cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Aizac

Aizac is a town and commune of the Ardèche department in Southern France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
John Keats

John Keats (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821) was an English poet. He is often ranked as one of the five most important poets of the Romantic movement in English literature; the other four are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, and Percy Bysshe Shelley. Though Keats was the youngest of these poets, he also died before the others: he suffered from tuberculosis and died in Rome at the age of 25.

Keats was the son of an inn-keeper Thomas Keats, who died when Keats was nine years old and Frances Keats; and his mother died of tuberculosis in 1810. The young Keats began studying to be a surgeon, though his interest in literature grew stronger than his interest in medicine. He became a friend and follower of the poet and editor James Henry Leigh Hunt, and made his first attempts to write his own poetry. Keats's active writing life lasted only about six years, from the spring of 1814 through 1819. 

His short life meant that he wrote less than many other poets. His longest poems, Endymion and Hyperion, tell stories from ancient Greek mythology. Many of his shorter poems are among the best known in English literature, including the ballad "La Belle Dame sans Merci" and his sonnets and odes.

Keats was an active letter-writer throughout his life, like many people of his time. Hundreds of his letters to friends and relatives have survived, and Keats is often called one of the great letter writers in the English language.

References

Other websites

The poetical works of John Keats, edited by William T. Arnold, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., London 1884. 

1795 births
1821 deaths
Deaths from tuberculosis
English poets
Literature since 1500
Writers from London
Endymion (poem)

Endymion is one of the major poems of the English Romantic poet John Keats. It is his longest poem. Keats wrote the poem in 1817, and it was printed in a book in 1818. The poem's opening line is one of the most famous lines of poetry in English literature:

A thing of beauty is a joy forever.

Keats called the poem "A Poetical Romance." He wrote in four sections or "Books," and each section is about a thousand lines long. The poem is written in a form called rhymed couplets, which means that every two lines rhyme together. The story is based on the tale of Endymion from Greek mythology.

Endymion was criticized harshly when it was first published. Some of Keats's friends and admirers, like the poet Shelley, believed that the stress of this hostile reaction had a bad effect on Keats's mind, and partly caused his early death from tuberculosis at the age of 25. But most modern critics and scholars of English literature do not think this is true.

19th-century British poems
Hyperion (poem)

Hyperion is one of the major poems of the English Romantic poet John Keats. The poem is based on the tale from Greek mythology that tells how the Titan Hyperion, the first Greek sun god, was replaced by Apollo.

Keats worked on the poem mainly in August and September 1818. He finished the first two sections or "Books," each between 350 and 400 lines long, and he also wrote 135 lines of Book III. But he was not satisfied with what he had written; he re-wrote it bit by bit until April 1819, when he gave up for a while. Some critics and scholars think that Keats set out to write the kind of long poem he had already done in his Endymion in 1817 – but his outlook on poetry had changed, to a point where he was no longer happy writing the kind of mythological epic that many other poets of his time tried to write.

Keats tried to re-do the poem in a new form that he called The Fall of Hyperion. He worked on this second version during the last six months of 1819, and though he wrote more than 500 lines, he gave up this second attempt too. He was never able to complete either version of the poem in a way that satisfied him.

Keats wrote the poem in blank verse, without rhyme. Though neither version was ever finished, some critics think that they contain some of Keats's best verse, as in the gloomy and powerful opening lines of the first Hyperion:

Deep in the shady sadness of a vale
Far sunken from the healthy breath of morn,
Far from the fiery noon, and eve's one star,
Sat gray-hair'd Saturn, quiet as a stone,
Still as the silence round about his lair;
Forest on forest hung about his head
Like cloud on cloud.

["vale" = valley; "morn" = morning; "eve" = evening]

19th-century British poems
Golden ratio

With a number namely a and another smaller number b, the ratio of the two numbers is found by dividing them. Their ratio is a/b. Another ratio is found by adding the two numbers together  and dividing this by the larger number a.  The new ratio is (a+b)/a. If these two ratios are equal to the same number, then that number is called the golden ratio.  The Greek letter  (phi) is usually used as the name for the golden ratio.

For example, if b = 1 and a/b = , then a = . The second ratio (a+b)/a is then . Because these two ratios are equal, this is true:

One way to write this number is
 is a number which, when multiplied by itself, makes 5: .

The golden ratio is called an irrational number. That means that if a person tries to write it, it will never stop and never make a pattern, but it will start like this: 1.6180339887... An important thing about this number is that if you subtract 1 from it or divide 1 by it, you'll get the same number.

Golden rectangle 

If the length of a rectangle divided by its width is equal to the golden ratio, then the rectangle is a "golden rectangle". If a square is cut off from one end of a golden rectangle, then the other end is a new golden rectangle. In the picture, the big rectangle (blue and pink together) is a golden rectangle because . The blue part (B) is a square, and the pink part by itself (A) is another golden rectangle because . The big rectangle and the pink rectangle have the same form, but the pink rectangle is smaller and is turned.

Fibonacci numbers 

The Fibonacci numbers are a list of numbers. A person can find the next number in the list by adding the last two numbers together. If a person divides a number in the list by the number that came before it, this ratio comes closer and closer to the golden ratio.

Golden ratio in nature

In nature, the golden ratio is often used for the arrangement of leaves or flowers. These use the golden angle of approximately 137.5 degrees. Leaves or flowers arranged in that angle best use sunlight.

Related pages 

 Fibonacci numbers
 Phi

References

Other websites
Easy to understand golden ratio article
Golden Ratio -Citizendium
 Golden ratio in the works of the contemporary painter slikara Alfred F. Krupa, YouTube-video
Irrational numbers
Mathematical constants
Relational database

A relational database is a way of storing information (data). The database matches data by using identical information that is found within the data set. The resulting groups of data are organized and are much easier for many people to understand.

For example, a database has all information about real-estate sales in a town. This information can be grouped by year, or by sale price, or by buyer's last name and so on. Such a grouping uses the relational model (a technical term for this is schema). Hence, such a database is called a "relational database."

The software used to do this grouping is called a relational database management system (RDBMS). The term "relational database" often refers to this type of software.

Relational databases are currently the main way in which companies store information like financial records, medical records, personal information and manufacturing and logistical data.

The term relational database was originally defined by and is attributed to Edgar Codd at IBM Almaden Research Center in 1970.

References

Computer science

RDBMS(Relational Database Management System):- RDBMS is a software package used to store and retrieve data is organized in the form of tables. In other words RDBMS store information in rows and columns and conducts searches by using data in specified columns and rows of one tables as well as to find additional data in another related table.
Two dimensional table is a natural way to represent data to a user. A table must be set up in a way that no information about the relations among data elements is lost.
Kingdom of Scotland

The Kingdom of Scotland was a historic country and state. It started in the Early Middle Ages and was in existence until the Early Modern Period.

After 1603, it had the same monarch as the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland. In 1653, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the government of Oliver Cromwell made Scotland into part of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland: a republic. However, at The Restoration, Scotland started again to be a kingdom. It combined with the Kingdom of England to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 because of the Acts of Union 1707.

References

Related pages
Scotland
Parliament of Scotland

Former countries in Europe
History of Scotland
Ajoux

Ajoux is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Alba-la-Romaine

Alba-la-Romaine is a commune of the French département Ardèche.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Albon-d'Ardèche

Albon-d'Ardèche is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Alboussière

Alboussière is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France. It can be found about 20 km from Valence-sur-Rhône. About 760 people live there.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Alissas

Alissas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Jackson, Michigan

Jackson is a city in lower mid-Michigan. It was started in 1829. It is named after Democratic President Andrew Jackson. Jackson is the home town of several well-known people. One of whom is the first African-American Super Bowl winning coach, Tony Dungy.

Several of the major employers in the city are CMS Energy, which gives natural gas and electrical services to much of Michigan and has its international headquarters in the city, as well as Foote Hospital. Jackson is  from the Michigan International Speedway.

References

Other websites

Cities in Michigan
County seats in Michigan
1820s establishments in Michigan Territory
Protostome

Protostomes are a nephrozoan taxon of animals above the level of phylum. It is not part of the normal system of classification. 

They are a subtaxon of the Bilateria, and are contrasted with the deuterostomes. Protosomes are distingued by their embryo: in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes it becomes the mouth.

DNA sequence analysis suggests that protostome animals can be divided into three major groups:
Ecdysozoa, e.g. arthropods,  nematodes
Platyzoa, e.g. platyhelminthes, rotifers
Lophotrochozoa, e.g. molluscs, annelids
as well as a number of minor taxa, like the Chaetognatha.

Invertebrates
Groups of phyla
Earth, Texas

Earth is a city in Lamb County, Texas, United States. There were 1,109 people living in Earth as of the year 2000.

References 

Cities in Texas
Amazing Grace (2006 movie)

Amazing Grace is a 2006 movie about the fight to end the slave trade in 18th century Britain. Led by famous abolitionist, William Wilberforce. He created anti-slave trade laws in the British Parliament.

The movie is directed by Michael Apted, written by Steven Knight, and stars Ioan Gruffudd. The first release date for this movie was September 16, 2006 in Canada. It was released in the United States on February 23, 2007. Several other areas had other dates.

On the opening weekend, this movie made around four million dollars. It went on to make an all-time worldwide total of over 32 million dollars.

Amazing Grace was named "Best Spiritual Film of 2008" in the third annual "Beliefnet Film Awards".

References

Other websites 
 Official Website
 

2006 drama movies
2000s biographical movies
2000s American biographical movies
2000s American drama movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
Movies directed by Michael Apted
María Isabel Carvajal

Carmen Lyra (January 15, 1888  – May 14, 1949) was the pseudonym of the first prominent female Costa Rican writer, born María Isabel Carvajal Quesada.

Life 
Lyra studied at the school in her neighborhood in the Buenaventura Corrales. She studied pedagogy at the college and got the teacher’s certification. Lyra began teaching in the rural El Monte School in the province of Heredia. In 1906, she worked in the San Juan de Dios Hospital for a short time.

Teaching methods 
Lyra travelled to Europe. While there, she  learned about new educational systems. When she returned, she worked with a teacher and founded the first pre-school in Costa Rica.

Writing career 
Lyra's first publication was the novel En una silla de ruedas (In a Wheelchair), in 1918. Her short stories were published in the Pandemonium Magazine, Ariel Magazine, and the Repertorio Americano. 

The stories of Carmen Lyra have been used in many schools. The most popular is Cuentos de mi tía Panchita (Story of my aunt Panchita). It was published in 1920. This story is well known by most Costa Rican.

Other works of Maria Isabel Carvajal are Las fantasias de Juan Silvestre (1918), Obras Completas (1975), La cucarachita mandina (1976) and  relatos escogidos (1977).

 Politics 
Carmen Lyra was involved in Costa Rican politics. She was part of the communist party. 

She helped organize women schoolteachers to burn down the building of the official newspaper and to overthrow the dictatorship of Costa Rica's Federico Tinoco Granados in 1919. She is credited with translating the Communist Manifesto into Spanish in 1920. She went on to take a leading role in the banana workers' strike of 1934. During this time, she wrote Bananos y Hombres'' (Bananas and Men). 

In 1948, she was forced into leave Costa Rica after the Costa Rican Civil War because of her politics. She went to Mexico and died there in 1949.

1888 births
1949 deaths

Teachers
Costa Rican people
North American writers
People from San José, Costa Rica
How Pop Can You Get?

How Pop Can You Get? was the first and only album by American band The Bats. 
Members were Jon Brion, Bill Murphy and Don "Riff" Fertman.
It was recorded in New Haven and West Haven, Connecticut and released on the Gustav label (Gustav UA1001) in the fall of 1982.
Called "The Pop(ulist) album of the Year" by OP: The Lost Music network, the record received much critical acclaim and was even a Billboard magazine "Recommended LP" when reviewed in the October 2, 1982 issue. The album, however, ultimately failed to chart.

Track listing
All music and lyrics by The Bats (Jon Brion, Bill Murphy, Don Fertman) 

"Chauve-Souris" – :45
"How Pop Can You Get?" – 2:42
"Not Easy For Me" – 3:33
"Will She ever Come Around?" – 3:15
"Mr. Peculiar" – 2:45
"Living In Alaska" – 3:05
"Not My Girl Anymore" – 3:15
"Something Ventured" – 3:26
"Hey Teen-Age" – 5:25
"Why Does Suzy Have Bad Dreams?" – 3:07
"Paranoid Schizophrenic" – 3:01
"Every Night" – 3:58
"Too Out Bottom of the Ninth" – 7:26

Other websites
-Download album at iTunes
 Review-"Willfully Obscure"
  Review-"Ex-Libris"
  Review Mog.com
 Nail Polish Soundtrack at IMDB

1982 albums
Pop albums
Skokie, Illinois

Skokie, Illinois is a village in Illinois. It was once known as Niles Center.  It is on the northwest side of Chicago in Cook County.  The area of Skokie is 10.1 square miles (2.62 square kilometers).  According the 2000 census, its population was 63,348.  The mayor of Skokie, as of September 2014, was George Van Dusen.

History 
Skokie was named Niles Centre in 1888. By 1910, the spelling of this name was changed to Niles Center.  A nearby village was named Niles. This was confusing. Tthe name of the village was changed to Skokie has in 1940.

Villages in Illinois
1888 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
WAV

WAV (or WAVE), short for Waveform Audio File Format, is a Microsoft and IBM audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on PCs.  It resembles the RIFF bitstream format in the sense that it stores data in “chunks”. It is also close to the IFF and the AIFF format used on Amiga and Macintosh computers, respectively. It is the main format used on Windows systems for raw and typically uncompressed audio. The default bitstream encoding is the Microsoft Pulse Code Modulation (LPCM) format, although other codecs, such as MP3, are allowed as well.

Computer file formats for audio
Book of Jonah

The Old Testament book of Jonah, contains four chapters, and forty-eight verses. The book tells the story of the Prophet Jonah, who was called by God to go to the heathen city of Nineveh, which God would soon destroy if they did not repent. Nineveh was the main city of the Assyrians who were the enemies of Jonah's country of Israel. So instead, Jonah ran away from God and went in a ship towards the west. God sent a great storm and the ship was about to sink.  God showed the sailors that Jonah was to blame, and although they didn't want to, they threw him out of the ship and the storm stopped.  Jonah was swallowed by a great fish (probably a whale). He repented of his sin of running away from God. Then he prayed for three days and nights. God made the great fish spit Jonah onto the dry land. Then he obeyed God and went to tell the people of their sins to God.

Jonah then went all through the city telling everyone that God was going to punish them. Their hearts were changed and they saw their evildoing. They prayed for God to deliver them from the upcoming destruction to their city. God saw their change and had mercy on them, but Jonah still did not believe it. He went to wait upon a high up rock and see God's anger against the city. God was not pleased with that so he first made a plant grow, and then sent a small worm to bite down the small gourd plant, which was Jonah's only shade from the heat of the sun. Jonah was very angry and said it was better for him to die than live. God, in turn, said that Jonah cared more about the little plant than all the people of Nineveh!

Other websites 
Book of Jonah (KJV)
Book of Jonah (NIV)

Old Testament books
Book of Malachi

The Book of Malachi, is the last of the books of the Old Testament. The book is made up of four chapters and a total of fifty-five verses. The word Malachi means my messenger. It is unknown if this is a name or if it describes the work of the writer. There are very few historical details in the Book of Malachi. The best clue as to its dating may be the Persian term for governor (pehâ) is used in Chapter 1 verse 8. This could mean that it was written after the time when the Jews were in Persia.   in the same verse, the temple has been rebuilt, the book must also be later than 515 BC. The author of Ecclesiasticus early in the 2nd century BC used some of the themes in the book of Malachi, so most scholars assign it to a position after Haggai and Zechariah, close to the time of Ezra and when Nehemiah came to Jerusalem in 445 BC. Since the book talks about things that are common in religion, it could have been given at most any time. This leaves some doubt about the date.

The Book Of Malachi uses a method of "question and answer".  God says something and the people ask how that can be true. Then God gives the reason for what He has said.  Then the next statement, question and answer follow.  The questions include:
"Does God love us"? and "Why is God angry with us"? God gives a list of wrong things they have done.  They have made offerings of second rate things in the temple. Priests have not done their work properly. Men have married women who were not followers of God.  They have not been faithful to the wives they have married. They have questioned God's justice and they have not given the tithe to the temple.

The book ends by telling everyone to obey the laws given by Moses and by saying that Elijah will return before the end of time.

Quotes from the Book of Malachi:

Chapter 3, verses 1-3 form part of the text of Handel's Messiah, a famous musical work.

Chapter 3, verse 1 is quoted by Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew Chapter 11, verse 10, and said to be about John the Baptist.

Chapter 4, verse 6 is included in a promise given to the father of John the Baptist in the Gospel of Luke Chapter 1 verse 17

Chapter 3, verse 8 has been quoted by many famous preachers to tell people that they should have given money to God and to help other people.

References

Other websites 
Book of Malachi (KJV)
Book of Malachi (NIV)
Theology

Old Testament books
Trey Lewis

Trey Lewis (born May 23, 1985 in Topeka, Kansas) is an NFL football player. He plays defensive tackle for the Atlanta Falcons. Lewis began playing for the Falcons in 2007.

Other websites
Atlanta Falcons bio 
Article about Trey Lewis being drafted
Trey Lewis Stats at Pro Football Ref.

American football defensive tackles
Sportspeople from Kansas
1985 births
Living people
People from Topeka, Kansas
Polotsk

Polotsk (Polatsk, , , ) is a historical city in Belarus. It is located on the Dvina river. It is the center of Polotsk district in Vitsebsk Voblast.  About 79,000 people live there.  It is served by Polotsk Airport and during the Cold War was home to Borovitsy air base.

References 

Cities in Belarus
Andance

Andance is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Annonay

Annonay is a town and commune in the north part of the
Ardèche department of France. This commune has the most people living in it of the Ardèche département, although it is not the préfecture, which is the smaller town of Privas.

Geography
Annonay is a few kilometers away from the Rhône River, 75 km south of Lyon and 40 from Saint-Étienne.

History
The town's name is possibly of Roman beginnings.

On June 4, 1783, Annonay was the place where the Montgolfier brothers made their first public unmanned hot air balloon flight.

Twin towns
Annonay's twin towns include:

Related pages
 Communes of the Ardèche department

Other websites
Town Hall and local information 
Regional Chamber of Commerce  
Industrial data  
Annonay in Google maps

Communes in Ardèche
Antraigues-sur-Volane

Antraigues-sur-Volane is a town and a former commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Vallées-d'Antraigues-Asperjoc.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Former communes in Ardèche
Arcens

Arcens is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Ardoix

Ardoix is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Arlebosc

Arlebosc is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Arras-sur-Rhône

Arras-sur-Rhône is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Asperjoc

Asperjoc is a town and a former commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Vallées-d'Antraigues-Asperjoc.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Former communes in Ardèche
Les Assions

Les Assions is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Astet

Astet is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

The source of the Ardèche River can be found near Astet.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Aubenas

Aubenas is a city and commune in the southern part of the Ardèche département.  The Ardèche River flows through the commune.

Twin towns
Aubenas is twinned with:
  Cesenatico, Italy
  Delfzijl, Netherlands
  Schwarzenbeck, Germany
  Sierre, Switzerland
  Zelzate, Belgium
  Palamos, Spain (friendship agreement)

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Other websites
 Town council website 
 Tourism office website

Communes in Ardèche
Aubenas
Aubignas

Aubignas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Baix

Baix is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Balazuc

Balazuc is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Other websites

Communes in Ardèche
Barnas

Barnas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Beggars Banquet

Beggars Banquet is a 1968 album by British band The Rolling Stones.

1968 albums
The Rolling Stones
Rock albums
R&B albums
Hyles-Anderson College

Hyles-Anderson College is in Crown Point, Indiana. The unaccredited, fundamental, Christian college was founded in 1972 by Dr. Jack Hyles with much financial help from Russell Anderson.

The college is a ministry of the First Baptist Church of Hammond. The president of the college is Dr. Ray Young, and their chancellor is Dr. Jack Schaap, (pastor of the church). In 2008 they will be starting a program called the Jericho Plan .

Other websites 
 College Website 
 Church Website 

Christian colleges and universities in the United States
Colleges and universities in Indiana
1972 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Indiana
Simon Fraser University

Simon Fraser University (SFU) is a Canadian university.  It has campuses in Burnaby Mountain in Burnaby, Vancouver and Surrey, all in British Columbia. SFU is rated as one of Canada’s top universities. It was started in 1965. SFU currently has 24,000 students. The university is named after Simon Fraser. He was an explorer of the Vancouver area.

Overview
Maclean's magazine rated SFU as Canada's best comprehensive university in 1993, 1997, 1998 and 2000. It is usually always at or near the top of the magazine's list. Research Infosource named SFU the top comprehensive university in Canada for “publication effectiveness” in 2006.

Type of university 
Like most Canadian universities, SFU is a public university. Fifty-six percent of the money used to run the school comes from taxpayers. Thirty-nine percent comes from tuition fees.

Studies 
The university teaches students in six main groups of topics. Applied Sciences, Arts and Social Sciences, Business Administration, Education, Health Sciences, and Science.

In May 2004, the SFU Senate approved the policy on degree requirements that all its undergraduate students must have. SFU was the first Canadian university to do this. The policy was created to make certain students got a more complete education.

Websites

SFU's Official website

Colleges and universities in Canada
Surrey
Vancouver
Deportivo Saprissa

The Deportivo Saprissa is a football team of Costa Rica. The team was founded on July 16, 1935. It became a part of the top league, Primera División de Costa Rica on August 21, 1949.

Saprissa was founded because of a group of players and leaders. Ricardo Saprissa Aymá was a part of this group.  In 1952, the team won its first national championship.
Saprissa

History 
In 1937, the colors purple and white were chosen as the colors of the club.

Juani Saprissa Aymá was the president of the Saprissa. Jose Francisco “Pachico” García was their manager when the team started in the Third Division. The Deportivo Saprissa won the championship of Third Division in 1947. In 1948, they played in the Second Division. They won the championship of Second Division that year, with no games lost.

In March 1959, the team became the first Latin American team to go the around the World. The "Morados", which is the team's nickname, played 25 matches in 22 countries of the world. They won 14, tied 1 and lost 7. The team scored a total of 66 goals and had 46 goals scored against them.

During the 1970s, the Deportivo Saprissa won 6 championships. They won every championship from 1972 to 1977. On October 12, 1966, the construction of their stadium started. It is called "La Cueva del Monstruo" or simply La Cueva. After 6 years, the opening of Saprissa Stadium was held on Sunday August 27, 1972.

National Titles 
 26 National Championships: 

 15 national Sub- championships
 6 championships consecutively from 1972 to 1977

International Titles 
 3rd place in the FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2005
 3rd place in the Cup RICARD, Uruguay 2006. 
 A  Central American tournament (1970) 
 Three tournaments of  Central American Fraternity (1972 and 1973 and 1978). 
 A Camel Cup in the United States(1985). 
 Two tournaments CONCACAF (1993 and 1995). 
 Two sub- championships Inter-American Cup. 
 LG Cup (1998). 
 The Uncaf Cup 2003. 
 CONCACAF Champions 2005.

References
Statistics taken from the official website

Other websites 

Football clubs
Sport in Costa Rica
1935 establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in Costa Rica
Chirripó National Park

Chirripó National Park is a national park in Costa Rica. It is located in Talamanca Mountain,  northeast of San Isidro de El General. This park forms part of La Amistad International Park between Costa Rica and Panama. Chirripó National Park was created on August 19, 1975. It has an area of . The park includes the highest mountain in Costa Rica, Cerro Chirripó. The mountain has an altitude of . 

In the indigenous language, "Chirripó" means Land of Eternal Waters. The park protects many rivers such as Rio Chirripó Atlántico, Rio Telire, Rio Chirripó Pacífico and the Rio Ceibo. 

The weather changes often and depends of the altitude. The lowest temperature recorded in Costa Rica was  in the Mount Chirripó. The warm season goes from December to May. It is recommended to visit the park in those months. 

There are many habitats in the Chirripó National Park. This is because of the differences of altitude and climate. There are large trees like oak and sweet cedar. There are also many different types of orchids. The most common animals in this region are coyotes, jaguars, squirrels, frogs, rabbits, and quetzals.

The first person known to climbed Mount Chirripó was the priest Agustin Blessing in 1904. Other expeditions before the park was created were in 1905, 1913, 1915, 1920, 1932 and 1942. The park now has trails leading to the top of the mountain. It also has a ranger station.

References

National parks in Costa Rica
National Parks of Costa Rica

There are 26 National parks in Costa Rica. These parks are managed by SINAC (Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservacion). SINAC is part of Costa Rica's Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE).

List of  National Parks of Costa Rica 
Arenal Volcano National Park
Barbilla National Park
Barra Honda National Park
Braulio Carrillo National Park
Cahuita National Park
Carara National Park
Chirripó National Park
Cocos Island National Park
Corcovado National Park
Diria National Park
Guanacaste National Park
Irazú Volcano National Park
Juan Castro Blanco National Park
La Amistad International Park
La Cangreja National Park
Las Baulas National Marine Park
Manuel Antonio National Park
Maquenque National Park (proposed)
Palo Verde National Park
Piedras Blancas National Park
Poás Volcano National Park
Rincón de la Vieja Volcano National Park
Santa Rosa National Park
Tapantí National Park
Tenorio Volcano National Park
Tortuguero National Park
Turrialba Volcano National Park

Santa Rosa 
The Santa Rosa National Park in the province of Guanacaste is one of the most important historic areas of the country.

Manuel Antonio 
Manuel Antonio National Park was listed by Forbes as one of the world's 12 most beautiful national parks. This park is located on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, in the province of Puntarenas.

It has an area of 682.7 mm. It is one of Costa Rica's most scenic parks. Manuel Antonio receives a lot of national and international tourism. Another important attraction is the tropical rainforest inhabited by species of flora and fauna in danger of extinction, such as the Tití monkey.

Arenal 
Arenal National Park is located in the North Region, north of the Sierra de Tilarán. It belongs to the cantons of Tilarán, San Carlos and San Ramon.
Protect important species of flora and fauna characteristics of the rain forest and cloud forest premontane valuable scientific and tourism.

Coocoo Island 
The island is regarded as a natural laboratory for the study of the evolution of species.
Cocos Island is a territory rich landscape and a true laboratory for the study of nature. Many ferns, bromeliads, rivers, creeks and waterfalls, valleys, cliffs and islands frequented by countless seabirds and place of nesting gulls.

References

Costa Rica
Blue Flag beach

The Blue Flag is a certification given to beaches by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE). A beach that has been awarded the blue flag means that it meets the organisation's standards of environmental management. These standards are for water quality, safety, and public environmental education. Local governments try to get the Blue Flag for their beaches and marinas, to show people that they have high environmental and quality standards.

The Blue Flag is a trademark owned by FEE which is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation. It is made up of 65 organisations in 60 member countries in Europe, Africa, Oceania, Asia and the Americas.

FEE refers to the Blue Flag certificates as awards. They are issued for one year to beaches and marinas of FEE member countries. The awards are announced every year on 5 June for Europe, Canada, Morocco, Tunisia and other countries in a similar geographic location, and on 1 November for the Caribbean, New Zealand, South Africa and other countries in the Southern Hemisphere.

41 countries are currently part of the Blue Flag Programme: Aruba, Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Russia, Romania, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom and United Arab Emirates

References

Other websites

Water pollution
Conservation
Beaches
Sarchí, Costa Rica

Sarchi is a city in Costa Rica. It is famous for its art and hand-crafted furniture. Sarchi is also known for its colorful hand carts that the people there have been making for centuries. 

Sarchi has several small communities.  One of the most famous is "Los Bajos del Toro". It is  northeast from the center of Sarchi. Although the road is very old, travelers  will be able to see one of the best views in Costa Rica. "Los Bajos" has a climate that is very humid and rainy.  

Sarchi is a community made up of artists and craftsmen. It is well known for its ox carts.  Most of the ox carts in Costa Rica are created in Sarchi and are sold throughout the country and to tourists.  They are usually painted in very bright colors and patterns. In the past, these ox carts were used to carry coffee to the markets.

There are many shops in the town that sell hand-made wooden furniture and souvenirs. Some of the many items that are sold are: tables, rocking chairs, beds, jewelry, sculptures, and paintings.

Cities in Costa Rica
José Figueres Ferrer

José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer (September 25, 1906 – June 8, 1990) was president of Costa Rica three times. He was also the rebel leader during the Costa Rican civil war.

Early years 
Also known as Don Pepe, José Figueres Ferrer was born in San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. His parents were from Cataluña, Spain: Mariano Rodríguez Borges and Francisca Ferrer Mendiola. Figueres entered the Primary Boys School in San Ramón of Alajuela in 1913. He got in Costa Rica’s Lyceum finishing his Secondary studies in 1920. He went to Boston, United States to travel and study. He returned to Costa Rica in 1928 and bought a coffee farm.

Civil war 
In 1942, Figueres made a speech on Latin America Radio. In this speech, he objected to the situation in Costa Rica under president Rafael Ángel Calderón. Because of this speech, he was arrested and forced to leave the country. Figueres return to Costa Rica in 1944. He started a political party, the Democratic Party. A main goal of the party was to go against Calderon's party, the National Republican Party. In 1948, supporters of Calderón caused problems with an election for president in which Calderón lost to Otilio Ulate. Because of this, the results of the election were not used. This led to the start of the civil war in 1948. In March 11, 1948, Don Pepe began a war to support the peoples decision at the previous election. Figueres and his troops won.

President of Costa Rica 
In the same year, José Figueres Ferrer became president of the Second Republic Founder Assembly. He became president of Costa Rica for the first time and eliminated the Costa Rica army. He became President of Costa Rica for the second time in 1953 winning the election with 65% of the votes. In 1970, he became Costa Rica’s President for the third time. Figueres died June 8, 1990. Five months later he was declared Benemérito de la Patria.

Achievements 
In the 1953-1958 administration, very important institutions are created. These included:
 Living and Urbanism National Institute (INVU).
 Costarrican Turism Institute (ICT).
 He promulgated the Production National Council Organism Law (CNP).

During his last administration (1970-1974) a lot of institutes were created such as:
 Municipal Foment and Consultancy Institute (IFAM).
 Costa Rica’s Technological Institute (ITCR).
 Costa Rica’s National College.
 Culture, Youth and Sports Ministry.

1906 births
1990 deaths

Presidents of Costa Rica
Jaw

For the movie about a shark, see Jaws (movie).

The jaw is the part of an animal's body that it uses to grab and chew food.  In humans, the jaws are two bones in the mouth, the mandible (lower jaw) and maxilla (upper jaw), that let the teeth move up and down in order to chew. The mandible is joined to the skull.

However, in insects, the jaws may open left and right instead, and they are usually outside the mouth instead of inside it. Sea urchins have five jaws with one tooth each. Some animals, even some vertebrates, do not have jaws.

A body part is called a jaw based on what it does, not what it is made of or how it grows.  In different animals, it can be made of different kinds of cells and tissue.  In the embryos of different animals, it may come from different original places.  Even within arthropods, the group that contains insects and lobsters and trilobites and spiders, the jaws of different animals may grow from different original tissues, even though they end up looking similar in adult animals.  A pair of appendages that become jaws in one species may become antennae in a different species or legs in another. Moray eels and some other fish have two sets of jaws. The outer jaws in their faces grow from the same tissues as the jaws of other fish, and the inner jaws, called pharyngeal jaws, can come from the same tissue that becomes gills or muscles in other fish.

Marsupials and monotremes are born before their jaws have grown enough for them to drink their mothers' milk the way other baby mammals do.  Scientists from Kings' College London found that opossums and other marsupials use tissue from their inner ear to make a temporary jaw so they can feed and grow.  They found that baby echidnas also form a temporary jaw using the bones of their inner ear so they can feed and grow.

References

Head (body part)
Battle of Santa Rosa

The Battle of Santa Rosa was a battle between the forces of Costa Rica and those of Nicaragua. It was one of the most important battles in the history of Costa Rica. The battle took place on March 20, 1856 at Santa Rosa, Costa Rica.

The cause
The fighting was caused by the arrival of William Walker in Nicaragua. Walker was an American soldier who believed slavery was good. He told the people of Nicaragua that he wanted to help the country. What he really wanted was to conquer the five free nations of Central America. The president of Costa Rica, Juan Rafael Mora Porras thought that Walker wanted to conquer them. On February 27, 1856, Mora declared the war against Walker and Nicaragua.

The fighting
President Mora called all of his forces to fight. On March 4th, Mora led the forces as they started their march towards Nicaragua.  On March 12th, they arrived in Liberia. There they join with Jose Maria Cañas and his battalion. When the filibusters found out what was happening in Costa Rica, they sent troops. Their troops got to Hacienda Santa Rosa on March 19th. On March 20th, the three thousand Costa Ricans walked to Hacienda Santa Rosa where the filibusters had formed their post at La Casona. At four o’clock, the Costa Rican battalions began the attack against the invaders. After fourteen minutes, the Costa Rican forces won the battle. The few filibusters that had escaped went to Nicaragua. William Walker armed a new army. President Mora quickly moved on to Rivas with his 3000 men, and the Battle of Rivas started.

Santa Rosa
History of Costa Rica
History of Nicaragua
1856
19th century in North America
March events
CowParade

CowParade is one of the largest public art events of the world. First it began in Chicago and New York. This was in 1999 and 2000. The Cow Parade runs many cities of the United States up to the year 2001. In 2002 it moved to Europe, in London. This Parade has covered a lot of countries through all the five continents. In 2008 they moved to the fourth Latin-American country, Costa Rica. The Cow Parade has been in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, also.

This public art event is about painting cows with some cultural messages. It doesn’t need to be a professional sculpture. You can find urban and crazy sculptures too. This exhibition is taking place on the principal parks and boulevards of San José, Costa Rica.
The principal purpose of this event is to auction each cow and then the proceeds go to charity.

In San José there are a total of one hundred twenty cows, each one with their topic. There is an amazing level of creativity from the national sculptors who painted and sculpted the cows. They are a lot of beautiful cows made of several material including the rice and beans of the traditional breakfast. Some of the cows have the message of doesn’t forget the traditional customs. Also, some cows have a message to make a country with more love, generosity and with more solidarity.

Some cows also encourage people to take care of Costa Rican nature and all the biodiversity that this small country has. The principal message is just to create a better planet for the future.

Other websites 

 The official (US) Cowparade website
 CowParade Rio de Janeiro 2007 - pictures
 Cow Parade Europe 

Sculpture
Festivals
Poás Volcano

The Poás Volcano is an active volcano near the town of Poás, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Poas Volcano has two craters. The larger crater is one of the biggest crater in the world. It is  in diameter and  deep. The biggest known eruption was in 1910.

The area around the volcano is a national park. It is a place where many tourists from Costa Rica and other countries visit. At the bottom of the main crater is a lagoon. The lagoon is an acidic lake with boiling sulfuric gases. The temperature of the lake varies between  and . Because of changes in the chemistry of the lake and its temperature, the color of the lake also changes. The second crater has a cold water lake in it. This lake is connected to the nearby river, Rio Angel.

References 

 Pictures and information of the Poas Volcano 

Volcanoes of North America
Alajuela Province
Gandhi (band)

Gandhi is a rock band from Costa Rica. They play music using distorted guitars and rhythm. The band members are Abel Guier (bassist), Massimo Hernández (drummer), Federico Miranda (guitarist) and Luis Montalbert-Smith (singer and pianist). The lyrics of Gandhi songs are written mainly by Montalbert-Smith. Some of the bands that influenced their songs are Pink Floyd, The Beatles, Queen and Soda Stereo. 

Montalbert-Smith is a very important part of the band's performances because of his charisma and stage presence. These characteristics makes the shows very interesting and full of adrenaline for their fans.

The band began when Miranda and Montalbert-Smith met in high school in the mid 1990s. The complete group of four members started playing at universities and local bars. One of the things that made their shows so well liked was the many different types of art offered. The fans could not only listen to the music, but also see very good scenery design, body painting and their performance.

The band won the Costa Rican award "Album of the Year" in 2004 for the album Ciclos. The album “Páginas Pérdidas” got three local awards in 2000. They have played in Costa Rica but also in Central America, Mexico and the United States.

The band was chosen to be part of the Tribute to Soda Stereo (Tributo a Soda Stereo). They played a version of "En el sétimo día" ("In the Seventh Day"). They have opened concerts for many international artists.

Albums

1997: En el jardín del corazón (In the Garden of the Heart)
2000: Páginas perdidas (Lost Pages)
2002: BIOS
2004: Ciclos (Cycles)
2006: Un ciclo más (One Cycle More) - double DVD
2009: Arigato NO!

Music videos
They have some videos of their songs:

Other websites
Official site

Rock bands
San José, Costa Rica
Musical groups established in 1993
1993 establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in Costa Rica
Clodomiro Picado

Clodomiro Picado Twight (April 17, 1887 - May 16, 1944) was a Nicaraguan born Costa Rican biologist. Picado may have been the first to have learned about penicillin.

Early life and education
Picado was born in San Marcos, Nicaragua but moved, with his parents, to Costa Rica in 1890. In 1908, Picado won a scholarship of the Costa Rican Congress to study in Paris, France.

In 1913, he finished his university studies in La Sorbonne, where he earned his BSc in zoology and botany, as well as a doctorate degree. In the same year, he came back to Costa Rica to run the laboratory of San Juan de Dios Hospital. At the same time, he was teaching sciences at San Luis Gónzaga School in Cartago city.

Discoveries
Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist, is commonly said to be the person who learned about the antibacterial attacks of a fungus known as Penicillium notatum in 1928. But in March 2000, Costa Rican doctors showed some notebooks with research belonging to Picado. In these notebooks, he explained his experiments between 1915 and 1927. These experiments had been developed to explain that Penicillium decreased bacterial activity.

Picado had reported his work to the Paris Academy of Sciences in France, but this academy did not patent it, even though Picado had studied the fungus years before Fleming.

Picado studied the creation of various anti-venom serums. This led to the create of the Instituto Clodomiro Picado in 1970. It is a research unit of the University of Costa Rica The unit is works on research in Toxicology, Herpetology and Immunology. It also deals with the production of anti-venom. It was named for him in honor of his life’s work.

References 
 http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/publications/articles/journal_37_1/T-letters93.pdf 
 http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/NoteofMonth/matthew_patayMarch2006CostaRica.htm 
 http://www.micit.go.cr/programas/premio_biografia.htm 

Costa Rican people
Biologists
1887 births
1944 deaths