cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Classical physics

Classical physics are the physics that were made before the 20th century. This part of physics studies things like movement, light, gravity, and electricity. 

Most of physics today uses ideas that are more complicated than the ideas of classical physics, because in the 20th century, physicists discovered two better ways to describe nature: the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. 

Classical physics turned out not to work when the things being studied were very, very small (around the size of atoms or smaller), or were moving very, very fast (around the speed of light). So, around the beginning of the twentieth century, Albert Einstein worked out his Theory of Relativity and people like Neils Bohr, Werner Heisenberg. and Erwin Schrödinger created quantum mechanics.

History 
Sir Isaac Newton, and many scientists before him, helped create classical physics. They observed that some things in nature such as the falling of an apple occur the same way each time. Newton made equations that let him predict such events. He called these equations laws of physics. 

Newton's laws of physics have been tested by experiments and by using them in doing jobs. Sometimes things (like powerful winds) mess up the results of the experiment a bit, and the results come out a little wrong. But when people make efforts to get rid of these extra factors, the results of the experiments almost always get closer to what Newton's laws predict.

Areas of classical physics

Mechanics (how levers help lift things, cars keep moving after the engine is turned off, etc.)
Thermodynamics (why we experience some things as hot and other things as cold, why it takes longer to heat water than air, etc.)
Electricity (why rubbing one object with another can produce a static charge, why electrons move through wires, why lightning can span immense distances, etc.)
Magnetism (why compass needles point to the north and south poles, why nails wrapped around and around with insulated wire will act as magnets when a direct current is passed through the wire, etc.)
Optics (why sunlight that passes through raindrops can produce a rainbow, why prism bend light and make a spectrum like the rainbow, why lenses can magnify things, how to make powerful telescopes with or without using lenses, etc.)

Physics

ht:Dezyèm lwa Newton
Huayangosaurus

Huayangosaurus is a genus of stegosaurian dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of China. The name derives from "Huayang", an alternate name for Sichuan province. 

It lived about 165 million years ago, some 20 million years before its famous relative, Stegosaurus appeared in North America. At only 4.5 metres long, it was also much smaller than its famous cousin. Found in the Lower Shaximiao Formation, Huayangosaurus shared the local landscape with the sauropods Shunosaurus, Datousaurus, Omeisaurus and Protognathosaurus, the ornithopod Xiaosaurus and the carnivorous Gasosaurus.

Description
Like other stegosaurians, Huayangosaurus was a quadrupedal herbivore with a small skull and a spiked tail. Like its more famous relative, Stegosaurus, Huayangosaurus bore the distinctive double row of plates that characterize all the stegosaurians. These plates rose vertically along its arched back. In Huayangosaurus, the plates were more spike-like than in Stegosaurus. Like Stegosaurus, however, it bore two pairs of long spikes extending horizontally near the end of its tail.

Huayangosaurus was one of the smallest known stegosaurians, at just 4.5 meters  in length.

Discovery and species
Huayangosaurus remains from twelve individual animals were recovered from the Dashanpu Quarry near Zigong in Sichuan. The type species is H. taibaii.

Classification
As it is the most basal stegosaurian, it is placed in within its own family Huayangosauridae. It is also morphologically distinct from later (stegosaurid) forms. Its skull was broader and had premaxillary teeth in the front of its mouth. All later stegosaurians lost these teeth.

Palaeobiology
Like many other stegosaurians, it had plates all down its back and spikes on its tail. Two large spikes were above its hips, and may have been used for deterring an attack from above (considering as it was a fairly short in height compared to later stegosaurians). Its plates were smaller than those of Stegosaurus, with much less surface area. Thus they would have been much less effective heat regulators, one of the postulated functions of plates.

Popular culture
Mounted skeletons of Huayangosaurus are on display at the Zigong Dinosaur Museum in Zigong and the Municipal Museum of Chongqing in Sichuan Province in China.

References

Other websites
 Stegosauria
 Huayangosaurus Factsheet - Australian Museum

Jurassic dinosaurs
Stegosaurs
Gas balloon

A gas balloon is a kind of balloon that uses a gas of low density to fly using buoyancy.  Gas balloons sometimes fly very high, very far, and for a very long time.

A gas balloon is different from a hot air balloon.  A hot air balloon uses a fire to lower
the density of air.  A gas balloon does not use fire.

The most common use for gas balloons are to measure the atmosphere.  These are called weather balloons.

Some gas balloons carry people. 

Aircraft
Evanna Lynch

Evanna Patricia Lynch (born 16 August 1991) is an Irish actress. She became famous by playing Luna Lovegood, a supporting character in the Harry Potter movie series. Lynch was cast as Luna at the age of 14, having acted only in school plays before. From 2007 to 2009, she starred in two Harry Potter movies and their video games. She later returned for the final movies (Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows) and the first of the movie's two video games. Lynch's work on the series has earned her two award nominations.

References

Other websites 

1991 births
Living people
Child actors
Irish movie actors
Irish voice actors
Art Nouveau

Art Nouveau  is an international art movement and style based on organic forms. It was seen in modern art, graphic design, architecture and applied arts such as decoration, jewellery, ceramics and glass.p7 It peaked in popularity at the fin de siècle of the late 19th century (1890–1905), and continued until the First World War.

A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, Art Nouveau is organic in style. It has floral and plant-inspired motifs, and stylized, flowing curvilinear forms.p3-36 Art Nouveau is an approach to design according to which artists should work on everything from architecture to furniture, making art part of everyday life.

The movement was strongly influenced by Czech artist Alphonse Mucha. Mucha produced a lithographed poster as an advertisement for the play Gismonda by Victorien Sardou, starring Sarah Bernhardt. The poster appeared on 1 January 1895 in the streets of Paris. It was an overnight sensation, and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris. Initially called the Style Mucha, this soon became known as Art Nouveau.

Art Nouveau's fifteen-year life was most strongly felt throughout Europe—from Glasgow to Moscow to Madrid—but its influence was global. In France, Hector Guimard's Paris Metro entrances shaped the landscape of Paris and Emile Gallé was at the center of the school of thought in Nancy. Victor Horta had a decisive impact on architecture in Belgium.p37

Magazines like Jugend helped spread the style in Germany, especially as a graphic design form, while the Vienna Secessionists influenced art and architecture throughout Austria-Hungary. Art Nouveau was also a movement of distinct individuals such as Gustav Klimt, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Alphonse Mucha, René Lalique, Antoni Gaudí and Louis Comfort Tiffany, each of whom interpreted it in their own individual manner.p34

Although Art Nouveau fell out of favour with the arrival of 20th-century modernist styles, it is seen today as an important bridge between Neoclassicism and modernism.

Art Nouveau monuments are now recognized by UNESCO on their World Heritage Sites list as significant contributions to cultural heritage. The historic center of Riga, Latvia, with "the finest collection of art nouveau buildings in Europe", was inscribed on the list in 1997 in part because of the "quality and the quantity of its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture". Four Brussels town houses by Victor Horta were included in 2000 as "works of human creative genius" that are "outstanding examples of Art Nouveau architecture brilliantly illustrating the transition from the 19th to the 20th century in art, thought, and society".

References 

Art movements
Architectural styles
E.S. Posthumus

E.S. Posthumus is a two-person band. They mainly made music for movies (and their trailers). Franz Vonlichten and Helmut Vonlichten created the music from Pythagorean ideas that combine very different elements and still produce harmony. Franz died tragically in 2010. Helmut released the last song "Christmas Eve" in November 2010. The group ceased its activity. In November 2011, Helmut Vonlichten has formed a new band called Les Friction.

Electronic music bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Miloš Forman

Miloš Forman (18 February 1932 – 13 April 2018) was a Czech-American movie director and screenwriter. He was an emigrant to the US from Czechoslovakia. He was born in Caslav. Two of his movies, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest,  and Amadeus won the Academy Award for Best Picture and are very famous. He also directed Hair and People vs. Larry Flynt. He won the Academy Award for Best Director twice.

Personal life 
He became an American citizen in 1977. His full name was Jan Tomáš Forman. 

Forman died at a hospital in Danbury, Connecticut from a short-illness on 13 April 2018 at the age of 86.

Movies

Awards, nominations and honours
Academy Awards
 1975: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (won)
 1984: Amadeus (won)
 1996: The People vs. Larry Flynt (nomination)

Golden Globe
 1975: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (won)
 1984: Amadeus (won)
 1981: Ragtime (nomination)
 1996: The People vs. Larry Flynt (won)

Cannes
 1971: Taking Off (Won)
 1968: The Fireman's Ball (nomination)

Berlinale
 1999: Man on the Moon (won)
 1997: The People vs. Larry Flynt (won)

BAFTA
 1975: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (won)
 1984: Amadeus (nomination)
 1971: Taking Off (nomination – Best Film)
 1971: Taking Off (nomination – Best Screenplay)

César Award
 1984: Amadeus (won)
 1975: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (nomination)
 1979: Hair (nomination)
 1989: Valmont (nomination)

David di Donatello
 1975: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (won)
 1984: Amadeus (won – Best Film)
 1984: Amadeus (won – Best Screenplay)
 1979: Hair (won)

European Film Academy
 1996: The People vs. Larry Flynt – Award for European contribution to world cinema – screen Prix International (won)

Czech Lion
 1997: Contribution to Czech cinema (won)

List of Greatest Czechs
 Největší Čech: # 30 place

 1995: Medal of Merit

References

Other websites

Academy Award winning directors
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
BAFTA Award winning directors
Czech actors
Golden Globe Award winning directors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Disease-related deaths in Connecticut
1932 births
2018 deaths
Wheat flour

Wheat flour is a type of flour made from wheat kernels. There are two main types of wheat flour: whole wheat flour and white flour. Whole wheat flour has the whole grain of wheat, making it more nutritious. White flour only has the endosperm of the wheat grain, making it less nutritious. White flour is preferred by many people. White flours are normally enriched. Wheat flour can be sifted to make it finer and smoother.

Related pages
 Kinako

References

Flour
Wheat
Dysgraphia

People who never learned how to read and write are called illiterate.
Dysgraphia or agraphia is the learning disability to write texts, even though the person has the necessary motoric skills. People with dysgraphia can move their hand enough, and are also capable of understanding how to write. Dysgraphias  occur because of damage done to the brain. They often occur with other illnesses, such as speech problems. Many people who suffered a stroke may have lost the ability to move parts of their body. There are different forms of dysgraphia:

Lexical agraphia: words that are hard to tell apart cannot be written down properly
Phonological agraphia: words can be written down correctly, but they cannot be pronounced
Semantic agraphia: words with a certain meaning cannot be pronounced
Apractical agraphia: The motor skills can no longer be used for writing

Related pages 
Dyslexia

Disability
Boeing 747-400

The Boeing 747-400 is a jet airliner, a variant of the Boeing 747. Compared to the original 747, the 747-400 features improvements such as more powerful engines, new avionics, a new interior, and a longer-span wing with winglets. The 747-400 first flew in 1988 and entered service in 1989. It was produced until 2009 in six different variants: 747-400, 747-400F, 747-400M, 747-400D, 747-400ER, and 747-400ERF.

 747
Xiaosaurus

Xiaosaurus (means "dawn lizard)" was a small, plant-eating dinosaur. It walked on two long legs, had four-toed feet, five-fingered hands, short arms, a long, stiff, pointed tail, a flexible neck, and a small head with large eyes.
This early dinosaur ornithischian lived during the mid-Jurassic period, about 169–163 million years ago. It was small and lizard-like, about four feet (1.2 m) long – smaller than an adult human. Fossils of this dinosaur were found in China. 

Ornithischia
Vulcanodon

Vulcanodon was a long-necked dinosaur that lived during the early Jurassic period, about 208 to 201 million years ago. It was an early sauropod.

A partial fossil has been found in Mashonaland North, Zimbabwe, Africa.
Vulcanodon was about 20 feet (6.5 m) long. It was a long-necked, long-tailed plant-eater with a small head, thick legs, and a bulky body. It had nail-like claws on its feet and an enlarged claw on each big toe. Its front legs were relatively long.

Sauropods
Olympiacos F.C.

P.A.E. Olympiacos C.F.P. is a football club which plays in Greece. The club based in Piraeus, Greece. The colours of Olympiacos is red and white and its emblem is an adolescent with a crown made of laurel, representing an ancient Olympic Games winner. It is the most successful Greek team. Up to 2020-21 season it has won forty-six League titles, twenty-eight Greek Cups and three Greek Super Cups, more titles than any other Greek team and it is one of the three teams that have never been relegated from the first division.

The club's stadium is the newly rebuilt Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus, Athens. Olympiacos is the most popular Greek club with around two and a half million fans in Greece and was placed ninth on the list with the most paid up members in the world in 2006, having 83,000 registered members as of April 2006. They share a great and long-standing rivalry with Panathinaikos.

References

Greek football clubs
1925 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Greece
Lancia Dedra

The Lancia Dedra is an automobile produced by Lancia. It replaced the Lancia Prisma in 1989, and was replaced by the Lancia Lybra in 2000.

Engines 
 1.6 i.e. 55 kW (75 hp), 57 kW (78 hp), 65 kW (88 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)
 1.6 i.e. 16V 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.8 i.e. 66 kW (90 hp), 74 kW (101 hp), 77 kW (105 hp) and 80 kW (109 hp)
 1.8 i.e. 16V 83 kW (113 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)
 2.0 i.e. 83 kW (113 hp) and 85 kW (115 hp)
 2.0 i.e. 16V 102 kW (139 hp)
 2.0 i.e. HF Turbo 119 kW (162 hp)
 2.0 i.e. HF Integrale 124 kW (169 hp)
 2.0 turbo ds 66 kW (90 hp)

Dedra
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth

Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth is a hamlet in the United Kingdom. It is in Lincolnshire, England. It is 100 miles north of London. It is the town where scientist Sir Isaac Newton was born. Newton was born and lived at Woolsthorpe Manor, which is a small farm house. The apple tree which made him think about gravity can still be seen in the garden.

References

Hamlets in England
Settlements in Lincolnshire
Second Great Awakening

The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious movement in the United States.(important) The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revival meetings and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. 

It was led by people such as Charles Grandison Finney, Henry Ward Beecher, Lyman Beecher, Edward Everett and Joseph Smith. It started in upstate New York in the 1790s, but spread to New England and the Midwest.  During the Second Great Awakening, thousands of people gathered at large religious meetings called revivals.  The people of the Second Great Awakening thought they could bring about a Golden Age in America through religion.  The Second Great Awakening led to new religious movements such as the Holiness Movement and the Mormons, and helped groups like the Methodist Church grow.  

The Second Great Awakening led to two movements in reform, that is, changing laws and behaviors to make society better.  One of these was the Temperance Movement, which believed that drinking alcohol was not good for society.  The other was abolitionism, which wanted to end slavery. People such as Harriet Beecher Stowe and William Lloyd Garrison wrote books and newspapers about how slavery should stop. They formed political movements, including the Liberty Party, the Free Soil Party and the Republican Party (United States).

References

19th century in the United States
Christianity in the United States
Black Hawk War

The Black Hawk War was a war between the Indians under command of Chief Black Hawk and American settlers on the frontier in 1832. It took place mostly in Illinois and Wisconsin. Several small battles were fought, including the Battle of Stillman's Run and the Battle of Bad Axe. During the War, dozens of Americans and hundreds of Indians were killed. Many more Americans died of cholera and other diseases than died in battle. After the War, the Sac, Fox and Kickapoo Indians lost most of their land in Illinois and Wisconsin. Both future Union President Abraham Lincoln and future Confederate President Jefferson Davis fought in the Black Hawk War, both on the side of the Union.

1832
1830s in the United States
19th century in Illinois
Wars
19th century in Wisconsin
Populist Movement

The Populist Movement, also known as the People's Party was a movement in late-19th century America.  It grew out of groups such as the Grange Movement.  It was largely a movement of farmers, who were poor and felt big businesses, such as railroads, were to blame.  Its leaders included Thomas Watson and William Jennings Bryan.  The populists had a series of demands known as the Omaha Platform.  Here are some of the things the Omaha Platform wanted:
  
 An income tax
 Direct election of United States Senators
 Free coinage of silver (at a rate of 16 ozs. of silver to one ounce of gold) to encourage inflation
 Government ownership of railroads and other large businesses

Though the Populists never and only controlled a few state governments for a few years, many of the demands of the Omaha Platform, such as the income tax and direct election of Senators, were later done as part of the Progressive Movement

19th century in the United States
Fauvism

Fauvism (French for The Wild Beasts) was the name of a modern art movement in the early 20th century, led by the painters Henri Matisse and André Derain. The Fauves were a group of French painters who were influenced by the bright colours used by the Post-Impressionists Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin.

The bright colourful style of painting that they used began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, but the group was only together for three years, 1905–1907. In that time they had three exhibitions together. Their influence has continued  until the present day, and was adopted or influenced many artists who are not usually thought of as fauvists. Aristarkh Lentulov is one good example.

Gallery

References

Related pages 
 Impressionism
 Post-Impressionists
 Pointillism
 Cubism
 Expressionism

Art movements
American crocodile

The American crocodile is a species of crocodile that lives in the Americas. They usually move from the southern United States to the northern South America. Its scientific name, Crocodylus acutus, means "Pointy-snouted crocodile". It is because of the shape of its snout.

Characteristics

The American crocodile is a species of a crocodile with a high adult survival rate. The American crocodiles can live for a long time. Like all crocodiles, the American crocodile has four short legs; a long, powerful tail; and scaly skin.

The nostrils, eyes, and ears are on the top of its head, so the rest of the body can be hidden underwater for surprise attacks  Camouflage also helps it catch food. The snout is longer and narrower than that of the American alligator. American crocodiles are paler and more grayish than the dark-hued American alligator. The American crocodile crawls on its belly. It can also "high walk". Big ones can run as fast as nearly 16 km/h (10 mph). They can swim at as fast as 32 km/h (20 mph).

The average length for adult in the continental rivers can be 2.9 to 4 m (9 ft 6 in to 13 ft 1 in) long. Males weigh up to 382 kg (842 lb). Females can be 2.5 to 3 m (8 ft 2 in to 9 ft 10 in) and weigh up to 173 kg (381 lb).

Biology and behavior
American crocodiles are more vulnerable to cold weather than American alligators. While an American crocodile cannot survive in water temperatures of 7.2 °C (45.0 °F) and below. American crocodiles will lose consciousness and drown due to hypothermia in that temperature. American crocodiles have a faster growth rate than alligators.

Feeding
American crocodiles feed mostly on fish, but big ones may prey on bigger animals, such as deer.

American crocodiles are a somewhat aggressive crocodile species and have been known to attack humans. Attacks on humans are rare, but happen more often in Mexico.

Distribution
The American crocodile's range in southern Florida overlaps with that of the closely related American alligator. However, while the American alligator's range stretches as far north as Virginia, the American crocodile's range in the United States is confined to southern Florida.  

This is because alligators are much better at tolerating cold weather than crocodiles. The body temperature of alligators has been known to drop to 38 degrees Fahrenheit without any harm at all to the alligator. However, the American crocodile is better at tolerating saltwater than the alligator. American crocodiles have regularly been sighted 140 miles away from shore in the Caribbean Sea.

References 

Reptiles of North America
Crocodilia
Bagaceratops

Bagaceratops (meaning "small horned face") was a plant-eating dinosaur that had a bony ridge along the back of its skull. This ceratopsian dinosaur lived during the late Cretaceous period, roughly 84 to 71 million years ago. Bagaceratops fossils have been found in Mongolia.

Description 
Bagaceratops had a large head, a bulky body, a parrot-like beak, cheek teeth, triangular cheek protuberances, a short snout horn, and a small frill on its head. This ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaur was about 3 feet (1 m) long. Bagaceratops walked on four short legs (it was a quadruped).

Bagaceratops could eat tough plants; it had powerful jaws and cheek teeth that could chew the food.

Ceratopsids
Nodosaurus

Nodosaurus (meaning "knobbed lizard") was a large, armored, quadrupedal (it walked on four legs), tank-like dinosaur. It lived in the first part of the Upper Cretaceous about 113–98 million years ago. Three very incomplete Nodosaurus fossils have been found in Wyoming and Kansas; no skulls have been found yet. It was named by paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh in 1889.

Nodosaurus was about 13 to 20 ft (4-6 m) long. It was an ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaur with bony dermal plates covering the top of its body. It had four short legs, five-toed feet, a short neck, and a long, clubless tail. The nodosaurids had no tail club; it is not known how they defended themselves.

Ankylosauria
Patriot Act

The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, also known as the USA Patriot Act is an anti-terrorism law. It was proposed by the Bush Administration soon after the September 11 attacks.  At that time, President Bush had very high approval ratings and it was clear that most Americans wanted him to do something to stop more terrorism.  The bill passed quickly in Congress, mostly before it had even been fully read.  The act made it much easier to control money terrorists had in bank accounts.  It also made it easier for the government to access people's library and phone records.  The act was criticized by many organizations, particularly the American Civil Liberties Union, for being a threat to Americans' civil liberties and rights.

References

United States federal legislation
Elf (band)

Elf was an American rock band that was active between 1967 and 1975. The band was previously called the Electric Elves. They released their first album, Elf, in 1972. The album was co-produced by Ian Paice and Roger Glover, who would later work with Elf's lead singer Ronnie James Dio in the band Rainbow.

Discography
 Elf (1972)
 Carolina County Ball (1974)
 Trying To Burn The Sun (1975)
 The Gargantuan (1978)
 The Elf Albums (1991)

References

American hard rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Blues bands
Jazz bands
Country bands
Jason Jaspers

Jason Matthew Jaspers (born April 8, 1981 in Thunder Bay, Ontario), is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who is currently playing for Kölner Haie (the Cologne Sharks) of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.

Playin career
Jaspers was drafted 71st overall by the Phoenix Coyotes in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. He was drafted from the Sudbury Wolves of the Ontario Hockey League.  Jaspers made his professional start in the 2001–02 season with the Coyotes affiliate the Springfield Falcons of the American Hockey League. Jaspers made his National Hockey League (NHL) start in the same season, after he received his first NHL assignment on January 20, 2002.

Jaspers then spent the next four years primarily with the Falcons of the American Hockey League. Unable to make the NHL regularly he was traded by the Coyotes to the Tampa Bay Lightning for Jarrod Skalde on July 25, 2005. Jason however, never played a game with the Lightning, playing for their affiliate coincidentally still the Springfield Falcons.

Jaspers finally left the Falcons, ranking second in all-time appearances, in the 2006–07 season when he signed with German team Adler Mannheim, on July 6, 2006. After three years with Adler Mannheim signed on 6 April 2009 with Kölner Haie.

Personal life 
In July 2008 Jason married his highschool sweetheart, Morgan McKee. Morgan is from Sudbury, Ontario where Jason played junior hockey for the Sudbury Wolves. Currently they have no children and live in Germany.

Awards and achievements
1999–00 OHL  Plus/minus Award
1999–00 OHL  Second All-Star Team

Career statistics

References

Other websites

1981 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Phoenix Coyotes players
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Jacob Epstein

Sir Jacob Epstein KBE (10 November 1880 – 19 August 1959) was an American-born British sculptor, a pioneer of modern sculpture. He was born in the United States, and moved to Europe in 1902, becoming a British citizen in 1911. He often produced controversial works which challenged taboos on what was appropriate subject matter. His portrait heads were traditional, but much of his other work was modernist. He also made paintings and drawings, and often exhibited his work.

The sculptures Ecce Homo (Old Coventry Cathedral) and Rock Drill (1913–1914, Museum of Modern Art, New York City), are famous and important, but we have no images of them. On view in the Strand, London near Trafalgar Square, are his sculptures for Zimbabwe House. There are a number of his busts (sculptures of heads) in the National Portrait Gallery, also near Trafalgar Square.

References 

 Gilboa, Raquel 2009. ...And there was sculpture; Epstein's formative years (1880-1930), Lonodn, 2009
 Silber, Evelyn 1984. The sculpture of Epstein, London, 1984

1880 births
1959 deaths
Sculptors
British artists
British Jews
American Jews
Galvanizing

Galvanizing is the coating of a metal with a more reactive metal to stop corrosion. Normally zinc is used to coat iron. The zinc coating corrodes instead of the iron, stopping the iron from corroding. Even if the zinc is scratched, it does not corrode. Metal corrodes after the paint is scratched. The zinc eventually corrodes all the way and then the iron starts corroding.

Galvanizing can happen in two ways. There is hot dip galvanising, where the object is dipped in a pool of liquid zinc. This makes a thicker coating that lasts a long time. It does not have a shiny clean surface, though, so some people would not like it as much.

There is also electro-galvanizing. This is the electroplating of zinc onto an object. It is shiny but thinner, so it does not last as long.

Note

Related pages

Electrolysis

Physical chemistry
Metallurgy
Brookhaven National Laboratory

Brookhaven National Laboratory is a laboratory in the United States at Long Island, New York. It is on the former location of Camp Upton, a US army camp. It was opened in 1947. It is in the greater area of the town of Brookhaven.  Its motto is "Passion for discovery". The Laboratory was originally owned by the Atomic Energy Commission. It is now owned by the US Department of Energy. There are about 3000 people working there. Several people there have won Nobel Prize awards.

Science
Buildings and structures in New York
1947 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in New York (state)
National Institutes of Health

The National Institutes of Health is part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. It is their agency for research. There are 27 separate institutes and offices. Each of them are for separate areas of health which they research. Most of them are in Bethesda, Maryland. The NIH made vaccines against hepatitis, Haemophilus influenzae (HIB) and human papillomavirus. The current Director of the NIH is Francis Collins since 2009.

Other websites
Official website

United States Department of Health and Human Services
United States government agencies
Medical and health organizations in the United States
1930 establishments in the United States
Research organizations in the United States
Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a newspaper. It is the second largest newspaper in the United States. It is published in Los Angeles, California. It is the fourth most popular newspaper in the United States. It was created in 1881.

1881 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in California
Companies based in Los Angeles
Newspapers in California
Trevor Johansen

Trevor Daniel Johansen (born March 30, 1957 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 286 games in the National Hockey League. Johanssen was drafted with the 12th overall pick in the 1977 NHL Entry Draft by the Toronto Maple Leafs. In addition the Maple Leafs he also spent time with the Colorado Rockies, and Los Angeles Kings.

Other websites 

1957 births
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Colorado Rockies (NHL) players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
People from Thunder Bay
Toronto Maple Leafs players
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
James Jarvis

James "Jim, Bud" Jarvis (December 7, 1907 – May 7, 1983) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played three seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). His time in the NHL included playing for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Philadelphia Quakers and Toronto Maple Leafs. He was born in Fort William, Ontario.

Other websites

1907 births
1983 deaths
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
People from Thunder Bay
Philadelphia Quakers (NHL) players
Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL) players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Henry Moore

Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA (30 July 1898 – 31 August 1986) was an English sculptor and artist in the modern art genre. He was best known for his abstract monumental sculptures, which are public works of art in many places around the world.

His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically mother-and-child or reclining figures. Moore's works usually suggest the female body, apart from a phase in the 1950s when he did family groups. His forms are generally pierced or have hollow spaces. Some think the undulating form of his reclining figures reflect the landscape and hills of his birthplace, Yorkshire.

Moore was born in Castleford, the son of a mining engineer. He became known for his larger-scale abstract cast bronze and carved marble sculptures. His large-scale commissions made him exceptionally rich. Yet he lived carefully and most of the money he earned went towards endowing the Henry Moore Foundation. This supports education and promotion of the arts.

He did some work in architecture. in 1955 Moore did his only work in carved brick, "Wall Relief" at the Bouwcentrum in Rotterdam. The brick relief was sculpted with 16,000 bricks by two Dutch bricklayers under Moore's supervision.

Gallery

References 

1898 births
1986 deaths
Sculptors
English artists
People from West Yorkshire
Order of Merit
Companions of Honour
Schloss Esterhazy

Schloss Esterhazy is a palace in Eisenstadt, Austria.

It was built in the end of 13th century and belonged to  Esterházy family.

Palaces
Buildings and structures in Austria
13th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Austria
Flotation

Flotation is a process where gas bubbles are injected at the bottom of a tank containing a mixture of a liquid and solid particles to separate the solid particles from the liquid. When the gas bubbles move along the liquid mixture, the solids particles stick to the surface of the bubbles. The bubbles form a foam at the surface of the liquid: this foam contains the solid particles, so after the flotation process the solids can be removed just cleaning the liquid from this foam.

Uses 

Flotation is used to separate sulfide ores from the impurities in the ore (gangue). A detergent is added to the mixture and it is stirred. The sulfide minerals float, while the gangue sinks to the bottom and is removed. This is used in making zinc, where zinc sulfide (sphalerite) is a major zinc ore.

Minerals
Chemistry
Gangue

Gangue is the worthless substance that is left behind when minerals are processed. 

When minerals are collected, the ore that is wanted is found only in small amounts. Flotation is used to concentrate the ore. The ore floats while the gangue sinks to the bottom. Sometimes minerals thought of as gangue are later recovered and used.

Minerals
Arctic willow

The arctic willow (salix arctica) is a kind of willow plant. It grows to less than 6 inches tall. The leaves are pale green with white hairs on top.

Other websites 

Jepson Manual – Salix arctica

Malpighiales
Hesperornithoides

Hesperornithoides is a troodontid theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of western North America.

Discovery
The fossil was found in Wyoming, as the site was carefully documented by the collectors.

Classification
A phylogenetic analysis was presented in an abstract in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology in 2005. The analysis decided the specimen was a close relative of Sinornithoides.

Significance
This dinosaur is very significant because it is the oldest known troodontid from North America. Until the discovery of Lori, troodontids were believed to have first originated and evolved in Asia and then migrated to North America. Most troodontids were discovered in Asia, and the previously oldest known troodontids, from the Lower Cretaceous, lived there.

References 

Theropods
Fossils
Jurassic dinosaurs
Niigata Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshū. The capital city is Niigata.

History 
Until after the Meiji Restoration, the area that is now Niigata Prefecture was divided into Echigo Province and Sado Province.

Geography 
Niigata is next to Yamagata Prefecture, Toyama Prefecture, Nagano Prefecture, Gumma Prefecture and Fukushima prefecture. 

Niigata is the fifth largest prefecture in Japan by area. 

In winter, it snows a lot in Niigata, and winter sports are popular.

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 25% of the total land area of the prefecture. including 
 Bandai-Asahi National Park

Shrines and Temples
Yahiko-jinja, Kota-jinja, Amatsu-jinja and Watatsu-jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Albirex Niigata

References

Other websites 

 Niigata Prefecture website
Panoplosaurus

Panoplosaurus was an armored tank-like dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous, living about 76–73 million years ago. 

Panoplosaurus was a herbivore (a plant-eater). It ate low-lying plants, like ferns and cycads. This nodosaurid ankylosaur (with no tail club) was about 23 ft (7 m) long and weighed about 3.5 tons. It had a bulky body, four short legs, a short neck, and a stiff tail.

Ankylosauria
Polacanthus

Polacanthus was an armoured, spiked, plant-eating dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous, about 132 to 100 million years ago. Polacanthus means "many spines."

Some paleontologists think that Polacanthus is the same genus as Hylaeosaurus. Fossils of this ankylosaurid have been found in England.

Description 
Polacanthus was about 12 feet (4 m) long and about 4.8 feet (1.5 m) tall. It was a bulky quadruped that relied on its many rows of bony spikes for protection. No head is known for this genus.

Ankylosauria
Earl Warren

Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974)  was an American lawyer, judge and politician. He served as Governor of California from 1943 to 1953. Warren ran for Vice-President in 1948 as a Republican, but lost to Alben W. Barkley in a close election.

Warren was born in Los Angeles and grew up in Bakersfield before moving to Oakland. He served in World War I. 

In 1925, he became District Attorney of Alameda County, and later Attorney General of California. In 1953, he became Chief Justice of the United States.  

He was Chief Justice when the Supreme Court issued Brown v. Board of Education and Miranda vs. Arizona. These two cases were very important civil rights cases in the United States.  Warren was also in control of the Warren Commission. It looked into a possible conspiracy in the killing of President Kennedy.  Warren retired from the Court in 1969, and died in Washington, D.C., in 1974.

References

1891 births
1974 deaths
American military personnel of World War I
Chief Justices of the United States
Governors of California
People from Bakersfield, California
Politicians from Los Angeles
United States Supreme Court justices
Lawyers from Los Angeles
Bill Johansen

William Odd "Red" Johansen (July 27, 1928 – March 21, 2001) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. The high point of his career was one game played in the National Hockey League for the Toronto Maple Leafs. He was born in Oslo, Norway, and he grew up in Port Arthur, Ontario.

Other websites

1928 births
2001 deaths
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Norwegian ice hockey players
People from Thunder Bay
Sportspeople from Oslo
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Eastern Hockey League players
J. Bob Kelly

John Robert "Battleship" Kelly (born June 6, 1946) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played 425 games in the National Hockey League. He played for the St. Louis Blues, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Chicago Black Hawks. Although official NHL records call him Bob Kelly he was commonly known during his NHL playing career as J. Bob Kelly, in an effort to differentiate himself from the Bob Kelly who played primarily with the Philadelphia Flyers at that time.

Career statistics

References

Other websites 

1946 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Pittsburgh Penguins players
St. Louis Blues players
Myelin

Myelin is a substance that forms the coating of axons in the brain and the rest of the central nervous system. This coating is also known as the myelin sheath. It is a substance made of about 80% lipid and 20% protein. Its main function is to speed the relay of electricity messages in the nervous system. It is milky white and slippery in appearance and texture, giving rise to the term white matter in the brain.

Myelin is an important part of proper neural function. In later life, a process called demyelination can occur, causing poor neural function. Demyelination may be a cause of Alzheimer's disease. Multiple sclerosis happens when myelin is damaged.

Anatomy of the nervous system
Dick Kotanen

Dick Kotanen  (born Eino Richard Erwin Kotanen; November 18, 1925 – September 11, 2011) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played in one National Hockey League game for the New York Rangers during the 1950–51 NHL season. Kotanen died on November 9th 2011.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2011 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Eastern Hockey League players
Ice hockey people from Ontario

New York Rangers players
People from Thunder Bay
Scott King

Scott Glenndale Martin King (born June 25, 1967 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played in only two National Hockey League games for the Detroit Red Wings. He was drafted 10th (190th overall) in the 1986 NHL Entry Draft.

Awards   
Named to BCJHL Coastal Division First All-Star Team: 1985
Named to Hockey East First All-Star Team: 1988, 1990
Named to Hockey East Second All-Star Team: 1989
Named to ECHL Second All-Star Team: 1993
Riley Cup Champion: (Toledo Storm - 1993)

Career statistics

Regular season

Post season

Notes

Other websites

King's Bio on Detroit Red Wings.com 

1967 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Chemical composition

Chemical composition is the arrangement, type, and ratio of atoms in molecules of chemical substances. Chemical composition varies when chemicals are added or subtracted from a substance, when the ratio of substances changes, or when other chemical changes occur in chemicals. Chemical formulas show this information.

The chemical composition of a substance determines the intramolecular forces and properties of the substance.  This means that the way atoms are put together in something determines the color, density, strength, texture and other properties of the thing.  Chemists can use tests to learn the chemical composition of a substance, including a pH test, flammability test, heavy metal test etc. 

A particular chemical has a particular ratio of its atoms, allowed by their valence (chemistry). An example is Hydrogen Fluoride, or HF, which has 1 Hydrogen atom in ratio to every 1 Fluorine atom.  This substance has strong intramolecular forces of attraction because it is a hydrogen bond. 

Analytical chemistry
London Zoo

London Zoo is the world's oldest scientific zoo. It was opened in London on 27 April 1828, and was originally intended to be used as a collection for scientific study. It was eventually opened to the public in 1847. Today it has a collection of 673 species of animals, with 19,289 individuals, making it one of the largest collections in the United Kingdom.

It is managed by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), established in 1826. It is at the northern edge of Regent's Park, on the boundary line between City of Westminster and Camden (the Regent's Canal runs through it). The Society also has a larger site at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo in Bedfordshire to which the larger animals such as elephants and rhinos have been moved.
As well as being the first scientific zoo, ZSL London Zoo also opened the first Reptile house (1849), first public Aquarium (1853), first insect house (1881) and the first children's zoo (1938).

ZSL receives no state funding and relies on 'Fellows', 'Friends', 'Members', entrance fees and sponsorship to get income.

However, the ZSL's nearby Institute of Zoology may get public grants as a scientific institution. It has an international reputation in bioconservation.

References 

1828 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in London
Zoos
1820s establishments in England
Ramon Sessions

Ramon Sessions (born April 11, 1986) is a professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball at the University of Nevada for three years before entering the 2007 NBA Draft. The Milwaukee Bucks chose him with the 56the pick of the draft.

On April 14, 2008, Sessions scored 20 points and had 24 assists in a game against the Chicago Bulls. Although the Bucks lost this game to the Bucks, Sessions set a Bucks record for the most assists by one player in a game.

In September 2009, Sessions signed a contract to join the Minnesota Timberwolves. The Timberwolves traded him to the Cleveland Cavaliers in July 2010. Sessions was then traded to the Los Angeles Lakers in March 2012.

References

1986 births
Living people
American basketball players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
Sportspeople from South Carolina
Volkswagen Polo Mk4

The Volkswagen Polo Mk4 is the fourth generation of the small car Volkswagen Polo. It replaced the Mk3 in early 2002 and featured twin round headlights which remained until its facelift in mid-2005 and in late 2009 was replaced by the Mk5. The platform of the Mk4 Polo was also used for the SEAT Ibiza, the SEAT Córdoba and the Škoda Fabia.

Engines 
 1.2 40 kW (54 hp) and 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.2 12V 47 kW (64 hp) and 51 kW (69 hp)
 1.4 16V 55 kW (75 hp), 59 kW (80 hp) and 74 kW (101 hp)
 1.4 FSI 63 kW (86 hp)
 1.6 16V 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.8T GTI 110 kW (150 hp)
 1.8T GTI Cup Edition 132 kW (180 hp)
 1.4 TDI 51 kW (70 hp), 55 kW (75 hp) and 59 kW (80 hp)
 1.9 SDI 47 kW (64 hp)
 1.9 TDI 74 kW (101 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)

Polo Mk4
2000s automobiles
Volkswagen Polo Mk5

The 'Volkswagen Polo Mk5 is the fifth generation of the small car Volkswagen Polo. It succeeded the Mk4 in 2009. The platform of the Mk5 Polo was also used for the Audi A1 and the SEAT Ibiza. It was facelifted in 2014.

Engines 
 1.2 12V 44 kW (60 hp) and 51 kW (70 hp)
 1.2 TSI 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.4 16V 63 kW (86 hp)
 1.4 GTI 132 kW (180 hp)
 1.2 TDI 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.6 TDI 55 kW (75 hp), 66 kW (90 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)

Polo Mk5
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles

it:Volkswagen Polo#Quinta serie (6R)
Progressivism



Progressivism is a way of thinking that focuses on social progress. It is a philosophical movement and political movement. The idea of progress is the belief that human society is improving over time. In the 18th century, many philosophers began holding this belief as part of the Age of Enlightenment.

Political movement 

Progressive politics generally wants to change government in a new way. Unlike conservatism which wants to keep government similar. It most often refers to a political movement in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, called the Progressive Era.  In the United States, these people wanted to change politics, which was at that time run by big business and corrupt political machines. Most of the people who believed in the Progressive Movement were part of the middle class. Some of the leaders of the progressive movement were Theodore Roosevelt, Hiram Johnson , William Howard Taft, Robert M. La Follette, Sr., Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Howard Dean.

References

Related pages 
 Liberalism
 Optimism
 Socialism

Philosophical movements and positions
Political movements
Political philosophy