cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Stan Cornyn

Stan Cornyn (July 8, 1933 – May 11, 2015) was an American record label executive. He was the author of Exploding: The Highs, Hits, Hype, Heroes, and Hustlers of the Warner Music Group (). He also wrote three privately published family genealogy books (all in the Library of Congress).
He was cousins with United States senator John Cornyn.

Cornyn died on May 11, 2015 at his home in Carpinteria, California at the age of 81.

References

Other websites
 Brad Bigelow, "King of Liner Notes," Space Age Pop
 dabelly.com Interview with Cornyn

1933 births
2015 deaths
Musicians from California
People from Oxnard, California
People from Ventura County, California
Writers from California
Carpinteria, California

Carpinteria  is a small oceanside city located in southeastern Santa Barbara County, California, east of Santa Barbara and northwest of Ventura. The population was 13,040 at the 2010 census, down from 14,194 at the 2000 census.

Cities in California
Settlements in Santa Barbara County, California
Suchitra Bhattacharya

Suchitra Bhattacharya (10 January 1950 - 12 May 2015) was an Indian novelist. Over the past two decades, Suchitra had written about 24 novels and a large number of short stories in different leading Bengali literary magazines.

Bhattacharya died on 12 May 2015 from cardiac arrest at her home in Dhakuria, Kolkata, aged 65.

References

1950 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Indian writers
William Zinsser

William Knowlton Zinsser (October 7, 1922 - May 12, 2015) was an American writer, editor, literary critic, and teacher.  He began his career as a journalist for the New York Herald Tribune, where he worked as a feature writer, drama editor, film critic, and editorial writer. He was known for writing the book On Writing Well.

Zinsser was born in New York City, New York. He studied at Deerfield Academy. Zinsser died in New York City at the age of 92.

References

Other websites
 

1922 births
2015 deaths
American literary critics
American movie critics
Educators from New York City
American journalists
Writers from New York City
Ventura, California

Ventura (officially the City of San Buenaventura; commonly called San Buenaventura before 1891), or Shisholop in Chumash is the county seat of Ventura County, California, United States. It was incorporated in 1866. The population was 106,433 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in California
Settlements in Ventura County, California
County seats in California
1866 establishments in California
Peter Gay

Peter Gay (born Peter Joachim Fröhlich; June 20, 1923 – May 12, 2015) was a German-American educator and psychohistorian. He was the Sterling Professor of History Emeritus at Yale University and former director of the New York Public Library's Center for Scholars and Writers (1997–2003). 

Gay received the American Historical Association's (AHA) Award for Scholarly Distinction in 2004. He was the author of more than twenty-five books, including The Enlightenment: An Interpretation, a multi-volume award winner; Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider (1968), a bestseller; and the widely translated Freud: A Life for Our Time (1988).

Gay was born in Berlin, Germany in 1923. He immigrated to the United States in 1941. From 1948 to 1955 he was a political science professor at Columbia University, and then a history professor from 1955 to 1969. Gay died in New York City, aged 91.

References

Other websites
 Toews, John "Historicizing Psychoanalysis: Freud in His Time and of Our Time" pages 504-545 from Journal of Modern History, Volume 63, 1991.

1923 births
2015 deaths
Educators from New York City
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Berlin
Writers from New York City
Swiss International Air Lines

Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier of Switzerland. It began on March 31, 2002; the day after Swissair declared bankruptcy. The airline has nonstop flights throughout Switzerland, Europe, Africa, America and Asia. It's currently owned by Lufthansa.

References

Star Alliance
2002 establishments in Europe
Airlines of Europe
Transport companies of Switzerland
Basel
IATA members
Varig Brazilian Airlines

Varig Brazilian Airlines, also known as VARIG, was once the largest airline of Brazil. The airline declared bankruptcy in 2006. The successor to Varig is Gol Transportes Aéreos, which is technically the new Varig.

History
Varig began on May 7, 1927.  It was founded by German emigrants in Brazil. Varig began non-stop flights between New York City and Rio de Janeiro in 1955. The airline took over many international destinations in the 1960s from bankrupt Panair do Brasil, such as Frankfurt, Lisbon and Paris. Varig eventually became the largest airline in all of South America, after it bought many other smaller Brazilian airlines.  In 1997, Varig became the first airline to join Star Alliance. In 2001, TAM Airlines became  the largest airline in Brazil. Then, Varig stopped flying, and it became known as another airline in 2007.

References

1927 establishments in South America
2006 disestablishments
Airlines of South America
Economy of Brazil
1920s establishments in Brazil
Disestablishments in Brazil
Ansett Australia

Ansett Australia was an airline from Australia. Ansett was based in Melbourne. The airline flew domestically within Australia and from the 1990s to destinations in Asia. It declared bankruptcy in 2001. In 2002, it stopped flying. Several of its Golden Wing airport lounges were purchased by Virgin Australia.

References

Airlines of Australia
1936 establishments
2002 disestablishments in Australia
1930s establishments in Australia
British post offices in Crete

British post offices in Crete provided the postal service in the territory of the island of Crete. They were established by the military administration in the area under the control of Great Britain. It functioned in the period from 25 November 1898 to the end of 1899.

In 1898 Crete obtained autonomy under Turkish suzerainty. But it was garrisoned by an international military force from Britain, France, Italy and Russia. Britain issued 5 postage stamps inscribed in Greek.

Related pages 
 British Army
 Crete

References

Other websites 
 

Postal history
Crete
19th century in Greece
Wars involving the British Empire
1890s in the United Kingdom
Philately of the United Kingdom
1898 establishments in the United Kingdom
Establishments in Greece
1899 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1890s disestablishments in Europe
Hyon Yong-chol

Hyon Yong-chol (; 1949 – 30 April 2015) was a North Korean general and politician. From June 2014 until his apparent death, he was the Defence Minister of North Korea.

On 13 May 2015, it was reported by South Korean media that he was executed on or around 30 April 2015. As of May 14, 2015, North Korea has not commented on the South's claim, making Hyon's current status uncertain. Later it was confirmed that he was executed.

References

1949 births
2015 deaths
Executed people
Generals
Government ministers
North Korean military people
North Korean politicians
Car platform

A car platform (automobile platform) is shared common design and production over different models and types of automobiles. They may be sold under different names or "marques". 

It is done by the automotive industry to save the costs of development by basing the products on a smaller number of platforms. This allows companies to create distinct models from similar underpinnings. It is also done with commercial vehicles like trucks and vans.

References 

Automobiles
Design
Out of Africa

Out of Africa is about the recent African origin of modern humans. Since the 1980s this has been supported by a study of present-day mitochondrial DNA, and other sequence analysis. There is also evidence based on the physical anthropology of archaic fossil remains. The idea is very well supported. There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several. A growing number of researchers also suspect that "long-neglected North Africa" was the original home of the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent.

The first truly modern humans seem to have appeared between 200,000 and 130,000 years ago. These early humans later moved out from Africa. By about 90,000 years ago they had moved into Eurasia. This was the area where earlier species of humans, (such as Neanderthals, Homo neanderthalensis) had been living for a long time (at least 500,000 years in western Europe).

By about 42 to 44,000 years ago Homo sapiens had reached western Europe, including Britain. In Europe and western Asia, Homo sapiens replaced the Neanderthals by about 35,000 years ago. The details of this event are not known. At roughly the same time Homo sapiens arrived in Australia. Their arrival in the Americas was much later, about 15,000 years ago. All these earlier groups of modern man were hunter-gatherers.

Genetic studies and fossil evidence show that archaic  Homo sapiens evolved to anatomically modern humans solely in Africa between 200,000 and 60,000 years ago. Members of one branch of Homo sapiens left Africa at some point between 125,000 and 60,000 years ago, and that over time these humans replaced earlier populations of the genus Homo such as Neanderthals and Homo erectus. 

The date of the earliest successful "out of Africa" migration (earliest migrants with living descendants) has generally been placed at 60,000 years ago based on genetics, but migration out of the continent may have taken place as early as 125,000 years ago according to Arabian archaeological finds of tools in the region.

References 

Humans
Evolution
Uber

Uber traded on the  NYSE under the ticker (UBER) is an American-based ride-sharing company. It created the Uber mobile app and  a ridesharing  network. “Shared rides” are provided by Uber drivers to passengers. The passengers pay money for each ride they receive. The mobile app allows passengers to request trips and pay for the rides online.

Passengers who want Uber rides with  “sign-up” with the Uber passenger mobile app. They provide their name, smartphone number, and a credit card number to Uber.  Then they can request shared-rides through the Uber app.

Uber drivers use Uber driver mobile app to find rideshare passengers. They are first enrolled with Uber as drivers. Then they “log-on” to the Uber mobile app. This tells Uber they are in a certain area and can take rideshares as passengers. The Uber app ”looks for” passengers who want a ride to a particular location. The Uber driver finds the passenger via the map. Then they “pick up” the passenger and drive to the destination. When they reach the destination, they “drop-off” the passenger. The Uber mobile app records the journey, bills the passenger, and pays the driver.

Uber uses third party Internet mapping services such as Google Maps to find the location of the passenger and to navigate the driver.

Uber was founded as "UberCab" in San Francisco by Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp in 2009. Three years later, Uber started to open international offices. In 2014, it experimented with carpooling features and made other updates.

References 

2009 establishments in California
Companies based in San Francisco
Mail art

Mail art (also known as postal art and correspondence art) is a popular form of art. It involves sending small scale art works of art through the mail. Media commonly used in mail art includes postcards, paper, rubber stamps, and logos. It can also include anything that can be put in an envelope and sent via postal service.

Related pages 
 Contemporary art
 Mail

References 

Art movements
Postal service
Comminges

The Comminges is a natural region in southern France, near the Pyrenees. It contains the upper valley of the Garonne, one of France's four great rivers. It is one of the oldest inhabited places in France. Before the French Revolution it was a county of the historical region of Gascony. It was named for the ancient tribe the Convenae. They were a Celtic tribe living in and around Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges by at least the 1st century BC.

References 

Geography of France
William MacDonald (serial killer)

William MacDonald (born Allan Ginsberg; 17 June 1924 – 12 May 2015), also known as The Mutilator, was an Australian serial killer. He murdered five men, four in Sydney, New South Wales and one in Brisbane, Queensland, between 1961 and 1962. After his murders, he lived in New Zealand for a short time. After moving back to Australia, he ran off to Melbourne, Victoria where he was arrested.

MacDonald was born in Liverpool, England. In 1943, during World War II, he was in the army and apparently raped by one of his corporals. He moved from England to Canada in 1949 and then to Australia in 1955.

MacDonald died from natural causes on 12 May 2015 at a hospital in Randwick, New South Wales, aged 90.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Australian LGBT people
Australian murderers
Deaths from natural causes
English serial killers
People convicted of murder
People from Liverpool
People from Sydney
People with schizophrenia
The Game (mind game)

The Game is the name of a mind game. The goal is not to think about The Game itself. If someone thinks about The Game, they lose. If someone loses, they must tell someone or announce that they "lost The Game."

The first known reference of The Game appeared in 1990, though no one is sure how it started, and it will never end. It has lasted for about 30 years and accumulated millions of “players” around the world.

A similar game was played by Leo Tolstoy in 1840. The media has reported on The Game in many countries and has guessed the number of players to be in the millions.

A similar game, “The Game” (pronounced “‘thee’ game” not “‘tha’ game”) is played by thinking about said game, then you win. You announce you just “won The Game”
There can be different versions of the game.

Rules 

If you don’t know about the game you’re not in the game. A person cannot choose to stop playing.
 Can’t talk about the game to those not in the game. Takes 2 in the game to put a new person in the game. 
 once told “you lost the game” you are out for 30 mins. 
 you can only get someone out by directly telling them they lost the game or “forward message” through someone else in the game 
 just because you read this page doesn’t mean you’re kicked out of the game. It means you get one chance to be reminded and that you are engulfed by exxdoutlovesyou’s love for your life as a chance to reflect. 
 now you have a chance to do right by people and bring more people into the game 
 remember to support each other, love one another, and show people they matter because that is what the game of living in final elevation means
 the game is not only meant to be played between verified players. You have to extend love to non celebrities because that is where you came from
 never lose sight of the moral of the game of true love with one another 

You can never truly win The Game. Anytime who overhears someone announce "I just lost The Game" or "You just lost The Game" also loses The Game.

Cognition
Games
Internet memes
European Economic Community

The European Economic Community was the predecessor of the European Union. It existed from 1957 to 1992, when the Treaty of Maastricht led to more cooperation between the countries of the European Union. 

20th century in Europe
International organizations
1957 establishments in Europe
1992 disestablishments in Europe
Scaptia beyonceae

Scaptia beyonceae is a species of horse fly found in  north-east Queensland, Australia. It was first recorded in 1981 but not scientifically described until 2011. The fly is named after American recording artist and actress Beyoncé.

Scaptia beyonceae has a golden tip to its abdomen, formed by a dense patch of golden hairs. Hence its name.

References 

Flies
2015 Philadelphia train derailment

The 2015 Philadelphia train derailment happened on May 12, 2015. An Amtrak Northeast Regional train derailed in the Port Richmond area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Amtrak Northeast Regional No. 188 was on its way from Washington, D.C. to New York City. It derailed at 9:23 pm. The train went off the track. Some cars fell onto their sides.

The accident killed eight people and injured more than 200 people.

Investigation 
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) said that there were no signs which suggested that the derailment was related to terrorism. A team from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) also investigated.

The driver of the train, Amtrak engineer Brandon Bostian, suffered wounds to the legs and head, including a concussion, and was said to be unable to remember the incident.

References

2015 disasters
2015 in the United States
2010s disasters in the United States
2015 train derailment
May 2015 events
Railway accidents in the United States
Grigoriy Bronza

Grigoriy Zakharovich Bronza (30 April 192730 January 2010) was an artist of Transnistria (Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic). He was an art restorer and an honorary member of the Transnistria Union of Artists. Bronza was a designer of postage stamps of Transnistria and Moldova. He also helped create a number of museums in the former Soviet Union.

World War II 
During World War II, Grigoriy Bronza served in the Red Army and was awarded the following Soviet military decorations:
 Order of the Patriotic War,
 Medal for Battle Merit,
 Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945",
 Medal "For the Victory over Japan".

Postage stamps 
Bronza is the author of the first stamps of Moldova issued in June 1991. He designed the first stamps of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic issued in December 1993. Bronza designed the third definitive stamp issue of Transnistria (1997). He also created a series of stamps for the 5th anniversary of the events in Bender (1997), a series of stamps "Historical and modern coats of arms of cities of Transnistria" (1999), and the 200th anniversary of Alexander Pushkin issue (1999).

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Moldavian postage stamps
 Moldova rare postage stamps 

1927 births
2010 deaths
Artists
Moldovan people
Postage stamps
Columbia County, New York

Columbia County, New York is a mostly rural county along the eastern side of the Hudson River. In 2010, the population was 63,096. The county seat is Hudson.

References

New York (state) counties
Cluses

Cluses is a commune in the French Haute-Savoie department.

Sister cities
Cluses is a twin town with:
  Trossingen since 1974
  Beaverton since 1999

Communes in Haute-Savoie
Gol Transportes Aéreos

Gol Transportes Aéreos, also known as Gol Airlines, is a low-cost carrier of Brazil. It began in 2000. Its headquarters are in São Paulo.

History
Gol began flights on January 15, 2000. In 2004, it began to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange.  In September 2011, Aerolíneas Argentinas began an agreement.  After Varig Brazilian Airlines declared bankruptcy in 2006, Gol bought some of their possessions. Varig's airport lounge was also acquired by Gol in 2013.  Gol currently owns the Varig name.  It used to painted some airplanes with that name. In 2006, a Gol airplane hit a private jet.  No one was hurt or killed on the private jet. But, all 154 people on the Gol airplane died.

References

Airlines of South America
Garden fork

A garden fork, also called a spading fork or digging fork, is a tool for digging. It is used for loosening soil in gardening and farming.  It is used similarly to a spade, but it can be pushed more easily into the ground. It does not cut through plant roots. Garden forks were made of wood, but now most are made of steel.  

Garden forks are slightly different from pitchforks. Their tines are usually shorter and thicker and closer together. 

Gardening tools
Canadian Airlines

Canadian Airlines used to be the second largest airline of Canada.  It flew to all five continents. Calgary, Alberta used to be their headquarters and hub. Canadian was also a founding member of Oneworld, but left the alliance in 2000.  Air Canada bought the airline in 2000.

References

1987 establishments in Canada
2001 disestablishments in Canada
Airlines of Canada
Alexander Bulgakov

Alexander Yakovlevich Bulgakov (15 November 178117 April 1863) was a Russian diplomat, senator, and postal administrator.

Biography 
Alexander Bulgakov was born in 1781 in Constantinople in the family of a Russian diplomat, Yakov Bulgakov (1743–1809). At the beginning of his career, Bulgakov worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He served as an official with special duties attached to the Governor General of Moscow in 1809–1832.

In 1832, Bulgakov stopped his diplomatic career and was appointed to Director of Posts in Moscow. He served in this position in 1832–1856. His younger brother Konstantin Bulgakov  (1782–1835) was the Director of the Saint Petersburg Post Office at that time. Because both were the top officers of the Russian Postal Service, they could freely correspond with each other. Both brothers were much respected by their staff for their effort to improve working conditions for postal workers.

Related pages 
 Konstantin Bulgakov

Notes

References

Other websites 
 

1781 births
1863 deaths
Postal history
Russian diplomats
Russian nobility
Rosa Julieta Montaño Salvatierra

Julieta Montaño (born 16 August 1946) is a Bolivian lawyer, a human rights defender, and a writer.  In 2015 she won the US State Department's International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

Rosa Julieta Montaño Salvatierra was born 16 August 1946 in Quillacoll, Bolivia. She finished her Bachelor's degree in Humanities at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón in 1965. She finished her law degree at the same university in 1972.  She finished Master's degrees in human rights and political science at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón and University of Huelva in Huelva, Spain. She finished her doctorate degree in human rights at the Universidad Pablo de Olavide in Seville, Spain.

Work 

Montaño was the Vice President of the Human Rights Assembly of Bolivia and the Comptroller of Cochabamba, Bolivia. From 1997 to 2002 she was in the Chamber of Deputies representing the Cochabamba Department.  In 1981, during the Bolivian Cocaine Coup, Montaño  was the head of the Union de Mujeres de Bolivia (Union of Bolivian Women).  She was arrested, and stayed in her house, under house arrest.  Montaño returned to her work in 1981, after the end of the dictatorship.

On 11 April 1985 Montaño started the Oficina Jurídica para la Mujer (Legal Office for Women) to promote women’s rights and fight violence against women.  The organization has helped more than 30,000 women.  It has also worked with the Bolivian legislature to make laws to protect women.

Other websites 

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References 

1946 births
Living people
Bolivian people
Feminists
Human rights activists
Lawyers
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Women lawyers
May Sabai Phyu

May Sabai Phyu (also May Sabe Phyu, born 5 August 1976) is an activist from Kachin state in Burma (Myanmar). She works for human rights, freedom of speech, peace, justice for Myanmar’s ethnic people. She works to stop violence against women. In 2015, she won the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award.

Work 

In 2008, May Sabai Phyu started the Women’s Protection Technical Working Group during Cyclone Nargis. After the storm, 14 out of every 100 families were headed by women, many of them widows.  Because of this, more women were in the sex trade for money or food. The Working Group helped women to find housing, sex education, and jobs.

After the problems of the storm were ended, the Working Group became the Gender Equality Network.  May Sabai Phyu was the Senior Coordinator. In 2012, this group helped the government write the National Strategic Plan for the Advancement of Women. The organization also works for gender equality and makes plans to stop violence against women and girls.

May Sabai Phyu is a leader of the Kachin Peace Network. She led a protest against the civil war between Myanmar Government troops and the Kachin Independence Army. She spoke at Human Rights Workshops in Myanmar for human rights and for the rights of people with disabilities.

Other websites 

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References  

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award

Activists
Human rights activists
Living people
Burmese people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Levelland, Texas

Levelland is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Hockley County. About 13,929 people lived there in 2013.

In November 1957, some drivers in Levelland saw an unidentified flying object that caused automobiles to stop until it lifted.  Two of the drivers were Weir Clem, Levelland's sheriff, and Ray Jones, a firefighter.

References 

County seats in Texas
Cities in Texas
Quitman, Texas

Quitman is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Wood County. About 1,811 people lived there in 2013.  It was named for John A. Quitman, a governor of Mississippi.  Sissy Spacek was born in Quitman.

References 

County seats in Texas
Cities in Texas
Hateg Island

Hațeg Island was a large offshore island in the Tethys Sea during the late Cretaceous. It was in an area now around modern-day Hațeg, Hunedoara County, Romania. Upper Cretaceous fossils of small-sized dinosaurs have been found in the former island's rocks.

The island was formed mainly by tectonic uplift during the early Alpine orogeny towards the end of the Cretaceous. There is no real present-day analog, but the island of Hainan (off the coast of China) is perhaps closest as regards climate, geology and topography, though still not a particularly good match. The vegetation, for example, was quite distinct from today, as was the fauna.

Hungarian paleontologist Franz Nopcsa (1877–1933) had the idea that "limited resources" found on the island often have an effect of "reducing the size of animals" over the generations, producing a localized form of dwarfism. Nopcsa's theory of island dwarfism – also known as the "island rule" – is today widely accepted.

References 

Cretaceous dinosaurs
Transylvania
Islands
Volvic

Volvic is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It is internationally known for its mineral water.

Communes in Puy-de-Dôme
Island dwarfism

Island dwarfism, or insular dwarfism, is the reduction in size of large animals over a number of generations. 

The same process can happen in evolution on a mainland: an example is the evolution of the dwarfed marmosets and tamarins among New World monkeys. The smallest member is Cebuella pygmaea. 

The main cause is their population's range being limited to a small environment, and this happens most often on islands. This process has occurred many times throughout evolutionary history. Examples include dinosaurs, like Europasaurus, and modern animals such as elephants and their relatives. 

This process may occur not only on traditional islands, but also in other situations where an ecosystem is isolated from external resources and breeding. This may include caves, desert oases, isolated valleys and isolated mountains ("sky islands"). Insular dwarfism is one aspect of the more general "island rule": when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies, perhaps because the island may not have key predators. On the other hand large species may  evolve smaller bodies because food supplies are limited.

Possible causes of island dwarfism 
There are several proposed explanations for the mechanism which produces such dwarfism.

One is based on the idea that a smaller territory means a smaller food supply. A process where only smaller animals trapped on the island survive, as food declines to a borderline level. Population declines and, as smaller animals need fewer resources and smaller territories, they will survive longer. Eventually food sources replenish, and the survivors flourish.  Smaller size is also advantageous from a reproductive standpoint, as it leads to shorter gestation periods and generation times.

Among carnivores, the main factor is thought to be the size and availability of prey resources, and competition is believed to be less important. In tiger snakes, insular dwarfism occurs on islands where available prey is restricted to smaller sizes than are normally taken by mainland snakes. Since prey size preference in snakes is generally proportional to body size, small snakes may be better adapted to take small prey.

Naming 
The occurrence of small species on islands is known as Foster's Rule, and was first used by van Valen in 1973.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Islands
Konstantin Bulgakov

Konstantin Yakovlevich Bulgakov (31 December 178229 October 1835) was a Russian diplomat, privy councillor, and postal administrator.

Konstantin Bulgakov served as the Director of the Moscow Post Office. Since 1819 he was the Director of Saint Petersburg Post Office. Bulgakov later became the Director of the Postal Department of the Russian Empire. He and his brother Alexander Bulgakov, Director of the Moscow Post Office, could freely correspond with each other because both were the top officers of the Russian Postal Service.

Biography 
Konstantin Bulgakov was the son of a diplomat, Yakov Bulgakov (1743–1809). He was born in Constantinople in 1782. Bulgakov began working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1797.  Thanks to his linguistic skills, he served in a diplomatic capacity during Russia's wars with Turkey and France. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Bulgakov assisted the Russian Tsar Alexander I and the Foreign Minister. The Tsar offered him an ambassador position in Copenhagen. However, Bulgakov asked the Tsar for his appointment as Director of Posts in Moscow in February 1816. He soon succeeded in this post and was transferred to Saint Petersburg on 23 December 1819. As Director of Saint Petersburg Posts, Bulgakov worked there with Prince Golitsyn, who was in charge of the Russian Postal Department.

In 1831, Bulgakov was promoted to the Director of the Postal Department and decorated. However, he suffered two strokes in 1835. That was a consequence
of overwork. Bulgakov died the same year.

Postal reforms 
Among Bulgakov's innovations was the establishment of passenger-carrying mail-coaches between the major towns of Russia and the Baltic provinces. These services started in 1821 and worked, until they were replaced with the railway in 1868.

In 1825, the first survey of post-roads in Russia was published. Begun in 1817, construction of paved roads continued and reached over 1,500 miles by the 1850s. This progress enabled Bulgakov to introduce a system of express posts ("extra" posts) between major cities.

Bulgakov also concluded a postal treaty with Prussia. In 1832, he set up  a steamship service between Saint Petersburg and Lübeck.

All these improvements reduced the delivery times for mail. For example, mail from Berlin to Saint Petersburg came in five days instead of nine. The Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, the widow of Paul I and a former German princess, praised the better postal service.

Bulgakov paid much attention to improve working conditions for postal workers.

Related pages 
 Alexander Bulgakov

Notes

References

Other websites 
 

1782 births
1835 deaths
Russian diplomats
Russian nobility
Postal history
Évian-les-Bains

Évian-les-Bains is a commune in the French Haute-Savoie department. It is a famous spa town, widely known for its mineral water.

Spa towns in France
Communes in Haute-Savoie
Thonon-les-Bains

Thonon-les-Bains is a commune in the French Haute-Savoie department. It is a famous spa town, also known for its mineral water.

Spa towns in France
Communes in Haute-Savoie
Subprefectures in France
Bill Guthridge

William Wallace "Bill" Guthridge (July 27, 1937 – May 12, 2015) was an American college basketball coach.  Guthridge is known for serving for 30 years as Dean Smith's assistant at the University of North Carolina.  Following Dean Smith's retirement in 1997, Guthridge served as head coach of the Tar Heels for three seasons.

Guthridge died at his home in Chapel Hill, North Carolina on May 12, 2015 after a long-illness, aged 77.

References

Other websites
 North Carolina profile

1937 births
2015 deaths
Sportspeople from North Carolina
Sportspeople from Kansas
People from Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Derek Davis

Derek Davis (26 April 1948 – 13 May 2015) was an Irish broadcaster. He co-hosted Live at 3. He also presented Out of the Blue and won Celebrity Bainisteoir.

Davis died on 13 May 2015 after a short illness, aged 67.

References

Other websites
 4fm profile
 Today with Derek Davis
 

1948 births
2015 deaths
Disease-related deaths in the Republic of Ireland
Irish television presenters
People from County Down
Dieppe

Dieppe is a commune in Upper Normandy. Dieppe is in the Arrondissement of Dieppe in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region of northern France. The population stands at 34,000.

Communes in Seine-Maritime
Subprefectures in France
Saumur

Saumur is a commune in Maine-et-Loire.

Communes in Maine-et-Loire
Subprefectures in France
Juan-les-Pins

Juan-les-Pins is a town in the commune of Antibes in the department of Alpes-Maritimes.

Communes in Alpes-Maritimes
Spa towns in France
Atari, Inc.

Atari, Inc. is an American video game and home computer company. It was founded in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari was the first company to make a video arcade game in a cabinet. The company made famous games, such as Pong. Atari helped define the gaming entertainment industry and home computers from the 1970s to the mid-1980s. They made home computers until 1993. 

Atari filed for bankruptcy in 2013

References

Other websites

http://atari.com

American video game companies
1972 establishments in the United States
Chevrolet Trax

Chevrolet Trax is a subcompact CUV/mini SUV (Europe) sold by the Chevrolet division by General Motors. It was introduced in 2013. It replaced both the Chevrolet HHR station wagon and the Suzuki based Tracker subcompact SUV. It is a mere rebadged version of Opel Mokka, which is also offered in the U.S. as Buick Encore. It is built on GM's Gamma platform. The Gamma platform is also used to built the Sonic and the Spark. In 2014 it replaced the Chevrolet Captiva Sport as GM's fleet car. The car is sold under the name Tracker in Russia due to the word trax loosely. translating to a sexual connotation. GM has thought of selling a GMC version of this vehicle due to sales success in the U.S.

References 

Trax
Chevrolet Tracker

The Chevrolet Tracker was a subcompact SUV made in Canada. It is sold by General Motors. It was introduced in 1989 as a Geo model. It derives from Suzuki's Escudo model. The Tracker was built at CAMI Automotive which was jointly owned by GM and Suzuki til 2010. 

In Canada, it was sold under various names such as GMC Tracker and Asüna/Pontiac Sunrunner. The Sunrunner was replaced in 2001 by the minivan-based Aztek CUV.  In 1998 the Tracker became an official Chevrolet brand due to GM consolidating the Geo brand. The United States/Canadian version of the Tracker continued until 2004 where it was discontinued and replaced by the Chevrolet Equinox. The Tracker was still made in Mexico and Brazil until the late 2000s where it was replaced by the Chevrolet Captiva and the Chevrolet Captiva Sport. In 2015 Chevrolet introduced Trax model to the U.S. and it serves as a secondary replacement for the Tracker.

References 

Tracker
Sport utility vehicles
Gallows letter

In postal history, a gallows letter was a letter with a "gallows" mark meaning "very quickly".

Gallows letters were official letters or dispatches used by the Privy Council of Elizabeth I of England. To express an extreme degree of urgency of delivery, the letter had on the address panel a rough drawing of a gallows. Sometimes the picture included a hanging body.  These drawings could also have repeated written directions as "haste haste", "post haste", "haste for life", "for life haste", etc.

There are also modern forgeries of such letters. This is when counterfeit gallows marks have been applied onto original letters.

Related pages 
 Envelope
 Letter (paper)

References 

Letters
Postal history
Postal services in the United Kingdom
History of England
Europasaurus

Europasaurus is a basal sauropod from the titanosaur clade, but very much smaller than usual.

This quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur lived during the Upper Jurassic (middle Kimmeridgian, about 154 million years ago). It was found in northern Germany. It is an example of insular dwarfism. This means it probably came from an isolated sauropod population on an island in the Lower Saxony basin.

Small sauroopods with an adult body mass less than five tonnes are rare, and small sauropod bones usually come from juveniles. This species was a small adult, based on its bone histology. It was a dwarf species. 

There are fossils from more than 11 individuals of 1.7 to 6.2 m in total body length. These size differences between the specimens are due to growth stages, from juveniles to fully grown individuals. The little dinosaurs must have lived on one of the large islands around the Lower Saxony basin. 

A similar discovery was made in Transylvania at the start of the 20th century. a local aristocrat, Franz Nopcsa, found the fossils on his estate. He realised they might have lived on an island, because he knew that dwarf elephants had lived on islands in the Ice Age. Nopsca's estate was ruined by World War I, but his find was recorded as Magyarosaurus.

Reference 

Brachiosaurs
Jurassic dinosaurs
Jon Castañares

Jon Mirena Bitor Castañares Larreategui (1925 – 5 May 2015) was a Spanish politician and economist. He was born in Bilbao. He was known for being a strong supporter of Basque nationalism. He served as mayor of Bilbao from 1979 through 1983.

Castañares died in Bilbao at the age of 90.

References

1925 births
2015 deaths
People from Bilbao
Spanish economists
Mayors
Spanish politicians
Victor Fleming

Victor Lonzo Fleming (February 23, 1889 – January 6, 1949) was an American movie director, cinematographer, and producer. His most popular movie were The Wizard of Oz (1939), and Gone with the Wind (1939). He won an Academy Award for Best Directing in 1939.

Fleming died of a heart attack while on his way to the hospital in Cottonwood, Arizona, aged 59.

Other websites

 
 
 
 The Real Rhett Butler – David Denby on Victor Fleming (The New Yorker)

1889 births
1949 deaths
Academy Award winning directors
American cinematographers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Arizona
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
People from Pasadena, California
Kelly Olynyk

Kelly Tyler Olynyk (born April 19, 1991) is an Canadian professional basketball player. He is a power forward-center for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was born in Toronto, Ontario and moved to Kamloops, British Columbia when he was in grade 7.

Olynyk played college basketball at Gonzaga University. During his freshman and sophomore years there, Olynyk averaged 12 to 13 minutes per game and was mainly a bench player. During his junior year, Olynyk and Gonzaga both agreed that he would redshirt. He played in the 2012–13 season and was selected for both the Consensus First-Team All-American and the 2012–13 Academic All-America first team.

Olynyk was selected 13th overall by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2013 NBA draft. The same day, the Mavericks traded Olynyk to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Lucas Nogueira and two future second round picks. During his first summer league game, he scored 25 points with 9-of-13 shooting. He signed his rookie scale contract with the Celtics on July 7, 2013.

On October 29, 2014, the Celtics extended Olynyk's rookie scale contract through the 2015–16 season after exercising their third-year team option. On December 15, 2014, Olynyk scored a career-high 30 points in a 105-87 win over the Philadelphia 76ers.

During the first quarter of Game 4 of the 2015 NBA Playoffs, Olynyk got tangled with Cleveland Cavaliers player Kevin Love while battling for a loose ball and dislocated Love's left shoulder. Love called it a "bush-league play" and Olynyk said that he would "never intentionally hurt someone." The league suspended Olynyk for one game without pay and ruled that he had "yanked [Love's] arm down".

References

Other websites

1991 births
Boston Celtics players
Canadian basketball players
Living people
Sportspeople from British Columbia
Sportspeople from Toronto
Millerites

Millerites was the name for the followers of the teachings of William Miller. In 1833, Miller said that he had done some calculations, and that the second coming of Christ would happen about the year 1844. This turned out to be false, and there was a great disappointment. Miller had documented how he did Bible interpretation, so anyone could do it. After the disappointment, some movements emerged that were generally called Adventist.

History of Christianity
Protestantism
War tax due stamp

War tax due stamp is a kind of war tax and postage due stamps that was used for mail when the war tax has not been paid by the sender. They were issued in Romania between 1915 and 1921.

During war the sender of a letter paid a war tax. Then they placed a war tax stamp on the letter showing the tax was paid. If the sender did not do that, a war tax due stamp was applied by the postal service. When the letter was delivered the person receiving the letter paid double the normal rate.

Related pages 
 Postage stamp
 Stamp Act
 Tax

References 

1910s in Europe
1920s in Europe
20th century in Romania
Postage stamps
Postal history
Taxation
War
World War I
Emilie Béatrice Epaye

Emilie Béatrice Epaye is a politician and teacher from the Central African Republic. She was a minister in the government and she was in the National Assembly.  Epaye works for better government, economic development, freedom, human rights, and peace.  In 2015, she won the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

Emilie Béatrice Epaye was born about 1956.  She studied to be a teacher. She worked in her family transportation business.

Work

La Fondation la Voix du Coeur  

In 2000, Epaye became the new director of the La Fondation la Voix du Coeur (The Voice of the Heart Foundation) organization.   Lucienne Patassé, the wife of president Ange-Félix Patassé started the organization in 1994 to help street children. She started a home for the children in the city of Bangui,  The children received food, education, medical care, and training, in a place that was safe and free from violence.

Politics 

In 2003, General François Bozizé led a coup and became the new leader of the Central African Republic.  He formed a transition council to help with the change in government.  The council wrote the 2004 constitution.  Epaye was in the transition council.  

From 2003 to 2005, Epaye was president of the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly and was a member of the National Transitional Council.   In 2005 she became the Minister of Commerce, Industry and Small and Medium Enterprises.  She was in that position for five years. In 2008 she became the Minister of Trade and Industry.  She was in that position through 2011.

In 2013 there was a new coup by a group called Séléka. Michel Djotodia became president, but there was much violence.  The United Nations, the African Union, and the French government sent soldiers to stop the fighting. New elections were scheduled for 2015, and Catherine Samba-Panza was elected leader of the country for the transition.  Epaye was in the new council to help with the transition.

Pan African organizations 

From 2003-2005, Epaye was a member of the Inter-Parliamentary Commission of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). Beginning in 2008, she was the leader of the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI. She also was on the Council of Ministers of the Economic Union of Central Africa (CAEU).

Awards 

In 2010, the Council of Ministers of the Economic Union of Central Africa (CAEU), gave Epaye the Medal of Grand Officer of the Order of Merit from the CEMAC Community.  In 2015, the U.S. State Department gave her the International Women of Courage Award.

References

Other websites 

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
1956 births
Living people
Central African politicians
Continental Europe

Continental Europe is the European mainland. It is distinct from the various offshore islands, including British Isles, Iceland, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, the Italian islands, and the Greek islands. People in the islands also use it to refer to ways in which the customs and speech of mainlanders differ from their own.

Geography of Europe
Marie Claire Tchecola

Marie Claire Tchecola is a nurse from Guinea. She got Ebola, but she lived. She is an activist who teaches about disease. In 2015, the U.S. State Department gave Tchecola the International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

Tchecola is from a small village in Guinea, near Senegal. She was the first woman in her family to get an education. She studied to be a nurse. She worked as a nurse at Donka Hospital in Conakry, Guinea.  In July 2014, she worked with a very sick patient. She got Ebola from that patient.  She went to a center for treatment. She got better. 

After Tchecola got well, she went back to her job as a nurse at Donka Hospital. She had more problems.  She lost her housing, because her landlord did not understand Ebola.

References

Other websites 
Marie Claire Tchecola - I Survived Ebola

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Guinean people
Nurses
Activists
Tainted Love

"Tainted Love" is a pop rock single. It was first sung by Gloria Jones. The lyrics are about leaving a relationship due to being abused.

The song was first released in May 1965. In 1981, Soft Cell covered the song. Their version hit #1 on some charts. In summer 1982, it reached #8 on the Billboard Hot 100.

There are many versions of the song. It has been covered by many musicians.

References

Pop songs
1965 songs
Gloria Jones

Gloria Jones (born October 19, 1945) is an American singer and songwriter. She recorded the 1965 song "Tainted Love". She also had other songs.

On September 16, 1977, Jones was driving a car. Marc Bolan of the group T. Rex was a passenger. The car crashed and killed Bolan.

Jones was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. She later moved to Los Angeles, California.

References

American singer-songwriters
Writers from Cincinnati, Ohio
Singers from Cincinnati, Ohio
1945 births
Living people
Gainan Saidkhuzhin

Gainan Rakhmatovich Saidkhuzhin (; 30 June 1937 – 13 May 2015) was a soviet cyclist. He was a ten-time cycling champion of the Soviet Union. He competed in the road race at the 1960 and 1964 Summer Olympics and finished in 34th and 41st places, respectively. He was born in Novosibirsk to a Tatar family.

Saidkhuzhin died from a heart attack on 13 May 2015 in Miami, Florida, United States. He was 77.

References

1937 births
2015 deaths
1960 Summer Olympics
1964 Summer Olympics
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Florida
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Olympians
Soviet cyclists
Luxeuil-les-Bains

Luxeuil-les-Bains is a spa town located in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in the Haute-Saône department in eastern France. About  people live there.

Spa towns in France
Communes in Haute-Saône