cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Netsplit

In computer networking, mainly Internet Relay Chat (IRC), netsplit is the event when two servers disconnect. Because how IRC networks are built, a disconnection between two servers splits the entire network into two parts. This makes it look like people on the other half of the network have quit from IRC.

Appearance of netsplits
Below is an example of typical netsplit. When two servers split, a user sees this as large number of users quitting. After the servers are reconnected, a user sees the other users rejoining.

On GUI IRC clients
<nowiki>* usera has quit (a.irc.net b.irc.net)
* userb has quit (a.irc.net b.irc.net)
* userc has quit (a.irc.net b.irc.net)
* usera has joined #channel
* userb has joined #channel
* userc has joined #channel</nowiki>

On command-line client irssi
<nowiki>00:00 -!- Netsplit a.irc.net <-> b.irc.net quits: usera, userb, userc
00:00 -!- Netsplit over, joins: usera, userb, userc</nowiki>

To a user on a private network
<nowiki>* usera has quit (*.net *.split)
* userb has quit (*.net *.split)
* userc has quit (*.net *.split)
* usera has joined #channel
* userb has joined #channel
* userc has joined #channel</nowiki>

References

Other websites 
 Netsplit Manual (retrieved 2009-12-2)

Internet Relay Chat
Computer networking
Annie Oakley

Annie Oakley (August 13, 1860 – November 3, 1926), born Phoebe Ann Mosey, was an American sharpshooter (skilled with guns). She was a star in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show. Oakley was born in Ohio to Jacob and Susan Mosey. On June 20, 1882 she married Frank E. Butler, another skilled shooter. The couple joined Buffalo Bill's show in 1885. Oakley performed before several European heads of state, including Queen Victoria and Kaiser Wilhelm II. She left the show in 1902 and began acting. Oakley died in 1926 of pernicious anemia (a type of blood disorder). She was buried in Greenville, Ohio. Frank Butler died 18 days later.

References

1860 births
1926 deaths
Deaths from anemia
Entertainers from Ohio
Women's Professional Billiard Association

The Women's Professional Billiard Association (WPBA) is a professional sports group. It organizes women's billiards in the United States. Pool players Madelyn Whitlow and Palmer Byrd started the group in 1976 as the Women's Professional Billiard Alliance with Larry Miller. Miller was the editor of the National Billiard News.

Other websites
Official Page

Cue sports
Sports organizations of the United States
1976 establishments in the United States
Audi Cup 2009

The Audi Cup 2009 (the first edition of the Audi Cup) was a two-day tournament that took place in Germany. The tournament featured four teams, AC Milan, Boca Juniors, Bayern Munich and Manchester United. The winners of the tournament were Bayern Munich, defeating Manchester United 0(7) - 0(6). Boca Juniors took third place, defeating AC Milan 1(4) - 1(3).

Matches

2009 in association football
2009 in Europe
2000s in Germany
Audi Cup
History of Munich
Audi Cup

The Audi Cup is a two-day football tournament. It happens at the Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany. The first edition of the Audi Cup was won by Bayern Munich. The 2019 champions are Tottenham Hotspur. Bayern Munich has won the tournament the most times. Since Bayern is the host of this competition, they are the permanent participant in the Audi Cup, while three other teams are chosen based on their strength.

History 

The Audi Cup was created in 2009 to remember Audi's 100th year of trading and the hosts, Bayern Munich, won the tournament. It replaced the Franz Beckenbauer Cup for the year.

Past Results

Wins By Team 

  Bayern Munich: 3
  Atlético Madrid: 1
  FC Barcelona: 1
  Tottenham Hotspur F.C. : 1

Teams That Participated

Other websites 

 Official website

 
2009 establishments in Europe
Audi Cup 2013

The Audi Cup 2013 (the third edition of the Audi Cup) was a two-day tournament that took place in Munich, Germany. The participating teams were Bayern Munich, Manchester City, Milan and São Paulo.

Matches

Statistics

Top scorers 

2 goals

 Mario Mandžukić (Bayern Munich)
 Edin Džeko (Manchester City)
 Stephan El Shaarawy (Milan)

1 goal

 Thomas Müller (Bayern Munich)
 Mitchell Weiser (Bayern Munich)
 Aleksandar Kolarov (Manchester City)
 Álvaro Negredo (Manchester City)
 Micah Richards (Manchester City)
 David Silva (Manchester City)
 Kingsley Boateng (Milan)
 Andrea Petagna (Milan)

References 

2013 in association football
2013 in Germany
Audi Cup
2010s in Munich
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup

The 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup was the sixth FIFA Women's World Cup tournament. The tournament was on June 26 to July 17. The champions were Japan, beating United States 2(3)-2(1) with penalty shots. Because of Japan's victory, Japan became the first Asian team to win any FIFA World Cup.

The final was played in the Commerzbank Arena in Frankfurt, Germany. The defending champions, Germany, lost to Japan during the quarter-finals.

Qualified Teams 

AFC (3):
  Australia
  Japan (Champions)
  North Korea

CAF (2):
  Equatorial Guinea
  Nigeria

CONCACAF (3):
  Canada
  Mexico
  United States

  Brazil
  Columbia

OFC (1):
  New Zealand

UEFA (5):
  England
  France
  Germany (Hosts)
  Norway
  Sweden

Groups

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knockout Stage

Awards

Top goalscorer (Golden Boot)

Other awards

All-Star Team

Other websites
RSSSF

2011 in association football
2011 in Germany
FIFA Women's World Cup
Football in Germany
Hope Solo

Hope Amelia Solo (born July 30, 1981, in Richland, Washington) is an American soccer goalkeeper. She plays for the United States women's national soccer team, and for the Seattle Reign FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), the top division of women's soccer in the United States

During the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, she got 2 official awards. The Bronze Ball and the Best Goalkeeper award. Her father Jeffrey, died on June 15, 2007, because of heart failure. She was part of the USA women's soccer team that won gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 U.S. Soccer profile

1981 births
American soccer players
American Olympic gold medalists
Living people
Sportspeople from Washington
Competitors at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Melissa McCarthy

Melissa McCarthy (born August 26, 1970) is an American movie and television actress and comedienne. She is well known for her role as Sookie St. James on The WB television show Gilmore Girls and Dena on Samantha Who?. She starred in the CBS sitcom Mike & Molly, from 2010-2016.

She also starred in the movies Bridesmaids (for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress), Identity Thief, Spy and Life of the Party.

Other websites 

1970 births
Living people
Actors from Chicago
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Movie producers from Chicago
Screenwriters from Chicago
MLS Cup

The Major League Soccer Cup (usually called the MLS Cup) is a tournament that determines the Major League Soccer champion. Toronto FC are the current champions after beating the Seattle Sounders 2-0 in MLS Cup 2017. The most successful club is the Los Angeles Galaxy, with 5 titles. The Galaxy's last title was in MLS Cup 2014 when they beat the New England Revolution 2-1.

The MLS Cup was founded in 1994, and the cup is every year. The first champions ever were D.C. United.

Winning Years 

Soccer in the United States
1994 establishments in the United States
FieldTurf

FieldTurf is a type of "fake" grass used in stadiums. It was created by FieldTurf Tarkett division of Tarkett Inc., a company from Calhoun, Georgia, USA. In the 1990's, the design was to replicate real grass. Eventually, the FieldTurf became the best in the industry.

FieldTurf is made by many fibers, and the bottom is made of silica sand, which is a mixture of sand and ruber.

The first major use was for American football at the University of Nebraska's Memorial Stadium in 1999. After that, other famous stadiums began using it. Association football's first use of FieldTurf was in January 1997 when the English club of Middlesbrough used for it for their training ground. "Fake" grass such as FieldTurf is not liked by major association football companies. No Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup match has been played on FieldTurf. Saprissa Stadium in Costa Rica used FieldTurf for a FIFA World Cup qualifying round. 50% of the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup stadiums had FieldTurf. Many players do not like playing on FieldTurf, but FIFA has said that FieldTurf will be widely used one day.

Sports
Elf Aquitaine

Total S.A. is a French multinational integrated oil and gas company and one of the seven "Supermajor" oil companies in the world. Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production to power generation, transportation, refining, petroleum product marketing, and international crude oil and product trading.

Total is also a large scale chemicals manufacturer. Total is a major player in low-carbon energies.

Total has its head office in the Tour Total in La Défense district in Courbevoie, west of Paris. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.

Elf Aquitaine was a French oil company. They merged with TotalFina to form TotalFinaElf. The new company changed its name to Total in 2003. The name Elf has been kept as a brand of Total.

History 
Elf Aquitaine's came from three French oil companies: Régie Autonome des Pétroles (RAP), Société Nationale des Pétroles d'Aquitaine (SNPA), and Bureau de Recherches de Pétroles (BRP). The three companies were formed after the discovery of a gas field in Saint-Marcet in the Aquitaine region of south-western France. In December 1965 RAP and BRP merged to form Entreprise de Recherches et d'Activités Pétrolières (ERAP).

On April 28, 1967 the company's different brand names and products were combined under the Elf brand. Elf stood for Essence Lubricants France. In 1976 Elf-ERAP merged with Antar Pétroles de l'Atlantique and became Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine (SNEA). Later it became known as Elf Aquitaine. Elf Aquitaine was listed on the NYSE in 1991. In 2000 Elf Aquitaine merged with Total Fina to form TotalFinaElf. In 2003, the name was changed to Total.

Fraud scandal 
The Elf scandal came to light in 1994 in France. According to The Guardian, it was 'the biggest fraud inquiry in Europe since the Second World War... Elf became a private bank for executives who spent £200 million on political favors, mistresses, jewellery, fine art, villas and apartments'. Iraqi-born Nadhmi Auchi, received a 15-month suspended sentence and a £1.5m fine for his involvement taking illegal commissions.

Motorsport 

From its beginnings, Elf used motor racing as a means of promotion. It had four-year deal with Matra starting in the French Formula 3 series. In 1969 the combination won the Formula One World Championship with Tyrrell and Jackie Stewart. By this time, Elf was owned by the French government. They began a new long-term relationship with Renault, which was also owned by the French government at the time. The Renault F1 racing cars carried Elf sponsorship until 2009. The Elf logos were replaced with Total logos.

References 

Companies of France
1967 establishments in Europe
United States women's national soccer team

The United States women's national soccer team is the United States women's team that is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation. The United States team has for a long time been a great team, and is currently ranked the second best team, by FIFA. The team has won three Women's World Cup titles (1991, 1999, 2015); four Olympic Women's Gold Medals (1996, 2004, 2008 and 2012) and eight Algarve Cups (2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2011).

The team was also selected as the U.S. Olympic Committee's Team of the Year (1997 and 1999). Sports Illustrated chose the team as the Sportspeople of the Year (1999).

World Cups

2011 

The United States lost to Japan in the finals, so United States finishes as runner-up (for the first time). They also beat Brazil, which had beaten them in the semifinals of the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup.

1999 
The United States won their second title on this year. After they defeated China 5-4 in the penalty kicks, a lot more people began to watch Women's football. Also, after Brandi Chastain made the last penalty, she randomly slid on the grass and ripped of her shirt. This brought a lot of attention, but Brandi Chastain said "Momentary insanity, nothing more, nothing less. I wasn’t thinking about anything. I thought, ‘This is the greatest moment of my life on the soccer field."

1991 
The United States won their first title on this year. They defeated Norway 2-1.

Most appearances 
The U.S. women's team boasts the first six players in the history of the sport to have appeared 200 times for their national team. One of them, Kristine Lilly, is the only player of either sex with 300 or more appearances.

Top scorers

References

Women's national football teams
Soccer in the United States
Pavel Sedláček

Pavel Sedláček (born July 4, 1941 in Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, today Czech Republic) is a Czech rock and roll singer, songwriter and guitarist.

References

Other websites
 Official website his Cadillac Band
 Pavel Sedláček on PopMuseum.cz 

1941 births
Living people
Czech musicians
Aleš Brichta

Aleš Brichta (born August 9, 1959 in Prague, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech heavy metal singer. He is a founding member of Arakain, from which he left and now plays with "Aleš Brichta Band". In 2008 he was inducted to Beatová síň slávy (Beat Hall of Fame).

Discography

Solo career
 Růže pro Algernon (1994)
 Ráno ve dveřích Armády spásy (1996)
 Hledač pokladů (1998)
 Dívka s perlami ve vlasech - Best Of (2000)
 American Bull (2001)
 Aleš Brichta 12x (2001)
 American Bull - New Edition (2002)
 Anděl posledního soudu (2003)
 Legendy 2 (2004)

Arakain
 Rockmapa 1 (1989)  
 Rockmapa 13 (1989)
 Thrash the trash (1990)
 Schizofrenie (1991)
 History Live (1992)
 Black Jack (1992)
 Salto Mortale (1993)
 Thrash! (1994)
 Legendy (1995)
 S.O.S. (1996)
 15 Vol. 1 (1997)
 15 Vol. 2 (1997)
 15 (1997)
 Apage Satanas (1998)
 Thrash The Trash & Schizofrenie (1998)
 15 Vol. 1&2 (1998)
 Farao (1999)
 Gambrinus Live (2000)
 Gambrinus Live (2000)
 Forrest Gump (2001)
 Archeology (2002)
 20 let natvrdo (2003)
 20 let natvrdo (2003)
 Balady (2003)
 XXV Eden (2007)

Grizzly
 !New Spirit! (2003)

Aleš Brichta Band
 Divadlo snů (2006)
 Nech si to projít hlavou (2007)
 Best Of: Beatová síň slávy (2008)
 Deratizer (2009)
 50 - TESLA ARENA true live (2009)
 Grizzly (2010)

Aleš Brichta Project
 Údolí sviní (2013)

Aleš Brichta Trio 
 Papírovej drak (2014)

projects
 Zemětřesení (1993)
 Hattrick (2000)
 Zemětřesení - Live (2001)
 Hattrick I+II (2004)

compilation albums
 Dej mi víc… Olympic (1992)
 Souhvězdí Gott (1999)
 Karel Gott 70 [TV koncert] (2009)

Musical theatre 
 1994 Jesus Christ Superstar

Other websites
 Official website

Living people
1959 births
Czech musicians
Plover

Plovers are water birds birds belonging to the subfamily Charadriinae. There are about 40 species, most of them called 'plover' or 'dotterel'.  The closely related lapwing subfamily, Vanellinae, has another 20-odd species.

Plovers are found throughout the world, and have short bills. They wade in the water, and hunt by sight, rather than by feel as longer-billed waders like snipe do. 

They feed mainly on insects, worms or other invertebrates. They use a run-and-pause technique, rather than the steady probing of some other waders.

The plover group of birds has a defence against predators called false brooding. They sit on an imaginary nest site, changing position sometimes as if real eggs were under them.

The plover has been known to attack when the young are threatened. The birds secrete an acidic compound from a gland located in their mouth. On contact with skin causes a burning sensation.

References 

Charadriiformes
The Drug in Me Is You

The Drug in Me Is You is the first album of the post-hardcore band Falling in Reverse. It was released on July 26, 2011. The album was produced for Michael Baskette, recorder in Orlando, Florida, by Epitaph Records.

The song "Raised by Wolves" was released in May 28, and officially released June 7. The music video from "The Drug in Me Is You" was released June 28.

The album sold 20.000 copies in the first week.

Tracklist 
 "Raised by Wolves" - 3:23
 "Tragic Magic" - 4:06
 "The Drug in Me Is You" - 3:38
 "I'm Not a Vampire" - 3:51
 "Good Girls Bad Guys" - 3:15
 "Pick Up The Phone" - 4:37
 "Don't Mess with Ouija Boards" - 4:55
 "Sink or Swim" - 4:45
 "Caught Like a Fly" - 4:36
 "Goodbye Graceful" - 4:48
 "The Westerner" - 3:51

Personnel 
 Band
Ronnie Radke - lead vocals
Jacky Vincent - lead guitar, backing vocals
Derek Jones - rhythm guitar
Nason Schoeffler - bass, backing vocals
Scott Gee - drums

 Production
Jef Moll - digital editing
Dave Holdredge - engineer, mixing
Michael "Elvis" Baskette - production, mastering
Matt Grayson - band photo
Nick Pritchard - design, artwork
Kevin Thomas - assistant engineer
Devin Taylor - artwork girl

 Additional musicians
Ryan Ross - drums, composer, rhythm guitar (On Raised by Wolves, Don't Mess With Ouija Boards and Goodbye Graceful)
Michael "Elvis" Baskette - keyboards, composer
Omar Espinosa - composer (On Don't Mess With Ouija Boards and Goodbye Graceful)
Dave Holdredge - synths, programming, composer, vocals
Jeff Moll - vocals

Charts

Daily charts

Weekly charts

References 

2011 albums
Debut albums
Pop punk albums
Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of China.  It was written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century. Nowadays, it is still hugely popular in East Asia.

Chinese culture
Ragtime

Ragtime (or rag-time) is a musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1897 and 1918.

Its main characteristic trait is its syncopated, or 'ragged', rhythm. It began as dance music in the red-light districts of American cities such as St. Louis and New Orleans years before being published as popular sheet music for piano.

Ragtime was a modification of the march made popular by John Philip Sousa, with additional polyrhythms typical of African music. The ragtime composer Scott Joplin became famous through the publication in 1899 of the Maple Leaf Rag and a string of ragtime hits that followed. For at least 12 years after its publication, the Maple Leaf Rag heavily influenced subsequent ragtime composers with its melody lines, harmonic progressions or metric patterns.

Ragtime fell out of favor as jazz claimed the public's imagination after 1917, but there have been numerous revivals since. First, in the early 1940s many jazz bands began to include ragtime in their repertoire and put out ragtime recordings on 78 rpm records. A more significant revival occurred in the 1950s as a wider variety of ragtime styles of the past were made available on records, and new rags were composed, published, and recorded.

In 1971 Joshua Rifkin brought out a compilation of Scott Joplin's work which was nominated for a Grammy Award. In 1973, the motion picture The Sting brought ragtime to a wide audience with its soundtrack of Joplin tunes. Subsequently, the film's rendering of Joplin's 1902 rag The Entertainer was a Top 5 hit in 1974.

Ragtime (with Joplin's work in the forefront) has been cited as an American equivalent of minuets by Mozart, mazurkas by Chopin, or waltzes by Brahms. Ragtime influenced classical composers including Erik Satie, Claude Debussy and Igor Stravinsky. Ragtime was included in the dance styles of Vernon and Irene Castle, and influenced the English ballroom dances, the foxtrot and the quickstep.

References

More reading 
 Gildo De Stefano. Ragtime, jazz & dintorni. Preface by Amiri Baraka. SUGARCO Editions, Milan 2007. 

African-American history
American music
Dance music
Great Attractor

The Great Attractor (GA) is a gigantic mass in space which pulls our Milky Way galaxy, and many other galaxies towards it.p60 

The Great Attractor is known by its effect on the movement of galaxies across hundreds of millions of light years (mly). Its mass is equivalent to the mass of tens of thousands of Milky Ways.

All the galaxies in the GA are redshifted, in accordance with the expansion of the Universe. They are receding relative to us and to each other, but the variations in their redshift show the existence of the Attractor. The variations in their redshifts  range from about +700 km/s to -700 km/s, depending on where they are in relation to the Great Attractor.

Position 
The position of the Great Attractor was finally worked out in 1986. It is between 150 and 250 million light years (47–79 million parsecs) away. Objects in that direction lie in the Zone of Avoidance, which is the part of the night sky obscured by the Milky Way galaxy. Because of this, they are difficult to study with visible light. However, X-ray observations have revealed that the region of space is dominated by the Norma Cluster, a massive cluster of galaxies, with large, old galaxies, many of which are colliding with their neighbours, and/or radiating large amounts of radio waves.

In 2005, astronomers conducted an X-ray survey of part of the sky known as the Clusters in the Zone of Avoidance. The survey confirmed earlier theories that the Milky Way galaxy was in fact being pulled towards a much more massive cluster of galaxies near the Shapley Supercluster, which is beyond the Great Attractor.

Related pages 
 Shapley Supercluster
 Great Wall

References

Further reading

Galaxy clusters
Cubs Win Flag

The Cubs Win Flag is a flag that is flown at Wrigley Field after every Chicago Cubs home win. The flag is called by about a dozen names.  These names usually include several of the following words; either Cubs or Chicago Cubs; Win, W, White, White W, or W Win; and flag, banner or banner flag. Other common names for the symbol include Cubs Win Banner Flag.  It has become an important symbol for fans. Days when the win flag is flown are known as "White Flag Days". The tradition of flying a win or loss flag over the stadium began soon after the scoreboard was built in 1937.

The flag has used two different colors with the letter "W" on a solid background.  The flag used now is white with a blue "W." There is a flag used for losses with a letter "L".  This flag is blue with a white "L" on it.  Additionally, lights are shone on the flags that show if it was a win or loss. A new flag is used for each win. Some stores sell versions of the flag that also have the Cubs logo at the bottom.

Sources

References

Chicago Cubs
1937 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in Illinois
Wrigley Field

Wrigley Field is a sports stadium, the baseball park where the Chicago Cubs play in Major League Baseball. The ballpark is in Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs have been playing there since 1916.

The ballpark is on the north side of Chicago. It is on a block bounded by Addison Street, Clark Street, Waveland Avenue, and Sheffield Avenue. It was built in 1914 for the Chicago Whales of the Federal League. The Federal League disbanded after the 1915 season. The Cubs moved from their previous home, West Side Park, to this ballpark in 1916.

The Chicago Bears of the National Football League played their home games at Wrigley Field from 1921 through 1970. They moved to Soldier Field in 1971.

Wrigley Field has also hosted events such as soccer and hockey. It has also been used as a filming location for some Hollywood movies.

The ballpark has a "cozy" feel. Fans often call it "The Friendly Confines". That nickname was made famous by former Cubs player Ernie Banks.

There was also a Wrigley Field in Los Angeles, built by the same people who built Wrigley Field in Chicago.

The park was designated a National Historic Landmark in November 2020.

References

Other websites

 Stadium site on cubs.com 
 Restore Wrigley Field
 Wrigley Field facts, figures, photos and more
 Wrigley Field News
Zachary Taylor Davis

Major League Baseball venues
Sports buildings in Chicago, Illinois
Chicago Cubs
1914 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Illinois
Landmarks in Chicago
Zone of Avoidance

The Zone of Avoidance (ZOA) is the area of the night sky that is obscured by our own galaxy, the Milky Way.

Dust and stars in the plane of the Milky Way (the galactic plane) block our view of about 20% of the sky at visible wavelengths. As a result, optical galaxy catalogues are usually very incomplete close to the galactic plane.

Modern developments
In more recent years, many projects have attempted to bridge the gap in our knowledge caused by the Zone of Avoidance. However, the effects of the Zone drops at longer wavelengths, such as the infrared, and the Milky Way is effectively transparent at radio wavelengths. Surveys in the infrared have given us a more complete picture of the extragalactic sky. Indeed, two very large nearby galaxies, Maffei 1 and Maffei 2, were discovered in the Zone of Avoidance by Paolo Maffei by their infrared emission in 1968.  Even so, about 10% of the sky remains difficult to survey because extragalactic objects (for example, distant galaxies) can be confused with stars in the Milky Way.

Projects to survey the Zone of Avoidance at radio wavelengths have detected many galaxies that could not be detected in the infrared. Examples of galaxies detected from their HI emission include Dwingeloo 1 and Dwingeloo 2.

Important superclusters of galaxies lying hidden or partly hidden by ZOA are The Great Attractor and the Norma Cluster.

References

Galaxies
Norma Cluster

The Norma Cluster (ACO 3627 or Abell 3627) is a rich cluster of galaxies near the center of the Great Attractor.  

It is both nearby and bright; but it is difficult to observe because it is in the Zone of Avoidance. This is a region near the plane of the Milky Way, which obscures our view. The cluster is hidden by interstellar dust at optical wavelengths. Its mass is estimated to be on the order of 1015 solar masses.

Other websites 
 ESO Press Photos 46a-j/99 
 
 Galaxy cluster has two 'tails' to tell. NASA Image of the Day, January 22, 2010.

References

Galaxy clusters
Lewis acid

The concept of Lewis acid and Lewis base is one of acids and bases, which is independent of the idea of (protons donor or acceptor). Gilbert Newton Lewis developed this idea in the early 20th century. In this concept, a Lewis acid can accept and bind electrons. Lewis acid is a substance that accepts two electrons to form a covalent bond. A Lewis base is a substance that gives two electrons in the bonding. A Lewis acid together with a Lewis base will  react to make a compound called a Lewis adduct.

References

Chemistry
Shamrock Rovers F.C.

Shamrock Rovers Football Club (Irish: Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige) is a football club from Dublin, Ireland. They play in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland. The club is the most successful in Ireland's football history.

History
The club was founded in 1901 and is named after Shamrock Avenue in Dublin, the place where the club was founded. They started playing friendly matches. In 1904/05 they began to play in a league. From 1907 till 1914 they were not allowed to play because they had no home ground. In 1921 they missed the founding of the league of Ireland, but the next season they played in this league and won the title. The next decades the Rovers were very successful. In 1967, they played as Boston Rovers one season in the United Soccer Association in the USA.

In 1987 Glenmalure Park, the home ground was sold by the club owners as building area. The club started to build a new stadium in Dublins suburb Tallaght but came into financial troubles. The County South Dublin finished the construction in 2009 and so the Rovers have a new homeground. During the troubles the club was also relegated to the first division of the League of Ireland in 2005 but in 2007 they won and were again promoted to the Premier Division.

Through a 2:1 after extra time against (home 1:1) the Rovers are qualified for the UEFA-Europa League group stage 2011/12. They will play in group A versus Tottenham Hotspur, Rubin Kasan and  PAOK Saloniki.

Current squad
All players used during the season:

Staff
 Coach: Stephen Bradley
 Assistant Coach: Trevor Croly
 Goalkeeping Coach: Tim Dalton
 Physiotherapist: Richard Walker

Honours

National titles
  League of Ireland: 17 (record)
 1922–23, 1924–25, 1926–27, 1931–32, 1937–38, 1938–39, 1953–54, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1963–64  1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1993–94, 2010, 2011
 FAI Cup: 24 (record)
 1925, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1945, 1948, 1955, 1956, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966,  1967, 1968, 1969, 1978, 1985, 1986, 1987
 League of Ireland Shield: 18 (record)
 1924–25, 1926–27, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1941–42, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1954–55, 1955–56,  1956–57, 1957–58, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68.
 League of Ireland Cup: 1
 1976–77
 League of Ireland First Division: 1
 2006
 Setanta Sports Cup: 1
 2011

Other websites
 Official homepage

Irish football clubs
Sport in Dublin
Galactic plane

The galactic plane is the plane in which most of a disk-shaped galaxy's mass lies. 

The directions perpendicular to the galactic plane point to the galactic poles. In actual use, the terms "galactic plane" and "galactic poles" usually refer specifically to the plane and poles of the Milky Way, the galaxy where the Earth is.

Some galaxies are irregular and do not have any well-defined disk. Even in the case of a spiral galaxy like the Milky Way, defining the galactic plane is imprecise since the stars are not perfectly in the plane.

External references
 https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0408107

Celestial mechanics
CfA2 Great Wall

The Great Wall is one of the largest known super-structures in the Universe.

It is a huge group of galaxies about 200 million light-years away. The Great Wall is like a long, thin line filament: it is over 500 million light-years long, 300 million light-years wide, but only 15 million light-years thick. It was discovered in 1989 from redshift survey data.

We do not know how much farther the wall extends. Our view is blocked by the galactic plane of the Milky Way. The gas and dust from the Milky Way (known as the Zone of Avoidance) obscures the view of astronomers. This makes it impossible to find out if the wall ends or continues on further. 

In the standard model of the evolution of the universe, such structures as the Great Wall form along and follow web-like strings of dark matter. It is thought that this dark matter dictates the structure of the Universe on the grandest of scales. Dark matter gravitationally attracts baryonic matter, and it is this 'normal' matter that astronomers see forming long, thin walls of super-galactic clusters.

References

Other websites 
 Map of CfA2 Great Wall
 The CfA Redshift Survey

Galaxy clusters
Local Group

The Local Group is the group of galaxies that includes our galaxy, the Milky Way. 

The group has more than 50 galaxies (including dwarf galaxies).  Its center of mass is somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy.  The galaxies of the Local Group cover a 10 million light-year diameter and have a binary (dumbbell) shape. The group has a total mass of about (1.29 ± 0.14)Ms.
The group itself is part of the Virgo Supercluster (also called the Local Supercluster).

History
The term "Local Group" was introduced by Edwin Hubble in 1936. He describes it as "a typical small group of nebulae which is isolated in the general field". He listed the galaxies, by decreasing luminosity, as the Andromeda galaxy, the Milky Way, Triangulum galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud, the Small Magellanic Cloud and half-a-dozen others. 

By 2003, the number of known Local Group members has increased from his initial twelve to thirty-six, because of the discovery of almost two dozen low-luminosity galaxies.

Movement of the Local Group 

The Milky Way, Andromeda, and the whole Local Group are being pulled by the gravitational attraction of the most massive structure in the observable universe. They are being pulled by the Shapley attractor, which is a dense supercluster of galaxies some 750 million light years from the Milky Way.

At the same time, the Local Group is being pushed by an almost empty region of space called the "dipole repeller".

Map

Related pages 
Galaxy
List of galaxies
Most distant things
Sag DEG

References 

Galaxy clusters
Hydron

In chemistry a proton is a positively charged hydrogen ion. According to IUPAC, the name hydron should be used for such a particle. In this sense, a hydron can be a proton in the sense of physics, a deuteron or a triton. A deuteron is the ion of deuterium, a triton that of tritium. (So chemists use the term hydron  because it covers all three hydrogen ion isotopes.) In 1923, Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Lowry used hydrons to  describe acids and bases. They defined acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.

References

Chemistry
Hexactinellid

Hexactinellid sponges are sponges with a skeleton made of four- and/or six-pointed silaceous spicules, often referred to as glass sponges. They are usually classified along with other sponges, but some researchers consider them sufficiently distinct to deserve their own phylum, Symplasma.

Sponges
Demosponge

The Demospongiae are the largest class in the phylum Porifera. Their skeletons are made of spicules consisting of fibers of the protein spongin, the mineral silica, or both. Where spicules of silica are present, they have a different shape from those in the otherwise similar glass sponges.

Sponges
University Finis Terrae

University Finis Terrae () is a private autonomous university in Santiago de Chile.

History 
It was founded in 1988. In 1999, this university was subscribed to an agreement of association with the Congregation of the Legionaries of Christ, it means a greater progress in terms of infrastructure, institutional development and extension and the open of new study plans.

Faculties 
 Architecture & Design
 Arts
 Engineering
 Law
 Humanities & Communications
 Medicine
 Odontology
 Education & Family Sciences

References

Other websites 
 University Finis Terrae 

Private Chilean universities
Colleges and universities in Chile
1988 establishments in South America
1980s establishments in Chile
Universidad Mayor, Chile

Universidad Mayor is a private autonomous university in Chile with headquarters in Santiago and a secondary campus in Temuco.

History 
It was founded in 1988.

Faculties 
 Architecture
 Education
 Arts
 Engineering
 Economical & Business Sciences
 Law
 Medicine
 Odontology
 Forestry and Agricultural sciences

Other websites 
 Universidad Mayor - Chile 

Private Chilean universities
Colleges and universities in Chile
1988 establishments in South America
1980s establishments in Chile
University of the Pacific

University of the Pacific () is a private autonomous university in Chile. It has three headquarters in Santiago, one in Melipilla, and an office in Concepción.

History 
It was founded in 1990.

Faculties 
 Agronomy
 Design
 Photography
 Education
 Pedagogy
 Nursing
 Engineering
 Journalism
 Economical & Business Sciences

Other websites 
 Universidad del Pacífico - Chile 

Private Chilean universities
Colleges and universities in Chile
1990 establishments in Chile
Tentaculata

Tentaculata is a class of comb jellies. The common feature of this class is a pair of long, feathery, contractile tentacles, which can be retracted into specialised ciliated sheaths. In some species, the primary tentacles are reduced and they have smaller, secondary tentacles. The tentacles have colloblasts, which are sticky-tipped cells that trap small prey.

Ctenophores
Shōchū

Shōchū is a typical Japanese alcoholic drink. It is usually around 25 - 37% alcohol. Shōchū is made often from barley, rice,  sweet potato, buckwheat, and sugar cane. It is made in many places in Japan, but started in Kyūshū. People drink it mixed with cool or hot water, over ice, in cocktails, or straight. Shōchū is different from nihonshu, or sake. Rice shōchū is made from sake by increasing the purity of alcohol. Shochu comes in a wide variety flavors according to ingredients.

References

Other websites 
https://www.satsuma.co.jp/english/con-shiru-shochu.html - A guide to shochu by a Japanese company

Alcoholic drink
Japanese food
Awamori

Awamori is an alcoholic drink from Okinawa, Japan. Awamori is made from rice. It is fermented and distilled. Awamori is similar to shōchū, but very different from nihonshu, or sake. The amount of alcohol in Awamori is usually between 30% and 43% and sometimes up to 60%. After distillation, the drink is ready for bottling and drinking, but as a rule it is aged in ceramic containers for better taste. Ordinary varieties Awamori, are aged about 6 months, but are made and much more aged varieties - 20 and 25 years of aging. Small amounts of drinks made with addition of various spices, ginseng, and even canned snake.

People in Okinawa enjoy drinking Awamori with friends, families and so on. It is popular with tourists as a souvenir.

Most of the people in Okinawa drink Awamori with ice and water. Some people drink with it Jasmine tea, which is called Sanpincha in Okinawa. It makes the taste of Awamori better.

Awamori can improve if its maker takes time to let it mature. If it is matured a long time, the taste becomes mellow and its smell becomes sweet.

In the 19th century, ships from England, France and the United States reached the Ryūkyū Islands, and awamori was served to the crews.

References 

Fermented drinks
Okinawa Prefecture
Greyson Chance

Greyson Michael Chance (born August 16, 1997) is a musician and a pianist. He became famous for his cover (his version) of the song "Paparazzi" by Lady Gaga in a sixth-grade music festival. The cover reached about 700 million views on Youtube in April 2010. He was later discovered by Ellen DeGeneres and was a guest on her show 2 times. His first debut single is "Waiting Outside the Lines" which was released on October 2010. His first debut album called Hold on 'till the Night was later released on August 2, 2011.

Personal life 

Chance was born on August 16, 1997 in Wichita Falls, Texas. He currently lives in Edmond, Oklahoma. He is the youngest child of Scott and Lisa Chance. He has a sixteen-year-old sister, Alexa, and a nineteen-year-old brother, Tanner. Both Alexa and Tanner also play music. Chance began playing the piano at the age of 8 and has had three years of piano lessons. He has never had vocal (singing) lessons. when he was at the age of 7 he moved to Jacksonville Florida and had been applied for the elementary school John N.C. Stockton.

References 

1997 births
Living people
American pianists
musicians from Texas
singers from Texas
Eephus pitch

An Eephus pitch is a kind of pitch in baseball. It is a kind of "junk pitch" (trick pitch). An Eephus pitch is very slow and is used to catch the batter off guard. The pitch was invented by Rip Sewell of the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1940s. The name Eephus pitch comes from the Hebrew word , which means "nothing." Pirates manager Frankie Frisch claimed that the pitch was named by outfielder Maurice Van Robays. Van Robays explained that "Eephus ain't nothing, and that's a nothing pitch."

Common features  

The Eephus pitch is thrown overhand, like other pitches in baseball. It is unusually slow, and has a high arc trajectory (the ball travels along a high curve.) The trajectory (the path the ball travels) looks more like a pitch from slow-pitch softball than baseball. 

The Eephus pitch is unusually slow. It appears to move in slow motion. The ball travels  or less. Baseball pitches in Major League Baseball usually travel between . The Eephus pitch is considered a trick pitch because it is so slow.

Other names 
The Eephus pitch is sometimes called by other names. These names usually refer to an Eephus pitch thrown by a specific pitcher. Some of the most famous of these names are:
 Fossum Flip, thrown by Casey Fossum
 the folly floater, thrown by Steve Hamilton
 LaLob, thrown by Dave LaRoche
 Leephus, spaceball, and moonball, thrown by Bill "Spaceman" Lee
 the soap bubble, thrown by Vicente Padilla
 the Pascual Pitch, thrown by Pascual Perez
 the Dead Fish, thrown by Dave Stieb

Some other nicknames are bloop curve and gravity curve. It is sometimes also called the Bugs Bunny curve. This name comes from a Bugs Bunny cartoon called "Baseball Bugs." In the cartoon, batters swing three times at a very slow pitch before it reaches home plate.

Related pages
 Pitch (baseball)
 Pitcher (baseball)

References 

Baseball
University of Antofagasta

The University of Antofagasta () is a university in Antofagasta, Chile. It is one of the universities in the north of Chile.

History 
It was founded in 1981 thanks to the fusion of the TUS of Antofagasta and the Regional Headquarter of the University of Chile, it was the point of start of the actual university.

Faculties 
 Basic Sciences
 Health Sciences
 Human Sciences & Education
 Engineering
 Medicine & Odontology
 Marine Resources
 Law and Social Sciences

References

Other websites 
 University of Antofagasta  

Antofagasta
1981 establishments in Chile
Antofagasta
Siméon Denis Poisson

Siméon Denis Poisson ( 21 June 1781 in Pithiviers - 25 April 1840 in Sceaux, near Paris) was a French mathematician and physicist. From 1798 he studied mathematics at the  École Polytechnique, where he met Pierre-Simon Laplace and Joseph-Louis Lagrange. In 1802 he became professor, in 1806 he took the position Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier had before him. Napoleon sent Fourier to Grenoble. Poisson was a disciple of Laplace. Poisson worked on the mathematical bases of wave theory, acoustics, elasticity, electricity and heat. He was also interested in the electric properties of solids. In 1812, he published his extension of Laplace's equation, which allowed its use for electric charge at the surface of solids. In the year 1818, he predicted the existence of a phenomenon called the Poisson spot, in the case that light should have the character of a wave. Poisson thought that was not the case and that it had the character of particles. He had long discussions with Augustin-Jean Fresnel, who thought that light was indeed a wave. This discussion only ended when Fresnel could show the existence of the spot Poisson had predicted in an experiment. In 1838, Poisson published his ideas on probability theory, which also included what is now known as Poisson distribution. This distribution was already known to Abraham de Moivre. 

The relation between pressure and volume in the adiabatic process is constant, this is known as Poisson's Law today. In thermodynamics, the same relation is formulated as a number of equations, which are known as Poisson's equations. Poisson's ratio which gives the amount an object is stretched under load, is also named after him. 

His name is one of 72 honored on the Eiffel tower.

French mathematicians
1781 births
1840 deaths
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
Rotavirus

Rotavirus is a virus that causes diarrhoea. Most of the time only children who are younger than five years old get the disease. The signs of the disease are severe diarrhoea and vomiting, which start suddenly and last for two or three days. Rotavirus also causes diarrhoea in animals. A vaccine, which prevents children from getting the disease is available in many countries.

Like most viruses, rotaviruses are made from RNA and protein. The RNA carries the genes that are used to make more rotaviruses. They are called rotaviruses because they sometimes look like little wheels and "rota" is the latin word for "wheel". Rotaviruses get into the body through the mouth and are not present in the air like the viruses that cause colds. The disease is most often spread by dirty hands and things used for cooking, but the viruses can contaminate water. Rotaviruses are very small. They are a lot smaller than bacteria and can only be seen using an electron microscope. 

Children who have not been vaccinated usually get infected more than once. But when children are about five years old they are usually immune and cannot get it any more. This is because their bodies have become resistant to the viruses.

Rotaviruses infect the cells that the small intestine is made from. This makes it difficult for the body to digest food. Children usually make a complete recovery from the infection. But it is very important to make sure they drink enough water to replace what they are losing. In many countries the medicine used is called "oral rehydration solution". This comes in a small packet that is added to drinking water. It contains salt and sugar, which helps the body take up the water.

Rotaviruses were discovered in the 1970s.  Since then doctors and scientists have shown that they are a problem to children all over the world. More than 500,000 children die from rotavirus infection each year and almost two million more become severely ill.  The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation are helping to pay for rotavirus vaccines in countries that cannot afford to buy them. Between 2006 and 2011 he gave more than 82 million US dollars.

References

Other websites
Preventing gastroenteritis in children, National Health Service, UK

Diseases caused by viruses
Viruses
Karel Plíhal

Karel Plíhal (born August 23, 1958 in Přerov, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech folk musician, singer, songwriter, poet and record producer.

Discography
 Karel Plíhal (1985)
 Imaginární hospoda (1986) – EP (with Slávek Janoušek and Nerez)
 Karel Plíhal…Emil Pospíšil… (1989)
 Karel Plíhal 1985-89 (1992) – compilation
 Takhle nějak to bylo… (1992)
 Králíci, ptáci a hvězdy (1996)
 Sova sněžná (2000) – single
 Kluziště (2000)
 Rok ďábla (2002) – soundtrack
 Nebe počká (2004)
 Karel Plíhal v Telči (2005) – live album
 Karel Plíhal v Olomouci (2005) – live album
 Vzduchoprázdiny (2012)

References

Other websites
 Official website

1958 births
Living people
Czech musicians
Czech poets
Singer-songwriters
D.C. United Academy

The D.C. United Academy is a program for young soccer players that is run by D.C. United, a pro soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer. The "Academy" trains these young soccer players to possibly one day play soccer either in a pro league or in college. 

D.C. United's Academy has several different levels, including, a U-23 team, a U-18 team, a U-16 team and then "Pre-Academy" teams. Pre-Academy teams are for players who are not yet part of the Academy on a normal schedule. 

The teams compete in the United States Soccer Federations' Development Academy league.

Other websites 
D.C. United Academy

Soccer in the United States
Virus classification

Virus classification is the way viruses are put into groups by scientists.
There are many different kinds of viruses. Scientists classify viruses to make it easier to learn about them. Classification also helps scientists to remember viruses and the diseases they cause. The International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is in charge of virus classification. 

Sometimes different viruses have things in common. This is used in classification. For example, if they are made from DNA and protein, or RNA and protein. Other things that are taken into account are the size and shape of the viruses and the diseases they cause.

Similar viruses are first put into "families". Each family has a name. This family name always ends with "-viridae. For example, rotaviruses are in the Reoviridae family and herpes viruses are in the Herpesviridae family.

Viruses in any one family that are almost the same are then put in a smaller group called a "genus".

Another way of classifying viruses is called the Baltimore Classification. This is different from the ICTV one. Some scientists prefer the Baltimore Classification because it is based on how viruses grow in cells.

References

Viruses
Enterovirus

Enteroviruses are a group of viruses that usually live in the gut of humans and other mammals. Most do not cause disease there. They can cause a mild form of meningitis, which is an infection near the brain. Some members of this group of viruses, such as poliovirus, can sometimes be more dangerous. They are viruses made for RNA and there are many different kinds of them.

References

Viruses