cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a hormone. It is a steroid which is made in the body under the right conditions. Its making by the body needs sunlight, which acts on the lower layers of the skin. 

However, if the body does not make enough, it can be found from food sources in tiny amounts.  In fact, many countries add it automatically to certain foods like milk. Supplements can be easily found in most developed countries.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble nutrient. This means that any portion not used immediately is stored in fat tissue for future use.

What it does
As a hormone, Vitamin D does many things in the body.  It was first discovered as the substance which could prevent and cure rickets. It controls the levels of calcium ions and phosphates in the blood, as well as calcium and magnesium absorption in the intestines. It helps bones grow and form. It is also good for the immune system.

Different kinds
In total, there are 5 different forms, D1 to D5. The most common ones are D2 and D3 (see images).

D3 (also called cholecalciferol) is the kind produced by the body. It is also found naturally in marine oils and in lanolin (oil from sheep's wool), the most common source for supplements.

D2 (also called ergocalciferol) is produced by fungi. It is similar to D3, but not exactly the same.

Getting enough
D3 is made in the skin from cholesterol, and changed into a more active form by the liver. However, the skin will not make it unless enough ultraviolet light shines on it. As sunlight contains ultraviolet light, getting enough sun is one way of getting enough D3.

Many things can keep the skin from making enough D3. Winter sunlight may be too weak. Melanin, which protects skin from damage, also keeps it from making D3, which is why people with darker skin are more prone to deficiency. Older people are also prone, because aging skin makes less D3, even with enough sunlight. Clothing, glass, sunscreens and sunblocks also shield the skin from getting enough ultraviolet light to make D3.

It is hard to know how much supplemental Vitamin D, if any, is needed. Less than 25 micrograms (1000 IU) per day, but up to 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day is considered safe. A recent panel of Vitamin D researchers concluded that at least 20-25 mcg (800-1000 IU) per day would help most adults.

Few foods naturally contain much D3. Fish do, especially oily ones, such as salmon, sardine and mackerel. Many kinds of edible mushrooms contain some D2, like shiitake. Mushrooms grown in full sunlight tend to have more.

References

Other websites 
Benefits and sources of Vitamin D 
Benefits of Vitamin D 
Factsheet on Vitamin D
FDA takes Vitamin D drugs and feeds them to prisoners 

Fat-soluble vitamins
Steroid hormones
Vitamin E

Vitamin E (which is also called Tocopherol or Tocotrienol, E307, E308,E309) is a vitamin. There are eight forms of it, E1 to E8. It can be found in vegetable oils. Very often it is also added to lotions and creams for the skin. It is supposed to help the healing of the skin, after burns and injuries, and lower the risk of heart disease and cancer.

Some research suggests that vitamin E has anti-aging benefits.

References 

Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamin K

Vitamin K is a vitamin which is soluble in fat. It is probably best known for its role in the coagulation (clotting) of blood. However, it also serves other important functions in the body.

Vitamin K was discovered by a Danish chemist named Henrik Dam. He won the 1943 Nobel Prize in  Physiology or Medicine for discovering its key role in the coagulation of blood. Since that time, Vitamin K's role in other physiologic functions has become known. One of the most important is its role in controlling where calcium goes in the body.

Without Vitamin K, there would be a loss of blood when a person bleeds, which can lead to unconsciousness or even death. Vitamin K can be found in green vegetables, such as spinach, lettuce, broccoli or cabbage.

References

Fat-soluble vitamins
B vitamins

The B vitamin complex (also called B vitamins) are a group of 8 vitamins. They have an important job in the metabolism of cells. Each B vitamin is a cofactor (a coenzyme) for some key metabolic processes or it is a precursor needed to make one.

Originally, people thought they were just different forms of one vitamin (as with Vitamin D, for example). Later it turned out that they are separate vitamins that often can be found together. They are Vitamin B1/Thiamine, Vitamin B2/Riboflavin, Vitamin B3/Vitamin P/Vitamin PP/Niacin,Vitamin B5/Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B7/Vitamin H/Biotin, Vitamin B9/Vitamin M/Vitamin B-c/Folate and Vitamin B12. They are required for growth, and proper functioning of nerves and muscles. B vitamins are found in meat, milk, whole grains and fresh vegetables.

Vitamin B deficiencies have been shown to cause the following symptoms:

mental problems
heart palpitations
heart arrhythmias
exhaustion
paranoia, vague fears, fear that something dreadful is about to happen, nervousness, ADD (attention deficiency), inability to concentrate
thoughts of dying
frustration
inability to sleep
restlessness
tingling in hands
tingling fingers and toes
crying spells, inability to cope
soreness all over

Well-known medical syndromes caused by thiamine deficiency are beri-beri, Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS), and optic neuropathy.

References
ONS coding system

The ONS coding system is a system used in the United Kingdom for dealing with census and other statistical data. It is used by the Office for National Statistics as a way to label each area of England and Wales. It is also used for parts of Northern Ireland.  The system uses a code for the larger census areas, counties and districts. It then breaks those areas down into smaller areas within the larger areas. Each of the smaller areas get a code that is based on the larger area. Areas are divided in this way until they get to the smallest size used for census data. An area must have at least 40 households, but they try to not divide an area into a size smaller than 100 households.

Example

Other websites 
ONS Beginners' Guide to UK Geography
Codes as in 1994

Geography of the United Kingdom
Geocodes
Claw

A claw is a sharp object. It is found at the end of a toe or finger in many mammals, birds, and some reptiles. The word "claw" is also used in reference to an invertebrate. For example, the chelae of crabs and lobsters are often called claws or pincers. 

A claw is made of hard protein called keratin. They are used by some meat eating mammals such as cats to catch and hold prey, but they may also be used for other things such as digging, climbing trees, and so on, in those and other species.

Similar appendages that are flat and do not come to a sharp point are called nails instead.

Arthropods 
The correct name for an arthropod's 'claw' is chela (plural chelae). Legs that have a chela are called chelipeds. Chelae are also called pincers.

Tetrapods
In tetrapods, claws are made of keratin and have two layers.  The unguis is the outside hard layer, which has keratin fibers arranged perpendicular to the direction of growth and in layers at an angle. The subunguis is the soft, flaky layer, and the grain is parallel to the direction of growth. The claw grows outward from the nail matrix at the base of the unguis and the subunguis grows thicker while traveling across the nail bed. The unguis grows outward faster than the subunguis to make a curve and the thinner sides of the claw wear away faster than their thicker middle, making a more or less sharp point. Tetrapods use their claws in many ways, such as grasping or killing prey, digging, climbing, and hanging.

Birds 
A talon is the claw of a bird of prey, which it uses to hunt. The talons are very important, and if they did not have them, those birds would not be able to catch their food.

Mammals 
A nail is similar to a claw but it is flatter and has a curved edge instead of a point. A nail that is big enough to hold weight is called a 'hoof'. 

Every so often, the growth of claws stops and restarts, just like the growth of hair. In hair, this causes the hair to fall out and it is replaced by a new one. In claws, this results in an old layer, and it breaks off. This takes several months for human thumbnails. Cats are often seen working old layers off on wood or on boards made for the purpose. Ungulates' hooves trim themselves when they walk on the ground. Domesticated equids (horses, donkeys and mules) usually need regular trimming by a farrier.

Many predatory mammals have claws that can hide inside the animal's paw, especially animals such as the cat.

Primates

A primate's nail only has the unguis; the subunguis has disappeared. Similar to the tail, the claw in apes is not needed. However, in some primates, the subunguis has redeveloped to make a claw-like structure. These certain animals do not have actual claws; instead the unguis appears normal along with a thick growth of subunguis.  Some lemurs have a toilet-claw.

Other websites 

The Horse's Hoof Anatomy 
Rat's Claws, also explains much about mammalian claws in general.

Animal anatomy
Max and Moritz

Max and Moritz (German: Max und Moritz) are two naughty little boys in a story by Wilhelm Busch.  The stories were written in 1865 and are still extremely popular in Germany.

Wilhelm Busch was an artist as well as a writer.  He wrote a lot of stories in rhyme and made drawings to go with them.  Max and Moritz are stories like these.  The two boys get up to lots of naughty pranks.  There are seven stories (seven pranks).  In the final prank they are caught and come to a sad end.  In the 19th century writers had to show that bad behaviour would be punished in the end.  The seven stories are stories with a moral.

The seven stories 

In the first story the boys tie pieces of bread onto pieces of string and put it down where an old woman, Widow Bolte, keeps her hens.  The hens each try to swallow a piece of bread, which sticks in their throats and they end up hanging in the tree and die.

In the second story Widow Bolte, who is still crying, decides she might as well roast the hens.  The boys take fishing rods, climb onto the roof and pull the frying chickens up with their rods.  Widow Bolte finds the chickens gone, thinks her little dog has eaten them, and gives the poor dog a beating.

In the third story they take a saw and make a hole in the tiny wooden bridge outside the tailor’s house.  They shout at the tailor, calling him names.  He is furious and comes running out, the bridge breaks and he falls into the stream.  Two flying geese save him.  He has a terrible tummy ache but his wife puts a hot iron on his tummy and he feels better.

In the fourth story the boys put gunpowder in the pipe of the schoolmaster while he is in church.  When he lights his pipe there is an explosion.

In the fifth story the boys collect beetles and put them under the mattress in their uncle’s bed.  In the middle of the night, when the uncle is asleep, the beetles creep up on him.  He wakes up and fights with them until he has killed them all.

In the sixth story the boys try to steal some pretzels (German rolls) from the bakery, but they fall into the tub of dough.  The baker comes in and finds them.  He bakes them in the oven, but when they are taken out they eat their way through the dough and escape.

In the seventh story the boys cut a hole in the farmer’s sacks.  When the miller picks one of these sacks up he realizes the grain is spilling.  He sees the boys, puts them in the sack and takes them to the mill, where the miller grinds them into corn and feeds them to his ducks.

Comics
Fictional characters
Sexual abstinence

Sexual abstinence is the practice of not having sex. It is a choice that some people make. As well as sex itself, they may also choose to abstain from other sexual activities. Sexual abstinence has been debated since ancient history, both in terms of same-sex and opposite-sex relationships. Some people take anaphrodisiacs to help them stay abstinent. Someone who decides to avoid sex is called a celibate or volcel.

Culture
Abstaining from sex before marriage is usually called chastity. In some countries, it is illegal to have sex before marriage. Many religious and ethical systems proscribe sexual activities between a person and anyone other than a spouse of that person, including most denominational variations of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, as have, historically, many legal systems and societal norms. People who are abstinent even though they do not want to be are sometimes called incels or TFL (true forced loneliness). One form of sexual abstinence is fapstinence, avoiding masturbation.

Reasons
People may choose to do this for any reason. A common reason is because of the person's religious or philosophical beliefs. When done for religious reasons, it is called celibacy. Other people may choose abstinence in order to prevent pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases. When someone is abstinent from sex but they don't want to be, its sometimes called incel, short for involuntary celibacy.

Related pages
Fornication
Asexuality

References

Other websites 
 Chastity in Catholic Encyclopedia — a Christian view on chastity

Human sexuality
Council of Jerusalem

The Council of Jerusalem or apostolic council is a common name for a meeting of early Christian leaders reported in the Acts of the Apostles chapter .  The meeting must have happened about  the year 50, at the latest some time before the death of James the Just in 62.

The issues 
A common interpretation is that the council came together because there was disagreement within the Early Christian community between those who believed the church must observe the rules of traditional Judaism, and Paul of Tarsus, who believed there was no such necessity. The "rules of traditional Judaism," the Halakha of Rabbinic Judaism, were not finished at this time.

The central issue was circumcision, as the author of Acts relates the initial confrontation in Antioch, where Paul had been preaching:
"And certain men which came down from Judaea taught the brethren, [and said], Except ye be circumcised after the manner of Moses, ye cannot be saved." (Acts 15:1) KJV

Footnotes

Other websites 
 Acts 15 
 JersualemCouncil.org
 NA26 Greek Acts 15 
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Apostolic Canons
 Didache
 Apostolic Constitutions
 Didascalia Apostolorum
 Jewish Antiquities 20 
 New Perspective on Paul
 Early Christian Writings
 Jewish Encyclopedia: Hillel v. Shammai
 Jewish Encyclopedia: Didascalia
 Gentiles and Circumcision

Further reading 
 Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities: The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew 2003
 Eisenman, Robert, 1997. James the Brother of Jesus : The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls.  A cultural historian's dissenting view based on contemporary texts.
 Westerholm, Stephen. Perspectives Old and New on Paul: The "Lutheran" Paul and His Critics 2003 

Jerusalem
Jerusalem
New Testament
1st century
Ironing

Ironing means getting the creases out of clothes after they have been washed and dried.  Ironing is done with a tool called an "iron".  It is called an iron because in past centuries it was made of iron, a type of metal.  The iron is heated before it is used.  This used to be done by putting the iron on a fire. Nowadays electricity is used to warm the iron.  The user can put water inside, which becomes steam. 

Ironing clothes is usually easiest when the clothes are still very slightly damp, but it depends on the material of the clothes.  There is normally a label on the clothes which shows whether it can be ironed, and at what temperature. Ironing is usually done with a padded ironing board. The clothes to be ironed are put on the ironing board and the iron is pushed carefully along the cloth to get all the wrinkles out. 

Home
Central European Time

Central European Time is a time zone. It is one hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (what used to be called Greenwich Mean Time). Most countries in the central part of Europe and some countries in Africa follow it. 

In Europe, the countries of Ireland, Great Britain, Iceland and Portugal use Western European Time. All the other countries, up to Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and North Macedonia use Central European Time. 

Algeria and Tunisia in Africa use CET but do not observe daylight saving time. 

Time zones
Central European Summer Time

Central European Summer Time is the name for a time zone. Some of the countries that have Central European Time shift their clocks forward one hour, during the summer months. And shift it one hour backwards during winter months.

Time zones
Ahmed Jibril

Ahmed Jibril (1938 – died July 7, 2021) was the founder and co-leader of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC). He founded it in 1968. His son Jihad Ahmed Jibril was to take over, but was killed by a car bomb in Beirut in 2002.

References

1938 births
2021 deaths
Muslim terrorists
Palestinian Muslims
Palestinian nationalists
Palestinian terrorists
Jihad Ahmed Jibril

Mohammed Jihad Ahmed Jibril (March 3, 1961 in Damascus - May 20, 2002 in Beirut) was the son of Ahmed Jibril, founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC). He was killed by a car bomb. He was assassinated on May 20, 2002. 

Jihad Ahmed Jibril was the leader of the military wing of the PFLP-GC and was the heir apparent of the organization before he was killed in a car bombing in Beirut in 2002. The assassination was blamed on Israel, although Jibril had many other enemies, including the Lebanese Christian militia and other Palestinian nationalist organizations.  

Ahmed Jibril was co-leader of the militant Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command. Israeli radio reports said that the son, Jihad Ahmed Jibril, was involved in smuggling arms and explosives to Palestinian militants in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
But there was no evidence to directly link him with terrorist attacks.

Ahmed Jibril accused the Israeli intelligence agency, Mossad, of responsibility for the killing, but a spokesman for Defense Minister Benjamin Ben-Eliezer said Israel was not involved.

In mid-June 2006, Lebanon authorities arrested a group of alleged spies who reportedly confessed to working for Israel and carrying out the attacks.

1961 births
2002 deaths
Assassinated people
Muslim terrorists
Palestinian Muslims
Palestinian nationalists
Palestinian terrorists
People from Damascus
Acts of the Apostles

The Acts of the Apostles (Greek Praxeis Apostolon) is a book of the Bible, which now is the fifth in the New Testament. It is often simply called Acts.

Acts tells the story of the Early Christian church, with particular interest for the ministry of the Twelve Apostles and of Paul of Tarsus. The early chapters in Jerusalem, report Jesus's Resurrection, his Ascension, the Day of Pentecost, and the start of the Twelve Apostles' ministry. The later chapters report Paul's conversion, his ministry, and finally his arrest and imprisonment and trip to Rome.
 
Most people think that the author of Acts also wrote the Gospel of Luke, as Acts 1:1 refers to 'the former treatise have I made, Theophilus, of all that Jesus began both to do and teach'. The traditional view is that both the two books were written c. 60 by a companion of Paul named Luke. Many theologians still think so. But some think the books were written by an unknown author at a later date, sometime between 80 and 150.

References

Other websites 
 Bible Gateway 35 languages/50 versionsy at GospelCom.net
 Dating Acts 
 Unbound Bible 100+ languages/versions at Biola University
 Online Bible at gospelhall.org
 Book of Acts at Bible Gateway
 Acts from the Biblical Resource Database 
 The Apostle Paul's Shipwreck: An Historical Investigation of Acts 27 and 28 
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Acts of the Apostles
 Encyclopedia Britannica: Acts of the Apostles
 Jewish Encyclopedia: New Testament - The Acts of the Apostles
 Tertullian.org: The Western Text of the Acts of the Apostles (1923) J. M. WILSON, D.D.

New Testament books
Firebreak

A Firebreak is a way to fight fires. In a firebreak, there is no vegetation, or other material that can burn. This makes it hard for a fire to jump across the break. Therefore, the spread of a possible fire is delayed.

Firefighting
Slum

A slum is a part of a city or a town where many poor people live. It is a place where people may not have basic needs. Some of these people may also have social disadvantages. There are slums in most of the big cities of the world. They may not be called slum, however; see shanty town.

Victorian London
Charles Dickens was a great author of Victorian London. His account of the St Giles rookery was:
"Wretched houses with broken windows patched with rags and paper; every room let out to a different family, and in many instances to two or even three – fruit and ‘sweetstuff’ manufacturers in the cellars, barbers and red-herring vendors in the front parlours, cobblers in the back; a bird-fancier in the first floor, three families on the second, starvation in the attics, Irishmen in the passage, a ‘musician’ in the front kitchen, a charwoman and five hungry children in the back one – filth everywhere – a gutter before the houses, and a drain behind – clothes drying, and slops emptying from the windows; ... men and women, in every variety of scanty and dirty apparel, lounging, scolding, drinking, smoking, squabbling, fighting, and swearing".

Dickens, Sketches by Boz, 1839.

Sources 
Mike Davis, Planet of Slums, 2006
Elizabeth Blum/ Peter Neitzke Favela Metropolis 2004

Other websites 

 http://skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=131517
South Africa slum dwellers' movement
Slums of Victorian London 
Slums of New Delhi, India
Every third person will be a slum dweller within 30 years, UN agency warns; John Vidal; The Guardian; October 4, 2003.
Mute Magazine Vol 2#3, Naked Cities - Struggle in the Global Slums 

Cities
Shanty towns
Layyah

Layyah is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan and is the capital of Layyah District. Layyah gets its name from the wild short shrub commonly known as Layyan. Layyah is located between the rivers Indus and Chenab in central Pakistan.

Other websites 
Map of Layyah

Cities in Pakistan
Pope Leo III

Leo III (died June 12, 816) was Pope from 795 to 816. He is famous for the coronation of Charlemagne as emperor in 800.

Early life
Leo was born in Rome.

Pope
Leo reported his election to Charlemagne, sent him the keys of Saint Peter's tomb and the banner of Rome. Charlemagne replied that it was his function to defend the church and the Pope's to pray for the kingdom and for victory of the army.

Charlemagne went to Rome in November 800, and on December 1 held a council there with representatives of both sides. Leo, on December 23, took an oath of purgation concerning the charges brought against him, and his opponents were exiled. Two days later Leo crowned Charlemagne at St. Peter's tomb. Charlemagne did intervene in church affairs, not always successfully.

The reasons for the coronation, the involvement beforehand of the Frankish court, and the relationship to the Byzantine Empire are all matters of debate among historians.

Related pages
 List of popes

Other websites 

 Translation of Einhard's Life of Charlemagne (c. 817-830, translated in 1880)

8th-century births
816 deaths
Italian popes
Khanda

Khanda is a symbol of Sikhism.  It is in the shape of three weapons and a circle.

Sikhism
Religious symbols
Arendal

Arendal is a city and municipality in the county of Aust-Agder, Norway. It is the administrative center of Aust-Agder county, and belongs to the geographical region of Sørlandet. The municipality is bordered in the southwest by Grimstad, in the northwest by Froland, and in the northeast by Tvedestrand municipalities.

The name 

The Norse form of the name was probably "Arnardalr". The first element is then the genitive case of "orn" m 'eagle', the last element is "dalr" m 'valley, dale'.

Other websites 
 Arendal Kommune official website
 Arendal official tourist information 

Cities in Norway
Municipalities of Norway
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
S.S. Lazio

S.S. Lazio is an Italian football club based in Formello (Via di Santa Cornelia 1000, 00060 Formello). 

They play in light blue shirts, white shorts and socks. The name Lazio was chosen as the original founders wanted to name the club after something which was greater and encompassed more than just the city that they were from - Lazio is the name of the region where Rome is. The sky blue and white team colors were inspired by the Greek flag and more specifically the country which gave birth to Olympic tradition; the eagle as an acknowledgement by its founders.

League title 
 Serie A : 2
 1973/74, 1999/00
 Serie B : 1
 1968/69
 Coppa Italia : 7
 1958, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2009, 2013, 2019
 Supercoppa Italiana : 5
 1998, 2000, 2009, 2017, 2019
 Cup Winners' Cup : 1
 1999
 UEFA Super Cup : 1
 1999
 Coppa delle Alpi : 1
 1971

League position

Former position

Other websites 
 SS Lazio
 Serie A

Italian football clubs
Lazio
1900 establishments in Italy
Satire

[[Image:Punch.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1867 edition of the satirical magazine Punch]]

Satire is a form in art or writing which ridicules either a person, government, or an institution, often through the use of humour. Satire can either be in paintings, plays, books, songs, TV or movies. It also is used to stereotype people.

Satire was used long ago. It is a Latin word, though the plays of Aristophanes are often called satirical. Satire was widely known in Elizabethan times. Swift used it in his book Gulliver's Travels to make fun of people’s stupidity. Works like The Beggar’s Opera'' (1728) used satire to show how silly the politicians of the time were. The German playwright Bertolt Brecht used a lot of satire, as did Peter Cook. Jon Stewart and other comedians use it frequently.

Satire often points out ironic or bad things that powerful people are doing. Its adjective is satirical.

Related pages
Caricature
Cartoon
Humour
Irony
Black comedy

Other websites
MAD Magazine
The Onion

Non-fiction literature
Iron Cross

The Iron Cross was a medal given to German soldiers for bravery during wartime. The award was created by King Frederick William III of Prussia. It was first given out on 10 March 1813. The Iron Cross was awarded during the Napoleonic Wars, the Franco-Prussian War, the First World War, and the Second World War. This medal was received by Adolf Hitler after World War I.

The medal is only given in wartime, so no Iron Crosses have been given out since the end of the Second World War in 1945.

Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 
During the Second World War an extra type of Iron Cross medal was given. It was the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and was given for acts of extreme battlefield bravery or successful leadership. The Knight's Cross was divided into five grades:

 Knight's Cross
 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds
 Knight's Cross with Golden Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds

Military honors
History of Germany
Orders, decorations, and medals of Germany
1813 establishments
1810s establishments in Germany
Manowar

Manowar is an American heavy metal band from Auburn, New York, which formed in 1980.

Members 
 Eric Adams - vocal
 Joey DeMaio - bass guitar / guitar / keyboard / classical guitar
 Karl Logan - guitar / keyboard / classical guitar
 Scott Columbus - drums and percussion

Albums 
 Battle Hymns (1982)
 Into Glory Ride (1983)
 Hail To England (1984)
 Sign Of The Hammer (1984)
 Fighting The World (1987)
 Kings Of Metal (1988)
 The Triumph Of Steel (1992)
 Louder Than Hell (1996)
 Hell On Wheels (Live, 1997)
 Hell On Stage (Live, 1999)
 Warriors Of The World (2002)
 Gods Of War (2007)
 Battle Hymns MMXI (2010)
 The Lord of Steel (2012)
 Kings of Metal MMXIV (2014)
 Into Glory Ride Imperial Edition MMXIX (2019)
 Hail To England Imperial Edition MMXIX (2019)

Other websites 

 Official Manowar Website

American heavy metal bands
Power metal bands
Power series

In mathematics, a power series (in one variable) is an infinite series of the form

where an represents the coefficient of the nth term, c is a constant, and x varies around c (for this reason one sometimes speaks of the series as being centered at c). This series usually appears as the Taylor series of some known function; the Taylor series article contains many examples.

In many situations c is equal to zero, for example when considering a Maclaurin series.  
In those cases, the power series takes the simpler form

These power series appear primarily in analysis, but also appear in combinatorics (under the name of generating functions) and in electrical engineering (under the name of the Z-transform).  The familiar decimal notation for integers can also be viewed as an example of a power series, but with the argument x fixed at 10.  In number theory, the concept of p-adic numbers is also closely related to that of a power series.

Mathematics
Classical guitar

A classical guitar, also called a Spanish guitar, is a musical instrument from the family of musical instruments called chordophones. This instrument is most commonly used by classical guitarists playing classical music, but it is also used in other music genres. It was first recognized 4 - 5 thousand years ago. 

Guitars
Vålerenga Fotball

Vålerenga Fotball is a Norwegian football club from Oslo. It was founded in 1913. They are named after the neighbourhood of Vålerenga. They finished as runners-up in the 2010 Norwegian Premier League, the last time they won was in 2005. Vålerenga's home ground is Ullevaal Stadion, the national stadium for Norway. Their current coach is Martin Andresen.

Current squad 
As of January 15th 2010

Out on loan

Other websites
 Official website
 VPN (Vålerenga På Nett)
 Klanen, the Vålerenga fan club

Norwegian football clubs
Oslo
1913 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Norway
Volga

The Volga is the longest river in Europe. In Russian it is called Волга, in the Tatar language its name is İdel. 

Many people see it as the national river of Russia. It flows through the western part of the country. It is Europe's longest river, with a length of 3,530 kilometres, and forms the core of the largest river system in Europe. 

It rises in the Valdai Hills of Russia, 225m above sea level north-west of Moscow. The Kama, Oka, Vetluga and the Sura are its main tributaries. The Volga and its tributaries form the Volga river system, which drains an area of about 1.35 million square kilometres in Russia. The Volga Delta has a length of about 160 kilometres. It includes 
555 channels and small streams. It is the largest estuary in Europe. It is the only place in Russia where pelicans, flamingoes, and lotuses may be found. The Volga freezes for most of its length for three months each year. Some of the biggest reservoirs in the world can be found along the river.

References 

Rivers of Russia
Tatarstan
Oi!

Oi! is a type of punk rock that was started in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s. The people that started it wanted to connect punk with a working class street-level following. Oi! is a mixing of the styles of early punk bands, such as The Clash, Sex Pistols and the Ramones. It is also influenced by early British rock bands (such as The Rolling Stones and The Who), football chants, pub rock and glam rock bands. The music is often very simple, and the lyrics are blunt (brutally honest, without tact).

Punk rock began to become popular in the 1970s. Some perceived that it was becoming more and more commercialised. This was the kind of thing that punks were against. Oi! began partly as a response to this perception. It was also partly a response to stereotyping that others made about punks. One stereotype was that many people in the early punk rock scene were young people using big words and trying to be artistic, but failing.

Early Oi! bands such as Sham 69 were around for years before the word Oi! was used to describe their style of music. The word was first used as a name for the new genre in 1980, by journalist Garry Bushell. He took the name from the way the Cockney Rejects used "Oi!" during live shows to introduce their songs. "Oi! Oi! Oi!" was the title of the third track on their second album. The word is an old Cockney expression, meaning "hey" or "hello". Other bands that were labelled as Oi! bands in the early days of the genre included Angelic Upstarts, The 4-Skins, The Business, Blitz, The Blood, and Combat 84. More recent punk bands such as Rancid and Dropkick Murphys have credited Oi! as a source of inspiration.

References

Other websites 
OiOiMusic.com Weekly updated site with interviews and reviews
Punk and Oi! in the UK includes interviews and news about Oi! bands

Punk rock
Brothers Grimm

The Brothers Grimm (German: Die Brüder Grimm, also Gebrüder Grimm) were the brothers Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm. They were German academics and most famous for their collections of folktales and fairy tales, and for their work in linguistics.

The Grimm brothers both became linguists. They are the inventors of German philology. They also did other language-related work, like publishing one of the first grammar books for the German language.

They also wrote fairy tales, and collected the tales which people told them. They published a collection of fairy tales known as Grimms' Fairy Tales (Grimms Märchen).

Other websites 

 The Museum of the Brothers Grimm in Kassel, Germany

Texts and recordings 
 Household Tales by the Brothers Grimm, translated by Margaret Hunt  (This site is the only one to feature all of the Grimms' notes translated in English along with the tales from Hunt's original edition. Andrew Lang's introduction is also included.)
 
 . Translated by Margaret Hunt.
 Brothers Grimm - Fairy Tales Audiobooks
 Recording of 63 Fairy Tales by the Brothers Grimm at LibriVox.org

Fairy tales
People from Hanau
Writers from Hesse
Identity (mathematics)

For other senses of this word, see identity.

In mathematics, the term identity has several important uses:

An identity is an equality that remains true even if you change all the variables that are used in that equality.

An equality in mathematical sense is only true under more particular conditions. For this, the symbol ≡ is sometimes used (note, however, that the same symbol can also be used for a congruence relation as well.)
In algebra, an identity or identity element of a set S with an operation is an element which, when combined with any element s of S, produces s itself. In a group (an algebraic structure), this is often denoted by the symbol .
The identity function (or identity map) from a set S to itself, often denoted  or , such that  for all x in S.
In linear algebra, the identity matrix of size n is the n-by-n square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It is often denoted by the symbol .

Examples

Identity relation
A common example of the first meaning is the trigonometric identity

which is true for all real values of  (since the real numbers  are the domain of both sine and cosine), as opposed to

which is only true for certain values of  in a subset of the domain.

Identity element
The concepts of "additive identity" and "multiplicative identity" are central to the Peano axioms.
The number 0 is the "additive identity" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers. For the real numbers, for all 

 and

Similarly, The number 1 is the "multiplicative identity" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers. For the real numbers, for all 

 and

Identity function 
A common example of an identity function is the identity permutation, which sends each element of the set  to itself.

Comparison
These meanings are not mutually exclusive; for instance, the identity permutation is the identity element in the set of permutations of  under composition.

Related pages 

 Identity Property
 One
 Zero

References

Other websites 
 EquationSolver  - A webpage that can test a suggested identity and return a true/false "verdict".

Mathematics
Equality (mathematics)

In mathematics, two things are equal if and only if they are exactly the same in every way. That is, they have the same (mathematical) value and the same mathematical properties. Mathematicians use the equals sign (=) to say this. This defines a binary relation, equality. The statement "x = y" means that x and y are equal.

Equivalence in a more general sense is provided by the construction of an equivalence relation between two mathematical objects, that is, two mathematical objects are equivalent if they are related by this relation. In which case, the equivalence is often represented using the symbols  or .

A statement that two expressions denote equal quantities is an equation (or an equality). Equations are equal. Inequalities are unequal.

An equality is also a transitive relation. This means that if one object is equal to a second object, and the second object is equal to a third object, then the first object is equal to the third object as well.

Since a predicate is a way of describing something that is true, another way to say this is that if one thing that is true about a variable is not true about the other variable, then they are not equal as far as mathematical logic is concerned: two things are only equal if anything that is true about one has to be true about the other.

In geometry, the word congruence is often preferred. Numbers are equal, geometrical objects are congruent. Two shapes are congruent if one can be moved or rotated so that it fits exactly where the other one is. If shrinking or enlarging one of the two objects is needed, then they are not congruent. They are called similar instead. The congruence relation is often represented by the symbol , while the similarity relation is represented by the symbol .

In computer science, usually, the mathematical definition is used. Very often, the comparison is written == (and the assignment, the act of giving a value, is written as =, or :=). In object-oriented languages, or languages which have pointers, there is an additional problem. Those languages contain references (which are in fact pointers). If two such references do not reference exactly the same object, then they are different and a == b will be false in this case.

For this reason, many such languages have introduced another operator (in Java, this method is called equals). This operator compares the actual values of the objects—not where the variables that reference them point to.

In social sciences, two people are equal if many of the same things are true about them. For example. two people who have the same amount of education and money, and who are of the same age usually think of each other as equals. Another name for a person who is equal to another person is a peer.

Related pages
Equals sign
Equation
Inequality
Logical equality
Congruence

References 

Mathematics
Geometry
Religious ministry

Ministry, in Christianity, is the activity that is done by members of the church to serve the purposes of the church. 

It can mean this activity as a whole, or specific activities, or organizations in a church that perform specific activities.

Age-specific Ministry 
As churches attempt to meet the needs of their congregations, they often separate their members into groups according to age categories. Age-specific groups meet for religious study including Sunday school programs, fellowship, and other activities. These age divisions may include:
Nursery
Pre-school
Children, generally elementary age students
Youth, generally middle and high school students
College and career, designed for university-age students
Adults, which is often broken up into single adults, couples ministry, men's and women's ministries, and senior adults.

Nearly all churches have some form of worship music, whether from a choir, orchestra, or worship band.

Service and outreach
Many churches sponsor ministries designed to reach out others on a local and global scale, usually grouped under the heading of missions. There are many organizations which perform missions on a fully-funded and organized level, such as North American Mission Board, operated by the Southern Baptist Convention.

Related pages
Christianity
Sermon

Church organization
Christian behavior and experience
Ministry (government department)

For other meanings of the term ministry, see Ministry.

A ministry is a department of a government, led by a political minister. 
Ministries are usually subordinate to the cabinet, and prime minister, president or chancellor.  A government will usually have several ministries, each with a specialised field of service.  National ministries vary greatly between countries, but some common ones include Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, and  Ministry of Health.

Some countries such as Switzerland, the Philippines and the United States do not use the term "ministry" for their government departments, and instead simply call them departments.  In Hong Kong the term "bureau" is used.

In Canada, some provincial-level government departments are called "ministries" (such as in Ontario and British Columbia) but most are called "departments."  Their heads are referred to as "ministers" in both levels of government, however.

Related pages
 Cabinet

Government
Placebo effect (disambiguation)

Placebo effect may refer to:
 The placebo effect, the tendency of any medication or treatment, even an inert or ineffective one, to exhibit results simply because the recipient believes that it will work.
 Placebo Effect, an original novel written by Gary Russell and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.
Square foot gardening

Square foot gardening is a method of gardening made popular by Mel Bartholemew in 1981. It is based on the idea that wide rows, used in traditional gardening, waste time, work, water, seeds and soil. It shows that quality vegetables can be grown in less space with less work. In this method, the garden space is divided into beds, separated by paths. Each bed measures 4' × 4' ( × ), therefore covering an area of  (). These beds are further divided into sixteen squares of about one square foot ( per side, ). A different type of plant is grown in each of those squares. A single large plant, like broccoli, will use one of the squares. Smaller plants can be spaced more tightly; for example, four heads of lettuce together in one square, or sixteen carrots. All work (planting, removing weeds, watering and harvesting) is done from the pathways. This stops the soil from being compacted.

Benefits of square foot gardening 

 Less work. In traditional gardening methods, heavy tools are used to loosen the soil. In this method, the soil is never compacted and it remains loose. Weeding takes much less time.
 Water savings. The loose ground holds the water better. This type of garden needs water less often than other methods. Also, water is poured by hand near the plant roots. Less water is wasted.
 Very little weeding. The vegetables form a living mulch and shade out many weeds before they can start to grow.
 Pesticides or herbicides are not needed. Natural ways to keep insects away, like companion planting, work well in a tight space. Growing many different types of plants in a small area also makes it more difficult for plant diseases to spread.

Other websites 

 Website of the Square Foot Gardening Foundation, founded to promote the method.
 Journey To Forever, a resource for beginners.

Gardening
Blender

This article is about the kitchen appliance. For the 3D computer graphics program, see Blender (program)

A blender is an electric kitchen appliance used for making drinks, mixing liquids, and puréeing (chopping up into small bits) fruits and vegetables for sauces and soups.

Parts of a blender
A blender consists of a glass or plastic container with a mounted blade in the bottom, and a base that has an electric motor and switches to turn on the motor or change its speed.
Blenders are used to make milk shakes (a blend of ice cream and milk) and fruit smoothies (a mix of fruit and ice).

Food made with blenders
Blenders are also used to make cold alcoholic drinks that include crushed ice or ice cream, such as margaritas and Mississippi Mudslide drinks.

Cooking appliances
Drinking straw

A drinking straw (or "straw") is a utensil used to consume cold drinks such as milk shakes, smoothies, cola, and fruit juice. Drinking straws are usually made from plastic that is formed into a tube. To use a drinking straw, a person places the straw in a glass that contains a liquid and then sucks the straw with their mouth. Straws are mainly plastic, but some straws are paper or cardboard to protect the environment.

The oldest straw found is over 5000 years old. Straws have been found in Sumerian temples made of gold and lapis lazuli. The straws popularity came in the 1800s during the industrial revolution. Those straws were made of paper and turned to mush quickly. An inventor named Joseph Friedman invented a straw made of paper coated in glue so that it did not dissolve.

References

Food utensils
Whole-tone scale

In music, a whole tone scale is a scale in which each note is separated from the next one by an interval of a whole tone.  There is always one note (a semitone) in between each neighbouring pair of notes of the whole-tone scale. Whatever note is started on, the whole tone scale will contain one of the following sets of notes: 
 C, D, E, F#, G#, A#
 or

 C#, D#, F, G, A, B

When a whole-tone scale is played on a piano, starting from a low note and moving up to high notes, while at the same time pressing the sustaining pedal (the right pedal), it makes a "dreamy" sound. It does not sound in any particular key, but floats along.  It also sounds very good on a harp.

Debussy uses the whole-tone scale a lot in his music, but he was not the first to do so. Russian composers such as Glinka in his opera Ruslan and Ludmila and Borodin in Prince Igor used the whole-tone scale.

Later composers to use it include Alban Berg in his Violin Concerto, and Béla Bartók in 
his String Quartet No. 5.  It has also been used in jazz.

Music theory