cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Roberto Perfumo

Roberto Alfredo Perfumo (3 October 1942 – 10 March 2016) was an Argentine footballer and sports commentator. He was nicknamed El Mariscal. He was thought as one of the best Argentine defenders ever. Perfumo played for Racing, River Plate and Brazilian team Cruzeiro. With the national team, he played the 1966 and 1974 World Cups.

Perfumo died at 73 from a skull injury after falling from a stairway in Buenos Aires on 10 March 2016.

References

1942 births
2016 deaths
1966 FIFA World Cup players
1974 FIFA World Cup players
Accidental deaths from falls

Argentine footballers
Sports commentators
Aldo Ferrer

Aldo Ferrer (April 15, 1927 – March 8, 2016) was an Argentine economist and policy maker. Ferrer was one of the leading figures of economic nationalism in Argentina. He served as Minister of Economy from 1970 through 1971. He later served as an ambassador to France from Argentine. He served as ambassador from 2011 through 2013. He was born in Buenos Aires.

Ferrer died in Buenos Aires on March 8, 2016. He was aged 88.

References

1927 births
2016 deaths
Argentine politicians
Argentine economists
People from Buenos Aires
David S. Johnson

David Stifler Johnson (December 9, 1945 – March 8, 2016) was an American computer scientist. He was known for his works in algorithms and optimization. He was the head of the Algorithms and Optimization Department of AT&T Labs Research from 1988 to 2013. He was a visiting professor at Columbia University from 2014 to 2016. He was awarded the 2010 Knuth Prize.

Johnson died on March 8, 2016 at the age of 70.

References

1945 births
2016 deaths
American computer scientists
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
Alfred E. Senn

Alfred Erich Senn (April 12, 1932 – March 8, 2016) was an American professor of history. He worked at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Senn was born in Madison, Wisconsin. Senn was the author of eight books. He taught about the history of Lithuania.

Senn died in Madison, Wisconsin at the age of 83.

References

Other websites
Alfred Erich Senn  – short bio

1932 births
2016 deaths
American historians
Educators from Wisconsin
People from Madison, Wisconsin
Bill Wade

William James "Bill" Wade (October 4, 1930 – March 9, 2016) was an American football quarterback. He played professionally in the National Football League (NFL). He was thought as one of the greatest athletes in Nashville and Vanderbilt University history.

Wade was a member of the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame. He was best known for being the starting quarterback on the Chicago Bears' 1963 NFL championship team. He also played for the Los Angeles Rams.

Wade died in Nashville, Tennessee on March 9, 2016. He was aged 85.

References

1930 births
2016 deaths
American football quarterbacks
Chicago Bears players
Los Angeles Rams players
Sportspeople from Nashville, Tennessee
Rafiq Azad

Rafiq Azad (born Rafiqul Islam Khan; February 14, 1942 – March 12, 2016) was a Bangladeshi poet, editor and writer. He was born in Tangail. He wrote over 45 collections of poetry including Prakriti O Premer Kabita, Asambhaber Paye, Sahasra Sundar, Haturir Nichae Jiban, Khub Beshi Durea Noy, Khamakaro Bahaman Hey Udar Amiyo Batas and others. He was a freedom fighter during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. Azad was called as one of the most important young poets in the post-Liberation War period.

Azad died in Dhaka, Bangladesh from a stroke on March 12, 2016. He was aged 74.

References

1942 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Bangladeshi poets
Bangla Academy Literary Award winners
Recipients of the Ekushey Padak
Bangladeshi Muslims
József Verebes

József Verebes (23 March 1941 – 13 March 2016) was a Hungarian football manager and player. He was born in Budapest. Verebes played for Ferencvárosi TC from 1961 through 1962. He managed the Hungary national football team in 1987.

On 15 October 2010, Verebes became the coach of Nagytétény SE, competing in the Budapest championship. Verebes became the advisor of his former club Rába ETO in 2011.

Verebes died in Budapest from complications of a stroke at the age of 74.

References

1941 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Hungarian footballers
Hungarian football managers
Sportspeople from Budapest
Martin Olav Sabo

Martin Olav Sabo (February 28, 1938 – March 13, 2016) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL). He served as a United States Representative for , which includes Minneapolis. He served as a representative from 1979 through 2007. 

Sabo was born in Crosby, North Dakota. He studied at Augsburg College. Sabo died in Minneapolis, Minnesota from respiratory failure, aged 78.

References

Other websites

Minnesota Legislators Past and Present

Martin Sabo legislative and congressional papers are available for research at the Minnesota Historical Society

1938 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Minnesota
Politicians from North Dakota
United States representatives from Minnesota
Iolanda Balaș

Iolanda Balaș (, , later Balázs-Sőtér Jolán; 12 December 1936 – 11 March 2016) was a Romanian Olympic athlete. She was a champion and former world record holder in the women's high jump. She was the first Romanian woman to win an Olympic gold medal and is considered to have been one of the greatest high jumpers of the twentieth century.

Balaș was diagnosed several years ago with type II diabetes. She died in Bucharest, Romania from complications from a gastric disorder, at the age of 79.

References

1936 births
2016 deaths
Romanian sportspeople
High jumpers
Bill Gadsby

William Alexander Gadsby (August 8, 1927 – March 10, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played for the Chicago Black Hawks, New York Rangers, and Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League. He was born in Calgary, Alberta.

Gadsby died in Farmington Hills, Michigan on March 10, 2016. He was aged 88.

References

1927 births
2016 deaths
Chicago Blackhawks players
New York Rangers players
Detroit Red Wings players
Sportspeople from Calgary
Ice hockey defencemen
Ernestine Anderson

Ernestine Anderson (November 11, 1928 – March 10, 2016) was an American jazz and blues singer. She recorded over 30 albums. She was nominated four times for a Grammy Award. 

She sung at Carnegie Hall, the Kennedy Center, the Monterey Jazz Festival (six times over a 33-year span), as well as at jazz festivals all over the world. In the early 1990s she joined Qwest Records, the label of fellow Garfield High School grad Quincy Jones. Her career lasted for 60 years. Anderson was born in Houston, Texas.

Anderson died in her sleep in Seattle, Washington on March 10, 2016. She was aged 87.

References

1928 births
2016 deaths
Musicians from Houston
Claude Estier

Claude Estier (8 June 1925 – 10 March 2016), born Claude Hasday Ezratty, was a French politician and journalist. He was deputy of Paris in 1967-1968 and again in 1981-1986. He was then Senator from 1986 to 2004 and was President of the Socialist group in the Senate from 1988 to 2004. In 1955 he joined the political redaction of Le Monde. He quit in 1958.

Note

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
French politicians
French journalists
Socialists
People from Paris
Louis Meyers

Louis Jay Meyers (June 21, 1955 – March 11, 2016) was an American festival organizer and co-founder of South By Southwest. He was born in Austin, Texas. Meyers was the event’s primary music booker until he sold his share in the event after the 1994 conference. Meyers was also an multi-instrumentalist and producer. From 2005 to 2013, Meyers was executive director of Folk Alliance International. 

Meyers was admitted to a hospital in Austin on March 10, 2016 and initially was diagnosed with blood clots. He then died of a suspected heart attack the next day at his home. He was aged 60.

References

1950s births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Musicians from Austin, Texas
Gogi Grant

Myrtle Audrey Arinsberg (September 20, 1924 – March 10, 2016), known as Gogi Grant, was an American popular singer. She was best known for her No. 1 hit in 1956, "The Wayward Wind". She was voted the most popular female vocalist by Billboard magazine. This single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 in 1961. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Grant died on March 10, 2016 in Philadelphia, aged 91. Her death was announced by her son, Joshua Beckett. She also had a daughter, Jeri Brown.

References

1924 births
2016 deaths
Country musicians from Pennsylvania
Singers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jovito Salonga

Jovito "Jovy" Reyes Salonga (June 22, 1920 – March 10, 2016) was a Filipino statesman and lawyer. He was known as a leading opposition leader during the regime of Ferdinand Marcos. He served as the opposition leader from 1972 until the People Power Revolution in 1986, which removed Marcos from power. Salonga was the 14th President of the Senate of the Philippines serving from 1987 to 1992.

Salonga died in March 10, 2016 from cardiac arrest in Quezon City. He was aged 95.

References

1920 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Presidents of the Senate of the Philippines
Dragan Nikolić

Dragoslav "Dragan" Nikolić (; 20 August 1943 – 11 March 2016) was a Serbian actor. He was born in Belgrade. In 1967 he starred in the movie Kad budem mrtav i beo. Nikolić has since appeared in many movies of different genres. He was one of the most well-known actors in Serbian cinema. 

In 2000, he received the "Pavle Vuisić" Award for his lifework. From 2011 to 2013, he was the television host on the Serbian edition of quiz Millionaire.

Nikolić died in Belgrade from cancer at the age of 72.

References

Other websites
 

1943 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Movie actors
Serbian actors
Television presenters
Rómulo Macció

Romulo Macció (1931 – 11 March 2016) was an Argentine painter. He worked with the local avant-garde art movement which took shape during the 1960s. He was born in Buenos Aires. 

Macció described much of the genteel portrait and landscape art available at that time as "pink chocolate." He was awarded the De Ridder Prize in 1959 and the Torcuato di Tella Institute International Prize in 1962. He helped create the Neo-figurative movement that swept Latin American art during the 1960s. 

Macció died in Buenos Aires on 11 March 2016. He was aged 84.

References

Other websites
Artnet
The Legacy Project 

1931 births
2016 deaths
Argentine painters
People from Buenos Aires
Lawrence Van Gelder

Lawrence Van Gelder (February 17, 1933 – March 11, 2016) was an American journalist and instructor. He has worked at several different New York City-based newspapers in his long career. He was born in New York City.

Until 2010, he was senior editor of the Arts and Leisure weekly section of The New York Times as well as a movie critic.  Among the newspapers for which Van Gelder has worked are the New York Daily Mirror, the New York Journal-American and the World-Journal-Tribune.

Gelder died of leiomyosarcoma (soft muscle cancer) on March 11, 2016, aged 83.

References

1933 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from leiomyosarcoma
Cancer deaths in New York City
American movie critics
Journalists from New York City
South Gyeongsang Province

South Gyeongsang is a province in South Korea. It has cities including its capital Changwon, Gimhae, and Sangju. South Gyeongsang's governor is Hong Jun-pyo.

History

In 1895, Gyeongsang-do divided. In the south, the west was called Jinju, and the east Dongnae. In 1896, Jinju and Dongnae joined, making Gyeongsangnam-do. In 1896 the provincial capital was Jinju, but it changed to Busan in 1925. In 1963, Busan separated, so in 1983 the provincial capital moved to Changwon. Ulsan separated in 1997.

Geography
South Gyeongsang's area is 10531.1km². It occupies 10.6% of South Korea's whole area. South Gyeongsang's area is the fourth largest of the 16 cities and provinces.

Population
South Gyeongsang's population is 3,364,695 and the population density is 307/km².

District
There are 8 cities and 10 counties in South Gyeongsang.

Website
http://www.gyeongnam.go.kr/jsp/main/main.jsp 

Provinces of South Korea
Sikorsky S-76

The Sikorsky S-76 is an American helicopter. It is used both by civil and military aviation.

Helicopters
Sikorsky aircraft & helicopter
Fairey Hendon

The Fairey Hendon is the first British bomber built in metal. It was designed for night flight. It was used only by the RAF.

Variants 
 Hendon Mk-I, prototype, only one built.
 Hendon Mk-II, serie variant, 14 built.

Royal Air Force aircraft
2016 Saxony-Anhalt state election

The Saxony-Anhalt state election was held on 13 March 2016 in the German State of Saxony-Anhalt for the next composition of the Parliament of Saxony-Anhalt. The incumbent Governor is Reiner Haseloff of the CDU, governing with the SPD.

Issues and campaign

Results
30 CDU MPs were elected (down 12) - 29.8%
24 AfD MPs were elected (up 24) - 24.2%
17 The Left MPs were elected (down 9) - 16.3%
11 SPD MPs were elected (down 17) - 10.6%
5 Green MPs were elected (down 4) - 5.2%

Post-election
The only realistic possibility would be a coalition government of the CDU, SPD and the Greens. Together, they would have a 2-seat majority . Other combinations (such as the CDU and The Left or CDU and AfD) are highly unlikely. The stark differences among the parties will make it harder for negotiations to create a coalition.

Polls before the election
The reference for the polls is wahlrecht.de.

References

Other websites
Saxony-Anhalt Electoral Office

2016 in Germany
Elections in Germany
2016 elections in Europe
March 2016 events
Saxony-Anhalt
North American Aviation A3J Vigilante

The North American Aviation A3J Vigilante is an American reconnaissance and attack aircraft. It served with US Navy onto aircraft carrier. After September 1962 A3J Vigilante began A-5 Vigilante.

United States Navy aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Ratified on January 23, 1933, the Twentieth Amendment (Amendment XX) to the United States Constitution moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20. It moved the start and end dates for members of Congress from March 1 to January 21. In both cases the start and end time is at noon. It also gives the procedure to follow if for some reason there is no president-elect.

Text

Background 
In the later part of the eighteenth century, when the Constitution was written, travel and communications were both very slow by modern standards. To cross the Atlantic Ocean could take several weeks. Traveling by horseback or by carriage on crude roads in the US could take even longer. Communications were mainly by letter or messenger. For these reasons the framers of the Constitution allowed for the longer periods of time it took to send and receive messages. Four months, the time from the election in November to the swearing-in in March, was necessary at the time.

By the 1930s, a railroad passenger could cross the country in 3 days. The Post Office had been using airmail since 1918. But vastly improved travel times and communications were not the only reasons behind the Twentieth Amendment. The joint resolution calling for the amendment was sponsored by Republican Senator George William Norris of Nebraska. Called the "Lame Duck" Amendment, it acquired this name because Norris wanted to eliminate the lame-duck sessions of Congress where outgoing members still held office and voted on bills for several months before the new members could be sworn in. The bill he wrote applied to both houses of Congress, the offices of President and Vice-President.

Another area the amendment addressed was with the succession of the president if the president-elect died before taking office. It provides for the vice-president elect to become the president-elect and take office on January 20. The amendment also give Congress the power to legislate on other issues dealing with the succession of the president.

Effects of the Twentieth Amendment 
The sessions of Congress between the election and the beginning of a new term are called "lame duck" sessions because members of Congress who were voted out of office still attend and can still vote. Originally the term "lame duck" was a financial term meaning those who could not repay a loan. As used in politics, a representative who lost an election was no longer accountable to the voters. As the framers of the Twentieth Amendment saw it, lame duck representatives should not be able to vote since voters had already rejected their views. The Twentieth Amendment only shortened the lame duck period by six weeks. Between 1933 and 2012, 18 lame-duck sessions of Congress have passed laws.

Notes

References 

  
 The Constitution and the Inauguration of the President
 Twentieth Amendment: Limiting Lame Duck Mischief

20
Noura Ghazi

Noura Ghazi (نورة غازي) also Noura Ghazi al-Safadi ( نورة غازي الصفدي ) was born September 30 1981 in Damascus, Syria.  She is a Syrian lawyer.  Her husband, Bassel disappeared in Syria in 2014.

Life 

Ghazi's father was an activist for workers. When Ghazi was five years old, her father was sent to prison by the Supreme Court of State Security. Noura Ghazi studied law at Damascus University.

Work 

Ghazi became a human rights lawyer in 2004. She defends people who are in jail because they are prisoners of conscience in Syria.

Ghazi's husband Bassel Khartabil (Arabic: باسل خرطبيل‎), or Bassel Safadi (Arabic: باسل صفدي‎), a Syrian-Palestinian who wrote open-source software, was arrested on March 15, 2012. They were married at Adra prison on January 7, 2013.

While Bassel was in prison, from 2012-2015, Ghazi wrote a book about him called Waiting.  Bassel translated the book into English.

References

Other websites 

  
 "Read the story of Bassel Khartabil, Syrian prisoner who lives and risks dying for a free Internet" on Creative Commons
 
 

1981 births
Living people
Syrian people
Lawyers
Women lawyers
Thelma Aldana

Thelma Aldana or Thelma Esperanza Aldana Hernández de López (born September 27, 1955), is a Guatemalan lawyer. She became a judge in the Supreme Court in 2009. She was elected president of the Supreme Court from 2011 to 2011. In 2013 she replaced Claudia Paz y Paz as Guatemala’s attorney general.

Work 
Aldana graduated from the University of San Carlos in Guatemala. She has a Master's degree in Civil and Procedural Law.

Courts for violence against women 
In 2011, when she was president of the Supreme Court, Aldana started special courts in Guatemala for femicide cases. Killing women, and violence against women became a crime in Guatemala. Eleven districts now have the special courts. Judges and police officers receive special gender crime training. Every year there are 56,000 reports of violence against women.

Against corruption 
In 2015 Aldana led an investigation into government corruption. As a result, the president of Guatemala resigned.

Awards 
 In 2015 Aldana won the Jaime Brunet Prize for the Promotion of Human Rights from the Public University of Navarra. the prize was for her work for women's rights, against gender violence, and for the rights of the indigenous peoples, as well as against political corruption. The prize was for 36,000 euros.
 In 2016, Aldana received the International Women of Courage Award

Other websites 

 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References 

Judges
Guatemalan politicians
Living people
1955 births
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Women judges
Suranimala Rajapaksha

Jayasinghe Rajapakse Mohottige Don Suranimala Rajapaksha (Sinhala:සුරනිමල රාජපක්ෂ) (5 January 1949 – 14 March 2016) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was first elected to the Parliament of Sri Lanka in 1994. He was the Minister of School Education in Republic Socialist of Sri Lanka in 2001 to 2004. He was a member of the United National Party (UNP) and a member of UNP Working Committee. He was appointed as the Coordinating secretary to the Prime Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe on 27 January 2015.

Rajapaksha died on 14 March 2016 at a hospital in Colombo, Sri Lanka from renal failure. He was aged 67.

References

1949 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Sri Lankan politicians
Civil servants
Doreen Massey

Doreen Barbara Massey FRSA FBA FAcSS (3 January 1944 – 11 March 2016) was a British social scientist and geographer. She was working among others on topics involving Marxist geography, feminist geography, and cultural geography.  Her work on space, place and power has been highly helpful within a range of related disciplines and research fields.  She served as Emeritus Professor of Geography at the Open University.

Massey died on 11 March 2016 from pancreatic cancer. She was aged 72.

References

Other websites
Profile at Open University
Open University Radio transcript and mp3 file

1944 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
British scientists
People from Manchester
Hilary Putnam

Hilary Whitehall Putnam (July 31, 1926 – March 13, 2016) was an American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist. He was a central figure in analytic philosophy from the 1960s. He worked in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of science. Until his death, Putnam was Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University.

Putnam was born in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Harvard University, at University of Pennsylvania and at the University of California, Los Angeles. Putnam died on March 13, 2016 from mesothelioma at his home in Boston, Massachusetts. He was aged 89.

References

Other websites

 
 An extensive bibliography
 An extensive directory
 London Review of Books contributor page
 Hilary Putnam: On Mind, Meaning and Reality, Interview by Josh Harlan, The Harvard Review of Philosophy, spring 1992.
 "To Think with Integrity", Hilary Putnam's Farewell Lecture, The Harvard Review of Philosophy, Spring 2000.

1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from mesothelioma
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
American philosophers
American mathematicians
American computer scientists
Scientists from Chicago
Harvard University faculty
Davy Walsh

David Joseph Walsh (28 April 1923 – 14 March 2016), commonly referred to as  Davy Walsh or Dave Walsh, was an Irish footballer. He was born in Waterford, Ireland.

He played as a centre forward for, among others, Linfield, West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa. Walsh was a dual international. He played for both Ireland teams – the FAI XI and the IFA XI. 

In 1949, he was a member of the FAI XI that defeated England 2–0 at Goodison Park, becoming the first team to beat England at home.

Walsh died on 14 March 2016 from pneumonia in Dublin, Ireland. He was aged 92.

References

Other websites
Northern Ireland’s Footballing Greats

1923 births
2016 deaths
Aston Villa F.C. players
Deaths from pneumonia
Irish footballers
People from Waterford
San Francisco (disambiguation)

San Francisco is a combined city/county in the U.S. state of California.

San Francisco may also refer to:

Related to San Francisco, California 
 San Francisco Bay
 San Francisco Bay Area, the metropolitan area
 San Francisco Peninsula, the peninsula where the city is located
 University of San Francisco, a Jesuit university located in the city
 San Francisco Giants, the professional baseball team which plays in the city
 San Francisco 49ers, the professional American football team which plays in Santa Clara, but retains the name San Francisco, having played in the city from 1946 to 2013

Place names 

Chile
 San Francisco de Mostazal, Chile

Dominican Republic
 San Francisco de Macorís

Ecuador
 San Francisco de Quito, formal name of the capital city

Related pages 
 São Francisco (disambiguation), the Portuguese equivalent of San Francisco
Sergio Arellano Stark

Sergio Arellano Stark (10 June 1921 – 9 March 2016) was a Chilean military officer. He led the so-called “Caravan of Death". It killed many Chileans from helicopters and established Augusto Pinochet’s hold on power. He was born in Santiago, Chile.

Stark died in Santiago, Chile on 9 March 2016 from complications of Alzheimer's disease. He was aged 94.

References

1921 births
2016 deaths
Chilean military people
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Chile
Generals
People from Santiago
Martha Wright

Martha Wright, born Martha Lucile Wiederrecht (March 23, 1923 – March 1, 2016), was an American actress and singer. She performed on Broadway and on television. She was in South Pacific and The Sound of Music. 

Wright died at the age of 92 in Newburyport, Massachusetts on March 1, 2016.

References

Other websites
 

Broadway At Its Best!: Martha Wright (archived version)

1923 births
2016 deaths
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from Seattle, Washington
Singers from Seattle, Washington
Thomas G. Morris

Thomas Gayle Morris (August 20, 1919 – March 4, 2016) was an American politician. He was born in Eastland County, Texas. Morris served in the New Mexico House of Representatives from 1953 to 1958. He was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives in 1958. Morris began serving on January 3, 1959, and left office January 3, 1969, after being defeated for re-election.

Morris died in Amarillo, Texas on March 4, 2016 at the age of 96.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
Politicians from Texas
United States representatives from New Mexico
US Democratic Party politicians
Morgan F. Murphy

Morgan Francis Murphy (April 16, 1932 – March 4, 2016) was an American politician. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives representing Illinois's 2nd district. He served from 1973 through 1981. He replaced Abner J. Mikva. He later served as a U.S. representative for Illinois's 3rd district. He served from 1971 through 1973.

Murphy died in Chicago, Illinois from prostate cancer on March 4, 2016. He was aged 83.

References

1932 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Cancer deaths in Chicago
United States representatives from Illinois
Politicians from Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
Dissenting opinion

A dissenting opinion (or dissent) is an opinion in a legal case. It is written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court. In some cases, they simply declare a disagreement with the majority opinion. In other cases they may be used to instruct, prod, or otherwise try to convince other justices of the point of view expressed by the minority.

When not necessarily referring to a legal decision, this can also be referred to as a minority report.

Dissenting opinions are normally written at the same time as the majority opinion and any concurring opinions. They are also delivered and published at the same time.  A dissenting opinion does not create binding precedent nor does it become a part of case law. However, they can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive authority in subsequent cases when arguing that the court's holding should be limited or overturned. In some cases, a previous dissent is used to spur a change in the law. A later case may result in a majority opinion adopting a particular rule of law formerly advocated in dissent.  As with concurring opinions, the difference in opinion between dissents and majority opinions can often highlight the precise holding of the majority opinion. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes stated in 1936: "A dissent in a Court of last resort is an appeal".

The dissent may disagree with the majority for any number of reasons: a different interpretation of the existing case law, the application of different principles, or a different interpretation of the facts.

References 

Law
Legal opinion

In law, a legal opinion is usually a written explanation by a judge or group of judges that accompanies an order or ruling in a case. Legal opinions  may also be written by legal experts. A legal opinion is used to lay out the rationale (reasons for) and legal principles for the ruling.

Opinions are usually published at the direction of the court. They may be used to reinforce, explain, change, establish, or overturn legal precedent. If a court decides that an opinion should be published, the opinion is included in a volume from a series of books called law reports or case reports. Published opinions of courts are also collectively referred to as case law, which is one of the major sources of law in common law legal systems.

References 

Law
Judicial opinion

A judicial opinion is a form of legal opinion written by a judge or a panel of judges explaining how they resolved a legal dispute. It cites the decision reached to resolve the dispute. A judicial opinion usually includes the reasons behind the decision. Where there are three or more judges, it may take the form of a majority opinion, minority opinion or a concurring opinion.

Kinds of judicial opinions
 A majority opinion is a judicial opinion agreed to by more than half of the members of a court.  A majority opinion sets becomes the decision of the court in a particular case.

 A concurring opinion is written to agree with a decision, but for giving different reasons for the agreement. When it is joined by the greatest number of judges, it is referred to as the plurality opinion.

 A dissenting opinion (or dissent) is an opinion written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion. A dissenting opinion does not create binding precedent nor does it become a part of case law.

References 

Law
Concurring opinion

In law, a concurring opinion is a written opinion by one or more judges of a court which agrees with the decision made by the majority of the court, but states different (or additional) reasons for the decision. It may also be used to add comments. When no absolute majority of the court can agree on the basis for deciding the case, the decision of the court may be contained in a number of concurring opinions. The concurring opinion joined by the greatest number of judges is called the plurality opinion.

Having failed to receive a majority of the court's votes, concurring opinions are not binding precedent (common law) and cannot be cited as such. But concurring opinions can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive precedent (assuming there is no binding precedent already in effect).  The conflict in views between a majority opinion and a concurring opinion can assist a lawyer in understanding the points of law in the majority opinion.  Occasionally, a judge will use a concurring opinion to signal that he or she is open to certain types of "test cases" that would allow the development of a new legal rule. In turn, such a concurring opinion may become more famous than the majority opinion in the same case. A well-known example of this phenomenon is Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. (1944).

Concurring opinions by region
In some courts, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the majority opinion may be broken down into numbered or lettered parts. Concurring justices may state that they join some parts of the majority opinion, but not others, for the reasons given in their concurring opinion. In other courts, such as the Supreme Court of California, the same justice may write a majority opinion and a separate concurring opinion to express additional reasons in support of the judgment

Terminology at the various courts
At the International Court of Justice, the term "separate opinion" is used and judges can also add declarations to the judgment.
The term concurring opinion is used at the Supreme Court of the United States.
The European Court of Human Rights uses the term concurring opinion and calls both concurring and dissenting opinions separate opinions. Judges very rarely add declarations to the judgment.
The Law Lords of the United Kingdom give each an opinion of their own. No aggregated judgment is provided.
 In some jurisdictions (e.g., California), the term may be abbreviated in certain contexts to conc. opn.

Notes

References

Law
Seriatim

In law, seriatim (Latin for "in series") indicates that a court is addressing multiple issues in a certain order, such as the order that the issues were originally presented to the court.

Legal usage 
A seriatim opinion describes an opinion delivered by a court with multiple judges, in which each judge reads his or her own opinion rather than a single judge writing an opinion on behalf of the entire court. This is a practice generally used when a legal case does not have a majority opinion.

Use of the word, and other Latin phrases, has become less frequent in legal communications as a result of, among other factors, efforts by groups such as the Plain Language Movement to promote the use of "plain English" in legal discourse.

In the United Kingdom 
In modern use pleadings is used for "one by one in sequence".  For example, in English civil cases, defence statements generally used to conclude with the phrase "save as expressly admitted herein, each allegation of the plaintiffs is denied as if set out in full and traversed herein seriatim." This formulation is now discouraged under the English Civil Procedure Rules, especially rule 16.5 (3)-(5).

It is sometimes seen in older deeds and contracts as a more traditional way of using terms of reference.  For example "the railway by-laws shall apply to the contract as if set out herein seriatim." It is sometimes found as part of the longer phrase brevatim et seriatim, meaning "briefly and in series".

The term is also used when replying to a communication that contains a number of points, issues or questions to show that the responses are in the same order in which they were raised in the original document: "To deal with your queries seriatim..."

In the United States 
During the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Marshall, 1801 to 1835, the practice of judicial opinions being delivered in seriatim was discontinued.

In 2009, Title III, Rule 15(a)(1) of the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure regarding Amended and Supplemental Pleadings (part of pretrial procedure) was amended to allow three changes in the time previously allowed to make one change. 
This provision will force the pleader to consider carefully and promptly the wisdom of amending to meet the arguments in the motion... and will expedite determination of issues that otherwise might be raised seriatim.
The right to make changes now ends 21 days after service of a motion.

References

Law
Memorandum opinion

In law, a memorandum opinion is usually an unpublished legal opinion that cannot be cited as precedent.  It is formally defined as: "[1] unanimous appellate opinion that succinctly states the decision of the court; an opinion that briefly reports the court's conclusion, usu. without elaboration because the decision follows a well-established legal principle or does not relate to any point of law."  There is no elaboration or explanation because the decision either follows a well-known legal principle or it does not relate to a point of law. A memorandum opinion is also not subject to appeal.

Generally, memorandum opinions follow ordinary rules, including the application of precedent and the rule of stare decisis.

References 

Law
Per curiam decision

In law, a per curiam decision (or opinion) is a ruling issued by an appellate court in which the decision rendered is made by the court (or at least, a majority of the court) acting collectively and unanimously. In contrast to regular opinions, a per curiam does not list the individual judge responsible for authoring the decision, but minority dissenting and concurring decisions are signed.

Per curiams are not the only type of decision that can reflect the opinion of the court. Other types of decisions can also reflect the opinion of the entire court, such as unanimous decisions, in which the opinion of the court is expressed with an author listed. The Latin term per curiam literally means "by the court".

United States

Federal
The decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court are usually not per curiam. Their decisions more commonly take the form of one or more opinions signed by individual justices which are then joined in by other justices. Unanimous and signed opinions are not considered per curiam decisions, as only the court can officially designate opinions as per curiam. Per curiam decisions tend to be brief in length. The designation is stated at the beginning of the opinion.

The notable exception to the usual characteristics for a per curiam decision is the case of Bush v. Gore. Although it was per curiam, there were multiple concurrences and dissents.

State
The Supreme Court of California occasionally releases decisions in the name of "The Court". But these are not necessarily unanimous.  Sometimes an opinion in the name of the Court may be accompanied by extensive concurring and dissenting opinions.

Canada
The Supreme Court of Canada also attributes some decisions to "The Court" but does not use the phrase per curiam. In the U.S. the term is used primarily for uncontroversial cases. In Canada, however, it has been used for important and controversial cases to emphasize that the entire Court is speaking with a single voice.

Notes

References

Law
Anita Brookner

Anita Brookner, CBE (16 July 1928 – 10 March 2016) was a British award-winning novelist and art historian. She was Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Cambridge from 1967 to 1968. She was the first woman to hold this visiting professorship. She was awarded the 1984 Man Booker Prize for her novel Hotel du Lac.

References

Other websites
Anita Brookner Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
 

1928 births
2016 deaths
British historians
Writers from London
John W. Cahn

John Werner Cahn (January 9, 1928 – March 14, 2016) was an American scientist and recipient of the 1998 National Medal of Science. 

He was a professor in the department of Materials Science at MIT from 1964 to 1978. Since 1977, he has held a position at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards, NBS).Cahn has applied the basic laws of thermodynamics to describe and predict a wide range of physical phenomena.

References

1928 births
2016 deaths
Writers from Michigan
Scientists from Michigan
Tamara Grigsby

Tamara D. Grigsby (November 19, 1974 – March 15, 2016) was an American social worker. She was a university professor from Wisconsin. She served as a Democratic Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing the 18th Assembly District, from 2005 until 2013.

Grigby's staff announced on December 22, 2011 that she was hospitalized in intensive care, battling cancer. In April 2012, Grigsby announced she would be retiring from the Assembly to recover her strength.
Her death was announced on March 15, 2016.

References

1974 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in the United States
Politicians from Wisconsin
Educators from Wisconsin
US Democratic Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
Earline W. Parmon

Earline W. Parmon (Nonember 18, 1943 – March 15, 2016) was an American Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly. She represented the state's seventy-second House district 

Parmon has served five terms in the state House. She announced in 2012 that she would run for a seat in the North Carolina Senate. Parmon served in the North Carolina State Senate and resigned in 2015. Parmon also served as Forsyth County, North Carolina commissioner. 

Parmon died on March 15, 2016 from a short-illness in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. She was aged 72.

References

1943 births
2016 deaths
African American politicians
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
Politicians from North Carolina
US Democratic Party politicians
Asa Briggs

Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs (7 May 1921 – 15 March 2016) was an English historian. He was a leading specialist on the Victorian era. He was a well-known historian of broadcasting in Britain. He was made a life peer in 1976. Briggs was born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire.

Briggs died in Lewes, East Sussex on 15 March 2016. He was aged 94.

References

1921 births
2016 deaths
English historians
People from Yorkshire
Pharisees

Pharisees were Jewish leaders who composed and enforced religious law at a certain period in Jewish history. At times, the Pharisees were a political party, a social movement, and a school of thought. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD, Pharisaic beliefs became the foundation for Rabbinic Judaism. The term 'Judaism' today almost always refers to Rabbinic Judaism.

Paul of Tarsus, disciple of Jesus, was a Pharisee prior to his religious conversion to Christianity.

Other websites 
Pharisees: Oxford Quick Reference
Jewish Encyclopedia: Pharisees

Ancient Israel and Judah
Seru Rabeni

Ratu Seru Raveive Rabeni (27 December 1978 – 15 March 2016) was a Fijian rugby union player. He played as a centre or wing. He played for the Fiji national rugby union team from 2000 through 2011. Rabeni was known in both club and international level for his physicality and bone crunching tackles, earning him the nickname "Rambo".

Rabeni died in Fiji from a heart attack on 15 March 2016, aged 37.

References

Other websites
 Leeds profile 
 Tigers profile
 Fiji profile 
 Pacific Islanders profile 
 Scrum profile

1978 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Fijian sportspeople
Rugby union players
Results of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries

This article will show the current results of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries. The Democratic Party presidential primary is a process of choosing delegates, or people that represent someone, to go to the 2016 Democratic National Convention. People in each state will vote on who they think will be good for the presidency, and each candidate gets a certain amount of delegates based on the number of votes they receive.
The primaries began on 1 February 2016 in Iowa. The remaining candidates are former first lady and secretary of state and senator Hillary Clinton and senator Bernie Sanders.

On June 6, 2016, the Associated Press reported that senator Hillary Clinton has gotten enough delegates to become the presumptive Democratic nominee. However, their count includes some superdelegates. Since superdelegates can vote however they want at the Democratic convention, their votes could change at any time before then, so it is possible (but only remotely possible) that Clinton will not get the nomination. Bernie Sanders endorsed Clinton on 12 July 2016.

Main candidates 

 Hillary Clinton – 67th United States Secretary of State (2009 to 2013), First Lady of the United States (1993 to 2001) and New York senator (2001 to 2009).
 Bernie Sanders – Vermont senator (2007 to present) and representative (1991 to 2007).

Dropped out during primaries 

 Martin O'Malley – Maryland governor (2007 to 2015) and Baltimore mayor (1999 to 2007).

Dropped out before primaries 

 Jim Webb – Virginia senator (2007 to 2013) and Secretary of the Navy (1987 to 1988).
 Lincoln Chafee – Rhode Island governor (2011 to 2015), senator (1999 to 2007) and Warwick mayor (1993 to 1999)
 Lawrence Lessig – professor

Results 

All delegate total are approximate.

 The delegate count that is under the popular vote percentage is estimated. If you add all the delegates listed, you may get a result that is a little bit off from the total at the top of the table. It also only shows pledged delegates, and not super delegates.

Related pages 
 Results of the Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016

References 

2016 United States presidential election
United States Democratic Party
United States presidential primary elections
Armenian calendar

The Armenian calendar was the main calendar used in Armenia during the medieval period.  The year in this calendar is exactly 365 days long, divided into twelve months of thirty days each, plus five extra days that are called "aveleacʿ" in the Armenian language, which are not a part of any month.  The first year in the Armenian calendar is equal to the year 552 AD in the Gregorian calendar.  This calendar was mainly used in the medieval era, but is also used in modern times by some Armenian nationalists.

This calendar has no leap days. For that reason, it shifts backwards against the Gregorian calendar over a period of 1,461 years.

Months 
The twelve months in the calendar have differen names to the months usually used in English.

Calendars
Armenia
Kim Philby

Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby (1 January 1912 – 11 May 1988) was a British intelligence officer who worked as a spy for the Soviet Union, before defecting in 1963.  

Philby began his work for the Soviet Union as a spy in 1934. He went on to serve the KGB for 54 years. He passed over 900 British documents to the KGB. He served as a double agent.  

Of the five spies in the Cambridge Five spy ring, Philby was believed to have been the most successful at passing information to the Soviet Union.

In 1961, defector Anatoliy Golitsyn gave information which pointed to Philby. An MI6 officer,  Nicholas Elliott, was sent in 1963 to interview him in Beirut. He reported that Philby seemed to know he was coming (this suggested the presence of yet another mole). Nonetheless, Philby allegedly confessed to Elliott.

Shortly afterwards, apparently fearing he might be abducted in Lebanon, Philby defected to the Soviet Union. He fled, under cover of night, to a Soviet freighter.

Related pages 
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (movie)

References 

1912 births
1988 deaths
Spies

British communists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
British people of World War II
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Sylvia Anderson

Sylvia Anderson (27 March 1927 – 16 March 2016) was a British producer and actress. She was born in London, England, United Kingdom.  She was known for voicing Lady Penelope in Thunderbirds.

She was married to producer Gerry Anderson from 1960 until they divorced in 1981. They had a daughter and son.

On March 16, 2016, Anderson died of a short illness in her home in Bray, Berkshire at age 88.

References

Other websites
 
 

1927 births
2016 deaths
Actors from London
Disease-related deaths in Berkshire
British television producers
British television actors
British television writers
British voice actors
Movie producers from London
Writers from London
Hua Mulan

Hua Mulan () is a legendary warrior from China. The stories about her are set during various times in China's history. She was first written about in a ballad called the Ballad of Mulan (). In the ballad, Hua Mulan takes her father's place in the army. She practiced martial arts such as kung fu, and was skilled with a sword. She fought for twelve years and became famous, but she refused any reward.

Hua Mulan is a real person and did save China.

Related pages 
 Mulan (movie)

References

Other websites 
 
 
 

History of China
Folklore
Legends