cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
John Scaddan

John Scaddan (4 August 1876 – 21 November 1934) was the 10th Premier of Western Australia from 7 October 1911 to 27 July 1916. He was from the Labor Party. He was only 35 when he won a record majority of seats in the 1911 elections, making him the youngest premier of Western Australia.

His parents were from Cornwall and had moved to Moonta to work in the large copper mines. They later moved to Eaglehawk, near Bendigo where Scaddan worked in the gold mines and studied to be an engine driver. In 1896 he moved to the Western Australian goldfields. He was elected to parliament in 1904 where he became famous for his long speeches, some going for me than three hours. He became premier when the Labor Party won the 1911 election. He believed that the government should own and control businesses and he set up state owned shipping lines, brickworks, sawmills, trams, abattoirs, fishing, quarries and even a hotel. While many of these were well run, many were not, and a costly failure at the Wyndham freezing works led to a loss of support. At the next election he only won by two seats. When one ALP member disappeared, and another resigned in 1916, the Country Party were able to form a new government with help from the Liberal Party.

When the Labor Party split on conscription, Scaddan who supported it, joined the new National Labor Party. He later joined the Country Party. He was elected in and out of parliament over the next 15 years. He felt Western Australia was not treated fairly by the government of Australia, and was on a committee which looked at how Western Australia could become an independent country. He died suddenly from a Cerebral hemorrhage in 1934.

References
 

1876 births
1934 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Scaddan, John
Politicians from South Australia
Australian Labor Party politicians
People from Perth, Western Australia
Frank Wilson

Frank Wilson (12 May 1859 – 7 December 1918) was the 9th Premier of Western Australia from 16 September 1910 until 7 October 1911 and then again from 27 July 1916 until 28 June 1917. He was a member of the various conservative political parties which were formed in Western Australia, including the Liberal Party, the Liberal League, and the Ministerialist Party. He was defeated by the Australian Labor Party in the elections of October 1911. He was able to form a group of anti-labor members in 1916 and become premier a second time. He lost this support when the Country Party was able to form a National Party to support the war effort. He lost his seat in the parliament to the County Party by only four votes in October 1917. Seriously ill with cancer, he died a few months later.

References
 

1859 births
1918 deaths
Wilson, Frank
People from Sunderland
Newton Moore

Sir Newton James Moore (17 May 1870 – 28 October 1936) was the 8th Premier of Western Australia from 7 May 1906 until 16 September 1910. He became the premier when Rason resigned. He resigned as premier in 1910 and moved to London to become agent-general for Western Australia. During World War I he joined the Australian Army as an officer. After the war he was elected to the British House of Commons, taking over former Australian Prime Minister Sir George Reid's seat. In his first speech to the parliament he said that women should be able to become members of parliament.

References
 

1870 births
1936 deaths
Newton, Moore
Independent politicians in Australia
Mathew Turner

Mathew Turner (born 18 January 1988 in Cape Town) is a South African rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as on the wing.

Other websites
Bristol Rugby profile 

1988 births
Living people
South African rugby union players
People from Cape Town
Andrew Card

Andrew Hill "Andy" Card Jr. (born May 10, 1947) is an American politician and lobbyist, former United States Cabinet member, and head of George W. Bush's White House Iraq Group. Card served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation under George H. W. Bush and the White House Chief of Staff under his son. He announced his resignation as Chief of Staff March 28, 2006, effective April 14, 2006.

References

1974 births
Living people
American lobbyists
Politicians from Massachusetts
United States Secretaries of Transportation
US Republican Party politicians
White House Chiefs of Staff
People from Brockton, Massachusetts
Eton College

Eton College, or just Eton, is a British independent school for boys between the ages of 1318. It was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI, as the King's College of Our Lady of Eton.  

Eton College is in Eton, near Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is north of Windsor Castle. The school is one of the original nine English "public schools" as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. The school is a member of the Eton Group of independent schools in the United Kingdom. The current Headmaster is Simon Henderson. For every 8 pupils there is one teacher. 

Eton is a full boarding school. All pupils live at the school. It is one of four such remaining boys' public schools (the others being Winchester College, Harrow School, and Radley College). Eton has educated many British and foreign aristocrats. Prince William and his brother Prince Harry went there. 

The list of graduates includes twenty former prime ministers, including David Cameron and Boris Johnson. The Good Schools Guide called the school "the number one boys' public school", adding "The teaching and facilities are second to none". The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group. It is registered as a charity.

References

Other websites
Eton College official website

1440 establishments
1440s establishments in England
Schools in England
PuTTY

PuTTY is a terminal emulator application which can act as a client for the SSH, Telnet, rlogin, and raw TCP computing protocols. The word "PuTTY" has no meaning, though 'tty' is  sometimes used to refer to the Unix terminals, as an acronym for 'teletype'.

PuTTY was first written for Microsoft Windows, but it has been ported to other operating systems including some Unix-like platforms. Mac OS and Mac OS X are still being ported, while unofficial ports have been ported it to the Symbian and Windows Mobile operating systems.

PuTTY is currently beta software. Licensed under the MIT License, and it is free and open source software.

Features 
Some features of PuTTY are:
 Unicode support.
 Control over the SSH encryption key and protocol version.
 Command-line SCP and SFTP clients, called "pscp" and "psftp" respectively.
 Control over port forwarding with SSH (local, remote or dynamic port forwarding), including built-in handling of X11 forwarding.
 Emulates most xterm, VT102 control sequences, as well as much of ECMA-48 terminal emulation.
 IP Version 6 support.
 Supports 3DES, AES, Arcfour, Blowfish, DES.
 Public-key authentication support.
 Support for local serial port connections.

Main Programs 

The versions available are made up of some or all of the following programs:
 PuTTY - the Telnet and SSH client itself;
 PSCP - an SCP client, i.e. command-line secure file copy;
 PSFTP - an SFTP client, i.e. general file transfer sessions much like FTP;
 PuTTYtel - a Telnet-only client;
 Plink - a command-line interface to the PuTTY back ends;
 Pageant - an SSH authentication agent for PuTTY, PSCP and Plink;
 PuTTYgen - an RSA and DSA key generation utility;
 pterm - a standalone terminal emulator.

Related pages
 W-PuTTY-CD
 FreeOTFE - Disk encryption
 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) - Email encryption

References

Other websites 

 Project home page
Development libraries related to PuTTY
 W-PuTTY-CD, PuTTY Communications in a Microsoft Windows™ DLL 
Other versions of PuTTY (for Windows):
 KiTTY
 PuTTY Tray 
 QuestPutty 
 ExtraPuTTY (Portable PuTTY for USB sticks,TestStand Step, Win32 API,PuTTY Communications in a Microsoft Windows™ DLL ....)
 PuTTYcyg
 Portable PuTTY for USB sticks
Other programs related to PuTTY
 PuTTY Connection Manager
 PuTTY Session Manager

Free software
Secure copy

Secure Copy or SCP is a method of securely transferring computer files between a local and a remote host or between two remote hosts, using the SSH protocol.

References
How the SCP Protocol Works

Internet security
Computer protocols
Migros

Migros is a supermarket chain found in Switzerland and other countries.

History 
It was started in 1925 by Gottfried Duttweiler. He started in Zürich with a wagon and sold products 40% cheaper than others. At first he sold only coffee, rice, sugar, noodles, coconut oil and soap. Later, he started selling more and in 1926, Duttweiler built his first market, also in Zürich.

Other websites 
Migros Switzerland website 

Supermarkets of Switzerland
1925 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Switzerland
Zürich
SSH file transfer protocol

In computing, the SSH File Transfer Protocol (sometimes called Secure File Transfer Protocol or SFTP) is a network protocol that implements file transfer between computers. It is often used as more secure alternative of an FTP protocol, which transmits file contents, folder contents and even passwords without encryption.

SFTP protocol is built on top of SSH protocol which is used as a transport layer over the port 22 and is implemented by an SSH server such as OpenSSH. 
SFTP is different from SCP, which is another protocol relying on an SSH connection. It is also different from FTPS, which used SSL to encrypt the connection itself, rather than sending the data through an SSH tunnel. 

Many popular FTP programs have added support for SFTP. Access to the SFTP server can be granted either through a username, a password or by using a  public key.

Internet
Computer protocols
Computer security

Computer security  is a branch of information technology known as information security which is intended to protect computers. Computer security has three main goals:

Confidentiality: Making sure people cannot acquire information they should not (keeping secrets) 
Integrity: Making sure people cannot change information they should not (protecting data)
Availability: Making sure people cannot stop the computer from doing its job.

Computer security involves telling computers what they are not to do. This makes computer security unique because most programming makes computers do things. Security takes much of a computer's power.

Basic computer security methods (in approximate order of strength) can be:

 Limit access to computers to "safe" users.
 Peripherals that block any "unsafe" activity.
 Firewall and antivirus software.

An example of complexity and pervasiveness of the issue is vending machines, per Hackers Lurking in Vents and Soda Machines April 7, 2014 New York Times.

Related pages

 Cybercrime
 FreeOTFE - Disk encryption
 Internet safety
 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) - Email encryption
Mark Odejobi

Mark Odejobi born 18 January, 1988 in London, England is a rugby union player for London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a winger.

Other websites
Wasps profile 

English rugby union players
Sportspeople from London
1988 births
Living people
Damien Varley

Damien Varley (born 29 October 1983 in Limerick) is an Irish rugby union player for Munster in the Pro 12 and Heineken Cup. He plays as a Hooker. Varley plays his club rugby with Garryowen.  Before he played for the London Wasps.

Other websites 
Wasps profile 

1983 births
Living people
Irish rugby union players
Crayon Shin-chan

Crayon Shin-chan (, Kureyon Shin-chan, also known as Shin-chan in other countries) is a Japanese manga and anime series written by Yoshito Usui. It has 56 (including the New Crayon Shin-chan series) manga volumes. The anime has been broadcast since 1992, and there are twenty-four movies as of 2016. They are popular all over the world. The anime program Shinchan has more than 900 episodes. This show is broadcasteon Tv Asahi in Japan and on Hungama TV in India.

Plot Summary 
Shinnosuke "Shin-chan" Nohara is a little boy who does everything he can to annoy his parents and teachers (and succeeds), but he only means the best. He just tries to have a good time and sometimes annoys people in the process.

Main Characters 

Shinnosuke Nohara: 5 years old boy.  He lives in Kasukabe, Saitama in Japan and goes to Futaba kindergarten. He is also very fat and chubby.
Hiroshi Nohara: Shinnosuke's father. He works for Futaba company.
Misae Nohara: Shinnosuke's mother. She is a housekeeper.
Himawari Nohara: Shinnosuke's sister. 0 years old.

Movies
1. July 24, 1993: 
 Theme Song: 
 Singer: Watarirouka Hashiritai 7
21. April 20, 2013 
 Theme Song: Family Party
 Singer: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu
23. April 18, 2015

 Theme Song: 
 Singer/Band: Ketsumeishi
There have been other specials in which feature-length movies were broadcast on television rather than in theaters.

The special crossover episode Kamen Rider Den-O + Shin-O aired in 2007 to promote the Kamen Rider Den-O movie. A second special series was aired in April 2012 featuring Shin-chan and Kamen Rider Fourze to not only promote Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called!: Me and the Space Princess, but also Kamen Rider × Super Sentai: Super Hero Taisen.

References 

 Official Futabasha Crayon Shin-chan website 
 Official TV Asahi Crayon Shin-chan website 

Anime
Hamtaro

The Adventures of Hamtaro (とっとこハム太郎, Tottoko Hamutarō, literally Trotting Hamtaro) is a children's storybook series by Ritsuko Kawai. The main character is a hamster named Hamtaro.

Plot Summary 
After moving into a new town, Hamtaro finds that he's in the company of lots of different hamsters, making up a group of hamster friends that go on crazy adventures through the city. Before they save Laura and other humans from nasty predicaments, however, they have to learn how to save themselves.

Manga
Anime
2002 television series debuts
2004 television series endings
Finn Harps F.C.

Finn Harps are a football team in County Donegal, Republic of Ireland. They play in the Eircom Premier Division.

Irish football clubs
Sadomasochism

Sadomasochism is a word which is mostly used in a social (non-medical) way. It means that people get together to either give or receive pain and humiliation. Usually it's a form of sex play. 

Sadists enjoy inflicting pain on others or humiliating them. Masochists get pleasure from being tortured, hurt, or humiliated.  

Paraphilias
Lanzarote

Lanzarote is one of the Canary Islands.

Geography and Climate 
Lanzarote is one of the two islands in the east of the Canary Islands. It is located 100 km west of the Western African coast line and 11 km north of the neighbouring island Fuerteventura. 
Its dimensions are from east to west coast 16.5 km, from north to south 60 km.
The island was created by volcano eruptions.
There is only limited natural vegetation on the island.
About 130,000 people live on Lanzarote. The largest town on the island is Arrecife.

Economy 

Lanzarote has one international airport at Arreceife (airport code ACE). Lanzarote's economy is mainly supported by tourism.
Many tourist come to the island for sunbathing, swimming, windsurfing, walking or snorkeling.

There are a few agricultural producers on the island, and in particular there are some vineyards producing local wines.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Web Centers of Art, Culture and Tourism of Lanzarote
 Official Lanzarote Website
 Pictures of Lanzarote 

Biosphere reserves
Islands of the Canary Islands
McMahon Line

The McMahon Line is a demarcation line drawn on map referred to in the Simla Convention, a treaty between Britain and Tibet signed in 1914.

Although its legal status is disputed, it is currently the effective boundary between China and India.

This dispute was used a pretext in a war between China and India in 1962.

Related pages 
 Arunachal Pradesh
 Durand Line
 Radcliffe Line

References

Further reading
 GlobalSecurity.org,  India-China Border Dispute
 Kawaguchi, Yuki.  "Arunachal Pradesh Territorial Dispute between India and China,"  ICE Case Studies (US). No. 161, November, 2005.

Territorial disputes of China
1910s treaties
1910s in the United Kingdom
Tibet
Muradabad

Moradabad () is a city and a municipal corporation in Muradabad District in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was established in 1600 by prince Murad, the son of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. As a result the city came to be known as Moradabad. It is the administrative headquarters of Moradabad District. It is also the birthplace of the origins of the Urdu language.

Local government in India
Cities and towns in Uttar Pradesh
Theodor Heuss

Theodor Heuss (31 January 1884 in Brackenheim - 12 December 1963 in Stuttgart) was a German politician. He was the first person elected to a regular term as President of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Heuss was born in Brackenheim, near Heilbronn. He studied art history and state studies in Munich and Berlin. 
He received his doctorate in 1905 in Munich. In 1908 he married Elly Heuss-Knapp (1881-1952). He worked for a political magazine from 1908 to 1912, and then for a regional newspaper. In 1910 he joined the Progressive People's Party and stayed there until 1918.
Between 1923 and 1926 he published the magazine Die Deutsche Nation ("The German Nation"). Heuss became a member of the German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei, DDP) and was a member of parliament for two periods.

In 1933 Heuss voted for the Enabling Act (Ermächtigungsgesetz) against his personal beliefs, following his party.
After World War II Heuss was the first Minister of Culture in Baden-Württemberg. He was one of the founders of the Free Democratic Party of Germany after WW II.

In 1949 he was elected as first President of the Federal Republic of Germany. He was reelected once.

1884 births
1963 deaths
Former members of the German Bundestag
German academics
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Free Democratic Party of Germany
Presidents of Germany
India-Pakistan maritime trespassing

India-Pakistan maritime trespassing refers to the frequent trespassing and violation of respective national territorial waters of India and Pakistan in peacetime. Most trespassing is common to Pakistani and Indian fishermen operating along the coastline of the Indian state of Gujarat and the Pakistani province of Sindh within the disputed region of Rann of Kachchh.

Pakistan
India
Indo-Bangladeshi barrier

The Indo-Bangladeshi barrier is a 4,000-kilometer fence that India is presently constructing to seal off the Indian-Bangladeshi international border from what was formerly East Bengal. East Bengal was a partitioned region of Bengal, called East Pakistan from 1956 to 1971. This obstruction is virtually isolating Bangladesh from the rest of India to a very large extent nowadays, since the Modi Govt. intervention, regarding the disputes along Indo-Bangla Border, along with the records of illegal immigrants of people belonging to both of the nations.

Foreign relations of Bangladesh
Foreign relations of India
Buildings and structures in India
Buildings and structures in Bangladesh
Frank-Walter Steinmeier

Frank-Walter Steinmeier (born 5 January 1956) is a German politician. He was Foreign Secretary, Vice Chancellor of Germany and is currently the twelfth President of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Steinmeier was born in Detmold in 1956. After his abitur (secondary school exam) and his military service, he studied law in Gießen. In 1982, he passed his first exam. His second exam was completed and passed in 1986. Between 1986 and 1991, he worked as assistant to the Doctor of Public Law and Political Science at the Gießen University. He obtained his Doctorate of Law in 1991.

After 1991, he worked in the State Chancellory of Lower Saxony for the Minister-President, Gerhard Schröder. From 1998, he was Undersecretary of State in Gerhard Schröder's Chancellor Office after Schröder became Chancellor of Germany. In 1999 he became Secretary of State.

In 2005, he became the new Foreign Minister of Germany in the coalition cabinet of Angela Merkel. He became Vice Chancellor of Germany in 2007. In 2008 he was elected to be the chancellor candidate of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) for the election in 2009. The SPD got their worst result ever in a German federal election (23.0%), and Steinmeier became leader of the SPD parliamentary group in the Bundestag.

From 2013 to 2017 he was again Foreign Minister.

Since 19 March 2017 he has been President of Germany, succeeding Joachim Gauck.

He is running for a second term, with the election to be held on 13 February 2022.

References 

1956 births
Living people
Government ministers of Germany
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Presidents of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Tipper Gore

Mary Elizabeth Gore (née Aitcheson; born August 19, 1948), known as Tipper Gore, is an author and photographer who was the Second Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the wife of Al Gore, from whom she is separated. She and Al Gore separated in 2010. She is known for her role in the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC), criticizing music with profane language and promoting Parental Advisory stickers (known as "Tipper Stickers") on record covers, especially in the heavy metal, punk and rap genres.

Early life
Gore was born as Mary Elizabeth Aitcheson in Washington, D.C.. She is of English, Scottish, German, and Swedish ancestry.

References

Second Ladies of the United States
American photographers
1948 births
Living people
Lynne Cheney

Lynne Ann Vincent Cheney (born August 14, 1941) was the second lady of the United States from 2001 to 2009. She is the wife of former U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney. She is a novelist, conservative scholar, and former talk-show host.

Early life
Lynne Ann Vincent was born in Casper, Wyoming. Her mother, Edna Lolita (nee Lybyer), became a deputy sheriff, and her father, Wayne Edwin Vincent, was an engineer. She is a descendant of Mormon pioneers. She has family roots in Denmark, Sweden, England, Ireland, and Wales. She was raised Presbyterian and became Methodist after she married Dick Cheney.

Books

Lynne Cheney is the author or co-author of several books:

 Blue Skies, No Fences: A Memoir of Childhood and Family (2007) ()
 Our 50 States: A Family Adventure Across America (2006) ()
 A Time for Freedom: What Happened When in America (2005) ()
 When Washington Crossed the Delaware : A Wintertime Story for Young Patriots (2004) ()
 A is for Abigail : An Almanac of Amazing American Women (2003) ()
 America: A Patriotic Primer (2002) ()
 The Body Politic: A Novel (2000) ()
 Kings of the Hill: How Nine Powerful Men Changed the Course of American History (1996) ()
 Telling the Truth (1995) ()
 Academic Freedom (1992) ()
 American Memory: A Report on the Humanities in the Nations Public Schools (1987) ()
 Sisters (1981; New American Library, Penguin Group) ()
 Executive Privilege (1979) ()

References

Second Ladies of the United States
Writers from Wyoming
1941 births
Living people
People from Casper, Wyoming
Bama Boyz

The Bama Boyz (a.k.a the Bamaz) are a Grammy-nominated, Dove Award winning, American record production, songwriting, and artist trio, with Eddie “E-Trez” Smith III, Jesse J. Rankins, Jonathan D. Wells as members.

Musical groups from Alabama
Hip hop bands
Montgomery, Alabama
Musical groups established in 2003
2003 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Alabama
Swallowtail butterfly

Swallowtail butterflies are large, colorful butterflies which form the family Papilionidae. There are at least 550 species, and though the majority are tropical, members of the family are found on all continents except Antarctica. The family includes the largest butterflies in the world, the birdwing butterflies of Australia (genus  Ornithoptera).

References
Graphium

Graphium is a genus of swallowtail butterflies. They are commonly known as swordtails. They are native to Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania. The genus has over 100 species. These species are mostly tropical. Their coloration is variable. Their habitat varies from rainforests to savannahs. Some species have tails on their hind wings which may be long and swordlike. Others do not have any tails. Graphium species are often seen at mud puddles.

ja:アオスジアゲハ#アオスジアゲハ属
Sauerbraten (video game)

Sauerbraten (also known as Cube 2 or Sauer, German for “sour roast”) is a cross-platform, Quake-like, first-person shooter computer game that runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Mac OS X using OpenGL and SDL. The game features single-player and multiplayer game play and contains an in-game level editor, its main feature. The game engine is free and open source software, under the Zlib License, with commercial support available from the developer's own business counterpart, Dot3 Labs.

The game started as a redesign to the original Cube Engine, and its first release was made on May 6, 2004. The game gets updated quite regularly.

Technology

Sauerbraten was made out of the game Cube, but is much more advanced and a player can create new levels. Sauerbraten was not made to look very good, but to allow easy map making within the game without making a big download. Sauerbraten CTF Edition is less than 350 megabytes.  The game Crysis is around 3,000 megabytes.

Map editing 

Maps are made out of cubes, which can be made longer or shorter and can be reshaped. These cubes can be mapped out easily, using the in-game editor. This means that both map-makers and players can make very big, detailed maps very quickly. This is not like other games such as Quake, where you need a lot of effort and bugfixing work to even get the map to work.

This simplicity in editing has resulted in a lot of maps released by players and developers. They are available on the Quadropolis forums.

Gameplay 

The game has singleplayer and multiplayer modes. Multiplayer can be with LAN and Internet connection. Online game types are deathmatch, last man standing,"Capture" (where teams fight for control of parts on the map), Quake-style Capture the Flag, also instant-shot games (Instagib, Insta-clan-arena, insta-capture) as well as online multiplayer map editing, which is one of Sauerbraten's most interesting and popular features. In single player modes the computer controls monsters against you.

Media 

The game has been shown in a Burger King television commercial, it received four out of five stars in a MacWorld UK review, and the game was mentioned in Issue 3 of Games for Windows: The Official Magazine (as well as their 101 Free Games Article), where it was described as being "perfect for both stingy and creative gamers alike".

The CTF edition was given a long review by Phoronix, a website focused on Linux and software reviews, as well as Linux.com, a website providing news related to free and open source software.

References

Other websites 

 Official Sauerbraten site
 Sauerbraten project at SourceForge.net
 Community Cube/Sauerbraten mapping and modding site 
 Tool to monitor servers for cube-based games

2004 video games
MacOS games
Windows games
Plague of Justinian

The Plague of Justinian was a pandemic caused by bubonic plague. It happened during the years of 541 to 542 in the Byzantine Empire. It was the first pandemic recorded in history. Historians estimate that this pandemic killed as many as 100 million people across the world, partly because it returned every twelve years until 770, when it stopped for about 500 years.

Between 541 and 700, the Plague of Justinian killed about half of the people in Europe. It also may have contributed to the success of the Muslim conquests. Its social and cultural impact is comparable to that of the Black Death.

Origin and impact 
Through trade, the plague came from India to Ethiopia or Egypt. Eventually, trade ships brought the plague north to the large city of Constantinople. Ships bringing grain, which Constantinople imported, carried rats along with them. These rats carried the plague. By the end of the pandemic, the plague had killed 40% of Constantinople's population. At its worst, it killed 10,000 people in Constantinople every day.

In total, about 25 million people died because of the Plague of Justinian. It is said to have contributed to the fall of the Byzantine Empire, because it killed farmers and caused famine. Also, the empire relied on tax money, and the plague killed many taxpayers.

References

Sources 
 Edward Walford, translator, The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594, 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, . —The author, Evagrius, was himself stricken by the plague as a child and lost several family members to it.
Procopius. History of the Wars, Books I and II (The Persian War). Trans. H. B. Dewing. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Loeb-Harvard UP, 1954.—Chapters XXII and XXIII of Book II (pages 451–473) are Procopius's famous description of the Plague of Justinian. This includes the famous 10,000 people dead a day in Constantinople statistic (page 465).
Little, Lester K., ed., Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750, Cambridge, 2006. .
Rosen, William. Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe, Viking Adult, 2007. .

Byzantine Empire
Ancient Rome
Plague pandemics
541
542
History of Europe
Zlib License

The zlib License is an open source software license.

The license
The words of the zlib License are:

This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
arising from the use of this software.

Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
freely, subject to the following restrictions:

1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
   claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
   in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
   appreciated but is not required.
2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
   misrepresented as being the original software.
3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.

Related pages
 List of software licenses

References
http://www.zlib.net/zlib_license.html

Software licences
Plant cutting

Plant cutting, also known as striking/cloning, is a technique for vegetatively (asexually) propagating plants. With this method,  a piece of the source plant containing at least one stem cell is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil, potting mix, coir or rock wool. The cutting then grows new roots, stems, or both, and becomes a new plant independent of the parent.

References

Agriculture
Ferdinand Lassalle

Ferdinand Lassalle (11 April 1825 — 31 August 1864) was a German jurist and socialist politician.

Lassalle was born in Breslau. His father sent him to a business school in Leipzig. Lassalle changed to the University of Breslau. He later studied in Berlin.
He studied Philosophy, Philology (Latin and Ancient Greek) and Law.

Lassalle took part in the revolutions of 1848-49. He was put into prison and later banned from Berlin. He lived in Düsseldorf that time. In 1859, Lassalle returned to Berlin.

Lassalle was a liberal politician in the early 1860s. The liberals had some struggles with Otto von Bismarck. Lassalle thought about the living conditions of the working class. He found that the idea of self-help would not help the working class people. This led him to become a member of the Communist league. There he was in opposition to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 

Lassalle founded the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (General German Workers' Association, ADAV) in 1863. This party later became the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

Lassalle was killed in a duel.

1825 births
1864 deaths
German politicians
German prisoners
People from former German territories
People from Wrocław
Hans-Dietrich Genscher

Hans-Dietrich Genscher (21 March 1927 – 31 March 2016) was a German politician.

Early life
Genscher was born at Reideburg, near Halle. Genscher served in World War II from 1943 to 1945. He joined the Nazi Party at the age of 18. After the war, he studied economics and law in Halle and Leipzig. He joined the East German Liberal Democratic Party (LDPD) in 1946.

In 1952, Genscher fled to West Germany. There he joined the Free Democratic Party (FDP). He passed his second state examination in law in Hamburg in 1954. After that, he became a solicitor in Bremen.

Career 
In 1965, Genscher was elected to the Bundestag, the West German parliament for the first time. From 1969 to 1974, he was Federal Minister of the Interior under Chancellor Willy Brandt.
 
Genscher was Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany from 1974 to 1982 under Helmut Schmidt.  Two weeks later, he began to serve in the same positions under Helmut Kohl. He served the second time from 1982 to 1992.  He was Germany's longest serving Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor.

Death
Genscher died at his home in Wachtberg, Germany from heart failure on 31 March 2016, aged 89.

Related pages 

 Politics of Germany

References

1927 births
2016 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in North Rhine-Westphalia
Former members of the German Bundestag 
German lawyers
German military personnel of World War II
Government ministers of Germany
Nazis
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Saxony-Anhalt
Politicians of the Free Democratic Party of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Jonny Kennedy (rugby union)

Jonny Kennedy (born 16 February 1990) is an English rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He was born in Leighton, Cheshire. He plays as a centre or on the wing.

Other websites
Sale Sharks profile

1990 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Sale Sharks rugby union players
Sportspeople from Cheshire
Franz Müntefering

Franz Müntefering (born January 16, 1940) is a German politician. He used to be Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

Müntefering was born in Neheim-Hüsten near Arnsberg.
After his school time he was taught to became an industrial salesman.
He joined the Social Democratic Party in 1966.
He was member of the Bundestag (Federal Parliament) from 1975 to 1992 and again from 1998 to 2013.

1998 he was a member of the Landtag (state parliament) of North Rhine-Westphalia.
From 1992 to 1995 he was Secretary of Social affairs in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia.
From 1995 to 2001 Party Chairman in that state.

From 1995 to 1998 he was Bundesgeschäftsführer (federal executive director) of the SPD.
In 1998 he became Secretary for Transport and Infrastructure of Germany under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder.
From 1999 to 2002 he was Secretary General of the Social Democratic Party.
From 2002 to 2005 fraction leader in the Bundestag.

He was Party Chairman of the SPD from 2004 to 2005. 
Uo from 2005 to 2007 he was Secretary for Working and Social Affairs and Vice Chancellor of Germany under Angela Merkel in her Grand Coaltion.
In 2007 he gave up all his jobs - excepted the mandate in Federal Parliament - for caring his ill wife.
After the death of his wife he returned.

From 2008 to 2009 he was Party Chairman of the SPD again.

Other websites
 Biography by German Bundestag 

1940 births
Living people
Former members of the German Bundestag
Government ministers of Germany
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Nick Royle

Nick Royle  (born 1983)  is a current England Rugby Sevens International rugby union player. He plays as a winger.

He has played for Warrington, Widnes Vikings, Sale Sharks and Fylde.

Other websites
Sale Sharks profile

1983 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Sale Sharks rugby union players
Carl Fearns

Carl Fearns (born 28 May 1989 in Liverpool) is an English rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a back-row.

Other websites
Sale Sharks profile

1989 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Sale Sharks rugby union players
Sportspeople from Liverpool
James Gaskell

James Gaskell (born 20 May 1990) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He was born in Crewe, Cheshire. He plays as a lock.

Other websites
Sale Sharks profile

1990 births
Living people
English rugby union players
People from Crewe
Sale Sharks rugby union players
Sportspeople from Cheshire
Martin Halsall

Martin Halsall (born 25 December 1984 in Blackpool, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a prop.

Other websites
Sale Sharks profile

1984 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Sale Sharks rugby union players
People from Lancashire
Alex Shaw

Alex Shaw (born 31 March 1987 in Maidstone, Kent, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a back-row.

Other websites
Sale Sharks profile

1987 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Sale Sharks rugby union players
Sportspeople from Kent
Chris Leck

Chris Leck (born 21 May 1986 in Manchester, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a scrum-half.

Other websites
Sale Sharks profile

1986 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Sale Sharks rugby union players
Sportspeople from Manchester
Secret Water

Secret Water is the eighth book in Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons series of children's books. It was published in 1939.

This book is set in and around Hamford Water in Essex, close to the resort town of Walton-on-the-Naze. It brings the Swallows and the Amazons together and introduces a new group of characters, the Eels and the Mastodon. Ransome sailed to Hamford Water, an area of salt marshes and low lying islands in his boat Nancy Blackett. He set the book in this tidal place which offered a new setting for his characters and chances to explore and map the area.

Plot summary

The Swallows mean to sail in the Goblin to Hamford Water and camp with their father, but he is called away on naval business. Instead he maroons them with a small boat (dinghy) on an island. Before he leaves, Father gives them a basic map of the area they call Secret Water and suggests they map the area before he returns to pick them up.
For a surprise, he has arranged for the Amazons to come down from the Lake District and join them with another dinghy.

They see some mysterious footprints which turn out to belong to the Mastodon, a local boy. He mistakes them for the Eels, another family who camp in the area regularly. Later the Eels arrive and are initially hostile before they settle down for a friendly war.

It seems that due to the distractions of war and being cut off by the tides, the chart will not be completed. However early in the last morning two separate groups of children complete it.

Related pages
 Beaumont Cut

1939 books
Children's books
English novels
Gran Turismo (video game)

Gran Turismo is a driving simulation video game created by Polyphony Digital for Sony PlayStation console. The game was first sold in 1997. There are seven main games of Gran Turismo series and by late 2008 over 50 million Gran Turismo games have been sold by Sony. Each of the games simulate many different types of car including small, big, racing, old, new, Formula one and concept cars such as the Nike 2022. The cars look very realistic. Gran Turismo games were one of the first video games to include music from famous artists. Sony also released three Gran Turismo Concept versions. The game play is races similar to all real-life car racing including racing driver tests and everything from one short lap races in slow cars to 24 hour Le Mans racing challenges in prototype cars.

PlayStation games
1997 video games
Gran Turismo series
Aramid

Aramids are polymers. The name stands for aromatic polyamide. Structurally aramids are similar to proteins.

Overview 
Stephanie Kwolek developed aramids at DuPont in 1965. DuPont uses the trade name Kevlar for them.. 

Aramids are very present in security helmets, in splinter-resistant glass, in Ballistic vests, but also in other domains. They are used as a replacement for asbestos as a building material, for gaskets and other sealings, but also as helpers to make sails, parachutes and similar tools.

Armour
Polymers
Brute force attack

A brute force attack is a term in cryptanalysis. It means trying to break a coded cyphertext by trying a lot of possibilities with fast computers. For example, a large number of the possible keys are tried in the key space. If successful , this decrypts the encrypted message.

Overview 
The theoretical possibility of a brute force attack is recognized by the cryptographic system designers. They work to make the cryptographic system very difficult for computers to break using brute force attack. For that reason, one of the definitions of "breaking" a cryptographic scheme is to find a method faster than a brute force attack.

The selection of an appropriate key length depends on how difficult it will be to break it using a brute force attack. By obfuscating the data before encryption, brute force attacks are less effective and more difficult to determine.

The brute force attack can be used together with a dictionary attack.

For symmetric encryption, a key size of 128 bits is considered secure against brute force by traditional computers. 192 or 256 bits is considered secure against quantum computers. Many old ciphers, such as DES, used short keys which made them breakable by brute force.

Cryptography
Information theory

Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering.  Information theory measures the amount of information in data that could have more than one value.  In its most common use, information theory finds physical and mathematical limits on the amounts of data in data compression and data communication.  Data compression and data communication are statistical, because they guess unknown values.  The amount of information in data measures how easily it is guessed by a person who does not know its value.  

A key measure in information theory is "entropy". Entropy quantifies the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a random variable or the outcome of a random process. For example, identifying the outcome of a fair coin flip (with two equally likely outcomes) provides less information (lower entropy) than specifying the outcome from a roll of a dice (with six equally likely outcomes). Some other important measures in information theory are mutual information, channel capacity, error exponents, and relative entropy.

Computer science
Block cipher

In cryptography, a block cipher is a symmetric key cipher which operates on a groups of bits of fixed length, called blocks, using an exact transformation. During encryption, a block cipher algorithm might take (for example) a 128-bit block of plaintext as input, and output a corresponding 128-bit block of ciphertext. The exact transformation is controlled using a second input — the secret key. Decryption is similar: the decryption algorithm takes, in this example, a 128-bit block of ciphertext together with the secret key, and output the original 128-bit block of plaintext.

One of the early block cipher designs was the Data Encryption Standard (DES), developed at IBM and published as a standard in 1977. A successor to DES, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES); also using block cipher, was adopted in 2001.

Cryptography
Authentication

Authentication (pronounced  "aw-then-ti-keyt") (from Greek αυθεντικός; real or genuine, from authentes; author) is the actions taken to establish or verify something (or someone) as authentic. It is the method of verifying claims made by someone about the thing. This might involve confirming the identity of a person, the origins of an object (or something), or to make sure that a computer program (or user) is a trusted one. People are usually authenticated by something they know (password), something they have (key), or something they are (biometrics).

Security
Computer security
DES-X

In cryptography, DES-X (or DESX) is an alternative to the DES (Data Encryption Standard) block cipher designed to increase the complexity of a brute force attack using a technique called key whitening. As DES suffers from brute force attack DES-X was a trial to overcome such drawbacks.

Related pages
 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
 Data Encryption Standard (DES)
 Triple DES (TDES)

References 

Cryptography
Hostname

A hostname (also known as a sitename) is the unique name by which a network device (which may be a computer, file server, network storage device, copier, cable modem, etc.) is defined and known on a network.  The hostname is used to identify a particular host in various electronic communication networks such as the World Wide Web, e-mail or Usenet. 

On the Internet, the terms "hostname" and "domain name" are often misused interchangeably, but there are small technical differences between them.

Related pages
 Internet protocol suite
 Communications protocol

References

 
Internet
National Institute of Standards and Technology

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), known between 1901 and 1988 as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is a measurement standards laboratory which is a non-regulatory (non-controlled) agency of the United States Department of Commerce. The institute's mission is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and Technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve quality of life.

Standards
United States government agencies
1901 establishments in the United States
United States Department of Commerce
Key size

In cryptography, key size or key length is the size (measured in bits or bytes) of the key used in a cryptographic algorithm (such as a cipher). Typical key sizes in modern symmetric ciphers are 128, 192, and 256 bits. Older symmetric ciphers used only 40, 56, or 64 bits, which can be broken by brute force. 128 bits is considered secure against brute-force by traditional computers, but not quantum computers. 192 and 256 bit keys are considered quantum-safe, and AES keys of these lengths are approved for protecting top secret information. Asymmetric (public key) ciphers such as RSA need a much longer key to be secure. RSA keys are typically at least 2048 bits. A large key size alone does not necessarily mean a cipher is secure - there are many insecure ciphers which have a large key size but have other design flaws that allow them to be broken.

Cryptography