cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
University at Buffalo

The State University of New York at Buffalo is a public university in Buffalo, New York. It is the largest university in a group called the "State University of New York" or "SUNY."

Sports
The Buffalo Bulls are the sports teams that play for the university at Buffalo. The NCAA Division I teams play in the Mid-American Conference. Their colors are blue and white. The mascot name is Victor E. Bull.

The football team plays in UB Stadium. Basketball plays in Alumni Arena. Baseball is played at Amherst Audubon Field.

References

 

Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in New York
Mid-American Conference
Buffalo, New York
Rock Band (video game)

Rock Band is a music video game developed by Harmonix Music Systems, published by MTV Games, and distributed by EA Distribution. It was released on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, and the Wii.

This game comes with a guitar controller, a drum set, and a microphone. Up to four people can play the game on the screen, playing drums, vocals, bass, keyboard and guitar.

References 

2007 video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
Wii games
Rock Band series
Excelsior of Brooklyn

The Brooklyn Excelsiors were an amateur baseball team that played in Brooklyn, New York. They formed in 1854.

Other websites 
19th Century Baseball
BR Bullpen

Baseball teams
Brooklyn
Sports in New York City
1854 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in New York (state)
Association of American Universities

The Association of American Universities (AAU) is a group of the leading research and education universities. Its members are 59 universities in the United States (both public and private) and two universities in Canada.

This is a list of colleges and universities in the Association of American Universities:

Public

University of Arizona
University at Buffalo
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Davis
University of California, Irvine
University of California, Los Angeles
University of California, San Diego
University of California, Santa Barbara
University of Colorado at Boulder
University of Florida
Georgia Institute of Technology
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Indiana University
University of Iowa
Iowa State University
University of Kansas
McGill University (Canada)
University of Maryland
University of Michigan
Michigan State University
University of Minnesota
University of Missouri
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Ohio State University
University of Oregon
Pennsylvania State University
University of Pittsburgh
Purdue University
Rutgers University
Stony Brook University
University of Texas at Austin
Texas A&M University
University of Toronto (Canada)
University of Virginia
University of Washington
University of Wisconsin-Madison

Private

Brandeis University
Brown University
California Institute of Technology
Carnegie Mellon University
Case Western Reserve University
University of Chicago
Columbia University
Cornell University
Duke University
Emory University
Harvard University
Johns Hopkins University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
New York University
Northwestern University
University of Pennsylvania
Princeton University
Rice University
University of Rochester
University of Southern California
Stanford University
Tulane University
Vanderbilt University
Washington University in St. Louis
Yale University

References
Heiko Westermann

Heiko Westermann (born August 14, 1983 in Wasserlos, Germany) is a German footballer of FC Schalke 04. On the German national football team, he made three matches and no goals.

Club career stats

Other websites 
 Player profile - Kicker.de 
 Career stats at fussballdaten.de 

1983 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Bavaria
Pope Pius XII

Pope Pius XII (; ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 261st Pope from 1939 to 1958.

Early life 
Pacelli was born on 2 March 1876 in Rome, Italy. He studied at the Capranica Seminary and the Pontifical Gregorian University. In 1895, he earned a degree in Theology.

Priest
Pacelli was ordained as a priest on 2 April 1899. In 1904, he was raised to the rank of Monsignor.  He worked at the Office of the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs.

Bishop
In 1917, Pope Benedict XV appointed him an archbishop and nuncio to Bavaria, Germany.

Cardinal
Pope Pius XI raised Pacelli to the rank of Cardinal in December 1929.

In February 1930, Cardinal Pacelli became the Vatican Secretary of State.

Pope
Cardinal Pacelli was elected Pope on 2 March 1939, which was his 63th birthday.

Pius  XII wrote forty-one official papal letters (encylicals).

Pius XII named forty-two new cardinals.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites 

 Vatican webpage, Pius XII biography 
 Critical Online Edition of the Nuncial Reports of Eugenio Pacelli (1917–1929)
 Tomb of Pius XII
  Catholic hierarchy, Pope Pius XII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Pacelli 

1876 births
1958 deaths
Italian popes
People from Rome
Venerated Catholics
Tamburello

Tamburello or pallatamburello is a traditional sport of Italy since 16th century. It has this name because they play with a roundish and oval tool named tamburello or tambourine in English language. Various forms of tamburello are popular in several nations of the world currently.

Forms

Tamburello open 
This form is also named classic and each team regularly has 5 players in open playing field 80 metres long and 20 large. Players use roundish tambourines during actions and they serve with oval tambourines. A rubber ball of 88 grams is used and the team which wins 13 games is final winner of the match: each game consists of 4 points. Professional Italian tamburello league is top level of competitions: in 2002 14 teams competed. A variant is played in a kind of stadium, with lateral wall, named sferisterio or sferodromo in Italian language.

Tamburello indoor 
Three players regularly form a side in indoor shorted courts.

Tambutennis 
Two players regularly form a side in courts divided by a net like tennis.

Tambeach 
One or two players regularly form a side on beach courts divided by a net like beach tennis.

Related pages
Palla

References

Other websites 
Italian manufacturer of tambourines

Video 
Open or 5 players a side 
Indoor or 3 players a side 
Tambutennis or 2 players a side
Tambeach

Team sports
Caniformia

Caniformia is a suborder of the order Carnivora. It contains all the dog-like mammals: Unlike the cat-like Feliformia, these animals have claws that are unable to contract. This group contains bears, seals, and true dogs, and more. 

The other suborder of Carnivora is the cat-like Feliformia.

Classification 
 Suborder Caniformia ("dog-like")
 Family Canidae: Foxes, Wolves, and Dogs
 Family Ursidae: Bears
 Family Ailuridae: Red Panda
 Family Mephitidae: Skunks
 Family Mustelidae: Weasels, Otters, and Badgers
 Family Procyonidae: Raccoons
 Superfamily Pinnipedia
 Family Odobenidae: Walruses
 Family Otariidae: Eared seals
 Family Phocidae: Earless seals

Cladogram

Other websites 

 Taxonomicon
Attribute-value system

An attribute-value system is a basic knowledge representation framework comprising a table with columns designating "attributes" (also known as "properties", "predicates," "features," "dimensions," "characteristics" or "independent variables" depending on the context) and rows designating "objects" (also known as "entities," "instances," "exemplars," "elements" or "dependent variables.").  Each table cell therefore designates the value (also known as "state") of a particular attribute of a particular object.

Example of attribute-value system
Below is a sample attribute-value system.  It represents 10 objects (rows) and five features (columns).  In this example, the table contains only integer values.  In general, an attribute-value system may contain any kind of data, numeric or otherwise.  An attribute-value system is distinguished from a simple "feature list" representation in that each feature in an attribute-value system may possess a range of values (e.g., feature  below, which has domain of {0,1,2}), rather than simply being present or absent 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30%" border="1"
|+ Sample Attribute-Value System
! Object !!  !!  !!  !!  !! 
|-
! 
| 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
! 
| 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
! 
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
! 
| 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1
|-
! 
| 2 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1
|-
! 
| 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 2
|-
! 
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
! 
| 0 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 1
|-
! 
| 2 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 2
|-
! 
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
|}

Other terms used for "attribute-value system"
Attribute-value systems are pervasive throughout many different literatures, and have been discussed under many different names:
Flat data
Spreadsheet
Attribute-value system (Ziarko & Shan 1996)
Information system (Pawlak 1981)
Classification system (Ziarko 1998)
Knowledge representation system (Wong & Ziarko 1986)
Information table (Yao & Yao 2002)
Object-predicate table (Watanabe 1985)
Aristotelian table (Watanabe 1985)
Simple frames 
First normal form database

Related pages
Bayes networks
Entity-Attribute-Value model
Joint distribution
Knowledge representation
Optimal classification
Rough set

References 
 

Modeling
Tim Henman

Timothy Henry "Tim" Henman OBE (born 6 September 1974) is an English retired tennis player, born in Oxford.

He reached the semi finals of Wimbledon many times, the first British tennis player to do so since the 1970s. He reached six grand slam semi finals and won eleven titles in his career. He once was ranked number four in the world.
He was sponsored by Adidas and Slazenger. He retired in 2007 as England's most successful tennis player of the last twenty years.

Personal life 
Henman comes from a sporting family. His mother and father were both interested in tennis and his grandfather played at Wimbledon in the 1940s and 50s. His grandmother also played mixed doubles at Wimbledon with his grandfather on two occasions.

Henman got 10 GCSEs at school and went into tennis training afterwards. He was told by doctors he had a type of bone disease in 1992. He carried on playing tennis anyway and he became professional aged 18 in 1992. In 1999 Henman married his long-term girlfriend Lucy Heald. The couple have three daughters: Rose, Olivia and Grace.

Playing career 
Henman moved up the rankings very fast. By 1994, one year after becoming professional, he was 200th in the world.
By 1996 he was in the top thirty. In 1995 he became the first player ever to be disqualified from the Wimbledon tournament. Because he was angry during a match he hit the ball very hard at a ball girl and it hit her on the head.

In 1998, he was ranked one of the ten best tennis players in the world. In the same year he also reached the Wimbledon semi-final. In 2001 he had a good year at Wimbledon beating Roger Federer in straight sets. He reached the semi final only to be beaten by eventual winner Goran Ivanišević. In 2004 he reached the semi finals of Roland Garros in France but lost to Guillermo Coria. Towards the end of his career Henman did not play so well. He ended up falling to 63 in the world rankings. In 2005 he was knocked out of the second round of Wimbledon by Roger Federer. He also had a lot of injuries at this time, including many at important points in matches.

He got an OBE in 2003 and was painted by royal artist Christian Furr in 2005.

Henman's last Wimbledon was a disappointment. He went out in the second round to Feliciano López of Spain. Shortly after he announced his retirement. He had a press conference on 23 August 2007 to make it official.

References

Other websites 

 Official Site
 Picture of Henman 

1974 births
British male tennis players
British Olympic silver medalists
English sportspeople
Living people
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Oxfordshire
Lasi

Lasi is the name of a tribe and a part of Sindh. It is in southeast Balochistan Province, Las Bela District, about 80 miles north northwest of Karachi. The population was 15,000 in 1998. Another name for this area is Saraiki.

Sindh
Pakistani tribes
Ormuri

Ormuri () is an East Iranian language spoken in the city of Kaniguram in Pakistan. It may also be spoken by a few people in Logar, Afghanistan. It is notable for its unusual sound inventory. This includes a voiceless alveolar trill and voiced and unvoiced alveolo-palatal fricatives.

References

Languages of Pakistan
Languages of Afghanistan
Sansi

Sansi is a language  spoken in Pakistan and the Republic of India.

Languages of Pakistan
Languages of India
Indo-Aryan languages
Sindhi language

Sindhi ( سنڌي, Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is a province of Pakistan. It is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 41 million people in Pakistan and 12 million in the Republic of India. It was the "mother tongue" of Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Related pages
Languages of Pakistan

Other websites 

 Sindhi Tutorial
 SindhiLanguage.com
 Sindhi Script History and Script
 Daily Sindh Hyderabad A Newspaper in sindhi Language

Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of Pakistan
Languages of India
Burig

The Burig (or Purik), are a group of Tibetan Muslims, who live south of the Balti in Ladakh. Most of them live in Ladakh and Baltistan, mostly in Kargil, although many live in Leh.

Pakistani people
West Pakistan

The province of West Pakistan was created on 14 October 1955 by the merger of the provinces, states and tribal areas of the western wing. The province was composed of twelve divisions and the provincial capital was established at Lahore. The province of East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan with the provincial capital at Dacca. The federal government moved in 1959 from Karachi to Rawalpindi (provisional capital until Islamabad was finished), whilst the federal legislature moved to DACCA.

West Pakistan formed a block whose people seemed homogeneous (similar to each other). However, the new region included people of different ethnicities and languages. The "One Unit Policy" was regarded as a rational administrative reform which would reduce spending and eliminate provincial prejudices. However with the military coup of 1958, trouble loomed for the province when the office of Chief Minister was abolished and the President took over executive powers for West Pakistan. The province of West Pakistan was dissolved in July 1970 by President Yahya Khan.

General elections held in December 1970 saw the Awami League under Mujibur Rahman win an overall majority of seats in parliament (all but two of the 162 seats allocated to East Pakistan). The Awami League advocated greater autonomy (or self-rule) for East Pakistan, but the military government did not permit Mujibur Rahman to form a government.

Stamp showing both the East and west divisions of Pakistan Before the secession of Bangladesh. On March 25th 1971, West Pakistan began a civil war to subdue the democratic victory of East Pakistanis. This began the war between the Pakistani military and the Mukhti Bahini. The resulting refugee crisis led to the intervention by India, eventually leading to the surrender of the Pakistani Army. East Pakistan suffered a genocide of its Bengali population. East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh on December 16, 1971. The term West Pakistan became redundant.

Related pages
 Dominion of Pakistan

References 

20th century in Pakistan
Former subdivisions of Pakistan
1947 establishments in Asia
1970 disestablishments
1970s disestablishments in Asia
Ferozpur District

Ferozepur () founded by Firuz Shah Tughluq is a district in the Indian state of Punjab. The district is the oldest British district of Punjab. It was created in 1833 as district headquarters and was part of the earstwhile Lahore Division (now in Pakistan). 

Ferozepur has easy access by road and rail to other places such as Lahore, Okara, Kasur, Multan. The area is a center of many holy shrines and historic places. At the city of Zira, a Jain Swetambar Temple with very old brass icons and beautiful wall murals is located.

In addition to cotton and grain cultivation and agriculture-related services, Firozpur has some light manufacturing. Commercial progress is limited because it is very near the border between India and Pakistan.

Administration
The district is administratively divided into the following tehsils:

 Guru Har Sahai Tehsil
 Firozpur Tehsil
 Zira Tehsil

Districts of British India
Districts of Punjab, India
Pathankot

Pathankot (, ) is a city and a municipal committee in Gurdaspur district in the Punjab State of India. It is the fifth largest city in the state of Punjab in terms of population.

Pathankot is a meeting point of the Punjab region and considered a disputed territory by the United Nations. It is the last city in Punjab on the national highway that connects Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of Pakistan and India. This bestows strategic importance on the city. It is a major base for the defence forces, the Indian army and air force. It has the largest military base in the whole of Asia.

Due to its ideal location, Pathankot serves as a travel hub for the three northerly states. In the scenic foothills of Kangra and Dalhousie, with the river Chakki flowing close by, the city is often used as a rest-stop before heading into the Himalayan mountains of Kashmir, Dalhousie, Chamba, and Kangra.

Settlements in Punjab, India
Cities in India
Yonex

() is a Japanese maker of  sporting equipment for badminton, golf and tennis, making racquets, clubs, shoes, shuttlecocks, and other equipment for those sports.

Other websites 
Official company website

Companies of Japan
Sports equipment
1946 establishments in Asia
1940s establishments in Japan
Bangladesh Liberation War

The Bangladesh Liberation War ( Muktijuddho) was a revolutionary war for the independence of Bangladesh in 1971. The war was between East Pakistan (later with the help of India) and West Pakistan and lasted nine months.

There were large-scale atrocities in the war. Ten million refugees left the country, beand 30 million people left their homes.

The war started on 26 March 1971 and finished on 16 December. A category 3 cyclone also happened during the war.

Ghulam Azam and Motiur Rahman Nizami were convicted for war crimes as a result of the war. Azam died before a final hearing. Nizami was executed for his crimes in May 2016.

Sources 

 
Wars involving India
Wars involving Pakistan
Wars of independence
1971 in Bangladesh
1971 in Pakistan
Toray Pan Pacific Open

The Toray Pan Pacific Open (東レ・パン・パシフィック・テニス) is a WTA Tour of tennis tournaments for women. It is held every year since 1984 in Tokyo, Japan.

Past finals

Singles

Doubles

Other websites 
Official tournament website

Tennis tournaments
Peter Potamus

Peter Potamus is a cartoon made by Hanna-Barbera.  It was first shown on television on September 16, 1964. The main characters are a friendly purple hippopotamus called Peter Potamus and his friend So-So the monkey.  Together they explore the world in a time-traveling hot-air balloon.  Peter has a special "Hippo Hurricane Holler" that helps him blow away his enemies.

References

Animated characters
Animated television series
1964 television series debuts
1966 television series endings
Hanna-Barbera characters
1960s American animated television series‏‎
Muscovy duck

The Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) is a duck from Mexico. Its common name muscovy duck comes from commerce with Russia. It is related to Aix, a species of shelduck.

Other website
Auk 

Ducks
Feliformia

Feliformia is a suborder in the mammal order Carnivora. It contains all the Felidae, which are cat-like animals. The suborder also contains the relatives of the cats, which includes hyaenas, civets, and more. There are six families, twelve subfamilies, 56 genera and 114 species in the Feliformia suborder now.

Molecular phylogeny shows the Feliformia is monophyletic. The other suborder of Carnivora is the dog-like Caniformia.

Taxonomy 
 Suborder Feliformia ("cat-like")
 Family Eupleridae: Fossa and others
 Family Felidae: Cats
 Subfamily Felinae
 Subfamily Pantherinae
 Family Nandiniidae:
 Genus Nandinia: African palm civet
 Family Viverridae: Civet cats, Genets etc.
 Family Hyaenidae: Hyaenas
 Subfamily Hyaeninae
 Subfamily Protelinae
 Family Herpestidae: Mongooses
 Family Primodontidae: Asiatic linsang
 Family Eupleridae: Varied group, endemic to Madagascar

 †Barbourofelidae: Miocene "false" sabre-tooths 
 †Nimravidae: "false" sabre-tooths, from Eocene to end Miocene.
 †Stenoplesictidae: Civet-like animals
 †Percrocutidae: hyaena-like forms from the Miocene to later Pliocene

Cladogram

References 

1. Taxonomic references extant species (a); supporting descriptive information and pictures: Diversity Web (online) - Feliformia.
2. Taxonomic references extant species (b): ITIS Integrated Taxonomic Information System
3. Fossil record data (with taxonomic references) extant and extinct species: The Paleaobiology Database
4. Supporting taxonomic references extant and extinct species: Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Suborder Feliformia 
5. Gina D. Wesley-Hunt and John J. Flynn 2005: Phylogeny of The Carnivora
6a. Anne D. Yoder and John J. Flynn 2003: Origin of Malagasy Carnivora 
6b. Yoder, A., M. Burns, S. Zehr, T. Delefosse, G. Veron, S. Goodman, J. Flynn. 2003: Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor – Letters to Nature
7. Philippe Gaubert, W. Chris Wozencraft, Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela and Géraldine Veron. 2005 - Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies: What's in a Viverrid-Like Carnivoran?

Other websites
Eared seal

An eared seal or otariid is Phocidae's family Otariidae.

Taxonomy 
Family Otariidae (Eared seals)
Genus Arctocephalus (Fur seals)
Genus Callorhinus
Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus)
Genus Eumetopias
Steller Sea Lion or Northern Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus)
Genus Neophoca
Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea) 
Genus Otaria
South American Sea Lion or Southern Sea Lion (Otaria flavescens, formerly Otaria byronia) 
Genus Phocarctos
New Zealand Sea Lion (Phocarctos hookeri)
Genus Zalophus
California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)

Other websites 

Pinnipeds
Earless seal

The earless seals or true seals are Otariidae's family Phocidae, one of the three pinniped families.

Taxonomy 
 Family Phocidae
 Subfamily Monachinae
 Tribe Monachini
 Genus Monachus
 Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus)
 Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
 Caribbean Monk Seal (Monachus tropicalis) †
 Genus Mirounga: Elephant seals
 Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)
 Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina)
 Tribe Lobodontini
 Genus Ommatophoca
 Ross Seal (Ommatophoca rossii)
 Genus Lobodon
 Crabeater Seal (Lobodon carcinophagus)
 Genus Hydrurga
 Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)
 Genus Leptonychotes
 Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)
 Subfamily Phocinae
 Genus Cystophora
 Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata)
 Genus Erignathus
 Bearded Seal (Erignathus barbatus)
 Genus Histriophoca
 Ribbon Seal (Histriophoca fasciata)
 Genus Phoca
 Spotted Seal (Phoca largha)
 Common Seal or Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina)
 Harp Seal (Phoca groenlandica, formerly Pagophilus groenlandicus)
 Genus Pusa
 Ringed Seal (Pusa hispida, formerly Phoca hispida)
 Caspian Seal (Pusa caspica, formerly Phoca caspica)
 Nerpa or Baikal Seal (Pusa sibirica, formerly Phoca sibirica)
 Genus Halichoerus
 Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus)

Other websites 

Pinnipeds
Ernst Mayr

Ernst Walter Mayr (July 5, 1904, Kempten, Germany – February 3, 2005, Bedford, Massachusetts), was a German American scientist. He was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists. He was also a well-known taxonomist, tropical explorer, ornithologist, historian of science, and naturalist. He was a leading contributor to the modern evolutionary synthesis. He was especially interested in how new species formed.

Mayr joined the faculty of Harvard University in 1953, where he also served as director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology from 1961 to 1970. He retired in 1975 as emeritus professor of zoology, showered with honors.

After his retirement, he went on to publish more than 200 articles, in a variety of journals—more than some reputable scientists publish in their entire careers; 14 of his 25 books were published after he was 65. Even as a centenarian, he continued to write books.

Mayr was awarded the Linnean Society's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1958. He was never awarded a Nobel Prize, because there is no such prize for evolutionary biology. He commented that Darwin would not have received one, either. Mayr did win a 1999 Crafoord Prize. That prize honors basic research in fields that do not qualify for Nobel awards, and is administered by the same organization as the Nobel Prize.

Speciation 
Neither Darwin nor anyone else in his time knew the answer to the species problem: how species could evolve from a single common ancestor.

Ernst Mayr approached the problem with a definition for the concept species. He wrote that a species is not just a group of individuals that look similar, but a group that can breed only among themselves.

When populations of organisms get isolated, the sub-populations will start to differ as time goes by. This way, they will evolve into new species. The most rapid genetic reorganization occurs in small populations which have been isolated. This happens if a species gets trapped on an island, for example. Or, perhaps, if the species lives in more than one environment.

Today, it is accepted that reproductive isolation is by far the most frequent cause of species splitting, and that geographical separation is the most frequent cause of this isolation. This was Mayr's most characteristic idea. Debate continues over the extent to which speciation occurs when a population is not so isolated.

Some books 
 
 
 
 Mayr, Ernst and William B. Provine (eds) 1980. The evolutionary synthesis. Harvard University Press, reprinted 1998 with new preface as .

References 

1904 births
2005 deaths
American centenarians
American evolutionary biologists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
German centenarians
German evolutionary biologists
Ornithologists
People from Bavaria
Ovis

Ovis is a genus of the subfamily Caprinae, of the family Bovidae. The wild sheep and domestic sheep and other animals like it belong to this genus. There are 5 or more animals in this genus.

Taxonomy 
 Genus Ovis
 Ovis orientalis group
 Ovis orientalis
 Mouflon (Ovis orientalis orientalis group)
 Domestic sheep (Ovis aries or Ovis orientalis aries)
 Urial (Ovis orientalis vignei group)
 Argali or mountain sheep (Ovis ammon)
 Ovis canadensis group
 Snow sheep (Ovis nivicola)
 Thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli)
Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli)
Stone sheep (Ovis dalli stonei)
 Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)

These are the main species of ovis.

References

Other websites 

Caprids
Gunnar Nordström

Gunnar Nordström (12 March 1881, Helsinki – 24 December 1923, Helsinki) was a Finnish physicist. He is best known for his theory of gravitation, which was a competitor of Albert Einstein's general relativity. In 1914, Nordström added a space dimension to his theory. This described gravity and electromagnetism at the same time. Unluckily, Theodor Kaluza and Oskar Klein have got most attetion on this subject. Nordström is not well known in his own home country, but what he has done is known well in other countries. Some Finnish authors call Nordström as Finnish Einstein.

Nordström was born in Helsinki, the capital of Finland during the time when Finland was part of Russian Empire). He studied at University of Helsinki and completed his dissertation in 1908. Before this, he studied for some time in Göttingen where he met the world's best scientists. After this, he became a professor at the university. In 1910, he started his trip in Europe. He visited at Zürich, Berlin, Vienna, and Leyden. During his time in the Netherlands, he married Cornelia van Leeuwen. They had three children. 

Nordström was very close friend to Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr. He died at Helsinki in 1923 because of radioactivity. In that time, radioactivity was thought to have healing effects.

1881 births
1923 deaths

Physicists
Scientists from Helsinki
Pope Pius XI

Pope Pius XI (; , 31 May 1857–10 February 1939),  born Achille Ratti, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 260th Pope from 1922 to 1939.

Priest
Ratti was ordained as a priest in 1875.

Father Ratti was a professor at the Padua Seminary from 1882 to 1888. He worked at Ambrosian Library of Milan from 1888 to 1911; and at the Vatican Library from 1911-1914.

Bishop
In 1919, Pope Benedict XV made Ratti a Bishop of Lepanto.

In 1921, Benedict named him Archbishop of Milan.

Cardinal
In 1921, Ratti was made a cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Ratti was elected pope on February 6, 1922; and he chose the name Pope Pius XI.

Some of his decisions were controversial. He made 18 concordats (treaties) with foreign governments. They included the Lateran Concordat with Italy in 1929; and the Reichskoncordat with Germany in 1933.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites 

 Vatican webpage, Pius XI biography 
  Catholic hierarchy, Pope Pius XI
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Ratti

1857 births
1939 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Italian popes
Defender (football)

A defender in football is a player, who plays in at the back of the formation. There are many positions classed as a defender, mainly:

 Left Back
 Central Defender
 Right back
 Sweeper
 Full Back

The defenders are the first number when referring to formations, for example:

 4-3-3 is the formation. This formation shows that there are four defenders, three midfielders and three attackers.
 4-4-2 is the formation. This formation shows that there are four defenders, four midfielders and two attackers.
 3-4-3 is the formation. This formation shows that there are three defenders, four midfielders and three attackers.

Famous Defenders

Football (soccer) terminology
Defender

A defender is usually somebody who participates in a legal defense (legal).

Defender can also refer to:

 Defender (football), a position in association football (soccer)
 Defendant, in Scots law for civil cases
 Public defender, in American law
 Windows Defender, an anti-spyware technology

Related pages 
 
 Defenceman
 Defender of the Faith
Midfielder

A midfielder in football is a player who usually plays in the centre of the field. There are usually a number of midfielders in each team of football, and are normally split into three: attacking; central; and defending.

The midfielders are always the middle parts of the formation numbers, for example:

Position of midfielders

Attacking Midfielder
An 'attacking midfielder' is a midfielder who is often positioned between the central midfielders and the forwards. They often have a primarily offensive role. 'Playmakers' are a type of attacking midfielders.

Some famous Attacking Midfielders include Kaká, Diego Maradona, Zico, and Zinedine Zidane.

Winger
A 'winger' is a type of midfielder. They often join the strikers when the team creates attacks.'Wide Midfielders' are a variation of a winger.

Some famous Wingers include Neymar, Arjen Robben, Ronaldinho, and Lionel Messi

References 

Football (soccer) terminology
Forward

A Forward (or a Striker) is a football player who is the closest to the other team's goal. The forwards are the players that are known to score the most goals.

Coaches usually send a forward that scores all the goals (the centre forward) and sends another forward that makes the assists (second striker).

The attackers are normally the last part of the formation numbers, for example:

 4-3-3 is the formation. This formation shows that there are four defenders, three midfielders and three attackers.
 4-4-2 is the formation. This formation shows that there are four defenders, four midfielders and two attackers.
 3-4-3 is the formation. This formation shows that there are three defenders, four midfielders and three attackers.

Famous strikers 
German Bundesliga:
Gerd Müller: 365 goals
Klaus Fischer: 265 goals
Jupp Heynckes: 220 goals
Premier League:
 Alan Shearer: 260 goals
 Andrew Cole: 187 goals
 Thierry Henry: 174 goals
La Liga (Spain):
Hugo Sánchez: 234 goals
 Raúl: 228 goals
 Ligue 1 (France):
 Carlos Bianchi: 179 goals
FIFA World Cup
Miroslav Klose (Germany): 16 goals
Ronaldo (Brazil): 15 goals
Gerd Müller (Germany): 14 goals
UEFA Champions League
Raúl: 71 goals
Ruud van Nistelrooy: 60 goals
Andriy Shevchenko: 59 goals
Thierry Henry: 51 goals
Alfredo Di Stéfano: 49 goals

Football (soccer) terminology
Lollywood

Lollywood () is the name of Pakistani movie industry that is based in the city of Lahore. The name is a combination of the city's first letter with the name "Hollywood". The word "Lollywood" was first used in the summer of 1989.

Languages used in Lollywood movies
The movies made in Lollywood are usually in Urdu. Some are made in Punjabi, which is the main and official language of the province of Punjab, where Lollywood is located. Some are also in English.

Related pages
 Bollywood ("Indian Hollywood" - Hindi, Urdu and Marathi cinema)
 Jollywood (Sanskrit cinema)
 Mollywood (Malayalam cinema)
 Tollywood (Telugu cinema)
 Hollywood

Other websites
 IMDb - A database of Pakistani movies 
 IMDb - A database of Urdu language movies 
 IMDb - A database of Punjabi language movies 
 IMDb - A database of Pashtu language movies 
 IMDb - A database of Sindhi language movies 
 IMDb - A database of Balochi language movies
 IMDb - A database of Kashmiri language movies

Lahore
Cinema of Pakistan
Mugger crocodile

The mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) is also known as the marsh crocodile, broad-snouted crocodile and mugger. 

It lives in the Indian subcontinent and nearby countries. In Pakistan's coastal regions of the Makran and delta marshlands of Sindh, it is known as the Indus crocodile.  The name "Mugger" is a corruption of the Urdu word magar which means "water monster".  It is one of three crocodilians in India, the others are the saltwater crocodile (C. porosus) and gharial (Gavialis gangeticus).

Mugger crocodile hatchlings are pale olive with black spots. Adults are dark olive to grey or brown. The head is rough without any ridges.

The mugger crocodile is a medium-sized crocodilian. It has a strong tail and webbed feet. It has good sense of smell, sight and hearing. Adult female muggers are 2 to 2.5 m (6 ft 7 in to 8 ft 2 in) on average. Adult male muggers are 3 to 3.5 m (9 ft 10 in to 11 ft 6 in). They rarely grow up to 5 m (16 ft 5 in). The largest known muggers measured 5.63 m (18 ft 6 in).

Distribution and habitat 
The mugger crocodile can be found in southern Iran, Pakistan, Nepal, India and Sri Lanka, but is probably extinct in Bangladesh. It lives in freshwater lakes, rivers and marshes. It prefers slow-moving, shallow water bodies. It is also known to live in artificial reservoirs and irrigation canals.

Behaviour 
The mugger crocodile is a very strong swimmer that uses its tail and hind feet to move forward, change direction and go under the water. Its belly touches the ground at the bottom of waterbodies and on land. During the hot dry season, it walks over land at night to find better wetlands. It spends most of the day under the water. During the cold season it basks on riverbanks and they tolerate one another during this period. They are more aggressive during the mating season.

The mugger crocodile has an optimal body temperature of 30 to 35 °C (86 to 95 °F). It will die of freezing or hyperthermia when exposed to temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) or above 38 °C (100 °F). It digs burrows to get away from extreme temperatures. Burrows are between 0.6 and 6 m (2.0 and 19.7 ft) deep. Temperatures inside the burrows keep constant.

References 

Crocodilia
Reptiles of Pakistan
National symbols of Pakistan
Sikhism in Pakistan

Sikhism is a very small minority religion in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan but has many cultural, historical and political ties to the country, and to the historical region of the Punjab.

Today, Pakistan, a nation of over 170 million, is 97% Muslim, with Christians and Hindus making up the largest minority faiths, each absorbing about 1.5% of the population. Sikhs, Zoroastrians, Buddhists, members of heterodox (according to Pakistani law) Islamic faiths and some adherents to animist religions make up the remainder. Information is scarce on minority adherents. According to the CIA Fact File, there are no more than 20,000 Sikhs in Pakistan now. To put this in perspective had there not been a partition in 1947 then the region that is called Pakistan to day would have had around 13 million Sikhs.

References

religion in Pakistan
Sikhism
Banbury

Banbury is a market town on the River Cherwell in northern Oxfordshire, England.  It had a population of 43,867 at the 2001 census. Although this figure has increased greatly in recent years.  Banbury is part of the Cherwell district. The Member of Parliament for Banbury is Victoria Prentis. Banbury played an important part in the English Civil War prior to the Battle of Edge Hill, as shown by The Reindeer inn (December 2005).

Heavy clay and Ironstone deposits surround Banbury. 

The Oxfordshire Ironstone Railway (the O.I.R.) was the local railway line from Banbury to the nearby ironstone quarry at Wroxton. It was open from 1917 to 1967.

Gallery

References

Other websites

Towns in Oxfordshire
Mecha

Mecha (also known as meka or mechs) are walking vehicles run by a pilot, often shown in science fiction or fantasy with a futuristic element. Some stories, such as the Manga Patlabor and American miniatures game Battletech, also show mecha doing civilian purposes such as heavy construction work, police topics, or firefighting.

Science fiction technology
Tautology

Tautology could mean:
 Tautology (logic), a statement of propositional logic which holds for all truth values of its atomic propositions
 Tautology (rhetoric), use of redundant language

hu:Tautológia#Nyelvtudományi és irodalmi tautológia
Kochi

Kochi could mean:
 Kochi, India, a city in the state of Kerala, India, formerly known as Cochin
 Kingdom of Kochi, also known as the Kingdom of Cochin, a princely state in pre-independence India
 Kōchi Prefecture, a prefecture in Japan
 Kōchi, Kōchi, the capital city of Kochi Prefecture
 Kochi, Hiroshima, a former town in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan
 Kochi font
List of Xena: Warrior Princess episodes

The following is a complete episode list for the historical fantasy series Xena: Warrior Princess, which began airing on September 4, 1995. The series ran for six seasons and 134 episodes until its final episode aired on May 21, 2001. Three pilot episodes for the series, collectively called The Xena Trilogy, initially aired as part of the first seasons of Hercules: The Legendary Journeys. 

The show, primarily set in ancient Greece with a flexible time setting, details the adventures of former Hercules villain Xena. Now a reformed warlord on a quest to redeem her past sins, Xena is accompanied on her travels by Gabrielle, a young woman who becomes her best friend and, eventually, most trusted ally.

Seasons

Season 1 (1995–1996)

Season 2 (1996-1997)

Season 3 (1997-1998)

Season 4 (1998-1999)

Season 5 (1999-2000)

Season 6 (2000-2001)

Other websites 
 TV.com List of Xena: Warrior Princess episodes 

Lists of television series episodes
Xena: Warrior Princess
Glyph

A glyph is an element of writing. Example: the ligature æ in archæology represents a and e letters.

More exactly, a glyph is an element in an agreed set of symbols. A mark used in a language is a glyph, but in another language it may not be a glyph. For example, an n with tilde, ñ, is used in Spanish, as in piñata. It is not a glyph in English.

Other websites 

Unicode 
Font 

Writing systems
Typography
Tilde

The tilde ( ~ ) can be many things, such as a diacritic. Many languages use tildes. Two of these are Spanish and Portuguese.

In Spanish, the tilde, which is only put over the N ( Ñ ), makes it sound like [ɲ] (like 'ny' in canyon) instead of [n].

The tilde also appears in Portuguese where it is used to nasalise (meaning to sound them through the nose) the vowels "a" (ã) and "o" (õ).

In UNIX operating systems, a tilde represents the user's "home" directory.

The tilde is also used to denote when something is an estimate, such as ~24 meaning approximately 24.

On most QWERTY keyboards, you can type a tilde by holding down the shift key and pressing the "`" (single back quote). This key is in the upper left corner of the keyboard, below the esc (escape) key and to the left of the key that you use to type the number 1 or an exclamation mark (!). 

Wikipedia editors sign their comments on Talk pages with four tildes (~~~~). 

Writing systems
Alphabetic diacritics
Burlington, Iowa

Burlington is a city in Des Moines County, Iowa, United States. The population was 26,839 at the 2000 census.

Other websites 

Official City Website 
Burlington Public Library

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Regis High School (Cedar Rapids)

Regis Catholic High School was a Catholic high school in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. It is at 735 Prairie Drive NE. It merged with LaSalle High School to form Xavier High School in 1998.

Notable alumni 
 Kurt Warner (1989), NFL quarterback, 1999 Super Bowl MVP
 Zach Johnson (1994), professional golfer, 2007 Masters champion

References

Schools in the United States
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
1958 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Iowa
1998 disestablishments in the United States
Cedar Rapids, Iowa

Cedar Rapids () is the second largest city in the U.S. state of Iowa. It is the county seat of Linn County.

References

Other websites 
 City of Cedar Rapids

 
County seats in Iowa
University of Northern Iowa

The University of Northern Iowa is a public university in Cedar Falls, Iowa.

References

Other websites 
 Official site of the University of Northern Iowa
 Official site of UNI athletics 
 UNI Alumni Association

Colleges and universities in Iowa
Missouri Valley Conference
Missouri Valley Football Conference
1876 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Iowa
Bowling

Bowling is a sport where people roll a heavy ball. It was invented centuries ago when grenades were heavy iron balls. Two main kinds of bowling arose. In one kind the bowler rolls a ball near a target and knocks away the ball of another bowler. This kind includes lawn bowling. 

In the more common kind nowadays, the bowler rolls the ball down a wooden bowling lane trying to knock down bowling pins. This kind includes ten-pin bowling, which is so commonplace that it is often simply called "bowling". Some people bowl at smaller pins, called "duck pins" or "candle pins" with slightly different rules.

Ten-pin 

The usual kind of bowling ball has three holes, where the player puts two fingers and the thumb. The person on the lane swings the ball and lets it go to roll along the lane, attempting to knock down ten wooden pins. If the bowler does not do it right, the ball might not knock all the pins down or might roll into the gutter and hit none. Players take turns rolling their ball down the lane to see who gets the highest score.

Ten-pin bowling scores can be as low as 0 or as high as 300. Players get 10 chances to knock down all of the pins; each chance is called a frame. In each frame, players can try to knock down all of the pins up to two times. Players who do not knock down all of the pins after two tries get up to 9 points for the frame. One point is given for every pin knocked down, if any are knocked down at all. If players are able to knock down all of the pins on the first or second try, they are given 10 points for the frame plus bonus points. Frames in which a player knocks down all of the pins on the first try are scored as a strike. A strike is worth 10 points plus the number of pins knocked down by the player during their next two tries. If players do not score a strike but knock down all remaining on their second try, the frame is scored as a spare. A spare is worth 10 points plus the number of pins knocked down on the next try.

Players who score a strike or spare on their 10th frame are allowed to roll the ball up to two additional times to score their bonus points. This is the only frame where it is possible to get a strike and a spare. It is also possible to roll 3 strikes in this frame.
 

Sports
Hobbies
Abbot Suger

Abbot Suger (c. 1081 – January 13, 1151) was one of the last French abbot-statesmen. He was also a historian and the first patron of Gothic architecture.

Life 
Suger was part of a poor family, and in 1091, he was brought to the abbey of Saint-Denis. There he trained and eventually became secretary to the abbot of Saint-Denis in 1104.

He took a trip to Italy, and when he came back, he became the abbot of St-Denis. Until 1127, he worked at the abbey of St-Denis and worked to reform it.

Other websites 
 Gothic Art and Abbe Suger 

1081 births
1151 deaths
French people
Arch of Constantine

The Arch of Constantine () is an arch in Rome, found between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. It was built in honour of Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge on October 28, 312. It is the latest of the triumphal arches in Rome.

Inscriptions 
The main inscription was made of bronze letters. It says (identically on both sides):
IMP · CAES · FL · CONSTANTINO · MAXIMO · P · F · AVGUSTO · S · P · Q · R · QVOD · INSTINCTV · DIVINITATIS · MENTIS · MAGNITVDINE · CVM · EXERCITV · SVO · TAM · DE · TYRANNO · QVAM · DE · OMNI · EIVS · FACTIONE · VNO · TEMPORE · IVSTIS · REM-PVBLICAM · VLTVS · EST · ARMIS · ARCVM · TRIVMPHIS · INSIGNEM · DICAVIT

To the Emperor Caesar Flavius Constantinus, the greatest, pious, and blessed Augustus: because he, inspired by the divine, and by the greatness of his mind, has delivered the state from the tyrant and all of his followers at the same time, with his army and just force of arms, the Senate and People of Rome have dedicated this arch, decorated with triumphs.

Two short inscriptions on the inside of the central archway say:
LIBERATORI VRBIS (liberator of the city) — FUNDATORI QVIETIS (founder of peace)

Over each of the small archways, inscriptions say:
VOTIS X — VOTIS XX
SIC X — SIC XX

Other websites 

The Arch of Constantine , a detailed article on the arch
Inscriptions
Google Maps satellite image

Buildings and structures in Rome
Great hall

A great hall was the main room of a royal palace, a nobleman's castle or a large manor house in the Middle Ages. At that time the word great meant big. Great halls were found in France, England and Scotland and some other European countries.

Appearance 
A great hall was a rectangular room between 1.5 and 3 times as long as it was wide, and also higher than it was wide. At night some members of the household might sleep on the floor of the great hall.

Examples 
Two very large surviving royal halls are Westminster Hall and the Wenceslas Hall in Prague Castle. Penshurst Place in Kent, England has a hall from the 14th century. There are lots of 16th century and early 17th century halls in England, Wales and Scotland, for example those at Longleat (England), Burghley House (England), Bodysgallen Hall (Wales), Muchalls Castle (Scotland) and Crathes Castle (Scotland); however, by the late 1700s the great hall was beginning to lose its purpose over time.

Middle Ages

de:Saal (Architektur)