cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Fiji Hindi

Fiji Hindi or Fiji Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language which is the mother tongue of 313,000 people of Indian and Pakistani origin in Fiji.

This language is very different from the standard Hindi spoken in India and the relationship between the two languages are similar to those between Dutch and Afrikaans. The language is composed of the Eastern Hindi dialects (Bhojpuri and Awadhi) with numerous English and Fijian words. It is spoken with a Pacific twang. 

In recent times, due to the political upheaval  in Fiji, large numbers of Fiji Indians have migrated to Australia, New Zealand, United States and Canada, taking the Fiji Hindi language with them.

References

Other websites
 Ethnologue - Fiji Hindi

Hindi
Urdu dialects
Urdu language
Fiji
Electronic money

Electronic money is money stored electronically, and spent by using a technical device, such as a smart card.  If it is stored on a card, its use may be secured by a PIN code.  In Japan, electronic money is commonly used to pay for train tickets.  JR East’s prepaid train ticket (Suica) and JR West’s IC Operating card (ICOCA).  Suica and ICOCA are plastic cards with a built-in IC chip.  Suica was originally introduced in 2001.

In addition, many types of electronic money are used in other train stations in Japan. For example, Kitaca is electronic money in the Hokkaido area, Sugoca is used in the Kyusyu area, etc. Most electronic money is also used to pay for goods at convenience stores in Japan.

In 2004, NTT DoCoMo launched a mobile phone that uses smart card chip to realize electronic
money capability. Recently, many people have been using these kinds of electronic money cards in Japan.

Note, that electronic money is always backed by real money. For this reason, cryptocurrencies cannot be used as electronic money.

Related pages 

 Bitcoin
 Debit card

References 

Money
Sori Yanagi

was a Japanese industrial designer. is one of the most famous product designers in Japan. He played a role in Japanese modern design developed from after World War 2 to the high-growth period in the Japanese economy. He is both a representative of the wholly Japanese modern designer and a full-blown modernist who merged simplicity and practicality with elements of traditional Japanese crafts.

He was born in 1915 in Tokyo, Japan, as the son of Soetsu Yanagi, who founded the "mingei" movement which celebrated Japanese folk crafts and the beauty of everyday objects. Soetsu helped establish the Nihon Mingeikon, the Folk Crafts Museum of Japan. Sori entered Tokyo Art School in 1934, where he studied both art and architecture. He was influenced by Le Corbusier as well as by Charlotte Perriand when she worked in Japan in the early 1940s. So, his interests moved from painting to buildings to design and objects.

After World War II, he designed many products: furniture, three-wheeled vehicles, Olympic cauldrons, pedestrian overpasses, etc. One of the most famous pieces of furniture is his Butterfly Stool. Announced in 1956, its' 2-piece form has been compared to a butterfly's open wings. Alternately, the shape can be seen as the gateway of a Shinto shrine or even an antique samurai helmet. In effect, it is a form that is both modern and timeless, that has won critical acclaim and prizes, and is included in major collections such as the Museum of Modern Art New York and the Ruble Museum.

Most of Yanagi's designs are very simple and beautiful. His products illustrate his thinking: true beauty is not made, it is born naturally. When he created a new product, he made the first versions over and over by hand, seeking new forms that took shape from both new and old ideas..

Sori Yanagi died at the age of 96 in 2011 .

Honours
 Honorary Royal Designer for Industry (UK), 2008

References

People from Tokyo
Designers
1915 births
2011 deaths
Yukata

The yukata is a kind of kimono. Yukata are very casual kimono, and are worn in the summer.

Normal kimono can be difficult to wear because they have many different parts. These can include a long, stiff obi (belt), a kimono worn underneath the outer kimono, called a juban, and padding to make the shape of the kimono nicer. Many Japanese people cannot put normal kimono on by themselves, as they are so different to everyday clothing.

However, yukata are a type of kimono that is easy to wear. They are made of cotton, and do not have to be worn with a juban. They are worn with thin, short obi, called hanhaba obi, which are easy to tie without someone else's help.

Yukata are worn in the summer, and are very popular to wear to festivals. They are cheap, keep the body cool, and are easy to wash and dry, unlike regular silk kimono. 

Yukata used to be decorated only with designs in blue and white colours. However, many modern yukata have bright and colourful designs, making them fun and fashionable to wear. Many young women wear yukata and geta (Japanese clogs) at summer festivals, fireworks displays, and Bon festival dances.

Recently, yukata have been adopted as summer uniforms in some of the restaurants and theme parks in Japan. The sumo wrestler wears a yukata in his daily life, every single day. In addition, a type of yukata called nemaki are used as night clothes for guests at many Japanese hotels and inns. Unlike yukata, and regular kimono, nemaki are not made differently for men and women.

Japanese clothing
Tonkatsu

Tonkatsu (,  or ) is a Japanese dish of fried pork meat. 

Either pork fillet or pork loin, is sliced. It is then coated in flour, dipped into beaten eggs,  and rolled in breadcrumbs. It is then fried in hot oil. People often use a Japanese Worcester sauce, but some use a vinegar-soy-sauce called ponzu when they eat it. Tonkatsu originated as a cutlet, but it is also used as a sandwich filling or in combination with curry. 

Tonkatsu originated in Japan in the 19th century. Now it is known as a Japanese food by most of the world. It is usually prepared for special occasions, for example a wedding. It is always served with a type of alcoholic drink.
 

Japanese food
Meat dishes
Wilderness Road

The Wilderness Road was a trail made by Daniel Boone in 1769 through the Appalachian Mountains and through Kentucky. This road was used for more than 50 years for settlers to travel from the East into Kentucky.

History of the United States
Appalachian Mountains
Banach–Tarski paradox

The Banach–Tarski paradox is a theorem in mathematics that says that any solid shape can be reassembled into any other solid shape. It was made by mathematicians Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski. For example, a sphere can be split up into a limited number of parts which can then be put back together again to make two identical copies of the original sphere. The Banach–Tarski paradox can also be used to turn a small sphere into a huge sphere. It is important when thinking about this to realize that the parts that the solid shape is being split into are not solid shapes themselves; they are infinite sets of points spread around the solid shape. For the Banach–Tarski paradox to work, you need to use the axiom of choice.

This is called a paradox because no stretching or bending of the parts takes place and no new material is added, yet by the end the volume can be doubled. This goes against our geometric intuition. However, it is mathematically possible and it turns out that in this case our intuition is not correct.

Other websites 
 The Banach-Tarski Paradox

Mathematical paradoxes
Bill Irwin (wrestler)

Barney William Irwin (born September 17, 1954 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American professional wrestler who is known for the ring names, Wild Bill Irwin and The Goon and for wrestling for WWF and WCW. Irwin recently appeared on the 15th-anniversary of WWE Raw special on December 10, 2007, where he wrestled and participated in the 15th Anniversary Battle Royal.

Other websites
Barney Irwin's OWOW profile 

1954 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Minnesota
People from Duluth, Minnesota
Annette Bening

Annette Bening (born May 29, 1958) is an American movie actress. She was born in Topeka, Kansas. She has been nominated four times for an Academy Award.

Achievements 
Bening is a four-time Oscar nominee for her roles in The Grifters, American Beauty, Being Julia, and The Kids Are All Right, winning Golden Globe Awards for the latter two films. She won a BAFTA and a SAG award for her performance in American Beauty.

In 1995, Bening appeared in The American President, playing Sydney Wade, a PR (public relations) consultant who dates the President, played by Michael Douglas.

Personal life 
From 1984 to 1991, Annette was married to J. Steven White. On March 3, 1992, she married Warren Beatty. They have four children.

References

Other websites 

1958 births
Living people
Actors from Kansas
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Dodge Nitro

The Dodge Nitro was a compact SUV that was built by Chrysler's Dodge brand. The Nitro has had 2 generations with the second one being built in 2011. The Nitro has been built since 2006 and made its debut in February of 2005 at the Chicago Auto Show. The Nitro was designed by Dennis Myles. The Nitro was discontinued in 2012.

Other websites
Dodge Nitro at dodge.ca 

Dodge automobiles
Sport utility vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Dodge Journey

The Dodge Journey is a mid-size crossover SUV that is built by Chrysler's Dodge brand. The Journey has had one generation during its time. The vehicle has replaced the Dodge Caravan. The Journey has been built since 2008 and made its debut in 2007 at the Frankfurt Motor Show. The Journey was designed by Ryan Nagode. The Journey can seat five or seven people depending on the wheelbase length.

Other websites
Dodge Journey at dodge.ca 

Dodge automobiles
Sport utility vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Nissan Cube

The Nissan Cube was a Mini MPV that is built by the Nissan Motor Company. The first Cube arrived in 1998. It entered its second generation in 2002. The third generation launched in 2008 and ended production without a replacement in December 2019. The assembly for the Nissan Cube is in Oppama, Japan. They are sold in Japan and North America and in Europe only for 2010.

Other websites
Nissan Cube at nissan.ca 

Cube
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Nissan Juke

The Nissan Juke is a Mini SUV that is built by the Nissan Motor Company. The Juke has had 2 generations during its time. The assembly for the Nissan Juke is in Oppama, Japan and Sunderland, United Kingdom. The Juke made its debut at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show in March, and made its North America debut at the 2010 New York International Auto Show. It entered its second generation in late 2019.

References

Other websites

Juke
2010s automobiles
Jacques Monod

Jacques Lucien Monod (9 February 1910 in Paris - 31 May 1976 in Paris) was a French biologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965 for his discoveries about the genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis which he shared with François Jacob and Andre Lwoff.

Monod's best-known work explains how llife is the product of a combination of chance and necessity. It has been described as a "manifesto of materialist biology in the most reductivist sense", because Monod says that systems in nature can be explained without introducing any end-goal or purpose. He then argues that certain beliefs and ethics followed from his outlook on biology: atheism, rationalism, anti-Marxism.

During World War II he was a member of the French Resistance.

References

1910 births
1976 deaths
French biochemists
French academics
French atheists
French Nobel Prize winners
French people of World War II
French geneticists
Legion of Honour
Scientists from Paris
Paul Hermann Müller

Paul Hermann Müller (January 12, 1899 – October 12, 1965) was an Swiss chemist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948 for his discovery of insecticidal qualities and use of DDT in the control of vector diseases. He was born on January 12, 1899 in Olten, Switzerland and died on October 12, 1965 in Basel, Switzerland.

References

1899 births
1965 deaths
Swiss chemists
Max Theiler

Max Theiler (January 30, 1899 – August 11, 1972) was an South African-American virologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951 for developing a vaccine against yellow fever. He was born on January 30, 1899 in Pretoria, South African Republic and died on August 11, 1972 in New Haven, Connecticut.

References

1899 births
1972 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
South African Nobel Prize winners
South African scientists
American virologists
White South African people
Jack Szostak

Jack William Szostak (London, November 9, 1952) is an Anglo-American biologist who was raised in Canada. Szostak is Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009 for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres. His co-winners were Elizabeth Blackburn and Carol Greider. Szostak is also credited with the construction of the world's first yeast artificial chromosome.

His lab has moved on to working on RNA. "By the year 2000, I started to pay more attention to fundamental questions related to the origin of life" (RNA world hypothesis). "Here the big question is whether RNA was in fact the first genetic polymer, or whether RNA was preceded by some simpler, easier to make or more robust genetic material". Recent work suggests that the RNA hypothessis is still alive.

References

1952 births
Living people
Scientists from London
American biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
British Nobel Prize winners
Hoopoe

The hoopoe (Upupa epops), is a colourful bird that is found across Afro-Eurasia, notable for its distinctive 'crown' of feathers.

It is the only living species in the family Upupidae. One insular species, the giant hoopoe of Saint Helena, is recently extinct, and the Madagascar subspecies of the hoopoe is sometimes elevated to a full species. The English name is derived from Latin upupa, which imitates the cry of the bird.

Taxonomy 
The hoopoe is classified in the Coraciiformes clade, a group that also includes kingfishers, bee-eaters, rollers, and woodhoopoes (forming a clade with this one according to Hackett et al. (2008)). A close relationship between the hoopoe and the woodhoopoes is also supported by the shared and unique nature of their stapes.

Subspecies 

Nine subspecies of hoopoe are recognised by the Kristin 2001 (in the Handbook of the Birds of the World). These subspecies vary mostly in size and the depth of colour in the plumage. Two more subspecies have been proposed, U. e. minor in South Africa and U. e. orientalis in north western India.

References 

Birds of Africa
Birds of Europe
Birds of Asia
Coraciiformes
Harald zur Hausen

Harald zur Hausen (born 11 March 1936 in Gelsenkirchen) is a German virologist and professor emeritus. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2008 for his discoveries on the role of papilloma viruses which he shared with Luc Montagnier and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi.

References

1936 births
Living people
German academics
German biologists
German Nobel Prize winners
People from Gelsenkirchen
Virologists
José Bautista

José Antonio Bautista (born October 19, 1980 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) is a Dominican Major League Baseball player. He has played for the Baltimore Orioles in 2004, the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in 2004, Kansas City Royals in 2004, the Pittsburgh Pirates from 2004 to 2008 and the Toronto Blue Jays since 2008. Bautista plays as both an outfielder and third baseman. Most often, he plays right field. He is also one of 26 players in the 50 home run club. In both the 2010 and 2011 seasons, he hit more home runs than any other player. He hit 54 home runs in 2010 and 43 home runs in 2011.

Other websites 

 Jose Bautista's MLB player profile

1980 births
Living people
Baltimore Orioles players
Kansas City Royals players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Dominican Republic sportspeople
Reproductive isolation

Reproductive isolation refers to the situation where different species may live in the same area, but properties of individuals prevent them from interbreeding.  

The things which stop species or groups of organisms reproducing sexually are called isolating mechanisms.

Members of one species do not, in general, mate with members of another species, though there are many exceptions and variations to this. And, if such mating does take place, the offspring may not develop, or may not be fertile. 

If species arise by the splitting of ancestral species, it might be asked what stops the new species continuing to reproduce together. If they did, they would again become one species.

Isolating mechanisms 
A list as drawn up of isolating mechanisms:

Pre-mating mechanisms 
Factors which cause individuals to mate with their own species. 
Temporal isolation: Individuals do not mate because they are active at different times.  
Ecological isolation: Individuals only mate in their preferred habitat. They do not meet those with different ecological preferences.
Behavioral isolation: Individuals of different species may meet, but choose members of their own species. They may not recognize sexual cues given by other species. 
Mechanical isolation: Copulation may be attempted but transfer of sperm does not take place. The individuals may be incompatible due to size or morphology.

Post-mating isolating mechanisms 
Incompatibility of the two genomes stops normal development in the hybrid.
Gametes not compatible. Sperm transfer takes place, but egg is not fertilized. 
Zygote mortality: The egg is fertilized, but the zygote does not develop.
Hybrid inviability: Hybrid embryo forms, but dies.
Hybrid sterility: Hybrid is viable, but the resulting adult is sterile. 
Hybrid breakdown: First generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but further hybrid generations and backcrosses are inviable or sterile. 

There is still much debate as to whether the Dobzhansky/Mayr account is satisfactory. Modern researchers tends to avoid the general term 'isolating mechanisms' in favour of the more specific terms 'mate choice', 'hybrid incompatibility' and other forms of 'reproductive isolation'.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Lancia Lybra

The Lancia Lybra is a car produced by Lancia. It replaced the Lancia Dedra in 1999 and was discontinued in 2005. It was replaced by the new Delta in 2008.

Engines 
 1.6 16V 76 kW (103 hp)
 1.8 16V 96 kW (130 hp)
 2.0 20V 110 kW (150 hp) and 113 kW (154 hp)
 1.9 JTD 77 kW (105 hp), 81 kW (110 hp) and 85 kW (115 hp)
 2.4 JTD 100 kW (136 hp), 103 kW (140 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)

Lybra
Front wheel drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Alcides Escobar

Alicedes Escobar (born December 16, 1986 in La Sabana, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan baseball player. He currently plays as an infielder for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB).

Escobar formerly played for the Milwaukee Brewers from 2008-2010 before being traded along with Lorenzo Cain, Jeremy Jeffress, Jake Odorizzi for Zack Greinke and Yuniesky Betancourt.

Other websites 
 Alcides Escobar at mlb.com

1986 births
Living people
Venezuelan baseball players
Kansas City Royals players
Milwaukee Brewers players
Kosuke Fukudome

is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as a baseball player in Japan and in the American Major Leagues.

Career
In the US, Fukudome is currently part of the New York Yankees team.   He has played for the Chicago Cubs, the Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox.

In Japan, Fukudome formerly played for the Chunichi Dragons of the Central League from 1998 to 2007.

Fukudome was a member of the Japanese national baseball team which won a silver medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics, a bronze medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics.

References

Other websites
Kosuke Fukudome at mlb.com

1977 births
Living people
Japanese baseball players
Chicago Cubs players
Japanese Olympic bronze medalists
Japanese Olympic silver medalists
National League All-Stars
People from Kagoshima Prefecture
Wyandotte Constitution

The Wyandotte Constitution is the constitution of the U.S state of Kansas. The constitution said that Kansas would be a state without slavery. However, the constitution did not give black people, women or Native Americans the right to vote. The Wyandotte Constitution was passed by a vote of 10,421 to 5,530 on October 4, 1859.

References

1859 in the United States
Kansas
Constitutions
1850s in Kansas
Ann Jillian

Ann Jillian (born January 29, 1950) is an American actress. She has been acting since the age of 10. She has starred in many situation comedies, television series and movies. She was born in 1950 though some sources wrongly say she was born in 1951.

References

American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American musical theatre actors
Actors from Massachusetts
1950 births
Living people
Místico

Luis Ignacio Urive Alvirde (born December 22, 1982) is a Mexican Luchador enmascarado. He currently works for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) and World Wrestling League (WWL). Urive is best known for his time working with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) where he competed under the ring name Místico. During his time in CMLL, he was the biggest técnico (face) and was the biggest box office draw in all of Mexico.

Urive also worked for the WWE where he competed under the ring name Sin Cara (Spanish for "Without Face" or "Faceless"). During his time in the WWE, Urive had a hard time getting used to the WWE style of wrestling and would get injured a lot. He was released from his WWE contract on March 27, 2014. After his release, he continued to use the Sin Cara name in Mexican independent promotions before adopting the ring name Myzteziz after signing with AAA in February 2014.

In 2007, Pro fteenWrestling Illustrated ranked Místico #3 of the PWI 500.

Championships
Baja Star's Wrestling
BSW Intercontinental Middleweight Championship (1 time, current)
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
CMLL World Tag Team Championship (4 times) (with Negro Casas (2) and Héctor Garza (2))
CMLL World Welterweight Championship (1 time)
Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA World Middleweight Championship (2 times)
Torneo Gran Alternativa (2004) (with El Hijo del Santo)
Torneo Gran Alternativa (2007) (with La Sombra)
Leyenda de Plata (2006, 2007, 2008)
Festival Mundial de Lucha Libre
FMLL World Championship (1 time)
International Wrestling Revolution Group
IWRG Intercontinental Super Welterweight Championship (1 time)
Michinoku Pro Wrestling
Michinoku Trios League (2003) (with Hayate and Yamabiko)
New Japan Pro Wrestling
IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #3 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2007.
Toryumon Mexico
Sofia Cup (2005)
Universal Wrestling Entertainment
Trofeo Bicentenario (2010)
WWE
Slammy Award for Double Vision Moment of the Year (2011) (with Sin Cara Negro)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Best Box Office Draw (2006)
Best Box Office Draw of the Decade (2000–2009)
Best Flying Wrestler (2006–2007)
Wrestler of the Year (2006)

References

Other websites
Místico's OWOW profile

1982 births
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Mexican professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Mexico City
Era (musical project)

Era (stylized as eRa) is a French New Age music project. The project was started by French composer Eric Lévi and has 12 members including himself. The project has sold over 12 million albums. The lyrics for their songs are written in Pseudo-Latin and English. They play in the Ambient, Chillout and New Age genres. Their song "Enae Volare Mezzo" was the theme song of mixed martial artist, Fedor Emelianenko as well as his brother Aleksander Emelianenko. Their song "Ameno" was also used as the entrance theme song by the Mexican wrestler Mistico.

Discography

Other websites
Official website 
Official UK website 

French musical groups
New Age music
Sandwich Islands

The Sandwich Islands is Captain James Cook's name for the Hawaiian Islands in 1778.  He chose the name of his patron, the 4th Earl of Sandwich.

The name Hawaii is the Polynesian name of the islands. The first known inhabitants of Hawaii were from Polynesia in the first 1,000 years AD.

References

History of Hawaii
Jessica Tandy

Jessica Tandy (June 7, 1909 – September 11, 1994) was an English-American actress. She was born in Hackney, London. She starred in many movies during her career, including Cocoon (1985), Driving Miss Daisy (1989), and Fried Green Tomatoes (1991). She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in Driving Miss Daisy.

Tandy died of ovarian cancer in Easton, Connecticut.

Other websites 

1909 births
1994 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from London
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
British radio actors
Cancer deaths in Connecticut
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Emmy Award winners
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Tony Award winning actors
Thank Me Later

Thank Me Later is the debut studio album by Canadian rapper Drake. Thank Me Later was released on June 15, 2010. The album appeared at #1 on the US Billboard 200 chart. It sold 447,000 copies in the United States in its first week. It received mostly positive reviews from music critics.

Songs

References

2010 albums
Debut albums
Drake albums
Hip hop albums
Pop albums
R&B albums
Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)

The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (), (sometimes shortened to Sovmin  or Soviet of Ministers) was legally the Soviet government.  It was the highest executive and administrative body of the Soviet Union. 

The council could issue declarations and instructions based the laws of the USSR, and all territories and republics within the Union had to follow them. However, the most important state issues were made bye joint declarations with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), which was de facto more powerful than the Council of Ministers.

It was replaced in 1991 by the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR, which was dissolved only months later when the Soviet Union ceased to exist.

References

Politics of the Soviet Union
1946 establishments in the Soviet Union
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Stockard Channing

Stockard Channing (born Susan Williams Antonia Stockard; February 13, 1944) is an American actress. She played Betty in Grease and First Lady Abbey Bartlet in the show The West Wing on NBC. She has also starred in many movies during her acting career. Channing was born February 13, 1944.

Channing won multiple Emmy Awards, a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award.

References

Drama Desk Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
1944 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from New York City
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television actors
Volans

The constellation Volans is a group of stars in the southern sky. It is in the shape of a flying fish. The name Volans is a shortened from of its original, Piscis Volans. Volans was one of twelve constellations created by Petrus Plancius. He made these constellations from observations by Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. Volans first appeared on a 35-cm diameter celestial globe published in 1597 (or 1598) in Amsterdam by Plancius with Jodocus Hondius. The first image of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603.

Stars and deep sky objects
There are two double stars in the constellation which can be observed using a small telescope, Gamma Volantis and Epsilon Volantis. There are also two galaxies that may be more difficult to see clearly, NGC 2442 and NGC 2434. The magnitudes of the Gamma Volantis stars are fourth and sixth, and of Epsilon Volantis fourth and eighth.

References

Other websites
http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/constellations/Volans.html
http://www.maa.mhn.de/Maps/Stars_en/Fig/volans.html 
Starry Night Photography : Volans Constellation
Star Tales – Volans

Constellations
Georgy Malenkov

Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov  (6 December 1901 [O.S. 23 November 1901] – 14 January 1988) was a Macedonian-Russian politician in the Soviet Union and the Premier of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin in March, 1953 until February, 1955.  Malenkov served as the Premier (official head of government) of the country while Nikita Krushchev was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was all so involved in World War II (1939-1945) when Nazi Germany lead by Adolf Hitler betrayed the Soviet Union in the Nazi Invasion Of Russia Of 1941 . Malenkov was all so involved in the Korean War (1950-1953) when Stalin died in March 1953 Malenkov succeeded Stalin briefly until 1955 .  

He formed a team with Nikolai Bulganin, Vyacheslav Molotov, and Lazar Kaganovich, and together they tried to throw Khrushchev out of power.  Krushchev eventually won the battle for power, and in 1957 Malenkov was forced to leave his position in the Party Politburo.  In 1961, he was kicked out of the Party and forced to move to Kazakhstan.

Along with Krushchev, Malenkov was one of a few important members of Stalin's group of partners (called the "inner circle") who died a natural death, and was not executed.

Together with Lavrentiy Beria (1899-1953) & Krushchev (1894-1953), Malenkov began the process of destalinization, completing the process from 1953-1961 .

Lavrentiy Beria’s Death
On the 23rd December 1953 just months after Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) died on the 5th March 1953 Malenkov along with Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) and Georgy Zhukov (1896-1974) and other Soviet Officials executed Lavrentiy Beria (1899-1953) in late 1953 who was the NKVD chief from 1938-1946 and the MVD (Soviet Union) from 1946-1953 .

Replaced By Nikita Khrushchev in 1955

In February 1955 Georgy Malenkov was replaced by Nikita Khrushchev 

Heads of government of the Soviet Union
1902 births
1988 deaths
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Lavrenty Beria

Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria (29 March 1899– 23 December 1953) was the leader of the secret police of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin's regime. In 1953, Nikita Krushchev plotted to have Beria executed.

Beria was a Soviet politician, Marshal of the Soviet Union and state security administrator, chief of the Soviet security and secret police apparatus (NKVD) under Joseph Stalin during World War II, and First Deputy Premier in the postwar years (1946–53).

He administered vast sections of the Soviet state. He served as de facto Marshal of the Soviet Union in command of the NKVD field units responsible for anti-partisan operations on the Eastern Front during World War II. His troops also were a barrier against thousands of "turncoats, deserters, cowards and suspected malingerers". Beria administered the vast expansion of the Gulag labor camps. He was responsible for overseeing the secret defense institutions known as sharashkas, critical to the war effort. 

Beria also played the decisive role in coordinating the Soviet partisans, who developed an impressive intelligence and sabotage network behind German lines. He attended the Yalta Conference with Stalin, who introduced him to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as "our Himmler". After the war, he organized the communist takeover of the countries of Central Europe and Eastern Europe. 

Beria's uncompromising ruthlessness in his duties and skill at producing results led to his overseeing the Soviet atomic bomb project. Stalin gave it absolute priority and the project was completed in under five years. To achieve this, Beria's NKVD organised Soviet espionage against the West.

Beria was promoted to First Deputy Premier, where he carried out a brief campaign of liberalization. He was briefly a part of the ruling "troika" with Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov. Beria's overconfidence in his position after Stalin's death led him to misjudge other Politburo members. 

There was a coup d'état led by Nikita Khrushchev with the military forces of Marshal Georgy Zhukov. Beria was arrested on charges of treason during a meeting in which the full Politburo condemned him. This was all planned by Krushchov. The NKVD was powerless because Zhukov's troops were there. After interrogation, Beria was taken to the basement of the Lubyanka and shot, as were six of his associates.

References 

1899 births
1953 deaths
Soviet people
People executed by firearm
Directors of intelligence agencies
Secret police

A secret police force is an agency most often used in dictatorships. It is used to scare people living under a dictatorship into agreeing with the dictator's policies. Not all dictatorships, however, use a secret police force. Fidel Castro's Cuba and Mao Zedong's China were able to maintain a dictatorship without using secret police.

Historical secret police agencies

Notes 

Secrecy
Police
Intelligence agencies
National Fascist Party

The National Fascist Party was the ruling party of the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 to 1943. Benito Mussolini founded the party in 1919 and served as its chairman (Italian:Presidente del Partito Nazionale Fascista) from 1919 to 1943. The party came to power after Mussolini led thousands of Blackshirts on a march in Rome and forced King Victor Emmanuel III to appoint him as Prime Minister. Mussolini then banned all other political parties and established a one-party police state, which lasted until he was thrown out of power by his own citizens and ordered to be arrested by the King in 1943. After Mussolini's arrest, the National Fascist Party was destroyed.

Later parties

Republican Fascist Party 
However, Mussolini was rescued from prison by German soldiers sent by Adolf Hitler in 1943, and was made the head of state (this time a member of the newly created Republican Fascist Party) of the Italian Social Republic, a puppet state whose real laws were made by the Nazis.

Mussolini was killed by Italian citizens in 1945 and the Republican Fascist Party was dissolved and banned.

Political parties in Italy
Nationalist organizations in Europe
Fascism
Debbie Reynolds

Mary Frances Reynolds, better known as Debbie Reynolds (April 1, 1932 – December 28, 2016), was an American actress and singer. Reynolds was born in El Paso, Texas. She starred in many television programs and movies. She also had many songs and albums during her career. 

On December 28, 2016, Reynolds died at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from a cerebral hemorrhage with hypertension being a factor, aged 84. This was one day after her daughter Carrie Fisher died.

References

Other websites 

1932 births
2016 deaths
Actors from El Paso, Texas
American movie actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Singers from Texas
Gerald Wallace

Gerald Jermaine Wallace (born July 23, 1982) is an American professional basketball player for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He plays the position of small forward. He has been nicknamed "Crash" for his aggressive style of play, and is known as one of the better defensive players in the league.

Early career
Wallace played high school basketball at Childersburg High School in Childersburg, Alabama. He then played college basketball for one year at the University of Alabama, then entered the 2001 NBA Draft.

NBA career
The Sacramento Kings chose Wallace with the 25th pick of the 2001 NBA Draft. Wallace was on the Kings for three seasons, but did not play much. His chance came in 2004. The Charlotte Bobcats were a new NBA team, and had a chance to choose players from other teams in an expansion draft. The Bobcats chose Wallace, who became an important part of the team over the next six years. In 2010, he was chosen to represent the Bobcats in the NBA All-Star Game, which made him the first Bobcats player to play in the All-Star Game. He also made the NBA All-Defensive First Team for that season.

On February 24, 2011, Wallace was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers.

References

Other websites

1982 births
Living people
American basketball players
Boston Celtics players
Charlotte Bobcats players
New Jersey Nets players
Portland Trail Blazers players
Sacramento Kings players
Sportspeople from Alabama
Thelma & Louise

Thelma & Louise is a 1991 American adventure crime road movie starring Geena Davis as Thelma and Susan Sarandon as Louise. Also starring in the movie are Michael Madsen, Harvey Keitel and Brad Pitt. It was among the highest-grossing movies of 1991.

Other websites 

1991 crime movies
1991 drama movies
1990s adventure movies
1990s buddy movies
1990s crime drama movies
1990s road movies
Academy Award winning movies
American adventure movies
American buddy movies
American crime drama movies
American road movies
Buddy drama movies
Chase movies

English-language movies
Female buddy movies
Feminist movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies about murderers
Movies directed by Ridley Scott
Movies set in Arizona
Movies set in Oklahoma
Suicide in movies
Faye Dunaway

Dorothy Faye Dunaway (born January 14, 1941 in Bascom, Florida) is an American actress. She has starred in Bonnie and Clyde, Chinatown and The Thomas Crown Affair. She won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in Network. Duanaway is a convert to Roman Catholicism.

References

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Florida
American movie actors
American Roman Catholics
American stage actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1941 births
Living people
Old Melbourne Gaol

The Old Melbourne Gaol is a large, historic prison in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The bluestone building was the first large prison built in Victoria. It was the location of many executions, including Ned Kelly who was hanged at the prison in 1880. It closed in 1929 and is now a museum.

Melbourne was first settled in 1835 and its first small gaol was built in 1839. A second gaol was built in 1841 next to the Supreme Court buildings. In 1852 work started on a new gaol based on the Pentonville Model Prison design. This had its own outside wall of solid bluestone. A second stage started in 1857, and the wall was extended in 1859. In 1860 the north wing, chapel, central hall and entrance was built. A western wing for female prisoners was started in 1862, and the outside wall was finished in 1864. There were also 17 jailer's houses, a chief warden's house and a hospital. It was built on a high point at the edge of the city. However a report in 1870 said the gaol should be closed and the prisoners moved to a more suitable location. The prison finally closed in 1929.

During World War II, the gaol was used as a military prison for Australian soldiers. After the war it became a storage building for the Victoria Police. Some of the buildings were pulled down to allow for the building of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, now Victoria University. In 1972 the buildings were taken over by the National Trust as a museum.

References

Buildings and structures in Melbourne
Prisons
Museums in Australia
Law enforcement in Australia
1835 establishments
1830s establishments in Australia
1929 disestablishments
1920s disestablishments in Australia
Leukodystrophy

Leukodystrophies are disorders which affect the white matter of the brain and the nervous system. Nerves are surrounded by fatty cover of a substance called myelin. In a leukodystrophy, there are problems with the growth or the development of  this cover. This affects the function of the respective nerve. Myelin is made of at least ten different chemicals. Leukodystrophy is a gene defect. As a result of this defect, one of the molecules that make up myelin cannot be synthesized as it should. 

Genetic disorders
William Quantrill

William Clarke Quantrill (July 31, 1837 – June 6, 1865), was a Confederate leader during the American Civil War. Quantrill lead a Confederate unit along the Missouri-Kansas border in the early 1860s. Quantrill was a leader in the Lawrence Massacre in Lawrence, Kansas in 1863. Quantrill was killed in Kentucky in a  Union ambush in 1865.

References

1837 births
1865 deaths
Military personnel of the American Civil War
Bushwhackers
Jochen Hecht

Jochen Hecht (born June 21, 1977 in Mannheim, West Germany) is a retired ice hockey centre that played a combined 13 seasons in the NHL.

He was picked by the St. Louis Blues with the 49th overall pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. Hecht played 2 seasons with the St. Louis Blues, 1 season with the Edmonton Oilers and 10 seasons with the Buffalo Sabres. He also played 5 seasons in the DEL with Adler Mannheim. 

On April 26, 2013, he announced that he was retiring from professional ice hockey to reporters in the locker room after the Sabres final regular season game against the New York Islanders.

References

Other websites 

1977 births
Living people
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Edmonton Oilers players
German ice hockey players
People from Mannheim
Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
St. Louis Blues players
Giffen good

In economics, a Giffen good is one that people consume more of when its price increases. This violates the Law of Demand. This paradox is named after Robert Giffen, who first described it. Giffen observed that households that only had a minimum wage to survive, bought more bread when the bread price increased. This can be explained as follows: These households have to split their income between the cheap (and inferior) good, e.g. "bread", and an expensive good, e.g. meat. When the price of this inferior good increases by a certain amount, they can no longer afford to buy the more expensive good. For this reason, they spend more of their income on bread in order to be able to survive. 

Alfred Marshall wrote in Principles of Economics: 
There are however some exceptions. For instance, as Mr Giffen has pointed out, a rise in the price of bread makes so large a drain on the resources of the poorer labouring families and raises so much the marginal utility of money to them, that they are forced to curtail their consumption of meat and the more expensive farinaceous foods: and, bread being still the cheapest food which they can get and will take, they consume more, and not less of it. But such cases are rare; when they are met with they must be treated separately.

References

Goods
Lima, Ohio

Lima is a city in Allen County, Ohio, United States. The population of Lima was 40,081 in 2000. The mayor of Lima is David Berger. Lima was founded in 1831 as a county seat which was mandated by the Ohio legislature. It got its name from Patrick G. Goode, who was a judge. He insisted on the Spanish pronunciation "Lee-mah" after the capital city of Peru, but the pronunciation — "Lye-mah" — won.

Professional wrestler Al Snow was born in Lima. Actor and movie critic Donald Richie was also born there.

References

Other websites
The city hall of Lima 

Cities in Ohio
County seats in Ohio
1831 establishments in Ohio
Growing Pains

Growing Pains is an American situation comedy that aired beginning in 1985 and ended in 1992. The show focused on an upper middle class family who had three children together. Joanna Kerns played Maggie Seaver and Tracey Gold played Carol Seaver.

1980s American sitcoms
1985 American television series debuts
1992 American television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
ABC network shows
English-language television programs
Degrassi: The Next Generation

Degrassi: The Next Generation is a Canadian teen drama created by Yan Moore and Linda Schuyler. It was shown on CTV, MuchMusic and MTV Canada. The series has had fourteen seasons and had made 385 episodes.

The TV series spawned two movies: Degrassi Goes Hollywood in 2009 and Degrassi Takes Manhattan in 2010.

TV.com rated the series a 8.8.

In June 2014, it was announced that Degrassi would end. The last episode will air on July 31, 2015. Degrassi will be replaced by Degrassi: Next Class. The show will air on Netflix instead of TeenNick.

References

Other websites
Degrassi: The Next Generation at muchmusic.com

Canadian television series
2001 television series debuts
Drama television series
2001 establishments in Canada
2015 television series endings
2015 disestablishments in Canada
English-language television programs
Second City Television

Second City Television is a Canadian sketch comedy television series that first aired on September 21, 1976 and last aired on July 17, 1984. The series had 6 seasons and made 135 episodes. One of SCTV's most popular sketches was the Bob & Doug McKenzie sketches which featured Bob who was played by Rick Moranis and Doug is played by Dave Thomas. The sketch was so popular that it was given its own animated show in 2009 and was featured on the 2002 episode, "The Bart Wants What It Wants" of The Simpsons when they visit Toronto.

In Canada, reruns are shown on The Comedy Network.

Websites
SCTV at tv.com

References

Canadian television series
1976 television series debuts
Comedy television series
English-language television programs
Tracey Gold

Tracey Claire Fisher, better known as Tracey Gold (B. 16 May, 1969) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Carol Seaver in the sitcom Growing Pains from 1985 until 1992. She also acted in other television programs. The actress was born in New York City.

American television actors
Actors from New York City
1969 births
Living people
Skor

Skor is a chocolate bar made by The Hershey Company. It is a bar covered with milk chocolate and has butter toffee in the center of it. Skor was first launched in 1981 in the United States and 1983 in Canada under the name, Rutnam. One skor bar has 200 calories.

References

Other websites
Skor at thehersheycompany.com 

Candy
Heterozygote advantage

Heterozygote advantage is the situation where, at a gene locus, the heterozygote has greater fitness than either homozygote.p205 It is a type of balancing selection.

Sickle cell anaemia as an example 
Hb+ = gene for normal haemoglobin molecules; Hbs = mutant gene. Three genotypes are possible in a population: Hb+Hb+ producing a normal phenotype; Hb+Hbs the heterozygote; and HbsHbs homozygous for sickle cell anaemia.

Fitness 
The fitness of these three genotypes varies according to the environment. In the temperate zone, the normal homozygotes and the heterozygotes will leave most offspring. This is because the homozygote for sickle cell has less chance of surviving to leave children, and if they do survive, they will have many health problems.

In a tropical climate, such as equatorial Africa, malaria is a big killer. There, the heterozygote has the advantage in fitness. They do not get malaria so badly, and they do not suffer the earlier deaths of the homozygote sickle cell sufferers.

Not surprisingly, the Hbs gene is present in about a quarter of Africans from the countries near the equator. In Europeans it is a rare gene.

Polymorphism 
Heterozygote advantage is probably the main cause of polymorphism in biological species. Polymorphism, alternate genetic types in a population (for example different blood groups), is extremely common. The fitness of the heterozygotes keeps a wide range of alternate gene alleles in a population. This,  in turn, gives the population a wide range of genetic 'resources' and this gives a better chance of survival.

Related pages 
Hybrid vigour

References 

Classical genetics