cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Recycling

Recycling is when you recover scrap or waste  and reprocessing the material into useful products. Glass, paper, plastic, and metals such as aluminum and steel are often recycled. Dead plants, fruit and vegetable scraps can be recycled through composting. 

It is important not to confuse recycling with reusing, which is where old things, such as clothes, are donated or given a new use instead of being thrown out.

Recycling reduces trash in landfills and incinerators. Another reason people recycle is to reduce the amount of raw materials and energy used in making things. Most of the time, it takes less energy to recycle trash than to throw it away, The Economist says. Recycling can reduce your carbon footprint and it can help to minimize the whole size of landfills around the world.

The 3 R's are Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.

Plastic recycling 

Most people make about two kilograms of waste (trash) every day, and about 7% of this waste is made up of plastic products that can be recycled. Today, plastic can be recycled into products like picnic tables, park benches, and even high-chairs.

Sort it out 
First, plastic is collected and taken to a recycling center, where it is sorted out. When plastic is sorted out, symbols have to be printed on every recyclable plastic product used. There are two types of plastic: polyethylene and polymer. There are two kinds of polyethylene plastic, too: high density polyethylene (HDPE), and low density polyethylene (LDPE). HDPE plastic is usually used to make furniture, and LDPE plastic are usually things like milk jugs, plastic and grocery bags.

Grinding  washing 

HDPE plastic is ground into a small powder. LDPE plastic, which are usually thin films, need to be ground by a special machine. After that, both plastics are washed with hot water and detergent. Dirt and other things, like labels, are taken off. After the wash, the powder is dried with hot air.

Sometimes, the powder is sold. But other times, the powder is heated, colored, and then put into a pelletizer. The pelletizer makes the powder into little pellets, which are bought by a company that shapes the pellets into pieces of plastic "wood". This plastic wood is used to make flowerpots, trash cans, pipes, picnic tables, benches, toys, mats, and many other things.

Related pages 
 Battery recycling
 Computer recycling
 Landfill
 Sustainable development

References
Transnistria

Transnistria, Transdniestria, or Pridnestrovie, officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR; ), is a partially-recognized state in Eastern Europe. 

The country is recognized by three other partially or unrecognized states, Abkhazia, Nargorno-Karabakh Republic, and South Ossetia. The country declared independence from Moldova on 2 September 1990. With the help of the Russian army, it defeated the Moldovan army in the War of Transnistria. 

There has been peace since 1992, but the Council of Europe calls Transnistria a "frozen conflict" region.

There is argument about whether it is really a country or not. The region continues to boast independence, and acts independently over its territory with the help of peacekeeping forces from foreign countries.

In a vote in 17 September 2006, 97% voted to be free from Moldova. This vote has not been accepted by Moldova, which calls the territory the "Territory of the Left Bank of the Dniester".

Transnistria is the only independent state to still use the hammer and sickle on its flag.

References 

Moldova
Mercalli intensity scale

The Mercalli intensity scale (or more precisely the Modified Mercalli intensity scale) is a scale to measure the intensity of earthquakes. Unlike with the Richter scale, the Mercalli scale does not take into account energy of an earthquake directly. Rather, they classify earthquakes by the effects they have (and the destruction they cause). When there is little damage, the scale describes how people felt the earthquake, or how many people felt it.

Very often, non-geologists use this scale, because it is easier for people to describe what damage an earthquake caused, than to do calculations to get a value on the Richter scale.

Values range from I - Instrumental to XII - Catastrophic. 

Giuseppe Mercalli (1850-1914) originally developed the scale, with ten levels. In 1902,  Adolfo Cancani extended the scale to include twelve levels.  August Heinrich Sieberg completely rewrote the scale. For this reason, the scale is sometimes named Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg scale, or MCS scale.

Harry O. Wood and Frank Neumann translated it into English, and published it as  Mercalli–Wood–Neumann (MWN) scale. Charles Francis Richter also edited it. He also developed the Richter scale, later on.

Modified Mercalli Intensity scale
The lower degrees of the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. The higher numbers of the scale are based on observed damage to structures

The large table gives Modified Mercalli scale intensities that are typically observed at locations near the epicenter of the earthquake.

This is an accurate representation

The Scale under here is also a really good source for the Mercalli Scale.

Correlation with magnitude 

There is a correlation between the magitude and the intensity of the earthquake. Even though this correlation is there, it may be difficult to link one to the other: This correlation depends on several factors, such as the depth of the earthquake, terrain, population density, and damage. For example, on May 19, 2011, an earthquake of magnitude 0.7 in Central California, United States 4 km deep was classified as of intensity III by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) over  away from the epicenter (and II intensity almost  from the epicenter), while a 4.5 magnitude quake in Salta, Argentina 164 km deep was of intensity I.

The small table is a rough guide to the degrees of the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. The colors and descriptive names shown here differ from those used on certain shake maps in other articles. However, it will not be 100% accurate.

Related pages
Seismic intensity scales
Seismic magnitude scales
Scales

References

Geology
Dili

Dili is the capital of the country East Timor. People from Portugal moved there around 1520. Now, Dili is home to about 150,000 people.

Other websites 
 Discover Dili

Capital cities in Asia
Cities in East Timor
Holly

Holly is a type of bush with recognisable leaves. The leaves have sharp edges, and are often used to decorate a house on Christmas Day. Some types of holly are used to make tea. The leaves of the Holly don't fall of in the winter because they're very thick and have a waxy layer on them.
Holly bushes produce berries that birds often eat during the winter season. 

Christmas
Asterids
NHK

NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation, is Japan's public broadcaster, like PBS in the United States. Its name is written as  or Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai in Japanese.

History

NHK was founded in 1926, based on the BBC radio company in the United Kingdom. They began operating TV broadcasting in 1953. The first color broadcast was in 1960.

Everyone in Japan who owns a TV is asked to pay anywhere 15,720 or 27,360 (included satellite broadcasting) 円 per year to support NHK; there is a discount for lump sum payment.

TV Programming

NHK has lots of types of TV shows:
Local, national, and world news.
Emergency Reporting,  such as warning about earthquakes and tsunamis.
Education shows for kids.
Weather reporting for local and international locations.
Sports, including the six national Sumo tournaments and other events.
Drama shows.
Documentaries.
Kid's shows.

NHK has 500 staff members in the announcer division alone; but announcers that convey nationally important events and news are operated quite fixedly like Korean Central Television.

Other websites 
NHK English Site

Japanese television networks
1926 establishments in Asia
1920s establishments in Japan
Blur (band)

Blur are an English alternative rock band. Formed in London in 1988 originally under the name Seymour, the group's members are singer Damon Albarn, guitarist Graham Coxon, bassist Alex James and drummer Dave Rowntree. Blur's first album Leisure (1991) contained the sounds of Madchester and shoegazing. After a change in sound started by English guitar pop groups such as the Kinks, the Beatles and XTC, Blur released Modern Life Is Rubbish (1993), Parklife (1994) and The Great Escape (1995). As a result, the band helped the Britpop genre become popular and became popular in the UK, which was helped by a rivalry with Oasis in 1995 called "The Battle of Britpop".

Discography
Leisure (1991)
Modern Life Is Rubbish (1993)
Parklife (1994)
The Great Escape (1995)
Blur (1997)
13 (1999)
Think Tank (2003)
The Magic Whip (2015)

1988 establishments in England
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups 
Alternative rock bands
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups from Essex
Warner Bros. Records artists
Paralympic Games

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The Paralympic Games or Paralympics, are a major international sports event. People with physical disabilities compete in these games. They are called Paralympians. They include people with disabilities that affect movement, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy.

There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games. They are held just after the Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).

History
The Paralympics started as a small gathering of British World War II veterans in 1948. They became one of the largest international sport events by the early 21st century.

Paralympians

Paralympians have many different kinds of disabilities, so there are several categories in which they compete.  The disabilities are in six broad categories: amputee, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, wheelchair, visually impaired, and Les Autres'' (This means "the others" in French.) These categories are further broken down which vary from sport to sport.

Paralympians work for equal treatment with able-bodied Olympians. Olympians receive much more money than Paralympians. Some Paralympians have also participated in the Olympic Games.

 
1948 establishments
Multi-sport events
FIFA Women's World Cup

The FIFA Women's World Cup is the most important competition in the sport of Women's association football . The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organizes the World Cup every four years.

The most successful team has been the United States, with 3 titles.

List of Champions

References

Other websites 

 
1991 establishments
Nathula

Nathula is a mountain pass in the Himalayas. It connects Sikkim in India and Tibet in China. It is at a height of 4,500 metres above sea level.

Himalayas
Mountain passes
Mountain passes of India
Mountains of China
Territorial disputes of India
Sikkim
Tibet
Klondike Gold Rush

The Klondike Gold Rush happened in the 1890s when many people went to the Klondike region of the Yukon, in Canada. They hoped to find gold there and become rich. Many of these prospectors came from the United States. Gold was first found in Klondike in a creek called Rabbit Creek. Prospectors named the creek "Bonanza Creek" because of the gold (bonanza means a lucky source of wealth). 

The city that probably profited most from the Klondike Gold Rush was Dawson City, Yukon in Canada. Four million dollars worth of gold was found there. 

However, not that much gold was found in Klondike overall. 

1890s in Canada
Gold rushes
Clone High

Clone High is an animated comedy television show about a high school full of clones of famous dead people. It aired on MTV in the USA and Teletoon in Canada. It was produced by Nelvana, Touchstone Pictures, Teletoon Canada, and MTV.

Characters

Main Characters
Abraham Lincoln
Cleopatra
Mahatma Gandhi
Joan of Arc
John Kennedy
Principal Cinnamon J. Scudworth
Mr. Lynn Butlertron
The Secret Board of Shadowy Figures

Other Clones
Jesus Christ
Walt Disney
George Washington Carver
Marie Curie
Helen of Troy
Vincent van Gogh
Julius Caesar
Genghis Khan
Elvis Presley
and many more...

American animated television series
Canadian animated television series
English-language television programs
2002 television series debuts
2003 television series endings
Nagorno-Karabakh

Nagorno-Karabakh is a disputed region in the South Caucasus. Legally, it is recognized as part of Azerbaijan, but from 1994 to 2020, most of it was militarily controlled by Armenians as the Republic of Artsakh, which is not officially recognized by any other country, including Armenia which supports it. Currently, different parts of the region are controlled by both Azerbaijan and Armenia, with Azerbaijan controlling most of it and Armenia controlling a smaller central area.

Etymology 
The names for the region in the different local languages all translate to "mountainous Karabakh", or "mountainous black garden". The word "nagorno" is Russian for "mountainous/on the mountain", "kara" is Turkish for "black", and "bakh" means "garden" in Azerbaijani.
 Armenian: , transliterated Lernayin Gharabagh
 Azerbaijani: Dağlıq Qarabağ, or Yuxarı Qarabağ (meaning "upper Karabakh" or "mountainous Karabakh")
 Russian: Нагорный Карабах, transliterated Nagornyj Karabakh

History 
The region became a subject of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan in 1918 when both states gained brief independence. Two years later, Soviet Union conquered both of the new states and created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast within Azerbaijan.

When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in Moscow and started campaigns of publicity and democratic reforms at the end of the 20th century, Armenians living in Nagorno-Karabakh sent letters to Gorbachev demanding him to move the autonomous oblast to the control of Armenia. When it was declined, the Armenians started an independence movement.

In November 1991, seeking to stop this movement, the Parliament of Azerbaijan abolished the autonomous status of the region. In response, the Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians held a referendum on December 10, 1991,  which was boycotted by Azerbaijanis living in Nagorno-Karabakh and none of them participated in it, therefore the overwhelming majority of the population voted for independence.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Karabakh documents 
 Artsakh from ancient time till 1918
 Artsakh (Nagorno Karabakh) - France 24 Report
Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle upon Tyne is a city in north-east England. About 250,000 people live in the city, though more live in the area around it.

Newcastle is one of the biggest cities in England and is mostly famous for the River Tyne, Angel of the North, Newcastle Brown Ale, the Great North Run, and the iconic Millennium Bridge.
The local dialect and accent is called the Geordie dialect. Pronunciation of "alright", "town" and "house" is "areet", "toon" and "hoos".
Satyr play

Satyr plays were an ancient Greek form of theatre, similar in spirit to burlesque. They featured choruses of satyrs, were based on Greek mythology, and were rife with mock drunkenness, brazen sexuality (including phallic props), pranks, sight gags, and general merriment.

Theatrical forms
Ancient Greece
Premier League

The Premier League, commonly known as the English Premier League, or the EPL (formerly called the Barclays Premier League due to sponsorship reasons and before 2007 the Premiership) is the top tier of English football. 20 teams compete in the Premier League each season, which is usually played between August and May. Each season, 38 games are played (playing all 19 other teams home and away). For historic reasons, a few clubs from Wales also compete in the English football system. 

The competition started in 1992, after 22 clubs from the Football League First Division decided to break away from The Football League (now the EFL). The Premier League has since become the world's most watched sporting league. It is the world's most lucrative football league, with combined club revenues of £1.93 billion ($3.15bn) in 2007–08. It is also ranked second by UEFA's Association Ranking, behind La Liga.

Clubs

2021–22 season
The following 20 clubs competed in the Premier League during the 2021–22 season.

a: Founding member of the Premier League
b: Never been relegated from Premier League
c: One of the original 12 Football League teams

Champions

Managers 

.

Related pages
 Football League First Division
 English Football League (EFL)
 EFL Championship
 EFL League One
 EFL League Two

References 

 
1992 establishments in the United Kingdom
Rosalynn Carter

Eleanor Rosalynn Carter (née Smith; August 18, 1927) is an American activist and writer who had served as First Lady of the United States from 1977 to 1981 as the wife of the 39th President of the United States, Jimmy Carter. She had also served as First Lady of Georgia from 1971 to 1975 when her husband was Governor of Georgia.

First Lady 
When her husband was Governor of Georgia, she served as First Lady of Georgia from 1971 to 1975.

She was active in politics during her White House years, she sat in on Cabinet and policy meetings and also, serving as her husband's closest adviser.

Envoy Abroad 
She also served as an envoy abroad, most notably to Latin America.

Early life
She was born in Plains, Georgia.

She was the eldest of the four children of Allethea "Allie" Murray Smith (1905–2000) and Wilburn Edgar Smith (1896–1940). Rosalynn's father died of leukemia when she was 13.

Education 
She attended Plains High School and graduated salutatorian.

After completing her schooling, she studied at Georgia Southwestern College, Americus, Georgia.

Marriage
On July 7, 1946, she and Jimmy Carter were married.

1927 births
Living people
American Baptists
First Ladies of the United States
Jimmy Carter
People from Plains, Georgia
Hitopadesha

Hitopadesa is a collection of short stories. It was originally written in Sanskrit. It is very similar to another Sanskrit book named Panchatantra. It contains fables with both animal and human characters.

The book was written many centuries before. Its stories are now well known in different parts of the world. 

The work has been translated into most of the major languages of the world. An English translation, rendered by Sir Edwin Arnold , then principal of Puna College, Pune, India, was published in London in 1861.

Fiction books
Sanskrit
Primatology

Primatology is a type of science that is part of zoology, that studies primates (monkeys, apes, lemurs, and humans). Primatology is a part of physical anthropology.

References 

Branches of zoology
 
Anthropology
Physical anthropology
Orangutan

Orangutans (Pongo) are great apes belonging to the rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia. There are two species of orangutan. They are from Southeast Asia. There are very few of them left, because loss of the jungle has reduced their habitat. There are orangutans on view at the Singapore zoo.

The name orangutan comes from two Malay words, orang which means person, and hutan which means forest; so orangutan means person of the forest.

Taxonomy
 Genus Pongo
 Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus
 Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii
 Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis

Appearance
Orangutans have red-brown hair. They have long arms. They can be strong like chimpanzees, gorillas and humans. They also have hands that are good for climbing. The Sumatran Orangutan is smaller and has longer hair than the Bornean orangutan. Orangutans have suffered from forest loss and are on the very edge of extinction.

Life
Orangutans are from the rainforests on the islands Borneo and Sumatra in Southeast Asia. They mostly live up in the trees. They eat fruit, leaves and bark and also insects and bird eggs. They drink water from rain that has been collected in leaves. Orangutans are not comfortable on the ground since they have to push themselves along with fists. Heavy adults move carefully through the trees, using their flexible feet to grasp the tree branches. Smaller orangutans swing with more ease.

Diet
An orangutan's diet consists mainly of fruit, they like ripe fruit. If they cannot find fruit they will eat bark, leaves and termites, rather than move to somewhere else to get food. About 60% of an orangutan's diet is fruit, 25% is leaves, 10% is bark and flowers, and 5% is termites and other insects.

Pregnancy
After a pregnancy of 230–260 days the female gives birth to usually one baby, but sometimes two, every eight to nine years. The little ones stay with their mother for years, riding on their mother's back and learning to move through the forest. The young orangutans are playful and affectionate. When they are five or six years old, they become more independent and eventually go off on their own.

Related pages
 Ape

References

Other websites
 Primate Info Net Pongo Factsheet
 Information from Grungy Ape on the difference between the two Orang-utan species 
 OrionSociety.org  - 'Does an orangutan find Freedom in the Gift of Words?  Do We?'
 Orang utan language project 
 Facial Expression & Vocalizations
 Orangutan Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated to "support the conservation and understanding of the orangutan and its rain forest habitat while caring for ex-captive individuals as they make their way back to the forest."
 Orang Utan Republik Education Initiative non-profit organization whose mission is to secure the future of the orangutan through programs of education and outreach in Indonesia.
 The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation
 Sumatran Orangutan Society International non-profit organization dedicated to the protection of Sumatran orangutans

Hominids
Greeting

Greetings are nice things to say when people meet each other. Greetings may be different from culture to culture. These are some greetings used a lot in the English language:
 "Hello" Formal, Neutral and Informal
"Hi" Neutral and Informal
 "Hey" Informal
 Good Bye,greeting used while leaving each other
 "Good [morning, afternoon, evening,night], Formal , which changes with the time of day
 "What's up?", "Yo", "What's up?", "'Sup" and "What's happening?", which are not formal
 "G'day", a greeting used a lot in Australia
 "Howdy", an informal greeting used a lot in rural areas of the United States
 "How do you do", which is used as a question in some places and a normal greeting in others

There are also ways to greet without talking, such as these:
 Handshakes
 Bowing
 Waving
 Hat-raising or tipping
 Kissing on the hand or cheek
 Hongi
 Kowtow
 Namaste common greeting in Asia
 Roman salute
 Hugging is another one which is used all around the world

Human communication
Sunlight

Sunlight is the light and energy that comes from the Sun. When this energy reaches the earth's surface, it is called insolation. What we experience as sunlight is actually solar radiation. It is the radiation and heat from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic waves.

The atmosphere affects the amount of solar radiation received. When solar radiation travels through the atmosphere, some of it is absorbed by the atmosphere (16%). Some of it is scattered to space (6%). Some of it is reflected by clouds (28%). About 47% of it reaches the Earth's surface.

Without sunlight, there could not be life on the Earth. Plants need sunlight for the process of photosynthesis. During photosynthesis the plants use the energy of the sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, to create glucose (sugar). The glucose can later be used by the plant for energy or animals eat the plant and the glucose in it. Plants need sunlight to grow green. Without enough sunlight but with enough water, the plant grows very tall very quickly, but looks yellow and dehydrated, although when touched, the leaves are very moist.

Solar radiation can be both good and bad for a person's health. When in the light, the human body uses the ultraviolet part of sunlight to make its own Vitamin D. Without sunscreen too much ultraviolet light can cause sunburn and skin cancer.  Sun angle makes difference in seasons on Earth as well as in the length of day and night.  A high angle makes the tropics hot, and a low angle makes the arctic cold.

Intensity of sunlight on planets of Solar System
Different bodies of the Solar System receive sunlight of different intensities. The table compares the amount of light received by each planet on the Solar System follows:

Use of solar energy
Solar energy is used in many different ways by people all over the world both in its traditional way for heating, cooking or drying and to make electricity where other power supplies are absent, such as in remote places on Earth or in the space. Sometimes, it is cheaper to make electricity from sunlight than from coal or oil.

Notes

Other websites
Solar radiation - Encyclopedia of Earth

Light
Sun
Natural resources
Solar energy
Electromagnetic radiation
Theism

Theism is the religious belief that at least one god exists while rejecting the existence or importance of polytheistic gods or goddesses. In a broader definition it can also be the belief in God or gods in general, including all types of god-belief. Polytheism is the belief in several gods, while monotheism is the belief in just one god. For example, a theistic religion is Christianity. The opposite to a theist is an atheist. An atheist is a person who denies or disbelieves the existence of a supreme being or beings.

Different theisms 
All of these are rough definitions of the theisms; they are almost always different. We can split them all into different groups:
 atheism — the opposite of theism; not believing in any gods or deities
 deism — believing that god(s) exist, but that they do not take part in our lives.
 agnosticism — believing we cannot know whether god(s) exist
 gnosticism — believing that we can know for certain whether a god(s) exist.
Gnosticism and agnosticism can be combined with other forms of theism. For example, it is possible to be an agnostic atheist, or a gnostic theist. In common usage, some people group atheism and agnosticism together under the group of nontheism — absence of clear belief in any deity.

The main types of theism are:
 polytheism — believing that many gods or goddesses exist (sometimes known as paganism)
 monotheism — belief that only one god exists (Christians, Muslims and Jews believe in monotheism.) 
 ditheism — belief that two gods exist and they are both equal.

This is another way to group different theisms, based on the nature of the gods.
 pantheism — god and the universe are the same
 panentheism — the universe is part of god
 dystheism or maltheism — that god or the gods are evil.

There are also these types:
 Animism: believing that everything is alive and spirits are in all things, and that all things have souls.
 Monolatry: there is (or may be) more than one god, but they are all expressions of the supreme god.
 Henotheism: there is (or may be) more than one god, but only one is the supreme.
 Kathenotheism: there is more than one god, but only one at a time should be worshipped. Each is supreme in turn.

References

Relating pages 
Theodicy

Theology
Sardinia

Sardinia (, Sardinian: Sardigna) is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an autonomous region of Italy. It was formerly the Kingdom of Sardinia.

The official name is, in Italian, Regione Autonoma della Sardegna.The capital and largest city is Cagliari.

Geography
The island of Sardinia has an area of  and, after Sicily, is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is  long from North to South, and  wide from West to East. It lies between 38° 51' and 41° 15' latitude north and 8° 8' and 9° 50' longitude east.

The island is on the western Mediterranean Sea, between the island of Corsica to the north and Tunisia to the south. The Tyrrhenian Sea part of the Mediterranean is directly east of Sardinia, between the Sardinian east coast and the west coast of the Italian mainland peninsula.

The Strait of Bonifacio (, , Gallurese: Bocchi di Bunifaciu, ) is the strait between Corsica and Sardinia, named after the Corsican town Bonifacio. It is   wide  and divides the Tyrrhenian Sea from the western Mediterranean Sea.

Rivers
Sardinia has few major rivers, the largest being the Tirso,  long, which flows into the western Mediterranean Sea, the Coghinas () and the Flumendosa ().

Mountains and valleys
The highest peak is Punta La Marmora (), part of the Gennargentu group of mountains in the centre of the island. Other mountain chains are Monte Limbara () in the northeast, the Chain of Marghine and Goceano () running crosswise for  towards the north, the Monte Albo (), the Sette Fratelli massif in the southeast, and the Sulcis Mountains and the Monte Linas ().

The mountain chains of the island are separated by wide valleys; the main ones are Campidano in the southwest between Oristano and Cagliari, and the Nurra in the northwest.

Islands
There are many small islands around the main island of Sardinia. Some of them are:
 Maddalena Archipelago, to the northeast
 Asinara, to the northwest
 San Pietro Island, to the southwest
 Sant'Antioco, to the southwest

Administrative divisions
Sardinia is divided in eight provinces:

References

Other websites

 Official Sardinia Tourism website in English
  Official regional website in Italian
  Sardegna DigitalLibrary - La memoria digitale della Sardegna

Autonomous areas
Islands of Italy
Nuclear reactor

A nuclear reactor is a machine that uses fission to generate heat. There are different designs which use different fuels. Most often,  uranium-235 or plutonium-239 are the main components of these fuels.

Most nuclear reactors are used to make electricity. In nuclear power plants heat from the fission reactions in the reactor changes water into steam.  The steam is then used to power electric turbines which make electricity.   As with other steam engines, the turbines take energy from the movement of the steam.

Some reactors are used for other purposes. Some reactors make neutrons for science research and others make radioactive isotopes. Some universities have small nuclear reactors to teach students how reactors work.

The first nuclear reactor was built in 1942 by a team of scientists led by Enrico Fermi. This was a part of the Manhattan Project which needed the fuel from the reactor to make the atomic bomb. The first nuclear reactor to make electricity was a small experimental reactor built in Idaho in 1951. It made just enough electricity for four light globes.

Nuclear reactors are expensive to build because of the many safety features they need to have. There is also a problem with the huge amount of radioactive waste from the reactors. However they produce electricity cheaply, and do not pollute the air. There have been serious accidents at several nuclear reactors: Windscale (UK) 1957, Mayak (USSR) 1957, Three Mile Island (USA) 1979, Chernobyl (USSR) 1986 and Fukushima (Japan) 2011. Concerns about safety have limited the growth of nuclear power. There are about 437 reactors around the world which provide about 5% of the world's electricity.

References

Other websites
Images for nuclear reactors
Nuclear Power Reactors
Recent videos for nuclear reactors

Nuclear energy
Samobor

Samobor is a city in Zagreb County, Croatia, population 36,206 (2001). It is west of Zagreb, between the eastern slopes of Samoborsko gorje (Samobor hills, the eastern part of the Žumberak Mountains), in the Sava river valley. It is part of the Zagreb metropolitan area.

Samobor has been there since 1242, according to a document of endowment by King Bela IV. It is one of the earliest tourist resorts in the region, with the first tourist facilities dating back to 1810, oriented towards anglers, hunters and hikers.

Cities in Croatia
Frankfurt (Oder)

Frankfurt (Oder) or Frankfurt an der Oder (; abbreviated , Polish: Frankfurt nad Odrą, Low Sorbian: Frankobrod nad Odru, Low German: Frankfort an de Oder, Upper Sorbian: Frankobrod nad Wódru, lit. 'Frankfurt at the Oder') is a town in Germany. It lies on the Oder river, which marks the current border between Germany and Poland (The so-called Oder-Neisse line). It's in the east of the state of Brandenburg.

Since January 1999, the town added a prefix Kleiststadt to refer to Heinrich von Kleist, who was born there in 1777. Today, about 65,000 people are living in Frankfurt an der Oder.

Well-known people 
 Manuela Schwesig (born 1974), politician

References 

Urban districts of Brandenburg
Cook Islands

The Cook Islands are a group of islands in the southern Pacific. They form an independent state, but have strong ties with Peter Griffin. The 15 small islands have a total land surface of 240 square kilometers. About 18.000 people live on the islands, most of them from tourism. The largest island, Rarotonga, also holds the territory's capital, Avarua.

The nation also has a distinctive Polynesian language known as Cook Island Maori, which is closely related to the Maori language of New Zealand and to the Tahitian language.

References

 
Commonwealth dependent states
Punishment

Punishment is when something is done to a person (or animal) that they do not like. It may be because they broke a rule. There are many kinds of punishment, from a death penalty for very bad crimes, to things that parents  may do to punish children, like spanking them or taking away their toys. People are often sent to prison as punishment for a crime.

Punishment can be seen as good in society to prevent people from doing bad things. It can also seen as cruel and unnecessary. It can also be seen to do more harm than good.

References 

Basic English 850 words
 
Criminal justice
Blue whale

The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a marine mammal of the suborder of baleen whales (called Mysticeti). They grow to be about 30 meters long. The biggest blue whale found was 190 tons and measured 98 feet long. Larger specimens have been measured at 110 feet, but never weighed. This makes blue whales the largest animals ever to be on Earth, even bigger than the largest dinosaurs. 

The blue whale eats mostly very tiny creatures, like krill. These inch-long, shrimp-like crustacean swim in swarms. In the Antarctic summer, there are so many of these krill that they turn the waters orange. A blue whale can eat eight to ten tons of krill every day.

The blue whale's body is long and slender. It can be various shades of bluish-grey above and somewhat lighter underneath. There are at least three distinct subspecies: B. m. musculus of the North Atlantic and North Pacific, B. m. intermedia of the Southern Ocean and B. m. brevicauda (also known as the pygmy blue whale) found in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean. B. m. indica, found in the Indian Ocean, may be another subspecies. As with other baleen whales, its diet consists almost exclusively of small krill.

Blue whales were once abundant around the world. In the nineteenth century, they were hunted almost to extinction by whalers. They were finally protected by the international community in 1966. A 2002 report estimated there were 5,000 to 12,000 blue whales worldwide, located in at least five groups. More recent research into the Pygmy subspecies suggests this may be an underestimate. Before whaling, the largest population was in the Antarctic, numbering approximately 239,000 (range 202,000 to 311,000). There remain only much smaller (around 2,000) concentrations in each of the eastern North Pacific, Antarctic, and Indian Ocean groups. There are two more groups in the North Atlantic, and at least two in the Southern Hemisphere. The North Atlantic group of Blue Whales can be seen in the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park near Tadoussac QC, Canada.

References 

Baleen whales
Cetacea

The order Cetacea are marine mammals that live in oceans, seas, and even a few rivers around the world. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises are part of this group. These common name refer to size: whales are the largest, porpoises the smallest. How and what they eat is a better guide to their relationships. The study of cetaceans is called cetology.

Cetaceans are ocean creatures without toes, but are classified in the related order Cetartiodactyla because their ancestors were even toed ungulates.

Taxonomy 
 Order Cetacea
 Suborder Mysticeti: Baleen whales
 Family Balaenidae: Right whales and Bowhead whale
 Bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus
 Genus Eubalaena: Right whales
 North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis
 North Pacific right whale, Eubalaena japonica
 Southern right whale, Eubalaena australis
 Family Balaenopteridae: Rorquals
 Genus Balaenoptera
 Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus
 Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus
 Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae
 Family Eschrichtiidae
 Gray whale, Eschrichtius robustus
 Family Neobalaenidae
 Pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata
 Suborder Odontoceti: Toothed whales
 Family Delphinidae: Oceanic dolphins
 Family Phocoenidae: Porpoises
 Family Monodontidae
 Beluga, Delphinapterus leucas
 Narwhal, Monodon monoceros
 Family Physeteridae: Sperm whales
 Sperm whale, Physeter catodon
 Dwarf sperm whale, Kogia sima
 Pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps
 Family Ziphiidae
 Cuvier's beaked whale, Ziphia cavirostris
 Superfamily Platanistoidea: River dolphins
Scottish Gaelic language

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig, pronounced "Gah-lick") is a Celtic language. It is commonly called just Scots Gaelic in Scottish English. It is a sister language of Irish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic; all three are Goidelic languages. These are related to the Welsh language, Cornish language and the Breton language (these three are Brittonic or Brythonic languages).

History 
In past times, the Scottish Gaelic was spoken across all of Scotland except for the Northern Islands (Orkney and Shetland). In the later part of the Middle Ages, the kings of Scotland began to speak Scottish English and looked down on the Scottish Gaelic. After the union of England and Scotland, the Scottish Gaelic was snubbed and looked down on even more, and Scottish English took over.

Scottish Gaelic today 
Scottish Gaelic today is basically that of the Scottish Gaelic spoken in the Outer Hebrides and on Skye. Generally speaking, the Scottish Gaelic spoken across the Western Isles is similar enough to be classed as one major dialect group, but there is some regional variation.

A census in the United Kingdom in 2001 showed that a total of 58,652 (1.2% of the Scottish population aged over three years old) in Scotland could speak some amount of Scottish Gaelic at that time. Only the Western Isles of Scotland have more people who can speak the Scottish Gaelic than not (61% of the people here speak Scottish Gaelic). The place in Scotland with the biggest percentage of Scottish Gaelic speakers is a village called Barvas on the Isle of Lewis. There, 74.7% of the people there speak the Scottish Gaelic.

Children in Scotland do not have to learn Scottish Gaelic in schools, though it is becoming a more popular subject as Scottish Gaelic is an important part of their Scottish culture.

Scottish Gaelic is also used overseas. It is estimated that 1,000–2,000 in Nova Scotia, Canada can speak some Scottish Gaelic.

References

Celtic languages
Languages of Europe
Punjabi

Punjabi might mean:

 Something related to the Punjab region in Pakistan and India
 Punjab (India), a state of India
 Punjab (Pakistan), a province of Pakistan
Punjabi language
Punjabi people, an ethnic group from the Punjab region in Pakistan and India

Related pages
Punjab, a disambiguation page
Pac-Man

Pac-Man is an arcade video game that was made by Namco and designed by Toru Iwatani. It was released in 1980, and became very popular in the history of games.

In Pac-Man, the player makes a Pac-Man, a yellow disc, move around a maze. The ghosts are Blinky, Pinky, Inky, and Clyde. The goal is to eat every yellow pellet (circles) while not getting caught by the ghosts/monsters. For extra points, fruits that appear can also be eaten. When Pac-Man eats a big pellet, the ghosts turn blue for a short period of time and can be eaten. The time that the ghosts are blue generally decreases from one stage to the next. Beginning at stage 19, the ghosts do not turn blue at all when a power pellet is eaten. Even though the game has 256 stages, the last level can not be finished due to a problem with the creation of the game. 

The player begins the game with 3 lives, and lose one each time Pac-man collides with a ghost. The game ends when all lives are lost. Pac-man gets an extra life once the player gets 10,000 points.

The game is called Puck-Man in Japan. The game was renamed to Pac-Man in the United States so that nobody could change the "P" to "F". There were many sequels and remakes based on the game. Hanna-Barbera made a animated TV show airing on ABC in the early 1970s. The game was also part of Namco Museum games. There is a Namco Museum Remix for the Wii.

Pac-Man was one of the first games to have cutscenes. It has 3 cutscenes in total.

References 

1980 video games
Arcade games
Video game series
Namco video games
Game Gear games
Game Boy games
Game Boy Color games
Game Boy Advance games
PlayStation games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Wii U games
Nintendo Switch games
Commodore 64 games
Apple II games
Pot Noodle

Pot Noodle is a type of cup noodle sold in the United Kingdom. They contain noodles, soya pieces, vegetables, and seasoning powder with a packet of sauce that can be added to taste.

Available products 
Pot noodles are available in several varieties:
Beef and Tomato
Bombay Bad Boy
Chicken and Mushroom
Chow Mein
Hot Chicken Curry
Seedy Sanchez (Mexican fajita flavour)
Southern Fried Chicken
Spicy Curry
Sticky Rib 
Sweet and Sour
Sweet 'n' Spicy - formally "Nice 'n' Spicy"
The Sizzler (bacon flavour)
Mac n’ Cheese 

Chicken korma
Thai green curry

Fast food
Superman (1978 movie)

Superman is a 1978 movie based on the popular Superman superhero comic book. It was directed by Richard Donner, produced by Ilya Salkind, and the music was provided by John Williams. The movie starred Christopher Reeve, Margot Kidder, Marlon Brando, Gene Hackman, Ned Beatty, Phyllis Thaxter, Glenn Ford, and Jackie Cooper. It was very successful at the box office and with critics, and inspired three sequels along with the 2006 movie, Superman Returns.

Other websites

1957
Domestic violence

Domestic violence means that in a relationship or marriage, one or both of the partners uses physical, sexual or psychological violence to try to get power or control over the other or due to losing their temper. Domestic violence can occur in heterosexual and same-sex relationships. There is often a predictable pattern or cycle of violence in a relationship and the abuse tends to get worse over time. Domestic violence can be also a factor to be homeless, as pointed out by Principles 15 of the Yogyakarta Principles. 

In any culture or community, there are beliefs and attitudes that support domestic violence and beliefs and attitudes that do not support domestic violence. In most countries, laws exist to protect the victim of such violent acts. There are also organisations that can help in such situations. 

Domestic violence sometimes does not get reported to the police. Estimates say that only a third of domestic violence cases (or even less) get reported to the authorities.

Many people who use violence against their partners have mental disorders, especially antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder.

Related pages 
 Domestic Abuse Advice
Cycle of abuse (patterns in relationships where there is domestic violence)
Domestic violence
Women's rights
Violence against women
Archaeopteryx

Archaeopteryx is one of the most important fossils ever discovered. It is a bird from the Upper Jurassic, about 150 million years ago. It shows the evolutionary link between non-avian theropod dinosaurs and birds, but it is not the ancestor of modern birds. 

The first Archaeopteryx was found in 1860 near Solnhofen in Bavaria, Germany. Today, ten skeletons and one feather of Archaeopteryx have been found.

Archaeopteryx looked like a small carnivorous dinosaur with wings and feathers. It had a mouth with teeth, claws on the hands and a long tail. Today, it is known that dromaeosaurs, and possibly most theropods, looked like birds and that many had feathers. When they are born, today's South American hoatzin have claws on their wings when they are young, just like Archaeopteryx.

Analysis 
Thomas Henry Huxley ("Darwin's bulldog"), who was a comparative anatomist, made a study of this nearly 150 years ago. He compared Archaeopteryx with a small theropod dinosaur, Compsognathus. Both of the fossils came from the same place: Solnhofen in Bavaria, Germany. The strata come from the end of the Jurassic period, about 144 million years ago. He showed that both were very similar except for the front limbs and feathers of Archaeopteryx.

Huxley's study showed the basic relationship between birds and reptiles. He united them under the title of Sauropsida. His papers on Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds have been of great interest ever since. Huxley concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs.

Status today 
Only one dinobird has been found from a time before Archaeopteryx. It is called Anchiornis huxlei, from 160 to 155 million years ago. It had feathers on both front and rear legs, and could certainly glide. It may or may not have had some ability to fly. This discovery means we cannot say Archaeopteryx is the first known bird, but its contribution to science has been huge. We now know for sure that a whole group of small theropod dinosaurs had feathers, and that flight was a later, secondary, use of feathers. The first use of feathers was temperature regulation, and probably also signalling (see Epidexipteryx).

Directly ancestral or not? 
It may be that Archaeopteryx is not directly ancestral to all birds, but it is still a fine transitional fossil.
"Archaeopteryx, for example, is not necessarily directly ancestral to birds. It may have been a species on a side-branch. However, that in no way disqualifies it as a transitional form, or as evidence for evolution. Evolution predicts that such fossils will exist, and if there was no link between reptiles and birds then Archaeopteryx would not exist, whether it is directly ancestral or not".

Related pages 
 Origin of birds
 Paraves
 Anchiornis

Further reading 
Chambers P. 2002. Bones of contention: the fossil that shook science. London: John Murray. 
Shipman P. 1998. Taking wing: Archaeopteryx and the evolution of bird flight. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

References 

Birds
Coelurosaurs
Dinosaurs of Europe
Jurassic dinosaurs
Feathered dinosaurs
Mosel-Saar-Ruwer

Mosel-Saar-Ruwer is a German wine-growing-region in the valleys of the rivers Moselle, Saar and Ruwer near Koblenz and Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate. It is famous for its wines of Riesling, Elbling and Müller-Thurgau grapes. 

There are the following six sub-regions with 19 large vineyards: 

Region Cochem / Untermosel
Weinhex
Goldbäumchen
Rosenhang
Grafschaft
Schwarze Katz (Zell)

Region Bernkastel / Mittelmosel
Vom heißen Stein (Reil)
Schwarzlay
Nacktarsch (Kröv)
Münzlay
Badstube (Bernkastel)
Beerenlay
Kurfürstlay 
Michelsberg
St. Michael
Probstberg
Römerlay

Region Ruwer

Region Saar

Region Obermosel
Königsberg
Gipfel

Region Moseltor
Schloß Bübinger (Perl)

Other websites 

Mosel-Saar-Ruwer

German food
Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Geography of Saarland
Wine regions

en:Mosel (wine region)#Wines
Ruwer (municipality)

Ruwer is a municipality (a convention community called Verbandsgemeinde Ruwer) on the River Ruwer. The administrative offices are in the town of Waldrach, and it should not be confused with the nearby town of Ruwer, which is for administrative purposes a part of the city of Trier.

Members

Related pages
Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg

Other websites 

 Homepage of the municipality
 Touristinformation Ruwer

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate