cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
1081



Events 
 Corfu taken from Byzantine Empire by Robert Guiscard, Norman King of Southern Italy
 Byzantine emperor Nicephorus III is overthrown by Alexius I Comnenus, ending the Middle Byzantine period and beginning the Comnenan dynasty
 Alexius I helps defend Albania from the Normans (the first recorded mention of Albania), but is defeated at the Battle of Dyrrhachium.
 Beginning of the construction of Saint Canute's Cathedral in Odense.
 May 8 – Alfonso VI of Castile marries Constance of Burgundy.
Wasilla, Alaska

Wasilla is a small city in the U.S. state of Alaska, about 43 miles from Anchorage.  It is one of the ten largest cities in Alaska.  Sarah Palin was once mayor and owns a house with her family there.

The city's population was 7,831 at the 2010 census.

Other websites
Official City of Wasilla website

Cities in Alaska
Rantoul, Illinois

Rantoul is a village in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. Almost 13,000 people were living in Rantoul as of 2000.  Rantoul has an area of 7.4 square miles.

References

Villages in Illinois
Winter Springs, Florida

Winter Springs is a city in Florida. It is sometimes considered a suburb of Orlando.

Cities in Florida
Googolplex

A googolplex is the number 10googol, equivalent to 1010100  or 10Ten duotrigintillion or 1010,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.

Like the number googol, googolplex was thought of by Milton Sirotta, the nephew of mathematician Edward Kasner.

The company Google named their headquarters, the Googleplex, after the number.

A googolplexplex or googolplexian is a 1 followed by a Googolplex amount of zeros which is 10Googolplex (101010100 ).

Related pages
 Graham's number 
 Googol

Integers
Valley Center, California

Valley Center is a census-designated place in San Diego County, California. It has a population of 9,277 people.

References

Census-designated places in California
Settlements in San Diego County, California
Anaheim, California

Anaheim is a city in the United States. It was founded by German immigrants in 1857. It is the home of Disneyland, and two professional sports teams, The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (baseball) and the Anaheim Ducks (ice hockey). In 2012, there was a riot following a police officer shooting a man.

Anaheim, California
1857 establishments in California
Chair

A chair is a piece of furniture. It is used for sitting on and it can also be used for standing on if you can't reach something. They usually have four legs to support the weight. Some types of chairs, such as the bar-stool, have only one leg in the center. Those chairs are usually able to spin. Sometimes chairs have armrests. These chairs may be called armchairs. There are many types of chairs such as Windsor chairs and rocking chairs. There is another type of chair called a sofa or settee Another type of chair is a desk chair. It has wheels on the bottom to move around.

Other websites 

Furniture
Hercules (1997 movie)

Hercules is a 1997 American animated musical fantasy comedy movie based on the legendary Greek mythology hero Heracles (known in the movie by his Roman name, Hercules), the son of Zeus in Greek mythology. The movie was directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, and was produced by The Walt Disney Company. It is the 35th animated movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series.

"Go the Distance" was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. It lost both to Celine Dion's hit "My Heart Will Go On" from Titanic.

Cast
Tate Donovan as Hercules, based on the mythological deity Heracles.
Josh Keaton provided the speaking voice of Hercules as a teenager. Roger Bart was his singing voice.
Danny DeVito as Philoctetes/Phil.
James Woods as Hades.
Susan Egan as Megara.
Frank Welker as Pegasus.
Rip Torn and Samantha Eggar as Zeus and Hera, Hercules' birth-parents.
Lillias White, Cheryl Freeman, LaChanze, Roz Ryan and Vanéese Y. Thomas as the Muses (Calliope, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Thalia and Clio respectively), the narrators of the movie's story.
Bobcat Goldthwait and Matt Frewer as Pain and Panic, Hades' henchmen.
Patrick Pinney as the Cyclops.
Hal Holbrook and Barbara Barrie as Amphitryon and Alcmene, Hercules' adoptive parents.
Amanda Plummer, Carole Shelley and Paddi Edwards as Clotho, Lachesis, Atropos, the three Fates who predict Hades' attempt to conquer Olympus.
Paul Shaffer as Hermes.
Jim Cummings as Nessus.
Wayne Knight as Demetrius
Keith David as Apollo
Charlton Heston has a cameo appearance as the opening narrator.

Awards and nominations
 Academy Awards
 Academy Award for Best Original Song - "Go the Distance" (Nominated)
 Golden Globes
 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song - "Go the Distance" (Nominated)
 Saturn Award
 Best Fantasy Movie (Nominated)
 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
 Favorite Animated Family Movie (Nominated)
 Favorite Song from a Movie - "Go the Distance" (Nominated)
 Young Artist Award
 Best Performance in a Voice Over Role - Young Actor Josh Keaton for Young Hercules's voice (Nominated)
 Annie Awards

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 
 

1997 movies
1997 animated movies
Disney animated movies
1990s American fantasy movies
Movies based on Greek and Roman mythology
Movies composed by Alan Menken
Movies set in Greece
1990s American comedy movies
American animated movies
Hercules (Disney)
The Karate Kid

The Karate Kid is a 1984 American drama movie starring Ralph Macchio and Pat Morita. It tells the story of a boy named Daniel (Macchio) who moves with his mother from New Jersey to Los Angeles, California. Daniel has trouble adjusting and is victimized by a gang of bullies at his school. Mr. Miyagi (Morita), the handyman from the apartment building Daniel lives in, teaches Daniel martial arts, so he can fight the bullies in a tournament. In the song "You're the Best", the Roland Juno-106 patch "Brass" was heard. The movie was very successful and was compared to the boxing movie Rocky. It was followed by three sequels: The Karate Kid Part II, The Karate Kid Part III, The Next Karate Kid and a remake in 2010.

Cast 
 Ralph Macchio as Daniel LaRusso
 Noriyuki "Pat" Morita as Mr. Miyagi
 Elisabeth Shue as Ali Mills
 William Zabka as Johnny Lawrence
 Randee Heller as Lucille LaRusso

Release Dates

Other websites

1984 drama movies
1980s sports movies
1980s teen drama movies
American sports drama movies
American teen drama movies
Columbia Pictures movies
English-language movies
Movies about bullying
Movies set in Los Angeles
Teen sports movies
Martial arts movies
Karate
Movies directed by John G. Avildsen
533



Events 
January 2 – John II becomes Pope, succeeding Pope Boniface II, who had died in 532.
Belisarius, a general in the service of Justinian I, lands in North Africa and attacks the Vandals.
September 13 – Battle of Ad Decimium: Belisarius defeats the Vandals under Gelimer. Gelimer, forced to flee, leaves Carthage unprotected.
December 15 – The Battle of Ticameron begins.
December – Battle of Ticameron: Belisarius defeats a new Vandal force under Gelimer and Tzazo. Tzazo is killed in an all-cavalry fight, and Gelimer flees to the mountains of Numidia.
December 16 – The Digesta or Pandectae, a collection of jurist writings and other sources, is completed (see Corpus Juris Civilis).
Theodebert I becomes king of Austrasia.
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe

He-Man and the Masters of the Universe was a cartoon series, that first came out in 1983. It aired in first run syndication. It was based on a popular toy line and told the story of Adam, who was prince of the planet, Eternia. Prince Adam had a magic sword that could turn him into He-Man, the most powerful man in the universe. He-Man along with, Battle Cat, Teela, Man-At-Arms, and Orko, fought Skeletor, who wanted to take over the universe. It was very popular in the 1980s and was revived three times, one made in the early 1990s, another in 2002 for Cartoon Network, and another in 2021 for Netflix. There was also a spin-off called She-Ra: Princess of Power, which was about He-Man's sister.

Other websitess
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe on YouTube

Masters of the Universe  on Hulu

Animated television series
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs
Fantasia Barrino

Fantasia Barrino (born June 30, 1984) is an American singer. She was the winner of the third season on American Idol.

References

1984 births
Living people
Singers from North Carolina
American Idol winners
Actors from North Carolina
Khartoum

Khartoum is the capital city of Sudan. It is also Sudan's largest city. It is where the Blue Nile and main Nile come together. Its name means "elephant tusk". Two other cities nearby are Omdurman and Khartoum North.

Khartoum has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification).
Trench

A trench is a long, narrow ditch.

Trench warfare has often been used in defense. Entrenched soldiers can be somewhat safe from enemy fire.  Trench warfare made World War I longer than expected.  The trench coat got its name from there.

Several kinds of trench exist:
 Utility trench has pipes, wires, or other infrastructure
 Road trench carries vehicles
 Military trench provides shelter for soldiers shooting at each other
 Oceanic trench: For example, the Mariana Trench
Rift valley
  Archaeological trench dug by archaeologists

Everyday life
Trench coat

A trench coat (or trenchcoat) is a type of outdoor clothing. Trenchcoats are long coats made from stiff material, like heavy-duty cotton. They were invented for soldiers to wear in The First World War to keep them warm. Most trench coats also protect the wearer against rain.

As a fashion
In the 1950s, trench coats became a popular fashion item. In the 1980s and 1990s, trench coats were worn by punk rock musicians and gothic rock musicians. There have been many remodels of it.

Clothing
Microwave

A microwave is a high-frequency radio wave. They are broadly defined as having a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 1 meter, or narrowly between 3 mm and 300 mm. Microwaves have many uses including radar, radio astronomy, and to heat food in a microwave oven. Unlike longer radio waves, they do not bend around land obstacles but go in line of sight. Still, they are much used for communication because they can have a high bandwidth. Almost all spacecraft communicate by microwave radio.

When something moves, it almost always has a wave pattern to its movement - this can be seen in water most easily, in ripples and ocean waves. A very common type of wave in the universe is electromagnetic waves. Light is an example of an electromagnetic wave, and so is a microwave, for example the cosmic microwave background radiation. We can only see electromagnetic radiation in the visible light spectrum (which is why it's called the visible light spectrum), so microwaves are invisible.

Microwaves were among the first radio waves discovered, in the late 19th century, by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.

Microwave Ovens 
Microwave ovens work because microwaves make polar molecules (molecules that act like tiny magnets) all face the same direction - to visualize it, imagine that the microwave oven is telling all of the molecules to face left, then right.  Heat is just the movement of molecules, so when the molecules do a great amount of moving, they are hot.  

Like other heat sources, microwave radiation can cause burns. They can go through skin and muscles. If vital organs are burned, the burns can kill. This is why a microwave oven does not work with the door open.

References

wave physics
Microwave oven

A microwave oven (commonly called a microwave) is a machine that cooks food using microwaves, a type of radio wave. The idea was invented when a scientist who was experimenting with radio waves saw his chocolate bar, which was in his pocket, had melted. He then knew that radio waves could cook food and invented the microwave oven.

History 

In 1945, the heating effect of a high-power microwave beam was accidentally discovered by Percy Spencer, an American self-taught engineer from Howland, Maine. Hired by Raytheon at the time, he noticed that microwaves from an active radar set he was working on started to melt a chocolate bar he had in his pocket. First, Spencer deliberately cooked popcorn with a microwave oven. And the second time, he cooked an egg, which exploded in the face of one of the experimenters.

To prove his finding, Spencer created a high density electromagnetic field by feeding microwave power from a magnetron into a metal box from which it had no way to escape. When food was placed in the box with the microwave energy, the temperature of the food rose rapidly. On 8 October 1945, Raytheon filed a United States patent application for Spencer's microwave cooking process, and an oven that heated food using microwave energy from a magnetron was soon placed in a Boston restaurant for testing.

How it works 

The microwave oven uses a magnetron, which is a type of vacuum tube. This is similar to a radio transmitter. It makes very short radio waves which go into the food to a depth of about 2.5cm (one inch). This makes water molecules twist about 2.5 billion times a second. This heats up the molecules around it. As they heat up the heat goes to the inside of the food.  This process is called conduction. This also happens in a normal oven, but microwave energy goes deeper so that the food cooks much faster. In an ordinary oven the energy stays mostly near the surface, so it takes more time.

Apart from this, the oven has a wave guide, turntable, and a timer switch. When we place the food inside the chamber and turn the timer switch on, it sends a command to the magnetron to send microwaves, as well as to the turn table to start turning. The microwaves of microwave ovens can heat foods containing polar molecules, such as water, as polar molecules are prone to the vibration effect caused by the microwaves. To heat the food evenly the microwave's turntable spins the food around. 

Metals tend to spark in microwaves, rather than heating. The reason why is that metals like to give away electrons, so when the microwaves "push" at their magnet-like electrons, instead of turning, they just give the electrons away. A bunch of electrons running off of metal is called electricity, and we see it in the form of sparks.

Related pages 

 Frozen dinner
 Induction heating

References

Other websites 
 Metamaterials for microwave shielding 

Wave physics
Cooking appliances
Cobalt

Cobalt (chemical symbol Co) is a chemical element. It has an atomic number of 27 and an atomic mass of about 59. It is a metal.

Properties

Cobalt is a transition metal. It is shiny and conducts electricity. It is magnetic. It is a hard metal. It is moderately reactive. Iron is more reactive and copper is less reactive. It dissolves slowly in acids. This reaction makes hydrogen and a salt of cobalt. Cobalt is normally in its +2 oxidation state as an ion. Some chemical compounds contain cobalt ions in its +4 oxidation state. Cobalt(II) chloride is one of the most common cobalt compounds. Many cobalt compounds are blue or pink. One of them is black.

Chemical compounds
Cobalt comes in two oxidation states, +2 and +3. Most soluble cobalt compounds are red. They can also be green, blue, brown, and black.

Cobalt(II) compounds
Cobalt(II) chloride, red solid, most common cobalt compound
Cobalt(II) fluoride, used in dentistry, red solid
Cobalt(II) hydroxide, red or green-blue solid
Cobalt(II) oxide, black solid
Cobalt(II) sulfate, reddish solid, used in pigments

Mixed oxidation state
Cobalt(II,III) oxide, black solid, oxidizing agent

Cobalt(III) compounds
Cobalt(III) fluoride, brown solid, strong oxidizing agent
Cobalt(III) oxide, black solid

Occurrence and preparation
Cobalt is too reactive to occur as a pure element in the earth. It is found in certain minerals. It is found with copper and nickel deposits. Normally the three metals are bonded to arsenic and sulfur. The majority of cobalt mining is in central Africa. 

It is found as a byproduct (left over substance) when copper and nickel are produced. It is made by reaction with the sludge from copper and nickel processing.

Uses

Cobalt is used in some types of steel. It hardens the steel. It is also used to make very strong tough alloys. These alloys are known as superalloys. Some cobalt compounds are used in the lithium-ion battery. Cobalt compounds were used as an artificial food coloring until 1971. It was discovered that it has harmful effects. It is used to make glass blue. It is also used as a catalyst. It is also used in some medicines.

The human body needs small amounts of cobalt for certain vitamins. Cobalt compounds are used to stop cyanide from poisoning the body.

Safety
People need cobalt compounds in small amounts, but cobalt is toxic in large quantities. Sometimes cobalt compounds were added to beer, and people that drank it were poisoned. It can cause skin irritation when touched.

Chemical elements
Metals
Transition metals
Canidae

Canidae is a family of carnivorous and omnivorous mammals of the order Carnivora. Animals that belong to the family Canidae are called canids. The family Canidae is divided into two tribes: Vulpini ("true foxes"), and Canini ("true dogs").
Canids of the tribe Vulpini (foxes) are called "vulpines". Canids of the tribe Canini (wolves, dogs, coyotes and others) are called "canines". Some people call all these canids "canines", but this is wrong.

Examples of canids are dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes, and jackals.

Taxonomy 
 Tribe Vulpini, True foxes
 Genus Vulpes
 Indian Fox, Vulpes bengalensis
 Blanford's Fox, Vulpes cana
 Cape fox, Vulpes chama
 Corsac fox, Vulpes corsac
 Tibetan fox, Vulpes ferrilata
 Pale fox, Vulpes pallida
 Rüppell's Fox, Vulpes rueppelli
 Swift fox, Vulpes velox
 Kit fox, Vulpes macrotis
 Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes
 Fennec, Vulpes zerda
 Genus Alopex
 Arctic Fox, Alopex lagopus
 Genus Urocyon
 Gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus
 Island fox, Urocyon littoralis
 Genus Otocyon
 Bat-eared fox, Otocyon megalotis
 Tribe Canini, True dogs
 Genus Dusicyon
 Falkland Island Fox, Dusicyon australis†
 Genus Pseudalopex
 Culpeo, Pseudalopex culpaeus
 South American Grey fox, Pseudalopex griseus
 Darwin's fox, Pseudalopex fulvipes
 Pampas fox, Pseudalopex gymnocercus
 Sechura fox, Pseudalopex sechurae
 Hoary fox, Pseudalopex vetulus
 Genus Atelocynus
 Short-eared dog, Atelocynus microtis
 Genus Cerdocyon
 Crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous
 Genus Speothos
 Bush dog, Speothos venaticus
 Genus Chrysocyon
 Maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus
 Genus Nyctereutes
 Raccoon Dog (Tanuki), Nyctereutes procyonoides
 Genus Cuon
 Dhole, Cuon alpinus
 Genus Lycaon
 African wild dog, Lycaon pictus
 Genus Canis
 Grey Wolf, Canis lupus
 domestic dogs, Canis lupus familiaris
 Red Wolf, Canis rufus
 Coyote, Canis latrans
 Golden Jackal, Canis aureus
 Black-backed jackal, Canis mesomelas
 Side-striped jackal, Canis adustus
 Ethiopian wolf, Canis simensis
 Eastern wolf, Canis lycaon

Gallery

Other websites 

 canids.org
Fox

A fox is a small mammalian carnivore. They hunt and eat live prey, mostly rabbits and rodents (squirrels and mice). They may also eat grasshoppers, birds' eggs, and even fruit and berries. Sometimes they eat carrion. Foxes are the smallest members of the dog family Canidae.

Twelve species belong to the Vulpes genus of monophyletic "true foxes". There are about another 25 living or extinct species which are sometimes called foxes.

The fox has pointed ears, narrow snout, and a bushy tail.

Foxes are swift and agile runners which live in family groups. A female fox is called a vixen, and a male is called a dog. Foxes' tails are multi-purpose organs. Their bushy tail helps them keep warm while they are sleeping in cold weather. It is also part of the animal's food store for wintertime. Foxes' plump, bushy tail is easily seen, and is used for sending signals to its family members. The tail is also used for balance while running.

Foxes are found on all continents (except Antarctica), mostly living in forest, shrubland, and desert regions. They were not native to Australia, but were introduced in some way. The most common fox species is the red fox. In the United Kingdom, it was a common sport for people to hunt foxes with horses and dogs. This is now banned.

"Most agricultural damage is caused by rabbits, and this can be considerable. Yet in lowland areas, rabbits comprise 45 to 70 per cent of the diet of foxes... One study estimated that, over its lifetime, each fox was worth between £150 and £900 in increased revenue to farmers... A strong argument against killing foxes".

True foxes 
The informal term 'true fox' refers to members of the Vulpes genus.

There are 12 species of Vulpus. They are:
 Bengal fox, Vulpes bengalensis
 Blanford's fox, Vulpes cana
 Cape fox, Vulpes chama
 Corsac fox, Vulpes corsac
 Tibetan sand fox, Vulpes ferrilata
 Arctic fox, Vulpes lagopus
 Kit fox, Vulpes macrotis
 Pale fox, Vulpes pallida
 Rüppell's fox, Vulpes rueppellii
 Swift fox, Vulpes velox
 Red fox, Vulpes vulpes (includes silver fox)
 Fennec fox, Vulpes zerda

The arctic fox is included in this genus as Vulpes lagopus. There is genetic evidence that shows it is probably a true fox.

Some species of true fox are extinct. Fossils have been found of:
 Vulpes hassini
 Vulpes praeglacialis Kormos
 Vulpes riffautae

References 

Foxes
Food pyramid

A food pyramid is a chart that can be used to see how many servings of each food should be eaten each day. It is for having good health.

Grains give carbohydrates and some vitamins and minerals. Vegetables and fruits give a lot of vitamins, some minerals, and few fats, but fruits often have more calories and sugar. Dairy products (like milk, cheese, yogurt, etc.) have protein, some fat, and a lot of calcium, an element that helps build strong bones. Meat have protein, some fat, and B vitamins. Fats, oils, and sweets give calories, fats, and sugars but not a lot of nutrition.

Criticisms 
The food pyramid has been criticized for recommending huge amounts of grains as that is a lot of carbohydrates.

Related pages
Healthy diet

References

Nutrition
Pyramid
1684

Year 1684 was a leap year that started on Saturday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Events 

 July 24 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle sails from France, again, with a large expedition designed to establish a French colony on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Mississippi River.
  October 7 – Japanese Chief Minister Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated, leaving Shogun Tsunayoshi without any adequate advisors, leading him to issue impractical edicts and create hardships for the Japanese people.
 December 10 – Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmund Halley.

Undated 
 France under Louis XIV makes Truce of Ratisbon separately with the Holy Roman Empire (Habsburg) and Spain.
 Pope Innocent XI forms a Holy League with the Habsburg Empire, Venice and Poland to liberate Europe from the Ottoman Turkish rule.
 The Japanese poet Saikaku composes 23,500 verses in 24 hours at the Sumiyoshi Shrine at Osaka; the scribes cannot keep pace with his dictation and just count the verses.
 The British East India Company receives Chinese permission to build a trading station at Canton. Tea sells in Europe for less than a shilling a pound, but the import duty of 5 shillings makes it too expensive for most English people to afford.
 Smuggled tea is drunk much more than legally imported tea.
 England has its coldest winter in living memory; the River Thames and the sea as far as 2 miles out from land freezes over.
 John Bunyan writes The Pilgrim's Progress Part 2.
 The Chipperfield's Circus dynasty begins when James Chipperfield introduces performing animals to England at the River Thames frost fairs on the Thames in London.

Births 
 January 1 – Arnold Drakenborch, Dutch classical scholar (died 1748)
 January 14 – Jean-Baptiste van Loo, French painter (died 1745)
 February 24 – Matthias Braun, Czech sculptor (died 1738)
 March 15 – Francesco Durante, Italian composer (died 1755)
 March 19 – Jean Astruc, French physician and scholar (died 1766)
 April 15 – Catherine I of Russia (died 1727)
 June 22 – Francesco Manfredini, Italian composer (died 1762)
 September 18 – Johann Gottfried Walther, German music theorist, organist, and composer (died 1748)
 October 10 – Antoine Watteau, French painter (died 1721)
 October 26 – Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, Prussian field marshal (died 1757)
 December 3 – Ludvig Holberg, Norwegian historian and writer (died 1754)

Deaths 
 April 1 – Roger Williams, English theologian and colonist (born 1603)
 April 5 – Lord William Brouncker, English mathematician (born 1602)
 May 4 – John Nevison, English highwayman (born 1639)
 May 12 – Edme Mariotte, French physicist and priest (born c.1620)
 July 2 – John Rogers, American President of Harvard University (born 1630)
 July 6 – Peter Gunning, English royalist churchman (born 1614)
 August 8 – George Booth, 1st Baron Delamer (born 1622)
 October 1 – Pierre Corneille, French playwright (born 1606)
 October 11 – James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven (born 1617)
1713



Events 
 First Orrery built by George Graham

Births 
 May 25 - John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1792)
 September 23 - King Ferdinand VI of Spain (d. 1759)
 October 13 - Allan Ramsay, Scottish painter (d. 1784)
 November 24 - Junipero Serra, Spanish Franciscan missionary (d. 1784)

Deaths 
 January 8 - Arcangelo Corelli, Italian composer (b. 1653)
 February 25 - King Friedrich I of Prussia (b. 1657)
 August 9 - Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany
1743



Events 
 February 14 – Henry Pelham becomes British Prime Minister
 February 21 – The premiere in London of George Frideric Handel's oratorio, Samson.
September 13 – Treaty of Worms (1743) – a treaty between Great Britain, Austria and Sardinia
 Battle of Dettingen
Coyote

The coyote (Canis latrans) also called the prairie wolf, brush wolf or American jackal, is an animal of the Canidae family. The word "coyote" comes from the Náhuatl (Aztec) word cóyotl.

Appearance 
Coyotes are smaller than wolves. The color of the coyote's fur is a grayish brown to yellowish gray on the upper parts, while the throat and underside are a more white color. The forelegs, sides of the head, muzzle and feet are reddish brown. The ears of the coyote are long and pointed.

Habitat 
Coyotes  are very  adaptable and can live in almost all habitats live only in North America and some areas of Central America. They live in prairies, but also in cities swamps Chaparrals grasslands forest and mountains. The coyote is found throughout North America from California up to as far as Alaska. They normally live in dens about 6 feet wide and four feet tall.

Life 
The coyote is an omnivore and eats fruits, grasses, vegetables, rabbits, mice, shrews and voles. They also eat insects, worms, rats, fish, birds, deer, snakes, and lizards. In the city, coyotes find food easily. They dig up plants in gardens and eat food out of garbage cans.

Sometimes, they join small packs (groups), but normally hunt alone. Coyotes live in dens. They dig a tunnel under the ground and then dig out a larger area at the end of the tunnel where they sleep and have their babies or pups. They can have six pups at a time. Often a coyote den will have two entrances, with one that is hidden. Sometimes they dig more than one den, so they can move if an enemy finds the den.

Coyotes have a few enemies. Wolves, bears and cougars are the only enemies to coyotes, but there are not many wolves left in North America compared to the number of coyotes. The biggest enemy of the coyote is people. They do not usually attack people, but sometimes eat small pets such as cats.

Mythology 
The coyote is a character of many myths from Native American peoples. The coyote is often portrayed as a joker, and stories are told to explain things he does. The Pima regard him as the offspring of the moon. Coyote is always male with an overwhelming reference to his large penis which requires a pack to carry it in. He is a lustful creature with desire for Changing Bear Maiden and by attempting to have sex with women by becoming a baby. Coyote also has incestuous relations with his mother-in-law and daughter. He is credited for removing the teeth of vagina dentata or by moving the genitals to the correct location on the body in order to make sex pleasurable. Coyote has an appetite for menstrual blood and relates to Lakota girls' puberty rite.

Coyote is often responsible for the finality of death and introduces work and suffering. The Apache believe he created Europeans. The Zuni believe he created pubic hair. The Pomo say he stole the sun and made the world dark. 

Coyote is curious and goes along with the crowd. He is a trickster, culture hero, and a feared shape-shifter.

References

Canids
Mammals of North America
Rodent

Rodents (from Latin , 'to chew') are a very successful group of mammals. They form the order Rodentia. 

They have no more than 2 incisors. These keep growing, and must be kept worn down by gnawing (eroding teeth by grinding them on something hard); this is the origin of the name, from the Latin rodere, "to gnaw", and dent, "tooth".

Most rodents are small. Examples of commonly known rodents are mice, rats, chipmunks, and squirrels. Some other small rodents sometimes kept as pets are Guinea pigs, hamsters, and gerbils.
Examples of larger rodents are porcupines, beavers, and the largest living rodent, the capybara, which can grow to between 105 and 135 cm (40-55 in) in length, and weigh 35 to 65 kg (75-140 lbs).

Almost half of all mammal species are rodents. More examples of rodents are voles, prairie dogs, groundhogs, and chinchillas.

Rabbits, hares, and pikas are sometimes called rodents, because they also have teeth that keep growing. But in 1912 biologists decided to put them in a new, separate order, Lagomorpha, because they have two extra incisors in their upper jaw.

Shrews are sometimes called rodents, because they look like mice, but that is not correct. They are in the order Insectivora.

Taxonomy 
There are more families than these. The list includes the more common families.

 Order Rodentia
 Suborder Anumaluromorpha
 Family Anomaluridae
 Family Pedetidae
 Suborder Castorimorpha
 Family Castoridae (Beavers)
 Family Geomyoidea (Pocket gophers, Kangaroo rats and mice)
 Suborder Hystricomorpha
 Family Ctenodactylidae
 Family Hystricidae
 Family Myocastoridae
 Family Caviidae
 Family Chinchillidae
 Family Cuniculidae
Suborder Sciuromorpha
Family Aplodontiidae: mountain beaver
Family Gliridae (also Myoxidae, Muscardinidae): dormice
Family Sciuridae: squirrels, including chipmunks, prairie dogs, & marmots
 Suborder Myomorpha
 Superfamily Muroidea
 Superfamily Dipodoidea
 Family Dipodidae

Related pages 
 Josephoartigasia

Other websites 

 UCMP Berkeley: Introduction to the Rodentia
https://www.utep.edu/leb/pleistnm/taxaMamm/lagomorpha.htm
1550



Events 
 January 6 – Spanish Captain Hernando de Santana founds the city of Valledupar in what is now Colombian territory.
 February 7 – Julius III becomes Pope.
 The first book in Slovenian, Abecedarium, written by Protestant reformer Primoz Trubar, is printed in Tübingen, Germany.
 Nostradamus' first almanac is written.
 Helsinki, the capital of Finland, is founded by Gustav Vasa.
Columbus, Georgia

Columbus is the third largest town, in the U.S. state of Georgia. Coca-Cola and RC Cola (Royal Crown Cola) were first made here. It is south of Atlanta. It is about one hour and thirty minutes to two hours away from Atlanta.

 
County seats in Georgia
Carthage

Carthage is an ancient city-state in what is now Tunisia. It began as a Phoenician colony. Carthage at the height of its power was the foremost power in the Mediterranean Sea, controlling parts of Spain, Sicily, North Africa, Sardinia, and the Balearic islands. 

The Roman Republic destroyed Carthage in the Punic Wars of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. In later centuries Rome started a colony in the same place and it became an important city of Africa Province. Eventually the Vandals conquered the city and used it to attack Rome.

The Punic Wars 
Carthage was a rival for Mediterranean Sea power for the Roman Republic, who wanted to take over the whole western Mediterranean Sea.  Carthage was a large obstacle to that. So, in 264 BC, the Romans responded to a plea for help by some rebels in Messina, and landed an army in Sicily. This started the First Punic War.  The Romans then invaded the Carthaginian holdings in Sicily, and the Carthaginian generals could not stop them.  Even at sea, the Romans were able to copy the Carthaginian bireme ships and win several major victories on the sea, though the Carthaginians had long fought at sea and the Romans were new to this.  

Finally, a general named Hamilcar Barca took up the Carthaginian defense in place of the decidedly older, less energetic Hanno. Hamilcar immediately realized the futility of meeting the superior Roman army in open battle, so he decided to use hit-and-run raids to wear down the Romans. This tactic was slightly more effective against the slow, heavily armored roman troops. Eventually, however the Romans were able to take Lilybaeum, the Carthaginian's main stronghold in Sicily. This ended Carthage's power in Sicily and ended the First Punic War. 

In the Second Punic War, Hannibal Barca led the Carthaginian army through Spain, southern Gaul, and across the Alps, into Italy in 218 BC. There he clashed with the Roman Republic in 3 major battles: the battle of the River Trebia, the battle of lake Trasmine, and The battle of Cannae. Hannibal defeated the Romans in stunning victories in each of these battles. He failed, however, to take Rome, and eventually had to retreat back to Carthage, where he was defeated by Scipio Africanis in the battle of Zama. The Romans destroyed Carthage in 146 BC, in the third Punic war. The Carthaginians who survived, numbering about 50,000, were sold into slavery.

References 

Ancient Rome
History of the Middle East
Phoenician colonies
1302



Events 
 June 12 – beginning of Rakvere town, Estonia
 July 11 – Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch), major victory of Flanders over the French.
 September 24 – Charles II of Naples makes peace with Frederick III of Sicily under the Treaty of Caltabellotta – the War of Sicilian Vespers ends

 Roger de Flor starts the Catalan Company with soldiers (Almogavars) jobless after the Treaty of Caltabellotta
 Spain occupies the harbor of Algiers
 Jicin, Bohemia is chartered as a city
 Pope Boniface VIII stops the activities of the Franciscans
 Boniface VIII publishes the bull Unam Sanctam
 First meeting of the French States-General
 Dante Alighieri is sent away (exiled) from Florence by the Black Guelphs, as is Petrarch's father (see Guelphs and Ghibellines)
 Robert I of Scotland makes peace with Edward I of England
Brockton, Massachusetts

Brockton is a town in Plymouth County in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It and the town of Plymouth are the county seats of Plymouth County.

Brockton is also called the city of champions because world boxing champs Rocky Marciano and Marvin Hagler came from there.

The Rocky Marcaino Statue 
 

On Brockton High School's grounds, a Rocky Marciano statue was erected in 2012. It is the tallest statue of a sportsman in the world. The statue was made possible by J.P.L. Lubek & Wanda Wladyslawa Nida .
A bronze statue of Marciano was planned for August 31 2009 completion date in his hometown of Brockton, Massachusetts, as a gift to the city by the World Boxing Council, based on Jan & Wanda's SOLE recommendations. The artist, Mario Rendon, head of the Instituto Universitario de las Bellas Artes in Colima, Mexico, was selected to sculpt the statue. After years of delays in the planning stages, the groundbreaking for the statue was held on April 1 2012, on the grounds of Brockton High School. The statue was officially unveiled on September 23 2012, which was the 60th anniversary of Marciano winning the world heavyweight title. A bronze statue of Marciano was also erected in Ripa Teatina, Italy, to celebrate the birthplace of Marciano's father.

References 

Cities in Massachusetts
County seats in Massachusetts
1222



Events 
 Foundation of the University of Padua
 Completion of the Cistercian convent in Alcobaca, Portugal
 Eric XI becomes King of Sweden
 Premysl Ottokar I reunites Bohemia and Moravia
 John III Ducas Vatatzes becomes Byzantine emperor (in the Empire of Nicaea)
 Alexander of Hales enters the Franciscan order
 April 17 – Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, opens a council at Osney

Births 
 February 16 – Nichiren, Japanese founder of Nichiren Buddhism (d. 1282)
 August 4 – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (d. 1262)
 Andrei II of Russia, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1264)

Deaths 
 March 10 – Johan Sverkersson, king of Sweden since 1216 (b. 1201)
 June 23 – Constance of Aragon (b. 1179)
 August 2 – Count Raymond VI of Toulouse (b. 1156)
 August 12 – Ladislaus Jindrich of Bohemia
 Theodore I Lascaris, founder of the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea
Duke Kahanamoku

Duke Kahanamoku (August 24, 1890 – January 22, 1968), was a Hawaiian athlete who is called the inventor of modern surfing. He was also on the United States Olympic team as a swimmer, and won several silver and gold medals.

Contrary to some misinformation on the internet, Duke is not known as the Big Kahuna. He himself rejected that term, because he knew its meaning. The Big Kahuna is a character in the Gidget story, which is based on a portrayal of Tube Steak Tracy, a famous surfer of the '40s & '50s in Malibu.

References

Other websites

1890 births
1968 deaths
American Olympic gold medalists
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Surfers
Sportspeople from Hawaii
Hirohito

was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 25 December 1926, until his death on 7 January 1989. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Akihito. In Japan, reigning emperors are known simply as "the Emperor" and he is now referred to primarily by his posthumous name, .

The name "Shōwa" was given to Hirohito after he died. Emperors of Japan are normally renamed in this way; and people started using the new name in 1990.  During his long reign, many people outside Japan call him Emperor Hirohito, or just Hirohito.

Events of Shōwa's life
Prince Hirohito was named regent for his father in 1921.  he became emperor after his father's death.

World War II 
Hirohito was the emperor of Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War  which became World War 2 (1931 to 1945). Though he was supposed to be an absolute monarch (an emperor who can make all the laws and rules), most of the power in the Japanese Government during this time was held by Japan's Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō and the military. Hirohito's role in WW2 is controversial.

Constitutional monarch
After Japan's defeat in the war, the role of emperor changed.  The emperor became a symbol of the state.

Hirohito was the first emperor to travel outside Japan.  He visited Europe in 1971 and he traveled to the United States in 1975.

After his death

Emperor Showa died of small intestine cancer and  was succeeded by his son, Prince Akihito.

The state funeral for the late emperor was an international event. World leaders attending the funeral included U.S. President George H. W. Bush, French President François Mitterrand, and the Duke of Edinburgh.

Emperor Shōwa is buried in the Imperial Mausoleum in Hachiōji, along with Emperor Taishō.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Hirohito, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 900+ works in 1,500 publications in 15 languages and 31,000 library holdings .

 1967 – A Review of the Hydroids of the Family Clathrozonidae with Description of a New Genus and Species from Japan.
 1969 – Some hydroids from the Amakusa Islands.
 1971 – Additional notes on Clathrozoon wilsoni Spencer.
 1974 – Some hydrozoans of the Bonin Islands
 1977 – Five hydroid species from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea.
 1983 – Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Nijima.
 1984 – A new hydroid Hydractinia bayeri n. sp. (family Hydractiniidae) from the Bay of Panama.
 1988 – The hydroids of Sagami Bay collected by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan.
 1995 – The hydroids of Sagami Bay II.

Honors
 Order of the Chrysanthemum, Japan
 Order of the Rising Sun, Japan
 Order of the Sacred Treasure, Japan
 Order of the Garter (KG), UK
 Fellow of the Royal Society, UK

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Shōwa period

References 

Notes

Further reading
 Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ; OCLC 247018161

Other websites 

Deaths from small intestine cancer
Emperors of Japan
1901 births
1989 deaths
People from Tokyo
Abraham

Abraham (originally Abram) is a man in the Book of Genesis and the Qur'an. There, he is said to be the father of all Jews. This is because he is their ancestor. Abraham is part of the Jewish, Christian and Islamic religions. Abraham is considered the father of these three religions, which are called Abrahamic religions.

Abraham is the father of Isaac with his wife Sarah. He also has Ishmael with Hagar, Sarah's handmaid, and he has other children with Keturah, whom he marries after Sarah's death. He is the grandfather of Jacob and Esau. Abraham is believed to be the founding patriarch of the Israelites, Ishmaelites and Edomites. Abraham was the third son of Terah and the grandson of Nahor. Abraham's older brothers were named Nahor and Haran.

Other websites
"Journey and Life of the Patriarch Abraham" is an old map from 1590 that is about Abraham

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
Bacon

Bacon is a type of meat that comes from pigs. It is taken from the sides, back, or belly of the pig. It is often cut in thin slices, unlike other cured or smoked pork products. It is usually fried or grilled. It can also be microwaved.

In the U.S., back bacon and smoked ham is sometimes called Canadian bacon.

Bacon has lots of fat. Because bacon comes from pigs, people of some religions will not eat it. In some cultures and religions (such as Islam and Judaism), eating pork may be considered "unclean." Because of this, other varieties of bacon are also made out of turkey or chicken instead. Turkey bacon and chicken bacon usually contain half of the fat of pork-based bacon.

References

Pork
Breakfast foods
Molotov-Ribbentrop pact

The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, otherwise known as the Nazi-Soviet Pact, was signed by Vyacheslav Molotov (Stalin's Soviet foreign minister) and Joachim von Ribbentrop (Hitler's German foreign minister) on 23 August 1939. The agreement promised that neither the Soviet Union nor Nazi Germany would attack each other.

A secret part established spheres of interest in Eastern Europe, and a border between both countries existed after they had invaded and divided Poland.

Only nine days later, on 1 September 1939, the German invasion of Poland began. On 17 September, the Soviet invasion of Poland began. 

About 250,000 to 454,700 Polish soldiers and policemen were captured and interned by the Soviet authorities. About 125,000 were imprisoned in camps run by the NKVD, and 43,000 soldiers born in western Poland, which was under German control, were transferred to the Germans. In turn, the Soviets received 13,575 Polish prisoners from the Germans, which showed how close the co-operation was between the Germans and the Soviets. 

On 3 September, France and the United Kingdom declared war soon because both had promised to defend Poland if it was attacked. Since neither of them was ready for war, they did nothing to help Poland for some time, but the Second World War clearly had started on that day.

Hitler later broke the pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. The war would end by the Soviet victory in 1945.

References 

1930s treaties
World War II
Nazi Germany
1930s in the Soviet Union
Vyacheslav Molotov

Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (;  in Kukarka – November 8, 1986 in Moscow) was a Soviet politician and diplomat. He was a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he came to power. He was a protégé of Joseph Stalin until the 1950s, when Nikita Khrushchev dismissed him from office.

Molotov was the main Soviet signatory of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939. The pact was signed between Germany and the Soviet Union, and both countries promised not to attack each other. The pact lasted about two years until Germany started the invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.

The Molotov Cocktail, which was invented by Finns fighting in the Winter War against the Soviet invasion of Finland, is named after him.

1890 births
1986 deaths
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Soviet people of World War II
Heads of government of the Soviet Union
Joachim von Ribbentrop

Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop ("von" was added only later) (30 April 1893 in Wesel – 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg) was the foreign minister of Germany from 1938 to 1945. He was executed by hanging for war crimes after the Nuremberg trials.

Drom 1936 to 1938, before the Second World War, he had been the ambassador to the United Kingdom.

Other websites 

1893 births
1946 deaths
Executed German people
Executed Nazis
Ambassadors of Germany
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
People executed by hanging
People from Wesel
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Nazi Party
SS officers
German Lutherans
Arson

Arson is a crime. When someone deliberately sets fire to a building, vehicle, etc. they do not own and they want to cause damage, it is called arson. A person who commits arson is an arsonist. Arsonists usually use gasoline or kerosene to start a fire. 

Arson
Types of crime
Cocktail

A cocktail is a kind of mixed drink. Usually, it is made with alcoholic drinks such as vodka, gin or rum. Since such spirits do not have much taste of their own (at around 40% alcohol), other ingredients are added. Common ingredients are fruits, fruit juice, sugar, crushed ice, and ice cubes. If the cocktail is served in a bar or nightclub, it often comes with a piece of fruit on top. For example, a gin and tonic could have a lemon, a Piña Colada could have a pineapple and a cherry. A popular cocktail in Cornwall UK is the McVey, 440ml of strongbow and 125ml of Malibu.

Most cocktails were invented in the late 19th or early 20th centuries. People began drinking a lot of cocktails in the United States in the 1920s due to Prohibition. Around that time, cocktails from Cuba, such as the mojito, became popular around the world.

Cocktails made without alcohol are also made.

Because all the ingredients give their flavor to the finished drink, a cocktail is only as good as the worst ingredient.

Common cocktails 

There are many kinds of cocktails. They include:

 A martini is the most common cocktail. It is made with gin and vermouth, and served with an olive
There are many variations on a martini, which include a Gibson (martini with an onion instead of an olive), a Bronx (Martini plus orange juice), and an Appletini (made with apple liqueur instead of vermouth)
 The old-fashioned is thought to be the first cocktail. It is made with whiskey, sugar, bitters, and soda water
 A margarita is made with tequila, triple sec and lime juice. It came from Mexico, and is commonly served in Mexican cuisine.
A sidecar is similar to a margarita, but is made with cognac instead of tequila
 A Manhattan is made with rye whiskey, vermouth, and bitters
If it is made with scotch, it is called a Rob Roy
 A mojito is made with rum, lime juice, sugar, water and spearmint leaves.
A mint julip is similar to a mojito. It made with bourbon, sugar, water, and spearmint leaves. It is popular in the Southern United States, especially at the Kentucky Derby
 A daiquiri is made with rum and lime juice. Like many popular cocktails, it came from Cuba.
 A piña colada is an iced cocktail made with pineapple juice, coconut cream and rum. It came from Puerto Rico.
 A bloody Mary is made with tomato and lemon juices, plus vodka. It is different not only because of its blood-red color, but because it is served with a pickle or celery.

References

Other websites
 Wikibooks:Bartending for many recipes

Alcoholic drink