cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Bryce Courtenay

Arthur Bryce Courtenay AM (14 August 1933 – 22 November 2012) was a South African-Australian novelist and one of Australia's most commercially successful authors.

Awards and honours
 Member of the Order of Australia (AM): 1995; in recognition of service to advertising and marketing to the community and as an author
 Doctor of Letters (D.Litt) (honoris causa): 2005; from the University of Newcastle
 Australia Post Literary Legend: 2010; honoured on an Australian postage stamp

Bibliography

African books
The Power of One (1989)
The Power of One: Young Readers Edition (1999)
Tandia (1992)
The Night Country (1998)
Whitethorn (2005)

Australian trilogy
The Potato Factory (1995)
Tommo & Hawk (1997)
Solomon's Song (1999)

Nick Duncan Saga
The Persimmon Tree (2007)
Fishing for Stars (2008)

Other fiction
A Recipe for Dreaming (1994)
The Family Frying Pan (1997)
Jessica (1998)
Smoky Joe's Cafe (2001)
Four Fires (2001)
Matthew Flinders' Cat (2002)
Brother Fish (2004)
Sylvia (2006)
The Story of Danny Dunn (2009)
Fortune Cookie (2010)
Jack of Diamonds (2012)

Non-fiction
April Fool's Day (1993)

References

Other websites

 Bryce Courtenay's official website
 Find Bryce Courtenay in Libraries Australia - click on the name 'Heading' to find related works in 800+ Australian library collections
 Bryce on Jim Ball's radio program 

1933 births
2012 deaths
Australian novelists
Writers from Sydney
South African people
Deaths from stomach cancer
The Power of One

The Power of One is a novel by Australian author Bryce Courtenay. It was first published in 1989. The story takes places in South Africa during the 1930s and 1940s. It tells the story of an Anglo-African boy. Through the course of the story he gets the nickname of Peekay. (In the movie version the main person in the story is Peter Phillip Kenneth Keith. It is different than the book. The author identifies "Peekay" as a reference to his earlier nickname "Pisskop": Afrikaans for "Pisshead.")

It is written from the first person perspective. With Peekay telling the story (as an adult, looking back) and trusting the reader with his thoughts and feelings. He does this instead of a detailed description of places and account of actions.

A film adaptation was released in 1992.

Other websites
 Bryce Courtenay's official site
Los Angeles times

1989 books
CatDog

CatDog is an American animated television series.  The first show was on April 4, 1998. The series is about a character with one half being a cat and the other a dog. Nickelodeon produced the series from Burbank, California, United States.

At the Kids' Choice Awards, USA, the show was nominated for a Blimp Award for Favorite Cartoon in 1999 and 2000.

Episodes

Season 1
Dog Gone/All You Can’t Eat:

Dog Gone: Dog runs for a garbage truck. All You Can’t Eat: Dog tries to get Cat to go to a Taco restaurant.

References

Children's television series
Animated television series
English-language television programs
1998 television series debuts
2005 television series endings
Bowerbird

Bowerbirds are the bird family Ptilonorhynchidae. The family has 20 species in eight genera. Bowerbirds are most known for their unique courtship behaviour. Males build a structure and decorate it with sticks and brightly coloured objects. The Vogelkop bowerbird is a good example. The function of this courtship ritual is to attract a mate. The bowerbirds have a "female choice" mating system.

The bowerbirds have an Austro-Papuan distribution, with ten species endemic in New Guinea, eight endemic to Australia and two found in both large islands. Their distribution is mainly in the tropical parts of New Guinea and northern Australia, though some species extend into central, western and southeastern Australia. They occupy a range of different habitats, including rainforest, eucalyptus and acacia forest, and shrublands.

The birds are medium to large-sized passerines, ranging from the golden bowerbird at  and  to the great bowerbird at  and . Their diet consists mainly of fruit but may also include insects (especially for nestlings), flowers, nectar and leaves in some species. The satin and spotted bowerbirds are sometimes regarded as pests because they feed on introduced fruit and vegetable crops. They have occasionally been killed by affected farmers.

References 

Passeri
Birds of Australia
Birds of Oceania
Muggsy Bogues

Tyrone Curtis "Muggsy" Bogues (born January 9, 1965) is a retired American professional basketball player. He is the current head coach of the United Faith Christian Academy boys' basketball team. Bogues is the shortest player ever to play in the NBA at . He played point guard for four teams during his 14-season career in the National Basketball Association. Bogues is best known for his time with the Charlotte Hornets. He also played for the Washington Bullets, the Golden State Warriors, and the Toronto Raptors. Bogues was also the head coach of the WNBA team Charlotte Sting.

References

African-American basketball players
Sportspeople from Baltimore
New Orleans Hornets players
Washington Wizards players
Golden State Warriors players
Toronto Raptors players
Living people
1965 births
American basketball players
Space Jam characters
One-time pad

A One-time pad is a method of encryption. It is a symmetrical cipher, which means the same key is needed for encryption and decryption. A one time pad uses a key that is either as long or longer than the message it encrypts. The key must only be used once, and after it is used, a new key must be generated and shared for the cipher to remain secure. 

If this method is used correctly, it is impossible to decrypt or break the encryption without the key. Failure to make and share random keys has led to successful cryptanalysis, as in the Venona project.
Because of these requirements, it is rarely used today.

History
One-time pads were created all the way in 1882 by Frank Miller. After the invention in 1917, Gilbert Vernam invented and patented an electronic version based on teleprinter technologies. 

Cryptography
Danny Ferry

Danny Ferry (b. October 17, 1966) is a retired NBA basketball player. He is the current general manager of the Atlanta Hawks. Ferry was born in Hyattsville, Maryland. He went to Duke University. Ferry played for the Cleveland Cavaliers and the San Antonio Spurs.

References

Living people
1966 births
American basketball players
San Antonio Spurs players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Sportspeople from Maryland
Shawn Kemp

Shawn T. Kemp (born November 26, 1969) is an American retired professional basketball player. Kemp played a total of 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Seattle SuperSonics, Cleveland Cavaliers, Portland Trail Blazers and Orlando Magic.

References

Other websites
NBA profile 

1969 births
African-American basketball players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Living people
Orlando Magic players
Portland Trail Blazers players
Seattle SuperSonics players
Sportspeople from Indiana
People from Elkhart, Indiana
American basketball players
Sayyid

Syed or Sayyid or Sayed is a title of honour and respect in Islam. It is originally a word from the Arabic language which means 'Sir' or 'Mister' or 'Honourable Person'. 

However, the word is now also used in different parts of the world by Muslims to refer specially to a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. For example, if someone is called a 'Syed/Sayyid' in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Malaysia etc., then that person is descended from the prophet of Islam.

Afghanistan

In Afghanistan, Sadat (Sayyids) are recognized as an ethnic group. On 13 March 2019, addressing the Sadat gathering at the presidential palace (Arg), President Ashraf Ghani said that he will issue a decree on the inclusion of Sadat ethnic group in new electronic national identity card (e-NIC).

President Ashraf Ghani decreed mentioning 'Sadat tribe' in the electronic national identity on 15 March 2019.

Sayyids of the north are generally located in Balkh and Kunduz; while in the east they can be found in Nangarhar. While most are Sunni Muslims, some in the Bamiyan province are Shi'a.

References

Middle East
Asia
Ashiq Mohamed Warsi

Ashiq Mohamed Warsi (died August 1940) was a political figure of British India and a leader of the All India Muslim League. He was one of the members of the Working Committee of the League, which drafted the famous Lahore Resolution in March 1940.

Warsi's sudden death in August 1940 was deeply mourned by his colleagues. He had no connection to Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi, a Tory politician and life peer in England.

References

1940 deaths
Pakistan Movement
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Year of birth missing (living people)
S.M. Sharif

Syed Muhammad Sharif or more commonly S.M. Sharif was a Muslim Barrister from Patna, Bihar, British India. He was an active leader of the All India Muslim League party in his area and also one of the members of the League's Working Committee of March 1940 which drafted the Lahore Resolution. 

Pakistan Movement
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Charles Umpherston Aitchison

Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison (1832 – 1896), was a British Indian administrator. He was Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab from 1882 to 1887.  He was of Scottish origins.

He is specially remembered today for founding the Aitchison College, Lahore (now in Pakistan) in 1886. He also played an important role in supporting the earlier establishment of the University of the Punjab in 1882, on the recommendation of Dr Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner.

Aitchison later also was Chief Commissioner of the British Crown Colony of Burma from 1878 to 1880.

1832 births
1896 deaths
People of British India
Akali Dal

The Shiromani Akali Dal or simply Akali Dal  () is a Sikh political party in India. It is mostly active in the province of Punjab. 

It is not to be confused with the Apna Dal ('Our Own Party'). 

Political parties in India
Edgar Rice Burroughs

Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an  American novelist. He created the famous character Tarzan of the Apes in his novels. He wrote 25 novels on Tarzan's adventures starting from 1914 onwards.

He also wrote other novels and stories that became quite famous. Tarzan and John Carter were some of his characters that became famous.

References

1875 births
1950 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American novelists
Tarzan
Writers from Chicago
Planetarium

A planetarium is a theater built to show educational and entertaining presentations about astronomy and the night sky. They are also used for training in celestial navigation. A main part of most planetariums is the large dome-shaped screen onto which images of stars, planets and other celestial objects can be shown and made to move to show the 'motions of the heavens'. The celestial scenes can be created using many different technologies. These include 'star balls' that combine optical and electro-mechanical technology, slide projector, video, full dome projector systems, and lasers. These technologies are used together to give an accurate image of the motion of the sky. Common systems can be set to show the sky at any point in time, past or present. They often show the night sky as it would appear from any point of latitude on Earth. 

There are many different sizes of planetariums. They can be as large as the Hayden Planetarium's 21-meter dome. It seats 423 people. They can also be as small as a three-meter portable domes where children sit on the floor. These portable planetariums are used for education presentations outside of the permanent planetariums at museums and science centers.

The term planetarium is sometimes used to mean other things which show the solar system. These include computer simulations or an orrery. Planetarium software refers to software that creates a three dimensional image of the sky on a two dimensional computer screen. The term planetarian is used for someone who works at a planetarium. The plural of planetarium is either planetariums or planetaria.

Buildings and structures
Astronomy
Highways in Greece

Highways in Greece are the most significant roads of the country. There are 10 most significant highways. They are:
  (PAThE Motorway): The highway that connects the capital Athens with the second biggest city Thessaloniki and the MK border at Evzoni.
  (Egnatia Odos): The highway that connects the west gate, the port of Igoumenitsa with the east one, the Greek-Turkish Borders at Evros river.
  (Central Greece Motorway): The highway that connects the major cities of Thessaly region, starting at Grevena and ending at Lamia.
  The highway that connects the city of Larissa and the city of Trikala at Thessaly region
  (Ionia Odos): The highway that traverses all the Western Greece, Starting at Ioaninna and ends at Kalamata at Pelloponnese.
  (Attiki Odos): The metropolitan ring road of Athens
  (Moreas Motoerway): The highway that connects the city of Corinth with the city of Kalamata, traversing all the Central Pelloponnese.
  (Olympia Odos): The highway that connects the capital Athens with the third biggest city Patra.
  (Olympia Odos): The highway that connects the city of Patra with the city of Pyrgos at Western Pelloponesse.
  (BOAK Motorway): The highway that traverses all the island of Crete, connecting the cities of Chania, Rethimno, Hrakleion, Agios Nikolaos, ending at Siteia.

Roads
Greece
El Dorado, Houston

El Dorado is a neighborhood in northeast Houston, Texas, United States. The site of a halfway house, El Dorado had the highest amount of convicted felons per resident of all of the Houston neighborhoods in 2007.

Super Neighborhood #53 El Dorado/Oates Prairie includes El Dorado.

References

Houston, Texas
Abilene Eagles

The Abilene Eagles were a West Texas League minor league baseball team. They were based in Abilene, Texas, USA from 1920 to 1922,. They won the league championship in both 1920 and 1921. The team managers for those years were Bugs Young and Ed Kizziar (1920) and Grady White and Hub Northen (1921). They finished in sixth place in 1922. The league folded following the 1922 season, and the Eagles followed suit.

Future major league baseball player Fred Johnson played for the Eagles.

References

Baseball teams
Sports in Texas
Abilene, Texas
1920 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Texas
1922 disestablishments
1920s disestablishments in the United States
Disestablishments in Texas
Jairus C. Fairchild

Jairus Cassius Fairchild (December 27, 1801-October 24, 1862) was an American politician and businessman.

Biography
Fairchild was born in Granville, New York. He moved to Hudson, Ohio and became a merchant.  Later he would move to Franklin Mills, Ohio for a short time. While there he operated a tannery before moving to Cleveland around 1834. He then moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1845 and then to Madison, Wisconsin. Fairchild had a business working with cranberries and the lumber industry. He was also president of a railroad. From 1848 to 1852, Fairchild was the first State Treasurer of the State of Wisconsin. In 1856 he was elected the first Mayor of the city of Madison, Wisconsin. Two of his sons Cassius, and Lucius were also active in Wisconsin politics.

References

Businesspeople from New York
Businesspeople from Cleveland, Ohio
Politicians from Cleveland, Ohio
Politicians from New York
1801 births
1862 deaths
Irène Joliot-Curie

Irène Joliot-Curie (12 September 1897  17 March 1956) was a French scientist. She won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935 with her husband, Frédéric Joliot. Curie was the daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie

Education
Curie started her studies at the Faculty of Science in Paris. During World War I, she served as a radiographer. Curie became Doctor of Science in 1925. She did her thesis on the alpha rays of polonium.

During World War I (1914-1918), she helped her mother using X-ray technology in military hospitals. She helped train radiological workers. Curie then graduated from the Sorbonne in Paris. She earned a degree for work on radioactivity in polonium in 1925.

Research
Curie did important work on radioactivity, transmutation of elements, and nuclear physics. Curie and her husband won the 1935 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their creation of new radioactive elements. This work was written about in their paper "Production artificielle d'éléments radioactifs. Preuve chimique de la transmutation des éléments" (1934).

In 1938, she researched the action of neutrons on the heavy elements. This was an important part of the discovery of the nuclear fission of uranium. Curie became Professor in the Faculty of Science in Paris in 1937. She became Director of the Radium Institute in 1946. After six years as a Commissioner for Atomic Energy, Curie took part in the construction of the first French atomic pile in 1948. Its construction was continued after her death by her husband.

Personal life
Curie was born in Paris. Marie and Pierre Curie were her parents. In 1926, Curie married Frédéric Joliot-Curie, a French physical chemist. He joined Curie’s Radium Institute in 1925. In 1934, they discovered that they that could make stable elements radioactive. Curie and Joliot had a son and a daughter. Curie was also interested in social and intellectual advancement of women. In 1936, she became the Undersecretary of State for Scientific Research.

Curie died on March 17th, 1956.

References

French physicists
1897 births
1956 deaths
Scientists from Paris
French Nobel Prize winners
French chemists
Lucius Fox

Lucius Fox is a fictional Batman character who helps Batman with equipment and is the manager of Wayne Enterprises. He gives Batman all of the equipment or his financing operations that he needs. He is one of the few people to known Batman's secret identity. 

He is played by Morgan Freeman in Batman Begins, The Dark Knight, and in The Dark Knight Rises. Brock Peters was his voice actor in Batman: The Animated Series. Kevin Michael Richardson also makes his voice in some animated movies.

Batman characters
DC Comics characters
James Gordon (comics)

Commissioner James Gordon is a fictional Batman character who is the police commissioner of Gotham City and is a fellow ally of Batman who gives him all of his missions and criminals to capture or question. In some cases, Gordon doesn't know Batman's identity, in other cases he does. He is the father of Barbara Gordon, who is secretly Batgirl.

As the police commissioner of Gotham City, Gordon shares Batman's deep commitment to stop the city of crime. The character is typically portrayed as having full trust in Batman and is even somewhat dependent on him. In many modern stories, he is somewhat skeptical of Batman's vigilante methods, but nevertheless believes that Gotham needs him. 

He was played by Lyle Talbot in Batman shows, Neil Hamilton in Batman, Bob Hastings made his voice in Batman: The Animated Series, he was played by Pat Hingle in four Batman movies; Batman, Batman Returns, Batman Forever, and in Batman & Robin, and he was recently played by Gary Oldman in The Dark Knight Trilogy; Batman Begins, The Dark Knight, and in The Dark Knight Rises. He was voiced by Ray Wise in Batman: The Killing Joke and by Héctor Elizondo in The Lego Batman Movie. He was played by J. K. Simmons in the 2017 movie Justice League and Batgirl. He will be played by Jeffrey Wright in the 2022 movie The Batman.

Batman characters
DC Comics characters
Alfred Pennyworth

Alfred Pennyworth is a fictional character. He is Batman's loyal butler and assistant who helps him complete his missions. He took care of Bruce Wayne when he was a child after his parents were killed. Pennyworth gives Batman all the information he needs and the location where villains are held at. He has a British accent.

He was played by Alan Napier and by Ian Abercrombie in television shows. He was voiced by Clive Revill and by Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. in Batman: The Animated Series and was voiced by Ralph Fiennes in The Lego Batman Movie. In 2016, he was voiced by Brian George in Batman: The Killing Joke. In movies, he was played by Michael Gough, Sir Michael Caine, and Jeremy Irons, and will soon be played by Andy Serkis.

Batman characters
Fictional characters introduced in the 1940s
Fictional British people
DC Comics characters
Bane (comics)

Bane is a fictional Batman character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Chuck Dixon, Doug Moench, and Graham Nolan, he made his debut in Batman: Vengeance of Bane #1 (January 1993). Bane is a supervillain who appears in the Batman comics. He is physically strong and wears a Mexican wrestlers mask. He has a tube that connects from his body to a chemical tank that is strapped to his suit that keeps him strong. He is one of Batman's most physical and smarter villains credited to be the only character in comic books who has broken the bat, both physically and mentally.

He is played by Jeep Swanson in Batman & Robin and by Tom Hardy in The Dark Knight Rises. In Batman & Robin, Bane appears like in the comics with a Mexican wrestling mask, but doesn't talk. In The Dark Knight Rises, Bane has a mask that only covers the front of his mouth and nose, his eyes can be seen and he had a muffled voice with a Caribbean accent.

References

Batman characters
DC Comics supervillains
Fictional characters introduced in 1993
Fictional mass murderers
Catwoman

Catwoman or Selina Kyle is a fictional Batman character who appears in comic books by DC Comics. She is sometimes a villain or Batman's assistant in fighting crime. She is sometimes called "Batman's girlfriend" because of her love-hate with Batman. Catwoman wears leather clothing and has a whip.  

She is played by Lee Meriwether, Julie Newmar, Eartha Kitt, Michelle Pfeiffer, Halle Berry, Anne Hathaway in The Dark Knight Rises, Camren Bicondova in Gotham and will be played by Zoë Kravitz in The Batman.

Batman characters
DC Comics adapted into movies
DC Comics supervillains
Fictional characters introduced in 1940
Ra's al Ghul

Ra's al Ghul is a fictional character in the Batman franchise appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is a supervillain, and he was Bruce Wayne's trainer. He is the leader of the League of Shadows, which is an organization based on correcting the corruption in the world by ways of fear and hostility. Bruce destroyed their temple after he is made aware of their true intention of destroying Gotham City.

Ghul is one of the smartest and most physically skilled villains in the Batman universe. He also trained Bane. Ghul is the father of one of Batman's love interests: Talia al Ghul. He was played by Liam Neeson and by Ken Watanabe (decoy) in Batman Begins. Neeson later had a small role as Ra's in The Dark Knight Rises , Talia appears in. David Warner is his voice actor in Batman: The Animated Series.

Batman characters
DC Comics characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1971
Yawar Hayat Khan

Yawar Hayat Khan (born 18th October 1943- died 3rd November 2016), was a senior former producer and director of the Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and one of the early founders and creative entities of this channel from 1964-65 onwards, when its serialized dramas were immensely popular in Pakistan.

Khan was born in Lahore, in October 1943 and educated at the Aitchison College and the Forman Christian College, there.

In November 1964, the Pakistan Television Corporation made its first test-transmission from Lahore, and in that same year Khan was selected as a trainee with the fledgling state TV channel. 

In 1967, he was transferred back to Lahore, and it is at the Lahore TV studios that he produced his best work. Khan's first major dramatic success came when he directed the immensely popular rural folk drama Jhok Siyaal (1973). This was followed by Waris (1978–79) and then a host of hit serials such as Bandaar Jaati aur Mamta, Samandar, Nasheman, Dehleez, Sahil, Lazawaal and others, between the 1980s and 1990s.

Khan retired from active television service in 2004. He died in Lahore, on 3rd November 2016, after a prolonged illness.

References

1943 births
2016 deaths
Pakistani people
Punjabi people
Pakistani entertainers
Grant Park

Grant Park is a large city park that is in Chicago, Illinois in the Chicago Loop. The Park has some special tourist attractions such as Buckingham Fountain, Millennium Park, Cloude Gate, and the Museum Campus that holds many of Chicago's museums. The Park was originally named Lake Park until it was renamed after the 18th President of the United States and Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant on October 9, 1901. Lollapalooza Music Festival and Taste of Chicago are held in the Park.

References

Other websites

Grant Park: The Night Obama Won  - image slideshow by Life magazine

History of Chicago
Parks in Chicago
1901 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Illinois
Buckingham Fountain

Buckingham Fountain is a landmark that is in the center of Grant Park in Chicago, Illinois. The fountain was finished in 1927 and was one of the largest fountains in the world. The fountain was also one of the first large fountains during that time. The fountain is in the eastern part from Route 66.

References

Other websites

 Chicago Landmarks: Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain and Garden
 Chicago Park District: Buckingham Fountain 
 Restore Buckingham Fountain 

1927 establishments in Illinois
Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
Buildings and structures in Chicago, Illinois
Landmarks in Chicago
10239 Hermann

10239 Hermann (1998 TY30) is a main-belt asteroid.

Other websites 
 JPL Small-Body Database Browser on 10239 Hermann

Hermann
Biblical inerrancy

Biblical inerrancy is the doctrine that the Bible in its original manuscripts, is accurate and totally free from error. "Scripture in the original manuscripts does not affirm anything that is contrary to fact". Some equate inerrancy with infallibility; others do not.

In 1978, 300 scholars and Protestant leaders met in Chicago and produced an agreed statement. It states the Bible is ' of infallible divine authority in all matters upon which it touches...'. Most Evangelical Christians agree with this view, but Liberal Christians do not.

Jesus himself quotes the Old Testament often without question (see Gospel of Matthew 5:17-20), but Judaism has never believed in the literal word of the Hebrew Bible.

There are over 5,600 Greek manuscripts containing all or part of the New Testament, as well as over 10,000 Latin manuscripts, and perhaps 500 other manuscripts in various other languages. Additionally, there are the Patristic writings which contain copious quotes, across the early centuries, of the scriptures. Inerrancy is only applied to the original autographs (the manuscripts written by the original authors), rather than the copies. For instance, the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy says, "We affirm that inspiration, strictly speaking, applies only to the autographic text of Scripture."

Reference

Other websites
Full text of Chicago statement 

Christian theology
Christian terminology
Independent Catholic churches

Independent Catholic Churches is the name for a few Christian churches which say that they have the traditions of the Catholic Church, but who are not recognised by the Holy See. Almost all of them say that their bishops have apostolic succession, that is that their legitimacy comes from an apostle. The first of these churches was the Old Catholic Church, who did not agree that the pope was infallible, in religious matters. This was agreed at the First Vatican Council in 1870. Most of the independent Catholic churches split  from the Old Catholic church. A notable exception is the Society of St. Pius X, a grouping of traditionalist priests, founded in the 1970s.

Communities such as the Eastern Orthodox, the Oriental Orthodox Church, or the Coptic Orthodox Church do not have the problem of recognition, as they are at least partially recognised by the Roman Catholic Church.  Most Independent Catholic Churches were created after 1870.

Catholicism
Old Catholicism
Battle of Cambrai

The Battle of Cambrai was an important battle in the First World War. It took place near Cambrai, and lasted from 20th November to 7th December 1917. This battle was the first in the war, where tanks were used on a large scale. Cambrai was important because it was a railroad hub. In total, about 95.000 people where killed or captured. The battle did not result in a gain of territory of either side. Cambrai lay on the Hindenburg Line. That part of the Hindenburg line between Arras and Soissons was known as Siegfried Line

Cambrai
1917 in the United Kingdom
1910s in Germany
1910s in France
November 1917 events
December events
Indian Mujahideen

Indian Mujahideen is a terrorist group, which has carried out several attacks in India. The group may be related to Students Islamic Movement of India. The Student Islamic Movement of India may be involved in several terrorist organisations, and is therefore banned. Indian Mujahideen said they carried out the Jaipur bombings of 2008. The leader is Abdul Subhan Qureshi.

Islamic terrorism
Religion in India
Bhopal State

Bhopal State (pronounced ) was an independent state of 18th century India. It was founded in 1723. It was a princely state of the British Raj from 1818 to 1947. It was an independent country from 1947 to 1949. At first, the capital was Islamnagar. Later the capital moved to the city of Bhopal.

Rule of the Begums
Bhopal was the second largest Muslim state in pre-independence India, after Hyderabad. Between 1819 and 1926, it was ruled by four women – Begums – unique in the royalty of those days. Qudsia Begum was the first woman ruler, who was succeeded by her only daughter Sikandar Begum, who in turn was succeeded by her only daughter, Shahjehan Begum. Jahan Begum was the last woman ruler, who after 25 years of rule, abdicated in favour of her son, Nawab Sir Hamidullah Khan. The rule of Begums gave the city its waterworks, railways, a postal system and a municipality constituted in 1907. The peaceful rule of Begums led to the rise of a unique mixed culture in Bhopal. The Hindus were given important administrative positions in the state. This led to communal peace and a cosmopolitan culture took its roots.

Sources

Indian princely states
1723 establishments
1949 disestablishments in Asia
18th-century establishments in India
1940s disestablishments in India
1720s establishments in Asia
Cassius Fairchild

Cassius Fairchild (December 16, 1829-October 24, 1868) was a Wisconsin businessman, politician, and military officer.  he was born in Franklin Mills, Ohio (now Kent, Ohio). Fairchild was educated mostly in Ohio. His father was Jairus C. Fairchild, who was the first Treasurer of Wisconsin and the first Mayor of Madison, Wisconsin. His brother was Lucius Fairchild, Governor of Wisconsin. He moved to Wisconsin and managed his family's cranberry and lumber businesses. He also managed their rental properties. Fairchild was elected to the Madison, Wisconsin Common Council where he served as president. He also served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. At the time of the American Civil War, Fairchild enlisted in the Union Army becoming a colonel in the 16th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Fairchild was badly wounded in the Battle of Shiloh, and eventually died of his wounds.

References

Other websites
Political Graveyard: Fairchild

People from Ohio
People from Wisconsin
1829 births
1868 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Issei

is a Japanese language term used in countries in North America and South America to name the Japanese people who immigrated. The emigrants or immigrants who were born in Japan are called Issei; and their children born in the new country are called Nisei (second generation).  The grandchildren of Issei are called Sansei (third generation).

The character and uniqueness of the Issei is recognized in its social history.

History

The earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897.

Imigration to Brazil began in 1908.  Today, the community established by the Issei has become the largest Japanese emigrant population outside of Japan, including approximately 1.5 million Brazilians. Other Issei established themselves in the United States,  Canada,  and Peru. 

In the 1930s, the term Issei came into common use.  The word replaced the term "immigrant" (ijusha).  This change in usage mirrored an evolution in the way the Issei looked at themselves.  The label Issei also included the idea of belonging to the new country.  Other terns like Nisei were modeled after this Issei pattern or template.

Cultural profile 
The term Nikkei (日系) was created by sociologists in the late 20th century.  The Nikkei include all of the world's Japanese immigrants and their descendants.

The Issei were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily Japanese; but they were in America by choice.  Their children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren grew up with a national and cultural point-of-view that was different from their parents.

Although the Issei kept an emotional connection with Japan, they created homes in a country far from Japan.

The Issei, Nisei and Sansei generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese involvement, and religious practice, and other matters.

Select list of notable Issei 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

 Kan'ichi Asakawa (1873-1948), academic, author, peace advocate, historian and librarian
 Makoto Hagiwara ( -1925), made the fortune cookie popular
 Mazie Hirono (1947-  ), 1st US Senator born in Japan
 Fujitaro Kubota (1879-1973), American Seattle gardener and philanthropist
 Isamu Noguchi (1904–1988), American sculptor and landscape architect
 Yoko Ono Lennon (1933-  ) artist and musician.
 George Masa (1881–1933), activist in creation of Great Smoky Mountains National Park
 Yoichiro Nambu (1921 - ), American Nobel Prize winner (2008), Physicist
 Jokichi Takamine (1854 – 1922), chemist who isolated adrenaline

Related pages
 Japanese American Internment

References

Other websites

 Japanese American National Museum
 Japanese American Historical Society
 Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project
 Discover Nikkei

Japanese culture
Clavering

Clavering is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1156 people living in Clavering. It has a church called St Mary & St Clement.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Elmdon

Elmdon is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 522 people living in Elmdon. It has a church called St Nicholas.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Great Easton

Great Easton is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 797 people living in Great Easton. It has a church called St John & St Giles.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Littlebury

Littlebury is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 802 people living in Littlebury. It has a church called Holy Trinity.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Aluminium iodide

Aluminium iodide  is any chemical compound made up of only aluminium and iodine. It is formed by the reaction of aluminium and iodine, or the action of hydrogen iodide on aluminium metal.

Sources

Chemical compounds
Aluminium compounds
Galveston, Texas

Galveston is a city on Galveston Island in the U.S. state of Texas. , the city had 47,743 people.  The city is the county seat of Galveston County. It is well known for a hurricane in 1900.

The city is about 45  miles (72 km) southeast of downtown Houston.

References

Other websites

 
1839 establishments in the Republic of Texas
County seats in Texas
Lockdown (TV series)

Lockdown is a television series.  It is on the National Geographic Channel. The series is about prisons and jails in the United States.  It is shown in a documentary format. Lockdown is known in some regions as America's Hardest Prisons.

American television series
Eiichiro Oda

is a Japanese manga artist. He is best known for his artwork in One Piece.

Early life
Oda was born in Kumamoto in Kumamoto Prefecture. At age 4, he wanted to be a manga artist.

Career
In 1997, One Piece was published in Weekly Shōnen Jump.

References

Japanese manga artists
1975 births
Living people
People from Kumamoto Prefecture
Japan Gold Disc Award

The Japan Gold Disc Awards (日本ゴールドディスク大賞) are honors which are promoted by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ).  The awards recognize CD music sales in Japan.

History
It was established 1987.

It is made much of the number of the downloading and sales.

There are many prizes such as "Single of the Year"' and "Album of the Year" or "Artists of the Year".

List of the Artists of the Year 【Traditional Japanese music】

 1987  Akina Nakamori
 1988  Rebecca
 1989  Boowy
 1990  Southern all stars
 1991  Yumi Matsutoya
 1992  Chage and Aska
 1993 Chage and Aska
 1994  Wands
 1995  TRF
 1996  TRF
 1997  Namie Amuro
 1998 GLAY
 1999  B'z

 2000  Hikaru Utada
 2001  Ayumi Hamasaki
 2002  Ayumi Hamasaki
 2003  Hikaru Utada
 2004  Ayumi Hamasaki
 2005  Orange Range
 2006  Kumi Koda
 2007  Kumi Koda
 2008  Exile
 2009  Exile
 2010  Arashi
 2011  Arashi
 2012  AKB48
 2013  AKB48

List of the Artists of the Year  【Western music】

1987  Madonna
1988  The Beatles
1989  Bon Jovi
1990  Madonna
1991  Madonna
1992  Guns N' Roses
1993  Madonna
1994  The Beatles
1995  Mariah Carey
1996  Mariah Carey
1997  Me and My
1998  Celine Dion
1999  Celine Dion

2000  Celine Dion
2001  The Beatles
2002  Backstreet Boys
2003  Avril Lavigne
2004  12 Girls Band
2005  Queen
2006  O-zone
2007  Daniel Powter
2008  Avril Lavigne
2009  Madonna
2010  The Beatles
2011  Lady Gaga
2012  Lady Gaga
2013  Che'Nelle

References

Other websites
Gold Disc Awards official site

J-pop
1987 establishments in Japan
Étienne Pierre Ventenat

Étienne Pierre Ventenat (1 March 1757 – 13 August 1808) was a French botanist born in Limoges. He was the brother of naturalist Louis Ventenat (1765–1794).  

Ventenat took a trip to England while he was employed as director of the ecclesiastic library Sainte-Geneviève in Paris. While in England, he visited the country's botanical gardens. This inspired him to pursue a career in science. Later he studied under and worked with a botanist named Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle (1746–1800). In 1795, he was elected a member of the Institut national des sciences et des arts. They later changed their name to be the Académie des sciences. 

In 1794 he wrote a treatise on the principles of botany. It was called Principes de botanique, expliqués au Lycée républicain par Ventenat. It did not receive much interest when it was released, and Ventenat became so disappointed that he reportedly made efforts to buy all copies of the book and have them destroyed. In 1798 he published a French translation of Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu's Genera plantarum as Tableau du règne végétal selon la méthode de Jussieu. In his translation of the work, Ventenat added information about the properties and uses of plants.

In 1799 he published Description des plantes nouvelles et peu connues, cultivées dans le jardin de J.-M. Cels. This book described plants in the botanical garden of Jacques Philippe Martin Cels (1740–1806). In 1803 he published Le Jardin de la Malmaison because Joséphine de Beauharnais (1763–1814) asked him to write it. He wanted to make sure the rare species of plants found in the gardens and greenhouses of Château de Malmaison were remembered forever. The pictures and drawings in the two aforementioned works were performed by famed botanical artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840). Ventenat is also credited with continuing the work on Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard's Histoire des champignons de la France. This was a landmark (very important) work on mushrooms native to France.

Other works
 Decas Generum Novorum, 1808.

References 

 This article is based on a translation of an article from the French Wikipedia.

1808 deaths
1757 births
French botanists
French writers
People from Limoges
Bract

In botany, a bract is a modified leaf, especially one associated with a flower or inflorescence. Bracts are usually different from normal leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of a different color, shape, or texture. Usually, they also look different from the parts of the flower, such as the petals and/or sepals.

Variants 
Some bracts are brightly colored like petals, and attract pollinators like bees,. Examples of this type of bract include Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia) and Bougainvillea: both of these have large colorful bracts surrounding much smaller, less colorful flowers. 

In grasses, each floret (flower) is enclosed in a pair of papery bracts, while each spikelet (group of florets) has a further pair of bracts at its base called glumes.  These bracts are the chaff removed from cereal grain during threshing and winnowing. 

A prophyll is a leaf-like structure, such as a bracteole, subtending a single flower or pedicel. The term can also mean the lower bract on a peduncle.

The frequently showy pair of bracts of Euphorbia species in subgenus Lacanthis are the cyathophylls.

Bracts subtend the cone scales in the seed cones of many conifers, and in some cases, such as Pseudotsuga, they extend beyond the cone scales.

Bracts that appear in a whorl under an inflorescence are called an involucre. An involucre is a common feature beneath the inflorescences of many Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae and Polygonaceae. Each flower in an inflorescence may have its own whorl of bracts.  Many asteraceous plants have bracts at the base of each inflorescence.

The term involucre is also used for a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair at the base of an inflorescence.

Epicalyx 
 

An epicalyx, an additional whorl around the calyx of a single flower, is a modification of bracteoles. In other words, the epicalyx is a group of bracts resembling a calyx or bracteoles forming a whorl outer to the calyx. It is a calyx-like extra whorl of floral appendages. They are present in family Malvaceae, the Hibiscus family. Fragaria (strawberries) may or may not have an epicalyx.

Spathe 

A spathe is a large bract that forms a sheath to enclose the flower cluster of certain plants such as palms, arums, and dayflowers.  In many arums (Araceae family), the spathe is petal-like, attracting pollinators to the flowers arranged on a type of spike called a spadix.

Gallery

References 

Plants
Kyūdō

is a Japanese form of archery.  It is a martial art.

History
Kyūdō is based on ancient archery (kyū-jutsu). Archery in Japanese began in the Jōmon period; and it developed in the samurai or military class. At the beginning of the Meiji era (1868-1912), the samurai lost their position because the Emperor Meiji replaced the Tokugawa family, the samurai, as a ruler of the nation. Therefore, all martial arts, including kyudo, declined. Before the Meiji Restoration, only the military class was allowed to do Kyūdō. But after it, ordinally people could also do archery, so it spread outside the military class and it became an amusement. Now, All Japan Kyudo Federation plays a role in the promotion of kyudo as a sport.

Style
There are many styles, but most of kyudo players are learning the technique ruled by All Japan Kyudo Federation (Shaho-Hassetsu). In most cases, style means the kind of movement (called Taihai).

Ogasawara style
This is a major style and is known as the style of mannar. Most of the kyudo players play based on it.

Heki style
This style places importance on hitting and power.

Honda style
This style is derived from Heki style and Ogasawara style.

Yamato style
This style is derived from Heki style.

Technique
There are the Eight Stages of Shooting (Shaho-Hassetsu); which is a fundamental movement.

 Ashibumi; placing the footing
 Dozukuri; forming the body
 Yugamae; readying the bow
 Uchiokoshi; raising the bow straightly (Ogasawara and Honda style) or slantwise (Heki and Yamato style)
 Hikiwake; drawing apart
 Kai; the full draw
 Hanare; the release
 Zanshin: "the remaining body or mind" or "the continuation of the shot"

Equipment
The equipment of kyūdō has evolved from ancient times.

Bow
 is the Japanese term for the bows used in kyūdō.
Yumi is traditionally made of bamboo, wood and leather. But, recently, many yumi are made from  fiberglass and carbon fiber. They are cheaper than those made of bamboo. Generally, there are two sizes. One is nami and the other is nobi. Nobi is longer than Nami.

Arrow
 is the Japanese term for the arrows of kyūdō.  The arrow's shaft is traditionally made of bamboo. Recently, many shafts are made of aluminum or carbon fibers.  The traditional fletching is made with three fins or vanes of  eagle or hawk feathers.  The modern ya may be made with turkey or swan feathers.

Clothing
People wear special clothes called Kyūdōgi when they practice kyudo or play a game.
In a formal place, people wear Wahuku.

 is the  glove worn on the right hand. It is typically made of deerskin.

References

Related pages 

 International Kyudo Federation

Archery
Martial arts
Xerochrysum

Xerochrysum (or Bracteantha) is a type or genus of flowering plants native to Australia. It was defined by Russian botanist Nikolai Tzvelev in 1990. It was identified before (and taking precedence over) Bracteantha which was described the following year. A 2002 molecular study of the tribe Gnaphalieae found the genus is likely polyphyletic, with X. bracteatum and X. viscosum removed from each other.

There are currently 7 recognized species:

Xerochrysum bicolor
Xerochrysum bracteatum (Strawflower or Golden Everlasting; syn. Bracteantha bracteata)
Xerochrysum collierianum A.M.Buchanan & Schah.
Xerochrysum palustre (Swamp Everlasting)
Xerochrysum papillosum (Labill.) R.J.Bayer
Xerochrysum subundulatum (Alpine Everlasting or Orange Everlasting)
Xerochrysum viscosum (Sticky Everlasting)

The genus was formerly included in Helichrysum.

References

Other websites

ASGAP: Xerochrysum bracteatum and Xerochrysum subundulatum
PlantNET: Xerochrysum
PlantNET: Key to Xerochrysum

Asteraceae
Plants of Australia
Henry Charles Andrews

Henry Cranke Andrews (fl. 1794 - 1830), was an English botanist, and an artist who illustrated plants. As he always published as Henry C. Andrews, and due to difficulty finding records, the C. was referred to as Charles, from 1961 until a record of his marriage registration was found in 2017.

Early life and career 
He lived in Knightsbridge. He was married to the daughter of John Kennedy of Hammersmith, a nurseryman who helped Andrews to write descriptions of the plants he illustrated.

Andrews was a good and unusual botanical artist. He was not only an artist, but also engraver, colorist, and publisher in a time when most artists were only employed to make small drawings. The Botanist's Repository was his first publication. It was issued in London in a series of ten volumes between 1797 and 1812. It provided affordable images of plants to the growing population of amateur gardeners in Britain.

Works 
The Kew publication, Curtis's Botanical Magazine, wrote that Andrews' work was very accurate. Andrews' images have a more artistic appeal compared to the publications of his rival, which were focused more on scientific descriptions.

Publications
Botanists Repository, Comprising Colour'd Engravings of New and Rare Plants (10 vols.) (London, 1797–1812)
Coloured Engravings of Heaths 1794-1830 4 vols.
The Heathery 1804-1812 6 vols.
Geraniums or A Monograph of the Genus Geranium (London 1805-1806 2 vols.)
Roses 1805-1828

References

1830 deaths
English botanists
English artists
Engravers
Talia al Ghul

Talia al Ghul is a fictional Batman character who is the daughter of Ra's al Ghul. Ghul might be a villain that might want to either finish his father's work or to avenge his death. She may sometimes help Batman to stop his father's work. She is the mother of Bruce Wayne's son, Damian Wayne.

Marion Cotillard played Talia in The Dark Knight Rises, but she had a fake name Miranda Tate and was the chairman of Wayne Enterprises.

Other websites

 Talia al Ghul on the DC Animated Universe Wiki

Batman characters
DC Comics characters