cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Love Parade

The Love Parade was a big festival centered around Techno music in Germany. Trucks with loudspeakers and deejays played loud music and passersby danced to it. The festival began in Berlin in 1989. It had been held most years in different locations. In 2004 and 2005, there were no Love Parades. The first Love Parade was held with about 150 people in 1989. In 1999, there were about 1.5 million people. In 2007, there were 1.2 million people and in 2008, there were 1.6 million people. The last Love Parade was held in 2010, at which 21 people were crushed to death.

Similar events 
The following are similar events in Germany:
 Union Move in Munich
 Generation Move in Hamburg or Kiel
 Reincarnation in Hanover
 Vision Parade in Bremen
 Nachttanzdemo in Frankfurt am Main
 Zug der Liebe in Berlin

The following are similar events in other countries:
 Street Parade in Zürich
 Lake Parade in Geneva
 Techno Parade in Paris
 LovEvolution in San Francisco

There are also protest parades, like the Fuckparade in Berlin, and the Antiparade in Zürich.

1989 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Germany
2010 disestablishments in Europe
Festivals in Europe
Music festivals
2010s disestablishments in Germany
The Silence in Black and White

The Silence in Black and White is the first album released by Hawthorne Heights. it was released on June 1, 2004. It was released by Victory Records. On Monday, June 27, 2005 the 2 disc special edition CD/DVD was released. The CD contains acoustic versions of most of the songs. It also contains a DVD containing live performances and many other features. It was produced by Sean O'Keefe. The album takes its title from a line in the song Niki Fm. The Silence in Black and White has sold 816,483 in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

Tracks
 Life on Standby – 4:11
 Dissolve and Decay – 3:44
 Niki Fm – 3:59
 The Transition – 4:04
 Blue Burns Orange – 3:19
 Silver Bullet – 4:03
 Screenwriting an Apology – 3:41
 Ohio Is for Lovers – 4:04
 Wake Up Call – 4:02
 Sandpaper and Silk – 3:36
 Speeding up the Octaves – 4:09

CD/DVD

CD
Life On Standby
Dissolve and Decay
Niki Fm
The Transition
Blue Burns Orange
Silver Bullet
Screenwriting An Apology
Ohio Is for Lovers
Wake Up Call
Sandpaper and Silk
Speeding Up the Octaves
Silver Bullet (Demo)
Niki Fm (Demo)
Speeding Up the Octaves (Demo)
Ohio Is for Lovers (Live Acoustic On Q101)
The Transition (Live Acoustic On Q101)
Silver Bullet (Acoustic In The Studio)
Apparently Hover Boards Don't Work On Water (As a Day In the Life)

DVD
Life On Standby (Live)
Silver Bullet (Live)
Niki Fm (Live)
The Transition (Live)
Ohio Is for Lovers (Live)
Speeding Up the Octaves (Live)
Signing Footage
Interview With Hawthorne Heights
Yahoo! Music Interview
Yahoo! Music - Ohio Is for Lovers
Ohio Is for Lovers (Music Video)
Seven Commercial Spots
Speeding Up the Octaves (Demo Video)
Audio Commentary On Ohio Is for Lovers
Victory Van Raiders Featuring Silverstein
Bus Tour With J.T. of Hawthorne Heights
Fans of Hawthorne Heights Montage

2004 albums
Debut albums
Hawthorne Heights albums
Punk albums
The Gamblers

The Gamblers is a German drama movie directed and written by Sebastian Bieniek. The movie was first released on June 20, 2007 in Shanghai.

Other websites 
 Official Webpage 
 

2007 drama movies
German-language movies
German drama movies
Maleeha Lodhi

Dr. Maleeha Lodhi, HI, is a journalist, academic, and diplomat from Pakistan. Till recently, she was the high commissioner of Pakistan to the United Kingdom.  She was ambassador from Pakistan to the United States from 1994-1997 and 1999-2002.

At present she is a Fellow at the Institute of Politics, Kennedy School, Harvard University. She has also been a member of the United Nations Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament.

Pakistani people
Naturism

Naturism or nudism (from Latin nudus - nude) is a term used by many action groups in society. These action groups usually want to spread the news that being naked is a good feeling, even around other people. Usually   males and females are mixed and spend their time together.  Nakedness is seen without any relation to sex. Rather, these action groups want to enjoy common activities in the nude, like bathing. Often, they also want to do things nude where this is not really necessary, like naked bicycle tours.

It is difficult to know exactly when naturism began as an action group. In 1903, Paul Zimmermann opened the first club, Freilichtpark (in English, "Free Light Park"), near Hamburg, Germany. In the United States, German immigrant Kurt Barthel organized the first nudist event in the forest just outside of New York City. His club was called "the American League for Physical Culture" (ALPC) and started in the late 1920's. Zimmermann's vice president was a man named Ilsley Boone. Boone had been a minister (religious leader) of a large church. He quit to become involved with naturism all the time, and soon replaced Zimmermann as president. Also, he renamed the ALPC as the "American Sunbathing Association." Since 1995, it is known as the "American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR)."

Naturists come from many different social classes and backgrounds, and practice naturism for very different reasons. In addition, religion can affect how people dress. Islam generally does not allow anyone to be seen naked by others, except married couples in private, and young children by their parents and caregivers. Traditional Judaism is similar, but less strict about a group of people of the same sex. In India, Hinduism and Jainism have a few rituals with male nudism. Buddhism has little to say about naturism. If practiced, it is considered more of a way of living, than anything religious. Nudity and naturism are probably the most complicated in Christianity. Many Christians have similar views as those of traditional Judaism, the religion from which Christianity began and grew out of. Others, called "Christian naturists," believe it is alright to be nude, and even to live nude, unless it is for the wrong reason or forced. They consider the human body  to be the greatest creation of God. They think it is not shameful and should not be covered. In addition, they believe it was the devil, not God, who told Adam and Eve that they were naked upon eating from a fruit tree which was not theirs.

Related pages 
Christian naturism
Nudity

Nudity
Mediterranean region

The Mediterranean region is the region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. This includes places from Europe and Africa and Asia. Most of the region has a Mediterranean climate with warm to hot dry summers and cool to mild wet winters. Plants that grow there are short trees and shrubs which survive the yearly drought during summer. It is a popular vacation spot.

Location

The Mediterranean Region is so called because the largest stretch of area here lies along the margins of the Mediterranean Sea. The regions having similarities with the Mediterranean Region are located on the western margins of continents in the latitudinal belt between 30° to 45° North and South latitudes . Therefore, these regions are known by the common name of the Mediterranean Region of the world .

Area

 Europe: The margins of South Portugal, France, Greece, Italy and Spain.
 Asia: Cyprus, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria and parts of western and southern coastal Turkey.
 North America: The coastal California around San Francisco.
 South America: Central Chile.
 Africa: The coastal area of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and the region around Cape Town  in South Africa.
 Australia: South-west area around Perth and southern Australia and Adelaide.

Regions of Africa
Regions of Asia
Regions of Europe
Turkic languages

The Turkic languages are a language family of some thirty languages. They are spoken by Turkic peoples across an area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western and Northern China. Traditionally people think that they are part of the Altaic language family.

Turkic languages are spoken by some 180 million people as a native language; and the total number of Turkic speakers is about 200 million, including speakers as a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is the Turkish language, or Anatolian Turkish. The speakers of this language are about 40% of all Turkic speakers.

History 

The geographical distribution of Turkic-speaking peoples across Eurasia spreads from Turkey in the West to the North-East of Siberia.

Classification
The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:

Languages by native speakers

The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35  documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:

References

Further reading

 Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81-125.
 Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopaedia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 2007.
 Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Other websites
Turkic Languages: Resources - University of Michigan
Map of Turkic languages
Classification of Turkic Languages
Online Uyghur-English Dictionary
Pierre de Coubertin

Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin (; 1 January 1863 – 2 September 1937) was a French teacher and historian. He was very interested in physical education and he loved the idea of a gymnasium as the ancient Greeks had, were young and old learned and sported together. He is the founder of the International Olympic Committee.

Other websites

The International Pierre De Coubertin Committee (CIPC) – Lausanne
Coubertin reader of Flaubert 
The Wenlock Olympian Society 
Discourse of Pierre de Coubertin at Sorbonne announcing the restoring of the Olympic games (in french, audio)  

1863 births
1937 deaths
French historians
Teachers
Presidents of the International Olympic Committee
Chamonix

Chamonix is a French commune next to Mont Blanc. It is in the Haute-Savoie department. The Winter Olympic Games were there in 1924.

 
Olympic cities
Albertville

Albertville is a French commune in the Savoie department. Its population is about 17,300 (1999 census). The commune hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1992.

Communes in Savoie
Olympic cities
Subprefectures in France
Shin (letter)

Shin is the twenty-first letter in the Hebrew alphabet.

Hebrew alphabet
Lamedh

Lamed or Lamedh is the twelfth letter in the Hebrew alphabet.

Hebrew alphabet
Kansas Turnpike

The Kansas Turnpike is a road in Kansas, part of the United States. The road is a turnpike—a payment must be made to use it. The road is 236 miles, or 380 kilometers, long. It starts at the line between Kansas and Oklahoma, and goes to Kansas City. It runs through many important cities in Kansas, including Wichita, Topeka, Lawrence, and Kansas City. The Kansas Turnpike is owned and repaired by the Kansas Turnpike Authority (KTA), which is based in Wichita.

The Kansas Turnpike was built between 1954 and 1956. It was built before the Interstate Highway System. The turnpike was not part of the Interstate System at first. However, it became part of the system in 1956. Parts of the turnpike also are parts of four Interstate Highways: I-35, I-335, I-470, and I-70.

Around 120,000 people use the Kansas Turnpike every day. KTA helps users by running a radio station about the road. It has also built places called service areas where people can stop and rest, and buy gasoline and things to eat. One service area has a memorial to American football coach Knute Rockne, who died near the turnpike.

The Kansas Turnpike Authority does not need tax money to pay for repairs to the road. The payments from users are used to pay for the repairs instead.

References

Roads in the United States
Kansas
Calvin Klein

Calvin Klein Inc. is an American fashion brand founded in 1968 by Calvin Klein.

American clothing companies
Fashion houses
Companies based in New York City
1968 establishments in New York (state)
Merrie Melodies

Merrie Melodies is the name of a series of animated cartoons distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures between 1931 and 1969. The sister series to Warner's Looney Tunes, Merrie Melodies were originally one-shot musical cartoon shorts before gradually featuring recurring characters. 
By 1944, no distinctions existed between the two series.

Originally produced by Harman-Ising Pictures, Merrie Melodies were produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions from 1933 to 1944. Schlesinger sold his studio to Warner Bros. in 1944, and the newly renamed Warner Bros. Cartoons continued production until 1963, What's Up Doc? (1950)

Other websites 
 The Big Cartoon Database entry for Merrie Melodies 

Animated movies
1931 establishments
1969 disestablishments
John Dewey

John Dewey (born 20 October 1859) was an American psychologist and philosopher. He was born in Burlington, Vermont. Dewey graduated from the University of Vermont. He later taught at many schools. In September 1882, Dewey went to the Johns Hopkins University and studied philosophy and psychology and published the paper, "The New Psychology" in the Andover Review in 1884.  Afterwards, he taught psychology at universities and later on, got married to his former student Alice Chipman.  In 1886, he started a new school which came to be known as the "Laboratory School" or "Dewey School".  This school taught pragmatism, which says that a school's curriculum should be based on everyday life, lessons, and focuses on hands-on activities to better help students learn. His wife Alice was principal of the "Dewey School" from 1901 to 1904.  After he retired as a teacher, he continued watching and figuring the society and politics.  John Dewey died in 1952.

Theory
John Dewey believed in the "theory of inquiry", which shows how animals survived in their environment. He used the theory in the way he taught.  He said that children learn best with real-life problems and hands-on activities.  His most well-known essay was "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" (1896) which created the stimulus that became the response, which later became known as social behaviorism.  For example, a person focuses on something, decides what to do, then acts on the decision.

References

Other websites

1859 births
1952 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
American psychologists
People from Burlington, Vermont
Scientists from Vermont
Subscript and superscript

Subscript is the text which a small letter/number is written after a particular letter/number. It hangs below its letter or number. It is used when writing chemical compounds. An example of subscript is N2.

Superscript is the small letter / number above a particular letter / number. An example of superscript is 25. The number 5 above the number 2 is an example of superscript. Superscript can be used for exponents in mathematics.

Typing subscripts
In word-processing computer programs like Microsoft Word, the shortcut key for subscripts is Ctrl+= .
You can use Subscript and superscript generators to turn regular text into super/subscript.

Writing systems
The Middle

"The Middle" is a 2001 song released by Jimmy Eat World from their album, Bleed American. It is the third song from their album.

The song is not what is usually heard from the band. It is one of the more straightforward, upbeat songs, its also one of their most well-known singles.

There is electric guitar, drums and vocals used in this song, typical for a punk/rock song.

Music video 

The band are featured in this music video. It also shows girls in their bikinis and a swimming pool, and someone goes into it during the guitar solo so for a moment its kinda faded out, but then he goes back to the surface. At the start of this video, two people in a car get out and go inside to the party.

2001 songs
Bleed American

Bleed American is the fourth album released by Jimmy Eat World and was made available in 2001. They had to change the title in stores to Salt Sweat Sugar because they were scared Bleed American would be taken the wrong way, possibly in an offensive way due to the September 11 attacks.

Songs

 Bleed American (some copies list it as "Salt Sweat Sugar")
 Praise Chorus
 The Middle
 Your House
 Sweetness
 Hear You Me
 If You Don't Don't
 Get It Faster
 Cautioners
 The Authority Song
 My Sundown

Trivia 

On the second song, "Praise chorus" they mention old songs such as our house in the middle of the street. Davey Von Bohlen from The promise ring does some of the vocals for the song.

"Hear you me" is believed to be written for two fans who died, it's also referring to the weezer song

"The authority song" makes certain references to the Pop culture - the dj never has it, j.a.m.c automatic, if those were roys headphones, you'd bet he play what goes on.
"Roy's headphones" is referring to Roy Miranda, a popular artist/dj in Arizona. 
2001 albums
Ancient Church of the East

The Ancient Church of the East is an Assyrian church.

The church separated from the Assyrian Church of the East. This happened because Mar Shimun XXIII, the patriarch of Assyrian Church of the East introduced reforms which were not supported.  These reforms included changes such as those of using the new Roman calendar rather than the old calendar.  The people who did not support the changes thought they were opposed to the sanctity of being one of the oldest Christian churches in the world. For this reason, the followers of the Ancient Church of the East resisted the changes made to the church. Mar Thoma Darmo, a native of Mesopotamia, who was Metropolitan of the Assyrian Church of the East in India from 1952 to 1968, based at Trichur separated from the Assyrian Church of the East. He became the head of the Ancient Church of the East in October 1968 and moved to Baghdad. He died the following year. After his death, Mar Addai II was elected to replace him.

Since January 2011 the synod of the Ancient Church of the East has split between those accepting the Patriarchate of Mar Addai II and those Old Calendarists rejecting it.

References

Eastern Christian denominations
Territorial collectivity

A Territorial collectivity ( or sometimes called collectivité locale) in the France, is a name for all dependent areas. They have an elected local government and (per article #72 of the French constitution) a "certain freedom of administration". In 2018 Corsica became the first collectivité territoriale in metropolitan France followed in 2021 by the European Collectivity of Alsace.

Subdivisions of France
Cleartext

In telecommunications, cleartext is the form of a message or data which is in a form that is immediately understandable to a human being without additional processing. In particular, it implies that this message is sent or stored without cryptographic protection. The phrases, "in clear", "en clair" and "in the clear" are the same. 

It is close to, but not entirely the same as, the term "plaintext". Formally, plaintext is information that is fed as an input to a coding process, while  ciphertext is what comes out of that process.  Plaintext might be compressed, coded, or otherwise changed before it is converted to ciphertext, so it is quite common to find plaintext that is not cleartext.

Websites using insecure HTTP send using cleartext, with all data supplied (including usernames and passwords) being sent from the user's computer through the internet using cleartext. Anyone with access to the medium used to carry the data (the routers, computers, telecommunications equipment, wireless transmissions, and so on) may read the password, username, and anything else sent to the website.

Related pages
 Plaintext
 Ciphertext

References

Cryptography
Print server

A print server, or printer server, is a computer or device that is connected to one or more printers and to a network. It accepts print jobs from client computers, then prints the jobs on the requested printer.

The term can refer to:
 A computer running any of the printing servers software; implementing any of the network printing protocols.
 A dedicated device that connects one or more printers to a local area network (LAN).  It typically has a single LAN connector, such as an RJ-45 socket or a wireless connection,and one or more physical ports (e.g. serial, parallel or Universal Serial Bus (USB) ) to provide connections to printers. Such dedicated device converts network printing protocols from what was sent by client computers to what the printers can understand.

Notes
The term print server usually refers to (1) above, while print server device or print server appliance usually refers to (2).
Some printers have built-in print server's capabilities and can connect direct to the network.

References 

Servers
Computer networking
Network Time Protocol

The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol for distributing the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by synchronizing the clocks of computer systems over IP networks. 

NTP is one of the oldest Internet Protocols still in use (since before 1985) and uses UDP port 123.

References

Other websites

 NTP Public Services Project This is the home for the NTP (Network Time Protocol) Public Services Project which provides public support for the NTP Project and the IETF NTP Working Group.  Also a Wiki with lists of NTP servers.   
 IETF NTP working group
 David Mills' NTP project page
 NTP version 4 Release Notes
 Time and NTP paper
 NTP Articles and News  - A collection of NTP related articles and news
 NTP Survey 2005 
 Network Time Protocol  - National Research Council of Canada
 Network Time Server - NTP time server software for Windows
 Online NTP Test Utility - Tests a NTP Server which is public to the internet
 A Brief Guide to NTP  - Google Knol on NTP
 Time Synchronisation Blog

Other time synchronization protocols
 Daytime protocol DAYTIME synchronization protocol via TCP or UDP port 13
 ICMP protocol Time synchronization with ICMP timestamps (basis for timed  )
 HTTP Time Protocol (HTP) Time synchronization with HTTP headers
 Reference-Broadcast Synchronization  (RBS)  Time synchronization for wireless networks
 Time protocol Time synchronization protocol via TCP or UDP port 37

Internet protocols
Project Athena

Project Athena was a joint project of MIT, Digital Equipment Corporation, and IBM.  It was launched in 1983, and research and development continued until June 30, 1991, eight years after it began. It is widely believed that the goals were to create a computing environment that would utilize up to 1,000 workstations but in fact, the goal was to improve the quality of education delivered by the Institute.

The concept that a user could go to any workstation and access any files or applications without finding major differences in the user interface and service, just like browsing the Internet today.

The project created  many technologies that are widely used today, such as the X Window System and Kerberos.

References 
 Treese, G. Winfield, Berkeley UNIX on 1000 Workstations: Athena Changes to 4.3 BSD USENIX Association, February 1988.
 Arfman, J. M.; Roden, Peter. Project Athena: Supporting distributed computing at MIT IBM Systems Journal Volume 31, Number 3, 1992.
 Champine, George (1991). MIT Project Athena: A Model for Distributed Campus Computing, Digital Press, .
 Avril, C. R.; Orcutt, Ron L.  Athena: MIT's Once and Future Distributed Computing Project, Information Technology Quarterly (Fall 1990).
 Athena at MIT (mit.edu)

Other websites
 Athena at MIT 
 Project Glue at UMD College Park

Software
Session key

A session key is a single-use symmetric key used for encrypting all messages in one communication session. A closely related term is traffic encryption key or TEK, which refers to any symmetric key that is used to encrypt traffic messages. Typically TEKs are changed frequently, in some systems daily and in others for every message.

Session keys introduce complexities in a cryptosystem. However, they also help with some real problems, which is why they are used. There are two primary reasons for using session keys:
 
First, several cryptanalytic attacks are made easier as more ciphertext encrypted with a specific key is available. By limiting the number of messages encrypted using a single key, those attacks are made more difficult. 
 Second, many otherwise good encryption algorithms require that keys be distributed securely before encryption can be used. All symmetric secret key algorithms have this undesirable property. There are other algorithms which don't require secure distribution of secret keys, but they are too slow to be practical for encrypting long messages (see Public-key cryptography). By using one of these "asymmetric" algorithms to distribute an encrypted secret key for another, faster, symmetric-key algorithm, it's possible to improve overall performance considerably. 

Like all cryptographic keys, session keys must be chosen so that they are unpredictable by an attacker. In the usual case, this means that they must be chosen randomly. Failure to choose session keys (or any key) properly is a major drawback in any cryptosystem. 

cryptography
The Kite Runner

The Kite Runner is a 2003 book written by Afghan-American Khaled Hosseini.

In The Kite Runner, Amir and Hassan grow up together in Afghanistan like brothers, although they could not be more different. Amir is the son of a rich  businessman, a Sunni Muslim, a Pashtun. He is educated and loves to read and write. Hassan's father Ali is a servant to Amir's father. Hassan is a Sh'ia Muslim and a Hazara. He can not read and has a harelip. Neither boy has a mother, although Baba's friend, Rahim Kahn, has a close friendship with Amir. They spend their boyhoods roaming the streets of Kabul together. Amir is a selfish friend to Hassan, who is devoted and loyal to Amir. One day, he hides in fear as Hassan is beaten and raped by three bullies, led by a boy called Assef, when Hassan refuses to give them a kite that he found for Amir. After this, he cannot bear to talk to Hassan and pretends to his father that Hassan stole his watch so that Hassan will be sent away. Although his father forgives Hassan, Ali and Hassan decide to leave.  The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan sends Amir and his father escaping to the United States, because Amir's father has been known to curse the Communists and had a strong admiration on Ronald Reagan. Amir is called back to Afghanistan, by a terminally ill Rahim Kahn, as an adult during the Taliban rule to rescue Hassan's son Sohrab, when Rahim tells him that he and Hassan are actually half-brothers because his father secretly had sex with Hassan's mother. When rescuing Sohrab, Amir has to confront Assef who is now a leader of the Taliban. He gets severely beaten by Assef and Sohrab eventually saves him by firing a slingshot at Assef's eye. He goes home with Amir to live with him and his wife Soraya, but does not talk or play. Eventually, Amir gets Sohrab to smile when he teaches him to fly a kite.

References

Other websites

 Official website of author Khaled Hosseini
 Khaled Hosseini discusses The Kite Runner on the BBC World Book Club
 Article on the novel at Let's Talk about Bollywood
 Excerpts: Excerpt at ereader.com Excerpt at litstudies.org Excerpt at today.com
 Book Drum illustrated profile of The Kite Runner 

2003 books
Kabul
Rape in fiction
Synchronization (computer science)

In computer science, synchronization refers to one of two different but related concepts: synchronization of processes, and synchronization of data. 

 Process synchronization refers to the idea that multiple processes are to link or handshake at a certain point, so as to reach an agreement or commit to a certain sequence of action. 
 Data synchronization refers to the idea of keeping multiple copies of a dataset in coherence (in-constancy) with one another, or to maintain data integrity. 

Process synchronization is commonly used to implement Data synchronization.

Other websites 
 Anatomy of Linux synchronization methods at IBM developerWorks

Computer science
Opel Agila

Opel Agila was a car from  the German carmaker Opel from 2000 to 2015.

Suzuki Wagon R+ and Splash 
The Suzuki Wagon R+ is a badge engineered version of the Agila. It was replaced by the Splash in 2008 in Europe, however it is still available in countries such as Japan. You may still be able to buy a new Wagon R+ if you are a European, however they sold in small numbers.

2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Agila
Heatseekers Albums

Heatseekers Albums (formerly Top Heatseekers) is a weekly music chart for albums introduced by Billboard in 1993. It was created to publish sales by new and developing musical recording artists.  Albums that appear on Top Heatseekers may also appear on the Billboard 200 at the same time.

Top Heatseekers contains fifty chart positions.  Although the chart's rules have changed a little bit over the years, its current rules for an album to be allowed to enter Top Heatseekers say it needs to be one of the best-selling albums by a new or developing act (a band or musical artist), meaning an act that has never appeared in the top 100 of the Billboard 200.  If an album on Heatseekers does enter the top 100 of the Billboard 200, it and any albums  the act later releases are not eligible to appear on the Heatseekers chart. Many artists have bypassed Top Heatseekers because their first chart entry debuted on the Billboard 200 at position 100 or above.

References 

Record charts
Zoo Entertainment

Zoo Entertainment was an American record label, and a part of BMG. The label was created in the early 1990s by Lou Maglia, the former president of Island Records. It is now out of operation. Maglia and former BMG executive Kevin Czinger ran Zoo Entertainment and its successor company Volcano Entertainment. When money ran out, Volcano's owners sold the company to Zomba Records. Zomba later entered into a joint venture with Bernstein & Mensch, the rock management company. Zoo is best known for releasing three multi-platinum Tool albums.

References 

American record labels
Subculture

A subculture is a group of people involved in a community of some sort. Subcultures can be hobbies, groups or communities. A subculture is a group of people with a culture (whether distinct or hidden) which makes them different from the larger culture that they belong to, known as the "dominant" culture. If a subculture is described as opposing the dominant culture, it may be described as a counterculture. As Ken Gelder notes, subcultures are social, with their own shared rules, values and rituals, but they can also seem self-involved — another thing that makes them different from countercultures.

Identifying subcultures 
Subcultures can be identified by the members' age, race, ethnicity, social class, location, or gender.  The qualities that distinguish among subcultures may be linguistic, aesthetic, religious, political, sexual, geographical, or a combination of factors.  Members of a subculture often signal each other through the use of fashion style, stereotypical behaviors, and use of a secret language created to prevent outsiders from understanding them (this is known as Argot).  They also live out particular relations to places: Ken Gelder talks about 'subcultural geographies' along these lines.

The study of subcultures often involves the study of symbolism attached to clothing, music and other visible things by members of subcultures, and also the ways that these same symbols are seen and understood by members of the dominate culture. Subcultures have been documented by others for a long time. In some cases—such as homeless people, criminal gangs or skateboarders—subcultures have had laws created to control or end their activities. But subcultures also talk about themselves, very often.

References
Wingfield, Wiltshire

Wingfield is a village in the county of Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom.

Location 
Wingfield is two miles west of the town of Trowbridge.

Other websites 
Wingfield on Genuki
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Wingfield and surrounding area

Villages in Wiltshire
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck

Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (born 21 February 1980) is the son of Jigme Singye Wangchuck and the 5th and current reigning Dragon King (Druk Gyalpo) of the Kingdom of Bhutan. He became king on 9 December 2006. He was officially crowned on 1 November 2008.

References

Kings and queens
Bhutanese people
1980 births
Living people
Current national leaders
People from Kathmandu
Monarchs of Bhutan
Barangay Santa Clara, Santa Maria, Bulacan

Santa Clara (PSGC: 031423021) is one of the twenty-four barangays composing the municipality of Santa Maria, Bulacan, in the Philippines. It is bordered by Barangay Lalakhan on the southwest, Bagbaguin on the south, Poblacion on the east, Sta. Cruz on the north and Barangay Tambubong in Bocaue on the west.

Geography

Area and Location

Sta. Clara is the 17th largest barangay in Santa Maria with a land area of 214.70 hectares or 2.1470 km2, slightly smaller than the barangay of Poblacion.

Sta. Clara is located on the south-west portion of Sta. Maria and thirty-three kilometers north from Manila.

Climate

The prevailing climatic conditions in the barangay are categorized into two types: dry and wet season.

The annual mean temperature in the area is 27℃.  The warmest month is May with a mean temperature of 29.9℃ while the coldest is January at 25.2℃.

The mean annual relative humidity in the Barangay is 77% which is not high. The mean monthly relative humidity is lowest in March at 64% and highest in September at 84%

Demographics
As of 2007 census, Sta. Clara has a population of 10,052 people with a density of 4,682 person per km2. The projected population of the barangay by 2010 is 11,080 with a growth rate of 3.3%

Population Projection

This is the projected population of the barangay by the next few years:

 2008 - 10,384
 2009 - 10,726
 2010 - 11,080
 2011 - 11,446
 2012 - 11,824
 2013 - 12,214
 2014 - 12,617
 2015 - 13,033
 2020 - 15,330
 2030 - 21,210

Barangay officials

 Gerry Mauricio, Barangay Captain

Members of the Sangguniang Barangay

 Henry Edgardo G. Sioson
 Manolito R. Loreto
 Ricardo R. Lorenzo
 Vicente G. Serapio, Jr.
 Danilo C. Barcial
 Narciso G. Andaya
 Julian R. Domingo
 SK Haydee Gumasing
 Sec. Ronaldo T. Reyes
 Treas. Monina A. Babaan

Vision Mission

VISION: A self-reliant, industrialized, commercialized, environment friendly barangay, accessible roads, discipline and morally upright citizenhood and a place where you can say "I BELONG"

MISSION: "Discipline and Determination" by discharging responsible services to the needs of people and continuing communication.

Health Care

Barangay Sta. Clara is a sub-center of RHU-I. This center serves the total population of 10,052 of the barangay.

The Health Center is open daily except on Thursdays.

It is currently headed by Ms. Catalina C. Policarpio.

Schools

 Sta. Clara Elementary school
 Faith Kindergarten
 Estrella Academy of Sta. Clara Inc.

Transportation and Communication

Transportation
Public vehicles such as buses, jeepneys, and tricycles are the means of transportation in the barangay. Tricycles are available for 24 hours.

Main Roads

 Narra St./J.P Rizal St.
 Sta. Clara By-Pass Road
 Tindalo St.
 Yakal St./Luwasan

Other websites
  Official Website of Barangay Sta. Clara SMB 
 Official Website of Santa Maria, Bulacan
 NSCB Sta. Maria, Bulacan 

Barangays
Lapis lazuli

Lapis lazuli is a mineral, and a gemstone. It is formed as a metamorphic rock of the limestone type.

Lapis is famous for its beautiful blue colour: its name means "stone of blue". Lapis Lazuli has been used for many things. Its has been made into beads and used in jewellery since Prehistoric times. It can be carved into statuettes (little sculptures). The major use was as a pigment (colour) in artists' paint. During Medieval and Renaissance times, lapis was ground into powder, and mixed with oil. It was used as the colour for painting the sky, and blue clothes. It can be seen in the fresco paintings of Giotto and the tempera paintings of Fra Angelico.

Sources 
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock made from several minerals, but mainly Lazurite. 
Lazurite has been mined for over 6,000 years in Afghanistan. It is also mined at Lake Baikal in Siberia; at Mount Vesuvius in Italy; in Burma; Canada; and the United States.

Afghanistan was the source of lapis for the ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations, as well as the Ancient Greeks and Romans. During the height of the Indus Valley civilization about 2000 BC, the Harappan colony now known as Shortugai was established near the lapis mines.

In addition to the Afghan deposits, lapis has been extracted for many years in the Andes (near Ovalle, Chile), the Lake Baikal region of Russia; Siberia; Angola; Argentina; Burma; Pakistan; Canada; India; and in the USA in California and Colorado.

Alternatives
Lapis lazuli is commercially "synthesized" (actually simulated) by a chemical process, using artificial ultramarine and hydrous zinc phosphates. There are also various substitutes for lapis.

References

 Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley,

Other websites 
 Mindat with location data
 Mineral galleries 
 Webmineral data

Gemstones
Royan

Royan is a city in the south west of France near the Atlantic Ocean and the Gironde estuary. About 18 100 (2005) people live in the city. Royan is a famous seaside resort, with five sandy beaches, a marina and a fishing port.

Communes in Charente-Maritime
Controlled language

Controlled natural languages (CNLs) are artificial languages built by simplifying the grammar and reducing the number of words in the language to avoid ambiguity or complexity.

There are two types of controlled languages: some designed to help non-native speakers of a language, and some designed to enable automatic semantic analysis.

The first type of languages are often called "simplified" or "technical" languages. They are used by businesses or industries to improve the quality of technical writing. The standard terms simplify the semi-automatic translation to other languages. Examples are: the ASD Sim Technical English, Caterpillar Technical English, and IBM's Easy English.

Simplified (or technical) languages guide the writer by general rules such as "write short and simple sentences", "use the person's name ("John Smith" for example) instead of saying "him", and "talk about who is doing something, rather than what is being done, unless you need to say what is being done".

The second type of languages have well defined rules for writing and understanding. These rules can be matched to formal languages, such as first-order logic. The languages can be analysed by computer. They can be checked to see they are correct. They can be searched for information easily.

Languages
Existing controlled natural languages include:

 Globish
 [[Attempto '''' English]]<
 ></ref>
 Basic English
 ClearTalk
 Common Logic Controlled English
 E-Prime
 Gellish Formal English
 ModeLang
 Newspeak
 Plain English
 Processable English (PENG)
 Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules
 Special English

Related pages
 Constructed language
 Knowledge representation
 Natural language processing

References

Other websites
 Controlled Natural Languages (Macquarie University)
 Overview of Controlled English and HyperSTE, customizable Controlled English checker
 Simplus – Simplified English Checker
 Freelance Translation
 acrolinx® Information Quality Suite  – Customizable controlled language checker for many authoring environments
 PERMIS Policy Editor uses controlled English in its user interface
 Akis, Jennifer Wells, and William R. Sisson. (2002) Improving Translatability: A Case Study at Sun Microsystems, Inc. Globalization Insider (Localization Industry Standards Association's e-magazine).
 Kohl, John R. (2008) Language Quality-Assurance Software: Optimizing Your Documentation for a Global Audience.Intercom 55.5 (May), pp. 6–9.
 Kohl, John R. (2007) Assisted Writing and Editing at SAS. ClientSideNews Magazine'' 7.8 (August): 7-10.

Constructed languages
Artificial language

An artificial language is a language specially made for a purpose. These languages can be based on an existing natural language or can be artificial.

Some types of artificial languages are:

 Constructed languages take the place of natural languages. They make  human communication simpler, or make fictional worlds believable. Basic English, Esperanto, Tolkien's Quenya, and Lojban are examples.

 Formal languages are tools in mathematical logic and computer science where the terms are very precise and clearly defined.

 Computer languages are formal languages used by humans to program computers or for communication among computers.  Programming languages and markup languages are types of computer languages.

Related pages
 Constructed language
 Natural language
 Computer language

 
Interlinguistics
Linguistics
Language
Benozzo Gozzoli

Benozzo Gozzoli  (4 October 1497) was an Italian Renaissance painter. He is most famous for a small chapel that he decorated with frescos of the Procession of the Magi.

Life 
Benozzo was born in Florence in about 1420. Nothing is known about his parents, or how he started training as an artist. The first that is known of him is that in 1444 he was working with the famous sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti, who was making the bronze doors for the Baptistry of Florence Cathedral.

In 1447 he started working with the painter Fra Angelico. He went to Rome with Fra Angelico to help paint the Chapel of Pope Nicholas V in the Vatican. In 1449 he was working in his own studio.

Works 
For many years Benozzo worked as an assistant to other artists. At that time, he had to make his style match the style of the master, so it is hard to tell his art works apart. When Benozzo painted on his own, his pictures are rich with many details in the clothing, the buildings and the landscape. He was extremely good at painting faces, and many of the people in his pictures seem to be portraits of real people.

 In 1450 he had two important jobs. The first was to paint the Life of St Francis of Assisi in the town of Montefalco.
 In Florence, a new palace had been built for Cosimo Medici. Benozzo got the job of decorating the walls with frescos. The paintings are a the Procession of the Magi. "The Magi" is a term used for the wise men who, in the Gospel of Matthew, came to visit Jesus as a young child. They are often also called "The Three Kings". The Palace is called the Riccardi-Medici Palace.
Benozzo painted a great procession going around the walls of the chapel, with well-known people painted as the Kings, and members of the Medici family and their friends in the procession. The painting is brightly coloured and full all many interesting details. It is his most famous work.
Benozzo also worked in the city of San Gimignano. In the Collegiate Church, where there were already many frescoes, he painted a picture of Saint Sebastian.
At St. Augustine's Church, he painted another picture of Saint Sebastian. Saint Sebastian was the saint who people asked to help when plague was making people in the town sick.
Benozzo then painted one of his most important works, a series of frescos in the "chancel" (main chapel) of the church, showing the life of Saint Augustine. There are 17 large pictures, each one telling a scene from the saint's life.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References 
 Rosella Vantaggi, San Gimignano, Town of the Fine Towers, Plurigraf (1979)
 Diane Davies (editor), Harrap's Illustrated Dictionary of Art and Artists, Harrap (1990). 
 Ilan Rachum, The Renaissance, and Illustrated Encyclopedia, Octopus (1979). 

1420 births
1498 deaths
15th-century Italian painters
People from Florence
I Am... Sasha Fierce

{{Infobox Album 
| name = I Am… Sasha Fierce
| type = studio
| artist = Beyoncé
| cover = 
| caption = 
| released = November 12, 2008
| recorded = 2007–2008
| length = 41:46 (standard edition)
| genre = 
| label = 
| producer = 
|Reviews    = 
 About.com  2008
 Allmusic  2008
 Billboard (favourable) 2008
 Entertainment Weekly (B+) 2008
 HMV  2008
 Los Angeles Times (favourable) 2008
 Pitchfork Media  2008
 Rolling Stone  2008
 Slant Magazine  2008
 The Guardian  2008
 The Times  2008
 Vibe (mixed) 2008
| prev_title = Love Letters(2008) 
… Sasha Fierce(2008)
| next_title = Above and Beyoncé (Video Collection & Dance Remixes)  (2009)
| misc = 

}}I Am... Sasha Fierce''' - is the third solo studio album by American R&B singer Beyoncé.

 Background 
Knowles worked on the album for almost one year. This is longer than she had spent on her previous solo albums and records with her old group Destiny's Child. She said that she has co-written and co-produced over 70 songs.

In a statement released on Knowles official website, she wrote: I am in a different place right now and I wanted people to see the many sides of me.  The music is upbeat for the dance, fun side and it is reflective, passionate and serious for the personal side.  I have taken risks here.  I am not afraid and my music will explain it all.  There is no label or tag on my sound.  It's me and I am so excited to share it with the world on November 18.

 Track listing 

Platinum edition
In September 2009, an enhanced two-disc version of the album was released, its first disc featuring 16 tracks from the original version with four bonus audio tracks, and its second disc, the video collection from Above and Beyoncé'', including seven music videos.

The Bonus Tracks EP

Singles

References 

2008 albums
Beyoncé albums
Gary Shearston

Gary Reht Shearston (born January 9 1939) is an Australian singer and songwriter. He was a leading figure of the folk music scene of the 1960s. He is important as a singer of Australian traditional folk songs. He scored a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom in 1974 with version of the Cole Porter classic I Get A Kick Out Of You.

Early life
Shearston was born in Inverell. His father served in World War II so Shearston and his mother lived with his grandparents at Tenterfield. At the age of 11 his family moved to Sydney. He attended Newington College from 1950 to 1955.

Working life
Shearston began work as a newspaper writer with United Press. His first show business job was with the Tintookies, the Australian travelling puppet show. He joined the Hayes Gordon Ensemble Theatre working as an actor and stage manager. He was the host of a children's quiz show on television called Name That Tune.

Music career
Shearston played guitar and sang English, American and Australian folk songs. At 19 he become a full time singer. He worked in hotels and sang at The Folksinger. He sang with the American gospel and blues singer Brother John Sellers. In 1962 Shearston signed a recording contract with Leedon. The next year Leedon's distributor, Festival, signed him to CBS. In March 1965 Sydney radio stations started playing a song from his record, Australian Broadside. His song Sydney Town hit the Top 10 in his home city. In 1966 and 1967, Shearston was Australia's biggest selling folk singer. He had his own national television show, Just Folk. Peter, Paul and Mary recorded a song he wrote called Sometime Lovin. They invited Gary to go to America. He spent a year in London and then 4 years on the East Coast of the United States of America. In 1972 he went back to England and recorded some songs for the album Dingo. He had big hit with his deadpan (flat, no emotion) version of Cole Porter's I Get A Kick Out Of You. In 1990 he received the Tamworth Songwriters' Association's prize for "Bush Ballad of the Year".

Church career
Shearston returned to Australia in 1989. He is now an Anglican Church minister in country Australia.

Selected recordings
 Sometime Lovin' - 1965 
 Sydney Town - 1965 
 I Get A Kick Out Of You - 1974

Other websites
 Gary Shearston's Official Website
 Howlspace article 
 Pop Archives – I Get A Kick Out of You feature 
 Undercover Music
 SMH Album Review 3 August 2007
 /Photo of Gary Shearston

References

1939 births
Living people

Australian singers
Australian folk musicians
Musicians from New South Wales