cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Chris Brown (disambiguation)

Chris Brown (born 1989) is an American R&B singer.

Chris Brown or Christopher Brown may refer to:

Music

Chris Brown (album), an album by Chris Brown
Chris Brown (Canadian musician), Canadian singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist
Chris Brown (Australian musician), Australian musician, member of Ayers Rock (band)
Chris Brown (composer) (born 1953), composer, pianist, and electronic musician
Chris Taylor Brown (born 1981), singer for Trapt
Christopher Brown (composer) (born 1943), English composer

Sports

Cricket
Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1974) (born 1974), English cricketer
Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973) (born 1973), former Cook Islands cricketer

Gridiron football
Chris Brown (American football coach), American football coach and former player
Chris Brown (defensive back) (born 1962), American football player
Chris Brown (offensive lineman) (born 1978), former American football offensive lineman
Chris Brown (running back), American football player

Football
Chris Brown (American soccer) (born 1977), American soccer midfielder/striker
Chris Brown (footballer, born 1971), English-American football defender and manager
Chris Brown (footballer, born 1984), English football striker
Chris Brown (footballer, born 1992), English football defender

Hockey
Chris Brown (field hockey) (born 1960), New Zealand
Chris Brown (ice hockey) (born 1991), American ice hockey player drafted by the Phoenix Coyotes
Christophe Brown (born 1974), Swiss ice hockey player in the Switzerland National League A

Other sports
Chris Brown (athlete) (born 1978), Bahamian sprinter
Chris Brown (baseball) (1961–2006), American third baseman

Politics
Chris A. Brown (born 1964), member of the New Jersey General Assembly
Christopher J. Brown (born 1971), member of the New Jersey General Assembly
Chris Brown (California politician) (born 1981), American politician and businessman in the state of California
Chris Brown (Mississippi politician) (born 1967), Republican Mississippi state representative and businessman

Other people 
Christopher Brown (author), American science fiction author
Christopher Brown (museum director) (born 1948), director of the Ashmolean Museum
Chris Brown (British Army officer), last General Officer Commanding Northern Ireland
Chris Brown (veterinarian) (born 1978), Australian veterinarian, television personality and author
M. Christopher Brown II, President of Alcorn State University
Chris Brown (dancer) (1896–1956), Native American dancer and costume maker
Demmin

Demmin () is a town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It was the capital of the former Demmin Rural District.

World War II 
German troops destroyed the bridges over the Peene while retreating from Demmin during World War II. This way, the advance of the Soviet Red Army was slowed down when they arrived in Demmin on April 30, 1945. During that night and the following morning, Demmin was handed over to the Red Army largely without fighting, similar to other cities like Greifswald.

Although there were only a few pockets of resistance, nearly 900 people committed mass suicides in fear of the Red Army. Coroner lists show that most drowned in the nearby River Tollense and River Peene, where others poisoned themselves. This was fuelled by atrocities and rapes committed by Red Army soldiers until the city commander had the access to the rivers blocked on May 3.

Famous residents 
 Joachim Lütkemann (1608-1655), preacher and author
 Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann (1724-1782), merchant and politician
 Julius Friedrich Cohnheim (1839-1884), pathologist
 Willy Schulz-Demmin (1892-1974), painter
 Hans-Adolf Asbach (1904-1976), politician
 Willi Laatsch (1905-1997), pedologist
 Paul von Maltzahn (born 1945), diplomat
 Andy Glandt, banjo player

Literature 
 Norbert Buske, Das Kriegsende in Demmin 1945 (German) - The End of the War in Demmin 1945

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Demmin Rural District
Red Army

The Red Army was the army of the Bolsheviks led by Leon Trotsky in the Russian Civil War. Later it became the army of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It was the name used mainly before and during World War II. After the war it was renamed as the Soviet Army, although many people still continued to call it the Red Army. Even nowadays some people still nickname the modern Russian Army as the Red Army. 

Some later Communist organizations such as the Red Army Faction used the name, and anti-communists sometimes used the name for any left-wing group which they said was trying to promote communism and was paid for by the USSR.

1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Armies
Soviet Union
World War II
1918 establishments in the Soviet Union
Nienburg

Nienburg is a town and capital of the district Nienburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Geography

Geographical location 
Nienburg is on the river Weser, approx. 55 km southeast of Bremen, and 45 km northwest of Hanover. Nienburg is the largest town in the Mittelweserregion.

Population 
(in each case December 31st)
 1998 - 32.789
 1999 - 32.659
 2000 - 32.611
 2001 - 32.454
 2002 - 32.462
 2003 - 32.543
 2004 - 32.691
 2005 - 32.803

Town's structure 
Nienburg, including quarters
 Erichshagen
 Holtorf
 Langendamm
 Schäferhof/Kattriede
 Nordertor
 Leintor
 Lehmwandlung
 Alpheide

Town council 
The 38 members of the "Stadtrat" are made up of:
 Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands - CDU 14
 Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands - SPD 17
 Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Grüne 3
 Freie Demokratische Partei-FDP 2
 Wählergemeinschaft - WG 1
 Die Linke 1
(September 10, 2006)

Twin towns 
Nienburg has two twin towns:
 Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States
 Vitebsk, Belarus

References
Querfurt

Querfurt a town in Saalekreis district (Kreis) in the south of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, in a fertile country on the Querne,  west from Merseburg, on a branch line from Oberroblingen. Pop. 12,935 (2005).

References

Other websites

Saalekreis Rural District
Saab 35 Draken

The Saab 35 Draken ("kite" or "dragon") is a fighter aircraft made by Saab. It first flew in 1955 and was introduced in 1960. It was made to replace the Saab 29 Tunnan. The Draken used a delta wing, which gave it speed. In fact, it was Sweden's first aircraft to go twice the speed of sound.

What the Draken is like 
The Draken is 50 feet, 4 inches (15.35 meters) long, 30 feet, 10 inches (9.42 meters) wide, and 12 feet, 0 inches (03.89 meters) tall. It weighs 18,188 pounds (8,250 kilograms) empty and can weigh up to 27,050 pounds (12,270 kilograms) with things in it. It is powered by a Volvo Flygmotor RM 6C jet engine. It carries 2 30mm cannon and can carry AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles.

Who uses the Draken 
Sweden
Austria
Finland
Denmark
United States

Related pages
Mirage III
Delta wing
Saab

References 

Military aviation
Departments of Haiti

Haiti is divided into 10 departments (French, départements).  When Haiti was the French colony of Saint-Domingue, there were three provinces: North, South and West. Under Toussaint L'Ouverture, the provinces were converted into departments.

The departments are further divided into 41 arrondissements, and 133 communes.

Other websites
Statoids: Departments of Haiti
Turquoise

Turquoise is an opaque (cannot be seen through), blueish-green mineral. It is not common and can be valuable in finer grades.  It has been prized as a gem and ornamental stone for thousands of years because of its interesting coloring. 

The word Turquoise means Turkish in French.

Gemstones
Birthstones
Yotsuya Kaidan

Yotsuya Kaidan, also known as Tōkaidō yotsuya kaidan, is one of the most famous Japanese ghost stories of all time. It was written as a play in 1825 by Tsuruya Nanboku. 

The tale takes place in the Tōkaidō region.

Plot
The story is a tale of murder and ghostly revenge. It continues to be an influence on Japanese horror today.

References

Japanese folklore
El Greco

El Greco ("The Greek", 1 October 1541 – 7 April 1614) was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. He usually signed his paintings in Greek letters with his full name, Doménicos Theotokópoulos ().

El Greco was born in Crete, which was the center of Post-Byzantine art at that time. He trained and became a master of that kind of art before travelling at 26 to Venice, as other Greek artists had done. In 1570, he moved to Rome and opened a workshop and made a series of works. While he was in Italy, El Greco added elements of Mannerism and of the Venetian Renaissance to his style. In 1577, at the age of 36, he moved to Toledo, Spain, where he lived and worked until his death in 1614. In Toledo, El Greco painted his best-known paintings.

El Greco's dramatic and expressionist style puzzled other painters at the time, but came to be appreciated in the 20th century. El Greco is considered to have influenced both the Expressionist and Cubist styles. His personality and works inspired poets and writers like Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis. Many modern scholars think that El Greco belongs to no conventional school. He is best known for long figures and often fantastic or dramatic coloring, combining Byzantine traditions with Western painting traditions. His paintings generally have very bright parts contrasting with very dark parts.

References 

1541 births
1614 deaths
Crete
Spanish painters
Greek people
People from Toledo, Spain
Spanish sculptors
Spanish architects
Byron (disambiguation)

Byron can mean:

People

Surname
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron ("Lord Byron"), a well-known English writer and poet
Beverly Byron, U.S. Congresswoman
Don Byron, an American jazz composer and musician
Fergal Byron, Irish gaelic football player
Goodloe Byron, U.S. Congressman
Henry James Byron, dramatist 
John Byron, 1st Baron Byron, 17 century Royalist
John Byron, 18 century British explorer and admiral
Kari Byron, member of the MythBusters crew
Katharine Byron, U.S. Congresswoman
Robert Byron, 20 century British travel writer
Tom Byron, an American pornographic actor and director
William D. Byron, U.S. Congressman

Given name
Byron Black, Zimbabwean tennis player
Byron Cage, an American gospel singer
Byron Dafoe, National Hockey League goaltender
Byron Dorgan, U.S. Senator
Byron Haskin, U.S. film director
Byron Katie, American self-help author and founder of "The Work"
Byron Leftwich, NFL quarterback
Byron Nelson, PGA Tour golfer, nicknamed 'Lord Byron'
Byron White, U.S. Supreme court associate justice
Byron Scott, NBA coach and former player

Fictional characters
Byron Basset, the sleeping puppy from Tiny Toon Adventures
Byron (Babylon 5), a character from the television series Babylon 5
Byron Henry, a character in Herman Wouk's novels The Winds of War and War and Remembrance
Byron, a Gym Leader in the Pokemon Diamond and Pokemon Pearl video games

Places
United States
Byron, California
Byron, Georgia
Byron, Illinois
Byron Township, Ogle County, Illinois
Byron, Maine
Byron, Michigan
Byron Township, Michigan
Byron, Minnesota
Byron Township, Cass County, Minnesota
Byron Township, Waseca County, Minnesota
Byron, New York
Byron, Ohio
Byron, Oklahoma
Byron, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin
Byron, Monroe County, Wisconsin
Byron, Wyoming
Byron Center, Michigan
Byron Nuclear Generating Station in Illinois
Australia
Byron Bay, New South Wales, a coastal town
Canada
Byron, Ontario, a suburb of London
Outer space
Asteroid 3306 Byron
Greek War of Independence

The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), also commonly known as the Greek Revolution, was a successful war by the Greeks who won independence for Greece from the Ottoman Empire. Muhammad Ali Pasha sent his son Ismail with an army and a fleet to help fight the Greeks and the Greek Christian revolutionaries asked for help from European Christians. A fleet of the United Kingdom, France and Russia destroyed the Ottoman-Egypt fleet in the Battle of Navarino. After a long and bloody struggle, independence was finally achieved, and confirmed by the Treaty of Constantinople in July 1832. The Greeks were thus the first of the Ottoman Empire's subject peoples to be accepted as an independent sovereign power.

Notes

References

Other websites

Treaty of Constantinople 
of London, 1832
War of Independence

19th century in Greece
Wars of independence
19th century rebellions
Rebellions in Europe
1820s in Europe
Ronald Sinclair

Ronald Sinclair (January 21, 1924 - November 22, 1992), born Richard Arthur Hould and sometimes called Ra Hould or Ron Sinclair, was a child actor from New Zealand, who became a movie editor.

Career
Sinclair was a child actor turned movie editor who was still considered a star in his home country of New Zealand, long after his Hollywood career ended. He appeared in movies like The Light That Failed, Tower of London, That Hamilton Woman and Desperate Journey. He also appeared in a series of children's adventure movies featuring the Five Little Peppers.

From 1955 on, Sinclair worked together with director Roger Corman. Together they edited movies like Swamp Women, Day the World Ended, The Intruder, The Raven and The Trip.

Other websites

New Zealand movie actors
1924 births
1992 deaths
Affoltern im Emmental

Affoltern im Emmental is a municipality of the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Albligen

Albligen (also known in French as Albenon) was a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Albligen and Wahlern merged into the new municipality of Schwarzenburg.

Former municipalities of Bern
Alchenstorf

Alchenstorf is a municipality of the administrative district  Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Bern
Allmendingen bei Bern

Allmendingen bei Bern is a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

The municipality is between Rubigen and Muri bei Bern, near Berne.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Amsoldingen

Amsoldingen is a municipality of the administrative district Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Other websites

Municipalities of Bern
New-age music

New-age music is a type of music which is often related to New Age belief. It is usually soft and instrumental; it means, only few New Age music pieces have a singer. New Age music is good for resting, thinking and meditation.

One of the first people in this genre was Stephen Halpern. He created music to be used for meditation. He could not find a record company for his works, so he published them himself and sold them in New Age stores. His music is very relaxing and has a slow rhythm.

Some of the famous artists who work in this field are Yanni, Kitarō, Jean Ven Robert Hal, Loreena McKennitt, Vangelis, Enya and George Winston.

References

New Age music
Write Once Read Many

Write Once Read Many (times) or WORM is a classification of computer storage media. It is used to describe media that can only be written once. After they are written, they can only be read.

There are two different kinds of such media:
In some, the hardware prevents multiple writes, examples of such media are the CD-R and DVD-R discs. There is also some kind of computer memory (called PROM) which can only be written once. 
Certain kind of media use a software solution to emulate this behaviour. Examples are  certain kinds of  backup tapes and harddisks that can also have this property.

Storage devices
Charles-Marie Widor

Charles-Marie Widor (born Lyons, 21 February, 1844; died Paris, 12 March, 1937) was a French organist and composer. He was one of the greatest organists of his time and he had many pupils who learned a lot from him and became famous. Widor is best known for his organ works which he called “symphonies”. The Toccata from his Symphony no 5 is one of the best known of all organ pieces, often played at the end of wedding ceremonies.

1844 births
1937 deaths
20th-century French composers
French organists
Romantic composers
People from Lyon
Paul Hindemith

Paul Hindemith (pronounce: POWL HIN-de-mit), (16 November 1895 in Hanau - 28 December 1963 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German composer, violist, teacher, music theorist and conductor. He was the most important and influential German composer during the years between the two World Wars. His style was at first influenced by Schoenberg and Expressionism, but gradually it became more neo-classical, and he turned against Schoenberg's whole approach. He was also famous as a viola player and composed a concerto for viola and orchestra.

1895 births
1963 deaths
20th-century German composers
Deaths from pancreatitis
Entertainers from Hesse
German academics
German conductors
People from Hanau
Violists
Louis Vierne

Louis Vierne (8 October 1870 – 2 June 1937) was a French organist and composer. He wrote a lot of music for the organ, including six large works called symphonies, 24 Fantasy Pieces (which includes his famous Carillon de Westminster), and 24 Pieces In Free Style. Some of these can be played on the harmonium as well as on the organ.

Life
Vierne was born in Poitiers. He was almost completely blind from birth. He faced a lifetime of professional frustration, sickness, blindness, loss of family and friends, and disappointments. This all influenced his music.

He died while giving an organ recital at Notre Dame.

Organ symphonies 

 Organ Symphony No. 1 in D minor, Op. 14 (1898–1899)
 Organ Symphony No. 2 in E minor, Op. 20 (1902–1903)
 Organ Symphony No. 3 in F♯ minor, Op. 28 (1911)
 Organ Symphony No. 4 in G minor, Op. 32 (1914)
 Organ Symphony No. 5 in A minor, Op. 47 (1923–1924)
 Organ Symphony No. 6 in B minor, Op. 59 (1930)

Symphony No. 6 exploits the full 12-tone chromatic scale. Vierne's pupil Maurice Duruflé played the Symphony's first performance at Notre Dame in 1935.

References 
 Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music. All Music Guide, LLC. p. 1456.

1870 births
1937 deaths
20th-century French composers
Romantic composers
Poitiers
Jehan Alain

Jehan Alain (born Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Paris, 3 February, 1911; died near Saumur, 20 June 1940) was a French organist and composer.  He learned to play the organ at home on an organ that his father had built.  In his short life he composed many works.  His most famous organ pieces are Trois Danses (Three Dances) and a brilliant piece called Litanies.

Alain was killed fighting in World War II.

His youngest sister, Marie-Claire Alain, is an internationally-famous organist and has made several complete recordings of her brother's organ works.

1911 births
1940 deaths
20th-century French composers
Shame

Shame is an emotion. Shame is rooted in a social or cultural environment. Some people feel shame when some of the rules (that are accepted by the respective society) have been broken. A person can feel ashamed because he or she has thought or done something no one else knows about. Children are often told to be ashamed of something, because they sometimes have trouble telling cause and effect apart. When they grow up, they can better tell the two apart. At that stage, the feeling of guilt becomes stronger.

Emotions
Moulin Rouge

Moulin Rouge (Red Windmill) is a traditional cabaret and nightclub which began in 1889. It is on Boulevard de Clichy in the 18th arrondissement (district of the city). This is near the French quarter of Montmartre in the red-light district of Paris called Pigalle. The theatre can be recognized by the large red windmill on its roof. 

The Moulin Rouge puts on cabaret shows every day. It is where the famous French dance, the Can-can, was first performed. It is also famous because many artists and writers have often gone there. Henri Toulouse-Lautrec designed many posters for the cabaret. Because of this, the management always set aside a table where he could have a meal and watch the show.

The ingredients for its success are said to be: 
 A revolutionary architecture for the auditorium that allowed rapid changes of décor and where everyone could mix;
 Festive champagne evenings where people danced and were entertained thanks to amusing acts that changed regularly, such as the Pétomane;
 A new dance inspired by the quadrille which becomes more and more popular: the Can-can, danced to a furious rhythm by dancers in titillating costumes;
 Famous dancers whom history still remembers: La Goulue, Jane Avril, la Môme Fromage, Grille d'Egout, Nini Pattes en l'Air, Yvette Guilbert ;
 A place loved by artists, of whom the most iconic was Toulouse-Lautrec. His posters and paintings secured rapid and international fame for the Moulin Rouge.
 
Several movies have been made about the Moulin Rouge. The latest is Moulin Rouge! directed by Baz Luhrmann. Jean Renoir made another film about the Moulin Rouge.

Related pages  
 Henri Toulouse-Lautrec 
 Paris 
 Bohemianism

References

Other websites 

 Moulin Rouge Paris - Official Website 

Buildings and structures in Paris
Theatres in France
Henri Matisse

Henri Matisse (Le Cateau-Cambrésis, Nord, 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French artist known for his use of colour and his original ideas.

He is mainly known as a painter, but he was also a draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. Matisse was one of the main artists who helped to create modern art early in the 20th century.

"Matisse created brilliantly coloured canvases structured by colour applied in a variety of brushwork, ranging from thick impasto [thick paint] to flat areas of pure pigment, sometimes accompanied by a sinuous, arabesque-like line. [This was] the first of the avant-garde movements (1905–7), named "Fauvism" by a contemporary art critic, referring to its use of arbitrary combinations of bright colors and energetic brushwork to structure the composition".

Although he was initially called a Fauve (wild beast), he painted many traditional themes. He painted from life, and his work includes many portraits and other figurative subjects.
His mastery of the expressive language of form and colour, in work spanning over a half-century, won him recognition as a leading figure in modern art.

Matisse died of a heart attack in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes.

References

Other websites 
 Matisse in Artchive Artchive
 500 hi-res images Henri Matisse: life and work

1869 births
1954 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Deaths from myocardial infarction
French painters
French printmakers
People from Hauts-de-France
AFI's 100 Years of Musicals

Part of the AFI 100 Years... series, AFI's 100 Years of Musicals is a list of the top American musical movies. The list was unveiled by the American Film Institute at the Hollywood Bowl on September 3, 2006. Unlike most of the previous lists, it only includes 25 winners and was not presented in a televised program.

# Singin' in the Rain (1952)
# West Side Story (1961)
# The Wizard of Oz (1939)
# The Sound of Music (1965)
# Cabaret (1972)
# Mary Poppins (1964)
# A Star Is Born (1954)
# My Fair Lady (1964)
# An American in Paris (1951)
# Meet Me in St. Louis (1944)
# The King and I (1956)
# Chicago (2002)
# 42nd Street (1933)
# All That Jazz (1979)
# Top Hat (1935)
# Funny Girl (1968)
# The Band Wagon (1953)
# Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942)
# On the Town (1949)
# Grease (1978)
# Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954)
# Beauty and the Beast (1991)
# Guys and Dolls (1955)
# Show Boat (1936)
# Moulin Rouge! (2001)

Other websites 
American Film Institute 

American movies
American Film Institute
Abu Nuwas

Abū Nuwās al-Ḥasan ibn Hānī al-Ḥakamī (variant: Al-Ḥasan ibn Hānī 'Abd al-Awal al-Ṣabāḥ, Abū 'Alī (), known as Abū Nuwās al-Salamī () or just Abū Nuwās ( Abū Novās); 756814) was a classical Arabic poet. He was born in Persia. He is in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights.

References 

750 births
810 deaths
Poets
Pen names
Montmartre

Montmartre is a hill 130 metres high and is also the name of the district which surrounds the hill. It is in north Paris and famous for its nightlife.

Many artists had studios or worked around the community of Montmartre such as Salvador Dalí, Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso and Vincent van Gogh.

Name origin
Montmartre means 'mountain of the martyr.' The name comes from the martyrdom of Saint Denis, who was decapitated on the hill around 250 AD. Saint Denis was the Bishop of Paris and is the patron saint of France.

The hill's religious symbolism is thought to be even older. It may have been a druidic holy place because it is the highest point in the area.

Related pages 
 Bohemianism

References

Paris
Arnaut Danièl

Arnaut Daniel de Riberac (today Arnaut Danièl) wrote and performed music and poetry in the 12th century. He was Occitan.

References
 Eusebi, Mario (1995). L'aur'amara. Parma: Pratiche Editrice. .
 Pound, Ezra (1910). The Spirit of Romance. New Direction Books (1968 reprinting).

French writers
Poets
12th-century births
Cabaret

Cabaret is a form of entertainment having comedy, song, dance, and theatre. Cabarets are mostly performed in a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting at tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. The venue itself can also be called a "cabaret". Sometimes it is called a "Reviue".  

The term is a French word for the taprooms or cafés where this form of entertainment was born, as a more artistic form of café-chantant. It comes from Middle Dutch cabret, through Old North French camberette, from Late Latin camera. It essentially means "small room."

Cabaret also refers to a Mediterranean-style brothel – a bar with tables and women who talk, arouse, and entertain the clients. Traditionally these can also have some form of stage entertainment: often singers & dancers – the bawdiness of which varies with the quality of the place. It is the classier, more sophisticated cabaret that eventually engendered the form of place and art form that is the subject of the remainder of this article.

Entertainment
Fox Studios Australia

Fox Studios Australia is a major movie studio in Sydney, Australia. Since opening in May 1998, the studio has been involved in the production of a number of successful movies, including The Matrix, Moulin Rouge!, Mission Impossible II, Star Wars Episode II, Star Wars Episode III and Superman Returns.

Movies
The studio has been involved in a number of movies including:
Dark City - 1996-1997
Babe: Pig in the City - 1998
The Matrix - 1998
Farscape – Series 1 - 1999 (TV)
Mission: Impossible II - 1999
Holy Smoke - 1999
Moulin Rouge! - 1999-2000
La Spagnola - 2000
Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones - 2000
Kangaroo Jack - 2001
The Quiet American - 2001
The Matrix Reloaded - 2001-2002
The Matrix Revolutions - 2001-2002
The Night We Called It a Day - 2002
The Mystery of Natalie Wood aka (Looking for Natalie Wood) - 2003
Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith - 2003-2005
Son of the Mask - 2004
Stealth - 2004
Superman Returns - 2005
Australian Idol - 2007
Australia (2008 film) - 2007

Other websites
 Fox Studios Australia
 The Entertainment Quarter

Movie studios
Companies of Australia
1998 establishments in Australia
Thomas Aquinas

St. Thomas Aquinas, (1225 – 7 March 1274) was a Catholic Dominican priest from Italy, and is a Catholic saint and philosopher. He was born in Roccasecca, as the son of Count Andulf of Aquino and Countess Theodora of Teano.

His early education was at the Benedictine monastery at Monte Cassino. He attended the University of Naples, where he got the nickname "dumb ox" for his slow demeanor, though he was an intelligent and talented student. He studied philosophy, Catholic theology, church history, liturgy, and canon law. 

By 1240, he became interested in the religious life and decided to become a friar with the new Dominican Order. His family captured him and brought him back because to become a Dominican one must eliminate material wealth. His parents expected him to follow in his uncle’s footsteps and become a Benedictine abbot. They kept him in a castle in an effort to change his mind. However, when they released him two years later, he immediately joined the Dominicans.

He was the author of the cosmological argument. Catholics think Aquinas is the best teacher for one who wants to become a priest. His most famous book is Summa Theologica. Aquinas is one of the 33 Doctors of the Church. Many schools are named after him including the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines.

Aquinas is also known for his work with natural law. Aquinas took an optimistic view of human nature, believing that it is human nature to do good and not evil.

References 

Christian theologians
1225 births
1274 deaths
Craig Pearce

Craig Pearce is an Australian actor and screenwriter. He co-wrote the play Strictly Ballroom and the screenplay of the movie version with Baz Luhrmann. He also wrote the screenplay for the 1996 movie Romeo + Juliet and co-wrote the 2001 movie Moulin Rouge!, also with Baz Luhrmann.

Other websites 
 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian movie actors
Australian screenwriters
Donald McAlpine

Donald McAlpine is an Australian cinematographer. He was born in 1934 in New South Wales, Australia. He has been involved in over fifty movies. His more recent work has been seen in Baz Luhrmann's hit musical Moulin Rouge! (2001), for which he earned an Academy Award nomination, Adam Sandler's Anger Management (2003), Universal Pictures' Peter Pan (2003) and the Walt Disney/Walden Media-produced The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005).

Other websites 

1934 births
Living people
Australian filmmakers
People from New South Wales
Cinematographers
Herbert Howells

Herbert Howells CBE, CH, was an English composer, organist, and teacher. He was born in Lydney, Gloucestershire on 17 October 1892 to Oliver and Elizabeth Howells. He died in London on 23 February 1983. He wrote a lot of church music for the Anglican Church, including several Service settings of the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis. He taught for many years at the Royal College of Music.

One of his best known works is the Hymnus Paradisi, a large, sacred work for choir. His organ works include 2 sets of 3 Psalm-Preludes and a piece called Master Tallis’s Testament.

1892 births
1983 deaths
20th-century English composers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of Honour
English organists
Musicians from Gloucestershire
Jill Bilcock

Jillian (Jill) Bilcock (born 1948, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) is a movie editor. She is a graduate of the Swinbourne College of Technology. Bilcock won the 2002 Eddie Award (best edited comedy or musical movie) for Moulin Rouge!. She also was nominated for the Academy Award for movie Editing for that movie. Bilcock has been nominated four times for the BAFTA Award for Best Editing . Three of these nominations were for the first three movies directed by Baz Luhrmann (Moulin Rouge! - 2002, Romeo + Juliet - 1996, and Strictly Ballroom - 1992). The fourth BAFTA nomination was for Elizabeth (1998).

References

Other websites 

1948 births
Living people
Australian filmmakers
People from Melbourne
Movie editors
Jim Broadbent

James Broadbent (born 24 May 1949) is an Academy Award-, Golden Globe- and BAFTA-winning English theatre, movie and television actor. 

Broadbent was born in Lincoln, England; he lives in London.

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 
 
 

Biography on the Broadbent Theatre website

1949 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Lincolnshire
BAFTA Award winning actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
John Leguizamo

John Leguizamo (born July 22, 1964) is an Emmy Award-winning and Golden Globe-nominated American comedian, actor and producer.

Movies

References

Other websites 

 
 
 John Leguizamo at Internet Off-Broadway Database
 
 Q&A Sessions: John Leguizamo on The Happening at nocheLatina.com

1964 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American movie actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Los Angeles
Emmy Award winners
Puerto Rican actors
People from Bogotá
Actors from Los Angeles
Movie producers from Los Angeles
Nut (fruit)

A nut is a hard-shelled fruit of some plants. They are an important part of human and animal diets. Many dried seeds and fruits are called 'nuts' in English, but only some are nuts to a botanist. 

Nuts are made of the seed and the fruit, where the fruit does not open to release the seed. Most seeds come from fruits, and the seeds are released from the fruit. But nuts (such as hazelnuts, hickories, chestnuts and acorns) have a stony fruit wall which keeps the seed inside. 

In common speaking, many so-called nuts, like pistachios and Brazil nuts, are not nuts in a biological sense. Everyday common usage of the term often refers to any hard-walled, edible kernel as a nut.

Botanical definition 
A nut in botany is a simple dry fruit with one seed (rarely two). The ovary wall is hard (stony or woody) when it matures, and the seed is stuck to the ovary wall.

Types of nuts 
Types of nuts include the oak, hickory, chestnut, stone-oak, birch, and hazelnut. The peanut, coconut, almond, macadamia, pistachio, pecan, walnut and cashew are not true nuts, but treated as one in cooking.

References

Other websites 
 Linus Pauling Micronutrient Information Centre Nuts

Botany
Richard Roxburgh

Richard Roxburgh (born January 1, 1962) is an Australian actor. He has starred in many Australian movies and has appeared in supporting roles in a number of Hollywood productions. Roxburgh normally plays the role of villains.

Filmography
 Romulus, My Father Director (2007)
 Like Minds (2006)
 Fragile (2005)
 Stealth (2005)
 Van Helsing (2004)
 League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
 The One and Only (2002)
 The Touch (2002)
 The Hound of the Baskervilles (2002) (TV)
 Moulin Rouge! (2001)
 Mission: Impossible II (2000)
 Passion: The Story of Percy Grainger (1999)
 In The Winter Dark (1998)
 Thank God He Met Lizzie (1997)
 Children of the Revolution'' (1996)

TV
 The Silence
 Frontier
 The Last of the Ryans
 Gluttony: Seven Deadly Sins
 Tracks of Glory
 Police Rescue
 The Saint: Fear in Fun Park
 Riddle of the Stinson
 The Ordinary Man
 One Way Ticket for Twisted Tale
 The Paper Man
 Blue Murder

Awards
Australian Film Institute
 2006 – nominated: The Silence (TV)
 2001 – nominated: Moulin Rouge!
 1999 – nominated: Passion
 1997 – won: Doing Time for Patsy Cline

Film Crities Circle of Australia Awards
 1998 – won: Doing Time for Patsy Cline

Other websites
 
 Richard Roxburgh CV at PFD 
 Romulus My Father website

Australian movie actors
Actors from New South Wales
1962 births
Living people
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Speed of sound

The speed of sound is  per hour or  per second in dry air in room temperature.  It travels at 1500 meters per second through water.  Sound moves faster through liquids and solids than air, since they have a larger specific modulus, meaning they are stiffer. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum, which is a space without any air or matter.  The speed of sound is affected by temperature. It travels slower at low temperatures, for example in the stratosphere.

You can calculate the speed of sound like this:

Where:
 is the ratio of specific heats (1.4 for air)
R is the gas constant ( for air)
T is temperature (in Kelvins)

The speed of sound is also known as Mach 1. Things that go faster are supersonic, and things that go five times that speed (Mach 5) are hypersonic.

Other websites 
 Calculate the speed of sound in air and the temperature
 Speed of sound - temperature matters, not air pressure

Sound
Wave physics
Sigfrid Karg-Elert

Sigfrid Karg-Elert (born Oberndorf am Neckar, 21 November 1877; died Leipzig, 9 April 1933) was a German composer.  He wrote in a late Romantic style.  He is mainly remembered for his music for organ and harmonium, his favourite instrument.  He wrote a set of 66 Chorale improvisations for organ, the best known of which is called Nun danket alle Gott (Now thank we all our God).

1877 births
1933 deaths
People from Saxony-Anhalt
20th-century German composers
Louis-Claude Daquin

Louis-Claude Daquin (born Paris, 4 July 1694; died Paris 15 June 1772) was a French composer.  He was writing in the last part of the Baroque period and the early part of the Classical music period.  He was a virtuoso organist and harpsichordist.  He wrote a lot of excellent music for organ and for harpsichord. His most popular piece is called Le Coucou (The Cuckoo).

1694 births
1772 deaths
Baroque composers
French composers
French organists
Harpsichordists
John Bull (composer)

John Bull (born 1562 or 1563; died March 15, 1628) was an English composer, musician, and organ builder. He was famous for playing the harpsichord and organ.  Most of his compositions were written for keyboard instruments. He became a Gentleman, and then organist, at the Chapel Royal.  He was also known for getting into trouble for adultery.  He went to Europe and may have worked as a spy.  He died in Antwerp.

Together with Sweelinck and William Byrd he was one of the great composers of keyboard music in the early 17th century.  Many of his works are in the collection called the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book.

1560s births
1628 deaths
Bull, John
Bull, John
Bull, John
Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis, or polio, is a virus that causes a serious disease. It is spread from person to person.  

Most of the time, polio has no symptoms unless the polio virus gets into the blood. It is uncommon for the virus to enter the brain or spinal cord. If this does happen, it can cause muscles to become paralyzed. Some people get better from the paralysis. Others will be disabled. Depending on which muscles have been affected, these people may need a mobility aid or a wheelchair; they may have difficulty using their hands; or they may even have trouble breathing.  

About 15 out of every 10,000 adults who get polio die.  (This means an adult has a 0.015% chance of dying from polio.) 

Vaccination with polio vaccines could stop the disease all over the world. Organizations like the World Health Organization have been trying to vaccinate as many people as possible against polio. Vaccinations have eliminated polio from most countries in the world. 

Worldwide, polio has become much less common in the past few decades.  In 1988, there were about 350,000 cases of polio in the world.  By 2007, the number of cases of polio in the world had decreased by over 99.9%, to just 1,652 cases.

The 32nd President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, had polio.  So far, he is the only President of the United States to have had this disease.

References 

Diseases caused by viruses
Dystopia

A dystopia is the opposite of a utopia, and can mean a utopia that has become corrupt. This can be seen in George Orwell's book 1984. and Aldous Huxley's book Brave New World. A dystopia often has many problems, such as poverty, pollution, or a cruel ruler. 

A frequent theme is a place that is supposed to be a beautiful and perfect utopia, but where something unforseen ruins it.

References 

Society
Life
Centre (department)

Centre is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti. It is in the center of the country, along the border with the Dominican Republic. It is the only department of Haiti that does not border the sea.

Geography 
The Départment du Centre has an area of 3,675 km². It is bordered to the northeast by the Nord-Est Department, to the northwest by the Nord Department, to the west by the Artibonite Department and to the south by the Ouest Department. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east.

The mountain chains here run from west to east and the most important are the Montagnes Noires (in English, "Black Mountains"). There is also part of the Chaine du Trout d'Eau.

Lake Peligre, the second largest lake in Haiti, is in this department; it is an artificial lake created with the construction of the Peligre Dam on the Artibonite river.

The main rivers of the department are Boucan Carré, Fer-à-Cheval, Libon, Macacia, Thomonde and La Tombe, and all are tributaries of the Artibonite.

Population 
The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 581,505 persons: 289,028 men and 292,477 women, with only 94,619 (16.27%) living in cities and towns.

The main city is Hinche, the capital of the department.

Administrative division 
The department is divided into four arrondissements (like districts) and 12 communes (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:

 Cerca la Source
 Cerca-la-Source
 Thomassique
 Hinche
 Hinche
 Cerca-Cavajal
 Maïssade
 Thomonde
 Lascahobas
 Lascahobas
 Belladère
 Savanette
 Mirebalais
 Mirebalais
 Saut-d'Eau
 Boucan-Carré

References 

Departments of Haiti
Aswan Low Dam

The Aswan Low Dam or Old Aswan Dam is a dam across the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. It is built of masonry and held in place just by gravity. It was the first dam across the Nile, and was built by the British between 1899 and 1902. When it was done, it was the largest masonry dam in the world. This type of dam is called a buttress dam.

The dam was built at the former first cataract of the Nile, and is about 1000 km up-river and 690 km (direct distance) south-southeast of Cairo. When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever been attempted.

The dam was designed to provide storage of annual floodwater. The water was used to help dry season flow and support more irrigation. Its height was originally limited because of concern  for the Temple of Isis at Phillae (Philae Temple). That temple was later moved to Agilkia Island in Lake Nasser.

The dam provided inadequate storage capacity for planned development and was raised twice, between 1907–1912 and again 1929–1933. These heightenings still did not meet irrigation demands and in 1946 it was nearly over-topped by water in an effort to maximize pool elevation.

This eventually led to the construction of the Aswan High Dam  upstream.

The second function of the dam is to provide electricity. The dammed water drives a water turbine and generator. It still works today. This technology (hydroelectricity) had been invented in the 19th century in England and Germany, and was by 1900 used in the USA and most European countries.
Egypt got access to the technology because she was, at that time, under British control.   The Khedive was Abbas II, who usually had to do what the British wanted.

References 

Buildings and structures in Egypt
Dams in Africa
Nile
1902 establishments
1900s establishments in Egypt
Billboard (magazine)

Billboard is an American magazine that lists the top albums and singles of the week. It is most famous for the Billboard charts.

The magazine was started on November 1, 1894 in Cincinnati, Ohio by William H. Donaldson and James Hennegan. It was originally called Billboard Advertising.

It started doing music charts in the 1930s.

Picture gallery

Other websites
 Official Billboard website

1894 establishments in the United States
Cincinnati, Ohio
Music magazines
Tom Brosseau

Thomas Anderson "Tom" Brosseau (born November 3, 1976) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist.

Life 
He was born and grew up in Grand Forks, North Dakota. His song "How to Grow a Woman from the Ground" was covered by Chris Thile, who released a 2006 album of the same name.

Right now, Brosseau is touring the United States playing his new album, Cavalier.

Albums
North Dakota (2002)
Late Night at Largo (2004)
What I Mean To Say Is Goodbye (2005)
Empty Houses Are Lonely (2006)
Tom Brosseau (2006)
Grand Forks (2007)
Cavalier (2007)

Other websites
Tom Brosseau official website
Official MySpace page

American singer-songwriters
American guitarists
Singers from North Dakota
American folk musicians
Musicians from North Dakota
1976 births
Living people
People from Grand Forks, North Dakota
The Strokes

The Strokes are an American band formed in 1998. They became famous in the early 2000s as a leading group in the garage rock revival. The members of the band are Julian Casablancas, Nick Valensi, Albert Hammond Jr., Nikolai Fraiture and Fabrizio Moretti. The band has released six studio albums, but their first album, Is This It is their most famous.

Band history
Casablancas, Moretti and Valensi were the first members of the band and started playing together when they were still in high school. In 1998, Hammond joined the band. They spent two years playing live in New York City, but no one really listened to them. They recorded some songs and sent them to record labels, but their offers were not accepted. On October 2000, the band went to Gordon Raphael's studio and recorded songs, but with no extra effects. Rough Trade Records founder Geoff Travis found out the songs and released them as The Modern Age EP. The Strokes were also featured in a famous magazine, the NME. Because of these, the band was noticed by a lot of people, but most of those people were in the UK.

Discography 
 Is This It (2001)
 Room on Fire (2003)
 First Impressions of Earth (2006)
 Angles (2011)
 Comedown Machine (2013)
The New Abnormal (2020)

References

Other websites 
 The Strokes Official Website
 The Strokes on imeem
 The Strokes Official MySpace
 NME Artist page
 Guardian Unlimited bio from December 16, 2001

Musical groups from New York City
Henry Head Battery

The Henry Head Battery is found on the La Perouse side of the inlet to Botany Bay near the edge of a cliff that drops down into the ocean on Henry Head, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia.

History
This fort and bunker building was built in-between 1892 - 1895 with a large disappearing gun emplacement (a special hole in the ground that the cannon shoots from and then disappears into). The fort was used until 1910, upon which the fort became useless.

The fort that had 2 six inch gun emplacements and special lookout positions was reused during World War II to protect the entrance to Botany Bay. The underground bunker and tunnels inside the fort had vaulted weapons storage rooms with double walls and ceilings. The doubling up of walls and ceilings was a special way of stoppng the walls from collapsing if the fort suffered a direct hit from a missile (rocket) fired from an enemy ship. The battery is currently not in use.

References

Forts in Australia
Buildings and structures in Sydney
Military of Australia
1890s establishments in Australia
Virgin Records

Virgin Records is a British record label. It was started by Richard Branson, Simon Draper, and Nik Powell in 1972. They sold it to Thorn EMI. In 2006, they came together with Capitol Records to become Capitol Music Group.

In 2013, the British Virgin Records joined Mercury Records to start a new label: Virgin EMI.

British record labels
Virgin Group
Death Cab for Cutie

Death Cab for Cutie (Death Cab or DCFC) is an American indie band. The band was started in 1997 in Bellingham, Washington. The band members are Ben Gibbard (singer, guitar), Dave Depper (singer, guitar), Chris Walla (guitar, production), Nick Harmer (bass) and Jason McGerr (drums).

The band's name was taken from the song "Death Cab for Cutie", written by Neil Innes and Vivian Stanshall and performed by their band the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band in The Beatles' 1967 film Magical Mystery Tour.

Members 
 Ben Gibbard - vocals, guitar, piano (1997-present)
 Dave Depper - guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2016-)
 Nick Harmer - bass (1997-present)
 Jason McGerr - drums (2003-present)
 Zac Rae – keyboards, guitar (2016–present)

Former
 Nathan Good - drums (1997-1999)
 Michael Schorr - drums (2000-2003)
 Chris Walla - guitar, production, piano (1997-2014)

Discography

Studio albums 
 Something About Airplanes (1998)
 We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes (2000)
 The Photo Album (2001)
 Transatlanticism (2003)
 Plans (2005)
 Narrow Stairs (2008)
 Codes and Keys (2011)
 Kintsugi (2015)
 Thank You for Today (2018)

Other websites 
 
 

American rock bands
American pop music groups
Indie bands
Musical groups from Washington
Musical groups established in 1997
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Washington (state)