cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers

Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers is an American animated television series. The series was originally shown from March 4, 1989 to November 19, 1990. It had a total of 65 episodes.

Main Characters
Chip
Dale
Monterey Jack
Gadget Hackwrench
Zipper

Villains
Fat Cat
Mole
Mepps
Wart
Snout
Prof. Norton Ninmul

Home video releases

VHS

Video Chile: ADV Garantía Original Video
Thirteen VHS cassettes contaning 26 episodes of the series were released on Argentinina/Chile.

DVD

Video Chile: ADV Garantía Original Video

International
The Argentinina/Chile DVD releases was as the American release separated into three discs but has seven remaining episodes removed the third collection remains unaltered.

Other websites 
 
 
 

1989 American television series debuts
Television series by Disney
Animated television series
First run syndicated television programs
1990 American television series endings
TaleSpin

TaleSpin is an American animated television show.  It is based on characters from Disney's The Jungle Book movie.  Instead of being wild animals from the jungle, the characters in TaleSpin wear clothes, live in a town, and have jobs. The series was originally shown from May 5, 1990 to August 8, 1991. It had a total of 65 episodes.

Main Characters
Baloo
Kit Cloudkicker
Rebecca Cunningham 
Molly Cunningham  
Wildcat (mechanic)
King Louie
Shere Khan
Don Karnage and his pirates
Colonel Spigot

Home video releases

VHS

Video Chile: ADV Garantía Original Video
Eleven VHS cassettes containing 21 episodes of the series were released in Argentinina/Chile.

DVD

Video Chile: ADV Garantía Original Video
The sets from Germany and the United Kingdom have also been released in Argentinina/Chile. The First Collection came out on September 15, 2012. The Second Collection was released on April 12, 2013. The Third Collection was released on September 14, 2013.

Other websites 
 
 
 
 TaleSpin Source, Information about TaleSpin, including a section with answers from the creators of the series.

1990 American television series debuts
Television series by Disney
Animated television series
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs
Gargoyles

Gargoyles is an animated Disney television series. The series was originally shown from October 24, 1994 to February 15, 1997, airing in syndication from 1994 to 1996, and on ABC from 1996 until the end of its run. It had a total of 78 episodes.

Main Characters

Other websites 
GargWiki, the ultimate reference guide to the world of Disney's Gargoyles

Ask Greg (Greg Weismen answers fan-submitted questions about Gargoyles and other projects of his)
Gathering of the Gargoyles Convention

1994 television series debuts
Television series by Disney
Animated television series
ABC network shows
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs
Valignat

Valignat is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Communes in Allier
Valigny

Valigny is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Communes in Allier
Vallon-en-Sully

Vallon-en-Sully is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Communes in Allier
Varennes-sur-Allier

Varennes-sur-Allier is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Communes in Allier
Varennes-sur-Tèche

Varennes-sur-Tèche is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Communes in Allier
Vaumas

Vaumas is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Communes in Allier
Vaux, Allier

Vaux is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Communes in Allier
Veauce

Veauce is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Communes in Allier
Le Vernet, Allier

Le Vernet is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Communes in Allier
Verneix

Verneix is a commune. It is in Allier in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Communes in Allier
Venas

Venas is a commune. It is in Allier in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Communes in Allier
Vendat

Vendat is a commune. It is in Allier in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Communes in Allier
Aladdin (TV series)

Aladdin is an animated Disney television series based on the 1992 movie. The series ran from September 5, 1994 to November 25, 1995 with 86 episodes.

Main characters
 Aladdin, voiced by Scott Weinger
 Princess Jasmine, voiced by Linda Larkin
 Genie, voiced by Dan Castellaneta
 Iago, voiced by Gilbert Gottfried
 Abu / Rajah / Xerxes / Hakim the Palace Guard / Fizal the Palace Guard, voiced by Frank Welker
 Eden / Dhandi, voiced by Debi Derryberry
 Sadira, voiced by Kellie Martin
 Magic Carpet
 Abis Mal, voiced by Jason Alexander
 Haroud Hazi Bin, voiced by James Avery
 Mozenrath, voiced by Jonathan Brandis
 Amin Damoola, voiced by Jeff Bennett
 Mechanicles, voiced by Charlie Adler
 Razoul / Prince Wazoo, voiced by Jim Cummings
 The Sultan, voiced by Val Bettin
 Khartoum, voiced by Tony Jay
 Phasir, voiced by Ed Gilbert
 Mirage, voiced by Bebe Neuwirth
 Ayham Aghoul, voiced by Hamilton Camp
 Aziz, voiced by Michael Bell
 Minos, voiced by Keith David
 Fatima, voiced by Charity James
 Uncouthma voiced by Tino Insana
 Chaos, voiced by Matt Frewer

Other websites 
 
 

1994 television series debuts
Television series by Disney
Animated television series
First run syndicated television programs
Television series by Buena Vista Television
English-language television programs
Los Ángeles, Chile

Los Ángeles is a Chilean city; it is the capital and main city of the Bío Bío province, Bío Bío region.

Geography
The commune of Los Ángeles is between the Laja and Bío Bío rivers and has an area of . It is  from the national capital of Santiago.

The commune is bordered on the north by the Yumbel and Cabrero communes and the Ñuble province, on the east by the Quilleco and Santa Bárbara communes, on the south by the Mulchén and Negrete communes, and on the west by the Nacimiento and Laja communes.

Climate 
The climate of Los Ángeles is a Mediterranean climate, Cfb in the Köppen climate classification.

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Los Ángeles is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Los Ángeles is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

Population
 (last national census), there were 166,556 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The city of Los Ángeles has an urban area of  and a population, in 2002, of 117,972 inhabitants.

Its inhabitants are called Angelinos (women, Angelinas).

Related pages
Communes of Chile
Provinces of Chile

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
 Municipality of Los Ángeles 
 Gobierno Regional del Bío Bío Official website 

Cities in Chile
The Little Mermaid (TV series)

The Little Mermaid was an animated Disney television series. It was based on The Little Mermaid movie. The series was shown from September 11, 1992 to November 26, 1994. It had a total of 31 episodes.

Characters

From the 1989 film
 Ariel
 Sebastian
 Flounder
 King Triton
 Scuttle
 Arista, Aquata, Attina, Adella, Andrina and Alana
 Ursula
 Flotsam and Jetsam
 Prince Eric

Original characters
 Urchin
 The Lobster Mobster''' and Da Shrimp
 Evil Manta
 Pearl
 Spot
 Gabriella and Ollie
 Moray
 The Crabscouts
 Flo and Ebb
 The Magical Wishing Starfish
 Little Evil
 Emperor Sharga

Other websites 

 

1992 American television series debuts
1994 disestablishments
Animated television series
First run syndicated television programs
Television series by Disney
The Little Mermaid (Disney)
English-language television programs
The Lion King's Timon and Pumbaa

The Lion King's Timon and Pumbaa is an animated Disney television series. It is based off The Lion King movie. The series was shown from September 16, 1995 to 1999. It had a total of 86 episodes.

Main Characters
 Timon and Pumbaa
 Simba 
 Zazu
 Shenzi, Banzai and Ed
 Rafiki
 Quint
 Speedy the Snail 
 Boss Beaver
 Erwin
 Toucan Dan
 Smolder the Bear
 The Three Natives

Home Video releases

VHS releases

Video Chile: ADV Garantía Original Video
Five VHS cassettes contaning 35 episodes of the series were released on the Argentinina in Chilean.

DVD releases

Video Chile: ADV Garantía Original Video
Five DVDs containing 35 episodes of the series were released on the Argentinina in Chilean.

Awards and nominations
Daytime Emmy Awards
1996 – Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program – Nathan Lane For playing "Timon". (Won)
1997 – Outstanding Sound Mixing – Special Class – Deb Adair, Jim Hodson, Melissa Ellis, Michael Beiriger, Dan Hiland, Joseph D. Citarella, Allen L. Stone, and Michael Jiron (Won)
1997 – Outstanding Individual in Animation – Kexx Singleton for ("Beethoven's Whiff") (Won)

Other websites 
 
 
 

1995 television series debuts
Television series by Disney
Animated television series
First run syndicated television programs
1999 disestablishments
English-language television programs
Lebu, Chile

Lebu is a Chilean port city and commune. The city is also the capital of the Arauco Province in Bío Bío Region. It lies on the south bank of the mouth of the Lebu River. The commune includes the Mocha Island. Lebu was founded on 1862 thanks to some number of colonies in the zone. The commune has an area of 561.4 km2. According to the INE census of 2002, the population is with 25,035 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

 Lebu municipality  

Cities in Chile
Jungle Cubs

Jungle Cubs is an animated Disney television series. It is based on The Jungle Book movie. The series was first shown from October 5, 1996 to January 10, 1998. It had a total of 21 episodes.

Main Characters
 Baloo (voiced by Pamela Adlon): A friendly and free-spirited sloth bear. 
 Bagheera (voiced by Elizabeth Daily in Season 1, Dee Bradley Baker in Season 2): He is a sensible panther. Bagheera is known as "Baggy" or "Bags". He is the youngest in the group.
 Louie (voiced by Jason Marsden in Season 1, Cree Summer in Season 2): Baloo's best friend, an orangutan. 
 Shere Khan (voiced by Jason Marsden): A proud, arrogant Bengal tiger. He is often called "Khannie" by Baloo and Louie.
 Kaa (voiced by Jim Cummings): A young python who wants to hypnotize other animals, but his skills at hypnosis are not very good.
 Hathi: An elephant who tyies to keep the group in order. He is often called "Little Peanut" by Baloo.
 Cecil and Arthur (voiced by Michael McKean and David Lander) - Two vultures who are always hoping for one of the cubs to die so that they can eat them. They are never seen as a real threat.
 Mahra (voiced by Tress MacNeille) - A baboon that lives in the wasteland. She and her sons have often antagonized the Jungle Cubs when they enter the wasteland.
 Ned (voiced by Charlie Adler) - One of Mahra's sons.
 Jed (voiced by Jim Cummings) - One of Mahra's sons.
 Fred (voiced by Jim Cummings) - One of Mahra's sons.

Home video releases

VHS

Video Chile: ADV Garantía Original Video
Three VHS cassettes containing 11 episodes of the series were released on the Argentinian in Chilean.

DVD

Video Chile: ADV Garantía Original Video
Three DVDs containing 11 episodes of the series were released on the Argentinian in Chilean.

Other websites 
 
 

1996 television series debuts
Television series by Disney
Animated television series
1998 television series endings
101 Dalmatians: The Series

101 Dalmatians is an animated Disney television series. Is based on the One Hundred and One Dalmatians movie. The series was originally shown from September 1, 1997 to March 4, 1998 in first run syndication and on ABC's One Saturday Morning lineup. It had a total of 65 episodes.

Main Characters 
The main characters in the series are Lucky, Cadpig, Rolly, and Spot. Lucky is the most adventurous of the 99 puppies and is unique in having his only spots in the shape of a horseshoe on his back. Cadpig is another runt of the litter and the smallest of the 99 puppies but quite possibly the most intelligent, if not deluded. She is unique in having long floppy ears, a big head, a kind personality, and she's also quite strong for her size. Rolly is the very hungry one. Almost all his decisions are based on food and this, at times, gets him and the pups into trouble. He is, however, a loyal and helpful sibling, especially when it comes to his incredible sense of smell. Spot is a chicken who wants to become a Dalmatian. She is a voice of reason for the foursome but, more often than not, is ignored. She is easily frightened and is prone to literally bouncing off the walls. She is, however, a good dancer (which has to count for something, according to her) and appears to be good at math. She is also able to fly. Patch appears in the series in his look from the Dodie Smith novel; he appears to be more laid-back unlike his movie counterpart. Dipstick retains a bit of his movie look; he is portrayed as dimwitted but loyal. Wizzer changed quite a bit from his movie look, being smaller and with white ears and a red collar. He follows Mooch's orders without question and is still prone to having accidents as in the live-action movie. Two-Tone changed quite a bit from her movie appearance, now having two black ears, a gold hoop earring in her right ear, a chubby body, a blue collar instead of pink, and a lower black body with white spots. She was Mooch's girlfriend and second in command of his gang until she dated Lucky in "Love 'Em and Flea 'Em." Since then, Two-Tone has gone off on her own.

The main villains in the series are Cruella de Vil and her henchmen, Horace and Jasper. Cruella is now a corporate criminal and most of her plans revolve around getting richer, tormenting the Dalmatians, and plotting to steal the Dearly Farm. Horace and Jasper are usually hired to perform her plans, usually failing.

Other characters include Roger Dearly, Anita Dearly, Nanny, Pongo, Perdita, Mooch, Scorch, the Colonel, Sergeant Tibbs, Captain, Lt. Pug, Thunderbolt, Lucy, Swamp Rat, Steven the alligator, Cydne the snake, and the entire de Vil family.

Other websites 
 
 
 

1997 television series debuts
Television series by Disney
Animated television series
First run syndicated television programs
1998 television series endings
English-language television programs
Pindar

Pindar (;  , ; ; c. 518 – 438 BC) was an ancient Greek poet of Thebes. He was born in Boeotia, around 518 BC. He died in Argos, at age 80 in 438 BC. He is known for his odes in praise of athletes and their accomplishments but he wrote poems in many other forms as well.

References

Ancient Greek poets
Thebes, Greece
Radioactive contamination

Radioactive contamination  or radiological contamination is the contamination of the environment with radioactive materials, where these materials are not present. Many radioactive substances have very long half lives; this means that if they are present in the envioroment, they can be dangerous for a very long time. Many nuclear power plants produce such substances; usually they are processed to radioactive waste. There is little danger that comes from radioactive waste,if it is stored safely.

Causes
Incidents in nuclear power plants
Nuclear medicine uses radiation for the treatment of illnesses. Sometimes, there are accidents.
Explosions in nuclear facilities (and atomic bombs) cause nuclear fallouts: This means that nuclear particles are scattered using normal atmospheric phenomena, such as the weather
Nuclear reprocessing can contaminate water

Accidents

References

Physics
Nuclear energy
Battle of Chaeronea

The Battle of Chaeronea was a battle in Ancient Greece. It was fought in 338 BC near the city of Chaeronea in Boeotia. It was fought between the armies of Philip II of Macedon and an alliance of some of the Greek city-states including Athens and Thebes. The battle was the end of Philip's campaign in Greece (339–338 BC). It was a strong victory for the Macedonians.

330s BC
History of Greece
Chaeronea
E.G. Daily

Elizabeth Guttman "E.G." Daily (born Elizbeth Ann Guttman, September 11, 1961, in Los Angeles, California) is an American actress, voice actress, comedian, clown, jester, mime and singer. She has acted on television and in movies and video games. She is best known as the voice of Thomas Malcolm "Tommy" Pickles in Rugrats/All Grown Up and Buttercup in The Powerpuff Girls franchise.

References

Other websites 

Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Singers from Los Angeles
Singer-songwriters from California
1961 births
Living people
Awty International School

The Awty International School is a private school in Houston, Texas. It is for pre-kindergarten through 12th grade. It is the largest international school in the United States.

School history
Awty was founded in 1956 as pre-school by Kathleen Awty. Adding High School, in 1975, the complex changed Awty into College preparatory school. They then united with French School of Houston and became Awty International School, as it is today, in 1984. Enrollment increased from 600 to 1,475 during last 15 years. In 1990 there was pre-school building added, in 1991 new high school building, in 1995 pre-school classrooms were added. Finally, in 2009, Awty opened athletic stadium with a soccer field, track, and tennis courts.

Awty today
Awty is made of a big French Section and huge International Section. It is an accredited international and largest private school in US. It's licensed by ISAS and CIS, and also it is member of NAIS.

Faculty and Students
School faculty comes from about 30 different countries and they are native speakers of languages from these countries.

Students are 40% American, 30% French and 30% from many other countries around the world.

Graduates attend universities in the US, Canada, Latin America, Australia, the Middle East, Asia and Europe.

Location and Campus
The school is located on a 15-acre (61,000 m2) campus in central Houston. It includes 300 classrooms, 6 science laboratories, 3 art rooms, 4 computer laboratories, 3 libraries, 2 lunch rooms, 2 covered basketball/volleyball courts, an athletics center, 2 soccer fields and 2 gymnasiums.

Vision and Mission
Awty's Vision is to inspire and educate students, so they could think outside the box, with help of unigque school spirit and welcoming campus.

The Awty International School provides a challenging education, leading to either the International Baccalaureate or the French Baccalauréat.
Within a friendly and nurturing environment, which encourages learning and the pursuit of excellence, Awty celebrates linguistic, cultural and international diversity and seeks to maximize the potential in all of our students as they grow to become responsible world citizens.

Sports and arts
The school is member of TAPPS, they play basketball, perform in music contests or win in soccer. A lot of Awty's musicians are in TAPPS Area or Region band.

References

Other websites

 Awty International School official site
 Architectural information on the renovation of Awty's lower school 

Schools in Texas
Buildings and structures in Houston, Texas
1956 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in Texas
Cygnus (constellation)

Cygnus is a constellation in the northern sky. Cygnus means "swan" in Greek.  There is a pattern of stars in Cygnus that is called the Northern Cross.  This is because the pattern of stars looks like a cross.  The constellation Crux (constellation) has a pattern of stars that is called the Southern Cross.  The astronomer Ptolemy listed Cygnus in the 2nd century when he made a list of constellations.

Deep-sky objects
North America nebula
Pelican nebula

Famous stars
 Deneb
 Albireo
 Chi Cygni
 KY Cygni

References

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Imagine Dragons

Imagine Dragons are an American pop band from Las Vegas, Nevada.

The band was formed in 2008. They made 3 EPs Imagine Dragons EP, Hell and Silence EP and It's Time. They released their debut studio album Night Visions on September 4, 2012. And 3 more Albums after that

The band was named Amazon.com's "Favorite Rock artist of 2012" and was listed as one of "2012's Brightest New Stars" by Billboard Magazine.

Band members 
Current
Dan Reynolds -  vocals (2008–present)
Ben McKee - bass,keyboards, backing vocals (2009–present)
Wayne Sermon - Guitars, backing vocals (2009–present)
Dan Platzman - drums, backing vocals (2011–present)
Ryan walker(touring)- rhythm guitar , keyboards, backing vocals, tambourine, mandolin (2011- present)

Former
Andrew Tolman - drums, backing vocals (2008–2011)
Brittany Tolman - piano, backing vocals (2009–2011)
Aurora Florence-keyboards, backing vocals, violin (2008)
Daniivory- keyboards, backing vocals (2011-2012)
Dave Lemke- Bass, backing vocals (2008-2009)
Andrew Beck- Guitars, backing vocals (2008)

Discography

Albums
Night Visions-2012
Smoke and Mirrors-2015
Evolve-2017
Origins-2018
Mercury Act 1-2021

EPs
Imagine Dragons EP (2010)
Hell and Silence EP (2010)
It's Time (2011)
Hear Me (2012)
The Archive (2013)

References

Other websites 
Official website

2000s American music groups
Musical groups established in 2008
2010s American music groups
Alternative rock bands
American boy bands
Indie rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups from Nevada
2008 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Nevada
Dark Tranquillity

Dark Tranquillity is a Swedish melodic death metal band from Billdal. 

The band was formed in 1989 by band member Mikael Stanne and guitarist Niklas Sundin. Stanne and Sundin originally formed a band under the name Septic Broiler. Members Anders Fridén, Anders Jivarp and Martin Henriksson joined the band shortly after. Dark Tranquillity is an important part of the melodic death metal genre of music and are one of the longest-standing bands from the original Gothenburg metal scene.

They released their debut album, Skydancer, on August 30, 1993. They are currently signed to Century Media Records.

Band members 
Current
Mikael Stanne - vocals (1989–present)
Martin Henriksson - guitar (1989–present)
Niklas Sundin - guitar (1989–present)
Daniel Antonsson - bass (2008–present)
Anders Jivarp - drums (1989–present)
Martin Brändström - programming, keyboards (1999-present)

Former
Anders Fridén - vocals (1989–1993)
Fredrik Johansson - guitar (1993–1998)
Mikael Niklasson - bass (1999−2008)

Discography

Albums
Skydancer (1993)
The Gallery (1995)
The Mind's I (1997)
Projector (1999)
Haven (2000)
Damage Done (2002)
Character (2005)
Fiction (2007)
We Are the Void (2010)
Construct (2013)

References

Other websites 
Official website

1980s music groups
Musical groups established in 1989
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Melodic death metal bands
Swedish heavy metal bands
Musical groups from Gothenburg
2000 UEFA Cup Final riots

The 2000 UEFA Cup Final Riots, also known as the Battle of Copenhagen, was a riot in City Hall Square in Copenhagen, Denmark, between fans of English football team Arsenal and Turkish side Galatasaray around the 2000 UEFA Cup Final on 17 May 2000. The fights, in which four people were stabbed, also included fans from other clubs and were viewed by the media as part of revenge attacks for the killing of two Leeds United fans by Galatasaray fans the month before.

References

2000 in association football
2000s crimes

Riots in Europe
UEFA
21st century in Copenhagen
2000 in Europe
1142


Year 1142 (MCXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 
 Africa 
 When it was unable to feed its population during a famine, the emir of the great commercial center of Mahdia has to recognize the de facto protectorate of Roger II of Sicily.
 Failed Norman raid against the city of Tripoli.

 Asia 
 Emperor Konoe succeeds Emperor Sutoku on the throne of Japan.

 Europe 
 Henry the Lion becomes Duke of Saxony.
 The Empress Maud grants Oakley, Buckinghamshire Church, with its chapels of Brill, Boarstall and Addingrove, to the monks of St. Frideswide's Priory, in Oxford.

Births 
 Farid od-Din Mohammad ebn Ebrahim 'Attar, Persian mystical poet (d. 1220)
 Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1192)

Deaths 
 January 27 – Yue Fei, Chinese military leader (b. 1103)
 April 21 – Pierre Abélard, French scholastic philosopher (b. 1079)
 Orderic Vitalis, English chronicler (b. 1075)

References
1140


Year 1140 (MCXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Europe 
 December 21 – Conrad III of Germany besieged Weinsberg, the stronghold of Welfs.
 Henry Jasomirgott is made count palatine of the Rhine.
 The town of Lanark in Scotland is made a Royal Burgh by David I of Scotland.
 Marburg becomes a town.
 The Assizes of Ariano are enacted by Roger II of Sicily.
 Roger II of Sicily places the practice of medicine under royal control.

 By topic 

 Religion 
 June 3 – Pierre Abelard is condemned for heresy by a church court in Sens, France.
 September 8 – Sephardi Jewish philosopher Judah Halevi, having completed the Kuzari, arrives in Alexandria on a pilgrimage to Palestine.
 The first Cistercian monastery in Spain is founded in Fitero. The order enjoys a rapid expansion in the region in the following 15 years.
 Camaldolite monk Gratian founds the science of Canon law with the publication of the Decretum Gratiani.

Births 
 May 28 – Xin Qiji, Chinese poet (d. 1207)
 Minamoto no Yoshihira, Japanese warrior (d. 1160)

Deaths 
 January 12 – Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia
 February 6 – Thurstan, Archbishop of York
 February 14 
 Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia
 Leo I, Prince of Armenia
 November 15 – Adelaide of Hungary, Duchess of Bohemia
 date unknown &ndahs; Kitti Sri Megha, Sri Lankan ruler

References
Irreligion

Irreligion (meaning not religious) is a term that describes people who reject religion, or who do not have a particular religion.

The term covers all those who answer "none" to questionnaires which ask people about their religion. In the social survey world, they are called "the nones". The term irreligious is an umbrella term, for atheists, agnostics, deists and ignostics.

Irreligion takes many forms, ranging from the casual and unaware to full-fledged philosophies such as atheism, agnosticism, and secular humanism. 

Irreligion may be a purely naturalist worldview which denies a belief in anything supernatural. The broadest and loosest definition, is the lack of religious identification (attendance at church, temple etc.). The narrowest and strictest is subscribing to "positive atheism". That might be described as a willingness to state rejection of a deity absolutely. Public statements of belief can be, and are, tailored to the various social climates.

'No religion' groups 
There are, at least three different groups of "not religious" people:
Agnostics
Atheists
Deists

References 

Religion
Philosophy
1230


Year 1230 (MCCXXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Africa 
 Sundiata starts to rule in Mali (approximate date).
 In the West African village of Siby, Sundiata Keita, founder of the Mali Empire, forces the Malinkés to bind themselves to each other by oath.

 Europe 
 March 9 – Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II defeats Theodore of Epirus near the village of Klokotnitsa.
 Iberian Peninsula: Alphonso IX defeats Ibn Hud al-Yamani (known as almogàver by the Christians) at the battle of Alange. This success opens the road to Badajoz to the Leonese troops. The Portuguese king Sancho II continues his offensive southward and takes Beja, Juromenha, Serpa and Moura.
 September 24 – The Kingdoms of León and Galicia unite with the Kingdoms of Castile and Toledo under Ferdinand III.
 The Teutonic Knights are invited into Prussia to forcibly convert the Prussians and Yatvags to Christianity.

 By topic 

 Arts 
 The Carmina Burana poetry and song collection is created (approximate date).

Births 
 Eudes of Burgundy (d. 1266)
 Hu Sansheng, Chinese historian (d. 1302)

Deaths 
 May 2 – William de Braose (hanged)
 July 28 – Duke Leopold VI of Austria (b. 1176)
 September 23 – Alfonso IX of Leon (b. 1171)
 October 25 – Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (b. 1180)
 December 15 – Otakar I of Bohemia
 December 23 – Berengaria of Navarre, queen of Richard I of England
 Xia Gui, Chinese painter (b. c. 1180) (approximate date).

References
1136


Year 1136 (MCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Africa 
 Béjaïa repeals a Genoan naval assault.

 Europe 
 February 5 – Treaty of Durham: Stephen I of England concedes Cumberland to David I of Scotland.
 The people of Novgorod rebel against the hereditary prince Vsevolod of Pskov and remove him from power.
 Battle of Crug Mawr: Owain Gwynedd of Wales defeats the Normans.
 Grimoald, duke of Bari, supported by the emperor, rebels against the king of Sicily Roger II.

 By topic 

 Arts and culture 
 The Saint Denis Basilica is completed in Paris.
 Peter Abelard writes the Historia Calamitatum, describing his relationship with Heloise.

Births 
 Amalric I of Jerusalem
 William of Newburgh, English historian (d. 1198)

Deaths 
 April 15 – Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare (b. 1094)
 May 28 – Hughes de Payens, first Grand Master of the Knights Templar
 October 28 – Boleslaus III of Poland (b. 1086)
 November 15 – Margrave Leopold III of Austria (b. 1073)
 November 21 – William de Corbeil, Archbishop of Canterbury
 date unknown
 Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi, Spanish mathematician and astronomer (b. 1070)
 Zayn al-Din al-Jurjani, Persian physician

References
1132


Year 1132 (MCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 June – A fire breaks out in the Song Dynasty Chinese capital of Hangzhou. It destroyed 13,000 homes and forced many to flee to nearby hills. Due to large fires such as this, the government installs an effective fire fighting force for the city. Items such as bamboo, planks, and rush-matting are temporarily exempted from taxation, 120 tons of rice are distributed to the poor, and the government temporarily suspends the housing rent requirement of the city's residents.
 July 24 – Battle of Nocera: Ranulf II of Alife defeats Roger II of Sicily.
 Dermot MacMurrough has the abbey of Kildare in Ireland burned and the abbess raped. He becomes king of the province of Leinster.
 St. Malachy is made bishop of Armagh in Ireland, to impose the Roman liturgy on the independent Irish Church.
 Fountains Abbey and Rievaulx Abbey are founded in Yorkshire, Basingwerk Abbey is founded in Wales.
 Barnwell Castle is erected in Northamptonshire, England.
 The Japanese era 長承 (Choushou) begins.
 Tughril II starts his rule of Iraq.
 Champa again invades Vietnam.
 Under the Song Dynasty, China's first permanent standing navy is established in this year, with the headquarters of the admiral stationed at Dinghai.
 Abd al-Mu'min becomes Almohad caliph in North Africa.

Births 
 Joachim of Fiore, Italian mystic and abbot (d. 1201)
 Rhys ap Gruffydd, ruler of Deheubarth (d. 1197)

Deaths 
 April 14 – Prince Mstislav of Kiev (b. 1076)
 Hugh of Grenoble, French saint (b. 1052)

References
1127


Year 1127 (MCXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Estimation: Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Kaifeng, capital of China.

 By area 
 Asia 
 January 9 – Jurchen forces sack the Song Chinese capital of Kaifeng (the Jingkang Incident, 靖康事變), and begin more than a century of political division between northern and southern China.

 Europe 
 Conrad III establishes the Hohenstaufen dynasty when he is crowned antiking to the Holy Roman Emperor, Lothair II.
 The first coalition of the Norman princes against Roger II of Sicily is formed. The same year, Roger regains control over Malta after a rebellion. To guaranty the security of the seas, the king also establishes a pact with the maritime republic of Savona, probably following an Almoravid raid against his realm. 
 Count Charles the Good of Flanders is assassinated.
 First mention of the consuls in Brescia, indicating that the city has become an independent commune.
 The commune of Milan conquers the neighboring city of Como.

 By topic 

 Arts 
 The minaret of Kalyan is completed in Bukhara (present day Uzbekistan).

Births 
 October 18 – Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan (d. 1191)
 November 27 – Emperor Xiaozong of China (d. 1194)
 Constance of Antioch (d. 1163), the Princess regnant of the principality of Antioch 
 Yang Wanli, Chinese poet (d. 1206)

Deaths 
 probable – Fulcher of Chartres, French chronicler (b. c. 1059)
 Gilla Críst Ua Máel Eóin, abbot of Clonmacnoise

References
1126


Year 1126 (MCXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Asia 
 January–March – In Song Dynasty China, scholars and farmers demonstrate around Kaifeng for the restoration of a probity military official, Li Gang (李綱). Small conflicts erupt between the protestors and the Government.
 Two previously written Chinese pharmaceutical works, one by Shen Kuo and another by Su Shi, are combined into one written work.
 The rule of Emperor Huizong of Song ends in China.
 The Jin Dynasty is established in the north of China, following the Song Dynasty's loss at the Huang He River valley. Remnants of the court flee south, including much of the populace and communities such as the Kaifeng Jews.

 Europe 
 Rutherglen becomes one of the first Royal Burghs in Scotland.
 Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne, is killed by upset peasants at a local thing. Sweden is without ruler, but Magnus the Strong claims sovereignty over Gothenland for the time being.
 Alfonso VII is crowned king of Castile and León in Spain.
 King Alfonso the Battler of Navarre and Aragon launches a raid into Granada.
 The Venetians occupy Cephalonia. Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos restores their trading privileges.
 Olegarius creates the community of knights known as the confraternity of Tarragona to combat the Andalusians in Catalonia.

 By topic 

 Science 
 Adelard of Bath translates Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī's arithmetic and astronomical tables into Latin.

Births 
 Fan Chengda, Chinese poet, travel writer, and geographer (d. 1193)
 Averoes, Andalus judge and physician
 Eynion de Tilston Lord of the Manor of Tilston

Deaths 
 February 10 – William IX, Duke of Aquitaine and poet (b. 1071)
 March 8 – Queen Urraca of Castile (b. 1082)
 October 1 – Morphia of Melitene, Queen of Jerusalem
 Edgar Ætheling, last member of the Anglo-Saxon royal house (b. 1052)
 Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne (killed by upset peasants at the thing)
 Abbot Ekkehard of Aura
 Omar Khayyam, Persian poet and mathematician

References
1108


Year 1108 (MCVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 
 Asia 
 The Taira and Minamoto clans join forces to rule Japan after defeating the warrior monks of the Enryakuji Temple near Kyoto.
 Alexius I Comnenus and Bohemund I of Antioch negotiate the Treaty of Devol.

 Europe 
 May – Battle of Uclés: The Almoravids defeat the Kingdom of Castile and roll back the advances of Reconquista; several towns recently captured by Christians are lost to the conquering Berbers such as Tarragona.
 Saint Magnus becomes the first Earl of Orkney.
 In Pistoia, Italy, the Cathedral of San Zeno burns to the ground.
 Louis VI of France starts to rule.
 First mention of the consuls of Bergamo indicating that the city has become an independent republic.

 By topic 
 Religion 
 Chichester Cathedral is consecrated.

Births 
 Bohemund II of Antioch (d. 1131)
 Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut (d. 1171)
 Leopold IV, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1141)

Deaths 
 July 29 – King Philip I of France (b. 1052)
 Saint Alberic

References
1110


Year 1110 (MCX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 December 4 – First Crusade: The Crusaders conquer Sidon.
 Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor invades Italy.
 Inge the Younger becomes joint king of Sweden with his brother Philip.
 The Russian Primary Chronicle ends.
 Construction begins on Fontevraud Abbey in France.
 Beirut and Sidon are captured by the Crusaders.
 Mawdud of Mosul captures all land belonging to the Crusader County of Edessa east of the Euphrates.
 Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus renews his war with the Seljuk Turks.

Births 
 Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Gyalwa Karmapa (d. 1193)
 St. Euphrosyne of Polatsk, a Belarusian saint and princess (d. 1173)

Deaths 
 Hugh VI of Lusignan

References
1111


Year 1111 (MCXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Asia 
 Crusaders and Seljuk Turks fought the Battle of Shaizar in Syria to a draw.
 The Song Dynasty, Chinese Donglin Academy is established.

 Europe 
 May 24 – The commune of Laus is destroyed by Milanese troops.
 Baldwin VII becomes Count of Flanders.
 Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Paschal II.
 Santarém and Sintra are captured by the Almoravid troops of the general Sir ibn Abi Bakr. The efforts of the Berbers to reconquer lost ground lead to the sack of Coimbra. The same year, the city had experienced the sole urban rebellion against their lord to take place in Portugal.
 Alfonso VII becomes King of Galicia.

 By topic 

 Religion 
 The Synod of Rathbreasail marks the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan structure.

Deaths 
 February 22 – Roger Borsa, King of Sicily (b. 1078)
 March 3 – Prince Bohemund I of Antioch (b. 1058)
 October 5 – Robert II, Count of Flanders (b. 1065)
 Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazali, Persian theologian (b. 1058)
 Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys
 Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys in eastern Wales
 Richard II of Gaeta, consul and duke of Gaeta
 Otto II, Count of Habsburg
 Antipope Sylvester IV
 Ōe no Masafusa, scholar and tutor (b. 1041)
 Robert of Molesme, Christian saint and abbot (b. 1027)

References
1112


Year 1112 (MCXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Europe 
 The count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer III, obtains the county of Provence due to his marriage with the heiress, Douce. 
 The people of Laon, France, proclaim a commune and murder their bishop.
 Salzwedel, Germany is founded.
 The German state of Baden is founded.
 Afonso I becomes Count of Portugal.
 Otto of Ballenstedt is made Duke of Saxony by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor.
 Anonymus Gallus begins to write Gesta principium Polonorum to Boleslaw III.

Deaths 
 October 5 – Sigebert of Gembloux, French chronicler
 Tancred, Prince of Galilee, crusader (b. 1072)
 Giorgi II of Georgia
 Henry, Count of Portugal (b. 1066)
 Bertrand of Toulouse, count of Toulouse, and the first count of Tripoli.
 Ghibbelin of Arles, Archbishop of Arles (b. c. 1045)

References
Apus

Apus is a constellation in the southern sky.  It is hard to see because it is not very bright.  Apus means "no feet" in Greek.  It was named "no feet" because it looks like a Bird-of-Paradise, and people used to think that birds-of-paradise did not have feet.

References

Constellations
1113


Year 1113 (MCXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Pierre Abélard opens his school in Paris.
 Alaungsithu succeeds Kyanzittha as king of Burma.
 Suryavarman I's reign begins in the Khmer Empire.
 Bridlington Priory is started.
 The Order of the Knights of the Hospital of Saint John started to protect pilgrims to the Holy Land, swears to fight in its defense.
 A riot starts in Kiev.
 The Republic of Florence takes over the neighboring city of Montecascioli as part of its effort to extend its control over the contado.
 Unsuccessful attempt of Queen Urraca to take over Burgos defended by her ex-husband King Alfonso.

Births 
 January 11 – Wang Chongyang, Chinese Daoist and co-founder of the Quanzhen School (d. 1170)
 August 24 – Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (d. 1151)
 Stefan Nemanja, Serbian Grand Zupan

Deaths 
 April 13 – Ida of Lorraine, saint and noblewoman (b. c. 1040)
 April 16 – Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Russian ruler (b. 1050)
 August 4 – Gertrude of Saxony, Countess and regent of Holland (b. c. 1030)
 December 10 – Radwan, ruler of Aleppo
 Wanyan Wuyashu, chief of the Jurchen Wanyan tribe (b. 1061)

References
Ara (constellation)

Ara is a constellation in the southern sky.  Ara means altar in Latin.  It was one of the 48 constellations written down by the astronomer named Ptolemy in the 2nd century.  It is also one of the 88 modern constellations that were made by the International Astronomical Union.

In Greek mythology, Ara is the altar where Zeus and his brothers and sisters said that they were going to win in a war against Cronos and the other Titans.  It is also where people burned incense to show that they appreciated Zeus.  The Greek poet named Aratus said that if sailors could see the constellation Ara, it meant that there was going to be wind blowing from the south.

The Stingray Nebula is in Ara.  It is the  planetary nebula that was created most recently.

NGC 6193 is an open cluster at about 3,765 light-years away from Earth.

References

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
1114


Year 1114 (MCXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Asia 
 The Song Dynasty emperor Huizong sends a gift of Chinese musical instruments for use in royal banquets to the Goryeo court of Korea, by request from the Goryeo king Yejong.

 Europe 
 January 7 – Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, marries Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor.
 Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and his Pisan allies, takes over Ibiza and Mallorca.
 The Almoravid governor of Zaragoza, Muhàmmad ibn al-Hajj, launches an offensive against the County of Barcelona but is defeated at the Battle of Martorell by Ramon Berenguer III.
 As part of the Norman expansion southward, the count Routrou II of Perche enters the service of the king of Castille, Alfonso the Battler. 
 The Polovtsy attack the Byzantine Empire.

Births 
 Otto of Freising, German bishop and historian (approximate date; d. 1158)
 Gerard of Cremona, Italian translator of scientific works (approximate date; d. 1187)
 Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon (d. 1152)
 Bhaskara II, Indian mathematician

Deaths 
 Nestor the Chronicler, Slavic historian (approximate date) (b. c. 1056)
 Koloman, ban (ruler) of Croatia

References
1115


Year 1115 (MCXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Clairvaux Abbey is founded by St. Bernard.
 Anselm of Laon becomes archdeacon of Laon.
 Hugh of St. Victor joins the Victorines in Paris.
 Pierre Abélard becomes canon of Notre Dame de Paris.
 Stephen of England becomes count of Mortain.
 Battle of Welfesholz: Lothair I of Supplinburg defeats Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor. 
 Arnulf of Chocques is accused of sexual relations with a Muslim woman, and is briefly removed from his position as Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.
 The Jurchen start the Jin Dynasty of China.
 The Crusader castle of Montreal is built by Baldwin I of Jerusalem.
 Roger of Salerno's Crusaders stop the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Sarmin in Syria.
 The Mixtec lord Eight Deer Jaguar Claw is defeated in battle and sacrificed by a group of city-states led by his brother-in-law

Births 
 Gilbert Fitz Richard de Clare (d. 1153)

Deaths 
 July 24 – Matilda, Countess of Tuscany (b. 1046)
 November 8 – Godfrey of Amiens, bishop of Amiens and Catholic saint.
 Adela of Flanders, queen of Denmark, regent of Apulia
 Thierry II, Duke of Lorraine
 King Olaf Magnusson of Norway (b. 1099)
 Eight Deer Jaguar Claw, Mixtec ruler

References
1116


Year 1116 (MCXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Africa 
 Baldwin I of Jerusalem begins an invasion of Egypt.
 The Zirid ruler of Ifriqiya, Ali ibn Yahya, takes over the independent island of Jerba, then acting as an independent piratical republic.

 Americas 
 The Aztecs leave Aztlán, searching for the site of what will eventually become Tenochtitlán (later Mexico City).

 Europe 
 The Portuguese, under the leadership of countess Theresa take two Galician cities, Tui and Ourense. In reply, the sister of Countess Theresa, Queen Urraca of Leon and Castile, attacks Portugal.
 Almoravid troops take over the Balearic islands whose Muslim king had been severely weakened by Pisan and Catalan raiders.

 By topic 

 Arts and technology 
 The modern book of separate pages stitched together is invented in China.
 Construction starts on the Chennakesava Temple in India.
 Aak music is introduced to the Korean court by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty.

Births 
 Roger de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford (d. 1173)

Deaths 
 February 3 – Coloman of Hungary (b. 1070)
 February 25 – Robert of Arbrissel, a preacher and founder of the abbey of Fontevrault (b. c. 1045)

References
1120


Year 1120 (MCXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Asia 
 The Song Dynasty governor of the seaport of Quanzhou, Fujian, China, reports the population of his city has reached 500,000.
 August–September (the eighth month of the Chinese calendar) – Wanyan Xiyin completes the design of the first version of the Jurchen script

 Europe 
 January 16 – The Council of Nablus is held in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
 June 17 – at the Battle of Cutanda, the Aragonese troops of Alfonso I defeat the Almoravid army.
 November 25 – The White Ship is wrecked in the English Channel, resulting in the death of the son of King Henry I of England.
 Walcher of Malvern creates a system of measurement for the earth using degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude.
 Construction begins on Llandaff Cathedral in Wales.
 Foundation of Freiburg in Breisgau.
 Under admirals Abu Abd Allah ibn Maymum of Almeria and Isa ibn Mayum of Sevilla, the Almoravid fleet attacks the Christian kingdom of Galicia.

Births 
 November 28 – Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1180)
 Ioveta of Bethany, daughter of Baldwin II of Jerusalem
 Louis VII of France (d. 1180)

Deaths 
 November 25 – William Adelin, son of Henry I of England (sinking of the White Ship) (b. 1103)
 September 3 – Gerard Thom (The Blessed Gerard), founder of the Knights Hospitaller (b. c. 1040)
 Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (b. 1094)

References
1117


Year 1117 (MCXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Africa 
 Conflict between the independent republics of Mahdia and Gabes in Ifriqiya. Madhia is supported by the Zirid dynasty while Gabes receives the aid of the Roger I of Sicily.

 Asia 
 Pelusium is destroyed by Baldwin I of Jerusalem.
 Miidera and the sohei of Enryakuji attack Nara, Japan.

 Europe 
 Borivoj II of Bohemia becomes prince in place of Vladislav I of Bohemia.
 The people of Santiago de Compostela (present-day Spain) try to burn their prelate in his palace, along with the queen.
 Iceland ends slavery.
 Short-lived Almoravid reconquest of Coimbra (Portugal).

 By topic 
 Education 
 May 3 – Merton Priory (Thomas Becket School) is consecrated.

 Technology 
 The earliest use of a compass for navigational purposes is recorded.

Births 
 Humphrey II of Toron, Constable of Jerusalem

Deaths 
 April 16 – Saint Magnus, Earl of Orkney (executed)
 December 9 – Gertrud of Brunswick, Markgräfin of Meißen
 Anselm of Laon, French theologian
 Ivo of Chartres, French canon lawyer (b. 1040)
 Bertrade de Montfort, wife of Fulk IV of Anjou and Philip I of France
 Li Zhiyi, Chinese poet

References