cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
John Knox

John Knox (c. 1510 – 24 November 1572) was the man who brought the Protestant Reformation to Scotland.  He was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Church. Knox joined the movement to change the Roman Catholic church in Scotland. He married twice and had five children. Knox preached until he died.

A  fight between Catholic France and Protestant England for Scotland began again because of the Reformation. Sometimes France had more power. Other times England had it. Knox spent many months as a galley slave. He also spent time in exile because of his Protestant beliefs. During a trip to Scotland, Knox's preaching helped the Protestant movement. Several Protestant noblemen came together and made a group called the Lords of the Congregation. When the group had more power, they invited Knox back to Scotland to stay.

During 1500 and 1561, the Scottish Parliament accepted the Reformed confession of faith made by Knox and other people. Knox argued many times with Mary, Queen of Scots. In his book History of the Reformation in Scotland he writes about his five "conversations" with the Roman Catholic queen. In one of these conversations, Mary asked Knox what right he had to rebuke the queen so directly and openly. Knox replied, "...I am a worm of this earth, and yet a subject...but I am a watchman, both over the realm (land) and the Kirk [Church] of God...For that reason I am bound in conscience (it is my duty) to blow the trumpet publicly (openly)". Mary's violent life finally made even her Catholic helpers lose their support. She gave up the throne. So, Knox was able to make the Protestant church in Scotland. Because of him, the Presbyterian church was made.

References

1510s births
1572 deaths
British Protestants
Calvinists
Christian theologians
Presbyterians
Protestant Reformers
Scottish Christians
List of Nobel Prize winners in Literature

The Nobel Prize in Literature is one of many Nobel Prizes given in honor of Alfred Nobel. Every year, a writer is chosen by the Swedish Academy to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. They choose someone who they think has written something that has great value. The prize was awarded the first time in 1901 to Sully Prudhomme of France.

Writing of any language could possibly win the Nobel Prize.

List of laureates 

List of Nobel Prize laureates (winners) in Literature from 1901 to the present date.

Related pages 

 List of Nobel Prize winners by country
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Economics
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Physics
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine
 List of Nobel Peace Prize winners

References

Other websites 

 The Nobel Prize in Literature - Laureates 
 Nobel Prize Winners in Literature
 The Nobel Prize
 Written in Stone  - Burial locations of literary figures.

Literature
Zuni

The Zuni, also called Zuñi or Ashiwi are a Native American tribe. They live near the Zuni River. This river flows into the Little Colorado River, in western New Mexico, United States.

They are famous for their language, which is not like other Pueblo or Native American languages. It is a language isolate.

Native American
People from New Mexico
1554



Events 
 January 5 – Great fire in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
 February – Thomas Wyatt surrenders to government forces in London.
 February 12 – After claiming the throne of England the previous year, Lady Jane Grey is beheaded for treason alongside her husband.
 March 17 – Princess Elizabeth imprisoned in The Tower.
 April 12 – Mary of Guise becomes Regent of Scotland.
 July 23 – 25 – Wedding of Queen Mary I of England and King Philip of Naples, only son of Emperor Charles V in Winchester, England.
 August 12 – Battle of Renty.  French forces led by Francis, Duke of Guise turn back an invasion of Picardy by Charles V.
 The French forces in Siena surrender to the Imperialists after a long siege.
 Mikael Agricola becomes the bishop of Turku.
 Jesuits establish São Paulo in Brazil.
1532



Events 
 May 16 – Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England.
 June 25 – Suleiman I leads another invasion of Hungary, which fails miserably.
 September 1 – Lady Anne Boleyn is created Marchioness of Pembroke by her fiancée, King Henry VIII of England.
 November 16 – Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca Atahualpa.
 Atahualpa wins Inca civil war over Huáscar
 The Prince is published five years after death of the writer Niccolò Machiavelli
 Pantagruel is published by François Rabelais
 Henry VIII grants the Thorne brothers a Royal Charter to found Bristol Grammar School.
Ben Nevis

Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the British Isles at  high.  It is in Scotland, near Fort William. The mountain forms part of the Three Peaks Challenge and attracts an estimated 100,000 climbers per year,

The name comes from the Scottish Gaelic, Beinn Nibheis, which may mean poisonous or terrible.

The Summit

The summit of Ben Nevis is a large stony plateau of about . The highest point is marked with a large stone mound which sits an Ordnance Survey trig point.

The ruined walls of an observatory are also on the summit. An emergency shelter has been built on top of the observatory tower for people caught out by bad weather. The roof of the shelter is higher than the trig point by several feet, making it the highest man-made structure in the UK. A war memorial to the dead of World War II is next to the observatory.

On 17 May 2006, a piano that had been buried under one of the cairns on the peak was uncovered by the John Muir Trust, which owns much of the mountain. The piano is believed to have been carried up for charity by removal men from Dundee over 20 years earlier.

The view from the UK's highest point can reach to over , and mountains such as the Torridon Hills, Morven in Caithness, Lochnagar, Ben Lomond, Barra Head and Knocklayd in County Antrim, Northern Ireland can be seen.

References

Geography of Scotland
Mountains of the United Kingdom
Manaus

Manaus is the principal city of the North Region of Brazil.  It is the capital of Amazonas. Manaus had a great age when latex was discovered in the Amazon region.  Manaus developed economically and culturally.  After that great age, latex started to be produced in other countries, particularly Malaysia and Indonesia, where due the similar climate the plants start to grow even faster than in Brasil.

Manaus is considerated as the entrance door to the biggest ecological reservation in the planet: The Amazon rainforest.  Its name come from a tribe called Manaós that lived in this area and means "Mother of God". The colonization started on 1669, with a small fort, and around it grew a settlement.  In 1833 it became a village, with the name of Manaus.  On October 24th of 1848 it receive the name of city and became the Capital of the state.

Manaus is the site of the "encontro of the waters" where two big rivers Rio Negro (black river) and Solimoes River come together and for more than 10 km "walk together but not mixed" because of their differing density, and then become the Amazon.

The American Charles Goodyear, inventor of vulcanization, developed a procedure to process the juice of the rubber tree into rubber. The city became rich, and India rubber barons paid for a big biggest luxury from Europe, a copy the Grand Paris Opéra - the TEATRO AMAZONAS. Other monuments from this time include the MERCADO MUNICIPAL, a copy of the famous market halls Les Halles in Paris, the arts centre RIO PALACIO NEGRO between fascinating Portuguese facades. 

Today Manaus is a foreign trade zone. Foreign enterprises pay here no import duties what guarantees a certain income for the city and the region. Electronics, wood industry and oil refineries have settled in the outskirts in industrial areas. The harbour is the most important trading centre for the care of the city with regional, national and international products.
About 1.5 million people live in Manaus.
It was nominated as one of the places for the Soccer World Cup 2014. the city is growing rapidly and start to prepare for the event that will bring a lot of people.
 Manaus in Facebook

The Opera house is the major cultural heritage of the Amazonas. It was inaugurated in 1896 during the rubber boom. In spite of the predominance of neoclassic elements, other styles were used, so the architecture is eclectic, with materials brought from Europe as well as artists like Domenico de Angelis, Giovanni Capranesi and Crispim do Amaral.  Preserved as a national heritage since 1965, today, with more than 100 years, it has room for 681 people including balconies and three floors of boxes. After the restauration made by the state government in 1990, the theater rescued its splendor, with performances of famous operas, national and international musicians.

Cities in Amazonas State
Capitals of Brazilian states
1669 establishments
17th-century establishments in Brazil
1740s



Events 
 The War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748)

World leaders 
 Louis XV of France (king from 1715 to 1774)
 Afsharid dynasty of Persia 
 Nadir Shah, 1736–1747 
 Adil Shah, 1747–1748 
 Ebrahim Afshar, 1748 
 Shah Rukh, 1748–1750 
 George II of Great Britain (king from 1727 to 1760) 
 Philip V of Spain (king from 1700 to 1746) 
 Ferdinand VI of Spain (king from 1746 to 1759) 
 Pope Benedict XIV

Births 
 Marquis de Sade, French writer
 Pope Pius VII
 Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States

Deaths 
 Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the last of the Medicis 
 Alexander Pope, English writer 
 Jonathan Swift, Irish writer
Tocantins (state)

Tocantins is a state in central Brazil.  The state was made in 1988 out of the northern part of Goiás, and construction began on the capital, Palmas, in 1989.  Palmas is much newer than most cities in the area.

The state is the border between the Amazon Rainforest and Brazil's grassy flatlands.  The state is very important for raising and selling cows and other farm animals.

References

 
1988 establishments in Brazil
States of Brazil
Indonesian language

Indonesian language () is the national and official language of Indonesia and is used in the entire country. It is the language of official communication, taught in schools and used for broadcast in electronic and digital media. Being the top multilingual (especially trilingual) country in the world, most Indonesians also speak their own ethnic or native languages, with the most widely spoken being Javanese and Sundanese which consequently give huge influence into the Indonesian language itself.

With huge speakers throughout the country as well as by the diaspora who live abroad, Indonesian language is listed as one of the most spoken languages worldwide. Indonesian language recognized as one of the official languages by several nations globally, such as Timor Leste, Vietnam, etc. Indonesian language also officially taught and used in schools, universities, and institutions worldwide, especially in Australia, Netherlands, Japan, South Korea, Timor Leste, Vietnam, Taiwan, United States of America, United Kingdom, etc.

Having a long-established historical ties with European countries since the colonialism era, some of Indonesian terms has absorbed into some European languages, mainly the Dutch and English. Indonesian language itself also has numerous loanwords which derived from the European languages, mainly from the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, and English. Indonesian language also has loanwords derived from Sanskrit, Chinese, and Arabic which diffused in Indonesian due to the trade and religious-based activities that had been done since ancient times within the Indonesian archipelago region.

References

Austronesian languages
Languages of Indonesia
Saint (disambiguation)

Saint can mean different things:

Religion
Different religions & groups use the term saint differently. The word comes form Latin Sanctus, which means holy. In general, saints are believed to be good examples of how people should live, or what people should do. Saints are synonymous, or are associated, with holiness. In the Roman Catholic Church, to become a saint, you have to go through a process called canonization, which is performed by the Pope.
In the New Testament, the term Saint is used to refer to any member of the Church of Christ.
In the Roman Catholic Church, a saint is someone who lives a very holy life and loves others. Catholics believe that anyone who is in heaven is already a saint. However, to be declared an official saint by the Church, someone must be canonized. 
In Mormonism, a saint is someone who is of Mormon line.
In Protestant churches, a saint is anyone who is baptized and lives their faith.

Sports teams
Southampton F.C. is the nickname for an English football team based in the city of Southampton.
The New Saints are a League of Wales football club representing the Welsh town of Llansantffraid-ym-Mechain and the nearby English town of Oswestry.
Northampton Saints are a rugby union club.
The New Orleans Saints are a professional American football franchise of the National Football League.
St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League is known as The Saints.

Entertainment
"The Saint" is a character created by Leslies Charteris.  The Saint has appearred in a number of books, movies and TV shows, including 
The Saint, a 1997 movie starring Val Kilmer
Saint is the title of a novel by Ted Dekker
Saint (Heavy Metal),  a Christian heavy metal band.
For the pioneering Australian punk band, see The Saints. 
There are also two actresses by the name of Saint: Eva Marie Saint and Silvia Saint. 
 When the Saints Go Marching In is a popular tune also known as "The Saints".

Other
 Saint is a type of pigeon
 Saint can be used to describe a really loving or caring person.
Saint Lucia

Saint Lucia is a tropical island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It is a part of the Lesser Antilles, and it is north of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and south of Martinique.  As of 2010 there are about 174,000 people.

The official language is English. Saint Lucian Creole French (Kwéyòl), which is a French-based Creole is spoken by 95% of the people.  About 70% of the people are Roman Catholic. 

Two Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis, an economist, and Derek Walcott, a poet and playwright, have come from the island.

Saint Lucia is a full and participating member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and La Francophonie.

Quarters
Saint Lucia has 11 quarters, or parishes of the island.

Cities
The cities in Saint Lucia are:
Anse La Raye
Bocage
Castries - Capital
Canaries
Choiseul
Dennery
Desruisseaux
Gros Islet
Laborie
Micoud
Mon Repos
Praslin
Ravine Poisson
Rodney Bay
Soufrière
Ti Rocher
Vieux Fort

Geography

The volcanic island of Saint Lucia is more mountainous than many other Caribbean islands. The highest point is Mount Gimie, at  above sea level. Two other mountains, the Pitons, form the island's most famous landmark. They are between Soufrière and Choiseul on the western side of the island. Saint Lucia is also one of the few islands in the world that has a drive-in volcano. It is also famous for clear seas and sandy beaches.

The capital city of Saint Lucia is Castries. Over one third of all the people live in the capital. Major towns include Gros Islet, Soufrière and Vieux Fort. 

The local climate is tropical.  They have northeast trade winds.  There is a dry season from December 1 to May 31, and a wet season from June 1 to November 30.

Sport
The Windward Islands cricket team includes players from Saint Lucia.  They play in the West Indies regional tournament. Darren Sammy is the first Saint Lucian to represent the West Indies.  He is the current captain.

Tourism
Tourism is important to Saint Lucia's economy.  There are more tourists during the dry season (January to April).  Saint Lucia tends to be popular due to its tropical weather and scenery and its many beaches and resorts.

Other tourist attractions include a drive-in volcano, Sulphur Springs, the Botanical Gardens, the Majestic twin Peaks "The Pitons", a world heritage site, the rain forests, and Pigeon Island National Park.

Most tourists visit Saint Lucia as part of a cruise. Most of their time tends to be spent in Castries, although Soufriere, Marigot Bay and Gros Islet are popular locations to visit.

Related pages
List of rivers of Saint Lucia
List of Saint Lucian people
Saint Lucia at the Olympics
Saint Lucia national football team

References

 
Commonwealth realms
English-speaking countries
Current monarchies
Caribbean Community
Yangtze River

The Yangtze River, or Yangzi (Simple Chinese: 扬子江 / Traditional Chinese: 揚子江), or Chang Jiang (Simple Chinese: 长江 / Traditional Chinese: 長江), is the longest River in China and Asia, as well as the world's third longest river (after the Amazon and the Nile). It is honored as one of the two main cradles of Chinese civilization. (another is Yellow River)

The river is about 3,900 kilometers  long and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. It goes from the western part of China (Plateau of Tibet) into the East China Sea, which is part of the Pacific Ocean. It has been thought of as a dividing point between northern and southern China. It helped start the Chinese civilization.

On the river is a big dam called the Three Gorges Dam, which is the biggest in the world. It forms a man-made lake that stretches almost  upstream.

The Yangtze River is home to many species. The Finless porpoise is endangered and the Lipotes vexillifer (Chinese river dolphin) which died in 2002. 

Top tourist attractions for the Yangtze river cruise are Chongqing Dazu Carvings, Three Gorges, lesser Three Gorges, Bai Di City, Fengdu Ghost City and so on.

The Yangtze River is also known as the Yanugzi or Chang Jiange.

Uses 

 transport
 drinking water
 cleaning
 boundary marking
 ingredients for food

Pollution 
The Yangtze river is becoming extremely polluted. The Yangtze river contains oil, dead animals and rubbish including cans, bags, wrappers, glass and plastic bottles. In 2001 about 23.4 billion tons of sewerage and factory waste was dumped in the river.

References

Other websites 
 Attractions along Yangtze River
 Yangtze River Cruise Guide

Rivers of China
Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia

"Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia" is the national anthem of Saint Lucia. The song has been used since the country became independent in 1979.

Lyrics

English lyrics

Sons and daughters of Saint Lucia,
Love the land that gave us birth.
Land of beaches, hills and valleys,
Fairest isle of all the earth!
Wheresoever you may roam,
Love, oh love, our island home.

Gone the times when nations battled,
For this Helen of the west.
Gone the days when strife and discord,
Dimmed her children's toil and rest.
Dawns at last a brighter day,
Stretches out a glad new way.

May the good Lord bless our island,
Guard her sons from woe and harm.
May our people live united,
Strong in soul and strong in arm.
Justice, Truth and Charity,
Our ideal forever be!

French translation

Fils et filles de Sainte-Lucie,
aime la terre qui nous a donné naissance.
Terre de plages, de collines et de vallées,
la plus belle île de toute la terre!
Partout où vous pouvez errer,
Amour, oh amour, notre île à la maison.
Fini le temps où les nations se battaient
Pour cette Hélène de l'ouest.
Fini le temps où les conflits et la discorde
atténué le travail et le repos de ses enfants.
Lève enfin un jour plus lumineux,
s'étend d'une manière nouvelle et heureuse.
Que le bon Dieu bénisse notre île,
protège ses fils du malheur et du mal.
Que notre peuple vive uni,
fort dans l'âme et fort dans le bras.
Justice, vérité et charité,
notre idéal soit pour toujours!

National anthems
Saint Lucia
1590s



Events 
1590
 March 14 – Battle of Ivry – Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne.
 May–August – Unsuccessful siege of Paris by Henry IV of France. Henry is forced to raise the siege when the Duke of Parma comes to its relief with a Spanish army.
 May 17 – Anne of Denmark is crowned queen of Scotland.
 August 18 – John White, the governor of the Colony of Roanoke, returns from a supply-trip to England and finds his settlement deserted.
 September 15 – Pope Urban VII succeeds Sixtus V.
 December 5 – Pope Gregory XIV succeeds Urban VII.
 Coptic Pope Gabriel VIII succeeds Yoannis XIV.
 Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Meletius I succeeds Silvester.
 Japan is united by Toyotomi Hideyoshi
 Seven-Year War – Japan invades Korea in 1592 and 1597.
 Journey to the West first appears in China.
794



Events 
Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital. Begin of the Heian period.
Council of Frankfurt – oldest known mentioning of Frankfurt.
537



Events 
Pope Silverius deposed by Belisarius at the order of Justinian, who appoints as his successor Pope Vigilius.
Battle of Camlann between Arthur and Mordred. (traditional date)
December 27 – Construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is completed.
Goalkeeper

A goalkeeper is someone who protects a team's goal. There are goalkeepers in sports like football (soccer) and ice hockey, for example. The goalkeeper's mission is to prevent the opposing team from scoring a goal. Goalkeepers normally wear more protective gear than other players on the team but this is not always true.

Football 
A goalkeeper's kit (or uniform) consists of shin guards and gloves to protect his hands from the impact of the ball when he catches it.

Historically, however, until the 1960s goalkeepers would wear no hand protection. 

Until the early 20th century, the goalkeeper would often wear the same coloured strip as his teammates, with the only different item of clothing being his cap. However, in 1909, the Scottish Football Association took steps to ensure the goalkeeper would wear a different colour from the outfield players. This was to show his different role, as the only player allowed to handle the ball.

Ice hockey

The goalkeeper in ice hockey (a Goalie) uses thicker padding than the other players on the team. This is to prevent damage caused by being hit by the puck. The hockey stick of the goalie is much wider than the stick of other players. The bottom edge is also longer and flatter. The goalie has a very large leather glove on one hand. This glove has a large area to help catch the puck. Goalies normally wear masks that give protection to the entire face and head as well as the neck.

Field hockey

In field hockey, the goalkeeper stands in the goal net, and stops the other team scoring. Goalkeepers need a lot of kit to protect them from the hockey balls that are hit at them. here is a list:

 Helmet - Protects the head and face
 Neck guard - Protects the neck
 Breastplate - Protects the body, and sometimes back
 Elbow pads - Protect the arms. Sometimes breastplate and elbow guards combine to form all-in-one
 Smock - An extra large shirt that covers the breastplate and elbow pads, or the all-in-one
 Gloves - Protect the hands. Right glove has a hole in it to hold the stick
 Box - Protects the groin
 Shorts - Protect the thighs and upper bottom
 Shin guards - Protect the lower legs
 Kickers - Protect the feet
 Stick - Acts as an extra reaching tool for dives

Goalkeepers are the only position in hockey allowed to kick the ball. If another player kicked the ball it would be a foul.

Images

Other websites
 The Museum of Goalkeeping  Charting goalkeeping throughout the history of football.

Goalkeepers
Sports
1580s



Events 
 The beginnings of the 'Golden Age' of Literature in England
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland as England's first overseas colony in 1583
 Francis Drake had come back from going around the world, bringing back with him many treasures.

Deaths 
 Mary, Queen of Scots (b. 1542)
1730s



Events 
 The Great Awakening – A Protestant religious movement active in the British colonies of North America 
 Octant invented (probably around 1730) independently by John Hadley in Great Britain and Thomas Godfrey in the American colonies

World leaders 
 Louis XV King of France (king from 1715 to 1774)
 Shahs of Persia (Safavid dynasty and Afsharid dynasty)
 Tahmasp II, 1723–1732
 Abbas III, 1732–1736
 Nadir Shah, 1736–1747 (Began the Afsharid dynasty)
 George II King of Great Britain (king from 1727 to 1760)
 Philip V King of Spain (king from 1700 to 1746)
1754



Events 
 June 19 – The Albany Convention of New England Colonies proposes an American Union
 July – Columbia University founded as King's College by royal charter of King George II of England.  The college was originally in Lower Manhattan.  Instruction was suspended in 1776 and the school would be reopened in 1784 as Columbia College.  With the college's growth in the 19th Century, it would be renamed Columbia University in 1896.
 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Mahmud I (1730-1754) to Osman III (1754-1757)
 Beginning of the French and Indian War in North America.
 Britain and its colonies adopted a new Marriage Act that formulated many of the rules of modern marriage.

Births 
 September 9 – William Bligh, Captain of the Bounty, Governor of New South Wales (d. 1817)

 

nv:1751 – 1800
1600s



Events 
 November 5, 1605 – The Gunpowder Plot to blow up the British Parliament.
 1607 – John Smith of Jamestown enters Virginia and meets the princess, Pocahontas.
 September 2, 1609 – Henry Hudson enters New York Bay.
 Galileo popularizes the astronomical use of the telescope.
 Breast baring is a popular fashion amongst the women of England and the Netherlands.
1609



Events 
 September 2-Henry Hudson enters New York Bay
 Lake Champlain was named for the French explorer Samuel de Champlain.
1601



Events 
 February 8 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, rebels against Queen Elizabeth I of England – his revolt is quickly crushed
 February 25 – Robert Devereux's head is chopped off as a punishment
 Jesuit Matteo Ricci arrives in China
 A bad harvest in Russia due to rainy summer
 Dutch troops chase Portuguese from Málaga
 Start of Siege of Kinsale, in Ireland – the siege started in the Autumn of 1601, and ended in the Battle of Kinsale on 3 January 1602 according to the Gregorian Calendar used today.  This calendar was already being used by the Irish and Spanish forces in the battle, but for the English side, who were still using the old Julian Calendar, the date of the battle was 24 December 1601.
314



Events 
 January 11 – Pope Miltiades ends his reign as the Catholic Pope.
 August 30 – Council of Arles, which confirmed the pronouncement of Donatism as a schism, and passed other canons.
 Synod of Ancyra: consulting a magician is declared a sin earning five years of penance.
 Pope Silvester I succeeds Pope Miltiades.
 Alexander becomes Bishop of Byzantium.
1780



Events 
January 16 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Cape St. Vincent
February – Armed Neutrality of the North alliance formed between Denmark, Sweden, and Russia.
 March 26 – The British Gazette and Sunday Monitor, the first Sunday newspaper in Britain
 April 16 – The University of Münster in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany is founded
 May 12 – American Revolutionary War: Charleston, South Carolina is taken by  British forces.
 May 29 – American Revolutionary War: Loyalist forces under Col. Banastre Tarleton kill surrendering American soldiers in the Waxhaw Massacre.
 August 16 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Camden – The British defeat the Americans near Camden, South Carolina.
 September 25 – Benedict Arnold flees to British-held New York
 October 2 –  American Revolutionary War: British spy John Andre is hanged by American forces.
 October 10-16 – Great hurricane flattens the islands of Barbados, Martinique and St. Eustatius
 November 29 – Maria Theresa of Austria dies and her Habsburg dominions pass to her ambitious son, Joseph II, who has already been Holy Roman Emperor since 1765.

Britain attacks the United Provinces before it can join the Neutral Alliance, because of its support for the American uprising.
 First Epsom Derby horse race run at Epsom Downs, Surrey, England.
 Emperor Kokaku ascends to the throne of Japan
 In Ireland, Lady Berry, who is sentenced to death for the murder of her son, is released when she agrees to become an executioner (retires 1810)
 Good grain and wine harvest in France
 35th and last volume of Diderot's Encyclopédie published

Births

Deaths
1245



Events 
 Rebellion against king Sancho II of Portugal in favor of his brother Alphonso.
 The rebuilding of Westminster Abbey is started.
 Pope Innocent IV sends two missions to the Mongol Khan, suggesting that the Mongols convert to Christianity.
Pertussis

Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a disease that affects about 300,000 people in the US every year, out of 30–50 million cases per year. There is a vaccine that can prevent it, so most cases of it are in places where people cannot afford,  cannot get, or refuse to get the vaccine. However, this vaccine does not work forever. The disease lasts about 6 weeks, and symptoms include vomiting, violent coughing, and other flu-like symptoms. It is called whooping cough for the sound an infected person makes when they cough.

The disease usually infects younger people, as they are more prone to diseases.

Other websites 
 Pertussis: new insights in diagnosis, incidence and clinical manifestations, F.G.A. Versteegh, Thesis, 2005

Diseases caused by bacteria
Respiratory system
Deity

A deity is thought to be a powerful spirit that controls events and the nature of things. Deities are also called gods. A female god is often called a goddess. The adjective of deity is ‘divine’. This word comes from the Latin deus (female: dea).

Different religions believe in different deities. Since there are many religions in the world there are many different ideas about how many deities there are, what they are, and what they can do.  Followers of many ancient religions and some modern religions believe in many deities, which is called polytheism. 

The two largest religions on earth, Christianity and Islam, believe in only one God, which is called monotheism. Deism is the belief that a deity exists, but that the deity does not very often change or never changes things in the universe. Pantheism is the belief that the universe is the deity, while atheism is the belief that there are no deities.

In most religions, believers think deities are immortal (cannot die), and have powers far beyond human powers.

Examples 

Some of the deities of different religions are:

From the Ancient Greek religion: Zeus, Apollo, Athena, Ares, Aphrodite, Poseidon, Hades, Thanatos, Dionysus, Hera, Artemis, Hephaestus, Hermes, nymph 
From the Ancient Norse religion: Thor, Odin
From the Ancient Roman religion: Jupiter, Mars, Venus
From the Ancient Egyptian religion: Isis, Osiris, Horus, Thoth, Ra, Hathor,  bastet
From Christianity: Jesus, Yahweh, the Holy Spirit (Considered to Christians as the three parts of one God)
From Judaism: Hashem
From Hinduism: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Krishna, Durga, Ganesha and many more. 
From Buddhism: Deva
From Islam: Allah
From Shinto called kami: Amaterasu the Sun goddess, Inari the Fox god, Izanagi the first human, Ryuujin the Sea god, Shinigami the death gods, Susanoo the Storm god
From Deanism: Gaia
From an unknown religion Oriphine the Draconic Curiosity goddess

References
Odin

Odin (Old Norse: Óðinn) is the god of wisdom, poetry, death, divination, and magic in Norse mythology. Son of Borr and the giantess (jötunn) Bestla, Odin is the chief of the Æsir and king of Asgard. He is married to the goddess Frigg, and is father to the gods Thor, Baldr, Höðr, Víðarr, and Váli.

Known as the All-Father, Odin is often accompanied by two ravens, Huginn and Muninn, along the wolves Geri and Freki; the god rides into battle atop an eight-legged steed, Sleipnir, and wields the mighty spear Gungnir, which was fashioned for him by the dwarves known as the Sons of Ivaldi and is said to never miss its target. 

A defining feature of Odin is his being one-eyed, a result of him having sacrificed an eye to drink from the Well of Urðr, which granted him an incomprehensible amount of knowledge of the universe. Odin himself often receives counsel from the severed head of the being Mímir, which recites secret knowledge to him. Half of the souls of those slain in battle will be guided by the Valkyries, battle maidens, to Valhalla, Odin's enormous and majestic hall: the other half go to Fólkvangr, Freyja's realm. Odin was known in Old English as Wōden, in Old Saxon as Wōdan, and in Old High German as Wuotan or Wōtan, all of which stem from the reconstructed Proto-Germanic *wōđanaz. 

The modern English weekday name Wednesday bears the god’s name. (from Old English Wōdnesdæg, “Wōden’s day”).

Family
Odin is the son of Borr and the jötunn Bestla. He is married to the goddess Frigg, by whom he is the father of the twin gods Baldr and Höðr. With the giantesses Gríðr and Rindr, Odin has two other sons named Víðarr and Váli. His eldest son is Thor, god of thunder, born to him by Jörð, the personification of the Earth.

Related pics
Saturn - Roman mythology equivalent to Odin
Kronos - Greek equivalent to Odin

Other websites 
 Odin -Citizendium 

Norse gods and goddesses
Qazi Muhammad

Qazi Muhammad (1893-1947) was the Nationalist and Religious Kurdish leader and the Head of Republic of Mahabad (Republic of Kurdistan), the second modern Kurdish state in the Middle East (after Republic of Ararat). He acted as the president of the Russian backed Republic of Mahabad, in Kurdistan of Iran (Eastern Kurdistan) in 1946. He was also the founder of the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran. A year later, the Kurdish national movement (Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd) that he helped organize was crushed by Iran's central government. The Iranian military court sentenced him to death, and he was hanged in Chuwarchira Square in the center of city of Mahabad at   March 30 1947. Mustafa Barzani, the father of nationalist Kurdish movement in Iraqi Kurdistan (Southern Kurdistan), was the defence minister in his cabinet. One of his sons Ali Qazi is today an active member in the kurdish movement.

Literature
Archie Roosevelt, Jr., "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad" ,Middle East Journal, no. 1 (July 1947), pp. 247-69

1893 births
1947 deaths
History of Iran
Kurdish politicians
Brine

Brine is water that has more than 5% salt in it. It is used for preserving food. For this it is much like vinegar or sugar. Brine is also used to transport heat. Adding salt to water lowers the freezing point of the water. The solubility of salt in water depends on temperature. At 15.5 ° Celsius, a saturated solution of brine can hold 26.4 % salt by weight. At 0°, it can hold 23.3% salt.

Brines also have some pharmaceutical properties, which can be used to treat people, especially those with diseases of the skin, allergies and common colds.

Related pages
Salinity
Salt water

References

Food preservation
Medicine
1855



Events 
 January 1 – London, Ontario is incorporated as a city.
 January 23 – The first bridge over the Mississippi River opens in what is now Minneapolis, Minnesota, a crossing made today by the Father Louis Hennepin Bridge.
 January 23 – The region of Wairarapa, New Zealand was hit by the strongest earthquake ever recorded in New Zealand, which reached Magnitude 8.1 on the Richter Scale. There were five deaths.
 January 29 – Lord Aberdeen resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom over the management of the Crimean War.
 February 5 – Lord Palmerston becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 February 11 – Kassa Hailu is crowned Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia, by Abuna Salama III in a ceremony at the church of Derasge Maryam.
 March 3 – US Congress appropriates $30,000 to create US Camel Corps
 March 16 – Bates College in Lewiston, Maine was founded.
 May 15 – The Great Gold Robbery of 1855 in England
 June 29 – The Daily Telegraph begins publication
 September 3 – Last Bartholomew Fair on London, England
 September 11 – Sevastapol falls to the British troops
 December 22 – Metropolitan Board of Works established.
 Stamp duty was removed from newspapers in Britain creating mass market media in the UK.
 The Panama Railway becomes the first railroad to connect the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean by rail as the railroad's route across Panama is completed.

Births 
May 10-Sri Yukteswar Giri, Indian guru
Aladdin

Aladdin is a fictional person from the story Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp, which is part of the Book of One Thousand and One Nights.

Story

The young man Aladdin is told by a sorcerer (magician), who is pretending to be his uncle, to get him an oil lamp from a cave. Aladdin gets the lamp, but the sorcerer tries to trick him. So, Aladdin keeps the lamp for himself. Aladdin learns that inside the lamp there is a djinn. The djinn can fulfill every wish of the lamp's owner. With the djinn's help, Aladdin becomes rich and powerful and marries a princess. 

The sorcerer returns and tricks Aladdin's wife into giving him the magic lamp. Aladdin finds out that in a ring he has, there is another djinn. This djinn helps Aladdin defeat the sorcerer, get back the magic lamp, and save his wife.

Adaptions (new versions of the story)
There have been different versions of the story:
 Nicolas Isouard wrote an opera from it in 1822. 
 There is a ballet version by Michael François Hoguet. That version was done in 1854. Wenzel Gährich contributed the music to the ballet version. 
 There is a film The Thief of Bagdad. It was shot in 1940. It was one of the first films to use Technicolor. 
 There is a Bollywood version Aladdin and Sinbad. In it, both characters meet and participate in the adventures of each other. The djinn is female. In the end Aladdin marries her (rather than the princess).
 Disney also made a version of Aladdin, who appeared in several adaptions. In the Disney film Aladdin, he is a smart young thief in the fictional city of Agrabah. He meets and falls in love with the Sultan's daughter, Jasmine, an independent soul who, much like Aladdin, wants to escape from her current life. Jafar, the Sultan's evil advisor, tricks Aladdin into helping him find a magic lamp, which ends up with Aladdin and his monkey and friend, Abu. The lamp's occupant is a lunatic, shape-shifting genie, who promises his master three wishes, and though he cannot make Jasmine fall in love with Aladdin – he can make things easier for him. By making Aladdin look like rich and handsome Prince Ali, Aladdin does not impress the Princess, and discovers that it was his true self she liked him all along. Using his own smartness and courage, Aladdin defeats Jafar and his evil plans, becoming a prince.

Fictional characters
Nirvana

In Buddhism, Nirvana is the state of perfect peace free from reincarnation reached by not wanting more than you have. It means happiness and peace. It is every Buddhist's goal to achieve Nirvana. The Buddha described it as:
“the far shore, the subtle, the very difficult to see, the unaging, the stable, the undisintegrating, the unmanifest, the unproliferated, the peaceful, the deathless, the sublime, the auspicious, the secure, the destruction of craving, the wonderful, the amazing, the unailing, the unailing state, the unafflicted, dispassion, purity, freedom, the unadhesive, the island, the shelter, the asylum, the refuge...” (SN 43:14)

Related pages 
Moksha

Other websites 
 Nibbana  - excerpts from the Pali Tripitaka defining Nirvana
  "Nirvana Sutra": full English translation of the "Nirvana Sutra" and appreciation of its teachings.
 Buddha - A Hero's Journey to Nirvana
 Salvation Versus Liberation, A Buddhist View of Paradise Worlds
 In-depth explanation of Nibbana according to the Pali Canon 
  Explanation of Nibbana according to dmc 
 Mind Like Fire Unbound - a discussion of fire imagery as used in the Buddha's time
 A Buddhist practice based on the four stages of the Buddha's enlightenment that lead him to Nirvana
 Nirvana - a modern scientific view.

Buddhist terminology
British Virgin Islands

The British Virgin Islands are part of the Virgin Islands, which are chain of islands in the Caribbean, the territory is part of the United Kingdom. The British Virgin Islands are the Eastern half of the island chain, and they are a British Overseas Territory. The British Virgin Islands has sixteen islands which people live on. They have more than twenty  islands with no inhabitants (people). Over 22,000 people live there, which is many fewer than the neighbouring United States Virgin Islands.

The capital city, Road Town, is on Tortola, one of the islands in the group.  Most of the people live on Tortola, but the other main inhabited islands (islands with people) are Anegada, Virgin Gorda and Jost Van Dyke.

History 
The islands were originally lived in by Caribbean Indians called Arawaks. By the time the first European explorers discovered the British Virgin Islands all of the Arawaks had left. The first Europeans to try and settle in the British Virgin Islands were the Dutch, but the English came soon after and the English and the Dutch settlers used to fight. The Spanish also claimed the islands, but no Spanish people ever tried to settle there. But the Spanish did attack the British and Dutch settlers.

In 1672 the British took control of the islands during a war against the Dutch and they have held on to them ever since.

During the early years after European settlement the British Virgin Islands was a plantation economy which relied heavily upon slave labour. After slavery was abolished in the British Virgin Islands there was a long period of decline and many people left. Those who remained were mostly descended from African slaves, although many of them also left to try and find better lives elsewhere.

In the 1950s the British Virgin Islands got its own government, and the economy of the islands began to get better with the introduction of tourism and financial services.

Government 
The British Virgin Islands are mostly indepependent, but some parts of the Government is run by the United Kingdom.

A new constitution was introduced in 2007. It grants more control over everyday life to the Islanders, and lists the protection a person can expect from the government. The head of Government in the British Virgin Islands is called the Premier, and he is in charge of a group of ministers of Government which is called the Cabinet. Laws are passed by a group of elected politicians in the House of Assembly. Most of the international relations are still dealt with by the British Government in London on behalf of the people of the British Virgin Islands.

Economy 
Most people in the British Virgin Islands work in the tourist trade or in financial services. There are also a small number of farmers and fishermen.

References

Other websites

A visual guide to the British Virgin Islands
Mexico (state)

The state of México is one of the administrative divisions of the country of Mexico. It is one of 32 administrative divisions. It is in the centre of the country. It borders Hidalgo, Querétaro, Tlaxcala, Puebla, Michoacán, Morelos and Guerrero as well as Mexico City. The capital of the state is Toluca. Its biggest city is Ecatepec de Morelos, which borders Mexico Federal district. Teotihuacan is also in this state. It is about 21.355 km²  in surface. About 14 million people live there as of 2005.

 
States of Mexico
Constantine

Constantine can mean:
Constantine I, a Roman (Byzantine) Emperor

Constantine, a movie with Keanu Reeves

fi:Konstantinus
Sean Lennon

is an American actor, musician, singer and writer.

Lennon was born on October 9, 1975 at New York Hospital in New York City, He is the son of John Lennon and his second wife Yoko Ono. He is Japanese on his mother's side and English, Welsh and Irish on his father's side. This makes him Eurasian. He has the same birthday as his father.

Lennon is currently dating model/musician Charlotte Muel.  Lennon had been engaged to musican Bijou Phillips.

Groups involved in
Lennon has worked  with Mark Ronson and childhood friend Jordan Galland.
He has been a member of the groups Cibo Matto, Ghost of a Saber Toothed Tiger and Dopo Yume.

Filmography

References 

1975 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American rock guitarists
John Lennon
Musicians from New York City
Singer-songwriters from New York
Singers from New York City
Wallonia

Wallonia (, ) or the Walloon Region (French: Région wallonne) is a French-speaking region in the south of Belgium. Its official languages are French (98%) and German (2%). Many people understand the local language Walloon, some still speak it, and few people write it. German is spoken mainly in the area of the German-speaking Community of Belgium.

The capital of the region is Namur. Other important cities are: Liège, Charleroi, Mons, Tournai and Verviers.

French speaking Walloons share the French community with French speaking people of Brussels.

Current Minister-President of the Walloon Government is Willy Borsus.

Wallonia is one of three regions in Belgium. The other two regions are Flanders (or Flemish Region) and Brussels-Capital Region.
1610s



Events 
 Start of the Golden Age of the Netherlands.
 Beginning of Dutch colonization of North America
The King James Version of the Bible comes out.

Deaths 
William Shakespeare, English poet
1772



Events 
King Gustav III of Sweden makes a new constitution in Sweden, and gains total power.
Marquis de Sade sentenced to death.

Births 
May 20-Sir William Congreve, English inventor.
August 24 – King William I of the Netherlands

Deaths 
March 29 – Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish thinker and mathematician
John Denver

Henry John Deutschendorf Jr. (December 31, 1943 – October 12, 1997) was an American musician and songwriter. He was of German and Irish ancestry. He was very popular in the 1970s. He died when the plane he was flying crashed in California.

Denver began his music career with folk music groups during the late 1960s. By 1974, he was one of America's best-selling performers, and AllMusic has described Denver as "among the most beloved entertainers of his era"  On 12 October 1997, John Denver died in a plane crash aged 53.

Studio albums

Awards and recognition 
Academy of Country Music

 1974 Album of the Year for Back Home Again

American Music Awards

 1975 Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist
 1976 Favorite Country Album for Back Home Again
 1976 Favorite Country Male Artist

Country Music Association

 1975 Entertainer of the Year
 1975 Song of the Year for "Back Home Again"

Emmy Awards

 1975 Emmy for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special for An Evening With John Denver

Grammy Awards

 1997 Best Musical Album For Children for All Aboard!
 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame Award for "Take Me Home, Country Roads"

Songwriters Hall of Fame

 Inducted in 1996

Death 
On 12 October 1997, a lite plane Denver was piloting, crashed into Monterey Bay, killing him. Denver was 53 years old; his remains were cremated, and his ashes were scattered in the Rocky Mountains.

References 

1943 births
1997 deaths
American country guitarists
American country singers
American folk musicians
American pop musicians
American singer-songwriters
Singers from New Mexico
Aviation deaths in the United States
Musicians from New Mexico
Writers from New Mexico
Roswell, New Mexico
Namur (city)

Namur (, ) is a city in Belgium. It is both the capital of the province with the same name, as well as of Wallonia, one of the three administrative regions of Belgium. It is in the French-speaking part of Belgium. 

In 2012, there were 112'246 people in Namur.

Namur is at 50° 27 North, 04° 51 East.

References
Windows ME

Windows ME is the Millennium Edition of the Microsoft Windows operating system. Windows ME is based on Windows 98. Windows Me was based on MS-DOS (as were Windows 98 and Windows 95), and is meant for people using computers in their homes. Windows 2000 and Windows ME are similar in looks, but Windows ME has features that families find useful, while Windows 2000 was meant for businesses, although many home users also used Windows 2000 especially after Windows ME got bad reviews.

It was released in the year 2000, and thus was called Windows Millennium Edition. It was the last Windows to be based on MS-DOS. Unlike Windows 2000, Windows ME generally got negative reviews due to bugs and incompatible hardware. Support and updates for Windows ME (and Windows 98) ended in 2006, whereas Windows 2000 was supported until 2010.

References

Microsoft operating systems