cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Harry Mulisch

Harry Kurt Victor Mulisch (July 29, 1927 – October 30, 2010) was a writer from the Netherlands. He wrote more than 30 works. His books were translated into more than 20 languages. His most famous book is The Discovery of Heaven.

Mulisch was born in Haarlem and lived in Amsterdam from 1958 until the end of his life.

Works
Archibald Strohalm (1952; novel)
Tussen hamer en aambeeld ("Between hammer and anvil", 1952; novella)
Chantage op het leven ("Blackmail on life", 1953; short story)
De Diamant ("The Diamond", 1954; novel)
De Sprong der Paarden en de Zoete Zee ("The Jump of Horses and the Sweet Sea", 1955; novel)
Het mirakel ("The miracle", 1955; short stories)
Het Zwarte licht ("The Black Light", 1957; novel)
Manifesten ("Manifestos", 1958; essays)
Het Stenen Bruidsbed ("The Stone Bridal Bed", 1959; novel)
Tanchelijn (1960; play)
De knop ("The button", 1961; play)
Voer voor Psychologen ("Food for psychologists", 1961; autobiography)
Wenken voor de bescherming van uw gezin en uzelf, tijdens de Jongste Dag ("Tips for the Protection of Your Family and Yourself During the Last Judgment"), 1961; essays)
De Zaak 40/61 ("Criminal Case 40/61", 1963; report on the Eichmann trial)
Bericht aan de Rattenkoning ("Message to the Rat King", 1966; essay on the Provos revolts in Amsterdam in the 1960s)
Wenken voor de Jongste Dag ("Tips for the Last Judgment", 1967; essays) 
Het woord bij de daad ("The word added to the deed", 1968; essays)
Reconstructie ("Reconstruction", 1969; essays) 
Paralipomena Orphica ("Paralipomena Orphica", 1970; essays)
De Verteller ("The Narrator", 1970; novel)
De Verteller verteld: Kommentaar, Katalogus, Kuriosa en een Katastrofestuk ("The Narrator being narrated: Comments, Catalogue, Curiosities and a Piece of Catastrophe, 1971; essay on The Narrator)
De toekomst van gisteren ("Yesterday's future", 1972; essay on a book the author cannot write)
Oidipous Oidipous (1972; play)
Woorden, woorden, woorden ("Words, words, words", 1973; poetry)
De vogels ("The Birds", 1974; poetry)
Mijn Getijdenboek ("My book of hours") (1975; autobiography)
Tegenlicht (1975; poetry)
Kind en Kraai (1975; poetry)
Twee Vrouwen ("Two Women", 1975; novel) (filmed as Twice a woman)
Oude Lucht (1977; stories)
Opus Gran (1982; poetry)
De Aanslag (The Assault, 1982; novel); see above.
De Kamer (1984; stories)
Hoogste Tijd ("Last Call", 1985; novel)
De Pupil ("The Pupil", 1987; novel)
De Elementen ("The Elements", 1988; novel)
De Ontdekking van de Hemel (The Discovery of Heaven, 1992; novel); see above
De Procedure ("The Procedure", 1999; novel)
Het Theater, de brief en de waarheid ("The Theatre, the Letter and the Truth", 2000; novel)"Boekenweekgeschenk"
Siegfried (2001; novel)

1927 births
2010 deaths
Dutch essayists
Dutch Jews
Dutch novelists
Dutch poets
Jewish writers
People from Haarlem
Writers from North Holland
BellSouth

BellSouth Telecommunications is a service provider which serves the southern United States. It formed as a result of the 1984 AT&T Bell System breakup. BellSouth operates in nine states: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Tennessee, Georgia and Louisiana. The Bell System telephone companies before BellSouth were South Central Bell and Southern Bell in these nine states. BellSouth is currently under the ownership of AT&T.

American telephone companies
Mayfly

Mayflies are insects which belong to the Order Ephemeroptera (from the Greek ephemeros = ephemeral, or short-lived; pteron = wing). The name refers to the most distinctive features of the adults. They are in an ancient group of insects, the Palaeoptera, ('Ancient wings') with dragonflies and damselflies.

There are over 3,000 living species of mayfly, in over 400 genera in 42 families.

Egg stage 
At mating the female lays her eggs in the water. They settle to the bottom where they stick to rocks, vegetation or the bottom of the stream. They range in size by the particular species of Mayfly. Depending on temperature, the eggs take from a few days to a year to develop: usually it is one to three months. During this embryonic stage the mouth, legs, tail and organs all develop.

Larva (or nymph) stage 
Mayfly are insects whose aquatic larvae (called naiads or nymphs) live from several months up to a year, in freshwater. The naiads go through 20 or 30 moults as they develop.

Adult stage 
Mayflies are unique in that they moult one more time after getting functional wings (this is known as the alate stage). This second-to-last winged stage is usually very short, lasting from 30 minutes to one day, depending on the species. The function of the adult imago is reproduction and dispersal; they do not eat. The stage is a favorite food of many fish, and many 'fishing flies' are modeled on them.

The hatch 
It often happens that all the mayflies in a population mature at once (called the hatch). For a day or two in the Spring or Autumn (Fall), mayflies will be everywhere, dancing around each other in large groups, or resting on every available surface. The adults have various special features. Their rear wings are small or almost vestigial; the males have two long front legs for holding females, the rest have no function. Mating is usually in mid-air. The mayfly are quite a successful group. About 2,500 species are known worldwide, including about 630 species in North America. The hatch at La Crosse, Wisconsin has been a news event for several years. The hatch is so large it appears on weather radar. The emerging mayflies land on everything and cover some areas like snow.

References 

Insects

hu:Tiszavirág
Alejandro (song)

"Alejandro" is a single from Lady Gaga's album The Fame Monster. The single is composed as a midtempo (medium speed) and Europop-influenced song with an uplifting melody. Critics portrayed the song as heavily influenced by pop groups such as Ace of Base. They gave this song mostly positive reviews. This was the seventh song by Lady Gaga to hit the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was released in 2010.  It reached the top five in the US and Canada, while reaching the top ten in the UK.

References

2010 songs
Lady Gaga songs
Gary Moore

Robert William Gary Moore (4 April 1952 – 6 February 2011) or Gary Moore, was a musician from Belfast, Northern Ireland. He was a blues rock guitarist and singer.

On 6 February 2011, Moore died in his hotel room in Estepona, Spain of a heart attack.

References

Other websites

Official site

1952 births
2011 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Spain
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Entertainers from Northern Ireland
Guitarists
Musicians from Northern Ireland
Rock musicians
Songwriters
Osage Plains

The Osage Plains (sometimes known as the Lower Plains, North Central Plains, or the Rolling Plains) are a tallgrass prairie ecosystem. The Osage Plains are in the states of Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and north-central Texas.

References

Geography of Kansas
Geography of Missouri
Geography of Oklahoma
Geography of Texas
Regions of Kansas
Metropolitan area network

A Metropolitan area network (often shortened to MAN) is a computer network that connects several other Local area networks (LANs). An example of  where  MANs are  used,  are the networks on a campus of a university. MANs use different technologies than LANs. Today, most MANs are done using fibre optic cabling. Protocol suites used in MANs include Asynchronous Transfer Mode, Switched Multimegabit Data Service, and Distributed-queue dual-bus. MANs can reach distances of up to 100km.

Computer networking
Jennie Garth

Jennifer Eve "Jennie" Garth (born April 3, 1972 in Urbana, Illinois) is an American actress. Her first starring role was playing Denise in the television series Growing Pains. She starred as Kelly Taylor in Beverly Hills 90210 and also starred in the CW's television series What I Like about You.

References

1972 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Illinois
People from Urbana, Illinois
Brillat-Savarin cheese

Brillat-Savarin is a soft, white-crusted cow's milk cheese with at least 75% fat in dry matter (roughly 40% overall), named after the 18th century French gourmet Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin. The cheese was created in the 1930s by cheese-maker Henri Androuët.

Brillat-Savarin is produced all year round, mainly in Normandy. It comes in 12–13 cm wheels and approximately 4 cm thick, and is aged for one to two weeks. It is also available as a fresh cheese (non affine) that resembles rich cream cheese.

It is a triple cream Brie that is  creamy and faintly sour. It goes well with medjool dates and also champagne. Because of its creaminess combined with its Brie aroma and slight sharpness, it has been described as "Dairylea for grownups" or "what Dairylea tastes like in heaven".

Pairing with red wines is difficult, as any mushroominess or "mouldy" taste will bring out the tannins of the wine. Brillat-Savarin is also quite salty when ripe, which may disturb the taste of red wine. It does pair well with Pale Ale and Champagne. The carbonation wipes the fattiness from the palate and the malts enhance the creaminess of the cheese.

The French cheese making company Rouzaire also produces an older Brillat Savarin under the name Pierre Robert. The extra aging time concentrates the proteins and salt in the cheese, resulting in deeper earthy flavours and more intense salty taste. Wheels of Pierre Robert are physically shorter (due to loss of moisture), yet creamier than the regular-aged Brillat-Savarin.

Related pages
 List of cheeses

References
Description and history of Brillat Savarin cheese 

Dishes named after people
French cheeses
Poularde Albufera

Poularde Albufera, (Chicken Albufera) is a chicken dish named in honour of the Duke of Albufera. It sometimes credited to French chef Adolphe Dugléré, who invented several other dishes.  However, as Dugléré was only ten years old when Albufera fell out of favour with the king, and had his French title of nobility taken away, it is  more likely that Poularde Albufera was created by Antonin Carême, who trained Dugléré

It consists of poached chicken with a garnish of vol-au-vents filled with quenelles, cocks' kidneys, mushrooms and truffles in Albufera sauce.

References

French food
Dishes named after people
Chicken as food
Guppy

The guppy (Poecilia reticulata), is a species of freshwater aquarium fish. It is one of the most popular aquarium fish species. The guppy is also called the millionfish or rainbow fish. It is a small member of the Poeciliidae family (females 4–6 centimeters (1.6–2.4 in) long, males 2.5–3.5 centimeters (1.0–1.4 in) long). Like all other members of the family, it is live-bearing. Guppies are popular aquarium kept fish because of their inexpensive needs and beautiful color ranges

Guppies, like all fish, have gills. The heart of a guppy is very different from that of a mammal, for instance there are two compartments instead of four. They are called the auricle and ventricle. When the fish breaths the ventricle contracts and blood is forced out to the gills which act as lungs. This is where the gas exchange happens. The blood receives oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood that now carries oxygen goes through the dorsal artery, which divides into smaller and smaller vessels and go all over the body to then distribute the oxygen and gets carbon dioxide and waste. Then, the blood is carried to the heart by veins and lymph vessels. Then the cycle repeats over and over.

A guppy's nervous system is highly centralized around its spinal cord and brain. The cerebellum controls the body's movements, and the olfactory bulbs and cerebrum controls its sense of smell.

Other websites 
 
 

Ray-finned fish
Freshwater fish
Aquarium fish
Albufera sauce

Albufera sauce (known in French as Sauce Albuféra) is a minor sauce whose  mother sauce is velouté. It was probably created by Antonin Careme, to accompany Poularde Albufera, which he also created. It was named in honour of the Duke of Albufera. 

Escoffier gives a recipe in Le Guide culinaire which consists of a base of  Suprême Sauce to which is added meat glaze in order to lend the latter an ivory-white tint which characterizes it. It is served chiefly with poultry and  sweetbreads.

References

Dishes named after people
Sauces
Jack in the Box

Jack in the Box is an American fast food restaurant chain. It was founded in 1951 by Robert O. Peterson. Peterson opened his restaurant in Long Beach, California on the Pacific Coast highway. It featured a clown's head on top of the building. Instead of using carhops like other drive-in restaurants, Peterson used a two-way intercom. He also pioneered the drive-through. It allowed a customer to place their order while the car ahead of them was picking up their order. This made service much faster and Jack in the Box became known for fast service.

Jack in the Box has over 2,200 restaurants in 21 states and Guam. At first the menu was simple. Only 15 items were offered including hamburgers, cheeseburgers, french fries and soft drinks. Today the menu is expanded to include items such as onion rings, chicken tacos and shrimp. They also offer ice cream, shakes and hot apple turnovers.

Jack I. Box is a fictional character and the mascot for their advertising.

References

1951 establishments in the United States
American fast food restaurants
Companies based in California
San Diego, California
1950s establishments in California
Bihari Muslims

Bihari Muslims are people originating and tracing descent from the Indian State of Bihar, who practice Islam as their religion. Bihari Muslims mainly practice Sunni Islam of the Hanafi creed, though a small Shia minority exists.

Origin

Islam in Bihar is said to have been established in the 10-15th century with the arrivals of Sufi missionaries as well as Sunni rulers. 

About 3 millions of Bihari Muslims migrated to the newly created State of Pakistan and the former East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) because of Muslim League politics. Those who settled in Pakistan were deemed a sub-caste of Muhajirs. Those who lived in Bangladesh were deemed Stranded Pakistanis.

History
This glorious history of Bihar lasted till around the middle of the 7th or 8th century A.D. - the Gupta Period - when, with the conquest of almost all of northern India by invaders from the middle-east, the Gupta dynasty also fell a victim.

In medieval times Bihar lost its prestige as the political and cultural center of India. The Mughal period was a period of unremarkable provincial administration from Delhi. The only remarkable person of these times in Bihar was Sher Shah, or Sher Khan Sur, an Afghan. Based at Sasaram which is now a town in the district of the same name in central-western Bihar, this jagirdar of the Mughal King Babur was successful in defeating Humayun, the son of Babur, twice - once at Chausa and then, again, at Kannauj (in the present state of Uttar Pradesh or U.P.) Through his conquest Sher Shah became the ruler of a territory that, again, extended all the way to the Punjab. He was noted as a ferocious warrior but also a noble administrator - in the tradition of Ashok and the Gupta kings. Several acts of land reform are attributed to him. The remains of a grand mausoleum that he built for himself can be seen in today's Sasaram (Sher Shah's maqbara.)

Society

The majority of educated Bihari Muslims formally speak Urdu, while in the vernacular speak in the Bihari language. The Muslims of Bihar have wealth rates comparable to rest of the Republic of India.

Bihar
Muslims
Bangladesh
Partition of India
LeAnn Rimes

Margaret LeAnn Rimes Cibrian (born August 28, 1982), known professionally as LeAnn Rimes, is an American country and pop singer. Her first album Blue was released in 1996. She has won many major industry awards.

Discography
Singles
"Can't Fight the Moonlight" (2000)
Studio albums
 Blue (1996)
 You Light Up My Life: Inspirational Songs (1997)
 Sittin' on Top of the World (1998)
 LeAnn Rimes (1999)
 Twisted Angel (2002)
 What a Wonderful World (2004)
 This Woman (2005)
 Whatever We Wanna (2006)
 Family (2007)
 Lady & Gantlemen (2011)
 Spitfire (2013)
 Today Is Christmas (2015)
 Remnants (2016)

Related pages

List of country musicians from Mississippi

References

1982 births
Living people
Country musicians
Singers from Mississippi
Beerwah

Beerwah () is a town in the Budgam District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Towns in India
Budgam

Budgam () is part of the Budgam District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.  As of 2011, Budgam had a population of 15,338. It is the district headquarter of Budgam.

References

Other websites

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Towns in India
Khansahib Tehsil

Khansahib () is part of the Budgam District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Banihal

Banihal () is part of the Doda District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Doda

Doda () is part of the Doda District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Ranbir Singh Pura

Ranbir Singh Pora () is in the Jammu District region of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Samba Tehsil

Samba () is part of the Jammu District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Hajira

Hajira () is part of the Poonch District of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.

Tehsils of Azad Kashmir
Rawalakot

Rawalakot () is part of the Poonch District of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.

Tehsils of Azad Kashmir
Haveli Tehsil

Haveli () is part of the Poonch District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Mandi, Himachal Pradesh

Mandi () is a major city in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It is the capital of the Mandi District. It was formerly called Mandav Nagar, and is also known as Sahor. It is located  north of state capital, Shimla. It is in the north-west Himalayas. The average altitude is about 1,044 metres (3,425 ft),

References

Other websites

 
 Official site of the Municipal Council of Mandi

Gallery

Cities in India
Himachal Pradesh
Reasi

Reasi () is part of the Poonch District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
The famous Vaishno Devi shrine is located in this disctrict.
Surankote Tehsil

Surankote () is part of the Poonch District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Matanuska-Susitna Valley

Matanuska-Susitna Valley (known locally as the Mat-Su or The Valley) is an area in Southcentral Alaska. It is south of the Alaska Range about  from Anchorage, Alaska. It includes the valleys of the Matanuska River, the Knik River, and the Susitna River.  The Matanuska Valley has become a suburban community for many people who work in  Anchorage. It is now one of the most crowded areas in Alaska and includes the towns of Palmer, Wasilla,  Big Lake, Houston, Willow and Talkeetna.

There are three mountain ranges in the area. They are the Alaska Range, the Talkeetna Mountains and the Chugach Mountains. There are both working and old gold mines in the mountains.  Like many parts of Alaska, the Matanuska-Susitna Valley was carved by glaciers  which left many lakes.  Both the Matanuska and Susitna Rivers have lots of salmon.

The local government is called the  Matanuska-Susitna Borough. Most of the United States is divided into counties, but Alaska uses "boroughs" instead, and some parts of it are not even in a borough.  A few hundred Alaska Natives were joined by small numbers of "Alaska sourdoughs" between 1900 and 1930 when hundreds of "colonists" were moved there by the United States Federal Government in the early 1930s. In the 1970's lots of newcomers to Alaska came to Anchorage. Later on a lot of them moved to the Matanuska Valley to live an  "Alaskan country" lifestyle. 

The three rivers in the area have large amounts of glacial silt that is good for farming. The valley is one of the few areas in Alaska which supports big farms.

Other websites
Alaska Census data 
Matanuska-Susitna Borough website

Geography of Alaska
Valleys of the United States
Kathua

Kathua () is part of the Kathua District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Billawar

Billawar () is part of the Kathua District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Bashohli

Basohli () is part of the Kathua District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Hiranagar

Hiranagar () is part of the Kathua District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Karnah

Karnah () is an administrative tehsil of the Kupwara district in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It has 58 villages and is  away from the main town of Kupwara.

Demographics
Karnah tehsil has a total population of 60,129 as per the Census 2011, of which 34,471 are males while 25,658 are females, giving a sex ration of 744 females per 1,000 males. In 2011 there were total 11,422 families residing in Karnah Tehsil. Paharis form a majority population in the tehsil. As per Census 2011 out of total population, 25.8% live in urban areas while 74.2% live in rural areas. The average literacy rate in urban areas is 68.4% while that in the rural areas is 58.9%. Also the sex ratio of urban areas in the tehsil is 587 while that of rural areas is 807.

References

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Chugach Mountains

The Chugach Mountains in southcentral Alaska are the farthest north of the mountain ranges that make up the Pacific Coast Ranges of western North America. The range is about 500 km (300 mi) long.  Its highest point is Mount Marcus Baker, at , but most of its summits are not very high. Because of the wet weather on the coast, these mountains get a lot of snow.

There are several parks in and around the mountains, like Chugach State Park the Chugach National Forest, and the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge. They are popular destinations for outdoor activities. The World Extreme Skiing Championship is held yearly in the Chugach near Valdez.

Three highways run through the Chugach Mountains. There is also a tunnel from Portage that lets cars and trains go under the mountains to Whittier.

The name "Chugach" is from the Eskimo tribal name Chugachmiut recorded by the Russians and written by them "Chugatz" and "Tchougatskoi"; in 1898 U.S. Army Captain W. R. Abercrombie spelled the name "Chugatch" and applied it to the mountains.

Mountains
Some of the taller mountains in this range are:
 Mount Marcus Baker 
 Mount Thor 
 Mount Steller 
 Mount Michelson 
 Mount Palmer 
 Flattop Mountain 
 Eagle Peak 
 Polar Bear Peak

References

Mountain ranges of Alaska
Wrangell Mountains

The Wrangell Mountains are a high mountain range of eastern Alaska in the United States.  Much of the range is in the Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve.  The Wrangell Mountains were made by volcanoes. The second and third tallest volcanoes in the United States, Mount Blackburn and Mount Sanford are there.  The range takes its name from Mount Wrangell, which is one of the largest shield volcanoes in the world. It is also the only mountain in the range that is an active volcano.  

The Wrangell Mountains are just to the northwest of the Saint Elias Mountains and northeast of the Chugach Mountains. There are so many mountains there that they block the warm moist air over the Pacific Ocean. Because of this places north of the Wrangell Mountains are some of the coldest areas of North America during the winter.

Major peaks

The Wrangell Mountains include 12 of the 40+ Alaskan peaks over  

Mount Blackburn, , and East Summit, 
Mount Sanford], , and South Peak, 
Mount Wrangell, , and West Summit, 
Atna Peaks, 
Regal Mountain, 
Mount Jarvis, , and North Peak, 
Parka Peak, 
Mount Zanetti, 

Another prominent mountain is Mount Drum, , which can be seen from a very long way away.

Name
The Wrangell Mountains are named after an explorer who was also president of  the Russian-American Company, Admiral Ferdinand von Wrangel. American folk singer John Denver wrote a song, "Wrangell Mountain Song", in reference to the range.

References

Other websites

Wrangell-St. Elias National Park & Preserve
Wrangell Mountains Center

Mountain ranges of Alaska
Q fever

Q fever is a disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, bacteria that affect humans and other animals. It is not common but can be found in cattle, sheep, goats, and other household animals, including cats and dogs. People can get infected if they inhale endospores or touch the milk, urine, feces, vaginal mucus, or semen of infected animals. The disease is rarely carried by ticks. A human can be infected by a single bacterium.

References

Other websites 
 Q fever at the CDC

Diseases spread by insects
Diseases caused by bacteria
Animal diseases
Alprazolam

Alprazolam, probably better known by its trade name Xanax, is a short-acting drug. Xanax and other benzodiazepines first entered the market in 1960. Although it may have other illegal or nonclinical uses, Xanax is legally prescribed to treat anxiety disorders, panic disorder, and anxiety caused by depression. It works by decreasing abnormally high levels of excitement in the brain, which helps you feel more relaxed and increases feelings of calmness.

Xanax (and all benzodiazepines) stimulate neurons in the brain that release or have receptors for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and neurons for GABA are prevalent throughout the cerebral cortex.

An inhibitory neurotransmitter reduces the firing of other types of neurotransmitters in the brain when it’s released. Thus, Xanax acts as a central nervous system depressant by way of its agonistic effect on GABA neurons in the brain.

Taking Xanax leads to a decrease in the excitability of other neurons in the brain, and this produces a reduction in anxiety and an increased feeling of relaxation.

Addiction 
Xanax and other benzodiazepines are frequently abused because they are so commonly prescribed and therefore easily available. The severe withdrawal syndrome associated with Xanax abuse can make it difficult for people to stop using.

Overdose may occur from Xanax alone, but the risk of overdose is higher when combined with other substances, such as opioids and alcohol, as this can increase the chance of respiratory depression. This is a significant concern for many people, as benzodiazepines and opioids are commonly prescribed together. Respiratory depression causes slow and ineffective breathing, potentially causing a person to die in their sleep.

Xanax side effects 

 weak or shallow breathing;
 a light-headed feeling, like you might pass out;
 a seizure;
 hallucinations, risk-taking behavior;
 increased energy, decreased need for sleep;
 racing thoughts, being agitated or talkative;
 double vision; or
 jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes).
Increased salivation
Tremor
Difficulty urinating
Hypotension

References 

Drugs
Toronto Stock Exchange

The Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) is the largest stock exchange in Canada, the third largest in North America and the eighth largest in the world by market capitalisation.

References 

Stock exchanges
Unwritten

Unwritten is an album by Natasha Bedingfield. This record was released in the United Kingdom in September 2004 and in the United States on August 2, 2005. It had five singles. One of these was the title track. This album was released in North America again during 2006, with new album artworks and a slightly different track listing.

Natasha Bedingfield albums
2004 albums
Debut albums
pop albums
R&B albums
Soul albums
N.B.

N.B. is the second studio album from Natasha Bedingfield. It was released in United Kingdom on 30 April 2007 to mixed reviews by critics. The album was released in Canada and the United States during January 2008 as Pocketful of Sunshine. The US version's title single became a top 5 hit. Another track, "Love Like This", became a top twenty hit. The reviews from United States critics for this record were mixed.

Natasha Bedingfield albums
2007 albums
Polish Americans

A Polish American is a citizen of the United States with ancestors from Poland. There have been Polish people living in North America since the earlier 1600s. Many live in the city of Chicago, which has more Polish people than any city in the world other than Warsaw, Poland.

Most Polish immigrants are Catholic or practice Judaism.

References

Ethnic groups in the United States
Hallucinogen

Hallucinogens are chemical substances which temporarily change the way people see the world. Hallucinogens cause hallucinations. People no longer perceive reality as it is, but they see a reality that is distorted by their emotions. A person who is under the influence of a hallucionogen is said to be having a trip.

Hallucinogens have probably been used in the context of a cultic or religious function as long as there were humans.

There are different kinds of hallucinogens:
 Psychedelic drugs: these are the "classic hallucinogens"
 Dissociatives: They make people feel as if they were no longerpart of their surroundings.
 Deliriants produce a state of delirium, or confusion.

Most hallucinogens are highly addictive. This means that the user will want to take the drug over and over again. It also means that there will be some effect of getting used to the drug. In the long run, more and more of the drug will need to be taken, to get the same effect.

People that are under the unintended influence of a hallucinogen may need immediate help, as in a medical emergency.

Drugs
Bad News Brown

Paul Frappier (May 8, 1977-February 11, 2011) was a Canadian rapper and producer better known by his stage name, Bad News Brown. He was of Haitian descent. Bad News Brown was found in an industrial area in Montreal where he was beaten and then shot.

Discography

Albums
Bad News Brown released 1 studio albums before his death:

Singles

Mixtapes

References

Other websites
Bad News Brown's Official website

1972 births
2011 deaths
Canadian rap musicians
People from Montreal
Murder victims
Rick James

James Ambrose Johnson Jr. (1 February 1948 - 6 August 2004) also known as Rick James, was an American singer, songwriter, recording artist and producer. He was very popular during the late 1970s and 1980s, scoring four number one hits on the US R&B charts. He was born in Buffalo, New York.

Career
In 1978 James released his first single "You and I". He produced Eddie Murphy's 1985 single "Party All the Time". In 1990 he sued MC Hammer.

Personal life
In 1991 James was arrested with his girlfriend for kidnapping a woman. He made her have sex with his girlfriend. In 1994 he was sentenced to five years and four months in prison. He was released in 1996.

References

1948 births
2004 deaths
African American musicians
American sex offenders
Singers from Buffalo, New York
Musicians from Buffalo, New York
Writers from Buffalo, New York
The Notorious B.I.G.

Christopher George Latore Wallace (May 21, 1972 – March 9, 1997), better known by his stage name, The Notorious B.I.G., Biggie Smalls, or Biggie, was an American rapper. He grew up in Brooklyn. He admitted that he was a crack cocaine dealer.

He had two children.

He rapped on Michael Jackson's 1995 single "This Time Around".

Discography

Albums
The Notorious B.I.G. released 2 studio albums in his lifetime and two after his death*:

Singles

(*) albums and songs were released posthumously (after death).

Media

Filmography 
 The Show (1995) as himself
 Rhyme & Reason (1997 documentary) as himself
 Biggie & Tupac (2002 documentary) archive footage
 Tupac Resurrection (2004 documentary) archive footage
 Notorious B.I.G. Bigger Than Life (2007 documentary) archive footage
 Notorious (2009) archive footage
 All Eyez on Me (2017) archive footage
 Quincy (2018 documentary) archive footage
 Biggie: The Life of Notorious B.I.G. (2017 documentary) archive footage
 Biggie: I Got a Story to Tell (2021 documentary) archive footage

Television appearances 
 New York Undercover (1995) as himself
 Martin (1995) as himself
 Who Shot Biggie & Tupac? (2017)
 Unsolved (2018)

Awards and nominations

Murder
Wallace was killed in a drive by shooting in Los Angeles, California after leaving a party hosted by Vibe magazine and Qwest Records for the Soul Train Music Awards. on March 9, 1997. The murder was similar to Tupac's Murder.

Wallace was driving a GMC Suburban, a man in a Chevy Impala SS stopped on side of Wallace's SUV and fired shots at the Suburban. Four bullets hit Wallace's chest. His murder is still unsolved.

References

Other websites
 Notorious B.I.G at atlanticrecords.com 

1972 births
1997 deaths
African American musicians
Rap musicians from New York
Criminals from New York City
Drug dealers
Murdered African-American people
Murdered musicians
Murders by firearm in California
Musicians from Brooklyn
People murdered in California
Singers from New York City
Unsolved murders in the United States
Central Hockey League

The Central Hockey League (CHL) was a mid-level professional hockey league in the United States. It is owned by Global Entertainment Corporation. It was started in 1992.

History
The first CHL season was in 1992-1993. It started with six teams, including the Oklahoma City Blazers, the Tulsa Oilers, the Wichita Thunder, the Memphis RiverKings, the Dallas Freeze and the Fort Worth Fire.

In 1996-97, the Huntsville Channel Cats, along with the planned 1996–97 Southern Hockey League (SHL) expansion teams Columbus Cottonmouths, Macon Whoopee, and Nashville Nighthawks, joined the Central Hockey League after the SHL ended.

The CHL came together with the Western Professional Hockey League (WPHL) in 2001.

The CHL commissioner is now Duane Lewis, who succeeded Brad Treliving on an temporary basis after Treliving took a position with the NHL's Phoenix Coyotes following the 2006-2007 season. Treliving co-founded the WPHL in 1996, and after the 2001 merger, served with the CHL for seven years. Lewis was named the permanent commissioner in June 2008.

On June 1, 2010 the league announced that it would come together with the International Hockey League.

Current teams

The CHL is divided into two Conferences.  Teams compete every year for the Ray Miron President's Cup.

League champions 
1993 - Tulsa Oilers
1994 - Wichita Thunder
1995 - Wichita Thunder
1996 - Oklahoma City Blazers
1997 - Fort Worth Fire
1998 - Columbus Cottonmouths
1999 - Huntsville Channel Cats
2000 - Indianapolis Ice
2001 - Oklahoma City Blazers
2002 - Memphis RiverKings
2003 - Memphis RiverKings
2004 - Laredo Bucks
2005 - Colorado Eagles
2006 - Laredo Bucks
2007 - Colorado Eagles
2008 - Arizona Sundogs
2009 - Texas Brahmas
2010 - Rapid City Rush

References

Other websites
Central Hockey League website

Central Hockey League
1992 establishments in the United States
Missouri Mavericks

The Missouri Mavericks is an American minor-league ice hockey team in the Central Hockey League (CHL). They play their home games at the Independence Events Center in Independence, Missouri, which is near Kansas City, Missouri.

History
In April 2009, the CHL announced that Independence would get a new team to start play that fall. In June, the team said that it would be called the Mavericks.

References

Central Hockey League
2009 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Missouri
Yip Man

Yip Man (18931972), also known as Ip Man, was the first teacher to teach martial arts Wing Chun openly. He taught Hong Kong students, who spread Wing Chun around the world. Later, Ip Man was the teacher of Bruce Lee, Chu Shong-tin (who taught then-Australian Jim Fung) and others.

After Ip Man died, the teacher Duncan Leung taught Wing Chun in Hong Kong from 1945 to 1969.
Nowadays, Wing Chun is taught around the world. Many children do Wing Chun.

References

Martial artists
1893 births
1972 deaths
Chinese sportspeople
San Fermín

The festival of San Fermín is held each year in the city of Pamplona (Navarre, Spain). Other names for the festival are Sanfermines or Sanferminak. It starts at noon on 6 July with the setting off of a rocket. It ends at midnight on 14 July with the singing of the Pobre de Mí. A bullfight is also part of the celebrations. The festival honors Saint Fermin, the co-patron of Navarre. San Fermín has become the most famous Spanish festival. More than 1,000,000 people watch this festival.

The Running of the Bulls is held the 6th - 14th of July every year. By midnight on July 6th Pamplona is already swarming with locals and tourists all waiting for the fireworks display that marks the start of the fiesta.

The day begins with the "encierro" or running of the bulls, when only the brave and foolish dash ahead of the bulls that are let loose to run through the narrow streets to the bullring where they will be fought later in the day. The runners are usually clad in the typical white trousers and shirt, with a red scarf tied at their neck, and a red beret on their head.

Before and after the daily bullfights, held each evening at 6 pm, bands of music, "txistularis", regional dancing and processions with big giant heads roam the streets. The Sanfermines festival of the running of the bulls in Pamplona is not the only one celebrated in Navarre, although it is the most well-known.

Other websites
 Unofficial website on San Fermin
 Unofficial website on encierro 

Festivals in Europe
Pamplona
Bellini (cocktail)

A Bellini is a long drink cocktail that originated in Venice. It is a mixture of sparkling wine (traditionally Prosecco) and peach purée often served at celebrations. It is one of Italy's most popular cocktails.

History
The Bellini was invented sometime between 1934 and 1948 by Giuseppe Cipriani, founder of Harry's Bar in Venice, Italy.

It got its name because the colour reminded Cipriani of the pink colour of the toga of a saint in a painting by 15th-century Venetian artist Giovanni Bellini.

References

Dishes named after people
Alcoholic drink
Edgar Degas

Edgar Degas (, ; born Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas, ; 19 July 183427 September 1917) was a French artist. He is famous for his paintings and sculptures: he was one of those who started Impressionism, although he rejected the term, and preferred to be called a realist.p31

A superb draughtsman, he is identified with the subject of the dance, and over half of his works depict dancers. These display his mastery in the depiction of movement, as do his racecourse subjects and female nudes. His portraits are notable for their psychological complexity and the way they show human isolation.p11

His life
He was born in Paris, France. He began to paint early in his life. Because his father wanted it, he went to university to become a lawyer in 1853. Edgar did not like this, and he went to study at the École des Beaux-Arts, an important art-school in Paris in 1855. In 1856 he traveled to Naples in Italy, he stayed there for 3 years. He studied famous painters like Michelangelo and Raphael and learnt by copying their work.

In 1859 he came back to Paris. He started his first important painting The Bellelli Family, and also started on a few paintings on historical myths, like Alexander and Bucephalus and The Daughter of Jephthah. In 1861 he visited Normandy and made his first drawings of horses which were an important subject for his paintings.

After the start of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, Degas worked for the National Guard. He did not have time to paint.p29 After the war he went to stay with his brother Rene in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1873 he went back to Paris and in 1874 his father died. He then found out his brother had large business debts. Edgar had to sell the house and a collection of art he had inherited. He now had to depend on his paintings for his income. He created a lot of great paintings in next 10 years.p33 With the money he earned, he bought paintings by painters he liked a lot. Examples are Manet, Paul Cézanne, Pissarro, Gauguin, Van Gogh and others.

In 1874 Edgar Degas and a group of other painters started to organise their own art exhibition. Their exhibitions were called "Impressionist Exhibitions". At the end of the 1880s, he started to take photographs of his friends.p26 Other photographs, of dancers and nudes, were used as an example for some of his later paintings.p34

As the years passed, he became isolated. They think that he made sculptures up until 1910. He probably stopped working in 1912. He never married, and he was nearly blind at the end of his life. He died in Paris in 1917.p41

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of French painters

References

1834 births
1917 deaths
Artists from Paris
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
French painters
French Roman Catholics
French sculptors
Luigi Russolo

Luigi Russolo (30 April 1883 – 4 February 1947)  was a painter and musician from Italy. He was part of the Futurism movement and built his own musical instruments. His instruments were destroyed in World War II in Paris, because the Germans bombed the city, others have simply disappeared.

Sources

1883 births
1947 deaths
Italian painters
Italian musicians
Bacterial conjugation

Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. Such beneficial plasmids may be considered bacterial endosymbionts. Other elements, however, may be viewed as bacterial parasites and conjugation as a mechanism evolved by them to allow for their spread.

Mechanism 

The basic conjugative plasmid is the F-plasmid, or F-factor. The F-plasmid is an episome (a plasmid that can integrate itself into the bacterial chromosome) with a length of about 100,000 base pairs.

There can only be one copy of the F-plasmid in a given bacterium, either free or integrated, and bacteria that possess a copy are called F-positive or F-plus (denoted F+). Cells that lack F plasmids are called F-negative or F-minus (F-) and can function as recipient cells.

Inter-kingdom transfer
The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case of inter-kingdom conjugation.

For example, the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium and the root-tumor inducing (Ri) plasmid of A. rhizogenes contain genes that are capable of transferring to plant cells. These genes turn plant cells into factories producing chemicals used by the bacteria for nitrogen and energy. Infected cells form crown galls or root tumours, respectively. The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant.

Genetic engineering 
Conjugation is a convenient means for transferring genetic material to a variety of targets. In laboratories successful transfers have been reported from bacteria to yeast, plants, mammalian cells, and isolated mammalian mitochondria.

Conjugation has advantages over other forms of genetic transfer. In plant engineering, Agrobacterium-like conjugation complements other standard vehicles such as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). While TMV is capable of infecting many plant families these are primarily herbaceous dicots. Agrobacterium-like conjugation is also primarily used for dicots, but monocot recipients are not uncommon.

References 

Bacteria
Horizontal gene transfer
Plasmid

A plasmid is a DNA molecule that is separate from the chromosomal DNA and that can replicate (copy itself) independently.

The term plasmid was first introduced by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in 1952.

Plasmids are double stranded and, in many cases, circular. Plasmids usually occur naturally in bacteria, but are sometimes found in eukaryotic organisms (e.g., the 2-micrometre-ring in Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

Plasmid size varies from 1 to over 1,000 kilobase pairs (kbp). The number of identical plasmids within a single cell can range from one to thousands. Plasmids are often associated with conjugation, a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.

Plasmids are transferable genetic elements, or "replicons", capable of independent self copying in a suitable host. Plasmids can be found in all three major domains, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. Similar to viruses, plasmids are not considered a form of "life" as it is currently defined. Unlike viruses, plasmids are "naked" DNA and do not encode genes necessary to encase the genetic material for transfer to a new host.

Plasmid host-to-host transfer requires direct, mechanical transfer by conjugation or changes in host gene expression allowing the intentional uptake of the genetic element by transformation.

Microbial transformation with plasmid DNA is neither parasitic nor symbiotic in nature, since each implies the presence of an independent species living in a commensal or detrimental state with the host organism. Rather, plasmids provide a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes and may provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state.

Plasmids may carry genes that provide resistance to naturally occurring antibiotics in a competitive environmental niche, or alternatively the proteins produced may act as toxins under similar circumstances. Plasmids also can provide bacteria with an ability to fix elemental nitrogen or to degrade difficult organic compounds. This may provide an advantage under conditions of nutrient deprivation.

The construction of first recombinant DNA emerged from linking of a gene encoding antibiotic resistance with a native plasmid.

References 

Cell biology
Bacteria
Genetics
Horizontal gene transfer

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) (or Lateral gene transfer) is any process in which an organism gets genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism. 

By contrast, vertical transfer occurs when an organism gets genetic material from its ancestor, e.g., its parent or a species from which it has evolved.

Most thinking in genetics has focused on vertical transfer, but there is a growing awareness that horizontal gene transfer is a significant phenomenon. Amongst single-celled organisms it may be the dominant form of genetic transfer. Artificial horizontal gene transfer is a form of genetic engineering.

Mechanism 
There are several mechanisms for horizontal gene transfer:

 Transformation, the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA). This process is relatively common in bacteria, but less so in eukaryotes. Transformation is often used in laboratories to insert novel genes into bacteria for experiments or for industrial or medical applications. 
 Transduction, the process in which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a bacterial virus (a bacteriophage, or 'phage').
 Bacterial conjugation, a process in which a bacterial cell transfers genetic material to another cell by cell-to-cell contact.
 A gene transfer agent or 'GTA' is a virus-like element which contains random pieces of the host chromosome. They are found in most members of the alphaproteobacteria order Rhodobacterales. They are encoded by the host genome. GTAs transfer DNA so frequently that they may have an important role in evolution. A 2010 report found that genes for antibiotic resistance could be transferred by engineering GTAs in the laboratory.
 Integrons, a bacterial "kit" for transferring gene cassettes.

History
Horizontal gene transfer was first described in Japan in a 1959 publication that demonstrated the transfer of antibiotic resistance between different species of bacteria. 

In the mid-1980s, Syvanen suggested that lateral gene transfer not only had biological significance, but was involved in shaping evolutionary history from the beginning of life on Earth. 

"Increasingly, studies of genes and genomes are indicating that considerable horizontal transfer has occurred between prokaryotes". The phenomenon appears to have had some significance for unicellular eukaryotes as well. As Bapteste et al. observe, "additional evidence suggests that gene transfer might also be an important evolutionary mechanism in protist evolution".

There is some evidence that even higher plants and animals have been affected. Richardson and Palmer (2007) state: "Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played a major role in bacterial evolution and is fairly common in certain unicellular eukaryotes. However, the prevalence and importance of HGT in the evolution of multicellular eukaryotes remains unclear".

References 

Microbiology