cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Northwestern Ontario

Northwestern Ontario is a region in the Canadian province of Ontario. It covers most of subartic Ontario. It includes the districts of Kenora, Rainy River, and Thunder Bay.

Sometimes, Northwestern Ontario is grouped with Northeastern Ontario as Northern Ontario.

Regions of Ontario
Northeastern Ontario

Northeastern Ontario is a region in the Canadian province of Ontario. It includes the districts of Algoma, Sudbury, Cochrane, Timiskaming, Nipissing, and Manitoulin. Parry Sound District and District Municipality of Muskoka are sometimes included in Northeastern Ontario, although they are usually included in Central Ontario.

Northeastern Ontario is sometimes included with Northwestern Ontario as Northern Ontario. One difference between the two parts is that Northeastern Ontario has a large Franco-Ontarian population. Almost 25 percent of Northeastern Ontario's population speaks French as a first language.

Regions of Ontario
Voice-tracking

Voice-tracking is a technique used by some radio stations in radio broadcasting to make an illusion of a live disc jockey or announcer sitting in the studios of the radio station when one is actually not in the station.

Background
Voice-tracking refers to the process of a disc jockey prerecording the parts when they speak on the radio. It is then mixed with songs, commercials and other elements to make it sound like a live air shift. Voice-tracking is mostly used in radio stations, especially during the night, overnight, weekend, and holiday time periods. Most radio stations also use it as a way to save money instead of having disc jockeys around the clock.

Variations
Sometimes, voice-tracking is done so that people can do other jobs. For example, a DJ may also have a job as a program director or general manager. Voice-tracking allows that person to record a three-hour shift in less than a half-hour, leaving him or her time to do office work. A popular live weekday morning radio host can record parts for a Saturday show, allowing him or her to be on the air six days a week without spending more time at the station. It is also helpful during holidays such as Christmas or Easter, when people are off spending time with their families.

Formatics
Different radio stations want their DJs to speak only at certain times. Here is an example:

 At example station ZZZZ, the DJs have to follow certain rules. These rules are called formatics.

 DJs have to backsell (or give the name and artist of a song that already played) three songs before playing commercials at 22 minutes past the hour.

 DJs have to read or play a pre-recorded weather forecast at 44 minutes past the hour.

 DJs are allowed to speak only over the instrumental part of the song at the beginning. (As shown below)

As an example, see the picture below:

As one song ends, the next song begins. At this point, the DJ doesn't start talking until the second song starts and he stops at the point where the song's vocals start.

Radio
James Hinchcliffe

James Hinchcliffe is a Canadian racecar driver. He drives in the IndyCar Series. He was born on December 5, 1986 in Oakville, Ontario, a suburb of Toronto. Hinchcliffe is known for his media personality as well as his racing. He has become a very popular driver. Hinchcliffe named his website "Hinchtown" and he is the town's "mayor".

Hinchcliffe started in IndyCar in 2011. He drove for the Newman/Haas team. He won rookie of the year. Later, his team stopped racing in IndyCar and he had to find a new team. For 2012, he was hired by Andretti Autosport. A year later he had a very successful year. He won three races in St. Petersburg, Brazil, and Iowa. He continued driving for Andretti. In 2015, Hinchcliffe joined Schmidt Peterson Motorsports and replaced Simon Pagenaud. During Monday practice before the 2015 Indianapolis 500, Hinchcliffe suffered serious injuries in a crash.

References

Other websites
Official website 

People from Ontario
1986 births
Living people
IndyCar Series drivers
1941 Florida hurricane

The 1941 Florida hurricane was a strong tropical cyclone in October 1941. It affected the Bahamas and the southeastern United States This storm's winds were at . The hurricane hit southern Florida first. After that, it went across the Florida Panhandle.

At least ten people were killed by the storm.

1941 in the United States
Hurricanes in the United States
20th century in the Bahamas
1940s in Florida
October events
Time Warner Cable

Time Warner Cable was an American cable and telecommunications company. The company served almost 30 states. It was the second-largest cable company behind Comcast.

They offered Cable television and Internet services.

Time Warner Cable was founded in 1973 and was bought by Charter Communications in May 2016.

References

American television providers
1989 establishments in the United States
Time Warner
American internet service providers
Companies based in New York City
1989 establishments in New York (state)
Golden Spikes Award

The Golden Spikes Award is given out every year to the best beginning baseball player in the United States.  The award, created by USA Baseball and sponsored by the Major League Baseball Players Association, was first presented in 1978.  It is given to a beginning player who best exhibits and combines "exceptional on-field ability and excellent sportsmanship."  The award is considered the most important in beginning baseball.

References

Sports trophies and awards
Jindřich Pokorný

Jindřich Pokorný (12 April 1927 – 23 August 2014) was a Czech translator (mainly French and German), editor and writer. He translated also in Italian, Latin and Flemish.

He was known for his translation of Rostand's Cyrano de Bergerac. Along with the literary historian Frederick Fučík, they wrote a book explaining the origins and meanings of the various sayings and proverbs called Buried dog.

In 2009 he published a book Parsifal.

References

1927 births
2014 deaths
Czech writers
Czech translators
Jaume Vallcorba Plana

Jaume (or Santiago) Vallcorba Plana (21 September 1949 – 23 August 2014) was a Spanish philologist and publisher. He published many studies on aesthetics and literature.

He was born in Tarragona, Spain. He was a professor in Literature at the University of Bordeaux, the University of Lleida, the University of Barcelona and the Pompeu Fabra University (Barcelona) but he left university teaching in 2004.

Other websites

El País, 14/05/2010 (Interview with Jaume Vallcorba)

1949 births
2014 deaths
Spanish writers
Spanish educators
In Your House 9: International Incident

In Your House 9: International Incident was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on July 21, 1996 at General Motors Place in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was the ninth pay-per-view to be held under the WWF's In Your House name.

Results

References

1996 in professional wrestling
Sport in Vancouver
World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events
1996 in North America
1990s in Canada
Dan Magill

Daniel Hamilton "Dan" Magill, Jr. (January 25, 1921 – August 23, 2014) was an American tennis player and coach. His worked as a Sports Information Director, a Head Tennis Coach, and a Georgia Bulldog Club secretary for the University of Georgia.

Magill was born in Athens, Georgia. He was a U.S. Marine during World War II. He was married to Rosemary Reynaud had three children; Ham, Sharon, and Mollie.

Magill died from natural causes on August 23, 2014 in Athens, Georgia. He was 93.

References

1921 births
2014 deaths
American military people
American male tennis players
Coaches
Deaths from natural causes
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Glam metal

Glam metal (also known as hair metal, sleaze metal and pop metal) is a hard rock/heavy metal subgenre. It combines punk rock with pop music. It became popular in the 1970s and 1980s. But it became less popular in the 1990s. This was because grunge music was getting more popular. 

Some bands of this genre include: 
 Extreme
 Mötley Crüe
 Europe
 Bon Jovi 
 Quiet Riot
 Hanoi Rocks

References

Other websites 
 The 15 Best Hair Metal Bands of All Time 
 Hair Metal vs. Grunge; Just Who Survived

Heavy metal subgenres
Rock music
Magi (manga)

{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type            = manga
| title           = Magi: Adventure of Sinbad
| author          = Shinobu Ohtaka
| illustrator     = Yoshifumi Ohtera
| publisher       = Shogakukan
| publisher_en    = 
| demographic     = Shōnen
| magazine        = Weekly Shōnen Sunday (May 18 – June 26, 2013)Ura Sunday (September 17, 2013 – April 25, 2018) | first           = May 18, 2013
| last            = April 25, 2018
| volumes         = 19
}}

 is a Japanese manga series. It was written and illustrated by Shinobu Ohtaka. The Anime version is by A-1 Pictures. Season 1 began in October, 2012 and ended in March, 2013. Season 2 started in October, 2013 and ended in March, 2014. The season 2 title was Magi: The Kingdom of Magic.

 Characters 
Alibaba Saluja()
Voice: Yūki Kaji
Alibaba Saluja is the main character of Magi. He is a “King Vessel”, a special human that was chosen by a Magi. He is a young man that wants to capture the dungeon in Qishan. After finding his life changing friend Aladdin, he uses this opportunity after watching Aladdin’s genie in action to go together and capture the dungeon. 
Aladdin()
Voice: Kaori Ishihara
Aladdin is a main character of Magi. He is a “Magi”, a special magician who chooses kings. He is a strange boy who is a traveler and has a flute that has a djinn, or a genie that can be summoned upon blowing on it, along with a magical carpet which he can use to fly.
Morgiana()
Voice: Haruka Tomatsu
Morgiana is the heroine of Magi. She is a part of Alibaba’s household, gaining some powers from the djinn Amon, which Alibaba has captured. She is a former slave that was tortured, but saved by Alibaba and Aladdin.
Sinbad()
Voice: Daisuke Ono
Sinbad is the main character of the spin off series Adventure of Sinbad'' and a special man. He is a first class singularity that captured seven dungeons meaning he has seven djinns.
Jafar()
Voice: Takahiro Sakurai
Masrur()
Voice: Yoshimasa Hosoya
Ren Hakuryū()
Voice: Kenshō Ono
Ren Hakuei()
Voice: Nana Mizuki
Ren Kōgyoku()
Voice: Kana Hanazawa
Ren Kōen()
Voice: Yuichi Nakamura
Ren Kōha()
Voice: Tetsuya Kakihara
Scheherazade()
Voice: Maaya Sakamoto
Titus Alexius()
Voice: Yoshitsugu Matsuoka
Matal Mogamett()
Voice: Chō
Judar()
Voice: Ryohei Kimura
Yunan()
Voice: Akira Ishida

References

Other websites 
Manga official website  
Anime official website 

Manga
Anime
Marcel Rigout

Marcel Rigout (10 May 1928 – 23 August 2014) was a French politician. He served as the Minister of Vocational Training from 1981 to 1984, under former President François Mitterrand. He was a member of the French Communist Party (PCF; ).

Rigout was born in Verneuil-sur-Vienne. He wrote the novel L'autre chance in 1983.

Rigout died on 23 August 2014 in Limoges, aged 86.

References

1928 births
2014 deaths
Communist politicians
Disease-related deaths in France
Government ministers of France
Black box (disambiguation)

Black box has these meanings:

Technology 
A black box is an informal term for an engineering box whose content and function is not known.
Flight recorder or vehicle recorder which stores information.

Popular culture 
Black Box (musical group)
Ahti Pekkala

Ahti Antti Johannes Pekkala (20 December 1924 – 23 August 2014) was a Finnish politician for the Centre Party. He served as a deputy speaker of the parliament from 1976 to 1978 and as the speaker from 1978 to 1979. He also served as the Governor of Oulu Province from 1986 until 1991.

Pekkala was born in Haapavesi. Before politics, he was a banker and the manager of a bank from 1952 until 1985.

Pekkala died on 23 August 2014 in Haapavesi, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 Ahti Pekkala at the Eduskunta webpage 

1924 births
2014 deaths

Finnish politicians
Government ministers
Legislative speakers
Philippine de Rothschild

Philippine Mathilde Camille de Rothschild (22 November 1933 – 23 August 2014), also known as Philippine Pascale, was a French winemaker and baroness. She was the owner of the French winery Château Mouton Rothschild. She was the only daughter of the vintner Baron Philippe de Rothschild, a member of the Rothschild banking dynasty. In 2013, she was given a lifetime achievement award by the Institute of Masters of Wine.

Rothschild was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris. She was married twice and had three children; Camille, Philippe and Julien. She was made an Officier of the Legion of Honour () in 2007.

Rothschild died on 23 August 2014 in Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris, aged 80.

References

Other websites
 Philippine de Rothschild at the Château Mouton Rothschild website

1933 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in France
French businesspeople
French royalty
People from Paris
Gold Coast Titans

The Gold Coast Titans are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based on the Gold Coast in Queensland. They were founded in 2007. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have not won any premierships.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sport in Australia
Queensland
2007 establishments
2000s establishments in Australia
North Queensland Cowboys

The North Queensland Cowboys are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Townsville, Queensland. They were founded in 1992. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won one premiership in 2015 against the Brisbane Broncos.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sport in Australia
Queensland
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs

The Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Belmore, Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1934. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won eight premierships, most recently in 2004.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sport in Australia
Sports in Sydney
1934 establishments
1930s establishments in Australia
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks

The Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Cronulla, southern Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1963. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won one premiership in 2016 against the Melbourne Storm.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sport in Australia
Sports in Sydney
1963 establishments
1960s establishments in Australia
Black box

A black box, in science and engineering, is a box whose inside working is not known.

It is a device, system or object with input and output.  There is no knowledge of its internal workings. The way it works is "opaque" (black).  Almost anything might be referred to as a black box: a transistor, an algorithm, or the human brain.

Ashby expains that the term arose when a decision had to be made about opening an engineering box. The question was whether to return the box for repair, or just scrap it. Could this be decided without opening the box? There can be many reasons why a complex system cannot be repaired in the field, and even opening up some systems is a big deal. The question also comes up in surgery on brain damage patients. The more that can be discovered before operating, the better.p86

The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic can be seen. It is sometimes known as a clear box, a glass box, or a white box.

References 

Engineering
Systems
Newcastle Knights

The Newcastle Knights are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Newcastle, New South Wales. They were founded in 1988. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won two premierships, most recently in 2001.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sport in Australia
New South Wales
1988 establishments in Australia
Parramatta Eels

The Parramatta Eels are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Parramatta, Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1946. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won four premierships, most recently in 1986.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sport in Australia
Sydney
1946 establishments in Australia
St George Illawarra Dragons

The St George Illawarra Dragons are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in St George region of Sydney and the Illawarra region of New South Wales. They were founded in 1998. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won one premiership in 2010 against the Sydney Roosters.

Other websites
 
St George Illawarra Dragons Fan Discussion Forum

Rugby
Sport in Australia
Sports in Sydney
1998 establishments in Australia
Melbourne Storm

The Melbourne Storm are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Melbourne, Victoria. They were founded in 1997. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won four premierships, most recently in 2020.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sport in Melbourne
1997 establishments
1990s establishments in Australia
Manly Warringah Sea Eagles

The Manly Warringah Sea Eagles are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1946. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won eight premierships, most recently in 2011.

Manly Sea Eagles have won 8 Grand Finals:

 1972
 1973
 1976
 1978
 1987
 1996
 2008,
 2011
Their home ground is Brookvale Oval, which is affectionately known by locals as "Fortress Brookie".

Other websites
 
Northern Beaches Council - Brookvale Oval

Rugby
Sport in Australia
Sports in Sydney
1946 establishments in Australia
Wests Tigers

The Wests Tigers are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in the Inner West of Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1999. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won one premiership in 2005 against the North Queensland Cowboys.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sport in Australia
Sports in Sydney
1999 establishments in Australia
New Zealand Warriors

The New Zealand Warriors are a New Zealand professional rugby league team. The team is based in Auckland, New Zealand. They were founded in 1995. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have not won any premierships. They are the only non-Australian team in the NRL.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sport in New Zealand
Auckland
1995 establishments
1990s establishments in New Zealand
Superposition principle

In physics, the superposition principle states that if there are two or more stimuli at a given point in time, the response will be the result of adding all the responses. This only applies to linear systems. Since many systems can be modelled as linear systems, the principle has many applications in physics and engineering.

Physics
Superposition principle: The principle states that the total force on a given charge is the vector of the individual forces exerted on the given charge by all other charges. Each individual force between any two charges is calculated from Coulomb's law tattoos and is not affected by the presence of other charges
Ángel Di Maria

Angel Fabian Di Maria Hernandez (born 14 February 1988) is an Argentine professional footballer. He plays for French Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Argentina national team. He can play as either a winger or attacking midfielder.

Career 
After beginning his career with Rosario Central, Di María moved to Europe in 2007 to play for Benfica of the Portuguese Primeira Liga. He made a €25 million move to Real Madrid three years later, in 2010. After winning the UEFA Champions League with Real Madrid in 2014, he signed for Manchester United in summer 2014 for a national record £59.7 million. 
In summer 2015, he signed a 4 year contract with Paris Saint-Germain for €63 million.

A full international for Argentina since 2008, Di María has earned over 50 caps for his country. He scored the goal that gave Argentina first place at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, and has also represented them at two World Cups and the 2011 Copa América, 2015 Copa América, and the 2016 Copa América Centenario.

References

1988 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Manchester United F.C. players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Interdisciplinarity

Interdisciplinarity is when two or more subjects (academic disciplines) join up. This happens when a problem overlaps traditional academic boundaries. Other terms which mean almost the same thing are multidisciplinarity and crossdisciplinarity.

An examples makes clear what is meant:

In order to investigate living cells, these subjects joined together: genetics, physics, chemistry, cytology.

When they joined up, the field they formed was called cell biology at the level of cells, or molecular biology at the level of macromolecules.

Other examples include artificial intelligence, cultural studies,  cybernetics, computational linguistics, biomedical engineering, and so on. Physical chemistry, biochemistry and astrophysics  must have been some of the first.

In many universities, traditional departments (e.g. botany, zoology) were scrapped, and new broader departments like 'School of biological sciences' were formed. Inside this umbrella, research and teaching teams were based on interdisciplinary problems, such as ecology or cell division or Earth history. There are some necessary specialities which do not fit easily into the new system. Examples are taxonomy (you still need people to identify animals) and areas like parasitology and agricultural botany. 

A system which works in some universities is to appoint staff to the Schools (usually Humanities, Science. Social sciences and Technology) and let the staff join those groups which best fit their expertise.

References

Related pages 
Holism

Academic disciplines
Watertown, Massachusetts

Watertown is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the greater Boston area. The population was 31,915 at the 2010 census. Watertown is one of fourteen Massachusetts municipalities that have been granted city forms of government but kept the name town.

History 
The area of Watertown was inhabited for thousands of years before the arrival of settlers from England. The tribes of the Pequossette and the Nonantum, had settlements on what is now called the Charles River. The Pequossette built a fishing weir to trap herring. This was at the site of the current Watertown Dam. Every year the alewife and blueback herring swim upstream from their adult home in the sea. this is to spawn in the fresh water where they came from.

The first settlement of Watertown  was at the Saltonstall Plantation in 1630. This was one of the earliest of the Massachusetts Bay settlements. It was begun by a group of settlers led by Richard Saltonstall and the Rev. George Phillips. It was officially incorporated that same year. The alternate spelling "Waterton" is seen in some early documents.

The first buildings were on land that is now in the city of Cambridge. It was known as Gerry's Landing. For its first quarter century Watertown ranked next to Boston in population and area. Since then its city limits have been greatly reduced.

The Stanley Brothers built the first of their steam-powered cars, called Stanley Steamers, in Watertown in 1897.

References

Other websites
 Watertown official website
 Armenian Library and Museum of America 
 Watertown Community Foundation

Cities in Massachusetts
1630 establishments in Massachusetts
Czechoslovak Television

Czechoslovak Television (ČST) was a television network. It was the main broadcaster of Czechoslovakia. It closed in 1953 because Czechoslovakia became two new countries, Czech Republic and Slovakia.

In the Czech language, it was called Československá televize.

In the Slovak language, it was called Československá televízia until 1990. In 1990, they changed the Slovak name to Česko-slovenská televízia.

History 
Czechoslovak Television started on 1st May 1953. It was just one television programme, which was a few hours long.

Czechoslovak Television was heavily censored by the communist government. In 1968, the government allowed Czechoslovak Television to mention the Prague Spring protests for a few days. However in 1969, the government started to censor ČST heavily again.

Launch of a second channel
On May 10, 1970, Czechoslovak Television made a second television channel, ČST TV2.

Colour Television
On May 9, 1973, Czechoslovak Television started to show television programmes in colour on ČST TV2. Two years later, they started colour television programmes on the first channel too.

In 1979, a studio was opened in the Kavci mountains, which became the home of Czechoslovak Television's news department.

ČST TV2 is split into two separate channels
In November 1989, Czechoslovak Television renamed the first channel F1, with the 'F' meaning the federal district of Czechoslovakia. The second channel was replaced by two new channels: ČTV, which was in the Czech language and S1, which was in the Slovak language.

They also created a new third channel in Czech on 14 May 1990, called OK3, using technology which used to broadcast Soviet television. Another new third channel was created in Slovak and called TA 3, on 6 June 1991.

Velvet Revolution
During the Velvet Revolution, when protests occurred in Czechoslovakia, the people who worked at Czechoslovak Television helped the protesters to spread their messages.

Velvet divorce ends Czechoslovak Television 
Czechoslovakia became two new countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia on the 31st December 1992. This split is known as the 'Velvet Divorce'. Because of it, Czechoslovak Television was no longer needed. In the Czech Republic, a new television network called Czech television took over, and in Slovakia Slovenská televízia was created.

Directors of Czechoslovak Television 
 1953 – 1958 Karel Kohout
 1958 – 1959 Milan Krejčí
 1959 – 1963 Adolf Hradecký
 1963 – 1968 Jiří Pelikán
 1968 Bohumil Švec
 1968 – 1969 Josef Šmídmajer
 1969 – 1989 Jan Zelenka
 1989 Libor Bátrla
 1989 – 1990 Miroslav Pavel
 1990 Jindřich Fairaizl
 1990 – 1992 Jiří Kantůrek

References

Czechoslovakia
Television networks
1992 disestablishments in Europe
1953 establishments in Europe
Antônio Ermírio de Moraes

Antônio Ermírio de Moraes (June 4, 1928 – August 24, 2014) was a Brazilian businessman. He was the chairman of the Votorantim Group; one of the country's largest companies, specialized in metals, paper, cement and frozen orange juice. He was the grandfather of IndyCar Series driver Mario Moraes. He ran for governor of São Paulo State in 1986, but lost the elections.

De Moraes died in São Paulo, Brazil from heart failure, aged 86.

1928 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Brazilian politicians
Brazilian businesspeople
People from São Paulo
Larry Kramer

Larry Kramer (June 25, 1935 – May 27, 2020) was an American playwright, author, public health and LGBT rights activist. He began his career rewriting scripts while working for Columbia Picture. There he wrote the screenplay for the 1969 movie Women in Love. He earned an Academy Award nomination for his work.

Kramer was openly gay. In 1988, he was diagnosed with hepatitis B and HIV. He had a liver transplant in 2001.

His brother was lawyer Arthur Kramer (1927–2008).

Kramer died of pneumonia in New York City on May 27, 2020. He was 84.

References

Other websites

 

1935 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in New York City
American LGBT rights activists
American playwrights
American screenwriters
Gay men
LGBT novelists
LGBT people from Connecticut
LGBT playwrights
LGBT screenwriters
Organ transplant recipients
People from Bridgeport, Connecticut
People with HIV/AIDS
Writers from Connecticut
Yale University alumni
Gandhi (movie)

Gandhi is a 1982 British and Indian biographical movie based on the life of Indian activist Mohandas Gandhi. It is directed and produced by Richard Attenborough. It was written by John Briley and some of it by Steven Spielberg. The music was composed by Ravi Shankar. The cinematography was by Billy Williams.

It stars Ben Kingsley as Gandhi. Other cast members include John Mills, John Gielgud, Trevor Howard, Daniel Day-Lewis, Richard Griffiths, Martin Sheen, Nigel Hawthorne, Shane Rimmer, Athol Fugard, John Ratzenberger, Bernard Hill, Shriram Lagoo, Terrence Hardiman, Tom Alter and Om Puri with Alyque Padamsee. 

It was released on 30 November 1982 in India, on 2 December 1982 in the United Kingdom, and on 6 December 1982 in the United States. It raised $52,767,889 at the box office. It had a budget of $13 million. 

The movie was nominated for eleven Academy Award, winning eight. It won Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Director. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Picture and the BAFTA Award for Best Picture.

Attenborough said that the movie was his dream project.

Other websites

 
 
 
 

Academy Award winning movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
BAFTA Award winning movies 
1982 drama movies
1980s biographical movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
Indian movies
Movies directed by Richard Attenborough
Movies set in India
Movies set in South Africa
Movies set in the United Kingdom
Movies set in the 1890s
Movies set in the 1910s
Movies set in the 1920s
Movies set in the 1930s
Movies set in the 1940s
Sheila Sim

Sheila Beryl Grant Attenborough, Lady Attenborough (5 June 1922 – 19 January 2016), known professionally by her maiden name Sheila Sim, was an English movie and stage actress. She was known for being the widow of the actor and director Richard Attenborough. She was a long-time funder of the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Arts. She was born in Liverpool, Lancashire.

Sim died after a two-year battle with dementia at a retirement home in London, England on 19 January 2016 at the age of 93.

Some movies she was in
 A Canterbury Tale (1944)
 Great Day (1945)
 Dancing with Crime (1947)
 The Guinea Pig (1948)
 Dear Mr. Prohack (1949)
 Pandora and the Flying Dutchman (1951)
 The Magic Box (1951)
 West of Zanzibar (1954)
 The Night My Number Came Up (1955)

References

Other websites

Related pages

 Richard Attenborough

1922 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from dementia
English movie actors
English stage actors
Actors from Liverpool
Columbus, Wisconsin

Columbus is a city in Columbia and Dodge counties in Wisconsin. It is in the south-central part of Wisconsin. The population was 4,991 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Wisconsin
Columbia County, Wisconsin
Dodge County, Wisconsin
Leonid Stadnyk

Leonid Stepanovych Stadnyk (; 5 August 1970 – 24 August 2014) was a Ukrainian farmer. He stood at 8 feet 5 inches or 2.57 meters. He was born in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR. Stadnyk was listed as the world's tallest living man according to Guinness World Records. 

Stadnyk died at the age of 44 on August 24, 2014 from a brain hemorrhage.

References

Other websites
 The Tallest Man: Leonid Stadnyk 

1970 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Ukrainian people
World record holders
Battering ram

A battering ram is a siege engine used in the past. It was used to break open the stone walls of castles or splinter their wooden gates.

In its simplest form, a battering ram is just a large, heavy log carried by several people and banged against an obstacle. The ram  damages the target if the big log hit the target again and again. Later rams were covered in the log with an arrow-proof, fire-resistant canopy mounted on wheels. Inside the canopy, the log was swung from chains or ropes.
 
Rams were great weapons of war against old fashioned wall-building materials such as stone and brick. These walls were weak in tension: they cracked when struck with sufficient force. With many blows, the cracks would grow steadily until a hole was created. Eventually, a breach would appear in the fabric of the wall. It would cause armed attackers to force their way through the gap.

The introduction in the later Middle Ages of siege cannons causes the end of battering rams and other traditional siege weapons. Much smaller, hand-held versions of battering rams are still used today, however, by law enforcement officers and military personnel to bash open locked doors.

Weapons
Barry Dickins

Barry Dickins (born 1949) is an Australian artist and writer of books and plays.

He was born in Reservoir, which is part of Melbourne. He left school early and worked in a factory. Later he painted sets and backgrounds for television programs. His first play, Ghosts, was performed in 1974 at La Mama Theatre. He has written many more plays. His play Remember Ronald Ryan won the 1995 Victorian Premier's Literary Award. He has also written short stories, biography, other non-fiction and children's books. Barry is known to use many 'half rhymes' in his work.

Dickins' books and plays 

Drama
 The Banana Bender and The death of Minnie. (Currency, 1981) 
 Lennie Lower. (Yackandandah, 1982) 
 One woman shoe. (Yackandandah, 1984) 
 The Bridal Suite and Mag and Bag: Two plays. (Yackandandah, 1985)  
 Beautland. (Currency, 1985) 
 The Golden Goldenbergs. (1986)
 The Fool’s Shoe Hotel. (Yackandandah, 1987) 
 Royboys. (Currency, 1987) 
 Remember Ronald Ryan. (Currency, 1994) 

Stories
 Post Office Restaurant and Other Stories. (Pascoe, 1992) 

Non fiction
 The Gift of the Gab: Stories from the life of Barry Dickins. (1981; Penguin, 1987) 
 What the Dickins! A symposium of pieces from the low life. (Penguin, 1985) 
 You’ll Only Go In for Your Mates. (Allen & Unwin, 1991) 
 Guts and Pity: The Hanging that ended Capital Punishment in Australia. (Currency Press, 1996) 
 Ordinary Heroes: Personal Recollections of Australians at War. (Hardie Grant Books, 1999) 
 Articles of Light: Reflections on lowlifes, ratbags and angels. (Penguin, 2000) 
 Black and Whiteley: Barry Dickins in search of Brett. (Hardie Grant Books, 2002)  Review 

Children's books
 My grandmother. (Penguin, 1989) 
 My grandfather: Years of hope and vigour. (Penguin, 1993) 
 Joey: A dog for all seasons. (Puffin, 1995)

References

Other websites 
 Interview from The Age
 Drawings
 Saint Dymphna's Bells  Poem

1949 births
Living people
Writers from Victoria (Australia)
Australian playwrights
People from Melbourne
Australian painters
Australian children's writers
Artists from Victoria (Australia)
Hashim Khan

Hashim Khan (  – 18 August 2014) was a Pakistani squash player. He won the British Open Squash Championships (BOSC) a total of seven times, from 1951 to 1956, and then again in 1958. During the 1950s, the BOSC was the de facto squash world championship. The movie based on Khan's life Keep Eye on Ball: The Hashim Khan Story was released in 2009 and was directed by Josh Easdon.

Khan was born in Nawakille, a small village near Peshawar, British Raj (now Pakistan). He family were Pashtuns. During the 1960s, he moved to the United States and lived in Denver, Colorado. He had twelve children.

Khan died from congestive heart failure on 18 August 2014 in Aurora, Colorado. There are many disputes of his exact age but he is believed to have been at least 100.

References

Other websites
 Hashim Khan  at Squash Films 
 

1910s births
2014 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Centenarians
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Pakistani people
Pashtun people
People from Peshawar
World champions
Squash (sport)
Zugzwang

Zugzwang is a chess term. It  means a situation where any move by a player will weaken the player's position.  The fact that the player is compelled to move means that their position will become significantly weaker.

For example...

Black to play
1. ...  Kd7 and White cannot win:

2. c6+  Kc7

3. Kc5  Kc8

4. Kd6  Kd8 (opposing the king)

5. c7+  Kc86. Kc6 is stalemate

White to play

But if it is White to play in the original position, he can win by zugzwang:1. Kc6! and now Black must move his king, for example1.....  Kd83. Kb7'''  and queens the pawn.

Mutual zugzwang 

There are positions where either player to move will lose.

On the following diagram, Whichever king moves, he loses his pawn and the opponent will win the game.

History 
The concept of zugzwang was known in the old forms of chess, like shatranj. We know this because there are some Arabic chess problems which use the idea.

The term itself comes from the 19th century in a German chess magazine. Its first use in English was in the early 20th century.

References 

Chess
Zwischenzug

In chess, zwischenzug (German for "intermediate move") is a common tactic that occurs in almost every game: instead of countering a direct threat, which the opponent expects, a move is played which poses an even more devastating threat, often an attack against the queen or the king. The opponent has to counter that threat first, and this will ideally change the situation to his disadvantage.

Borisenkov-Mezenev (diagram, Black to play), went 1... f2, threatening to queen, which White countered with 2. Rg8, intending 3. Rf8+. But White resigned after the zwischenzug 2... Bb1! which allows Black to queen (3. Kb1 f1Q+ or 3. Rf8+ Bf5).

Chess
Alfredo Martini

Alfredo Martini (18 February 1921 – 25 August 2014) was an Italian cyclist and coach. He won a stage in the 1950 Giro d'Italia. He was a professional cyclist from 1941 until 1957. He was later the coach of the Italian national cycling team from 1975 until 1997.

Martini was born in Florence. He retired from coaching in 1997.

Martini died from natural causes on 25 August 2014 in Sesto Fiorentino, aged 93.

References

Other websites

 Alfredo Martini at ProCyclingStats

1921 births
2014 deaths
Coaches
Deaths from natural causes
Italian cyclists
People from Florence
Sportspeople from Tuscany
Inga Juuso

Inga Juuso (5 October 1945 – 23 August 2014) was a Norwegian singer and actress. She appeared and performed in the movie The Kautokeino Rebellion (2008). She was known from her own band performances in the genres of jazz and joik. She did recordings and collabs with many Norwegian musicians like Håkon Mjåset Johansen and Jørn Øien.

Juuso was born in Mosjøen. She was a Sami woman, an ethnic group indigenous to Scandinavia. She was awarded the title of Spellemannprisen in 2011.

Juuso died after a long illness on 23 August 2014, aged 69.

References

Other websites
 

1945 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Norway
Jazz musicians
Jazz singers
Norwegian singers
Norwegian movie actors
Tom Pevsner

Thomas "Tom" Pevsner (2 October 1926 – 19 August 2014) was a British assistant movie director and producer. His career lasted from 1953 until 1995. His best known movies were The Ladykillers (1955), The Longest Day (1962) and The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970) and Dracula (1979). He also worked on a 
number of James Bond movies between 1981 and 1995.

Pevsner was born in Dresden, Saxony. His father was the scholar Nikolaus Pevsner. Because they were of Jewish descent the Pevsner family fled to the United Kingdom in 1933.

Pevsner died on 19 August 2014 in London, aged 87.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2014 deaths
British Jews
Disease-related deaths in England
German Jews
Jewish businesspeople
Movie directors from London
Movie producers from London
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Dresden
Refugees from Nazism
Tumbleweed (band)

Tumbleweed is an Australian rock group formed in 1990 in Tarrawanna. Three of their studio albums appeared on the ARIA Albums Chart: Tumbleweed (No. 48, 13 December 1992), Galactaphonic (No. 6, May 1995), and Return to Earth (No. 11, 1 September 1996). Three releases reached the top 50 on the related ARIA Singles Chart: "Sundial (Maryjane)" (1993), "Gyroscope" (1994), and "Hang Around" (1995). 

They supported United States grunge group, Nirvana, on their January 1992 tour of Australia, and reached the mainstream with their crunchy-psychedelia style. They also supported tours by Rollins Band (June 1994) and  Monster Magnet (February to March 1996).

Other websites
 
 Tumbleweed - Sounds From The Other Side 
 "Tumbleweed" on International Music Concepts website, archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Accessed on 19 October 2013.
 "Tumbleweed : July 2000 Australian tour" profile at National Library of Australia

Musical groups from New South Wales
1990 establishments in Australia
Ramón Echarren Istúriz

Ramón Echarren Istúriz (November 13, 1929 – August 25, 2014) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop.

Istúriz ordained to the priesthood in 1958. Istúriz was appointed titular bishop of 'Diano' and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madrid, Spain, in 1969. 

In 1978, he was appointed bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Canarias and retired in 2005.

References

1929 births
2014 deaths
Spanish Roman Catholics
Canary Islands
Quentin Crisp

Quentin Crisp (born Denis Charles Pratt, 25 December 1908 – 21 November 1999) was an English writer and actor.

Denis Charles Pratt was born in Sutton, Surrey. He was an openly gay man who was very camp. He changed his name to Quentin Crisp after leaving home to move to London when he was 21. He was a male prostitute for about six months. In 1942, he started doing life modelling for art students. He wrote about his life, including The Naked Civil Servant. In 1981 he moved to Manhattan. Crisp died of a heart attack in Manchester, where he was due to give a speech.

References

Other websites 

1908 births
1999 deaths
Actors from Surrey
British sex industry people
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English autobiographers
English LGBT people
English movie actors
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT sex industry people
LGBT writers
Prostitutes
Socialites
Writers from Surrey
Tak Province

Tak () is one of the northern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. As of 2013, 532,353 people live there, and it has an area of 16,406.6 km². The Governor is Charoenrit Sa-nguansat.

Tak's neighbouring provinces are (clockwise from north) Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, Sukhothai, Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Sawan, Uthai Thani and Kanchanaburi. The western edge of Tak borders Kayin State of Myanmar.

Administrative divisions

Tak has 9 districts (amphoe), 63 subdistricts (tambon) and 493 villages (muban).

References 

Provinces of Thailand
Ukraine Today

Ukraine Today is a satellite television channel from Ukraine. It broadcasts in English. In the future it will broadcast in Russian. It is owned by 1+1 Media Group. The channel's headquarters is in Kyiv.

Beginning 
Ukraine Today began on the 14th August 2014, live on YouTube and the Eutelsat Hotbird satellite. It showed a testcard and words telling people how to receive the channel. On Independence Day in Ukraine, the 24th August, the channel launch officially, and began to show news.

Format 
Ukraine Today says that it focuses on Ukrainian current affairs, EU expansion, Russia's relations with Europe and America, and the difficulties of building a country in the 21st century.

Ukraine Today started broadcasting with a Euronews-style, with no presenters or studio, just videos of the news. Once more staff are employed, Ukraine Today will become a more traditional channel with a studio and presenters.

References

Other websites

1+1 Media Group page
 
 
 
 Ukraine Today on VKontakte

Ukrainian culture
Television channels in Europe
Christian Bourquin

Christian Bourquin (; 7 October 1954 – 26 August 2014) was a French politician. He was a member of the Socialist Party. He has been the president of the Regional Council of Languedoc-Roussillon from 2010 until his death in 2014. He served as Mayor of Millas from 1995 through 2001. He was born at Saint-Féliu-d'Amont, Pyrenees-Orientales.

Bourquin died in Montpellier, Hérault, France, aged 59.

References

Other websites
 Christian Bourquin official blog

1954 births
2014 deaths
French mayors
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Jason Wingreen

Jason Wingreen (October 9, 1920 – December 25, 2015) was an American actor. Wingreen is best known for his role as Harry Snowden on the television sitcom All in the Family and its continuation series, Archie Bunker's Place. He was also known for making the voice of Boba Fett in the 1997 Star Wars movie The Empire Strikes Back. 

Wingreen died on December 25, 2015 in Los Angeles, aged 95.

References

Other websites

1920 births
2015 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Carl Vinson

Carl Vinson (November 18, 1883 – June 1, 1981) was an American politician. He served as a Representative from Georgia. He was a Democrat. He was the first person to serve for more than 50 years in the United States House of Representatives. He was known as "The Father of the Two-Ocean Navy".

Other websites
 University of Georgia brief biography 
 University of Georgia Profile of Carl Vinson 
 Congressional Biography
 entry in the New Georgia Encyclopedia 
  United States Navy website:  USS CARL VINSON 
 Mercer University Press, "Carl Vinson Patriarch of the Armed Forces," 2004 
 Vinson Institute Press, "Carl Vinson:  A Legacy of Public Service," 2002 

1883 births
1981 deaths
Deans of the United States House of Representatives
United States representatives from Georgia
US Democratic Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec is a Catholic archdiocese in the province of Quebec, Canada. It was started in 1658 as an Apostolic vicariate. Pope Clement X made it a diocese in 1674. At the time, the diocese covered all of New France. Starting in 1817, parts of the diocese were split off into new dioceses. In 1819, it became an archdiocese.

The Archdiocese of Quebec is the ecclesiastical provincial for three other dioceses in Quebec: Chicoutimi, Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière, and Trois-Rivières.

The current archbishop of Quebec is Gérald Lacroix, who was appointed in 2011.

Religion in Canada
1819 establishments in North America
19th-century establishments in Canada
SouthWest Cyclops

The SouthWest Cyclops is a professional indoor lacrosse team that plays in Hagersville, Ontario. It is part of the Canadian Lacrosse League. It plays its home games in the Iroquois Lacrosse Arena.

The team was started in 2011 in Bampton as the Inferno. In 2014, it moved to Hagersville and renamed itself the Southwest Cyclops.

Canadian Lacrosse League
Sport in Ontario
Dean of the United States House of Representatives

The Dean of the United States House of Representatives is the representative that has been in office the longest. The current Dean is Don Young, a Republican from Alaska. He has served in the House since March 6th, 1973. The Dean is a symbolic job whose only customary duty is to swear in a Speaker of the House when he or she is elected. The Dean comes forward on the House Floor to administer (give) the oath to the Speaker-elect. The new Speaker then administers the oath to the other members. The Dean does not preside over the election of the Speaker, unlike the Father of the House in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and the Dean of the Canadian House of Commons.

Because of other privileges associated with seniority, the Dean is usually given some of the most desirable office space. The Dean is generally either chair or ranking minority member of an influential committee. Unlike the office of President pro tem, the Dean of the House of Representatives is not an official position.

List of Deans of the House
Years as Dean are followed by name, party, state, and start of service in Congress.

All the members of the First Congress had equal seniority (as defined for the purpose of this article). But Muhlenberg as the Speaker was the first member to be sworn in. Muhlenberg, Hartley and Thatcher were among the 13 members who attended the initial meeting of the House on March 4, 1789.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries some state delegations to the House were often not elected until after the term had begun. To avoid confusion, this fact is ignored in the list below.

 Hartley, Stanford, Williams, Kelley, Randall, Bingham, Payne, Jones, Cooper, Butler, Pou, Sabath, Rayburn, and Patman died in office.
 Vinson, Whitten, and Dingell entered the House to fill unexpired terms.
 Dingell served as Dean for longer than any other person—exactly 20 years.

References