fargo, who had already made American Express.

Like many U.S. companies, the bank has a history of racism in its past. In 2008, Wells Fargo bought Wachovia, another bank, and took over its business. Wachovia also had a history of slavery and discrimination. 

Wells Fargo has been sued for discriminating in the loans it offers customers, like Bank of America and other global bank networks. On February 2, 2018, the US Federal Reserve Bank barred Wells Fargo from growing its nearly US$2 trillion-asset base any further, until Wells Fargo fixes its internal problems to the satisfaction of the Federal Reserve. 

In April 2018, The Wall Street Journal reported that the US Department of Labor had launched a probe into whether Wells Fargo was pushing its customers into more expensive retirement plans and into retirement funds managed by Wells Fargo itself. In May 2018, The Wall Street Journal reported that Wells Fargo's business banking group had improperly altered documents about business clients in 2017 and early 2018.

References 

Banks of the United States
1852 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in California
Companies based in San Francisco
Division of Brand

The Division of Brand is an Australian electoral division in the state of Western Australia. The division was named after Sir David Brand, a former state premier. It was created in 1984 because of the large increase in population. It covers an area of 411 km² south of Perth. It includes the City of Kwinana, City of Rockingham and the northern section of the City of Mandurah.

According to the 2006 census, Brand is the electorate with the lowest proportion (12.6%) of residents with a university qualification.

Members

Wendy Fatin was  Minister for the Arts in the early 1990s. Kim Beazley was Minister for Defence in the Hawke Government, and Deputy Prime Minister to Paul Keating. He took over the seat in 1996. He had been the member for Swan but changes in the boundaries showed he would lose it. At the 1996 election, Beazley won Brand by just 387 votes. Gary Gray was Minister for Resources and Energy, Minister for Tourism and Minister for Small Business in the Rudd Government.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results
 2016 election results
 2019 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Brand - Australian Electoral Commission
 Gary Gray's website 

Electoral divisions of Australia
Western Australia
Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto Airport

Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto Airport  or APT Pranoto Airport, also known as Sungai Siring Airport is the airport of Samarinda, Indonesia. It is in the Sungai Siring district of Samarinda. It is one of the leading airports in Kaltim, and it is the hub for Kaltim Airlines. It is the busiest airport in terms of passengers in Kaltim.

The airport has a railway system linking it to the city of Samarinda. It was designed by PT Waskita Karya. The aim of the airport was to increase traffic and capacity which the old Temindung Airport could not handle.

Reference

Airports in Asia
Transport in Indonesia
Buildings and structures in Indonesia
Morgan Stanley

Morgan Stanley is an American multinational bank club. Its headquarters is in Manhattan, New York. Morgan Stanley operates in over forty countries. The group was founded in 1935.

Banks based in New York City
1935 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in New York (state)
Division of Canning

The Division of Canning is an Australian Electoral Division in Western Australia. It was set up in 1949 and is named for Alfred Canning, the surveyor who set up the Canning Stock Route. It once covered country areas but now includes the outer southern suburbs of Perth. It includes the suburbs of Armadale, Mandurah, Kelmscott, Roleystone, Westfield and Wungong. It also includes Byford, Cardup, Dwellingup, Forrestdale, Halls Head, Jarrahdale, Mundijong, North Dandalup, Oakford, Pinjarra, Ravenswood, Serpentine, Waroona and Yunderup.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results
 2016 election results
 2019 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Canning – Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
Western Australia
1949 establishments in Australia
Bracket fungus

Bracket fungi, or shelf fungi, are among the many groups of fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota.

They produce shelf- or bracket-shaped fruiting bodies called conks. These lie in a close group of horizontal rows. Brackets can range from only a single row of a few caps, to dozens of rows of caps that can weigh several hundred pounds. They are mainly found on trees (living and dead) and woody debris. Some form annual fruiting bodies while others are perennial and grow larger year after year. Bracket fungi are usually tough and sturdy. Their spores, called basidiospores, are in pores on the undersurface.

References 

Fungi
Jelly fungus

Jelly fungi are a paraphyletic group of several fungal orders from different classes of the subphylum Agaricomycotina. The name comes from their form, or growth habit. Their fruiting body is foliose or irregularly branched. It looks like jelly. Actually, many are somewhat rubbery and gelatinous. When dried, jelly fungi become hard and shriveled; when exposed to water, they return to their original form.

Some jelly fungi can be eaten raw; poisonous jelly fungi are rare. However, many species have an unpalatable texture or taste. However, some species, Tremella fuciformis for example, are not only edible but prized for use in soup and vegetable dishes.

References 

Fungi
Stinkhorn

The stinkhorns are a family of fungi, the  Phallaceae. Belonging to the fungal order Phallales, the Phallaceae have a worldwide distribution, but are especially common in tropical regions. Their mushrooms are foul-smelling, sticky spore masses, or gleba, on the end of a stalk.

Their mushroom distinguishes the Phallaceae from other families in the Phalalles. The spore mass smells of carrion or dung, and attracts flies and other insects to help disperse the spores. Although a great diversity of body structure shape exists between the various genera, all species in the Phallaceae begin their development as oval or round structures known as "eggs". According to a 2008 estimate, the family contains 21 genera and 77 species.

References 

Fungi
Todd Graff

Todd Graff (October 22, 1959) is an American actor, writer, director, producer and former singer. He is best known for his independent movie Camp. This was released in 2003, at the Sundance Film Festival. It was successfully shown at many festivals, including the Festival of New Films / New Directors of Lincoln Center, the Sydney Film Festival (where it won first prize), and the Provincetown Film Festival (where it won best film). Graff replaced recently departed Stephen Gustafson from The Electric Company in 1975.

Graff acted in movies such as The Abyss (1989). He also acted on stage in the Broadway musical Baby. He was later able to build a reputation as a writer.

References

Other websites

1959 births
Actors from New York City
American child actors
American screenwriters
American movie actors
American television actors
Living people
LGBT directors
Second Battle of Bull Run

The Second Battle of Bull Run (also called the Battle of Second Manassas) was a battle during the American Civil War. It was fought from August 28 to August 30, 1862. It ended in a Confederate victory.

Background
Union president Abraham Lincoln formed the Army of Virginia near Washington, D.C. in July 1862. He put Major General John Pope in command of the army. Lincoln wanted Pope to attack the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.

Confederate General Robert E. Lee commanded the Army of Northern Virginia. He was trying to protect Richmond from another Union army on the Peninsula. The Union Army of the Potomac had just tried to capture Richmond a few weeks before but failed. Lee would be outnumbered if the two Union armies united. He moved his army north to fight Pope.

The battle
Lee planned to send Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's corps to the rear of Pope's army. He wanted to surround Pope. Jackson camped near the Bull Run on August 28, where the First Battle of Bull Run was fought in 1861. Jackson attacked part of Pope's army on August 28 but was defeated.

Pope then tried to attack Jackson on August 29 and destroy his corps. All of the Union attacks failed. Lee arrived during the evening with James Longstreet's corps.

Pope tried to attack Jackson again on August 30 but again was defeated. Lee then attacked Pope and routed the Union army.

Aftermath
There were 13,826 Union casualties in the battle. Pope retreated back to Washington. His army was combined with the Army of the Potomac. Pope was sent to Minnesota after the battle.

There were 8,353 Confederate casualties in the battle. Lee decided to invade Maryland after the battle.

Notes

References 

Bull Run 2
1862 in Virginia
August events
Cytotoxic T cell

A cytotoxic T cell is a type of white blood cell. It is a T lymphocyte which kills cancer cells, cells  infected with viruses, or cells that are damaged in other ways.

Most cytotoxic T cells have T-cell receptors (TCRs) which recognize a specific antigen from a cancer cell or virus. 

Antigens inside a cell are brought to the surface of the cell by major histocompatibility complex molecules, where they can be recognized by the T cell. If the TCR is specific for that antigen, it binds to the complex of MHC molecule and antigen, and the T cell destroys the cell.

blood cells
Immunology
Lockheed C-141 Starlifter

The Lockheed C-141 Starlifter is a military US transport aircraft. It was used by US Air Force between 1965 and 2006. It flew for the Vietnam War and the Gulf War. It was only used in the United States. A total of 285 were built.

United States Air Force aircraft
C-141 Starlifter
Vietnam War aircraft
Fuji FA 200

The Fuji FA 200 is a civilian light aircraft. It was built in Japan between 1968 and 1986. There were 275 of them built. It is a single-engine aircraft.

Civil aircraft
Japan
War (U2 album)

War is the third studio album by Irish rock band U2, released in 1983.

The band's first album, Boy is about childhood and the second album, October is about spirituality. This album is about war and politics. This is because of songs like "Sunday Bloody Sunday". The album was named War because of what was happening in the world while they were recording. Bono said that "everywhere you looked, from the Falklands to the Middle East and South Africa, there was war."

War sold well for the band right away. Michael Jackson's album, Thriller fell from the top of the charts. War became U2's first album in the United Kingdom to reach #1. It was not well liked by British critics at first, but over the years has gained approval.

Recording
U2 began recording War in May 1982.  Bono and his bride Alison, had just been married. The band took a break while Bono and Alison went on a honeymoon in Jamaica. But Bono worked on the lyrics for the upcoming album while on vacation.

Track listing
All of the songs and the lyrics were written by U2.

 Sunday Bloody Sunday - 4:38
 Seconds - 3:09
 New Year's Day - 5:38
 Like a Song… - 4:48
 Drowning Man - 4:12
 The Refugee - 3:40 (produced by Bill Whelan)
Two Hearts Beat as One - 4:00
 Red Light - 3:46
 Surrender - 5:34
 40 - 2:36

People 
U2
Bono – lead vocals, additional guitar
The Edge – guitar, piano, lap steel, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Seconds," bass and guitar on "40"
Adam Clayton – bass, except on "40"
Larry Mullen Jr. – drums

Others
Kenny Fradley – trumpet on "Red Light"
Steve Wickham – electric violin on "Sunday Bloody Sunday" and "Drowning Man"
The Coconuts: Cheryl Poirier, Adriana Kaegi, Taryn Hagey, Jessica Felton – backing vocals on "Like A Song…", "Red Light", and "Surrender"

References 

U2 albums
1983 albums
Island Records albums
Rock albums
Punk albums
Sweet roll

A sweet roll (or sweet bun) refers to any kind of bread roll or bun that is made to taste sweet. They are eaten as a breakfast or dessert food. They may contain spices, nuts, fruits, and are often glazed or topped with icing. Compared to regular bread dough, sweet roll dough generally has more sugar, fat, eggs and yeast. They are often round, and are small enough to be eaten by one person. They are different to pastries, which are made from a paste-like batter, and cakes, which are usually not leavened like bread is. They are also not the same as doughnuts, which are deep fried.

Related pages
 Waffle
 Banana bread

References

Sweet breads
Margaret Pellegrini

Margaret Pellegrini (September 23, 1923 – August 7, 2013) was an American actress. She was one of the last surviving munchkins from the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz. Pellegrini was one of only two surviving female munchkins from the movie.

Pellegrini was born on September 23, 1923 in Tuscumbia, Alabama. She was married to Willie Pellegrini until his death. They had two children. Pellegrini died on August 7, 2013 in Glendale, Arizona from a stroke, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 

1923 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Alabama
People from Tuscumbia, Alabama
People with dwarfism
Pterois

Pterois, also known as lionfish, is a genus of venomous marine fish. They are found mostly in the Indo-Pacific. 

Pterois is characterized by warning coloration with red, white, creamy, or black bands, showy pectoral fins and venomous spiky fin rays. Pterois are classified into a number of different species, but Pterois radiata, Pterois volitans and Pterois miles are the most commonly studied. Pterois are popular aquarium fish and are readily used for cooking.

Pterois are about 2.44in (6.2cm) to 16.69in (42.4 cm) with typical adults measuring 14.96in (37.9 cm) . They weigh an average of 1.05 lbs (0.47 kg).

References

Teleosts
Viscount

A Viscount (, ) is a member of the European nobility. A viscount usually ranks above a baron and below a count. The female equivalent is a Viscountess.

History

In France and Western Europe

Beginning in the early ninth century the Carolingian kings appointed counts to run local county governments. The counts used viscounts or deputy counts to assist them.

The viscounts served as deputies of the county. They had military, financial, administrative and judicial authority. They carried out court orders and held courts of their own. Viscounts also collected money for the king. Starting with the reign of Philip the Fair they were paid regular salaries. In the early tenth century, viscounts in the south of France gave themselves the rights of counts for their own profit. In Narbonne and Nimes the office became hereditary just like that of a count. Elsewhere in France viscounts began replacing counts where they could. A Viscounty (or Viscountship) was the office, area or jurisdiction of a viscount. By the eleventh century viscounts had become hereditary offices in most of Western Europe. In Normandy, before 1066, Duke William I began to view the position of a viscount as being removable. After 1066, and as King of England, William made several of his viscounts in Normandy, earls in England (an English earl was about the same as a count in Europe). But there were no viscounts in the English peerage and he did not create any.

In eleventh century Italy, the office and the lands of a viscount began to be thought of as the hereditary property of the family. The title, as with that of count or marquis was used by all members of a family.

In England

The first introduction of the title of viscount in England was in the fifteenth century. The first to be recognized, John Beaumont was already a viscount in Maine. This was to give him a rank above the barons in the English peerage. Afterward it became a regular rank in the peerage. In England, and later in the United Kingdom, a viscount ranks above a baron but below an earl. The wife of a viscount is called a countess.

Notes

References

History of Europe
Royalty and nobility
Titles
Montacute, South Australia

Montacute is a small town and suburb in Adelaide Hills, South Australia. The town is on Fifth Creek. It is mostly a rural area. Rostrevor is to the west of the suburb, while Lenswood is to the east, Castambul is to the north, and Norton Summit and Cherryville are to its west.  The small town of Montacute Heights is on top of the ridge between Fifth and Sixth Creeks.

Copper was discovered in the area in 1843, and a mine was built soon after. One of the people who gave money for the mine was Sir John Baker. He named the area after Montacute in Somerset, which was close to the place where he was born. Gold was discovered in 1846. The "Victoria Mine" became the first gold deposit to be commercially mined in Australia.

The main industries are now orchards and market gardens. The 200-hectare Montacute Conservation Park was founded in 1971.

Corkscrew Road is a popular route for cyclists and people on day-trips. It is a small road linking Montacute Heights with Gorge Road via a precipitous route with many twists and turns.

References
Division of Cowan

The Division of Cowan is an Australian Electoral Division in Western Australia. It was created in 1984 and is named for Edith Cowan, the first woman elected to an Australian Parliament. It covers the northern suburbs of Perth, including Girrawheen, Greenwood, Kingsley, Landsdale, Woodvale and Marangaroo.

Members

Graham Edwards had been a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council, and a minister in the Lawrence Government.

Election results
 2001 election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results
 2016 election results
 2019 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Cowan - Australian Electoral Commission
 Luke Simpkin's website 

Electoral divisions of Australia
Western Australia
1984 establishments in Australia