cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Andy Murray

Sir Andrew Barron Murray  (born 15 May 1987) is a British professional tennis player from Scotland, known as Andy Murray. He was ranked as the number one British tennis player from 2006 to early 2018. From 7 November 2016 to 20 August 2017 Murray was number 1 in the world rankings.

Murray represents Great Britain in his sporting activities and is a three-time Grand Slam tournament winner, two-time Olympic champion and Davis Cup champion.

Murray was born in Glasgow. His brother is tennis player Jamie Murray.

Career 
As a junior, Murray won the US Open and reached the semifinals of the French Open. Murray turned professional in 2005.

Murray was given a Wild Card to Wimbledon and the US Open in 2005, where he reached the third round to David Nalbandian at Wimbledon; and the second round at the US Open. Murray claimed his first title in 2006 at the SAP Open as he beat Lleyton Hewitt in the final. He has appeared in 11 Grand Slam finals, winning three. The first time was in the 2008 US Open. The second time was in the 2010 Australian Open. Both times he lost to Roger Federer. The third time was in the 2011 Australian Open, when he lost to Novak Djokovic. The fourth time was in the 2012 Wimbledon Championships, when he lost to Roger Federer again. Murray won a gold medal in the singles of the London 2012 Summer Olympics, beating Federer in straight sets. Murray won the US Open singles later in 2012, defeating Novak Djokovic. In 2013, Murray won the Wimbledon singles, beating Djokovic 6–4, 7–5, 6–4. In 2016, he won the Wimbledon singles again, beating Milos Raonic 6–4, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–2) in the final. In August 2016, he won the gold medal in the singles at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Grand Slam record 
This table shows Murray's performance in each Grand Slam tournament in singles.

References

1987 births
Living people
2008 Summer Olympics
British Olympic gold medalists
British Olympic silver medalists
British male tennis players
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Glasgow
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
Old Kingdom of Egypt

The Old Kingdom is the name for Egypt during the 3rd millennium BC when  the civilization of Egypt had its first peak. It was the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods, which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley (the others being Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom).

Old Kingdom was the best by the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2686 BC – 2134 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth  Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralized at Memphis. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline that is called the First Intermediate Period by Egyptologists.

The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was Memphis. During the Old Kingdom era the great pyramids were built to be burial tombs for the Pharaohs. Because Pharaohs were believed to be given authority from heaven, they wished to walk to Ra, their Sun-god, after death. King Zoser's adviser Inhotep designed the pyramid, hoping to easily reach Ra. The tombs were built on the west bank of the Nile where the sun seemed to set. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is sometimes called "The Age of the Pyramids."

Khufu, called Cheops, was the Pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid at Giza, near Cairo. He believed his soul never died, so they stored food, clothes, and things he owned in the rooms of the pyramid. The Great Pyramid is one of the Seven Wonders of the World: tall as a forty-story building, it took a hundred thousand men twenty years to build. With only ramps and physical energy, they had to move and lift into place 2,300,000 blocks of limestone that were about two and one-half tons apiece. Slaves, farmers, and gangs of men had to work on the Great Pyramid, and were paid with valuable things, not coins (Egyptians had no coins).
To guard the pyramids, a huge stone statue called the Great Sphinx was created and placed nearby. The Great Sphinx has a man's head and a lion's body, with paws 50 ft (15 m) long.

At last, the priests overthrew the Pharaohs. Then the nobles and priests ruled.

Further reading 
Jaromir Malek, In the Shadow of the Pyramids: Egypt During the Old Kingdom, University of Oklahoma Press, 1986. 
Egyptian Art in the Age of the older set of Pyramids, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.  (catalogue for travelling exhibition of the same name)
 The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom

Other websites
 Middle East on the Matrix: Egypt, The Old Kingdom  – Photographs of many of the historic sites dating from the Old Kingdom
Old Kingdom of Egypt- Aldokkan

Ancient Egypt
Memphis, Egypt

Memphis was the ancient capital of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and later for shorter periods during the New Kingdom. It was an administrative centre throughout ancient history.

Its ancient Egyptian name was Ineb Hedj ("The White Walls"). The name "Memphis" () is the Greek  of the Egyptian name of the pyramid of Pepi I (6th dynasty), which was Men-nefer, and became Menfe in Coptic. The modern cities and towns of Mit Rahina, Dahshur, Saqqara, Abusir, Abu Gorab, and Zawyet el'Aryan, south of Cairo, all lie within the administrative borders of historical Memphis ().

Memphis was also known in Ancient Egypt as Ankh Tawy ("That which binds the Two Lands") because of the strategic position of the city between Upper and Lower Egypt.

The ruins of Memphis are 20 km (12 miles) south of Cairo, on the west bank of the Nile.

In the Bible, Memphis is called Moph or Noph.

References

Sources 
 Baines & Malek Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt, 2000.

Other websites 
On the Memphis Theology
Memphis site (Windows Live Local)

Cities in Egypt
Ancient Egypt
World Heritage Sites in Africa
Capital of Egypt
Archaeological sites in Egypt
World Heritage Sites in Egypt
Nome (Egypt)

A Nome (from , “district”) was an administrative part of ancient Egypt. Nome is a Greek name, used late in Egypt's history; the Egyptian name was "sepat".

The division of ancient Egypt into nomes happened before 3100 BC.  These nomes began as autonomous city-states, but later began to join together. According to ancient tradition, the ruler Menes finally joined all the nomes into a single kingdom.

The nomes remain in place for more than 3,000 years.

Lower Egypt, from the Old Kingdom capital Memphis to the Mediterranean Sea, had 20 nomes. The first was based around Memphis, Saqqara, and Giza, in the area occupied by modern-day Cairo.  The nomes were numbered in a more or less orderly fashion south to north through the Nile delta. The numbering started in the west, and continued with the higher numbers in the east. Alexandria was in the Third Nome; Bubastis was in the Eighteenth.

Upper Egypt was divided into 22 nomes.  The first of these was centered around Elephantine close to Egypt's border with Nubia at the First Cataract – the area of modern-day Aswan.  From there the numbering progressed downriver in an orderly fashion along the narrow fertile strip of land that was the Nile valley.  Waset (ancient Thebes or contemporary Luxor) was in the Fourth Nome, Amarna in the Fourteenth, and Meidum in the Twenty-First.

List of nomes 
The nomes are listed in separate tables for Upper and Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt

Upper Egypt

References
Alan K. Bowman (1990).  Egypt After the Pharaohs.  Oxford University Press.

Other websites
Details of the nomes
Archaeological survey of the nomes 

Ancient Egypt
Cataracts of the Nile

The cataracts of the Nile are areas between Aswan and Khartoum where the water is shallow and flows quickly. The surface is broken by numerous small boulders and stones that lie on the river bed, as well as many small rocky islets. This is called "rapids or "white water".

River cataracts often go with a rapid down-drop of the river. They block the waterway, since boats cannot safely carry cargo though.

The six first cataracts of the River Nile were the main obstacles for boats sailing on the Nile in antiquity. Counted upstream (from north to south), the First Cataract is in modern Egypt; the rest are in Sudan.

 The First Cataract is near Aswan 
 The Second Cataract (or Great Cataract) was in Nubia and is now submerged in Lake Nasser 
 The Third Cataract is around Tombos  / Hannek 
 The Fourth Cataract is in the Manasir Desert and will be flooded by the Merowe Dam from 2006 onward 
 The Fifth Cataract is near the confluence with the Atbara River 
 The Sixth Cataract is where the Nile cuts through the Sabaluka pluton near Bagrawiyah 

The word cataract comes from the Greek word Katarakhtes meaning "waterfall".

In ancient times, Upper Egypt extended from the Nile Delta to the first cataract. Further upstream, in what is modern Sudan, the land was later controlled by the Kingdom of Kush.

The cataract faces north, not south, because the river flows north, from Lake Victoria in the south.

The 1899 book The River War by Winston Churchill explains each of the cataracts.

References

Other websites
  The Cataract Nile and the Great Bend  -University of Texas

Photo links

 Second Cataract: Second Cataract Second Cataract
 Third Cataract: Third Cataract Third Cataract  Third Cataract 
 Fourth Cataract: Fourth Cataract
 Fifth Cataract: Fifth Cataract 
 Sixth Cataract: Fifth Cataract Fifth Cataract

Nile
Paul Gray

Paul Dedrick Gray (April 8, 1972 – May 24, 2010)  was an American musician and bassist for Nu Metal band Slipknot. He was born in Los Angeles, California and moved to Slipknot's home town when he was just a baby.

He was the only member of Slipknot who was not from Des Moines, Iowa.

Death
On May 24, 2010, The Des Moines Register said that Gray had been found dead in a hotel room in the TownePalace Suites hotel in Urbandale, Iowa. 

An autopsy performed on June 21, 2010 showed that Gray died of an accidental overdose of morphine and fentanyl. It also showed that he had signs of a "significant heart disease".

His physician Daniel Baldi was charged with involuntary manslaughter in September 2011. Baldi was accused of continuing to write high-doses of prescription drugs for Gray even though it was known that Gray was a known drug addict. He was also charged with the deaths of seven others and pleaded not guilty when he faced charges.

References

1972 births
2010 deaths
American guitarists
American heavy metal musicians
Bassists
Drug-related accidental deaths
Musicians from Los Angeles
Smog

Smog is a type of air pollutant; the word "smog" is a combination of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area and is caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide.

London is where it first happened. Coal fires are now illegal in London, and trains are driven by other fuels. In cities like Los Angeles it is the exhaust fumes of cars which cause the smog.  

Delhi is supposed to be the most polluted city on Earth. Smogs cause lung diseases and increase the death rate. According to one estimate, air pollution causes the death of about 10,500 people in Delhi every year.

Peking (Beijing) is another city where air pollution is serious. Car emissions and coal burning are the main reasons for their pollution. They also get pollution from some neighbouring regions, due to the pattern of air movement in the area.

References 

Air pollution
Island Records

Island Records is a Jamaican-British record label that was founded by Chris Blackwell in Jamaica. It was based in England for many years, but is now owned by Universal Music Group of the United States, and is operated through The Island Def Jam Music Group.

Labels 
This list is probably incomplete, and some of the dates are uncertain.
 Al's Records (1996–1997)
 Aladdin Records (UK) (mid-1960s)
 Antilles Records (1972–1998)
 Apollo Recordings (2006–2007)
 Black Swan Records (1963-1965 and mid-1970s)
 Blue (1999–2001)
 Blunted (1993–1996)
 Brown Brigade (2003-present)
 Europa Recordings (2006–2007)
 Fallout Records (UK division)
 4th & Broadway (1982–1997)
 Gee Street Records (1990-1997)
 Great Jones (1988–1994)
 Island Black Music (1995–1998)
 Island Jamaica (1995–1996)
 Island Jamaica Jazz (1996)
 Island Masters (1980s–1990s; reissues)
 Island Reggae Greats (1985, compilation series; re-issued in several forms)
 Island Trading Company (importer; 1982–mid-1990s; still exists)
 Island Urban Music (2007)
 Island Visual Arts (1985)
 Manga Entertainment (1991-1997, moved to Chris Blackwell's Palm Pictures, then was sold to Starz Media)
 Mango Records (1972–1997)
 Mango Street (1989–1992)
 MonarC Entertainment (2002)
 Sense ("Sense of Island"; 1990–1991)
 Stiff Records (1984–1986 only)
 Sue Records (UK division)
 Surprise Records (mid-1970s)
 Trade 2 (1996–1997)
 Trojan Records (1967–1968 only)
 Tuff Gong (UK Division

Other websites 
 Island Records (U.K.) — official web site (UK)
 Island Records (U.S.) — official web site (US)
 Island Records label gallery at collectable-records.ru
 Island Book 1962–1977 — Just out! Island Records collectors guide - limited edition, numbered and signed
 Island Records Listing with picture sleeves and label design at collectable-records.ru
 Island Records (UK)  and Island Records (US)  sections of black-music-collectors.com
 Island Records (UK) and Island Records (US) sections of Discogs.com
 Island Records research — Island research wiki for Discogs.com

Jamaica
1959 establishments in North America
Record labels
Establishments in Jamaica
Fiction Records

Fiction Records is a record label that was founded in 1976 by Chris Parry as a home for The Cure. Other notable acts to release on Fiction around this time were the Purple Hearts, Back To Zero, Associates, Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias and Eat (band). The label's first #1 record was Wish by The Cure in 1991, going #1 in the United Kingdom. The band left the record label in 2001, signing to Geffen at the end of the year.

After a period of several years, the label was then re-started in 2002 by Joe Munns, Paul Smernicki and Jim Chancellor as a Polydor imprint. The first release of this record label was a single by Snow Patrol.

Related pages
 List of record labels

Other websites 
Fiction Records Official Website

Indie music record labels
1976 establishments
Foals (band)

Foals are a dance-punk band from Oxford who play a mixture of Indie, techno and Math-Rock. The band work with Transgressive Records.

TV Appearances 
In August 2007, the band appeared in a mini episode of Skins, which aired on Myspace.

The band appeared on the 16th November 2007 episode of Later With Jools Holland playing their songs 'Balloons' and 'Red Socks Pugie'.

The band have also appeared on T-Mobile's Transmission on Channel 4 where they performed the song Hummer.

Discography

Albums 
 Antidotes, 2008
 Total Life Forever, 2010
 Holy Fire, 2013
 What Went Down, 2015

EPs 
 Live EP (Transgressive Records, 26 February, 2007)

Singles 
Try This On Your Piano / Look At My Furrows Of Worry (Try Harder' April 03 2006)
Hummer / Astronauts And All (Transgressive Records, April 23 2007)
Mathletics / Big Big Love (Fig #1) (Transgressive Records, August 20 2007) UK #109
Balloons / Brazil is Here! (CD only) / Dearth (7" only) / Balloons Produced by Kieran Hebden (Limited edt. etched 12" only) (Transgressive Records, December 10 2007)  UK #39

References

Other websites 
 Foals Official Web Site
 Foals MySpace page
 Foals Fansite 

English punk bands
Polydor Records

Polydor Records is a record label currently based in the UK, and is a subsidiary of Universal Music Group.

Polydor UK

Though Polydor's American branch is gone, in the United Kingdom, however, Polydor continues to sign chart-topping acts and remains one of the strongest imprints in the country — with artists such as Klaxons, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Take That and Kaiser Chiefs. 

It also acts as the UK label for American-based acts under Interscope-Geffen-A&M like Eminem and Gwen Stefani.

In spring 2006, Polydor launched Fascination Records, a music label dedicated to pop music. Both Girls Aloud and Sophie Ellis-Bextor transferred to the new label.

Related pages
 Polydor Records artists
 List of record labels

Other websites 
 UK official site

British record labels
Fascination Records

Fascination Records is a Polydor sub-label that launched in spring 2006. The record label is managed by former TOTP Magazine editor Peter Loraine.

As part of Polydor Records UK, the label will concentrate on a small number of pop acts and will complement the re-activated Fiction rock imprint.

Main artists
Girls Aloud
Sophie Ellis-Bextor
Tokio Hotel
Paul Steel
Connie Fisher
Lee Mead
Popjustice

Related pages
 List of record labels

Other websites
 Official site
 New artist search 
 UK Top Connie Fisher
 Pop Justice

British record labels
2006 establishments in the United Kingdom
Laura Marling

Laura Marling (born 1 February 1990) is a British folk singer-songwriter. Marling won Best Female Solo Artist at the 2011 Brit Awards.

Early life
Marling was born in Hampshire. She went to Leighton Park School. When she was 16 she moved to London.

Career

Marling has toured with a number of well-known indie artists in the UK including Jamie T, who personally invited her on tour with him last year after he attended her second-ever gig.

She performed at this summer's 02 Wireless Festival
  
and also performed at the first Underage Music Festival in August 2007 at Victoria Park, East London. She has also performed at Electric Gardens Music festival in Kent .

Her debut single came out on WayOutWest Records, with a new single coming out soon on Virgin Records. 

She appeared on Later with Jools Holland where she performed the song New Romantic. Marling's first album "Alas I Cannot Swim" was released on 4 February 2008. Her single Ghosts was out on 15 January 2008.

Marling's second album I Speak Because I Can was released in 2010.

In 2011 her third album A Creature I Don't Know was released.

In 2013 Marling's fourth album Once I Was An Eagle was released. It got good reviews. It reached number three in the UK Album Chart. Marling was nominated for Best British Female at the 2014 Brit Awards.

Singles
My Manic and I
New Romantic
Ghosts
Cross Your Fingers
Night Terror
Goodbye England (Covered in Snow)
Devil's Spoke
Rambling Man
Blues Run the Game
Sophia
The Beast
Master Hunter

EPs
London Town EP
My Manic and I EP
iTunes Live: London Sessions
Cross Your Fingers

Albums
Alas I Cannot Swim
I Speak Because I Can
A Creature I Don't Know
Once I Was An Eagle

Other websites
MySpace page
Official website
BBC London article
Later with Jools Holland: Watch Laura Marling perform My Manic and I 
Later with Jools Holland: Watch Laura Marling interview, Nov 2007

References

1990 births
Living people
Brit Award winners
British folk musicians
English guitarists
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Hampshire
List of record labels: 0–9

This is a list of notable record labels starting with numbers.

Characters
+1 Records
-ismist Recordings

0–9

Other websites 
 AllRecordLabels.com  very extensive site with links to over 22,000 current record labels

Lists of record labels

cs:Seznam hudebních vydavatelství
en:List of record labels: 0-9
hu:Lemezkiadók listája
nl:Lijst van platenlabels 0-9
ja:レコード会社一覧
ru:Список лейблов звукозаписи
sl:Seznam glasbeno-založniških hiš
Reproduction (disambiguation)

Reproduction may mean:

Biological reproduction, the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced
Asexual reproduction, where an organism creates a copy of itself; there is no genetic contribution from another organism
Sexual reproduction, where two organisms contribute genetic material in the creation of a new individual organism
Self-replication, mechanical, memetic and other form of self-replication
Reproduction (economics), in Marxian economics, recurrent (or cyclical) processes by which the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created
Reproduction (album), a 1979 album by British electronic band The Human League
Reproductions (album) - a 2007 album by singer Charlotte Martin
Reproducibility

Related pages
Copy
Self-replication

Replication is a general word for making a copy. Self-replication is a process by which a thing might make a copy of itself. Biological cells, in suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. The process is self-organising, given the basic machinery of a cell. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. 

Other kinds of replication occur. RNA viruses use the mechanism of a cell to replicate their own RNA strand and make its protein coat. Retroviruses are one of most important RNA viruses; there are a number of other types. Viruses can only reproduce by taking over the reproductive machinery of cells through a process of infection. Computer viruses reproduce using the hardware and software already present on computers.

Memes reproduce using the human mind and culture as their reproductive machinery.

References

 von Neumann, J., 1966, The Theory of Self-reproducing Automata, A. Burks, ed., Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.
 
 Kenyon, R., Self-replicating tilings, in: Symbolic Dynamics and Applications (P. Walters, ed.) Contemporary Math. vol. 135 (1992), 239-264.
 http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~sipper/selfrep/ The Artificial Self-Replication Page

Biological reproduction
Technology
Tor

Tor is a part of land that is made of rock. It is created by weathering, which is a form of erosion. It is mostly found near hills.

Landforms
Palladium (band)

Palladium is an English Pop Rock band. It started in September 2006.

The four band members are Peter, Rufio, Fez and Rocky. They met each other during various tours on the session musician circuit.
They played their first gig together under the name, "The Peppernotes" at a Caribbean Restaurant dressed as Peter Pan in drag. Since then they have changed their name to Palladium and played alongside Amy Winehouse, Mika and The Thrills.
They were soon signed to Virgin Records. The deal being signed whilst they were on tour in Japan.
Through their live shows Palladium have gained many fans, including Amy Winehouse, Mystery Jets and Get Cape, Wear Cape, Fly.
Their debut single, "Happy Hour", was released on 23 July 2007.
They have recorded their debut album, The Way It's Not, with Tony Hoffer (The Kooks, Beck, The Fratellis).  It was announced that the album was due to be released on 28 January 2008. However, according to HMV and Amazon.co.uk it is now expected to be released on 17 March 2008.
They were announced as main support for Mika's late 2007 UK tour.

Musical Style

Palladium get ideas from a wide range of music. Pink Floyd, The Police, Toto, Fleetwood Mac, Stevie Wonder and Hall and Oates have all been mentioned by the band. They have also played at Godolphin and Latymer School in Hammersmith.

Discography

Singles

References

Video
PalladiumOfficial Video page 
Palldium - White Lady, Live
The Strange Musician, Part one - PalladiumOfficial Video Blog Story
Palladium - Get it Right, Live

Other websites
Official MySpace Page
Bandstand
Official Website 

English musical groups
Analogy

An analogy is a comparison between two things that are similar in some way. When you draw an analogy between two different things, you are comparing them because you want to make a concept easier to understand.

"In general (but not always), such arguments belong in the category of inductive reasoning, since their conclusions do not follow with certainty but are only supported with varying degrees of strength".

There is a difference between superficial analogies and profound analogies. Two things might look alike, but work quite differently, or they might look different, but work in ways like each other. Most effort is put into finding profound analogies which teach us something worth knowing. As another philosopher puts is:

"The goal has been to find the formal criteria that distinguish good from bad analogical inference. These efforts have met with mixed success, at best".

Mario Bunge sees analogy as a main way of getting new hypotheses which can be tested. He points out that analogies may be based on similarities in behaviour, or in structure.

Famous examples 
The parables of Jesus are analogies. For instance, in the parable of the sower the analogy of the seed falling on good ground is to "such as hear the word, and receive it, and bring forth fruit".
Charles Darwin chose the term "natural selection" as an analogy with the selection of domesticated animals and plants. The artificial selection of  breeds of pigeons was one of his favourite studies.

References

Other websites and references

 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Medieval Theories of Analogy.
 Chalmers, D.J. et al. (1991).  Chalmers, D.J., French, R.M., Hofstadter, D., High-Level Perception, Representation, and Analogy.
 Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.J., Kokinov, B. (Eds.) (2001). The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 
 Itkonen, E. (2005). Analogy as Structure and Process.  Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
 Juthe, A. (2005). "Argument by Analogy", in Argumentation (2005) 19: 1–27.
 Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1995). Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, .
 Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1997). The Analogical Mind.
 Lamond, G. (2006). Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Logic
Literary terms
The Championships, Wimbledon

The Wimbledon Championships is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Wimbledon, a suburb of London in England, Great Britain. The Championships are unique because they are the only Grand Slam played on a grass court. Wimbledon is the third tennis grand slam of the year and is widely seen as the biggest event on the sport's calendar.

Wimbledon was first competed in 1877. The women's single and the mens doubles events began seven years later in 1884. It has always been played during the summer. It is played over two weeks, from late June to the beginning of July. The tournament is played after the French Open and before the U.S. Open. In 1968, the championships were opened up to both professionals and amateurs for the first time, with Rod Laver and Billie Jean King winning their respective singles titles.

The winners in 2016 were Andy Murray and Serena Williams.

Traditions

Seedings 
In every tennis competition, players are given a seed to help decide their place in the draw. At Wimbledon, they use a player's performances (whether good or bad) on grass to help decide the seed. At other tennis competitions, seeding are chosen based only on rankings.

Clothing 
The umpires (referees) and linesmen all have to wear special dark green and mauve clothing. The players have to wear all white.

Etiquette 
Female players used to have their names announced with "Miss" or "Mrs"; this was unlike any other Grand Slam tournament. However, this changed for the 2009 tournament. In this tournament, only the surnames were used. If The Queen is in the audience, it is normal for players to bow to her.

Records 
Men - William Renshaw, Pete Sampras and Roger Federer have won the singles 7 times each
Women - Martina Navratilova has won the singles 9 times

Gallery

1877 establishments in England
Sport in London
Tennis tournaments
Legume

A legume is a type of dry fruit. It is usually produced by plants in the family Fabaceae. Legumes can be a variety of fruits: peas and beans are types of legumes.

Description 
Legumes grow from the carpel, the female reproductive part of a plant. The fruit of a legume is found inside a pod that can be split on both sides. However, there are some foods that grow inside pods that are not legumes.

Health 
Legumes contain many healthy nutrients, such as protein. They are a good source of protein for vegetarians and vegans, or people who do not eat meat and fish. They also contain fibre. This helps to have a healthy digestive system. However, they contain some nutrients which humans find difficult to digest. It is recommended that legumes are soaked (left in water) before cooking to help with nutrient absorption (taking in more nutrients). Some amino acids, such as methionine, are not found very much in some legumes. However, they are needed to help the body use protein.

Use 
India imports (buys from other countries) the most legumes. This may be because a lot of Indians follow the religion of Hinduism, which does not let people eat meat. Legumes are a cheap and plentiful source of food in a country where around 22% of the population are in poverty. The top four producers and exporters (selling to other countries) of legumes are:
Canada
Myanmar
Australia
USA
The USA uses legumes for a variety of reasons. It is the highest producer. It uses soybeans to feed cattle and make vegetable oil. Peanuts are a popular snack food in the USA and these are also a type of legume.

Related pages
 List of fruit

References

Legume
Bifocals

Bifocals are eyeglasses with lenses that are split between two different strengths. Usually the lower half of each lens is made to help the wearer read, while the upper one is to help the wearer see at a distance.

Optics
Ashland, Alabama

Ashland is an American city in the state of Alabama. It is the county seat of Clay County. The city has a population of about 2,000 people. Ashland is the hometown of Alabama's 52nd governor Bob Riley.  Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black is from Ashland.

Geography
Ashland has an area of 7.2 miles. The city is Alabama's highest elevated county seat at 1130 feet.

County seats in Alabama
Cities in Alabama
Bob Riley

Robert Renfroe "Bob" Riley (born October 3, 1944) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican party. He was the 52nd Governor of Alabama from 2003 until 2011. He was first elected to office in 2002 and re-elected in 2006. Riley was born in Ashland.

Personal life
He has a wife, four children (one is dead), and seven grandchildren.

References

Other websites
 National Governors Association—Alabama Governor Bob Riley  biography
 Bob Riley for Governor  - Official campaign site
 Follow the Money—Bob Riley 2006 campaign contributions
 On the Issues—Bob Riley issue positions and quotes
 Project Vote Smart—Governor Robert R. 'Bob' Riley (AL) profile

1944 births
Living people
American Baptists
Governors of Alabama
Real estate developers
US Republican Party politicians
Leon Czolgosz

Leon Czolgosz (May 5, 1873 - October 29, 1901) was an American assassin and an anarchist best known as the murderer of William McKinley. He was born in Alpena, Michigan to Polish Catholic immigrant parents. Czolgosz shot President William McKinley in Buffalo, New York on 6 September 1901. The President died from his injury on September 14, 1901, 8 days later. Czolgosz shot the president because he believed the President committed war crimes in the American Philippines war (1899-1913) and was an enemy of the people. He was influenced by Emma Goldman. Some people have questioned the sanity of Czolgosz.

Czolgosz was found guilty of murder in a very fast trial. He was executed by electric chair in Auburn prison, New York on October 29, 1901. 

1873 births
1901 deaths
American anarchists
American people executed for murder
Anarchists
Assassins
Criminals from Michigan
People executed by electric chair
William McKinley
Federal district

The federal district is the area around the national capital in some federal countries. that are organized as 
capital districts and territories.

A federal district is made so that no state in the country can claim to be more important than the others because the national capital is inside the state, or to stop one state trying to have control over the national capital.

Countries with a federal district include:

 , Washington is in the federal district of the District of Columbia
 , Canberra is in the Australian Capital Territory
 , Islamabad City is in the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)

Belgium is a federal country, but its capital (Brussels) is not a federal district, but is its own language region. To show that the French language and the Flemish language are equal Brussels is a special bilingual (two-languages) region.

Countries

de:Hauptstadtdistrikt
fa:‫حوزه فدرال
Mobile County, Alabama

Mobile County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. It is named after a tribe of Indians, the Maubila tribe.  As of 2003, 399,747 people lived there.  Its county seat is Mobile.  The entire county is included in the Mobile metropolitan statistical area.

History 
 Mobile County was first settled in 1702.
 The county was declared a disaster area in September 1979 due to damage from Hurricane Frederic.
 The county was declared a disaster area in September 2005 due to damage from Hurricane Katrina.

Government 
The county-wide government is a 3 member district county commission which represents both the unincorporated residents and the residents of other municipalities.

Geography 
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which,  of it is land and  of it (25.00%) is water.

Neighbouring Counties 
 Washington County (north)
 Baldwin County (east)
 Jackson County, Mississippi (southwest)
 George County, Mississippi (west)
 Greene County, Mississippi (northwest)

Demographics 
The census of 2000 said that there were 399,843 people, 150,179 households, and 106,777 families living in the county.  The population density was 324 people per square mile (125/km²).  

The racial makeup of the county was 63.07% White, 33.38% Black or African American.

Municipalities 

City (population)

 Mobile (197,833), the county seat
 Prichard (27,963)
 Saraland (12,288)
 Chickasaw (6,364)
 Satsuma (5,687)
 Citronelle (3,659)
 Bayou La Batre (2,313)

Towns
 Creola (2,002)
 Dauphin Island (1,371)
 Mount Vernon (844)

Census-designated place
 Tillmans Corner (15,685)
 Theodore (6,811)
 Grand Bay (3,918)

Unincorporated communities 
 Eight Mile (partially in the city of Prichard, partially unincorporated)
 Semmes

Education 
All of the public schools in Mobile County are operated by the Mobile County Public School System.

Other websites 
 Information on Mobile metropolitan area
 Mobile County map of roads/towns (map © 2007 Univ. of Alabama).

Alabama counties
1812 establishments in the United States
1810s establishments in Alabama
Mike Cross

Mike Cross (born in 1946) is an American singer and guitar player.

Life

Early life 
Cross was born in Maryville, Tennessee, he started playing guitar when he was at college at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Style 
Cross plays acoustic blues and novelty songs.  He also plays funny songs like "The Scotsman" and "The Drunkard". He describes himself as a "wandering hillbilly hippie folk singer."

Albums
 Child Prodigy
 Born in the Country
 Bounty Hunter
 Rock 'n Rye
 Live & Kickin' 
 Carolina Sky
 Solo at Midnight
 Prodigal Son
 Irregular Guy
 Best of the Funny Stuff
 High Powered, Low Flying
 Michael's Magical Music Box
 At Large in the World

Other websites
 Official site

1946 births
Living people
Blues musicians
Singers from Tennessee
American guitarists
Musicians from Tennessee
Arthur Crudup

Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup (August 24, 1905 – March 28, 1974) was a delta blues singer and guitarist. He wrote songs that Elvis Presley later sang.

Life and career

Early life 
Crudup was born in Forest, Mississippi, and worked as a migrant worker until he and his family went back to Mississippi in 1926.

Early career 
Crudup sang gospel music and blues music. He played in a band called the Harmonizing Four in 1939. A record producer called Lester Melrose got him work with the Bluebird label.

Later career 
Crudup stopped recording in the 1950s. His last Chicago recording was in 1951. He also recorded in 1952–54 for a radio station called WGST in Atlanta. In the 1960s he started recording again with Fire Records and Delmark Records.

Later life 
In the mid 60s, Crudup went back to working as a farmer in Virginia, where he lived with his family: his three sons and several of his own siblings.

Death 
He died because of heart disease and diabetes. He died in the Nassawadox hospital in Northampton County, Virginia, also on the Eastern Shore in 1974.

References

Other websites
 Biography of Arthur Crudup 
 Biography of Arthur Crudup

1905 births
1974 deaths
Blues guitarists
Singers from Mississippi
American guitarists
Musicians from Mississippi
David Honeyboy Edwards

David "Honeyboy" Edwards (June 28, 1915 – August 29, 2011) was an American blues guitarist and singer. Honeyboy was the last original Delta Blues guitarists still performing.

Life and career

Early life 
Edwards was born in Shaw, Mississippi, United States. He was friends with Robert Johnson, and was with him when he died.

Later career 
Culture expert Alan Lomax recorded Edwards in 1942 for the first time. In his later years, Honeyboy still played concerts around the world, sometimes up to 100 concerts a year. He died on August 29, 2011 in Chicago, Illinois from congestive heart failure, at the age of 96 years.

Author 
Edwards has also written a book, The World Don't Owe Me Nothin', which was published in 1997 by Chicago Review Press. The book is about his life from childhood to when he arrived in Chicago. It describes his journeys through the South in the early 1950s.

Awards 
1996: Got into the Blues Hall of Fame
2005: Blues Artist of the Year
2007: Acoustic Artist of the Year

His albums White Windows, The World Don't Owe Me Nothing, Mississippi Delta Blues Man, and Henry Townsend  were all nominated for the W. C. Handy Award.

References

Other websites 

Official website for David Honeyboy Edwards
Official myspace of David Honeyboy Edwards

Illustrated David 'Honeyboy' Edwards discography

1915 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Blues guitarists
Singers from Mississippi
Singers from Chicago
American guitarists
Musicians from Mississippi
Musicians from Chicago
Houston County, Alabama

Houston County is a county in the state of Alabama, United States

It is the newest county in Alabama, as it was only created on 9 February 1903. It is named after the former state Governor George Smith Houston.

The county seat is Dothan.

Economy 
Houston County is mostly agricultural. Peanuts, cotton and corn are the main things that are grown. Small grains, melons and vegetables are also grown a lot. Beef cattle, hogs and dairy cattle are the main animals farmed in the County.

1903 establishments in the United States
Alabama counties
20th-century establishments in Alabama
Pompeii

Pompeii was a Roman city. Now it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

On 24 October, 79 AD, a volcano called Mount Vesuvius erupted and destroyed the city and its people, killing 2,000 of them. 

Pompeii is now considered one of the world's most important historical sites because of the way the volcanic ash preserved the city and its people. This gives historians and archaeologists a vivid picture of life in the Roman Empire around 2,000 years ago.

Archaeologists have found graffiti written by the people who lived in the town.

People often wrote on walls, and archaeologists have been able to read some of what they wrote. Pompeii is an interesting attraction for tourists from around the world and is visited by 2.5 million people every year.

History 
The town was started around the year 600 BC. It was started by a group of people from central Italy, the Osci. They chose to start it in this location because it was already an important location for trade by both land and sea. By the 5th century BC, Pompeii had become part of Rome. While under Roman control, Pompeii was improved a lot. The Romans built Aqueducts, and these were used to provide the citizens with water.

Before the eruption, Pompeii was a beautiful and wealthy city. At the time of the eruption, the town may have had about 11,000 people living there. It was in an area where Romans had holiday villas. Modern professor William Abbott said, "At the time of the eruption, Pompeii had reached its high point in society as many Romans frequently visited Pompeii on vacations."

Witnesses 
Pliny The Younger was a witness to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. He sent letters to a friend describing the eruption. For he was much too scared to go any closer, he stayed where he was. He was quite a distance from the sight, but close enough to see the eruption clearly.

Dating 
Recent research has questioned the day of the eruption, with some scholars arguing for an autumn date.

Related pages 
Herculaneum

References 

Places of Ancient Rome
Cities and towns in Italy
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Henry Sloan

Henry Sloan (January 1870 – 13 March 1948?) was an African American musician. He played the Delta Blues and is known for teaching Charlie Patton to play the blues, and moved to Chicago after World War I.

Life

Early life 
David Evans says that Sloan was born in Mississippi in 1870. He moved to a Plantation near Indianola at between 1901 and 1904.

Career 
There is a rumour that Sloan was a hobo which was seen by musician W.C. Handy playing guitar at Tutwiler train station in 1903. Handy describes him as

References

Blues guitarists
American guitarists
Singers from Mississippi
Musicians from Mississippi
1870 births
1948 deaths
Blacks and Whites' Carnival

Blacks and Whites' Carnival (Spanish: Carnaval de Negros y Blancos) is a carnival in the Colombian city of Pasto, and was proclaimed by UNESCO as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The carnival happens each year, from January 2 to January 7. Many tourists visit it.

Stages 
It has two stages: pre-carnival with Fool's Day and New Year's Eve Puppets (parade and burning); and the carnival itself with four celebration days: Colonies Day, Carnavalito (Children's Carnival), the Arrival of the Castañeda Family, Blacks' Day and Whites' Day with the Grand Parade (this being the most important day for its beauty).

Colonies Day was added as an official day into the traditional Carnival programing, with several new acts: Tribute to the Virgin of Mercy, Colonies Parade, and Rock Day. 

Carnavalito (Children's Carnival) began in 1966, as a copy of the adults' carnival, originally with little floats, accompanied by child musicians and dancing girls.

The Arrival of the Castañeda Family began in 1929 as a salute to the settlers in the east of the country.

Blacks' Day originally commemorated the day in which the African slaves had a free day, after the 1607 slave rebellion in the Colombian town of Remedios. It is said that when news reached Popayan, the African population there went to the streets and danced, and blackened all the white walls of that city with coal. In Pasto the celebration has probably taken place since 1857, when white people began to paint their faces black.

Whites' Day (and the modern carnival) began in 1912 as a new way to celebrate the Epiphany. The people began to paint their faces white with cosmetics and powder. In 1926 the Great Parade began, full of colorful and giant floats, and people began playing with streamers and confetti.

Carnival Remate (Finish) happens by celebrating "Cuy's day", when locals and tourists delight in the typical dish of the region.

Today the carnival is very important for tourism. People use costumes and masks, and still play with black cosmetics and white powder.

Related pages
 Carnival

References

Other websites

 "Corpocarnaval" – Corporación oficial del carnaval de Negros y Blancos (in Spanish).
 Periódico de la UN: El carnaval de Pasto: oxígeno de una identidad (in Spanish) .
 Colombia turismo, Carnaval de Negros y Blancos (in Spanish).
 Inscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Festivals
Colombian culture
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Le Corbusier

Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris (birth name), (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), known by the popular name of Le Corbusier, was an architect and writer born in Switzerland. In the 1930s, he became a French citizen. He is famous for his theories about modernism in architecture. His plans included the improvement of housing for people in large cities. This was because many people lived in poverty at that time. Many of his designs have been built across the world.

He also liked to paint and was skilled at designing furniture.

Early life 

Le Corbusier grew up in La Chaux-de-Fonds, a small town in the north of Switzerland. In 1907, aged 19, he moved to the French city of Paris. He travelled across Europe, and learned a lot of new ideas. He learned to speak German and worked with famous architects, such as Peter Behrens.

The World War 
During World War I, Le Corbusier went back to Switzerland and became a teacher. Soon, he opened his own architectural business with his cousin, and they worked together until 1940. It was in 1918 that he met a painter, Amédée Ozenfant, who would become a great friend. They combined their ideas to create a new type of art called Purism.

Post-World War 
After the war, Le Corbusier concentrated on his art until 1922. After this, he began designing apartments that could be stacked on top of each other, to house people and meet their needs. This type of low-density housing was to deal with the problem of over-crowding in Paris. He said this transformation was needed, or a revolution could occur from the unhappy lower classes. He created a design for an ideal city (Ville Contemporaine) that was never built. It was a plan developed around a lot of skycrapers. He presented this plan to the French government, who refused it. This did raise their awareness of overcrowding in the city though.

1930s 
Le Corbusier began to dislike capitalism, and said that people's house size should depend on the size of their family, and not by how rich they were.

Later life 
Le Corbusier was not active in politics from 1942. Instead, he built smaller housing blocks around France.

His name 
The name, Le Corbusier, is French. It is a different version of his grandmother's surname, Lecorbésier. The name translates in to English as "the crowlike one". He chose this name in 1920.

Famous ideas 
 Le Corbusier said that buildings should built with transportation, especially the car, in consideration. He was one of the first architects to suggest this, and now almost every city planner considers this when designing a building.

He considered speed in architecture by saying that house is a machine to live in. This machine's purpose is to speed up the activities of the people who live in it.
He introduced an idea of building a residence with just some slabs, columns, and, stairs. These three things can produce any kind of residence, for any class of people.

1887 births
1965 deaths
French architects
French writers
Swiss writers
Urban planners