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Đồng Hới

Đồng Hới  is the capital city of Quảng Bình Province, in the north central coast of Vietnam. The city's area is 155.54 km² (60 square miles). In 2005, 103,005 people lived there.

It is at around 500 km (310 mi) south of Hà Nội (Hanoi), 260 km (160 mi) north of Đà Nẵng (Danang), 1,200 km (750 mi) north of Hồ Chí Minh City (Saigon). It borders Laos on the west, the South China Sea on the east, Hà Tĩnh province on the north, and Quảng Ninh in the south.
Dong Hoi Airport is 6 km north of Dong Hoi.

The city was close to the Vietnamese DMZ, and it was in North Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Since it was so close to the DMZ, it was important for the North Vietnamese. For this reason, the city was heavily bombed by the US Air Force. There is a cathedral called the Tam Toa Church that was bombed during the war. Tam Toa is still ruined today so people could remember the bombing of North Vietnam.

Administration 
Dong Hoi is subdivided into 16 subdivisions, 10 urban wards (phường) and 6 rural communes (xã).

Cities in Vietnam
Quang Binh Province
Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park

Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Vietnamese language: Vườn quốc gia Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng) is a national park in Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam. It is about 40 km north of Đồng Hới city. This national park is a UNESCO's World Heritage Site. It protects an area of primitive forest, caves and grottos. This national park has many rare animals and underground rivers. This park has 300 caves and grottoes with a total length of 70 km, of which British and Vietnamese scientists have so far surveyed 20 km. This park has many underground rivers and has biological diversity. In 2003, UNESCO listed this national park in its world heritage sites (natural heritage sites).

World Heritage Sites in Asia
Quảng Bình Province
National parks in Vietnam
2001 establishments in Asia
21st century establishments in Vietnam
Tan Son Nhat International Airport

Tan Son Nhat International Airport () is an airport in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It is the largest airport in Vietnam. It served 8.5 million passengers in 2006 and 11 million passengers in 2007, more than a half of total passengers in Vietnam's airports, as well as two-thirds of international passenger traffic for Vietnam. The airport covers . The airport can handle up to 17 million passengers per year in the two terminals (Domestic, International). The new international terminal was opened on 14th August 2007.

History 
This airport was built by the French colonists in 1930s. During Vietnam War, the United States made the airport larger to serve the war. After the Fall of Saigon in April 1975, this airport was made commercial.

Airports in Vietnam
1930s establishments in Asia
20th century establishments in Vietnam
Romulus Augustus

Flavius Romulus Augustus (461 – after 476), often called Romulus Augustulus ("little Augustus"), was a Western Roman Emperor. He reigned from 31 October, 475 to 4 September, 476 when Odoacer deposed him. The end of his rule is considered to be the end of the western part of the Roman Empire.

References

Other websites 
 Project Gutenberg: Cassiodorus, Variae 

461 births
5th-century deaths
Roman Emperors
463



Events 
Childeric I, king of the Salian Franks, allies with the Roman general Aegidius against the Visigoths.

Births 
Emperor Houfei of Liu Song

Deaths 
Frumar — King of Southern Galicia
Richimund — King of Northern Galicia
476



Events 
September 4 — Romulus Augustus is deposed by Odoacer.
August — The usurper Basiliscus is deposed and Zeno is restored as Eastern Roman Emperor.
Peter the Fuller is restored as Patriarch of Antioch.

Births 
Aryabhata, Indian mathematician and astronomer

Deaths 
August 28 — Flavius Orestes, master of soldiers of the Western Roman Empire
Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei
395



Events 
 Arcadius marries Aelia Eudocia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto.
 The Visigoths invade Thrace and Macedonia. 
 The last Western satrap, Rudrasimha III, is beaten by the Guptas.
 Possible date that Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius published his Saturnalia.
 Saint Augustine becomes Bishop of Hippo Regius.

Births

Deaths 
 January 17 — Theodosius I, Roman Emperor
 Ausonius, poet and rhetorician
Justinian I

Justinian I () (, ) (c. 482 – 14 November 565), commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 until his death. He is considered a saint by Eastern Orthodox Christians.

Justinian simplified Roman laws. These are now called Corpus Juris Civilis.

Other websites 

 The Anekdota ("Secret history") of Procopius in English translation.
 The Buildings of Procopius in English translation.
 The Roman Law Library by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev 
 Lecture series covering 12 Byzantine Rulers, including Justinian - by Lars Brownworth

482 births
565 deaths
Byzantine Emperors
Huns

The Huns were an early group of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomadic people.  They moved into Europe around 370, and in the 5th century, built an empire there under Attila the Hun. After Attila's death in 453, the empire fell apart.

References

Further reading 
Note:These may not be written in Basic English. 
 Otto J. Mänchen-Helfen: The Legend of the Origin of the Huns (published in Byzantion, vol. XVII, 1944-45, pp. 244–251)
 E. A. Thompson: A History of Attila and the Huns (London, Oxford University Press, 1948)
 J. Webster: The Huns and Existentialist Thought (Loudonville, Siena College Press, 2006)
 Coinage and History of the White Huns- Waleed Ziad- Articles from the 'Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society', 2004-2006 
 The History Files Europe: The Origins of the Huns, based on conversations with Kemal Cemal, Turkey, 2002

Ethnic groups in Asia
Eurasian nomads
Visigoths

The Visigoths (Western Goths) were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe (the Ostrogoths were the other). Both were among the loosely-defined Germanic tribes that fought the Roman Empire during the Migration Period. 

Most famously, a Visigothic force, led by King Alaric I, succeeded in storming Rome in 410 AD. Later Visigothic kings ruled southern Gaul, and Hispania after they had taken it from the Alans and the Vandals.

After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Visigoths played a major role in southwestern Europe for another 250 years and adopted Roman culture and clothing.

Other websites 
 Visigothic Law Code: text. The preface was written in 1908 and should be read with reservations.

Germanic tribes
History of France
History of Spain
Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are a group of peoples. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic family. A Turkic person is called a Turk and mainly come from these independent states Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan.

However there are Turks in many places. Today, most people in Central Asia are Turks. Many Turks live in Siberia, the Caucasus area, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe.

Turkic people can sometimes understand each other during communication because of their language being connected to Turkic and having the same words.

Pictures

Related pages 
 Turkic languages

References
116



Events 
 Roman Emperor Trajan completes his invasion of Parthia by capturing the cities of Seleucia, Babylon, Ctesiphon and Susa, marking the high-water mark of the Roman Empire's eastern expansion.
 Trajan removes Osroes I as king of Parthia, and appoints his son Parthamaspates in his place. Parthamaspates Romanizes his name to Parthicus.
 A Jewish uprising against Rome fails.

Births 
 Empress Liang Na
Trajan

Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, 18 September 53 – 9 August 117) was Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD.

Early life

Trajan was born into a non-patrician family -with Italian roots- in the province of Hispania Baetica. He rose to prominence during the reign of emperor Domitian.

Serving as a general in the Roman army along the German frontier, Trajan successfully put down the revolt of Antonius Saturninus in 89 AD.

In September 96 AD, Domitian was succeeded by Nerva, an old and childless senator who proved to be unpopular with the army. After a brief and tumultuous year in power, a revolt by members of the Praetorian Guard compelled him to adopt the more popular Trajan as his heir and successor. Nerva died on 27 January 98 AD, and was succeeded by Trajan without incident.

Trajan as Emperor 

As a civilian administrator, Trajan is best known for his extensive public building program which reshaped the city of Rome and left multiple enduring landmarks such as Trajan's Forum, Trajan's Market and Trajan's Column.

Early in his reign he annexed Nabataea (between the Arabian and Sinai peninsulas), creating the province of Arabia Petraea. His conquest of Dacia enriched the empire greatly because the new province possessed many valuable gold mines. The territory he conquered and later populated with roman colonists (actually called Romania) is the only one still romance speaking in our days in eastern Europe.

His war against the Parthian Empire ended with the sack of its capital Ctesiphon and the annexation of Armenia and Mesopotamia. His campaigns expanded the Roman Empire to its greatest territorial extent. He also created in 116 AD a "client state" in Parthia (actual Iran). After these conquests Trajan sailed on the Persian Gulf complaining that he was too much old to invade India, as did Alexander the Great.

In late 117 AD, while sailing back to Rome from the conquered Mesopotamia, Trajan fell ill and died of a stroke in the city of Selinus. He was deified by the Senate, and succeeded by his adopted son Hadrian.

As an emperor, Trajan's reputation has endured — he is one of the few rulers whose reputation has survived nineteen centuries. Every new emperor after him was honoured by the Senate with the prayer felicior Augusto, melior Traiano, meaning "may he be luckier than Augustus and better than Trajan".

Among medieval Christian theologians, Trajan was considered a "virtuous pagan", while the 18th century historian Edward Gibbon popularized the notion of the Five Good Emperors, of which Trajan was the second.

References

Bibliography
 Bennett, Julian. Trajan, Optimus Princeps Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-253-21435-1
 
 Lepper, Frank. Trajan’s Parthian war, in Points Histoire, Chicago, Oxford University Press, 1948, Nachdruck Ares, 1993. ISBN 978-0-89005-530-4

53 births
117 deaths
Roman Emperors
Amazons

In Greek mythology, the Amazons (Greek: Ἀμαζόνες, Amazónes, singular Ἀμαζών, Amazōn) were a tribe of warrior women. The Amazons as they appear in myth may have been inspired by warrior women among the Scythians and Sarmatians. Their place of residence was the subject of much dispute: according to both Herodotus and Strabo, these warrior women lived on the banks of the river Thermodon, by the Black Sea, while Diodorus states that, prior to the ones by the Black Sea, there lived a different tribe of Amazons in the region of Libya. The Amazons were said to have founded several cities and temples found in Smyrna, Sinope, Cyme, Gryne, Ephesus, Pitania, Magnesia, Clete, Pygela, Latoreria and Amastris; according to legend, the Amazons were the ones who invented the cavalry.

References

Other websites 
 Herodotus on the Amazons
 Herodotus via Gutenberg
 Perseus

People in Greek mythology
Tammy Faye Messner

Tamara "Tammy" Faye Messner (March 7, 1942 - July 20, 2007) was an American Christian singer, evangelist, entrepreneur, author, talk show host, and television personality. She was born in International Falls, Minnesota. 

Messner was a contestant in the second season of The Surreal Life.

Messner died of colon cancer in Loch Lloyd, Missouri.

1942 births
2007 deaths
American television talk show hosts
Cancer deaths in Missouri
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Singers from Minnesota
The Surreal Life participants
Sapphire

Sapphire is a type of the mineral corundum, an aluminium oxide (Al2O3).   Sapphires are the same as rubies, except that they are not red.

Sapphire can be found in the ground or it can be made in large crystal. Blue sapphires are the most famous kind, but they can be many different colors, like amber and orange. 
 
Sapphires have a long history. Tradition says that the tablets of the Ten Commandments were made of sapphire, so strong a hammer could not break them, and would break instead if it hit them. The ancient Persians believed that the earth sat on a big sapphire and that the big sapphire made the sky blue.

A lot of ancient people thought rubies made people calm down, as well as cure their bruises.
 
Sapphires have been used by kings and queens for a long time as a symbol of luck, virtue, wisdom, and holiness.  Princess Diana and Princess Anne both received sapphire engagement rings and the British Crown Jewels are full of large blue sapphires, the symbol of kind and wise rulers.

Sapphires represent September. It symbolizes telling the truth and doing what you said you would.

Sapphire is actually just corundum and is one of the hardest minerals on the hardness scale.  Since sapphire is the second hardest mineral in the hardness scale, it is sometimes used as a polishing tool. 

This mineral is found in gem gravel deposits. These deposits are formed from the heat of metamorphic or igneous rock plateaus. The places where sapphire is formed abundantly are Myanmar, Thailand, India and Sri Lanka. The most costly and beautiful sapphires are shipped from Kashmir, India.  In other words, sapphire is mostly found in Asia. Recent findings of sapphire have taken place in Australia, Kenya, and Tanzania. 

Sapphire was the first mineral to be lab grown in a strategy called "flame fusion". Another strategy, slightly harder to use, "flux growth" was used to lab grow sapphire.

Heating yellow, light yellow, or colorless sapphire from 1500-1900oc can turn into a dark yellow, gold, golden brown, orange, or a reddish brown colored sapphire. There is a specific kind of sapphire called Star sapphires have whitish pieces of rutile or silk as some call it. Star sapphires can be heated to remove the blue color of sapphire and can be heated even more to get the blue color back and remove the white silk.

References 
U of Texas. "corundum." ruby and sapphire notes. U of Texas, 24 Aug. 2012. Web. 
30 Oct. 2012. <http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/347k/redesign/gem_notes/ 
corundum/corundum_triple_frame.htm>.

Gait, Robert I. "Sapphire." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2012.Web. 4 Dec. 2012.

Gemstones
Birthstones
Anne Hathaway

Anne Jacqueline Hathaway (born November 12, 1982) is an Academy Award winning American movie and stage actress. She played the princess in The Princess Diaries and The Princess Diaries 2. In Tim Burton's 2010 movie, Alice in Wonderland, she played the White Queen. She played Catwoman in Christopher Nolan's 2012 superhero movie The Dark Knight Rises and Fantine in Les Misérables.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 

1982 births
Living people
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Saturn Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Former Roman Catholics
American LGBT rights activists
Musicians from Brooklyn
Fear Factor

Fear Factor is an American stunt/dare reality game show. It was created by Endemol Netherlands. The program was first aired on June 11, 2001.

About the show 
The original Dutch version of the program was called Now or Neverland. When Endemol USA and NBC changed it to be shown in America in 2001, they changed the name to Fear Factor. Fear Factor has many different versions which are shown in different countries.

The program has contestants compete against each other in a series of stunts. The person who finishes better and/or quicker than all the other contestants gets a prize of US$50,000. For the first five years the program was made, the contestants were usually three men and three women. Each person played for themselves. In the sixth year, the show changed. They started using four teams of two people. The members of each team had some relationship with one another, for example Father-daughter, Husband-wife, or friends. Each team played for a shared prize of the same amount. Fear Factor is hosted by comedian Joe Rogan and executive produced by Matt Kunitz. The main music for the program is composed and written by Russ Landau. Other music used on the show is made from rhythmic themes most notably taken from the popular game Half-Life.

Fear Factor was an attempt by NBC to compete with the successful series, Survivor. The program was very popular for the network in the summer of 2001. It had strong ratings for the next couple of years, but in later years, the ratings were not as good. In 2006, Fear Factor was being shown at the same time as TV ratings champion, the Fox talent series American Idol on Tuesday nights. It did not get good ratings during this time. During the sixth season, NBC decided to not show the program for the rest of the year to make room for the sitcom Joey. That series was only shown for a few weeks. NBC canceled Fear Factor in May of 2006. The network began showing the remaining episodes of the sixth season on June 13, 2006. These episodes were shown throughout the summer. In 2004, Fear Factor became the first network reality show to be syndicated. Over its six seasons, Fear Factor earned NBC a reported $600 million from selling advertising during the program.

On May 31, 2011, NBC announced that Fear Factor would be revived for a new season. Eight episodes, two of which were 30 minutes long, were ordered. Rogan returned as host of the show. The revival began on December 12, 2011. On May 13, 2012, NBC announced the cancellation of the show. The last episode aired on July 16, 2012.

References

Other websites 
 Official Fear Factor website
 UK Gameshows Page: Fear Factor (about the UK version)
 Fear Factor - France on TF1 
 Fear Factor India
 Fear Factor Turkey 

American reality television series
NBC network shows
English-language television programs
Joe Rogan

Joe Rogan (born August 11, 1967) is an American comedian and actor. He is best known for his role as Joe Garrelli in NewsRadio and as host on the television game/reality program Fear Factor.

Rogan is also a color commentator for the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He holds a Brown Belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under Eddie Bravo and Jean Jacques Machado.

Rogan has a podcast and YouTube show called the Joe Rogan Experience. A lot of the people that he has interviewed on it are known for being controversial people on the Internet and are called the Intellectual Dark Web

References

1967 births
Living people
Actors from Newark, New Jersey
American game show hosts
American martial artists
American television actors
American television presenters
Comedians from Newark, New Jersey
Participants in American reality television series
Podcasters
Television personalities from New Jersey
Endemol

Endemol was a media company based in the Netherlands that produced programs for television. The company had subsidiaries and joint ventures in 23 countries. These countries included the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Mexico, Spain, Italy, Germany, Argentina, Poland, Netherlands, India, South Africa, Lebanon, Morocco and Australia among others.

Endemol was founded in 1994 with the combining of the television companies owned by Joop van den Ende and John de Mol. The name of the company comes from the combination of their surnames (Ende + Mol). The company is best known for making reality programs. One of its best known programs is the reality series Big Brother. This series has over 40 different version which are shown in over 100 countries. The company also makes many different game shows such as Deal or No Deal, Fear Factor and Anime de Training EX. It also creates the popular series Extreme Makeover: Home Edition.

Endemol was bought by Shine Group (a joint-venture between The Walt Disney Company and Apollo Global Management) and was headquartered in the Netherlands in 2015 ad Endemol Shine Group.

References

Other websites 
 Endemol
 Endemol USA Website 
 Endemol UK website
 Deal or No Deal Official website by Endemol

1994 establishments in Europe
Entertainment companies
Companies of the Netherlands
Amsterdam
Hilversum
Hilton Hotels

The Hilton Hotels brand was re-united internationally after more than 40 years in February 2006, when United States-based Hilton Hotels Corporation purchased the lodging arm of United Kingdom-based Hilton Group PLC, which had acquired Hilton's international operations in 1987 (the companies had been severed originally in 1966).

Hilton Hotels became America's first coast-to-coast hotel chain in 1943. The company places marketing emphasis on business travel, but owns and operates a number of resorts and leisure-oriented hotels as well.

As of April 2007, the chain has 229 Hilton branded hotels across the world and has partnerships with many airlines and car rental companies.

Hilton Hotels & Resorts is the flagship brand of Hilton and one of the largest hotel chains in the world.

The company focuses on business and recreational tourists, so it has hotels in the centers of major cities, near airports, conference centers, as well as in popular vacation destinations around the world. Hilton Hotels & Resorts participates in Hilton Honors, a guest loyalty program of Hilton. Program members who book rooms directly through Hilton services receive exclusive discounts and benefits, such as free Wi-Fi, digital registration, keyless room access and the ability to choose any number you like using the Hilton Honors mobile app.

Gallery of Hilton Hotels buildings around the world

References

Companies based in Virginia
Hotel chains
Emily Osment

Emily Jordan Osment (born March 10, 1992 Los Angeles, California) is an American actress and singer. She is most famous for her roles of Gerti Giggles in the Spy Kids trilogy, and Lilly Truscott in Hannah Montana. The younger brother of former child actor Haley Joel Osment, actress/vocalist Emily Osment launched her career at a young age, having landed a role in the 1999 film The Secret Life of Girls when she was only seven years old. The Los Angeles native furthered her career by also appearing in Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over, and the Disney Channel series Hannah Montana, where she enjoyed a recurring role as Lily Truscott. Osment also tried her hand at singing, kicking off that aspect of her career by performing alongside Billy Ray Cyrus on his 2007 album Home at Lastand contributing a song to the soundtrack of R.L. Stine's The Haunting Hour: Don't Think About It, in which she also starred. After making appearances on several Disney compilations, she began voicing a desire to tackle more rock-influenced music, and writing sessions with members of Eve 6 and Plain White T's helped her compile enough material for her debut EP, 2009's All the Right Wrongs. Osment switched directions for her full-length debut, though, leaving rock music behind and embracing electronic dance-pop on 2010's Fight or Flight.

Other websites 

1992 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Disney actors
Kerry Katona

Kerry Jayne Elizabeth Katona (born 6 September 1980 in Warrington, Cheshire, England) is an English television presenter, magazine columnist, actress and former pop singer with girl group Atomic Kitten.

She was a contestant on the sixth series of ''Dancing on Ice in 2011. She finished in second place in the 2011 UK series of Celebrity Big Brother. 

In 2006, Katona was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

References

Other websites 

1980 births
Living people
Actors from Cheshire
Big Brother contestants
Dancing on Ice participants
English movie actors
English pop singers
English television actors
Musicians from Cheshire
People from Warrington
People with bipolar disorder
Reality television participants
Television personalities from Cheshire
Atomic Kitten

Atomic Kitten is an English girl group from Liverpool. The people in the band are Liz "Lil" McClarnon, Natasha "Tash" Hamilton, and Jenny Frost - who replaced original member Kerry Katona in January 2001. Atomic Kitten has sold over 12 million albums and 8 million singles around the world. Many of their singles and albums, such as: "Right Now," "Whole Again," "Eternal Flame," "The Tide Is High," and "Ladies Night are in the top 40 charts of many countries. The group reformed in 2012, with Katona and without Frost.

1990s British music groups
1998 establishments in England
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
British girl groups
English pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical groups from Liverpool
Warrington

Warrington is a large town and borough within the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It sits beside the West Coast Mainline, the M6, M56 and M62 motorways, and alongside the Manchester Ship Canal. 

Towns in Cheshire
Unitary authorities
Darin (singer)

Darin Zanyar (born June 2, 1987), known simply as Darin, is a pop singer from Sweden.
Darin was the first place runner-up in the Swedish Idol 2004, acquiring a fanbase primarily of teenage girls. Darin lives in Vällingby outside of Stockholm. He is of Kurdish heritage, and he speaks Central Kurdish. He won the Kurd of the year award in 2005 presented by Swedish Minister for Public Health and Social Services Morgan Johansson. Darin released his first album in February 2005, with songs by Swedish hit maker Max Martin and Swedish artist Robyn. The same year he released his 2nd album “Darin” which went platinum and provided him even more success than his debut album. At the end of 2006, Darin released his 3rd album “Break the News”. It went straight to number 1 in the chart and went gold the first day. Following his success in Sweden, Darin signed a new deal with EMI Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Zanyar currently has an entry in the Melodifestivalen 2010 in hopes of representing Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo. Today he is one Sweden's best selling artists with 7 number one albums. In 2018 Darin was the most played artist on radio in all of Sweden, thanks to his songs "Tvillingen" and "Astronaut". The following year he held his first arena tour in Stockholm Globen, Gothenburg Scandinavium and Malmö Malmö Arena.

Albums
The Anthem (2005)
Darin (2005)
Break the News (2006)
Flashback (2008)
Lovekiller (2010)
Exit (2013)
Fjärilar i magen (2015)
Tvillingen (2017)

Singles
 2005 – "Money for Nothing"
 2005 – "Why Does It Rain"
 2005 – "Step Up"
 2005 – "Who's That Girl"
 2005 – "Want Ya!"
 2006 – "Perfect"
 2006 – "Everything But The Girl"
 2006 – "Desire"
 2007 – "Insanity"
 2008 – "Breathing Your Love" feat. Kat DeLuna
 2008 – "See U At The Club"
 2008 – "Runaway"
 2008 – "What If"[förtydliga]
 2009 – "Viva La Vida"
 2010 – "You're Out Of My Life"
 2010 – "Can't Stop Love"
 2010 – "Lovekiller"
 2010 – "Microphone"
 2012 – "Nobody Knows"
 2012 – "Stockholm"
 2012 – "En Apa Som Liknar Dig"
 2012 – "I Can't Get You Off My Mind"
 2012 – "Astrologen"
 2012 – "Seven Days a Week"
 2013 – "Playing With Fire"
 2013 – "So Yours"
 2013 – "Check You Out"
 2014 – "Dream Away" feat. Eagle-Eye Cherry
 2014 – "All Our Babies" feat. Sophie Zelmani
 2014 – "Mamma Mia"
 2015 - "Ta mig tillbaka"
 2017 - "Tvillingen"
 2020 - "En säng av rosor"

References

Other websites

1987 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Gästrikland

, is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden. It borders Uppland, Västmanland, Dalarna, Hälsingland and the Gulf of Bothnia. The province is the southernmost district of Norrland.

Provinces of Sweden
Uppland

Uppland is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden, just north of Stockholm, the capital. It borders Södermanland, Västmanland and Gästrikland. It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea. It has an extremely short and strangely shaped land border with Åland, an autonomous province of Finland, on the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic.

The name literally means up land, a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature. Its Latinised form, which is occasionally used, is Uplandia.

Provinces of Sweden
Västmanland

Västmanland is a historical Swedish province, or landskap, in middle Sweden. It borders Södermanland, Närke, Värmland, Dalarna and Uppland.

The name comes from "West men", referring to the people west of Uppland, the core province of early Sweden.

Provinces of Sweden
Värmland

Värmland is a historical province or landskap in the west of middle Sweden. It borders Västergötland, Dalsland, Dalarna, Västmanland and Närke. It is also bounded by Norway in the west. Its Latin name is Wermelandia; its English derivative is Wermland or similar variation. The origin of the name is uncertain. It may refer to a lake by that name, or to a river.

Värmland is the home of several Swedish dansbands and writers.

Other websites

Provinces of Sweden
Gulf of Bothnia

The Gulf of Bothnia is the northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It is situated between Finland's west coast and Sweden's east coast. In the south of the gulf lie the Åland Islands, between the Sea of Åland and the Archipelago Sea. Gulf of Bothnia is often divided into three parts which are called in Finnish language: 

Perämeri, northest part
Merenkurkku 
Selkämeri, southest part

Other websites

Bothnia
Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Finland
Geography of Sweden
Lolo Ferrari

Lolo Ferrari (9 February 1963 – 5 March 2000) was the stage name of a French dancer and actress billed as "the woman with the largest breasts in the world", though their size was artificially achieved. She was born Eve Valois in Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dome.

She started as a model and a prostitute.

Encouraged by her husband, Ferrari underwent numerous plastic surgery operations to create a  silicone-enhanced bust (22 enlargements, a Guinness world record).

She became a regular guest on the television series Eurotrash on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom.

Ferrari committed suicide by drug overdose in Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes.

References 

1963 births
2000 deaths
Drug-related suicides
French movie actors
French models
French television personalities
People from Clermont-Ferrand
Pornographic actors
Prostitutes
Suicides in France
World record holders
My December

My December is Kelly Clarkson's third album. The songs "Never Again", "Sober" and "One Minute" have been released.

2007 albums
Kelly Clarkson albums
Pop albums
RIOT!

{{Infobox album 
| name = Riot!
| type = studio
| artist = Paramore
| released = June 12, 2007
| recorded = January–March 2007
| studio =  House of Loud, Elmwood Park, New Jersey
| genre = 
| length = 38:58
| label = Fueled by Ramen
| producer = David Bendeth
| Reviews       =
| prev_title = The Summer Tic EP(2006)
!(2007)
| next_title = Live in the UK 2008(2008)
| misc = 

}}RIOT!''''' is a 2007 album by the United States pop rock band Paramore. It is the second album to be released by the band.

The band named the album "Riot" because they liked the definition: "A sudden outburst of uncontrolled emotion".

Track listing 
 "For a Pessimist, I'm Pretty Optimistic" - 3:48 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "That's What You Get" - 3:40 (J. Farro/H. Williams/T. York)
 "Hallelujah" - 3:23 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "Misery Business" - 3:31 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "When It Rains" - 3:35 (J. Farro/Z. Farro/H. Williams)
 "Let the Flames Begin" - 3:18 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "Miracle" - 3:29 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "Crushcrushcrush" - 3:09 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "We Are Broken" - 3:38 (D. Bendeth/J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "Fences" - 3:19 (D. Bendeth/J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "Born for This" - 3:58 (J. Farro/H. Williams)

Charts

References 

2007 albums
Paramore albums
Stonemasonry

Stonemasonry is the craft of making things out of stone. People who do this are called stonemasons. Their crafts have existed since the start of civilization. They have made important buildings and structures out of stone. This stone comes from the earth. Stone has been used to build many long-lasting things. These could be monuments, artifacts, cathedrals and cities. These can often be seen in many cultures. Some monuments made out of stone include, the Egyptian pyramids and the Greek Parthenon. Stonehenge is also a famous stone building.

Art
Ouran High School Host Club

Ouran High School Host Club is a manga created by Bisco Hatori.
Plot
The manga and anime are centered around Haruhi who is a girl mistaken for a boy and the Host club which she belongs to. Haruhi is a commoner, and quite poor, whereas the other Host Club members are very rich.

Manga
Wei Yuan

Wei Yuan was a Chinese scholar during the Qing Dynasty. He wrote books on politics. He was also known as Mo Shen () and Hanshi ().

Life 
When Wei Yuan was young, he followed his teacher, Liu Feng, to study the History of China.

During the reign of Daoguang Emperor, Wei Yuan successfully got a provincial degree in the Imperial examinations.

In 1826, Wei Yuan was ordered to write a political book called Huang Chao Jing Shi Wen Pian (). Besides, he helped the imperial official to deal with the problem of building the canals.

From 1841 AD until 1842 AD, Wei Yuan was asked to defeat the British armies in the First Opium War.

From 1842 AD until 1843 AD,  Wei Yuan finished writing a book which was about the matters of Western countries. The book was called Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms ().

After the First Opium War, Wei Yuan wrote another book titled Military history of the Qing Dynasty ()

Related pages
List of Chinese writers

1794 births
1857 deaths
Chinese scholars
Snape Maltings

Snape Maltings is a group of buildings including a famous concert hall in the village of Snape, Suffolk.  Many concerts are given in the Maltings.  Every year the Aldeburgh Festival has many of its concerts there.  The composer Benjamin Britten used to live in Aldeburgh with the singer Peter Pears.  They started a music school for young people.  The Britten-Pears Foundation still continues today, with many concerts based in the Maltings.  This foundation gives young musicians a chance to learn from famous music teachers and perform at concerts.  Many of them have recently graduated from a music college.

The buildings on the site are mostly from the 19th century.  They are built on the banks of the River Ore. Originally they were built to make barley and beer.  When the barley had been malted it used to be sent  to London and exported to Europe. The Maltings closed during the 1960s. Since then the buildings have been restored and rebuilt to include the famous concert hall.  It was opened in 1967, burnt down in 1969, and rebuilt in 1970. 

The Holst Library is connected to the Maltings and is named in honour of Imogen Holst, the daughter of Gustav Holst, who was a close friend of Benjamin Britten and an artistic director of the Aldeburgh Festival from 1956 to 1977.

The concert hall is a place for concerts and many other community activities during the year.  Aldeburgh Music have concerts in June, and in August the Snape Proms take place.  These are concerts at which some audience can by cheap tickets and sit on the floor at the front.  They often take rugs to sit on.

Related pages
Aldeburgh Festival
Benjamin Britten
Peter Pears

Other websites 
http://www.snapemaltings.co.uk/concerts.asp 

Concert halls in England
Gladiator

Gladiators (Latin: gladiatōrēs, "swordsmen" or "one who uses a sword," from gladius, "sword") were professional fighters in ancient Rome, who fought against each other, wild animals  and sentenced criminals, sometimes to the death, for the entertainment of the public. These fights took place in arenas in many cities from the Roman Republic period through the Roman Empire.

The word comes from gladius, the Latin word for a short sword used by legionaries and some gladiators. 

Gladiators often are slaves and people from other countries that fought Ancient Rome and lost and got captured. Some are normal people from the Roman Republic and wants to be a gladiator and give up their freedom.

There were different types of gladiators in the world, such as Thracians, Mirmillones, Retiarii, and the Secutores. The gladiators were the footballers of their time. You would have been very famous and rich.

The Emperor would have the final say about who would live and who would die. He would put his thumbs down to die or thumbs up to live.

Gladiators fought to the death. Gladiators would have different types of weapons. Some might have a sword whereas others would use axes.

Other websites 
 BBC News: Gladiator bones found in Turkey
 The Roman Gladiator

Ancient Rome
Occupations
Ohm's law

Ohm's law says that in an electrical circuit, the current passing through a resistor is related to the voltage difference and the electrical resistance between the two sides, as long as the physical conditions and the temperature of the conductor remain constant. Because there are three variables, it can be written in three ways, depending on which variable is placed on the left of the equals sign:
.
Where I is the current in amperes, V is the potential difference in volts, and R is a constant, measured in ohms, called the resistance.

Current,  Voltage, and  Resistance

Voltage 
Voltage is how much energy is between two points on a circuit. These two points have different charges, one is higher and the other is lower. The difference between these two points of the charge is how we measure the voltage. The unit of “volt” is the name of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta who created the first chemical battery.  The letter “V” represents voltage.

Current 
Current is how fast the charge is flowing. The higher the charge, the faster the current. Current has to do with electrons flowing in a circuit. Current measures how fast the electrons go. The unit of the current is “ampere,” (often referred to as “amps”). The letter “I” is usually used to represent current, from the French intensité du courant, (current intensity).

Resistance 
Resistance is how much the circuit resists the flow of the charge. This makes sure the charge does not flow too fast and damage the components. In a circuit, a light bulb can be a resistor. If electrons flow through the light bulb, then the light bulb will light up. If the resistance is high, then the lamp will be dimmer. The unit of resistance is “Ω”,  which is called omega, and pronounced “ohm”, it is the name of the inventor of Ohm’s law.

How Current, Voltage, and Resistance are related
Current, Voltage, and Resistance are related, which is called “Ohm’s law”. The unit of resistance (also named an "Ohm"), is defined so that “1 Ohm” as the resistance between two points in a conductor where the application of 1 volt will push 1 ampere, or 6.241×10^18 electrons, through. This takes energy, which (depending on the component which the charge is flowing through) is usually lost as heat.

Find all values in the circuit 

For example, a scientist knows that the value of the voltage is 20V. Resistance is known, which is in the light bulb, is 10 Ω.  Now we need to find the other unknown variable, which is current. The Ohm’s law formula can be used to solve it. With the two known variables, V(voltage) and R(resistance), the only variable left to find is I(current).

20V= 10Ω * I

I = 2A

In a problem, a scientist always gets enough information to solve the other values, the only thing a scientist has to memorize is the Ohm’s law formula. Then it is used with what is given to solve the unknown part. In the example above, the current is 2 amps.

References

Other websites

 Online ohm's law calculator 
 Ohm's Law worksheet on All About Circuits
 Ohm Law : Electronics for Beginners
 Calculator - Ohm's law in the DC circuit

Electricity
Lin Shu

Lin Shu (8 November 1852, Fuzhou — 9 October 1924, Beijing) was a Chinese translator from Fujian. He worked with others to translate more than 170 titles (mostly novels) from English and French to Chinese.

1852 births
1924 deaths
Chinese people
Chinese translators
Ü

Ü or ü is  a letter not used in English. It is commonly used to represent the sound . It started as an U with an E above it. It is heavily used in the Turkic languages, such as Turkish. In German, the letter can be replaced by Ue or ue respectively, if it is not available on the keyboard.

German

Germany and Austria

Ü or ü is one of the 4 extra letters used in German.  It can be replaced by using the letters Ue or ue.  In English language newspapers it is often written as U or u but this is not correct.

Internet addresses are written as "ue" because the internet address system can only understand ordinary English letters.

Switzerland
German is one of the official languages of Switzerland, people from Switzerland who speak German normally use the extra letter.

Latin letters with diacritics
Vowel letters
Umlaut

An umlaut is a diacritic or accent used in some languages, including German. They are written ä, ö, ü (or ae, oe, ue). 

Without the diaeresis (the dots) those three letters are said [a], [o], and [u]. In German, when the dots are put over them, Ä, Ö, and Ü change to sound like [ɛ], [œ]/[ø] and [y]/[ʏ].

When a word that has umlaut letters with dots is changed into English, the letters are usually written as ae, oe, or ue instead of ä, ö, or ü.

Related pages
Diaeresis

German language
Alphabetic diacritics

he:אומלאוט
Ö

Ö or ö is not a letter used in English, but is used in some other languages, such as German, Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian, Turkish, Swedish and Icelandic.

German

Germany and Austria

Ö or ö is one of the 4 extra letters used in German.  It can be replaced by using the letters Oe or oe.  In English language newspapers it is often written as O or o but this is not correct.

Internet addresses are often written as "oe" because the internet address system used to only understand ordinary English letters and they are still the most common.

Switzerland
German is one of the official languages of Switzerland. It has its own dialect (Swiss-German or Schweizerdeutsch). The Ö or ö is used in the Swiss dialect as well.

Latin letters with diacritics
Vowel letters

id:Umlaut#Öö
he:אומלאוט#אותיות האומלאוט בגרמנית
List of emperors of China

This is a list of the rulers of China from 221 BC to AD 1911. These rulers named themselves  (Mandarin: huangdi); in English, we normally say they were emperors.

All of them were men but Wu Zetian.

Rulers of the Qin Dynasty (211–206 BC)
Rulers of the Qin Dynasty: 

Qin Shihuang | Zuxuan | Zhaw

Rulers of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) 
Rulers of the Ming Dynasty: 

Hongwu Emperor | Jianwen Emperor | Yongle Emperor | Hongxi Emperor | Xuande Emperor | Qianlong Emperor | Zhengtong Emperor | Jingtai Emperor | Chenghua Emperor | Hongzhi Emperor | Zhengde Emperor | Jiajing Emperor | Longqing Emperor | Wanli Emperor | Taichang Emperor | Tianqi Emperor | Chongzhen Emperor

Rulers of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)
Rulers of the Qing Dynasty: 

Taizu Emperor | Huang Taiji | Shunzhi Emperor | Kangxi Emperor | Yongzheng Emperor | Qianlong Emperor | Jiaqing Emperor | Daoguang Emperor | Xianfeng Emperor | Tongzhi Emperor | Guangxu Emperor | Xuantong Emperor  

Lists of monarchs
Ä

Ä or ä are letters used in some languages. Ä and ä are both just "a"s with umlauts.

German

Germany, Austria and Switzerland 

Ä or ä is one of the 4 extra letters used in German.  It can be replaced by using the letters Ae or ae.  In English language newspapers it is often written as A or a but this is not correct. Ä and ä are usually pronounced like the "e" in "bed".

Internet addresses are written as "ae" because the internet address system can only understand ordinary English letters.

Latin letters with diacritics
Vowel letters
Ulyanovsk

Ulyanovsk (), formerly Simbirsk (), is a city on the Volga River in Russia. It was founded in the year 1648. Ulyanovsk had a population of 638,300 in 2005. It is the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast. In 1924, the city was renamed Ulyanovsk after Vladimir Ulyanov, better known as Lenin, who was born there.

Other websites

Capital cities in Russia
Hawk

A hawk is a common term for a medium to large-sized birds of prey. Its usage varies in different places.

The subfamily Accipitrinae, the subfamily of the Accipitridae often called the "true" hawks. It includes all members of Accipiter and the closely related genera. Goshawks and sparrowhawks are examples. They are mainly woodland birds with long tails and good sight, hunting by sudden dashes from a concealed perch.
More generally, the term may be used for eagles, kites, and buzzards.

Accipitrine hawks generally take birds as their primary prey. They have also been called "hen-hawks", or "wood-hawks" because of their woodland habitat. Within the hawk species, the female is generally larger than the male. Like most birds, the hawk migrates in the autumn and the spring.

Eyesight 
Hawks, like most vertebrates, have four types of colour receptors in the eye. They can see not only the visible range, but also the ultraviolet part of the spectrum. Other adaptations let them detect polarised light and magnetic fields. 

They have many photoreceptors in their retina, and an exceptional number of nerves connecting the receptors to the brain. There is an indented fovea, which magnifies the central portion of the visual field.
Hawks have always been known to have sharp vision and to be very able hunters.

References 

Falconiformes
O RLY?

O RLY? is an Internet meme often used in chat rooms or Forums. It is short for Oh, really?. O RLY is used as a response to an above post or comment to show (sarcastically) that it is obvious, clear, or apparent. O RLY? is usually followed by YA RLY, then NO WAI. This sarcasm is not to be confused with trolling, disrupting a forum, or a chat room. The meme has spread on many forums, across the Internet. It is usually seen with pictures of animals with open mouths.

Internet memes

de:Liste von Abkürzungen (Netzjargon)#O
World Peace One

World Peace One (WP1) is a ten-year idea for promoting peace. It includes lots of inventive global campaigns, programs and activities that are meant to help the world in "ending all wars" and have "permanent peace". It is a huge world peace movement, that focuses on human re-inspiration, re-education and redirection—to get rid of war. All of WP1's programs are being organized by WP1 Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization based in Florida, United States. WP1 is preparing a series of "peace ambassador" programs. These are targeted towards governments, religious groups, corporations, schools and universities, as well as celebrity groups, women's organizations, sports organizations and world youth.

Global SuperConcert
The WP1 Global SuperConcert is an musical event that will take place in twelve cities across the world. The concert date is to be announced. The purpose of the event is to move humanity toward "ending all war," in favor of "permanent peace.".

The WP1 Global SuperConcert is planned to be held in twelve countries and broadcast to over 190 countries.

 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 Colombia
 Mumbai, India
 Tokyo, Japan
 Lisbon, Portugal 
 Canada
 Johannesburg, South Africa
 South Korea
 Istanbul, Turkey 
 London, United Kingdom
 UAE 
 Miami, Las Vegas & Los Angeles, United States

References 

Rock music
Culture
Music festivals