cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Modular origami

Modular origami (also called unit origami) is a type of paperfolding that uses many sheets of paper. Modular origami is used to make large structures that cannot be made with one sheet of paper. Many sheets of paper are folded in identical shapes, and they are then put together by inserting flaps into pockets.

History 
The first modular origami model comes from a 1734 Japanese book by Hayato Ohoka called Ranma Zushiki. The book has pictures of many traditional origami models, and one is a modular cube called tamatebako. Tamatebako is a Japanese word meaning "magic treasure box", and it is called this because the box can be opened on any side. Another traditional model, kusudamas, are balls of folded paper flowers. They are often hung as decorations using string or thread.

Module 
The various number of modules is combined from two to tens of thousands modules.  When modules are put together, most are supported only by the friction of paper, also they are glued together or sewn by threads.

Module of Sonobe method 
Mitsunobu Sonobe designed in 1970s. It is so simple that most people can make kusudamas. Module of Sonobe method is one of the most famous modules. We can make a polyhedron like a cube or a trisoctahedron(a dodecahedron?) by putting together many modules.

Modular Rate 
Modular Rate is the facility of putting together. This rate is how many people can put together without joining materials like glues. This rate applies the model that was designed so that it was put together without using joining materials from the beginning.

References 

Origami
University of Missouri

The University of Missouri (often shortened to MU, and also nicknamed Mizzou) is a public university in Columbia, Missouri, in the United States that was started in 1839.  It has about 31,000 students.

Sports
Missouri's athletics teams are called the Tigers. Missouri has 18 varsity teams that now compete in the Southeastern Conference. The school's mascot, Truman the Tiger, is named after President Harry Truman, who was from Missouri.

Academics
There are more than 280 degree programs at the University of Missouri.

Missouri School of Journalism 
The university's well known school of journalism is the oldest university journalism program in the United States. The school has awarded its Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism. The medal has been awarded yearly since 1930.

References

Other websites
The University of Missouri
Missouri Tigers

Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in Missouri
Southeastern Conference
1839 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Missouri
Saltasaurus

Saltasaurus was a large plant-eating dinosaur with an elongated neck and bony armored plates on its body. It was a titanosaurid sauropod which lived during the late Cretaceous period, about 83 to 79 million years ago. Fossils have been found in Argentina.

It was the first genus of sauropod known to have armour of bony plates embedded in its skin. The small bony plates (called osteoderms, a feature of modern crocodiles) have since been found on other titanosaurs.

Description 
Saltasaurus was named by paleontologists José Bonaparte and Jamie Powell in 1980. Salta is the name of the Northwestern Argentinian Province where fossils were found. They include: a few oval and circular armored plates, hundreds of bumps which covered its back (roughly 1/4 inch = 6-7 mm in diameter), and several incomplete skeletons, including some vertebrae, limb bones, and jaws.

Titanosaurs
Peter Schwartz

Peter Schwartz (born 1946) is a futurist and an author. He and his friends Stewart Brand and Jay Ogilvy made Global Business Network. Global Business Network is a company in San Francisco, California.

Personal history 
Peter was born in 1946. His parents are named Klara and Benjamin. He went to college at RPI. His wife is named Cathleen. His son is named Benjamin. Benjamin was born in 1990.

Writings 
Peter Schwartz wrote a lot of books, mostly about the future. He wrote about China's economy.
Peter Schwartz also helped work on movies.

Global Business Network 
Global Business Network is Peter Schwartz's company. He started it in the 1980s with his friends Stewart Brand and Jay Ogilvy.

References 

1946 births
Living people
Businesspeople from California
Jewish American writers
Jewish businesspeople
Writers from California
Fiddler crab

A fiddler crab, also called a calling crab, is a land crab that lives in mud or sand flats near the beach. The reason this crab is called a fiddler crab is because it holds its large cheliped in front of its body and moves it back and forth as if it is playing a fiddle.

Description

The male fiddler crab has one huge cheliped and another smaller cheliped. Sometimes it's the right cheliped that's the big one and sometimes it's the left. If a male loses its large cheliped, the smaller one will grow large to replace it. This huge cheliped is so large that it is sometimes bigger than the whole crab. It is this cheliped they wave back and forth.

Fiddler crab's diet

The fiddler crab eats by first opening its mouth, then using its maxillipeds (a part of its mouth), it scoops in a small amount of mud or sand, depending on where it lives. Then, it uses its other mouthparts to scrape any food matter (algae, decaying animals or plants)it can from the dirt it has just put into its mouth. After this, it forms the mud or sand into a little pellet, which is called a feeding pellet. It then drops the feeding pellet and starts all over again.

Mating 
The reason the male fiddler crab has such a big claw is to attract females. Every two weeks during the summer, male fiddler crabs build little round burrows, which are deeper and better than the ones they usually build. The crabs guard these burrows fiercely. Where there are lots of fiddler crabs, there are usually hundreds of these little burrows all lined up only a few inches apart. Each male fiddler crab stands out in front of his burrow waiting for the females to return from eating. The females then walk around looking at the different burrows. As they walk past, the males wave their big chelipeds back and forth. If a female likes a male or burrow, she will stop and stare. Then the male begins waving his cheliped wildly. Sometimes the female will run away. However, if she stays, the male will run between her and the burrow, back and forth, again and again. If she has still not run away, she will come closer to the burrow. Then the male will enter the burrow a little and start drumming against the side of the tunnel with his cheliped. If the female likes what she hears, she will go down into the burrow, and they will mate.

References

Other websites
  - Videos of Fiddler Crabs
Info on systematics, phylogeny and morphology of fiddlers - Fiddlercrab.info
The colorful fiddler crabs in the mangrove forest of Borneo - mysabah.com

Crabs
Night

Night or nighttime is the time when the Sun is not in the sky. Night happens after dusk and before dawn. The opposite of night is day. The start and end times of night are different in different geographic locations. It varies on season, latitude, longitude and timezone.

In other time zones, the night occurs at different times. This is because the Sun shines on different parts of the Earth at different times. During a solar eclipse it is also partially night because the Sun is blocked out by the Moon.

In popular culture, night is often thought of as a symbol of evil, possibly because of the fear of the dark or possibly because of the lack of visibility.

Related pages
 Light pollution
 Polar night

Parts of a day
Bureau of Economic Analysis

The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) is an agency in the United States Department of Commerce that has economic statistics like the gross domestic product of the United States. Its stated mission is to "promote a better understanding of the U.S. economy by having the most timely, relevant, and accurate economic data in an objective and cost-effective manner."

United States government agencies
1972 establishments in the United States
Flag of Washington

The Flag of Washington has the state seal (which has an image of George Washington) on a field of dark green with gold fringe being optional. It is the only U.S. state flag with a field of green as well as the only state flag with the image of an American president.

Washington
Washington (U.S. state)
Back at the Barnyard

Back at the Barnyard is a cartoon which is a spinoff from the Barnyard movie. It began airing on September 2007.

Characters 
Otis - A cow.
Pip - A mouse.
Abby - A cow.
Pig
Freddy - A ferret.
Peck - A chicken.
Duke - A collie.
Bessy - A cow.
Dawn - The farm bully.

Episodes

Season 1: 2007-2008 
5 half episodes were aired in July 2008 as "Barnyard Blowout Week".
5 half episodes have be airing in September 2008 as part of "Barn to Party Week".

Season 2: 2008-2010 
In March 2008, Nick renewed Back at the Barnyard for a second season of 20 episodes and two holiday themed specials. The new season premiered on October 24, 2008, part of "Some Like It Snotty Week", which became the first 30-minute episode called, "Some Like it Snotty". A brand new Barnyard movie aired on November 29, 2008, which is the third day of the second "Super Stuffed Nicktoons Weekend". Four new episodes aired from January 20-23, 2009 part of "Battle of the Barnyard Week". Five more new episodes aired from February 23-27, 2009 part of "Animal Invasion" week, followed by five new episodes aired from May 18-22, 2009 part of an "Barnyard Bizarro Week".  Another quintet new episodes aired June 29 - July 3, 2009 part of "Battle of the Barnyard 2 week".

References

Nicktoons
2000s American television series
Children's television series
English-language television programs
2007 television series debuts
2011 television series endings
Nickelodeon television series
Robert J. Lang

This article is about the American paperfolder. For the Czech hockey player, see Robert Lang.

Robert J. Lang (born May 4, 1961) is an American physicist known for his contributions to the art of origami.

Lang started his career in origami forty years ago, and many think he is now one of the world's best paperfolders. He travels often, giving lectures about how origami is related to other topics, like science, mathematics, and technology. Lang is also the author of nine books, and has written articles in several origami magazines. He has found many uses of origami in real life situations, like airbag design and an expandable space telescope.

Before being a professional origamist, Lang had many different jobs. He was a physicist, engineer, and research and development manager in chemistry. Lang has helped to write 80 publications, and has over 50 patents.

Personal life 
Lang was born on May 4th, 1961 in Dayton, Ohio, but he grew up outside Atlanta, Georgia. He was first introduced to origami when he was six years old. Lang was very good at math and math class bored him, so his teacher gave him an origami book to keep him entertained. He quickly folded the models in the book, and then folded models in many other books. In his early teens, Lang began folding his own models, and he drew diagrams on how to make them.

Lang went to college at Caltech, The California Institute of Technology, where he learned electrical engineering. He found college very hard, and often folded origami as a distraction from college life. Lang was afraid to tell people about his hobby, and he was even "a little embarrassed about it." For a long time, Lang didn't know any other origamists. He graduated from Caltech with a Ph.D. in physics, and later he graduated from Stanford University with a master's degree in electrical engineering.

While in college, Lang noticed the name and address of the Origami Center of America, and he soon became friends with other experienced paperfolders, including Michael LaFosse, John Montroll, Joseph Wu, and Paul Jackson. They inspired Lang with their pretty and complex models, and he soon created new models; he designed a hermit crab, an ant, a skunk, and many other others. Soon afterwards, he took a trip to Germany, where he was fascinated by their beautiful cuckoo clocks. They inspired him to make origami clocks, which impressed many paperfolders. Soon after completing his first origami clock, Lang began a job at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

In 2000, Lang decided to quit his job and begin a career in origami.

In 2011, Lang discussed his work in an interview with Peter Shea at the University of Minnesota.

Books 
Lang has written nine books about origami:

Notes

References 

American physicists
Scientists from Ohio
Origami
Writers from Dayton, Ohio
1961 births
Living people
Lent

Lent, in the Christian tradition, is a period of about six weeks before Easter. It is a time in which Christians are supposed to be quiet and thoughtful, preparing themselves for Easter.  They should pray a lot, give money to charities and give up some of the things they might otherwise do for pleasure.  The period of Lent ends at Easter, which is a time of great celebration as the Christians think of how Jesus had died on the cross but then rose again from the dead.

Lent is traditionally supposed to be forty days long. That is because the Bible says that Jesus spent forty days in the wilderness, preparing for his death and resurrection.

Lent begins on Ash Wednesday. In the Catholic Church, it ends at the Ninth Hour of Maundy Thursday (44 days). In The Anglican Catholic Church, it ends on Holy Saturday (46 days).

Churches in the Byzantine tradition (for example, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic) count the days of Lent differently.  There are also different local traditions in the Oriental Orthodox church.

Lent is traditionally a time for fasting (not eating much).  This tradition was useful because it was a time when food which had been kept for the winter had to be eaten up before it went bad. Many Roman Catholics do not eat meat other than fish on Fridays during Lent.

The word "lent" came from the Old English lencten meaning "spring" (the season).

Related pages 
 Ash Wednesday
 Carnival
 Easter
 Eastern Orthodox Church: Fasting
 Good Friday
 Maundy Thursday
 People's Sunday
 Quinquagesima
 Shrove Tuesday

Other websites
American Catholic 

Liturgical calendar
Oskar Schindler

Oskar Schindler (April 28 1908 – October 9 1974) was a Sudeten German industrialist. He was born in Zwittau, Moravia, Austria-Hungary and was a Roman Catholic.

Schindler was a member of the NSDAP. He saved almost 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust by making them work his enamelware and ammunitions factories, which were in what is known today as Poland and the Czech Republic. He is the subject of the novel Schindler's Ark, and the film based on it, Schindler's List. He died of liver failure in Hildesheim, Germany. He is buried in the Catholic Cemetery on Mount Zion, Jerusalem.

References 

1908 births
1974 deaths
Czech businesspeople
Deaths from liver failure
Disease-related deaths in Germany
German businesspeople
Former Roman Catholics
Humanitarians
Nazis
World War II people
Righteous Among the Nations
Donna Karan

Donna Karan (born October 2, 1951) is an American fashion designer and the creator of the Donna Karan New York and DKNY clothing labels.

Early life
She was born in Forest Hills, Queens, New York City. She is Jewish.

American fashion designers
American Jews
Businesspeople from New York City
1951 births
Living people
Wisteria

Wisteria is a type of plant. It is a climbing shrub with blue/lilac flowers. The plant only flowers after a being a few years old but when it does the flowers have a very sweet fragrance. It looses its leaves in winter. The seeds come in pods and are disc shaped.

Fabaceae
Epiphytes
Moment magnitude scale

The moment magnitude scale is a way to measure the power of earthquakes. The higher the number, the bigger the earthquake.  It is the energy of the earthquake at the moment it happens.  Like the similar and older Richter scale, it is logarithmic, with a base of ten.

Related pages
Mercalli intensity scale
Richter scale

Other websites 
What is Richter Magnitude?

Earthquakes
Measurement
Basic English

Basic English (Business Academic Scientific International Commercial) is a controlled language used to explain complex thoughts. It has 850 basic English words chosen by Charles Kay Ogden. Some articles in the Simple English Wikipedia use only Basic English.

In 1936, Ogden hired Otto Neurath and Marie Neurath to make International Picture Language as one of group of eight books in a Basic English.

Rules of word use 
The word use of Basic English is simpler and more regular than the word use of normal English. In normal English, words often have a number of different meanings. To make Basic English easier, not all the meanings of a word are used.

Basic English uses Ogden's rules of grammar. Ogden's rules of grammar let people use the 850 words to talk about things and events simply.
-s / -es / -ies change singular nouns into plural nouns.
-ing / -ed change verbs into adjectives.
-ing / -er change verbs into nouns.
-ly changes adjectives into adverbs.
-er / -est or more / most describe amounts.
un- changes the meanings of adjectives into their opposites.
The opposite word order with do makes questions.
'Operators' (verbs) and pronouns change as in normal English.
Make combined words (compounds) from two nouns (for example "football") or a noun and a direction ("sundown").
Measures, numbers, money, days, months, years, clock time, and international words are in English forms. E.g. Date/Time: 20 May 1972 at 21:00
Use the words of an industry or science. For example, in this grammar, some special words are for teaching languages, and not part of Basic English: plural, conjugation, noun, adjective, adverb, qualifier, operator, pronoun, and directive.

Related pages 
 Basic English 850 word list
 Basic English alphabetical wordlist
 Basic English ordered wordlist
 Basic English picture wordlist – 200 Picturable words
 Basic English international wordlist
 Basic English compound wordlist
 Basic English combined wordlist
 Related resources
 List of simple adjectives
 List of simple verbs
Plain English Campaign
International auxiliary language
Simplified English
Français fondamental

References 

 Ogden C.K. 1940. General Basic English dictionary. London: Evans Brothers. 
 The dictionary for Simple English

Other websites 
 Ogden's Basic English
 Basic English Utility
Automatic online simplifying and summarizing tool. - Detect language and convert to Basic English or summarize many documents into standard or Basic English, reading material and Basic English course included.
Preston Wamsley

Preston Maki Wamsley (born April 29, 1986) is an American television actor.

Wamsley is best known for his recurring role as "Ronnie Wilson"" on the 1990s sitcom, The Hughleys. Wamsley has also made appearances on other sitcoms including My Wife and Kids, The Nanny, and Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction.

References

Other websites

American television actors
Actors from California
1986 births
Living people
Fork-tailed woodnymph

The fork-tailed woodnymph (Thalurania furcata) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and degraded former forests.

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Rödermark

Rödermark is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

Geography 

Rödermark is in the Rhine Main area 35 km southeast of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is 29.99 km2 large and it is 142 m above sea level. It is a plain area with nearly no hills.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The town consists out of the 2 former independent villages Ober-Roden and Urberach. On 1 January 1977 they were united and became the municipality of Rödermark. On 23 August 1980 the town privileges were given to the municipality.

The city has 5 urban districts. These are Ober-Roden, Urberach, Waldacker, Messenhausen and Buhlau.

The ending -roden is a hint to the former landscape. The German verb roden means cutting down trees to cultivate land.

The neighbours of Rödermark are: 
 Dietzenbach (North)
 Rodgau (East)
 Eppertshausen and Messel (South)
 Dreieich (West)

Rödermark has 27,858 inhabitants (2008). 10.7% of the people living here are from foreign countries.

The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: Hessisch). This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every village had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and mostly it is no longer the dialect they speak but a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

History 

The first settlements were build in the 8th century. At that time their names were written down in documents.

Formerly the people in the Rödermark area were farmers and craftsmen but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore most families had only small farms and were poor. With the industrial revolution the Rhine Main area got lots of factories and developed to a center for metal working and leather manufacturing, also chemical processing. Many men got workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This increased living conditions partly.

Twinned cities 

  Tramin, Italy
  Saalfelden, Austria
  Bodajk, Hungary

References 

Offenbach (district)
The Pirate Bay

The Pirate Bay (shortname:TPB) is a Swedish website that indexes Bit Torrent files. It was created by Gottfrid Svartholm, Fredrik Neij and Peter Sunde. The Pirate Bay is ranked as the 85th most popular website by Alexa. The Pirate Bay had to face many lawsuits and a raid in relation to copyright violations. It was shut down on December 9, 2014 by Swedish police, and came back online on January 31, 2015.
Also, it may risk your PC to get infected by a virus.

References

Other websites 
 

Websites
File sharing
Copyright
Heusenstamm

Heusenstamm is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

Geography 

Heusenstamm is in the rhein main region 20 km southeast of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is 19,03 km2 large and is 130 m above sea level. It is a plain area with no hills.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The city consists out of 2 urban districts, the town of Heusenstamm and the former independent village, Rembrücken, which became on 1th of January 1977 part of Heusenstamm.

The neighbours of Heusenstamm are: 
* in the north Offenbach, 
* in the east Obertshausen and Rodgau, 
* in the south Dietzenbach and 
* in the west Dreieich.

Heusenstamm has 18,227 inhabitants (2008).

The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

The local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is spoken in the south of Hesse, named hessisch. This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every place had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and the majority of them does not speak the real dialect. They rather speak a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

History 

In the 13th century the names of Heusenstamm and Rembrücken were written down in documents for the first time.

Formerly the people in the Heusenstamm area were mostly farmers and craftsmen but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore, most families had only small farms and were poor. With the industrial revolution the rhein main region got lots of factories and developed to a center for metal working and leather manufacturing, also chemical processing. Many men got workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This increased living conditions partly.

Twinned cities 

  Saint-Savin, France
  Tonbridge, England
  Malle, Belgium
  Ladispoli, Italy

References

Other websites 

Official website of Heusenstamm

Offenbach (district)
Catherine of Alexandria

Saint Catherine of Alexandria, also known as Saint Catherine of the Wheel and The Great Martyr Saint Catherine (Greek ) is a Christian saint and martyr. She is believed to have been a well-known scholar in the 4th century. In the 15th century it was claimed she had spoken to Joan of Arc. The Orthodox Church venerates her as a "great martyr", and in the Catholic Church she is traditionally revered as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers.

Catherine was the daughter of Costus, a pagan governor of Alexandria. She announced to her parents that she would only marry someone who was more beautiful, intelligent and rich than herself. In addition, that person needed to have a better social status than she had. Eventually, she discovered Christ. "His beauty was more radiant than the shining of the sun, His wisdom governed all creation, His riches were spread throughout all the world."

She was a martyr, because she died for her beliefs in God. According to legend, she was supposed to die on a breaking wheel, but the wheel broke as soon as she touched it, so her head was cut off instead. Because of this, her main symbol is the spiked wheel, which is known as a Catherine wheel. The Catholic Church of St. Catherine, one of the first Catholic churches built in Russia, was named after her.

Other websites 
 Pagbilao Church  - Saint Catherine of Alexandria Church
 Iconographical Themes in Art - Saint Catherine of Alexandria

References 

280s births
305 deaths
People from Alexandria
Christian saints
Seed plants

Seed plants are a group of plants. Gymnosperms and angiosperms form the group. Their seeds have three parts: (1) an embryo, (2) a supply of nutrients for the embryo, and (3) a seed coat. They are also called spermatophytes or phanerogams. The seed plants dominate almost all the environments on land.

The living spermatophytes form five groups: 

Cycads, a subtropical and tropical group of plants with a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk
Ginkgo, a single living species of tree
Conifers, cone-bearing trees and shrubs
Gnetophyta, woody plants in the genera Gnetum, Welwitschia, and Ephedra 
Angiosperms, the flowering plants, a large group including many familiar plants in a wide variety of habitats

The fossil seed ferns (Pteridospermatophyta) were one of the earliest successful groups of land plants, and forests dominated by seed ferns were prevalent in the Permian. Glossopteris was the most prominent tree genus in the ancient southern supercontinent of Gondwana during the Permian period. By the Triassic period, seed ferns had declined, (perhaps were extinct) and modern gymnosperm groups were abundant and dominant to the Upper Cretaceous, when angiosperms radiated.

Related pages 
Seed

Plant taxonomy
Seed plants
Andros

Andros is an island of Greece. It is the second biggest island of the Cyclades group. It is in the northwest of Cyclades group near Euboea island. Its total area is . 10,009 people lived there according to the 2001 Greek census. The biggest town of Andros is Andros city.

Andros is mountainous island with gorges and cliffs which end up at the sea. The plants include many flowers, bushes and a few trees mainly in the center of island. The island has many beautiful beaches and beautiful landscape and thanks to these the island is popular for tourists.

Other websites 
 Andros island, Cyclades Greece 

Islands of Greece
Dietzenbach

Dietzenbach is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany. The town is also the capital of the Offenbach Rural District (Landkreis Offenbach)

Geography 

Dietzenbach is in the Rhine-Main area 25 km southeast of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is 21,67 km2 large and it is 135 m above sea level. It is a plain area with nearly no hills.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The city consists out of the urban districts Neue Stadtmitte, Spessartviertel, Altstadt, Steinberg, Hexenberg and Wingertsberg.

The neighbours of Dietzenbach are: 
 Heusenstamm (north)
 Rodgau (east)
 Rödermark (south)
 Dreieich (west)

Dietzenbach has 33,067 inhabitants (2008). About 30% of the people living here are from foreign countries. They come from many different nations.

The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: Hessisch) and is spoken in the south of Hesse. This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every place had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and the majority of them does not speak the real dialect. They rather speak a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

History 

In the 13th century the name of Dietzenbach was written down in a document for the first time.

Formerly the people in the Dietzenbach area were mostly farmers and craftsmen but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore most families had only small farms and were poor. With the industrial revolution the Rhine-Main area got lots of factories and developed to a center for metal working, leather manufacturing and chemical processing. Many men became workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This increased living conditions partly.

Twinned cities 

  Vélizy-Villacoublay, France
  Masaya, Nicaragua
  Rakovník, Czech Republic
  Neuhaus am Rennweg, Germany
  Oconomowoc, USA
  Kostjukovitschi, Belarus

References

Other websites 

Official website of Dietzenbach

Offenbach (district)
Octet rule

The octet rule is a general rule of thumb that applies to most atoms. It states that every atom might want to have eight valence electrons in its outermost electron shell.

Background
According to the Bohr model, an atom consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons orbited by a number of electrons. In an ordinary atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons. If it has more or fewer electrons, it is an ion. In addition, the electrons orbit in electron shells. Each shell can only contain a certain number of electrons before new electrons must migrate to the next shell or "energy level." Starting with the third energy level, however, electrons sometimes move up a level even before the current one is full.

The rule
Every atom tries to have 8 electrons in its outermost (or valence) shell. This may require them to give up, share, or take electrons. As stated above, the number of electrons normally equals the number of protons. This means that some atoms are "happier" than others. For example, neon, as with other noble gases, naturally has 8 valence electrons. (10 total - 2 in the 1st energy level = 8 in the 2nd) Not surprisingly, neon hardly ever reacts with anything. (Neon lights require high voltages to work.) By contrast, the atoms in the Alkaline metals column, such as sodium, have only one valence electron, with a layer containing 8 electrons in the shell below. This means that sodium only has to give up one valence electron in order to complete the octet rule, and will do so if given the chance, hence why sodium is so chemically reactive. 

Chemistry
Queen of Sheba

The Queen of Sheba ruled over the ancient kingdom of Sheba, and is mentioned in the Bible and the Qur'an.

Queen of Sheba in the Bible 
The Queen of Sheba appears in the Bible to King Solomon, because of the fame of his riches and wealth and wisdom. She comes, "with a very great caravan - with camels carrying spices, large quantities of gold, and precious stones - she came to Solomon and talked with him about all that she had on her mind" (1 Kings 10:2).

Solomon answered all the questions she asked; returned her quizzes and riddles with wit and correct wisdom; and was kind to her. Awed and astonished by all these things, she rewarded his achievements with "120 talents of gold, large quantities of spices, and precious stones. Never again were so many spices brought in as those the queen of Sheba gave to King Solomon" (1 Kings 10:10), and Solomon returned it by giving "all she desired and asked for, besides what he had given her out of his royal bounty" (1 Kings 10:13).

Related pages 
 Solomon
 Bible
 Qur'an

Other websites 
 
 BBC history of Queen Sheba
 More information on Queen Sheba 

Old Testament people
Taqwa

Taqwa (Arabic: تقوى‎ taqwā / taqwá ") is an Islamic word which means to become more aware of Allah.

Islamic culture
Cynodont

The Cynodonts are a sub-order of the Therapsida. Cynodonts, one of the most diverse groups of therapsids, are named after their dog-like teeth.

The taxon is a clade which includes modern mammals and their extinct close relatives, the Mammaliaformes. 

The cynodonts lived in all continents, and their fossil record begins in the Upper Permian 256 million years ago.

The extinct members of the group were victims of the End-Triassic extinction event, but the line that led to the mammals survived.

References 

Theriodonts
Reflex

A reflex (/ˈriːfleks/) or reflex action is an automatic and fast movement in response to a stimulus.  

A true reflex is a behaviour done by the reflex arc. This is the path the signal of a reflex takes. That path is from the outside stimulus to the central nervous system (CNS), then the path from the CNS to the appropriate muscle. 

The nerve cells responsible for reflexes are not always in the brain, but often in the spinal cord. This way, reflexes are processed faster. Nerve cells in the brain still get feedback that the reflex action occurred. And, of course, reflex actions involving sight and sound are done by the brain. With invertebrate animals, the brain is not so dominant, and more is done by local reflex arcs in the segments.

Reflexes may take place even after death. The bite of a poisonous snake can be triggered up to several hours after it has died.

If the behaviour is complex, the stimulus is called a releaser, and the behaviour which follows may involve the whole animal for a long time in what is called a fixed action pattern. However, this is not the usual use of the term "reflex". It is studied in ethology because it usually involves two animals of the same species.

The word 'reflex' can also be used as a metaphor for something done quickly, without much thinking.

References 

Physiology
Audi A3

The Audi A3 is a car produced by Audi since 1996. It is based on the Volkswagen Golf's platform, and it is currently in its fourth generation. The first generation was produced between 1996 and 2003 with a 5-door added in 1999 and a facelift in late 2000. The second generation was produced from 2003 to 2012, and was facelifted in 2005 and again in 2008 with a convertible version added. The third generation was launched in 2012 with a saloon version added a year later. It was facelifted in 2016, commemorating the A3's 20th anniversary. In 2020, the fourth generation model launched, sold only with 5-door hatchback and saloon versions. 

A3
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
Kobe Bryant

Kobe Bean Bryant ( ; August 23, 1978 – January 26, 2020) was an American former professional basketball player. He most recently played for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association. Bryant played as a shooting guard. During the 2005-2006 season, he scored 81 points in a game against the Toronto Raptors. He is considered one of the greatest basketball players of all time.

Bryant retired on April 13, 2016 after scoring 60 points in a Lakers win against the Utah Jazz. He won an Oscar and Emmy for his movie Dear Basketball.

Bryant was born in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania. He is the youngest child of three children of his family. His father was a basketball player and coach Joe Bryant.

Championships and awards
Kobe Bryant won five championship rings from 2000-2002 and again in 2009-2010. He was awarded the Most Valuable Player in the 2007-08 NBA season after the Los Angeles Lakers went to the 2008 NBA Playoffs as the first seed in the Western Conference was the winner of 18 times NBA all-star, 15-time member of the NBA, 12-time member of the all-defensive team and 1-time slam dunk champion.

In 2008, Bryant won a gold medal with the United States national team at the Olympics in Beijing.

Bryant earned 14 selections for All-NBA teams and 12 for All-Defensive teams. He led the league in scoring twice. He received 4 all-star game MVPs in 14 appearances. He also won 2 finals MVP awards. He was also the youngest player to reach 30,000 points, passing Shaquille O Neal and Michael Jordan and becoming third on the all-time scoring list. Bryant is widely considered to be one of the greatest basketball players in NBA history.

Sexual assault investigation
In the summer of 2003, the sheriff's office of Eagle, Colorado, arrested Bryant in connection with an investigation of a sexual assault complaint filed by a 19-year-old hotel employee. In September 2004, the assault case was dropped by prosecutors after the accuser refused to testify at the trial.

Death
On January 26, 2020, Bryant was killed in a helicopter crash in Calabasas, California at the age of 41. His 13-year-old daughter, Gianna Bryant, and seven others also died in the crash.

Notes

References

Other websites

1978 births
2020 deaths
Aviation deaths in the United States
African-American basketball players
Los Angeles Lakers players
Sportspeople from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Academy Award winners
Emmy Award winners
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
National Basketball Association high school draftees
American basketball players
Turks in Germany

The Turks in Germany are the largest ethnic minority in Germany. Most of these immigrants came from Turkey when Germany invited them to work as guest workers between 1961-73 due to labour shortages. Some of them was of Romanlar Background.

Related pages

 Migrant worker
 Turkish people
 Romanlar

Germany
Turkish people
Alamosaurus

Alamosaurus was a titanosaur, a gigantic plant-eating dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous period, about 73 million to 65 million years ago. 

Alamosaurus was a long-necked, whip-tailed dinosaur. It was about 69 feet (21 m) long and weighed perhaps 33 tons (30000 kg). Fossils have been found in New Mexico, Texas, and Utah. Fossils include fragmentary skeletons (and no skulls).

Skeletal elements of Alamosaurus are among the most common Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossils found in the American Southwest and are now used to define the fauna of that time and place. There was a climate change in this area, it became drier, and this caused changes in the fauna. Thomas M. Lehman describes it as "the abrupt reemergence of a fauna with a superficially 'Jurassic' aspect". These faunas are dominated by Alamosaurus and feature abundant Quetzalcoatlus in Texas. The Alamosaurus  Quetzalcoatlus association probably represent semi-arid inland plains.p201

References 

Titanosaurs
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Computer Space

Computer Space is a video arcade game released in November 1971 by Nutting Associates. It was created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, who later started the company Atari.

Arcade games
Prime Minister's Questions

Prime Minister's Questions (PMQs, officially known as Questions to the Prime Minister) is a weekly event in the British Parliament. It is a chance for the Leader of the Opposition and other Members of Parliament to ask the Prime Minister questions. Until 1997 there were two short PMQs each week. Now there is one longer event, which is on a Wednesday. It can often be a loud and rowdy event with lots of MPs shouting. Once Michael Heseltine grabbed the mace and waved it around his head.

Politics of the United Kingdom
Leader of the Opposition

The Leader of  the Opposition is the name given to the leader of the largest party not in government in a Westminster System of  parliamentary government. The Leader of the Opposition is often seen as the alternative Prime Minister, Premier or Chief Minister. They lead an alternative government known as the Shadow Cabinet  or Opposition Front Bench.

In  many Commonwealth realms the full title is Leader of Her  Majesty's Loyal Opposition. This is not used in Australia. It is the duty of the Opposition party to ask questions to the Prime Minister or other ministers during Question Time.

The following is a list of Leaders of the Opposition:
 Leader of the Opposition (Australia)
 Leader of the Opposition (Australian Capital Territory)
 Leader of the Opposition (New South Wales)
 Leader of the Opposition (Northern Territory)
 Leader of the Opposition (Queensland)
 Leader of the Opposition (South Australia)
 Leader of the Opposition (Tasmania)
 Leader of the Opposition (Victoria)
 Leader of the Opposition (Western Australia)
 Leader of the Opposition (Canada)
 Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Canada)
 Leader of the Opposition (Alberta)
 Leader of the Opposition (British Columbia)
 Leader of the Opposition (Manitoba)
 Leader of the Opposition (New Brunswick)
 Leader of the Opposition (Newfoundland and Labrador)
 Leader of the Opposition (Nova Scotia)
 Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)
 Leader of the Opposition (PEI)
 Leader of the Official Opposition (Quebec)
 Leader of the Opposition (Saskatchewan)
 Leader of the Opposition (Yukon)
 Leader of the Opposition (Dominica)
 Leader of the Opposition (Fiji)
 Leader of the Opposition (India)
 Leader of the Opposition (Ireland)
 Leader of the Opposition (Israel)
 Leader of the Opposition (Malaysia)
 Leader of the Opposition (Malta)
 Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)
 Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)
 Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)
 Leader of the Opposition (South Africa)
 Leader of the Opposition (Spain)
 Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)
 Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
 Leader of the Opposition (Scotland)

 
Titles
Angara (rocket family)

Angara is a family of rockets which are being developed in Russia. The family contains many different rockets. For example, there is a rocket for lifting small payloads and a rocket for lifting heavy payloads. The rockets are designed by a company called Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. The first rocket is expected to be ready in 2012.

Purpose
Angara is being developed using money given by the Russian government. The government decided to finance Angara because they wanted to make sure that Russia has independent access to space. Many of Russia's current rockets can only be launched from Baikonour Cosmodrome in Kazakshtan. Many of them also use foreign technology. However, Angara is better since it does not use any foreign technology (it is 100% Russian) and can be launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome, located in Russian territory. Another reason why it was decided to build Angara is because Russia needed a rocket which does not use toxic fuels, like some current rockets do.

Description
The first part of all Angara rockets consists of an engine called Universal Rocket Module (in short: URM). The small version, Angara 1.1 has only one URM, while the heavier Angara 5 has 5 URMs. For this reason, Angara 5 can lift heavier payloads. The second part (called the second stage) of Angara 1.1 is called Briz-KM and the second stage of Angara 5 is called Block I. 

The rockets are meant for launching unmanned payloads such as satellites. However, Khrunichev has also suggested building a version that could launch humans into space: Angara 5P. 

All Angara versions can be launched from a single launch pad. 

The first flight of Angara is expected to take place in 2012 from Plesetsk Cosmodrome. In the future, the flights on Angara rockets will be sold to other companies, who want to get their satellites into space. The price for an Angara 1.1 flight is expected to be about 20 million dollars.

References

Rockets
Samsara

Samsara is a Buddhist term, meaning the conditioned state of mind.  It is the cycle of ignorance, leading to disturbing emotions and clumsy actions.  They in turn are cause for suffering and new disturbing feelings and so on. According to Buddha’s teachings there are three main disturbing feelings: ignorance, anger and desire. They are called three poisons of mind and are told to have 84 000 combinations. The only way to completely get rid of suffering is to reach Nirvana or the perfect state of Buddha. All the teachings Buddha gives lead to this goal.

The Six Realms
There are six realms of samsara, connected to six specific emotions:
Hell or paranoia realm is connected with anger.
Preta or hungry ghost realm is connected with greed.
Animal realm is connected with ignorance.
Human realm is connected with desire and attachment.
Asura or Semigod realm is connected with jealousy and envy.
Realm of Gods is connected with pride.

Buddhist terminology