cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun

Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun (Marie Élisabeth Louise; 16 April 1755 – 30 March 1842) was a painter. Her style is considered Rococo with an interest in Neoclassicism. Sometimes, her name is spelled Vigée-Lebrun.

She painted more than 30 portraits of Marie Antoinette over a six year period. She was accepted as a member of the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture in 1783. She left France after the arrest of the royal family during the French Revolution. She lived and worked in Italy, Austria, and Russia. Her work met great critical acclaim in Rome. She was elected to the Roman Accademia di San Luca. In Russia, she painted many aristocrats including Catherine the Great's family.  She was made a member of the Academy of Fine Arts of Saint Petersburg.  

Vigée Le Brun returned to France during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I. Her relationship with the new regime was not completely harmonious. After all, she was a royalist and the former portraitist of Marie Antoinette. She visited England and painted British notables including Lord Byron. In 1807 she traveled to Switzerland where she was made an honorary member of the Société pour l'Avancement des Beaux-Arts of Geneva. She published her memoirs in 1835 and 1837. She lived in Paris, and died there on 30 March 1842. Vigée Le Brun's legacy includes 660 portraits and 200 landscapes.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of French painters

Other websites 

 Large gallery of Vigée LeBrun's work; also articles, Memoirs, biographies 
 Artcyclopedia entry on Louise Elisabeth Vigée Le brun
 Vigée-Lebrun's Portrait of Carlo Gastone della Torre di Rezzonico at artnet
Old Masters: Overlooked Women Artists
Memoirs of Madame Vigée Le brun, translated by Lionel Strachey
Neil Jeffares, Dictionary of pastellists before 1800, online edition

1755 births
1842 deaths
French painters
Chinese folk religion

Chinese folk religion (Chinese: 中国 民间 信仰 (simplified spelling) or 中國 民間 信仰 (traditional spelling), zhōng-guó mín-jiān xìn-yǎng) is a religion that has been practiced in China, and in areas inhabited by Chinese people. It is difficult to make a clear distinction between Chinese folk religion and other beliefs, because  Chinese folk religion has elements of veneration of the dead, local spirits, clan spirits and traditional Eastern religions, such as Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, but also superstition, geomancy and Feng shui. There is no standardized mythology or  clergy: rites are often performed by the father of a family. Since the 1950s, Chinese folk-religion is also sometimes referred to as Shenism or Shénism (Chinese: Shén-jiào, 神教). In this context, shen refers to a spirit or a deity. The term Shenism was first used by A. J. A Elliot in 1955. The term Chinese folk religion is not used inside China.

Sometimes, it is classified with Taoism: Over the centuries, Taoism became institutionalised. During that time, it tried to use local customs, and to become similar to local religions and beliefs.  It would however be more accurate to say that Taoism developed from Shenism, since Shenism was there before. Taoism also developed from Chinese philosophy. With around 454 million adherents, or about 6.6% of the world population, Chinese folk religion is one of the major religious traditions in the world. In China more than 30% of the population adheres to Shenism or Taoism.

During the last 200 years, religion has been heavily suppressed in China, with rebellions such as the Taiping Movement or Cultural Revolution. Today, Chinese folk religion  is experiencing a major revival in both Mainland China and Taiwan.

The government of Mainland China has officially supported different forms of Shenism, such as Mazuism in Southern China (officially about 160 million Chinese are Mazuists), Huangdi worship, Black Dragon worship in Shaanxi, and Caishen worship.

References

Religion in China
Snuff movie

A Snuff movie is a movie that shows the murder of a person, or a group of people, for the entertainment of the audience. Snuff movies are made to gain money. They do not use special effects. The first such movie was El Angel de la Muerte. It is an Argentine horror movie made in 1976. One of the scenes shows how the makers of the movie kill one of the actresses. The English title of the movie was Snuff. This turned out to be a marketing ploy. The actress was not killed. Today, no real snuff movie is known.

Since the 1970s, the theme has been used by different movements in the United States. These groups usually argue that the government needs to control the media more than it currently does. The last such debate was about happy slapping. The debate is also fueled by violent pornography or videos of executions and murders. 

Movies
Natalie Horler

Natalie Christine Horler (born 23 September 1981 in Bonn, West Germany) is a German singer-songwriter of English origin. Her parents David and Christine Horler, are English. She is the lead singer of the Eurodance dance-pop group Cascada.

references

1981 births
Living people
German musicians
German pop singers
Musicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
People from Bonn
Evacuate the Dancefloor

"Evacuate the Dancefloor" is a hit song off the album of the same name by German music group Cascada. The single was released as the lead single of the album June 29, 2009, debuting at #1 on the UK singles chart. It was their third hit song in the United States on many music charts. The song also hit Top 5 in Canada, France and certain other countries.

2009 songs
Madonna del cardellino

The Madonna del cardellino (Madonna of the Goldfinch) is an oil painting by Raphael. It was painted about 15051506. It is known as Madonna of the Goldfinch in English. The painting is in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy.  The painting has been restored. 

The three people form a triangle. The Virgin holds a book. St. John holds a goldfinch. Christ reaches for the bird. Raphael gave the painting to Lorenzo Nasi as a wedding gift. Nasi's house was destroyed by an earthquake in November 1548. The painting broke into several pieces. It was restored, but the damage could still be seen.

References 

Paintings with Christian themes
16th-century paintings
Depictions of Mary (mother of Jesus)
Riace bronzes

The Bronzi di Riace (), sometimes Riace Warriors, (460–430 BCE) are two large monumental Greek bronze sculptures. The statues are of nude bearded warriors. It is possible the statues depict two individuals. It is more likely that they represent types. Rich Romans were collectors of Greek sculpture. It is probable the two warriors were being transported from their original site in Greece to one in Rome. Since the two warriors share so many similarities, they probably formed part of one Greek monument. 

The bronzes were found in the Ionian Sea on 16 August 1972 by Stefano Mariottini. He was on a scuba diving vacation near Reggio Calabria, Italy. The sculptures were found not far from shore at Riace Marina, a village near Porto Foricchio. The area was on an important shipping lane between the ports of Rome and the coastal cities of Greece. The bronzes may have been in an ancient shipwreck. They were either ripped from their moorings or thrown overboard to lighten the load.

The eyes are made of  bone and glass. The teeth are made of silver. The lips and nipples are made of copper. The warriors once held spears and shields. One warrior once wore a helmet pushed up atop his head.   The bronzes are in the Museo Nazionale della Magna Grecia in Reggio Calabria.

Notes

References

Other websites 

Statues
Ancient Greek and Roman statues
Ancient Greek bronze sculptures
The Blue Boy

The Blue Boy is an oil painting by Thomas Gainsborough. It was painted about 1770. The boy in the picture might be Jonathan Buttall, the son of a hardware merchant. The boy wears a 17th-century suit. The painting is large. It measures 48 inches (1,200 mm) wide by 70 inches (1,800 mm) tall. 

The painting belonged to Jonathan Buttall until 1796. It was then sold many times. In 1921 it was sold to an art dealer. An American bought the painting from the dealer. The portrait is now in the Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Pinkie is a famous painting which hangs near it.

References 
 Conisbee, Philip. The Ones That Got Away, essay from Saved! 100 Years of the National Art Collection Fund (2003, ed. Richard Verdi). London: Scala
 Conlin, Jonathan (2006). The Nation's Mantelpiece: A history of the National Gallery. London: Pallas Athene
 Tyler, David. Jonathan Buttall in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Other websites

1770s paintings
Paintings by Thomas Gainsborough
British paintings
San Marino, California
1770
As You Like It

As You Like It is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. 

The play was written in 1599 or early 1600. Shakespeare rarely invented his own plays. He based his plays on stories by other writers. The story he used for As You Like It was Rosalynde, Euphues Golden Legacy (1590) by Thomas Lodge. 

As You Like It may have been first performed in 1603. This is not certain though.  The play was first published in 1623 in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays. 

As You Like It tells the story of a young woman named Rosalind. She has been banished from her uncle's court. Her uncle does not like her because she is gentle, beautiful, witty, and smart. Rosalind decides to live in the Forest of Arden with her cousin Celia and the court jester Touchstone. She dresses like a boy for self-protection. Several scenes involve Rosalind and the people who live in the forest. She is finally united with her sweetheart Orlando.    

Some people think the play is not as good as Shakespeare's other plays. Other people think it is a very good play. One of the great speeches in the play begins "All the world's a stage". 

The play is a favourite with theatre-goers. Rosalind, Touchstone, and a sour old man named Jacques are three of Shakespeare's greatest characters. The play has been adapted to a radio play, to a television show, and to musical theatre. A movie version of the play made in 1936 stars Laurence Olivier.

References
 As You Like It

Other websites 

 Text of As You Like It, fully edited by David Bevington, as well as original-spelling texts, facsimiles of the 1623 Folio text, and other resources, at the Internet Shakespeare Editions

Plays by William Shakespeare
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2010s (U.S.)

This article is about the American Billboard Hot 100 chart held during the 2010s.

The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Published by Billboard magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales, and airplay.

A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public every Thursday in Billboard magazine and on its website. Each chart is dated with the "week-ending" date of the Saturday two weeks after.

Number-one singles

Key
 – Number-one single as of February 18, 2012
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics

Artists by total number-one singles
The following artists achieved two or more number-one singles during the 2010s (as of March 3, 2012). A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.

Note: Rapper will.i.am has had two number-one singles during the 2010s as part of The Black Eyed Peas and as a featured solo artist on Usher's "OMG", but both instances are counted separately.

Artists by total cumulative weeks at number one
The following artists were featured at the top of the Hot 100 for the highest cumulative number of weeks during the 2010s (as of March 3, 2012). Some totals include in part or in whole weeks spent at number one as part of a collaboration. An asterisk (*) denotes that an artist is currently at number one.

Songs by total number of weeks at number one
The following songs were featured at the top of the Hot 100 for the highest number of weeks during the 2010s (as of March 3, 2012). An asterisk (*) denotes that the single is currently at number one.

References

Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
2010s songs
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2000s (U.S.)

This article is about the American Billboard Hot 100 chart held during the 2000s.

The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Published by Billboard magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales, and airplay.

A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public weekly every Thursday on the edition of Billboard's music magazine and on the website of the magazine. Each chart is dated with the "week-ending" date of the Saturday two weeks after.

Number ones 
Key
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics by decade

Artists by total number of weeks at number one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 2000s.

By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 2000s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.

Top 10 songs 
The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best-selling and most-played songs in the US during the 2000s.

Songs by total number of weeks at number one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 2000s.

References

Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
2000s in music
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1990s (U.S.)

This article is about the American Billboard Hot 100 chart held during the 1990s.

The Billboard Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the Billboard magazine. During the 1990s the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.

Number ones 
Key
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics by decade

By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1990s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.

Artists by total number of weeks at number one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1990s.

Top 10 songs 
The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best-selling and most-played songs in the US during the 1990s.

Songs by total number of weeks at number one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1990s.

References

Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
1990s in music
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1980s (U.S.)

This article is about the American Billboard Hot 100 chart held during the 1980s.

The Billboard Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the Billboard magazine. During the 1980s the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.

Number ones 
Key
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics by decade

By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1980s.

Artists by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1980s.

Songs by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1980s.

References

Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
1980s in music
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1970s (U.S.)

This article is about the American Billboard Hot 100 chart held during the 1970s.

The Billboard Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the Billboard magazine. During the 1970s the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.

Number ones 
Key
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics by decade

By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1970s.

Artists by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1970s.

Songs by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1970s.

References

Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
1970s in music
List of Hot 100 number-one singles during 1958–1969 (U.S.)

This article is about the American Billboard Hot 100 chart held from 1958–1969.

The Billboard Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the Billboard magazine. During 1958–1969 the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.

Number ones 
Key
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics by decade

By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during 1958–1969. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.

Artists by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during 1958–1969.

Songs by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during 1958–1969.

References

Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
List of Billboard number-one singles of the 1940s (U.S.)

This article is about the US number-one songs chart held during the 1940s.

Billboard number-one singles chart (which preceded the Billboard Hot 100 chart), which was updated weekly by the Billboard magazine, was the main singles chart of the American music industry since 1940 and until the Billboard Hot 100 chart was established in 1958.

Before the Billboard Hot 100 chart was established (in August 1958), which would solely be based on the sales data and airplay on American radio stations, the Billboard magazine used to published several weekly charts every time. Throughout most of the 1950s the magazine published the following three charts:

Best Sellers in Stores – ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country.
Most Played by Jockeys – ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys and radio stations.
Most Played in Jukeboxes – ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. At that time, this chart used to be one of the most important channels for measuring the popularity of a song among the younger generation of listeners, as many US radio stations resisted adding rock 'n roll music to their playlists for many years.

The list below includes the Best Sellers in Stores singles chart only (for the expanded detailed lists of the three charts, see articles of individual years in the Billboard charts).

Number ones 
Key
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics by decade

By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1940s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.

Artists by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1940s.

Songs by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1940s.

References

Billboard charts
Lists of songs
1940s songs
M110 howitzer

The M110 howitzer was the largest available self-propelled howitzer in the United States Army's inventory.

History 
The M110 first entered service with the US Army in 1963. It was retired in the early 1990s.

This artillery piece was exported to many countries, including Egypt, Greece, Iran, Japan, Morocco, Pakistan, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan and Turkey.

Related pages
 List of howitzers
 Artillery of Japan

References

Other websites 

 Federation of American Scientists (FAS), M110A2 Self-Propelled Howitzer
 PrimePortal.net, M110 howitzer. walk-around 360° images

Howitzers
Military of the United States
Flyball

Flyball is a relay race between two teams of dogs. Each team is made up of four dogs and handlers and a ball loader. There are also two reserve dogs and handlers who can be swapped between legs. Each race consists of three legs.

Other websites

Sports involving animals
Dogs
Eishō (Heian period)

was a  after Kantoku and before Tengi.  This period started in April 1046 and ended in January 1053.  The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Eishō Era
 1046 (Eishō 1): Minamoto no Yorinobu wrote about the spirit of Emperor Ojin and Iwashimizu Hachiman.
 1048 (Eishō 3): Yorinobu died at the age of 81.
 1051 (Eishō 6): In Michinoku, Minamoto no Yoriyoshi was appointed governor; and he was named chinjufu shōgun.

The 11th reconstruction of the Kasuga Shrine in Nara was finished.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Tengi

was a  after Eishō and before Kōhei.  This period started in January 1053 and ended in August 1058. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Tengi Era
 1056 (Tengi 4, 7th-8th months): A star with the shape of a broom was observed in the east at daybreak.
 1057 (Tengi 5, 9th month): Abe no Yoritoki was killed in battle by a stray arrow.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Kōhei

was a  after Tengi and before Jiryaku.  This period started in August 1058 and ended in August 1065. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kōhei Era
 1060 (Kōhei 3, 27th day of the 11th month): A broom star was observed in the south for seven nights.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Sengoku period

or "Warring States period" in Japanese history was a time in which there was little social or political stability. There was nearly constant military conflict which started in the middle of the 15th century and ended at the end of the 16th century. 

The name "Sengoku" was adopted by Japanese historians.  The Sengoku period in Japan mirrors the Warring States period in Chinese history.

The Sengoku period would precede a process of unification and the end of Japan's medieval period.

Important people during the Sengoku period
Three important and powerful daimyo were Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu. These three leaders did the most to bring Japan together as one country. Other important leaders include Date Masamune and Akechi Mitsuhide.

Related pages
History of Japan
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi

References

Other websites

Periods in Japanese history
Samurai
École des Ponts ParisTech

The  (officially , literally "National school of Bridges and Roads") was founded in 1747.  It is one of the oldest engineering schools in France.

The school has different programs including an executive Master of Business Administration in aviation management In Morocco ( in partnership with the Académie internationale Mohammed VI de l'aviation civile and the French Civil Aviation University) and China (in partnership with Tsinghua University and ENAC).

The school trains the Corps of Bridges and Roads.

Select alumni
Notable students at the school include
 Henri Becquerel, physicist
 Marie François Sadi Carnot, President of France (1887-1894)

References

Further reading 
 Official website

Buildings and structures in Paris
Colleges and universities in France
1747 establishments
18th-century establishments in France
1740s establishments in Europe
Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA in mitochondria. It is inherited only from mothers, though there are a few rare exceptions.

Mitochondria are cellular organelles in eukaryotic cells. They convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is only a small part of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell. Most of the DNA is in the cell nucleus on chromosomes. In plants, the chloroplasts have DNA as well.

In humans, mitochondrial DNA codes for 37 genes and with about 16,600 base pairs in a circle. Human mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced. The mtDNA in plants is much larger: Arabidopsis has 367 kilobytes.

References 

DNA
Organelles
MDNA (album)

MDNA is the name of an album by the recording artist and actress Madonna. The album was her debut release from her 360-degree record deal from Live Nation Entertainment, in partnership with Interscope Records. The album was released on March 23, 2012 and featured production from Madonna herself, Benny Benassi, William Orbit, Benny's brother Alle Benassi and Martin Solveig. The lead single from the album, "Give Me All Your Luvin'" was released on February 3, 2012 and features M.I.A. and Nicki Minaj. The second single, "Girl Gone Wild", had its lyric video premiere on February 27, 2012 and was available as a single on March 2, 2012. The album was also her first release not to be associated with Warner Bros.

References

Madonna albums
2012 albums
Pinkie

Pinkie (1794) is a painting by Thomas Lawrence.  It depicts Sarah Barrett Moulton. She was born in 1783 in Jamaica. Her father was a rich plantation owner. The painting was commissioned at the time Sarah left Jamaica to complete her education in England. Sarah's nickname was "Pinkie". She died in 1795, one year after the painting was completed. The painting is in the Huntington Library at San Marino, California. It hangs near The Blue Boy by Thomas Gainsborough. Pinkie and The Blue Boy are used as set decorations for many episodes of the television show, Leave It to Beaver.

Other websites 
Arts: Pinkie. Time.com 
MSN Travel 

18th-century paintings
British paintings
San Marino, California
Girl Gone Wild

"Girl Gone Wild" is the name of the second single, which is coming out in 2012 from Madonna's album MDNA. Jenson Vaughan, Madonna, and her producers wrote the song together. Benny Benassi and Alle Benassi produced the song with Madonna. The song was released for digital download on March 2, 2012.

References

2012 songs
Madonna songs
Thomas Lawrence

Thomas Lawrence (13 April 1769 – 7 January 1830) was an English portrait painter. He was born in Bristol. He was a child prodigy. His father was an innkeeper. When Lawrence was 10 years old he was supporting his family with his pastel portraits. He went to London when he was 18. He soon was well known as a portrait painter in oils. His first royal commission was a portrait of Queen Charlotte in 1790. He became an associate of the Royal Academy in 1791, a full member in 1794, and president in 1820. In 1810 he received the patronage of the Prince Regent. He died at age 60 in 1830. At his death, Lawrence was the most fashionable portrait painter in Europe. He is remembered today as the Romanticism portraitist of the British Regency.

Related pages
 Pinkie

Gallery

References 
 D. Goldring. 1951. Regency portrait painter: the life of Sir Thomas Lawrence, P.R.A. London: Macdonald.
 M. Levey. 2005. Sir Thomas Lawrence. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Other websites 

Thomas Lawrence: Regency Power and Brilliance exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery
 "Thomas Lawrence: the new romantic - review" Richard Holmes reviews the National Portrait Gallery exhibition, The Guardian, 16 October 2010
 "Gainsborough's forgotten rival is recognised at last" Jerome Taylor, The Independent, 5 August 2010

1769 births
1830 deaths
English painters
Jiryaku

was a  after Kōhei and before Enkyū.  This period started in August 1065 and ended in April 1069.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Jiryaku Era
 3 April 1066 (Jiryaku 2, 6th day of the 3rd month): A broom star appeared in the east at first light.

 1068 (Jiryaku 4, 14th day of the 8th month): Ceremonies for starting construction on rebuilding the Coronation Hall which had been damaged by fire. 

 1068 (Jiryaku 4, 19th day of the 4th month): In the 4th year of Emperor Go-Reizei's reign, the emperor died at age 44; and the succession (senso) was received by a his son.  Shortly thereafter, Go-Sanjō accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Enkyū

was a  after Jiryaku and before Jōhō.  This period started in April 1069 and ended in August 1074.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Enkyū Era
 1069 (Enkyū 1): The emperor's consort was raised to the status of chūgū.
 1072 (Enkyū 4, 8th day of the 12th month): In the 6th year of Go-Sanjō's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by his son.  Soon after, Emperor Shirakawa accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

 1073 (Enkyū 5, 21st day of the 4th month): Go-Sanjō entered the Buddhist priesthood; and his priestly name was Kongō-gyō.

 1073 (Enkyū 5, 7th day of the 5th month): Go-Sanjō died at the age of 40.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Jōhō

was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) after Enkyū and before Jōryaku.  This period started in August 1074 and ended in November 1077. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Jōhō Era
 1074 (Jōhō 1, 1st month): Minamoto no Takakune retired from court; and he wrote a book about the history of Japan.

 7 March 1074 (Jōhō 1, 7th day of the 2nd month): Fujiwara Yorimichi died at the age of 83; and Yorimichi's sister, the widow of Emperor Ichijo, died at the age of 87.

 October 25, 1074 (Jōhō 1, 3rd day of the 10th month): Empress Jōtō-mon In died at the age of 87.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Leave It to Beaver

Leave It to Beaver is an American television sitcom series. It first aired from October 7, 1957 to June 20, 1963.  The series stars Jerry Mathers as "Beaver"; Tony Dow as his older brother Wally; Barbara Billingsley as his mother June Cleaver; and Hugh Beaumont as his father Ward Cleaver.

Semi-regulars include Ken Osmond as Wally's friend Eddie Haskell; Frank Bank as Wally's other friend Lumpy; Burt Mustin as Gus the fireman; Sue Randall as Beaver's teacher Miss Landers; Rusty Stevens as Beaver's friend Larry Mondello; and Jerry Weil as Beaver's mean little schoolmate Judy Hensler.

The series is about Beaver's adventures at home, in school, and around his neighborhood. Writers Bob Mosher and Joe Connelly based Beaver's adventures on the exploits of their own children.  In most episodes, Beaver would get into trouble. His parents would speak to him and explain what he had done wrong. They would hope that he had learned a lesson.

Critics and television viewers liked the series. In 1997, a movie based on Leave It to Beaver opened in theaters. In 2007, TV Land observed the show's 50th anniversary with a marathon (running many episodes in a row).  In October 1957 the first toilet was seen on American television in "Captain Jack", the second episode of the series. The boys buy a baby alligator and keep it in the toilet tank of their bathroom.
Production Company: DHX Media Studio B Productions (in cartoon) Wildbrain (in The New Leave it to Beaver) Perez-Minton Productions, Inc. MGA Entertainment DLHG Productions Moonscoop CJ Entertainment Magnet Productions Dolman Entertainment

Notes

References 
 
 

1957 establishments in the United States
1963 disestablishments in the United States
1957 television series debuts
1963 television series endings
1950s American television series
1960s American television series
American sitcoms
Black and white television series
CBS network shows
ABC network shows
English-language television programs
Plan 9 from Outer Space

Plan 9 from Outer Space (1959) is a science fiction movie.  It was written and directed by Ed Wood and shot in 1957.  It stars Gregory Walcott, Mona McKinnon, Lyle Talbot, Tor Johnson, Maila Nurmi (Vampira), and Criswell. Some footage of Bela Lugosi as the "Old Man" was edited into the movie after Lugosi's death.

The movie is about aliens who want to stop humans from creating a weapon that will destroy the universe. To do this, the aliens put their "Plan 9" in operation. This is a scheme to bring Earth's dead back to life. This plan will get Earth's attention and chaos will follow.

For years, the movie was aired on television without much notice. In 1980 authors Michael Medved and Harry Medved called Plan 9 from Outer Space the "worst movie ever made". They posthumously awarded their Golden Turkey Award to Wood as the worst director ever.

Cast

Earthlings
 Gregory Walcott as Jeff Trent, an airline pilot 
 Mona McKinnon as Paula Trent, Jeff's wife
 Lyle Talbot as General Roberts
 Duke Moore as Lt. John Harper 
 Tom Keene as Col. Tom Edwards
 Tor Johnson as Insp. Dan Clay
 Carl Anthony as Patrolman Larry 
 Paul Marco as Patrolman Kelton  
 Conrad Brooks as Patrolman Jamie

Aliens  
 Dudley Manlove as Eros, an alien 
 Joanna Lee as Tanna, an alien 
 John Breckinridge as The Ruler, an alien

Ghouls 
 Bela Lugosi as Old Man / Ghoul Man
 Maila Nurmi (Vampira) as Old Man's wife / Vampire Girl 
 Criswell as Himself / Narrator

Other websites 

The Second Supper Cult Classics Review 
Plan 9 from Outer Space at YouTube

American science fiction movies
English-language movies
1959 movies
B-movies
Movies directed by Ed Wood
American independent movies
Movies set in California
Alannah Myles

Alannah Myles (born December 25, 1955, Toronto) is a Canadian singer, songwriter and producer. She began her career as an actress. Myles began singing professionally around 1979 but was rejected by all record labels in Canada. After recording 3 masters and a video of "Just One Kiss" with Christopher Ward and David Tyson for her first album, she was immediately signed to an 8 album international contract by the head of A&R, Tunc Erim. Her first album was released on April 6, 1989. The first two singles released at the same time in Canada. They were "Love Is" and "Black Velvet". "Love Is" was released in the mainly English speaking west. It went to number one in the charts. "Black Velvet" was released in Quebec and went to number one on French Canadian radio. "Black Velvet" was released internationally in 1990. It reached number one in many places. It stayed at number one for two weeks in the United Kingdom. "Black Velvet" was a hit song released in the United States on Jan 9, 1990 as a single. This made Myles eligible for a Grammy Award. She won the award in 1991 for "Best Rock Vocal Performance-Female".

References

Living people
1958 births
Singers from Toronto
Henry IV, Pt. 1

Henry IV, Part 1 is a play by William Shakespeare. It was likely written no later than 1597. Shakespeare probably read Holinshed's Chronicles for background. The play was first printed in quarto in 1598 by Andrew Wise. The play was Shakespeare's most popular printed text. It is the second of Shakespeare's three plays about the reigns of Richard II, Henry IV (two plays), and Henry V. It has always been a popular play with audiences and with critics. Sir John Falstaff is one of Shakespeare's greatest and most popular characters.

Other websites 
King Henry IV Part 1 Audio and Text 
The First Part of Henry the Fourth  A modern version of unspecified provenance.
Henry the Fourth part 1  – Project Gutenberg's transcription from the First Folio.

Plays by William Shakespeare
Plays based on British history
Portland Winterhawks

The Portland Winterhawks are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1976. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Portland, Oregon at both the Memorial Coliseum and Rose Garden arenas. They have won 2 Memorial Cups in 1982 and 1997. They have also won 2 President's Cups in 1981 and 1997. They were originally known as the Portland Winter Hawks until May 2009 when they took out the space.

References

Other websites
Official website

1976 establishments in the United States
Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Western Hockey League
Oregon
Portland, Oregon
1970s establishments in Canada
1970s establishments in Oregon
Bal du moulin de la Galette

Bal du moulin de la Galette () (1876) is a painting by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. It is in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. The painting depicts a typical Sunday afternoon at Moulin de la Galette in the district of Montmartre. In the late 19th century, working class Parisians would dress up and spend time there dancing, drinking, and eating galettes into the evening. Bal du moulin de la Galette is a typical Impressionist snapshot of real life. It shows a richness of form, a fluidity of brush stroke, and a flickering light. The French painter Gustave Caillebotte owned the painting for about 20 years. When he died it became the property of the French Republic. From 1896 to 1929 the painting hung in the Musée du Luxembourg. From 1929 it hung in the Musée du Louvre. It was sent to the Musée d'Orsay in 1986. Renoir painted a smaller version of the picture with the same title. This painting is in a private collection. For many years it was owned by John Hay Whitney. On May 17, 1990, his widow sold it for US$78 million at Sotheby's in New York City. It was one of the most expensive artworks ever sold.

Other websites 
Top Ten Most Expensive Paintings Sold At Auction
Details, Musée d'Orsay 

1870s paintings
Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris
French paintings
Impressionism
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (, UFRJ) is the largest federal universities of Brazil. It has a central campus in the city of Rio de Janeiro and two smaller ones. It was established in 1792 as a military college, and became a university in 1920. It is one the country's most prestigious universities.

The Federal University owns several hospitals and several museums including the National Museum of Brazil.

References

Other websites 
 UFRJ Official website 

Colleges and universities in Brazil
1920 establishments in South America
Rio de Janeiro
1920s establishments in Brazil
Bride of Frankenstein

Bride of Frankenstein (sometimes The Bride of Frankenstein) is a 1935 Universal Pictures science fiction horror movie. It is a sequel to Universal's Frankenstein (1931). Bride was directed by James Whale. It stars Boris Karloff, Elsa Lanchester, Colin Clive, and Ernest Thesiger.

The movie is based on a subplot in the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. It picks up where the movie Frankenstein leaves off.  In Bride, Henry Frankenstein drops his work in the laboratory. The Monster wants a mate. He forces Henry to create one.

Preparations for making Bride began shortly after Frankenstein opened in theaters.  Photography started in January 1935. Many of the actors and crew from Frankenstein returned for Bride. Critics and audiences loved the movie, but the censors found fault.

Today, the movie is considered Whale's masterpiece. The director and others involved in the production were homosexuals. Some viewers detect a gay sensibility in the movie. Some of Whale's associates have dismissed the idea.

References

Other websites 
 
 

1935 movies
1930s horror movies
American horror movies
American LGBT movies
American science fiction movies
Black-and-white movies
English-language movies
Frankenstein movies
Monster movies
Sequel movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Universal Pictures movies
Mad scientist movies
Matilda (1996 movie)

Matilda is a fictional movie directed by Danny DeVito, based on the classic novel Matilda by Roald Dahl. It was first released July 28, 1996 by TriStar Pictures. Starring Mara Wilson, Danny DeVito, Rhea Perlman, Embeth Davidtz, and Pam Ferris, it features the 7-year-old Matilda, a brilliant girl with extraordinary powers that uses them to fight back against her abusive parents, rebel and overthrow the tyrannical headmistress of her school, and save her kindhearted teacher from poverty.

1996 movies
1990s family movies
1990s fantasy movies
1990s American fantasy movies
Movies based on books
English-language movies
Movies directed by Danny DeVito
Switching Channels

Switching Channels is a 1988 comedy starring Kathleen Turner, Burt Reynolds and Christopher Reeve. This movie got mixed reviews and was a commercial failure when it came out. This movie was like The Front Page, which was remade as His Girl Friday. This was released in March of 1988.

The movie got mixed reviews from the critics.

The movie was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards: Burt Reynolds for Worst Actor and Christopher Reeve for Worst Supporting Actor.

1988 movies
1988 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies based on plays
English-language movies
Movies directed by Ted Kotcheff
W.G. Grace

W.G. Grace MRCS, LRCP (William Gilbert Grace, 18 July 1848 – 23 October 1915) was an English physician and cricketer.

Grace, always known as 'W.G.', was one of the greatest players, and was important in the development of the sport. He played first-class cricket for a record-equalling 44 seasons, from 1865 to 1908, during which he captained England, Gloucestershire County Cricket Club, the Gentlemen, MCC, the United South of England Eleven and several other teams. He came from a cricketing family. In 1880 W.G. with E.M. Grace, one of his elder brothers, and Fred Grace, his younger brother, was the first time three brothers played together in Test cricket. His father and a cousin were also good players.

Right-handed as both batsman and bowler, Grace dominated the sport during his career. His technical innovations and enormous influence had a lasting effect. An outstanding all-rounder, he excelled at batting, bowling and fielding. It is for his batting that he is most renowned. Usually opening the innings, he was admired for his mastery of all strokes: his level of expertise was said by contemporary reviewers to be unique. He generally captained the teams he played for at all levels because of his skill and tactical know-how, and his dominant personality.

Grace qualified as a medical practitioner in 1879. Because of his medical profession, he was nominally an amateur cricketer but he is said to have made more money from cricket than any professional. He was a very competitive player. Although he was one of the most famous men in England, he was also one of the most controversial on account of his gamesmanship and his financial skill.

He took part in other sports: as a young man he was a champion 440 yard hurdler, and also played football for the Wanderers.  In later life, he developed enthusiasm for golf, lawn bowls and curling.

Test cricket began in 1877, when Grace was already 28. He made his debut in 1880, scoring England's first-ever Test century against Australia. He played for England in 22 Tests through the 1880s and 1890s, all of them against Australia. He was an automatic selection for England at home, but his only Test-playing tour of Australia was that of 1891–92.

Grace's most significant Test was England v Australia in 1882 at The Oval. Thanks to Spofforth, the 'demon bowler', who took 14 wickets in the match, Australia won by 7 runs and the legend of The Ashes was born. Grace scored only 4 and 32, and he was held responsible for "firing up" Spofforth. This came about through a piece of gamesmanship by Grace when he made an unsporting, but legal, run out of one of the Australian batsmen.p137 Grace died of a heart attack.

References 

1848 births
1915 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English cricketers
British physicians
Sportspeople from Gloucestershire
Jōryaku

was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) after Jōhō and before Eihō.  This period started in November 1077 and ended in February 1081.  The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Jōryaku Era
 1077 (Jōryaku 1, 1st month): Shirakawa  went to the Kamo Shrines.  Also, he visited Kiyomizu-dera and other Buddhist temples.
 1077 (Jōryaku 1, 2nd month): Minamoto no Morofusa died at the age of 70.  He had held the office of Minister of the Right (udaijin).
 1077 (Jōryaku 1): The emperor caused Hosshō-ji (dedicated to the "Superiority of Buddhist Law") to be built at Shirakawa.
 1079 (Jōryaku 3, 10th month): The emperor visited the Fushimi Inari-taisha at the foot of Mount Fushimi; and he went to the Yasaka Shrine.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Eihō

was a  after Jōryaku and before Ōtoku.  This period started in February 1081 and ended in April 1084.  The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Eihō Era
 26 May 1081 (Eihō 1, 15th day of the 4th month):  The Buddhist Temple of Miidera was set on fire by the monks of a rival sect.

 12 July 1081 (Eihō 1, 4th day of the 6th month): Miidera was burned again by monks from Mt. Hiei.

 1083 (Eihō 3, 10th month): At Hosshō-ji, construction begins on a nine-story pagoda.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Ōtoku

was a  after Eihō and before Kanji.  This period spanned the years from February 1084 through April 1087.  The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Ōtoku Era
 1084 (Ōtoku 1, 9th month): The emperor's principal consort, died; and Shirakawa's grief overwhelmed him.

 1084 (Ōtoku 3, 9th month): Shirakawa announced his intention to abdicate in favor of his son.

 3 January 1084 (Ōtoku 3, 26th day of the 11th month): Shirakawa abdicated, and he took the title Daijō-tennō.  The succession (senso) was received by a his son. Soon after, Emperor Horikawa accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Kanji (era)

was a  after Ōtoku and before Kahō.  This period started in April 1087 and ended in December 1094. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kanji era
 1087 (Kanji 1, 5th month):  Former emperor Shirakawa retired to Uji.

 1088 (Kanji 2, 1st month): Emperor Horikawa visited his father's home in Uji.

 1088 (Kanji 2, 10th month): Shirakawa visited the temples at Mt. Hiei.

 28 January 1088 (Kanji 2, 14th day of the 12th month): Fujiwara Morozane was given the title of daijō-daijin.

 1089 (Kanji 3, 5th month): Shirakawa again visits Mt. Hiei; and this time, he stayed seven days.

 1090 (Kanji 4, 12th month):  Morozane was named kampaku.

 March 26, 1094 (Kanji 8, 8th day of the 3rd month):  Morozane resigned from his role as kampaku.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras