cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Pretty Good Privacy

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is a computer program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication. PGP is often used for signing, encrypting and decrypting electronic mails (e-mails) to increase the security of e-mail communications. It was originally created by Phil Zimmermann in 1991.

PGP and other similar products follow the OpenPGP standard (RFC 4880) for encrypting and decrypting data.

OpenPGP 
OpenPGP is on the Internet Standards Track; the current specification is RFC 4880 (November 2007). OpenPGP is still under development and the successor to RFC 2440, which is RFC 4880, has been made a proposed standard. Many e-mail clients provide OpenPGP-compliant email security as described in RFC 3156.

The Free Software Foundation has developed its own OpenPGP-compliant program called GNU Privacy Guard (abbreviated GnuPG or GPG). GnuPG is freely available together with all source code under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and is maintained separately faraway from several Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) that interact with the GnuPG library for encryption, decryption and signing functions (see KGPG, Seahorse, MacGPG). Several other vendors have also developed OpenPGP-compliant software.

Related pages
 FreeOTFE - Disk encryption
 PuTTY - SSH encryption

Further reading

Other websites

OpenPGP implementations 
 PGP Corporation  
 GNU Privacy Guard
 cGeep Pro
 OpenPGP::SDK 
 Authora Inc. 
 McAfee Inc. 
 Feneris Solutions Inc. Canada
 EasyByte Cryptocx - Component
 Veridis 
 Legion of The Bouncy Castle
 BSD Privacy Guard
 Prime Factors Inc. 
 Oxford Brookes Secure Email Proxy

Support 
 PGP Corporation Support Forum  community support plus contributions from PGP Support staff
 Phil Zimmermann's Home Page
 MIT Public Key Directory for Registration and Search
 List of public keyservers
 IETF OpenPGP working group
 OpenPGP Alliance

Cryptography
Internet security
Weak key

In cryptography, a weak key is a key which when used with a specific cipher, makes the cipher behave in some undesirable way, and simplifies breaking (cracking) the ciphertext.   

Weak keys usually represent a very small fraction of the overall key space, which means that if someone generates a random key to encrypt a message, it is a rare condition that weak keys will cause a security problem.  However, it is considered a good design for a cipher to have no weak keys ("quality chiper"). A cipher with no weak keys is said to have a flat, or linear,  key space.

Examples of 128-Bits weak keys
 All zeros (0x0000000000000000)
 All ones (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
 Alternating '1' + '0' (0x0101010101010101)
 Alternating 'F' + 'E' (0xFEFEFEFEFEFEFEFE)
 Alternating 'E' + '1' (0xE1E1E1E1F0F0F0F0) or (0x1E1E1E1E0F0F0F0F)

Cryptography
XSL attack

In cryptography, the XSL attack is a method of cryptanalysis for block ciphers. The attack was first published in 2002 by researchers Nicolas Courtois and Josef Pieprzyk.  It was claimed that it may break the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher faster than a brute force attack.  

AES is already widely used in commerce and government for the transmission of secret and classified information. Finding a technique that can decrease the amount of time it takes to break the secret message without having the key could cause wide damage. 

In 2004 it was shown by one of the cryptanalysts, that the algorithm does not perform as described in its published paper. In addition, the method requires long effort. Unless shortened, the technique does not reduce the effort to break AES in comparison to a brute force attack. Therefore, it does not affect the real-world security of block ciphers in the near future. However, the attack has caused some experts to insert complexities in the algebraic simplicity of the current AES.

The XSL attack relies on first analyzing the internal design of a cipher then deriving a system of quadratic simultaneous equations. These systems of equations are typically very large, for example 8000 equations with 1600 variables for the 128-bit AES. Several methods for solving such systems are known. In the XSL attack, a specialized algorithm, termed XSL (eXtended Sparse Linearization), is then applied to solve these equations and compute the key.

The attack is well-known and famous for requiring only a handful of known plaintexts to perform. Previous methods of cryptanalysis, such as linear and differential cryptanalysis, often require unrealistically large numbers of known or chosen plaintexts, which make them impossible to realize.

Other websites
 Courtois' page on AES
 "Quadratic Cryptanalysis",  an explanation of the XSL attack by J. J. G. Savard
 "AES is NOT broken" by T. Moh 
 Courtois and Pieprzyk paper on ePrint
 Commentary in the Crypto-gram newsletter: 1, 2, 3.
 An overview of AES and XSL

Cryptography
Sound the Alarm

Sound the Alarm is the fifth studio album by the emo band Saves the Day. It was released by Vagrant Records on April 11, 2006. It was produced by Steve Evetts who also produced Saves the Day's first two albums, Can't Slow Down and Through Being Cool. All of the album's lyrics were written by Chris Conley. It is their darkest album, and Chris wrote it about the black clouds in his life, and things that were eating him alive. This album was welcomed by many as something of a return to the band's classic sound, after the sonic departure of In Reverie in 2003.

Sound the Alarm reached number 67 on the Billboard 200 Album Chart.

Sound the Alarm is part one of a three part concept that Conley described in an interview with Punknews.org. It is their trilogy about self discovery.

The "Head for the Hills" track is used on the soundtrack of the football video game Madden NFL 07.

Track listing
"Head for the Hills" - 2:50
"The End" - 1:54
"Shattered" - 3:08
"Eulogy" - 3:22
"Dying Day" - 2:21
"34" - 2:22
"Say You'll Never Leave" - 2:20
"Diseased" - 2:12
"Don't Know Why" - 3:22
"Sound the Alarm" - 3:06
"Bones" 2:23
"Delusional" 2:07
"Hell Is Here" 3:36

References

2006 albums
Concept albums
Ennis

Ennis is a town in the Republic of Ireland. It has about 25,000 people living in it. There are people from eastern Europe, Africa and the United Kingdom living in Ennis.

Transport
Ennis has a bus and railway station.

History
The town was once small but has grown much because of an economic boom, which has now ended.

County towns in Ireland
County Clare
Trey Parker

Randolph Severn "Trey" Parker III (born October 19 1969) is an American animator, screenwriter, film director, voice actor, actor, musician and Academy Award nominated lyricist. He and Matt Stone worked on the animated series South Park.

Other websites
 

1969 births
Living people
American animators
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Emmy Award winners 
Actors from Colorado
Writers from Colorado
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Lyricists
Libertarians
Matt Stone

Matthew Richard "Matt" Stone (born May 26, 1971) is an Academy Award- nominated Emmy Award- winning American animator, screenwriter, director, producer, voice actor, musician and actor. He and Trey Parker created the animated television series, South Park.

Other websites

American animators
American movie actors
American screenwriters
Emmy Award winners
actors from Houston, Texas
writers from Texas
1971 births
Living people
Libertarians
Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet

Tibet and Mongolia signed a treaty called the Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet  on February 2, 1913, at Urga (now Ulaanbaatar). Today, we are not sure if the treaty can be used or not.

Legal issues 
The Qing Dynasty ended in 1911. After this, both Tibet and Mongolia were independent. Both had a lamaist head of state. The Republic of China did not see them as independent. In the treaty, both Mongolia and Tibet said they would see each other as independent, and help each other in war. 

The people who signed for Mongolia were foreign minister Da Lama Ravdan and General Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren. Those who signed for Tibet were Agvan Dorjiev, Chijamts, and Gendun-Galsan, who lived in Tibet. Dorjiev was  a Buryat, a citizen of Russia. For this reason, the treaty may not be legal. The 13th Dalai Lama denied that he had let Dorjiev sign a treaty with Mongolia. More importantly, neither the cleric nor the Tibetan government has ever signed any treaty. The Russian government said  that Dorjiev was Russian. He could therefore not act as a diplomat for the Dalai Lama. The Mongolian text of the treaty has been published by the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in 1982.

Most other people still did not see Mongolia or Tibet as independent. They said that these areas belonged to China. Western powers had made treaties with the Qing Dynasty, and China had said it would honour these treaties. If they had recognised either Tibet or Mongolia, these treaties would have become invalid. The main Western powers were the United Kingdom and Russia. Both feared that if they saw the countries as independent, they could come under the influence of the other western powers. In their opinion, that situation was worse than if China controlled both of them, because China was weak.

Solutions 
British negotiators at the Simla Convention heard about the treaty and got very suspicious. They feared that Russia might use the treaty to gain more influence in Tibet.  In the end, China did not sign the Simla Convention. Instead, a very similar treaty was signed by Mongolia, China, and Russia on 25 May 1915. This treaty was called the tripartite Treaty of Kyakhta. The agreement stated that Mongolia was completely  autonomous in internal matters and that Russia had certain privileges in Mongolia. At the same time it said that Mongolia was in fact a part of China.

Notes and references

Other websites 
 English translation of the Treaty from Tibetan

20th century in Mongolia
Tibet
friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet
1913
Waterford

Waterford City is a city in Ireland. The population in 2006 was nearly 50,000 people. It is the county town of County Waterford. Waterford is the fifth largest city in Ireland. It is also the oldest city in Ireland. 
 
Waterford is home to the Waterford Crystal glass factory, which exports crystal all around the world. This glass factory has made many famous pieces, including the New Years Eve glass ball used in Times Square in New York. The factory closed in 2009 leading to over 1,500 job losses. The factory reopened again in the city centre in June 2010 and is now a popular tour. Tourists also come to Waterford to visit the Waterford Viking Triangle.

History 
The city was founded in 914 by the Vikings. The Norman King Henry II of England landed at Waterford in 1171. Waterford and then Dublin were made royal cities and in the Middle Ages, Waterford was Ireland's second city after Dublin. As a result, King Henry VII gave the city its motto: Urbs Intacta Manet Waterfordia (Waterford remains the untaken city).
After the Protestant Reformation, Waterford remained a Catholic city and participated in an independent Catholic government from 1642 to 1649. This was ended by Oliver Cromwell, who brought the country back under English rule; his son-in-law Henry Ireton finally took Waterford in 1650 after a battle.

The 18th century was a period of wealth for Waterford. Most of the city's best buildings came during this time. A permanent military base was established in the city with the Waterford Barracks at the end of the 18th century.

During the 19th century, great industries such as glass making and shipbuilding started in the city.

Reginald's Tower is the oldest urban civic building in Ireland, and the oldest monument to retain its Viking name. It is Waterford's most recognisable landmark. It is believed to be the first building in Ireland to use mortar. Reginald's Tower is in the Viking Triangle, a favourite visiting area for tourists which contains three museums and the Waterford Crystal factory and showroom. 

The River Suir, which flows through Waterford City, has provided a basis for the city's long maritime history. The place downriver from Waterford where the River Nore and the River Barrow join the River Suir is known in the Irish language as Cumar na dTrí Uisce ("The confluence of the three waters"). Waterford Port has been one of Ireland's major ports for over 1000 years. In the 19th century, shipbuilding was a major industry. The owners of the Neptune Shipyard, the Malcomson family, built and operated the largest fleet of iron steamers in the world between the mid-1850s and the late 1860s, including five trans-Atlantic passenger liners.

Transport 
Waterford Airport is a regional airport. Waterford is also known for where of one of the biggest European airlines, Ryanair started from. The first flight was a 14-seat Bandeirante aircraft, flying between Waterford and Gatwick Airport.

References

County towns in Ireland
Dissipation

In physics, dissipation includes the concept of a dynamical system where important mechanical modes, such as waves or oscillations, lose energy over time, typically due to the action of friction or turbulence. The lost energy is converted into heat, raising the temperature of the system. Such systems are called dissipative systems. 

For example, a wave that loses amplitude is said to dissipate. The dissipative nature depends on the nature of the wave: an atmospheric wave, for instance, may dissipate close to the surface due to friction with the land mass, and at higher levels due to radiative cooling.

In computational physics 
In computational physics, a numerical dissipation is also known as "artificial dissipation" or "artificial diffusion" or "numerical diffusion". They all mean this: when the pure advection equation--which, by definition, is free of dissipation--is solved by a numerical approximation method that reduces the amplitude and changes the shape of the initial wave in a way analogous (similar) to a diffusional process, the method is said to contain 'dissipation'.

In river hydrology 
In Hydrology, dissipation is the process of converting mechanical energy of downward flowing water into thermal and acoustical energy. Various devices are designed in stream-beds (river-banks) to reduce the kinetic energy of flowing waters to reduce their erosive potential on banks and river bottoms. Very often these devices look like small waterfalls or cascades, where water flows vertically or over riprap to lose some of its kinetic force.

Thermodynamics
Physics
Galway

Galway is a port city in the western part of Ireland. It is in the historic province of Connacht. Over 70,000 people live there as of 2011. It is located on the Galway Bay.

References

County towns in Ireland
County Galway
Springfield, Massachusetts

Springfield is a city in Massachusetts, United States. In the year 2010, 153,084 people lived in the city and 700,000 people live in Metropolitan Springfield. Springfield is the largest city on the Connecticut River. It is at a natural crossroads where three rivers flow into the Connecticut River.

History
One of Springfield's nicknames is "The City of Firsts" because many famous inventions came from there, like:

 The sport of basketball was invented in Springfield in 1892. The James Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is there.
 The American car was invented there in 1893.
 The American motorcycle was invented in Springfield in 1901.
 The modern fire engine was invented there in 1905.
 The commercial radio station was invented there in 1920.
 The UHF TV station was invented in Springfield in 1950.

Location
Springfield is near Hartford, Connecticut. The two cities are only 24 miles (38 km) apart. Airline service to Springfield and Hartford is provided from Bradley International Airport. Bradley is 12 miles (19 km) away from Springfield, and 12 miles (19 km) away from Hartford.

People
Many famous people are from Springfield: Dr. Seuss, the author, is from there. John Brown, the abolitionist, started his abolitionism here. James MacNeill Whistler, the famous painter, lived there too. Timothy Leary, the LSD activist was born there. Milton Bradley, the game-maker made his games, like "The Game of Life," and "Chutes and Ladders" there. Charles Goodyear, the man who invented vulcanized rubber, first made it in Springfield.

Environment
Springfield's other nicknames are "The City in a Forest," because it has a lot of trees in it, and "The City of Homes" because it has many big Victorian houses.

Sports
Springfield has two professional sports teams, the Springfield Falcons AHL ice hockey team, and the Springfield Armor NBA D-League basketball team. Both teams play home games at the MassMutual Center on Main Street in Springfield.

Transportation
Many trains and buses meet in Springfield, because it is close to big cities like New York City, Boston, Montreal, and Albany. It is also next to New England's largest river, the Connecticut River. Springfield has always been a city that has welcomed immigrants.

Sightseeing
If you visit Springfield, you can go to the Basketball Hall of Fame, or The Quadrangle museums - a group of art, science, and history museums around the Dr. Seuss sculptures. You could go to the Club Quarter, where there are many restaurants, bars, and discos. You could go to Forest Park, where there is a zoo, different sports fields, and a lake.

County seats in Massachusetts
Global apartheid

Global apartheid is a term used to mean the worldwide control of resources, the economy, and government by an ethnic minority. The term comes from apartheid, a governmental system that ruled South Africa in which the Afrikaners, or "whites", controlled most of the resources and where non-whites were denied access to these resources. Apartheid or 'separate development' was introduced by the National Party after the 1948 election to protect European interests and identity by enforcing separation between the 'races'. The term is often used to describe the gap between whites and nonwhites, and global socioeconomic inequality, the existence of which has been proven by statistics. As in South Africa, there is a hierarchy of group rights in the world:

 citizens of the USA, UK and France, with veto powers in the Security Council, NATO and IMF, World Bank and global economic regimes;
 OECD and Western Alliance, who have the vote, access to courts and Western solidarity;
 other independent states represented on a regional basis and party to human rights conventions
 independent states which do not adhere to human rights conventions;
 occupied territories and peoples without states;
 refugees, asylum-seekers and stateless person.

Although not explicitly classified by race, this hierarchy is banded by colour. Nationality laws of most countries, and the European Union, explicitly enshrine this ‘classification'.

European countries control most of the world's technology and weapons, and 20% of the global population, the richest percentage, take in 71.3% of income. Although most people of the world are not white, thereby making whites a minority, this minority often holds power in society. Most Western countries have laws against racial discrimination and active anti-racist movements, however much Western thought, law and action are exclusive, operating through institutional and indirect discrimination rather than overt racism. Their system of exclusion are more sophisticated, this prevents the West from exercising unconditional power in international affairs.

The term apartheid was famously used by Thabo Mbeki, the then-President of South Africa, in a 2002 speech, drawing comparisons the modern-day status of the world's people, economy, and access to natural resources to the apartheid era. Mbeki got the term from the book Unravelling Global Apartheid (1996) by Titus Alexander, initiator of Charter 99, a campaign for global democracy, who was present at the UN Millennium Summit.

References

Politics
Baccara

Baccara was a Spanish pop group. They were formed in 1977. It had two members: Mayte Mateos and María Mendiola. They were successful with their first song, Yes Sir, I Can Boogie. Baccara represented Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1978. They performed Parlez-vous français?. In 1981, Baccara split. Both Mateos and Mendiola then began work on music by themselves.

1981 disestablishments
Disco groups
Girl groups
Musical duos
Musical groups disestablished in 1981
Musical groups established in 1977
Pop music groups
Spanish musical groups
1977 establishments in Europe
1970s establishments in Spain
1980s disestablishments in Europe
Smilodon

Smilodon was a genus of saber-toothed cat. There were three species. Smilodon gracilis (or S. fragilis) was the ancestral, smaller, species (2.5 to 0.5 million years ago).

Smilodon populator (1 mya to 10 kya) was a large, heavy species from eastern South America. It was 1.2 m high at the shoulder, 2.1 m (83 in) long on average. With an estimated weight of 220 to 400 kg, it was among the heaviest known felids. Its upper canines reached 28 cm (11 in) and protruded up to 17 cm (6.7 in) out of the upper jaw.

Smilodon fatalis (or S. californicus; 1.6 mya to 10,000 years ago) was the famous cat known from the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The tar, a bit like asphalt, has yielded about a million bones of late Pleistocene mammals, of which 162,000 bones are from Smilodon, representing perhaps 1200 individuals. The cat was about the size of a female lion, but weighed more, perhaps 200 kg. It was about 1 metre tall at the shoulders.

Teeth and jaws

Smilodon is most famous for its relatively long canines, which are the longest  found in the saber-toothed cats, at about  long in the largest species Smilodon populator. Those of S. fatalis reached their full size in 18 months at a growth rate of 7 mm/month. These canine teeth were slender and had fine serrations. They were fragile and could not have bitten into bone. Therefore, the cats did not use their long teeth to take down prey. Only when their prey was subdued did they use their teeth.

Method of attack 
The front limbs on these cats were longer and stronger than modern cats, and from that, and its teeth, its method of attack must have been different. An educated guess would be: they were ambush predators, which clung on round the neck of their prey, and slashed at the underside of the throat. This contrasts with the method of the modern lion, which brings down its prey by weight of numbers, and clamps its jaws over the prey's nose and mouth. The prey dies of suffocation.

Smilodon&apos;s gape could have reached almost 120 degrees, while that of the modern lion reaches 65 degrees. This makes the gape wide enough to allow Smilodon to slash the throats of their victims without closing their jaws in a bite.

Smilodon'''s niche was closer to a leopard's, which is also an ambush predator. They both need cover to get close to prey.Smilodon had relatively short legs and a short, bobbed tail. Its front legs were especially powerful. Its body was adapted for springing onto prey, but it was not a very fast runner.

 Fauna and flora in the Smilodon's environment 

During the last ice age, there were many possible prey species from the La Brea location: mammoths, bison, horse, camel, ground sloth, pronghorn, tapir, deer,(elk and others). Most of these were extinct by 5 to 10,000 years ago. The pressures of a major climate change and human hunting were thought to be the main causes.
 
There was more plant cover at that time. Juniper, oaks, ragweeds, cedars, redwoods, sagebrush, sycamore, thistle and walnut grew in the environs. Smilodon'' survived so long as its prey had vegetation.

References 

Fossils
Machairodonts
Sabretooth cats
The Clash (Album)

The Clash is the first album-length recording made by the English punk band The Clash.  It was released twice. Both releases are still in print: the original version in 1977 and the changed U.S. version in 1979 (with several post-1977 single sides added to the album).

Track listing 
All tracks were written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where noted.

Side one 
 "Janie Jones" – 2:08
 "Remote Control " – 3:03
 "I'm So Bored with the USA" – 2:24
 "White Riot" – 1:56
 "Hate and War" – 2:06
 "What's My Name?" (Jones, Keith Levine, Strummer) – 1:41
 "Deny" – 3:06
 "London's Burning" – 2:12

Tracks 1, 3–4, 6–8 are sung by Joe Strummer. Tracks 2 and 5 are sung by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones.

Side two 
 "Career Opportunities" – 1:54
 "Cheat" – 2:06
 "Protex Blue" – 1:47
 "Police and Thieves" (Junior Murvin, Lee "Scratch" Perry) – 6:03
 "48 Hours" – 1:36
 "Garageland" – 3:12

References 

1977 albums
The Clash albums
Punk albums
Give 'Em Enough Rope

Give 'Em Enough Rope is the second album by The Clash. It was released in 1978. In the United States, this was their first official album because it was released before the U.S. version of The Clash.  The album was well liked and got to number 2 in the UK chart, and number 128 in the U.S.

Track listing 
All songs were written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where noted. All songs were arranged by The Clash. All lead vocals were by Strummer, except "Stay Free" by Jones.

Side one 
 "Safe European Home" – 3:50
 "English Civil War" – 2:35
 "Tommy Gun" – 3:17
 "Julie's Been Working for the Drug Squad" – 3:03
 "Last Gang in Town" – 5:14

Side two 
 "Guns on the Roof" (Strummer, Jones, Paul Simonon, Topper Headon) – 3:15
 "Drug-Stabbing Time" – 3:43
 "Stay Free" – 3:40
 "Cheapskates" – 3:25
 "All the Young Punks (New Boots and Contracts)" – 4:55

References 

1978 albums
The Clash albums
Punk albums
Ritchie Neville

Richard Neville Dobson known professionally as Ritchie Neville (born 23 August, 1979, in Solihull, Birmingham, England) is an English singer. He is best known for being a member of UK boy band Five. Neville attended the private Bromsgrove School in Worcestershire and was taught by Mike Perry.

1979 births
Living people
English singers
People from Solihull
Five (band)

Five  were a British boy band formed in 1997 by the same team that formed the Spice Girls, Bob Herbert and his son Chris. Signed by Simon Cowell, they enjoyed success worldwide, but particularly in the UK, parts of Europe, Russia, parts of Asia, Brazil, Israel, Australia, New Zealand and USA. They broke up on 27 September 2001, after selling almost 20 million records, and having 11 top ten singles and 4 top ten albums in the UK. The five members were Scott Robinson, Ritchie Neville, Jason 'J' Brown, Richard 'Abs' Breen and Sean Conlon. Four of the five original members briefly reformed the group on September 27, 2006, but only 7 months after announcing a comeback, Five made an announcement by their official website they would again disband. They reformed in 2012.

1997 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English boy bands
English pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups from London
Secret Diary of a Call Girl

Secret Diary of a Call Girl (also known as Secret Diary) is a British television drama broadcast on ITV2 starring Billie Piper as "Belle", a high-class London-based call girl. The story is based on the blogs of Belle de Jour.

The first 8 part series began on 27 September 2007 at 10pm. The second 8 part series began on 11 September 2008 at 10pm.

Other websites 

2007 British television series debuts
2011 British television series endings
2000s British drama television series
2010s British drama television series
ITV television programmes
Television series set in London
Works about prostitution
English-language television programs
ITV2

ITV2 is a free television channel in the United Kingdom owned by ITV Digital Channels Ltd, a part of ITV plc. It started on 7 December 1998. For a long time, it was the most popular channel other than the main five analogue channels. Now, ITV3 is the most popular other than these.

The channel shows many American programmes such as Family Guy, American Dad!, and The Vampire Diaries. It also has its own programmes that have been popular, such as Celebrity Juice and Love Island.

List of television programmes broadcast on ITV2

Current programmes 
 American Dad
 Celebrity Juice
 Coronation Street
 Dinner Date
 Emmerdale
 Family Guy
 Supermarket Sweep
 Take Me Out
 You've Been Framed!

References

British television channels
Belle de Jour (writer)

Belle de Jour is the pen name of a former London call girl, Brooke Magnanti (born 5 November 1975). Under this name she maintains a successful blog, Belle de Jour: Diary of a London Call Girl which by 2003 had been selected by The Guardian as its blog of the year and has had two books published in both the UK and US.

Magnanti was born and raised in Clearwater, Florida. Her father is Italian American; her mother is Jewish American. Magnanti became a British citizen in 2013. She is married and lives in Lochaber in the Scottish Highlands. She is a former prostitute.
 
The name recalls the 1928 novel Belle de Jour by Joseph Kessel and the 1967 movie, Belle de Jour, starring Catherine Deneuve, directed by Luis Buñuel.

In French "Belle de Jour" means "beauty of [the] day," as opposed to "femme de nuit" or "belle de nuit," women of the night (common euphemisms for prostitutes).

References 

1975 births
Living people
American prostitutes
British bloggers
Jewish American writers
Jewish British writers
Jewish sex industry people
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Writers from Florida
American bloggers
Cloth mill Offermann

In the 18th century, the cloth mill Offermann was a brass factory in the German city of Stolberg. It was later changed to cloth mill and then to a restaurant and apartment building. The changes show the change of economical needs in that city.

History of the building 
The building was founded as a brass factory. In the 18th century, it was one of many brass factories in the city.

At the end of the 18th century, the brass industry in Stolberg lost importance. The building was sold to a clothier of the nearby village of Imgenbroich. He produced cloth for more than 60 years.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the building was used as a restaurant. Some parts of the building were greatly in need of repair.

At the end of the 20th century, major repairs were done to the building. Currently, it is used as an apartment building.

Related pages
Factory Bauschenberg

Other websites 
 Historians are fascinated by the cloth mill Offermann 

Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Companies of Germany
18th-century establishments in Germany
St. Anger

St. Anger is the 8th studio album by American thrash metal band Metallica. It was released on June 5, 2003. It was their last album released by Elektra Records. Four singles were released from the album. In 2004, the album's lead single, "St. Anger", won a Grammy Award for "Best Metal Performance". A lot of people did not like the style of this album and the way the drums sounded. It also has a free DVD that has the band playing the entire album in a studio.

Track Listing
 Frantic.
 St. Anger
 Some Kind of Monster
 Dirty Window
 Invisible Kid
 My World
 Shoot Me Again
 Sweet Amber
 The Unnamed Feeling
 Purify
 All Within My Hands

Metallica albums
2003 albums
Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!

Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good! is the first studio album by American thrash metal band Megadeth. The album was released on June 12, 1985. It was released through Combat Records. 

Early in 1985, the band was given $8,000 by Combat Records to record and produce the band's first album. The money proved not to be enough and the band was given $4,000 more. Most of the budget was spent on drugs, alcohol, and food, which forced the group to fire their original producer and produce the record by themselves.

Track Listing

References

1984 albums
Debut albums
Heavy metal albums
Megadeth albums
Rust in Peace

Rust in Peace is the fourth album by American thrash metal band, Megadeth. It was released on September 24, 1990. It has been called one of the best thrash metal records of all time by publications such as Decibel and Kerrang!.

Tracklist

References 

Megadeth albums
1990 albums
Fable II

Fable II is a fantasy role-playing videogame released for Microsoft's Xbox 360 console in 2008. It is the sequel to the original Xbox game, Fable. In Fable II you begin as a poor orphan child who has a sister. You are invited into the King's palace where he kills your sister. The rest of the game you go through various quests where your ultimate goal is to gain revenge on the King.  

2008 video games
Xbox 360 games
Role-playing video games
Vocal cords

The vocal cords or vocal folds are two sets of tissue stretched across the larynx. They can vibrate when air passes through the larynx. This produces sounds. Humans use them to produce language.

Men and women have different vocal fold sizes.  Adult male voices are usually deeper: males have thicker cord. The male vocal folds are between 17 mm and 25 mm in length.

The female vocal folds are between 12.5 mm and 17.5 mm long.

The difference in vocal fold size between men and women means that their voices have a different pitch. Each person's voice is different and has a slightly different pitch. This is caused by genes that influence how the larynx is made.

False vocal cords 
The vocal cords are sometimes called 'true vocal cords' to distinguish them from the false vocal cords.  These are a pair of thick folds of mucous membrane. They sit directly above the true vocal folds, to protect them. They have a very small role in normal speech , but are often used in musical screaming and the death grunt singing style.  They are also used in Tuvan throat singing.

The false cords are also called vestibular folds and ventricular folds.  They can be seen on the diagram above as ventricular folds.

Unlike the true vocal cords, the false ones grow back completely when they are removed by surgery.

References

Neck
Parallel computing

Parallel computing is a form of computation in which many instructions are carried out simultaneously (termed "in parallel"), depending on the theory that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, and then solved concurrently ("in parallel").

There are several different forms of parallel computing: 
Bit-level parallelism,
Instruction-level parallelism,
Data parallelism, 
Task parallelism.

It has been used for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, with a great increase in its use in recent years, due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. Parallel computing has become the main model in computer architecture, mainly in the form of Multi-core processors. However, in recent years, power consumption by parallel computers has become a concern.

Parallel computers can be classified according to the level at which the hardware supports parallelism—with multi-core and multi-processor computers having multiple processing elements inside a single machine, while clusters, blades, MPPs, and grids use multiple computers to work on the same task.

Parallel computer programs are more difficult to program than sequential ones, because concurrency introduces several new classes of potential software bugs, of which race conditions and dead locks are the most common. however many parallel programming languages have been created to simplify parallel computers programming. But still communication and synchronization between the different subtasks is difficult while achieving good parallel program performance.

References

Other websites

 
 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: Introduction to Parallel Computing 
 Designing and Building Parallel Programs, by Ian Foster
Internet Parallel Computing Archive 
Parallel processing topic area at IEEE Distributed Computing Online 
Parallel Computing Works Free On-line Book
Frontiers of Supercomputing Free On-line Book Covering topics like algorithms and industrial applications

Computer science
WrestleMania IV

WrestleMania IV was the fourth annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It took place on March 27, 1988 at the Trump Plaza in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

Results

References

WrestleMania 04
Atlantic City, New Jersey
Sports in New Jersey
1988 in professional wrestling
1988 in the United States
1980s in New Jersey
March events
WrestleMania V

WrestleMania V was the fifth annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It took place on April 2, 1989 at the Trump Plaza in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

Results

Other websites
The Official Website of WrestleMania V 

WrestleMania 05
Atlantic City, New Jersey
Sports in New Jersey
1989 in professional wrestling
1989 in the United States
1980s in New Jersey
April events
Optimization (computer science)

In computing, optimization is the process of modifying a system to make some features of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources.  For instance, a computer program may be optimized so that it runs faster, or to run with less memory requirements or other resources (see Space-time tradeoff), or to consume less energy. This is a branch of software engineering.

The optimization can have sense at different levels, from the lowest (development of circuits, writing of machine code designed especially for the architecture) up to the highest levels of making of implementation, use or design of algorithms.

The optimization is generally recommended to leave until the end of the process of development, since the premature optimization can introduce new errors (generally more difficult to detect for being of algorithmic nature).

The optimized system may be a single computer program, a collection of computers or even an entire network such as the Internet.

Other websites
 Programming Optimization
 C,C++ optimization
 C optimization tutorial 
 Software Optimization at Link-time And Run-time 
 Article "A Plea for Lean Software" by Niklaus Wirth
 Description from the Portland Pattern Repository
 Performance tuning of Computer Networks
 An article describing high-level optimization
 Some examples of optimization problems & algorithms 

Computer science
Pilgrimage of Grace

The Pilgrimage of Grace was a revolt in York, Yorkshire in 1536. People  protested against England's break with Rome and the Dissolution of the Monasteries. There were also other specific political, social and economic issues they did not like. Technically the term Pilgrimage of Grace only refers to the uprising around York, but sometimes it is used in relation to the risings in general which took place around Northern England; first from Lincolnshire, twelve days before the actual Pilgrimage of Grace. 

The revolt was caused by Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries, which caused problems with around 500,000 monks and nuns.

16th century in England
1536
Rebellions in Europe
1530s in Europe
WrestleMania VI

WrestleMania VI was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on April 1, 1990 at SkyDome in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was the sixth WrestleMania event held by the WWF. It was the first WrestleMania to be held outside of the United States. It was up from the last WrestleMania's attendance which was 18,946.

The event was known for "The Ultimate Challenge", a match where Hulk Hogan (WWF Champion) faced The Ultimate Warrior (WWF Intercontinental Champion), in which both championship titles were on the line.

Results

References

Other websites
Official WrestleMania VI website

Sport in Toronto
WrestleMania 06
1990 in professional wrestling
1990s in Canada
History of Toronto
April events
Real-time computing

Real-time computing is a field of Computer science. The idea is to design systems that have a real-time constraint.  Real time systems will guarantee to give a result within a specified time. There are two kinds of real-time systems:

Hard real-time systems: After the delay has passed the result is totally useless (and considered to be an error). No matter what happens, hard-real time systems deliver the result in the specified time. Real world examples are the controller for the airbag in a car. The reaction time of an airbag system is around 1 ms. Another example for a hard real-time system is the Anti-lock braking system in a car. If it does not react fast enough, an accident will occur. People might die because the result was not there fast enough.

Soft real-time systems: On average, these systems work fast enough to make it feel like real-time. A videoconferencing system has microseconds to record sound and video, to send them to the other party, and to process the incoming data. If at one time, this cannot be done, the video will be blurred, and the sound may be out of sync for a few moments. This is however not a catastrophe, and the system can continue to work.

Computer science
AVN Award

The AVN Awards are movie awards sponsored by and presented by the adult video industry magazine AVN. They began in January 1984.

Movie awards
Pornography
1984 establishments
WrestleMania VII



Results 
 The Rockers (Shawn Michaels & Marty Jannetty) Def. Haku & The Barbarian w/ Bobby “The Brain” Heenan
The Texas Tornado Def. Dino Bravo
The British Bulldog Def. Warlord w/ Slick
WWF Tag Team Championship Match:The Nasty Boys (Jerry Sags and Brian Knobbs) (w/Jimmy Hart) Def. The Hart Foundation (Bret Hart and Jim Neidhart) to win the WWF Tag Team Champions
Jake Roberts Def. Rick Martel in a Blindfold Match
The Undertaker (with Paul Bearer) Def. Jimmy Snuka
The Ultimate Warrior Def. Randy Savage (with Sensational Queen Sherri)
Genichiro Tenryu and Kōji Kitao Def. Demolition (Crush and Smash) (with Mr. Fuji)
WWF Intercontinental Title Match: The Big Boss Man (with André the Giant) Def. Mr. Perfect (c) (with Bobby Heenan) by DQ
Earthquake (with Jimmy Hart) Def. Greg Valentine
The Legion of Doom (Hawk and Animal) Def. Power and Glory (Paul Roma and Hercules) (with Slick)
Virgil (with Roddy Piper) Def. Ted DiBiase by countout
The Mountie (with Jimmy Hart) Def. Tito Santana
WWF Title Match:Hulk Hogan Def. Sgt. Slaughter (c) (w/General Adnan) to win the WWF Championship

WrestleMania 07
Sports in Los Angeles
1991 in professional wrestling
1991 in California
1990s in Los Angeles, California
March events
WrestleMania VIII



Results 
Dark Match: The Bushwhackers (Luke Williams and Butch Miller) defeated The Beverly Brothers (Blake and Beau)
Shawn Michaels (with Sensational Sherri) defeated El Matador
The Undertaker (with Paul Bearer) defeated Jake Roberts
WWF Intercontinental Championship Match: Bret Hart defeated Roddy Piper to win the WWF Intercontinental Championship
Big Boss Man, Virgil, Sgt. Slaughter, and Jim Duggan defeated The Nasty Boys (Brian Knobbs and Jerry Sags), Repo Man, and The Mountie (with Jimmy Hart)
WWF Championship Match: Randy Savage (with Miss Elizabeth) defeated Ric Flair (c) (with Mr. Perfect) to win the WWF Championship
Tatanka defeated Rick Martel
WWF Tag Team Championship Match: The Natural Disasters (Earthquake and Typhoon) defeated Money Inc. (Ted DiBiase and Irwin R. Schyster) (c) (with Jimmy Hart) by countout
Owen Hart defeated Skinner.
Hulk Hogan defeated Sid Justice (with Harvey Wippleman) by disqualification

WrestleMania 08
History of Indianapolis, Indiana
1992 in professional wrestling
1992 in the United States
April events
20th century in Indiana
WrestleMania IX

WrestleMania IX was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on April 4, 1993 at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was the ninth WrestleMania event held by the WWF.

The main event saw Yokozuna defeat Bret Hart to win the WWF Championship. Yokozuna won the match by pinfall after Yokozuna's manager Mr. Fuji threw salt in Hart's eyes. After the match, Hulk Hogan came down to the ring to check on Hart. Mr. Fuji challenged Hogan to face Yokozuna in a impromptu match and Hogan accepted. Hogan won the match and the championship in 22 seconds after he hit Yokozuna with the leg drop and pinned him. 

WrestleMania IX received negative criticism and was called a poorly booked event. John Powell of SLAM! Wrestling said that other than the Intercontinental and Tag Team Championship matches and the women that accompanied Lex Luger to the ring, the rest of the pay-per-view was not good. He also did not like some of the outfits that were worn at the event, most notably Jim Ross's toga and Giant Gonzalez's spray-painted suit.

Results

References

Other websites
Official WrestleMania IX website

WrestleMania 09
Las Vegas, Nevada
1993 in the United States
20th century in Nevada
1993 in professional wrestling
Airbag

An airbag is a part of the safety restraint system in cars. Airbags are bags that rapidly fill with air when an accident happens. That way they can prevent injuries that occur when the driver hits a hard object.

An airbag is a useful vehicle safety device. Airbags are used in the world increasingly because in accidents, it can help passengers reduce shock. 
When the sensor feels a strong shock, the gas device explodes. This gas fills the bag immediately.

History of airbags 
An American inventor, Dr. Allen S. Breed, invented and developed a key component for automotive use. Breed Corporation then marketed this innovation first in 1967 to Chrysler. A similar "Auto-Ceptor" crash-restraint, brandon, developed by Eaton, Yale & Towne Inc. for Ford was soon offered as an automatic safety system in the USA. The Italian Eaton-Livia company offered a variant with localized air cushions.

All cars used the airbag nowadays was originally invented by a Japanese man Mr. Kobori and he took the world patents.

The first patent on an inflatable crash-landing device for airplanes was filed during World War II. In 1973, the first commercial airbags appeared in a run of 1,000 Chevrolet Impalas. Since model year 1998, all new cars sold in the United States have been required to have airbags on both driver and passenger sides. To date, statistics show that airbags reduce the risk of dying in a direct frontal crash by about 30 percent. Today, some cars have six or even eight airbags.

How airbags work 
First, moving objects have momentum (the product of the mass and the velocity of an object). If no outside force acts on an object, the object will continue to move at its present speed and direction (because of inertia). Cars consist of several objects, including the vehicle itself, loose objects in the car and, of course, passengers. If these objects are not restrained, they will continue moving at whatever speed the car is travelling at, even if the car is stopped by a collision. 
Stopping an object's momentum requires force acting over a period of time. When a car crashes, the force required to stop an object is very great because the car's momentum has changed instantly while the passengers' has not (there is not much time to work with). The goal of any supplemental restraint system is to help stop the passenger while doing as little damage to them as possible. 
What an airbag wants to do is to slow the passenger's speed to zero with little or no damage. The constraints that it has to work within are huge. The airbag has the space between the passenger and the steering wheel or dashboard and a fraction of a second to work with. Even that tiny amount of space and time is valuable, however, if the system can slow the passenger evenly rather than forcing an abrupt halt to their motion.

Motorcycle airbag 
In 2006 the airbag was set up for a motorcycle. This was in the Gold Wing by Honda.

The second airbag device for motorcyclist is an inflatable airbag jacket was invented by Tamás Straub in 1976.

References

Automobiles
Safety
Darkly Dreaming Dexter

Darkly Dreaming Dexter is a 2004 book written by Jeff Lindsay. It won the 2005 Dilys Award.

The television show Dexter was based on the book.

Crime fiction books
2004 books
Dearly Devoted Dexter

Dearly Devoted Dexter is a 2005 book written by Jeff Lindsay. It is a sequel to the 2004 book Darkly Dreaming Dexter which the television show Dexter is based on.

Crime fiction books
2005 books
Dexter in the Dark

Dexter in the Dark is a 2007 book written by Jeff Lindsay. It is the third book in Lindsay's Dexter series.

Crime fiction books
2007 books