cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Lons-le-Saunier

Lons-le-Saunier is a spa town in France. It is the prefecture of the Jura department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.

Sister cities
Lons-le-Saunier is twinned with:
  Offenburg, Germany
  Ripley, United Kingdom

Spa towns in France
Departmental capitals in France
Communes in Jura
Communes of the Jura department

The following is a list of the 544 communes of the Jura département, in France.

Tancua was included in Morbier on January 1, 2007.

Jura
Communes of the Landes department

The following is a list of the 331 communes of the Landes département, in France.

 (CAM) Communauté d'agglomération du Marsan, created in 2002.

Landes
Communes of the Loir-et-Cher department

The following is a list of the 291 communes of the Loir-et-Cher département, in France.

 (CAB) Communauté d'agglomération du Blaisois, created in 2003.

Loir-et-Cher
Communes of the Haute-Loire department

The following is a list of the 260 communes of the Haute-Loire département, in France.

 (CAP) Communauté d'agglomération du Puy-en-Velay, created in 2000.

Haute-Loire
Communes of the Loire-Atlantique department

The following is a list of the 221 communes of the Loire-Atlantique department, in France.

 (NM)    Nantes Métropole, Communauté urbaine of Nantes.
 (CAB)   Communauté d'agglomération of Côte du Pays Blanc, created in 2003, part of which is also in the département of Morbihan.
 (CAS)   Communauté d'agglomération Région Nazairienne et de l'Estuaire, created in 2001.
 (LS)    Communauté de communes Loire & Sillon, created in 2002.
 (COMPA) Communauté de communes of Pays d'Ancenis.

Loire-Atlantique
The Sin of Madelon Claudet

The Sin of Madelon Claudet is a 1931 American drama movie. The screenplay was adapted from the play The Lullaby by Edward Knoblock. It tells the story of a woman who was put in jail for the crime she did not commit and later had to turn to theft and prostitution to support her son.

In 1932 Helen Hayes won an Academy Award for her leading role in it and was named a Favorite Actress at the first Venice Film Festival.

English-language movies
American drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
Screenplays by Ben Hecht
Movies based on plays
Fallow deer

The fallow deer (Dama dama) is a type of deer from the family Cervidae. The animal originally lived in Eurasia, though it has been brought it to other parts of the world, such as Australia.

The male is called a buck, the female is a doe, and the young a fawn. They live for about 12–16 years. All of the fallow deer have white spots on their backs, and black tips at the ends of their tails. Only bucks have antlers, which are wide and shaped like a shovel.

They are grazing animals. They like to live in an area that is mixed woodland and open grassland. They try to stay together in groups of up to 150.

Colours
They have a lot of different coloured coats (hair). There are four main colours: "common", "menil", "melanistic" and "white".  
The common coat is a brown coat with white spots that are best seen in the summer. In the winter the coat is much darker. The white coat is lightest colored, almost white. The common and menil coat are darker. The melanistic coat is very dark, sometimes even black.

Historical herds
One noted historical herd of fallow deer is kept in the Ottenby Preserve in Öland, Sweden. Karl X Gustav built a drystone wall of four kilometres long around a royal fallow deer herd in the mid 17th century. The herd still exists as of 2006.
Another herd lives in Phoenix Park in Ireland. 400-450 fallow deer descend from the original herd introduced in the 1660s.

References

Further reading
 FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH PAPER   27. (1982). Deer farming guidelines on practical aspects. . Retrieved on 4 January 2008.
 Clutton-Brock, J. (1978). A Natural History of Domesticated Animals. London, British Museum.
 Lyneborg, L. (1971). Mammals [of Europe]. .

Other websites

Fallow deer in New Zealand 

Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Deer
MacDonnell Ranges

The MacDonnell Ranges are a long narrow range of mountains in the Northern Territory of Australia. They run in an almost straight line from east to west for hundreds of kilometres, on either side of Alice Springs. The Western MacDonnell Ranges have some spectacular gaps right through the range. Some of these such as Simpsons Gap, and Standley Chasm are major tourist attractions. The Heavitree Gap allows road and rail access to Alice Springs right through the mountains. They were named by the explorer John McDouall Stuart after Sir Richard MacDonnell, the Governor of South Australia.

The ranges are protected by the West MacDonnell National Park There is a long walking trail along the ranges called the Larapinta Trail.

The Arrente people, the indigenous Australian people who live in the area, believe the mountains were once giant caterpillars, called Yerrenye.

References

Mountain ranges of Australia
Mountains of the Northern Territory
G20 developing nations

The G20 (Group of 20, also variously G21, G22 and G20+) is a bloc of developing nations established on 20 August 2003. Distinct and separate from the G-20 major economies, the group emerged at the 5th Ministerial WTO conference, held in  Cancún, Mexico, from 10 September to 14 September 2003.  The G-20 accounts for 60% of the world's population, 70% of its farmers and 26% of world’s agricultural exports. In 2008 the group had 23 members.

References

International organizations
Cahors

Cahors () is a commune in southwestern France. It is in Occitanie. Cahors is the prefecture (capital) of the Lot department. It is also the capital of 3 cantons: Cahors-1, Cahors-2 and Cahors-3.

Cahors was the capital of the old province of Quercy and the people of this city are known, in French, as cadurciens (women: cadurciennes). This name comes from the old name of the city, Carduca.

History
Cahors is an ancient town. The people that inhabited the area at the time of the Roman conquest were called Carduci and so the Romans named the town as Divona or Divona Cadurcorum, "Divona of the Cadurci"; Divona was a source of water, now called "fontaine des Chartreux". The word Cahors comes from Cadurcorum.

Geography
Cahors is located in the southwest of France, in the old province of Quercy, in the valley of the Lot river, and is found in a peninsula () formed by an U-shaped meander of that river which gives its name to the department.

It has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune is at  north of Toulouse and is surrounded by the communes Mercuès, Calamane, Pradines, Arcambal, Lamagdelaine, Laroque-des-Arcs, Trespoux-Rassiels, Labastide-Marnhac, Le Montat and Flaujac-Poujols.

Climate 
The climate of Cahors, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
With a population of 19,630, Cahors has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Cahors

Cahors forms, together with the commune Pradines, the urban area of Cahors, with a population of 23,090 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Cahors, formed by 44 communes with a population of 44,255 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration 
Cahors is the prefecture of the Lot department, the capital of the arrondissement of Cahors and the administrative centre () of the Cahors-1, Cahors-2 and Cahors-3 cantons.

It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Cahors ().

Places of interest

Some places of interest are:
 Pont Valentré (Valentré Bridge, ), a symbol of the town across the Lot river. It was built between 1308 and 1378.
 Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Cahors (Cahors Cathedral), a national monument in France.
 Arc de Diane (Diane's Arch), remains of Roman baths. 
 Saint-Barthélémy Church (14th century).
 Maison Henri IV or Hôtel de Roaldès (15th century).

Gallery

References

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Cahors
 Communes of the Lot department

Other websites

 Ville de Cahors - Official website 
 Office de Tourisme de Grand Cahors (in English: Grand Cahors Tourist Office) 

Communes in Lot
Departmental capitals in France
Mende, Lozère

Mende is a commune and prefecture of the department of Lozère, part of the Occitanie region. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Mende.

The inhabitants of this city are known, in French, as Mendois (women: Mendoises).

Geography
Mende is located in the southern Massif Central, to the north of the Cévennes, near the Mont Lozère, the highest point of the Lozère department. The Lot river flows through the city and most of Mende is on the left side of the river.

The commune of Mende has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Mende is surrounded by the communes Chastel-Nouvel, Badaroux, Lanuéjols, Brenoux, Saint-Bauzile, Balsièges, Barjac and Servières.

Climate 
The climate in Mende in the Köppen climate classification is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The city of Mende had 11,542 inhabitants for a density of  persons/km2.

Evolution of the population in Mende

Administration
Mende is the prefecture of the Lozère department since 1790. It is also the capital of the Mende arrondissement and of two cantons:
 Mende-1, formed with a part of Mende (5,513 inhabitants) (2014)
 Mende-2, formed with a part of Mende (6,029  inhabitants) (2014)

It is part of the intercommunality Cœur de Lozère ().

Twinned and partner towns
Mende is twinned with:
  Wunsiedel, Germany, since 1980
  Volterra, Italy, since 1993
  Vila Real, Portugal, since 2003

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Mende
 Communes of the Lozère department

References

Other websites

 City council website 
 Mende Tourist Office

Communes in Lozère
Departmental capitals in France
Communes of the Maine-et-Loire department

The following is a list of the 363 communes of the Maine-et-Loire département in France.

(CAA) Communauté d'agglomération d'Angers, created in 2001.
(CAC) Communauté d'agglomération du Choletais, created in 2001.
(CAS) Communauté d'agglomération Saumur Loire Développement, created in 2001.

Maine-et-Loire
Communes of the Lozère department

The following is a list of the 185 communes of the Lozère département, in France.

Lozere
Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department

The following is a list of the 319 communes of the Lot-et-Garonne département, in France.

 (CAA) Communauté d'agglomération (unitary authority) of Agen, created in 2000.

Lot-et-Garonne
Communes of the Lot department

The following is a list of the 340 communes of the Lot département, in France.

Lot
Communes of the Loiret department

The following is the list of the 334 communes of the Loiret département, in France.

 (AgglO) Communauté d'agglomération Orléans Val de Loire, created in 2002
 (AME)   Agglomération Montargoise et Rives du Loing, created December 14, 2001
 (CC4V)  Communauté de communes des Quatre Vallées (seat in Ferrières-en-Gâtinais), created in 2002
 (CCB)   Communauté de communes du Beaunois, created in 2002
 (CCBG)  Communauté de communes de Beauce et du Gâtinais
 (CCCB)  Communauté de communes du canton de Briare, created in 2002
 (CCCCL) Communauté de communes du canton de Châtillon-sur-Loire, created in 2002
 (CCCL)  Communauté de communes du canton de Lorris, created in 2002
 (CCCOL) Communauté de communes du canton d'Ouzouer-sur-Loire, created in 2002
 (CCF)   Communauté de communes de la Forêt (seat in Loury), created in 2002
 (CCG)   Communauté de communes du Giennois (seat in Gien), created in 2002
 (CCL)   Communauté de communes des Loges (seat in Jargeau), created in 2002
 (CCQR)  Communauté de communes des Quatre Rivières (seat in Châtillon-Coligny), created in 2002
 (CCVA)  Communauté de communes du Val d'Ardoux (seat in Cléry-Saint-André), created in 2002

Loiret
Diffraction

Diffraction is a physics concept which occurs when waves bend around small obstacles, or spread out after they pass through small openings. Diffraction occurs with all waves, including sound waves, water waves, and electromagnetic waves such as light that the eye can see. Diffraction also occurs with matter such as electrons.

Causes of diffraction

Diffraction is caused by one wave of light being shifted by a diffracting object. This shift will cause the wave to have interference with itself.  Interference can be either constructive or destructive.  When interference is constructive, the intensity of the wave will increase.  When interference is destructive, the intensity will decrease, sometimes to a point where it is completely destroyed.  These patterns of interference rely on the size of the diffracting object and the size of the wave.  The strongest examples of diffraction occur in waves where the wavelength is similar to the size of the object causing diffraction.

Uses of diffraction
Diffraction can be used to separate different wavelengths of light using a diffraction grating.  A diffraction grating can be a series of closely-spaced slits or a mirror with a series of small grooves.  Diffraction gratings work because different wavelengths of light will constructively interfere at different angles.  Diffraction gratings are used in many analytical chemistry tools, such as a spectrometer.

Diffraction can also be used to look at molecules using X-ray crystallography.  In X-ray crystallography, X-rays are aimed on a crystal. The crystal diffracts the X-ray and makes a diffraction pattern.  This pattern is unique to the type of crystal and can be used to identify the molecule that makes the crystal. Diffraction also occurs in a bending movement where the wave becomes more spread out

References
Skoog, D.A.; Holler, F.J.; Crouch, S.R.  Principles of Instrumental Analysis. (Brooks/Cole, California). 
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Young_Diffraction.png

Physics
Shanghai Knights

Shanghai Knights is an 2003 martial arts action-comedy movie that was produced by Jackie Chan, Gary Barber and Roger Birnbaum and was directed by David Dobkin. It is a sequel to Shanghai Noon. Shanghai Knights was released on February 7, 2003 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 66% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 58 out of 100 from Metacritic. prequel Shanghai Dawn.

Cast 
 Jackie Chan as Chon Wang
 Owen Wilson as Roy O'Bannon
 Fann Wong as Chon Lin
 Thomas Fisher as Inspector Artie Doyle/Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
 Aidan Gillen as Lord Nelson Rathbone
 Donnie Yen as Wu Chow
 Aaron Johnson as Charlie Chaplin
 Oliver Cotton as Jack the Ripper
 Kim Chan as Chon Wang's Father
 Gemma Jones as Queen Victoria
 Brad Allan as Thug (uncredited)

Stunts 
 Tom Wu
 Nicky Li
 He Jun
 Wu Gang
 Park Hyun Jin
 Lee In Seob
 Han Guan Hua

Release Dates

Other websites 
Shanghai Knights Official website 
 
 

2003 movies
American action movies
American comedy movies
Wyre

Wyre is a local government district in Lancashire, England. It is a borough, based in the town of Poulton-le-Fylde. Wyre is named after the River Wyre, which runs through the district.

Wyre was formed in 1974.

Town and parish councils in Wyre

Urban areas
Fleetwood
Poulton-le-Fylde
Thornton Cleveleys

Parish councils
Barnacre with Bonds
Bleasdale
Cabus
Catterall
Claughton on Brock
Forton
Garstang
Great Eccleston
Hambleton
Inskip-with-Sowerby
Kirkland, Lancashire
Myerscough and Bilsborrow
Nateby
Nether Wyresdale
Out Rawcliffe
Pilling
Preesall (Town Council) 
Stalmine-with-Staynall
Upper Rawcliffe with Tarnacre
Winmarleigh

References

Other websites
Wyre Borough Council 
 
District and borough councils in Lancashire
1974 establishments in England
River Wyre

The River Wyre is a river in Lancashire, England. It flows into the Irish Sea at the town of Fleetwood. It is about  long. The river is a County Biological Heritage Site.

Lancashire
Wyre
Wyre
Michael Konsel

Michael Konsel (born 6 March 1962) is a retired Austrian football player who played as goalkeeper in Austria and Italy.

Career
He started as defender for Fortuna 05 when he was six but at the age of nine he became goalkeeper, a position he played for the rest of his career. At the age of 16 he came to  FC Kritzendorf where he became goalkeeper of the first team. His first professional team was First Vienna FC, then he want to SK Rapid Wien. For Rapid he played 395 matches in the league, 47 Cupmatches and 42 international matches (2 times the final of the UEFA Cupwinner Cup)

After his successful time with Rapid he went to AS Roma in Italys Seria A. The last year of his career he spent with SSC Venice.

International
Michael Konsel played 43 matches in Austrias national team. He was member of Austrias team for the FIFA World Cup in 1990 and 1998. 1990 in Italy he was second goalkeeper but 1998 he was number 1 and played 3 matches. Although he played his first match 1985 he became number 1 in the team not until 10 years later. His last match was a friendly versus Worldchampion France in Viennas Ernst-Happel-stadium.

Honours
Austrian Bundesliga (3):
 1987, 1988, 1996
Austrian Cup (3):
 1985, 1987, 1995
Austria
Goalkeeper of the year: 1987/88, 1994/95, 1995/96, 1996/97
Footballer of the year:
Krone-Fußballerwahl:1987,1995
APA-Fußballerwahl:1995
VdF-Honourary price:1998
Italy 
Best Goalkeeper Serie A : 1997/98
FIFA World Cup:
Member of the Austrian team 1990 and 1998

Other websites 
 Official homepage
 players profile Michael Konsel 

1962 births
Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Living people
List of European stadiums by capacity

The list contains European stadiums with a capacity of at least 25,000. Almost all of these stadiums were built mainly for association football. Most of the rest were built for athletics, the rugby codes, or (in Ireland) Gaelic games.

Current Stadiums

Capacity of 25,000 or more
Notes:

(d) indicates retractable seating deployed, 
(nd) indicates retractable seating not deployed
(m) indicates movable seating deployed
(t) indicates capacity with temporary seats to be removed

An asterisk - * - indicates that a team does not play all of its home matches at that venue.

The "Category" column indicates whether the stadium has been designated by UEFA as capable of hosting Champions League or Europa League matches.

Other UEFA Category 4 Stadiums

Under construction

The following is a list of European stadiums which are currently under construction and will have a capacity of 25,000 or more.

References 

stadiums by capacity
Chaumont, Haute-Marne

Chaumont is a commune of France, and the capital (or prefecture) of the Haute-Marne department in the Grand Est region.

Geography
The city of Chaumont is on the Langres plateau on the geographical centre of the Haute-Marne department in northeast France. It is along the Marne (river) river.

It has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Chaumont is surrounded by the communes Condes, Treix, Chamarandes-Choignes, Laville-aux-Bois, Biesles, Verbiesles, Neuilly-sur-Suize, Richebourg, Semoutiers-Montsaon, Villiers-le-Sec and Jonchery.

Two rivers flow through the city: the Suize to the west and the Marne to the east.

Climate
The climate of Chaumont, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Chaumont are known, in French, as Chaumontais (women: Chaumontaises).

The city of Chaumont has a population, in 2014, of 22,674; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Chaumont

Chaumont forms with Chamarandes-Choignes the urban area of Chaumont with a population of 23,716 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Chaumont, formed by 65 communes, with a population of 42,594 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .

Administration 
Chaumont is the prefecture of the Haute-Marne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Chaumont and the administrative centre () of three cantons:
 Chaumont-1 formed by 6 communes and part of Chaumont, with 10,816 inhabitants (2014).
 Chaumont-2 formed by 4 communes and part of Chaumont, with 8,534 inhabitants (2014).
 Chaumont-3 formed by 5 communes and part of Chaumont, with 10,609 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Chaumont, du Bassin Nogentais et du Bassin de Bologne Vignory Froncles ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Chaumont is twinned with:
  Ashton-under-Lyne, England, since 1956.
  Ivrée, Italy, since 1983.
  Bad Nauheim, Germany, since 1992.
  Oostkamp, Belgium, since 2004.

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Chaumont
 Communes of the Haute-Marne department

References

Other websites

 Site officiel de la ville de Chaumont 
 Office de Tourisme du Pays de Chaumont en Champagne  

Communes in Haute-Marne
Departmental capitals in France
Saint-Lô

Saint-Lô is a commune. It is in the Manche department in west France.

Sister cities
Saint-Lô is twinned with:
 Saint-Ghislain, Belgium, since 1961
 Aalen, Germany, since 1979
 Christchurch, UK, since 1985
 Kervénanec, Lorient, France, since 1988
 Roanoke, Virginia, US, since 1999

Communes in Manche
Departmental capitals in France
Communes of the Haute-Marne department

The following is a list of the 433 communes of the Haute-Marne département, in France.

Haute-Marne
Communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department

The following is a list of the 594 communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department, in France.

(CUN) Communauté urbaine du Grand Nancy, created in 1995.

Meurthe-et-Moselle
Vannes

Vannes is a commune. It is the prefecture of Morbihan in Brittany.

Education 
 Institut catholique d'arts et métiers

Sister cities
Vannes is twinned with:

  Mons, Belgium (since 1952)
  Cuxhaven, Germany (since 1963)
  Fareham, United Kingdom (since 1967)

Vannes also has partnerships (‘partenariats’) with:
  Barouéli, Mali, since 2003
  Wałbrzych, Poland, since 2001

Communes in Morbihan
Departmental capitals in France
Bar-le-Duc

Bar-le-Duc is a commune. It is found in the Meuse department in the east of France.

Sister cities
Bar-le-Duc is twinned with:
 Tambov, Russia
 Griesheim, Germany, since 1975
 Wilkau-Haßlau, Germany, since 1990
 Gyönk, Hungary, since 1995

Communes in Meuse
Departmental capitals in France
Royal Hospital Kilmainham

The Royal Hospital Kilmainham is a 17th-century building in Kilmainham, Dublin, Ireland. It was built to be a home for retired soldiers. It was used as a home for over 250 years. 

The hospital was built between 1680 and 1684 by architect Sir William Robinson. He was the official State Surveyor General for James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to King Charles II. 
The style is based on Les Invalides in Paris. The Royal Hospital Chelsea in Chelsea, London was completed two years later and looks alike in style. 

The Tudor Gothic gateway at the end of the road leading to the Royal Hospital was designed by Francis Johnston. He was one of the leading architects of the day. This gateway originally stood beside the River Liffey at Bloody Bridge (now Rory O'More Bridge). It was moved after the arrival of the railway in 1844. 

When the Irish Free State was formed, they thought about using the building for the Oireachtas Éireann, the new Irish national parliament. This did not happen. After the soldiers were all gone, the buildings were used for different things like offices for the Garda Síochána (the Irish police force) and as storage for the National Museum of Ireland. 

The Government of Ireland restored the buildings in different stages from 1957, and opened in 1985 as the National Centre for Culture and the Arts. In 1991 the Irish Museum of Modern Art was opened here.

Every year on the National Day of Commemoration the President of Ireland lays a wreath in the courtyard in memory of all Irishmen and Irishwomen who have died in past wars and on service with the United Nations.

Related pages
 Kilmainham Gaol

References

Other websites
 Royal Hospital Kilmainham website
 Virtual Tours of Royal Hospital Kilmainham North Range, Courtyard and Formal Gardens 

Buildings and structures in Dublin
1684
Communes of the Morbihan department

The following is a list of the 261 communes of the Morbihan département, in France.

(CAL) Communauté d'agglomération of Pays de Lorient, created in 2000.
(CAV) Communauté d'agglomération of Pays de Vannes, created in 2001.
(CAB) Communauté d'agglomération of Côte du Pays Blanc, created in 2003, the largest part of which is located in the Loire-Atlantique département.

Morbihan
Communes of the Meuse department

The following is a list of the 500 communes of the Meuse département, in France.

Meuse
Kilmainham

Kilmainham (In Irish: Cill Mhaighneann, "St Maighnenn's church") is an area of Dublin. It lies south of the River Liffey and west of the city centre in the Dublin 8 postal district.

History
In the Viking era, there was a monastery here. The monastery was home to the first Norse base (longphort) in Ireland.

In the 12th century the lands on the banks of the Liffey belonged to the Knights Templars. Strongbow built a castle for them, about a mile away from the Danish wall of old Dublin. Here the Templars lived for nearly a century and a half. In 1308, Edward II ruled that they were no longer allowed to practice their religion. Thirty members of the Templars were imprisoned in Dublin. Their lands and rights were given to the priory of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. They were there until the monasteries were closed in the 16th century. 

The Manor of Kilmainham was a liberty. This means it had special rights. "The manor" was an area that included parts of James's Street and side-streets and went as far as Lucan and Chapelizod. 

Until the time of Queen Elizabeth, the lord lieutenants used the manor of Kilmainham. In 1559, the earl of Sussex, found that the building at Kilmainham was damaged by a storm. The following year Elizabeth ordered that Dublin Castle be improved so the lord lieutenant could live there. From that time, Kilmainham was no longer used much.

Things to see 
The Royal Hospital Kilmainham is in Kilmainham. It was built on the site where the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem had their priory in Dublin. It is now the Irish Museum of Modern Art. Nearby is also Kilmainham Gaol, where the executions of the leaders of the Easter Rising took place. 

Kilmainham also has one of a small number of Viking era burial sites (Old Norse haugr meaning barrow or mound), within Dublin.

References 

Dublin
Balancing selection

Balancing selection refers to selective processes by which different alleles (different versions of a gene) are kept in the gene pool of a population at frequencies above that of gene mutation.

This usually happens when the heterozygote for a gene has a higher relative fitness than the homozygote. In this way genetic polymorphism is conserved.
 
Evidence for balancing selection can be found in the number of alleles in a population which are maintained above mutation rate frequencies. All modern research has shown that this significant genetic variation is common in panmictic populations. It is the field experience of Darwin, Wallace and others, that natural populations in the wild are extraordinarily varied. Museum collections of single species tell the same story.

There are several ways balancing selection works to maintain polymorphism. The two major and most studied are heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection.

Mechanisms of balancing selection

Heterozygote advantage 

In heterozygote advantage, or heterotic balancing selection, an individual who is heterozygous at a particular gene locus has a greater fitness than a homozygous individual. Polymorphisms maintained by this mechanism are balanced polymorphisms.
 
A well-studied case is that of sickle cell anemia in humans, a hereditary disease that damages red blood cells. Sickle cell anemia is caused by the inheritance of a variant hemoglobin gene (HgbS) from both parents. In these individuals, hemoglobin in red blood cells is extremely sensitive to oxygen deprivation, and this causes shorter life expectancy.
 
A person who inherits the sickle cell gene from one parent, and a normal hemoglobin gene (HgbA) from the other, has a normal life expectancy. The heterozygote is resistant to the malarial parasite which kills a large number of people each year. The heterozygote frequency is kept high because of the fierce selection against both the homozygotes.

The heterozygote has a permanent advantage (a higher fitness) wherever malaria exists.

Frequency-dependent selection 
Frequency-dependent selection occurs when the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency.

In positive frequency-dependent selection the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes more common. In negative frequency-dependent selection the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes less common. For example, in prey switching, rare morphs of prey are fitter because predators concentrate on more frequent morphs.

Fitness varies in time and space 
The fitness of a genotype may vary greatly between larval and adult stages, or between parts of a habitat range.

Selection acts at different levels 
The fitness of a genotype may depend on the fitness of other genotypes in the population: this covers many natural situations where the best thing to do (from the point of view of survival and reproduction) depends on what other members of the population are doing at the time.

References 

Classical genetics
Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield

Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield PC KG (22 September 1694 – 24 March 1773) was a British statesman and intellectual.

Stanhope was born in London. He got his schooling at Trinity Hall, Cambridge. After that, he went on the Grand Tour of the continent. He became gentleman of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales.

Career in government
In 1715, he entered the House of Commons as Lord Stanhope of Shelford and member for St Germans. He left for Paris and sent the government valuable information about the Jacobite plot. In 1716, he returned to Britain and sat in the House of Commons. He liked to take part in the debates. 

He took his seat in the House of Lords. In 1728, he was sent to the Hague as ambassador. He did a good job, and got the Order of the Garter in 1730, and the position of Lord Steward. After he did not support Walpole's Excise Bill, he was dismissed from his stewardship. He spent years opposing the ruling party in the House of Lords. First against Robert Walpole and then against King George II of England. In 1744, the "Broad Bottom" party, led by Chesterfield and Pitt, came into office. They ruled together with the Pelhams. 

He was then sent to the Hague as ambassador a second time. The object of his mission was to persuade the Dutch to join in the War of the Austrian Succession. His mission was successful. When he got back to London, he was made Lord-Lieutenancy of Ireland. This was a position he wanted for a long time.

He took the his role seriously. He established schools and manufacturing in Ireland. In politics, he found a way to work with both Protestant and Roman Catholic parties. 

He also still took his seat in the Upper House. In 1751, he helped in making the Gregorian calendar a fact. That Act of Parliament is sometimes known as Chesterfield's Act. After he slowly became deaf, he had to stop his work in the parliament. 

He lived for some years at the Ranger's House, Chesterfield Walk, Greenwich, London.

How he is remembered
In politics, he is best known for the time he was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. As a writer, he is best known for his Letters to his Son. Those letters were not really written to be read by the general public. His widow Eugenia Stanhope first published them in 1774. Letters to his Godson was published in 1890. Both sets of letters are written with great style and knowledge. 

Chesterfield County, Virginia and Chesterfield County, South Carolina in the United States were named in his honour. He also plays a role in the 1757-1758 novel The Virginians by William Makepeace Thackery.

Things he has probably said: 

"An able man shows his spirit by gentle words and resolute actions."

"I recommend you to take care of the minutes, for the hours will take care of themselves."

Other websites

Scans of Stanhope's Letters to his son, 1774–1775 edition, Vol. 1, Vol. 2
Guide to the Chesterfield Manuscripts at the Lilly Library, Indiana University

References

Knights of the Garter
1694 births
1773 deaths
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Members of the House of Lords
Grand Tour

The Grand Tour was the name of travel through Europe by rich European (mostly British) young men between 1660 until about 1840. It was done to learn about European society and art. The idea was that what they learned on their travels could be used to help those that stayed at home. Italy was often the final country to visit. They would mostly travel with servants and a teacher called a bear-leader.

Example Grand Tour
Which places the Grand Tour would visit  changed through the years. An example would be a British tourist would go from  Dover, England and crossed the English Channel to Ostend, in the Spanish Netherlands/Belgium, or Calais, or Le Havre in France.

There they could rent or buy a carriage and travel to Paris. Or they could make the trip by boat, traveling up the Seine to Paris, or up the Rhine to Basel.

In Paris, the traveler could take lessons in French, dancing, fencing, and horse riding. Paris was popular because of the language and fashion of French high society.

From Paris he would go to Switzerland for a while, often to Geneva. From there the traveler would make a difficult crossing over the Alps into northern Italy.

Once in Italy the tourist would visit Turin, then might spend a few months in Florence. Other Grand Tourists would be in Florence to welcome him. A trip to Pisa then on to Padua, Bologna, and Venice.

Venice was seen as the most important place for Italian architecture, and was very important place to visit.

From Venice the traveler went to Rome to study the ruins of ancient Rome. Some travelers also visited Naples to study music. Naples was often the final destination before turning back.

From here the traveler went north through the Alps to the German-speaking parts of Europe. From there travelers visited Holland and Flanders before returning across the Channel to England.

References

Other websites
 The Grand Tour
 Grand Tour online at the Getty Museum
 In Our Time: The Grand Tour: Jeremy Black, Edward Chaney and Chloe Chard. 
  "Grand Tour" an exhibition project of the Swedish artist Matts Leiderstam 
  Voyagers and Voyeurs - Travellers in 19th century France, an anthology
  Contemporary Grand Tour in Italy, Pictures and quotes
 Digging and Dealing in Eighteenth Century Rome

Tourism
Travel
Alnico

Alnico is a type of alloy made up of iron with aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co). The name is an acronym from Al-Ni-Co. Alnico may also contain copper and sometimes titanium.

Alnico alloys are ferromagnetic (a mechanism by which some materials form permanent magnets). Alnico alloys also have a high coercivity (they do not easily lose their magnetism) and are used to make permanent magnets. Before rare-earth magnets were developed in the 1970s, alnico magnets were the strongest type of magnet. The development of Alnico began in 1931 when T. Mishima in Japan found that an alloy of iron, nickel, and  aluminium had double the coercivity of the best magnets of that time. (the coercivity of Alnico is 400 oersted).

Properties 
Alnico alloys can be made magnets by strong magnetic fields. Rare-earth magnets like neodymium and samarium-cobalt are the only easily found magnets which are stronger than alnico magnets. Alnico magnets produce very strong magnetic fields at their poles (a pole is one of the two ends of a magnet) as high as 1500 gauss (0.15 tesla which is about 3000 times stronger than earth's magnetic field.

Some types of alnico magnets are isotropic (properties are same in all directions) and can be properly magnetised in all directions. Other types like alnico 5 and alnico 8 are anisotropic (properties change when direction changes) have a preferred direction (one direction would be better than other directions) for magnetisation. Anisotropic alnico alloys will make stronger magnets in their preferred direction than an isotropic alnico alloy.

Alnico magnets are the only magnets that have useful magnetism even when heated red-hot. 

In 2008, the cost of Alnico magnets was about $44/kg ($20/pound).

References 

Alloys
Hermit Thrush

The hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus) is a common bird that is found in North America. The size of one is 15 to 17 cm. It has a brown head. It is closely related to the Mexican Russet nightingale-thrush. They are mainly brown and have a reddish tail. Underneath they are white with some dark spots. They have pink legs. The hermit thrush is the state bird of Vermont.

Other websites 
 Hermit Thrush on the IUCN red list

Birds of North America
Thrushes
Dublin Zoo

The Dublin Zoo (), in Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland is the largest zoo in Ireland. It is one of Dublin's most popular attractions. It was opened in 1831. 

It is over  in size. It has a number of special areas like:
 The Kaziranga Forest Trail. This is an Asian rainforest with elephants.
 African Savanna. This area has animals like giraffes and zebras.
 Family farm. In this area people can see goats and sheep and other farm animals.
 South American House. Animals like the saki monkey, the two-toed sloth and iguana live here.

It was founded on 10 May 1830 and opened to the public on 1 September 1831. This makes it the third oldest zoo in the world. The animals, 46 mammals and 72 birds,< were a present from London Zoo.> It now has over 600 animals from all over the world.

In 2010, Dublin Zoo received 963,053 visitors.

References

Other websites 

Zoos
Dublin
How to

A how-to or a how to is an informal, often short, description of how to do a specific physical task, think to solve a specific problem, or think about a topic. There are many forms of these, such as video-game walkthroughs, parkour how-to guides, and others.

Characteristics 
How-to guides "guide" you through a topic. They include videos, descriptions, and other resources to help the reader understand what the guide is trying to teach. Usually, the guide contains helpful third-party resources. An example of this is wikiHow. However, the topic taught needs to be in layman's terms, or a simple general guide, similar to this project. To meet the requirements for a how to, the creator has to understand the topic better than the reader. For example, if a person is reading a guide on particle physics, the author of the guide does not need to be a astronaut with a Phd in physics, but the author also cannot be a person who just found out about the subject. This is explained better in Mentorship.

Guidance 
Some guides are for the field, like the Golden Guides, and others made to help others understand a topic, like a guide on Nuclear Science. The reader cannot observe the reactions but can understand how they happen. How to guides are mostly populated by field guides, like "How to fire a gun properly." and "How to be a helpful Wikipedia contributor". Guides can't start without the "how to" prefix, in the process confusing potential readers and making the title seem like a statement rather than a question-statement hybrid. "Fire a gun properly" sounds like a statement, so people will click away from the guide without actually understanding how, just planning to do what the title said.

Topics 
A topic needs to be teachable. A subject cannot be "How to watch a show" because the solution can be easily found. A topic needs to be teachable to a new person who wants to learn more about the subject, and retain its hard-earned difficulty.
Problem solving
Communication
Wild type

Wild type is a term in genetics for the most common type in a natural population. It is applied to alleles of a gene, or the genotypes or phenotypes of a species.

The term is used in genetics to contrast normal alleles with mutant alleles.

With Drosophila melanogaster, wild type usually means the standard version of the famous laboratory population used in the T.H. Morgan laboratory, and since used around the world. This was, of course, only a small sample of the natural populations.

Actually, we propbably know more about Drosophila pseudoobscura in the wild than Drosophila melanogaster, because of a huge series of studies done by Theodosius Dobzhansky and his colleagues after World War II.

References 

Classical genetics
CMUNE

Cmune is a software development company. It is the maker of UberStrike, a popular web-based video game. Cmune was started in 2007 by Shaun Lelacheur Sales and Ludovic Bodin.

UberStrike was originally developed under the name Paradise Paintball. It is a free, multiplayer first-person shooter browser game. There are over 10 million registered players. As of November 2012, it was still the largest FPS inside Facebook.

2007 establishments in Asia
Video game companies
Tábor

Tábor is a city in the Czech Republic. It is in the South Bohemian Region. At the 2007 census, 35,859 people lived there. The city was started in 1420. The current mayor is Hana Randová. The city is named after Mount Tabor.

Other websites 

Tábor's Official website

Cities in the Czech Republic
1420 establishments
1420s establishments in Europe
Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi

Yamaguchi is a city in southern Japan. It is the capital of Yamaguchi Prefecture. The city had a population of 198,971 people in 2010. Yamaguchi was made when 40 towns were merged on April 1, 1889.

Other websites 
 Yamaguchi's Official city website (Japanese)

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Yamaguchi Prefecture
Random mating

Random mating is a term in population genetics. It describes an ideal situation in which  all individuals on one sex are equally potential partners of all members of the opposite sex. The technical term for it is panmixia. 

Random mating is one of the requirements for the Hardy–Weinberg law to hold. This is the foundation equation of population genetics.

There are a number of types of non-random mating, such as mate choice (selection by females from a small group of males), mating type (in microorganisms like Paramecium), selfing in some flowering plants, and in general, inbreeding. Mechanical or geographical differences within a species will often prevent a whole species being panmictic.

The opposite of random mating is assortative mating.

References 

Classical genetics
Ernst-Happel-Stadion

The Ernst-Happel-Stadion is a football stadium in Vienna, Austria. The Ernst Happel Stadium is the largest football stadium in Austria. It is the home of the Austrian national football team. Club football matches are limited to the Austrian cup final and international competitions with one of Vienna's top clubs, FK Austria Wien and SK Rapid Wien, as their homegrounds are too small for UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup matches. Local derbies between FK Austria and SK Rapid have also been played in the stadium. In 2014, it became the official homeground of SK Rapid Wien because their stadium was being rebuilt.

History
The stadium was built between 1929 and 1931. It was used and opend for the second Workers' Olympiad 1931. The capacity of the stadium was approximately 60,000 people. The first match in the new stadium was a match between a selection from workers sportclubs from Lower Austria and Vienna. (2:3). 

During the occupation of Austria by Nazi Germany it was used as barracks and also as collecting point for Viennese Jews. In 2003 a private plaque was created in the VIP area to remind on this incidents. In 1944 the stadium was bombed and heavily demaged.

After the Second World war  the stadium was reconstructed. 1956 the capacity was extended to 92,708 people.The record was 91,000 visitors on October 30, 1960 at the football match between Spain and Austria (3-0). After the death of former Austrian top player and coach Ernst Happel, the Prater Stadium was renamed after him in 1992.

UEFA Euro 2008

The Ernst-Happel-Stadion hosted 7 games of Euro 2008: 3 group games of the Austrian team, two quarter-finals, one semi-final and the final.

Other  matches
    1995 UEFA Champions League final: Ajax 1 – 0 Milan
    1994 UEFA Cup final: Internazionale 1– 0 Austria Salzburg
    1990 European Cup final: Milan 1 – 0 Benfica
    1987 European Cup final: Porto 2 – 1 Bayern Munich
    1970 European Cup Winners Cup final: Manchester City 2 – 1 Górnik Zabrze
    1964 European Cup final: Internazionale 3 – 1 Real Madrid

Concerts
The stadium has hosted concerts by many famous artists, including AC/DC, Bon Jovi, David Bowie, Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band, Guns N' Roses, Michael Jackson, Pink Floyd, Robert Plant, Rihanna, The Rolling Stones, U2, Kanye West and Robbie Williams, among others.

Football stadiums in Austria
Vienna
1931 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Austria
Ernest Tubb

Ernest Dale Tubb (February 9, 1914 – September 6, 1984) was an American country music singer and songwriter. Tubb was nicknamed The Texas Troubadour. He is probably best known for his hit song "Walking the Floor Over You" in 1941. He joined the Grand Ole Opry as a member in 1943. He was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1965.

Other websites 
Ernest Tubb at the Country Music Hall of Fame 

1914 births
1984 deaths
Singers from Texas
American guitarists
Musicians from Texas
Country musicians
Grammy Award winners
Photomultiplier tubes

A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a transducer which converts photons into electrons, which generate a current and voltage. Photomultiplier tubes are used to detect low levels of incident light, even as low as a single photon.

An incoming photon will strike the photocathode surface of the PMT which will emit electrons. These electrons are then accelerated toward additional electrodes by a potential difference of about 90 volts. Upon striking this electrode, more electrons are emitted. This process repeats nine times, each time generating more and more electrons. This process can generate 106 to 107 electrons for each individual photon. These electrons are then collected at the anode where the current and voltage is then measured. 
	
Photomultiplier tubes are highly sensitive and have very quick response times. The sensitivity of the PMT can be improved by cooling it, to reduce temperature induced noise. Photomultiplier tubes must not be exposed to intense light, such as the sun or ambient light because the intensity can damage the components. 
	
Photomultiplier tubes are commonly used for analysis techniques as well as medical and research purposes.

References

Light
2011–12 Juventus F.C. season

The 2011–12 season is Juventus Football Club's 114th in Serie A. Juventus starts the season with a new Manager, Antonio Conte.

On June 15, Former Juventus director manager Luciano Moggi has been banned for life from all Italian football.

On July 8, Juventus start pre-season training in Turin.

On October, President Andrea Agnelli said that Alessandro Del Piero will leave Juventus at the end of the season.

Transfers

Pre-season

Squad

Serie A

References

2011 in association football
2011 in Europe
2012 in association football
2012 in Europe
2010s in Italy
Football seasons
Juventus F.C.
History of Turin
Napkin

A napkin, or face towel (also in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia: serviette) is a rectangle of cloth used at the table for wiping the mouth while eating.  It is usually small and folded.

Food and drink
Chun Kuk Do

Chun Kuk Do (, commonly abbreviated as CKD) is a martial art (or type of fighting style) that Chuck Norris created. It is said to be based upon Tang Soo Do, another martial art.

Martial arts
Beauvais

Beauvais is a commune. It is in the Oise department in the north of France. In 2012, 54,289 people lived there.

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities
Beauvais is twinned with:
  Maidstone, United Kingdom, since 1961
  Witten, Germany, since 1975
  Setúbal, Portugal, since 1982.

Partnerships
There are also partnerships with:
  Dej, Romania, since 2003
  Tczew, Poland, since 2003

Communes in Oise
Departmental capitals in France
Alençon

Alençon is a commune. It is found in the Orne department in the north western of France.

Sister cities
Alençon is twinned with:
 Basingstoke, United Kingdom, since 1968
 Quakenbrück, Germany, since 1969
 Koutiala, Mali, since 1970

Communes in Orne
Departmental capitals in France