cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Himno Nacional

Himno Nacional (in English: "National Anthem") is the national anthem of the Dominican Republic. The music was written by José Reyes (1835-1905) and the lyrics (words of the song) by Emilio Prud'homme (1856-1932).

This anthem was played for the first time on 17 August 1883 in Santo Domingo. In 1897, Prud'homme made some corrections to its original poem.

"Himno Nacional" was made the official Dominican national anthem on 30 May 1934.

Other websites 
 Mi País - República Dominicana (Spanish)
 Listen the Dominican national anthem (.mp3 format)

Dominican Republic
National anthems
PetSmart

PetSmart Inc. is an American pet supply company. They sell pet supplies and services like grooming and dog training in the United States and Canada. The name PetSmart was made as a pun.

Other websites

Official website

1986 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Arizona
Pets
Chironico

Chironico is a former municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Cimadera

Cimadera is a former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in  Switzerland. On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Valcolla and Sonvico merged into the city of Lugano.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Claro, Ticino

Claro is a former municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Claro

Claro may mean:

 Claro toolkit
 Claro (wapentake), the former district of Yorkshire
 Claro (mobile phone network)
 Claro, Ticino, a municipality of Switzerland
 Claromentis, Web-based collaboration and business software
 Clarion (instrument), a medieval brass instrument also called a Claro
 CLARO (political party), a political party in Orihuela, Spain
 A light-colored cigar wrapper
Musical form

The term musical form can have two meanings:

It can mean: the kind of composition.  For example, a musical work can be a symphony, a concerto, a sonata etc.  This is more often called “musical genre”.  The word showing the musical genre will show things such as: whether the music is for an orchestra to play and whether or not there is a soloist as well, or whether it is a piece for one instrument on its own.  It may give an idea of whether it is likely to be a long piece or a short piece, or whether it has several movements.

It can also mean: the shape of the music and how it is planned.  The form of a piece of music may, for example, be an “ABA” form, which means that there is the first part of the piece (which we can call part “A”), then something different happens (which we can call part “B”), and finally part “A” comes back again.  There are many other ways of planning a piece of music, e.g. in jazz there is the twelve bar blues (in which the music is based on a repeated pattern of chords that last 12 bars, or in classical music there is sonata form which can often be the plan of a movement lasting anything from five minutes (as in the early Classical symphonies) to half an hour (as in some of Mahler’s symphonies).

Musical forms
Electric Gardens

Electric Gardens Festival, sometimes called Electric Gardens, 'EGFestival', 'EGFest', or 'EG', is a medium sized music festival at Mount Ephraim, Faversham in Kent. The festival happens on a weekend in early August.

The first time the festival took place was in 2006. There are plans to hold the festival every year.

The Myspace bus
A bus was parked at the festival, by Myspace. The bus was used for the music players to meet people. Free gifts and information are also given from here.

Line ups by year

2006

Main stage
Saturday
 Southern Fried Records Stage
 Audio Bullys
 Armand Van Helden
 Cassius (DJ set)
 Cagedbaby
 Grandadbob
 Touché
 Nathan Detroit
Sunday
 The Charlatans
 Morning Runner
 The Automatic
 The Young Knives
 The Fratellis
 The Boy Least Likely To
 The Long Blondes

Other stages
Saturday
 Archie Bronson Outfit
 The Elegant Bachelors
 Audio Bullys
 Layo & Bushwaka!
 Armand Van Helden
 Stanton Warriors
 Plump DJs
 Caged Baby
 Soho Dolls
 Grant Dee
 Mezza Breaks
 Cassius
 Veto Silver
 Marcus Wallis
 Touché
 Warren Suicide
 Nathan Detroit
 Paul Arnold
 Chew The Fat!
 Grandadbob
 Southern Fried
Sunday
 The Charlatans
 The Automatic
 Morning Runner
 The Fratellis
 The Long Blondes
 The Earlies
 The Boy Least Likely To
 Brakes
 Battle
 Jamie T
 Adem
 Field Music
 Findlay Brown
 Duels
 The Electric Soft Parade
 The Veils
 Mohair
 Larrikin Love
 The Young Knives
 Kid Harpoon
 Eyoe

2007

Main stage
Saturday
 Supergrass
 Calvin Harris
 The Pipettes
 Kate Nash
 Pull Tiger Tail
 Blood Red Shoes
 Jonny Flynn
 Reverend and the Makers
 Palladium
Sunday
 Happy Mondays
 The Rakes
 The Young Knives
 The Maccabees
 Noisettes
 Hot Club de Paris
 Milburn (band)
 Sonic Heatrs

Second stage
Saturday
 Plan B (rapper)
 New Young Pony Club
 The Holloways
 Lethal Bizzle
 Foals
 Peggy Sue and The Pirates 
 Video Nasties
 Newton Faulkner
 Ciara Haidar
Sunday
 Patrick Wolf
 Jack Peñate
 Mr Hudson & The Library
 Kid Harpoon
 The Teenagers
 Late of the Pier
 Laura Marling
 Ox.Eagle.Lion.Man
 The Sylvias

Myspace stage
Saturday
 Good Books
 Lupen Crook
 Beans on Toast
 Nic Dawson Kelly
 Gillan Edgar
 Tom Allalone and the Great Expectations
 Thom Stone
 Poetry by Dockers MC
 Scroobius Pip
 The Thirst
 Stuart James
 Eleanor Goulding
Sunday
 Underground Heroes
 Devils Gun
 Sparrows
 Chineapples
 Rosemary
 Maker
 The Long Weekend
 Our Name is Legion
 Letters from London
 The Cut Outs

Club Class Dance stage
Saturday
 Slam
 Stanton Warriors
 Nic Fanciulli
 Meat Katie
 Mike Pickering
 A Skillz
 Mark Fanciulli & Small Fry
 Shake DJ's
 Mezza Breaks
Sunday
 Danny Howells
 Funk D'Void
 Justin Robertson
 Damian Lazarus
 Desyn Masiello
 Micky Slim
 Sam Ball & Anil Chawla
 Pete Griffiths & George Andrews
 Warning: 2 Dirty DJ's
 Rebel Beat Allies

References

Music festivals in England
Kent
2006 establishments in England
Margarita

Margarita may mean:
 The margarita, a cocktail made with tequila and triple sec
Margarita Island, a Caribbean Island off the coast of Venezuela
 Infanta Margarita, a 1659 painting by Diego Velázquez of Margaret Theresa of Spain
 The Master and Margarita, a novel by Soviet author Mikhail Bulgakov
 Felis margarita, the scientific name for the Sand Cat
 The Greek word for "pearl"
 Pizza Margherita, a pizza made with tomatoes, mozzarella, and basil

Places 

 310 Margarita, a Main Belt asteroid
 Isla Margarita, an island in the Venezuelan state of Nueva Esparta
 Rancho Santa Margarita, California, a city in the United States
 Margarita, Panama, in the former Canal Zone
Near East

The Near East is a large area of land in the eastern hemisphere. Countries of the eastern Mediterranean are part of the Near East. The name of the Near East comes from its position to the east of Europe and to the west of the Middle East and the Far East.

The Levant, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Iran, and Egypt are all regions that are part of the Near East. In the past, the Balkan Peninsula, south-west Asia, and northern Africa were part of the Near East as well.

The Near East is also a name for Middle East which archaeologists, geographers and historians use.

Background 

The term Near East came into use in the 1890s, when European powers had to do with two critical situations in the "east". The Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895 in the Far East, and the Armenian Genocide in the Near East.

British archaeologist D.G. Hogarth published The Nearer East in 1902, which helped to define the term and its extent, including Albania, Montenegro, southern Serbia and Bulgaria, Greece, Egypt, all the Ottoman lands, the entire Arabian peninsula, and western parts of Iran.

References

Middle East
Collina d'Oro

Collina d'Oro (called Gold Hill in English) is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was made on 4 April 2004 from the merging of the villages of Agra, Gentilino, and Montagnola. On 1 April 2012, it incorporated the formerly independent municipality of Carabietta.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Far East

The term Far East means countries of East Asia and Southeast Asia. It became used in the English language during the period of the British Empire for lands to the east of British India. 

Before World War I, the Near East meant relatively nearby lands of the Ottoman Empire, Middle East northwestern South Asia and Central Asia, and Far East countries along the western Pacific Ocean and countries along the eastern Indian Ocean. Many European languages have analogous terms, such as the French , Spanish , Portuguese , German , Italian , and Dutch . 

Far East is never used for the culturally Western nations of Australia and New Zealand, which lie even farther to the east of Europe than much of East Asia.

Territories and regions

Gallery

Related pages

 East Asia
 South Asia
 Southeast Asia

References

Asia
Montagnola

Montagnola is a small Swiss village in the Collina d'Oro municipality.  Along with the villages of Agra and Gentilino, it makes the new municipality of Collina d'Oro.

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
Comano (disambiguation)

Comano could mean:
Comano, Tuscany, a commune in the province of Massa-Carrara, Italy
Comano, Switzerland, a commune in Ticino, Switzerland
Comano, a frazione of the commune of Lomaso, in the province of Trento, northern Italy
Comano, Switzerland

Comano is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 www.comano.ch 
 

Municipalities of Ticino
Contone

Contone is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010 the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Corippo

Corippo is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

With a population of just 17 as of December 2004, it is the smallest municipality in Switzerland. It has many of the things that communities many times its size has: an official website (www.corippo.ch ), its own coat of arms, a village church, a restaurant, and a mayor who leads a town council made up of three local citizens. The village has remained independent since 1822.

On 17 October 2020 the former municipalities of Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Frasco, Sonogno and Vogorno merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca.

Description
Corippo lies in the Verzasca valley about 12 kilometers (7.4 miles) from Locarno at the north end of the reservoir Lake Vogorno, and 20 km from the border with Italy. The houses are built from the local Ticino granite with slate roofs and have changed little for several hundred years, leading the Italian writer Piero Bianconi to describe Corippo as "Verzasca's gentlest village".

References

Other websites
  Official website 
  Description and photo gallery 
 Helvetic Administration and Public Services listing 
 Swissinfo map 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Corticiasca

Corticiasca was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008 the former municipalities of Bidogno, Corticiasca and Lugaggia joined and became the municipality of Capriasca.

References

Other websites 

 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Cresciano

Cresciano is a former municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Cresciano, Iragna, Lodrino and Osogna merged to form the new municipality of Riviera.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Croglio

Croglio is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Cities in Switzerland
Cugnasco

Cugnasco is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008 the former municipalities of Cugnasco and Gerra (Verzasca) merged to form the new municipality of Cugnasco-Gerra.

Other websites 

Cugnasco Homepage 
Panoramic picture 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2000s disestablishments in Switzerland
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Cureglia

Cureglia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Curio, Switzerland

Curio is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Dobryanka

Dobryanka (, 58°27′N, 56°25′E) is a town in Perm Krai, Russia. It is a center of Dobryansky District.  As of 2005, there were about 36,100 people.

Dobryanka was founded in 1623 and became a town in 1943. It is one of the oldest settlements of Perm Krai.

Towns in Russia
Grosseto

Grosseto is a town in the central Italian region of Tuscany. It is the capital of the Province of Grosseto. The city is 12km from the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is in the Maremma near the Ombrone river. Grosseto has 80,742 people. It is a small city but the province is the largest of the Tuscany. It's very comfortable because there is the sea near it.

History 
Grosseto was one of the main Etruscan cities. The city was under the control of the Aldobrandeschi family. In 1137, the city was captured by German soldiers under the control of Duke Henry X of Bavaria. In 1151, the people of Grosseto agreed to be under the control of Siena. In 1222, the city returned to the Aldobrandeschi. When Siena captured the lands of the Aldobrandeschi in 1244, Grosseto was under their control again. The city tried to free itself in 1266 and 1355 but failed.

Sienese control of the Grosseto lasted until 1559 when Charles V gave control of the city to the Medici. It then became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

Important sites 

 The Medicean Walls: Built by Francesco I de Medici in 1547. These walls replaced earlier walls built in the 12th through 14th century.
 The Cathedral: A Romanesque cathedral. It is the main monument of the city. The Cathedral was built between the end of the 13th century and the 15th century. Construction was slow because of the fighting with Siena.
 Palazzo Aldobrandeschi: Built in the Middle Ages, this Neo-Gothic building is the home to the government of the Province of Grosseto.
 Granducal villa of Alberese: Built by the Knights Hospitaller in the 15th century. It was later used as the home of the Grand Dukes of Tuscany.
 Abbey of San Rabano: The ruins of this Abbey are in the Parco Nazionale della Maremma. It originally belonged to the Benedictines, but was later a possession of the Knights Hospitaller.
 Church of San Francesco
 Church of San Pietro, the most ancient in Grosseto.
 Medieval buildings in Batignano, Istia d'Ombrone and Montepescali.
 Ruins of the Abbey of San Pancrazio al Fango

Other websites 

 Official site 

Cities in Tuscany
Capital cities in Italy
Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs of Germany

The Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development  (BMVBS) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its headquarters are in Berlin, but the second office, in Bonn, has more staff.

The Minister is also "Beauftragter der Bundesregierung für die neuen Bundesländer" That is, he is the government's special representative for the old states of East Germany. His job is to help those states to rebuilld industry, improve roads and jobs and become as rich as the other states of Germany.

History 
The Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Housings (BMVBW) was formed in 1998 when the Federal Ministry of Transport and the Federal Ministry of Environmental Planning, Building and Construction and Urban Development were joined. The ministry was renamed in 2005 to the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development.

Both of these earlier ministries were founded in 1949.

References
Volterra

Volterra is a town in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is in the province of Pisa. Volterra was once one of the 12 cities in Etruria. In the middle ages it was an independent city until it was conquered by the Florentines and then the Medicis. It has its own cathedral, and is built on top of an ancient volcanic hill.

History 
The city was a Neolithic settlement and an important Etruscan center. It became a "municipium" (a type of Roman city) in the Roman Age. Volterra was attacked and controlled by Florence many times. When the Florentian Republic fell in 1530, Volterra came under the control of the Medici family. It later became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

The original Etruscan city walls remain in parts, and the remains of the Roman baths, aqueduct and amphitheatre (arena). Visitors to Volterra have to leave their cars outside the town walls, in car parks.

Important monuments and places 

 Roman theatre (1st century BC), discovered in the 1950s.
 Piazza dei Priori
 Palazzo dei Priori
 Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta.
 Medicean Fortress (Maschio)
 Guarnacci Etruscan Museum

The Medici Villa di Spedaletto is located outside the city in direction of Lajatico.  Also near the city, in the Valle Bona area, are excavations of Etruscan tombs.

Sister cities 
  Mende, France
  Wunsiedel, Germany

Gallery

Other websites
 Town web site
 Volterra Photos

Cities in Tuscany
Dynamic random-access memory

Dynamic random access memory is the most commonly used form of RAM.

DRAM is called dynamic (or active), because it must be refreshed all the time or it will lose the data which it is supposed to be storing. Because it loses data when power is removed, DRAM is called volatile. This word comes from the Latin adjective volātilis, which means "flying, fleeting, transitory".

Refreshing DRAM means reading the data from the DRAM and directly writing them back to the DRAM.
DRAM is made up of millions of very small capacitors. Each of these capacitors has a transistor to let energy in and out. The capacitor slowly loses energy, and if the DRAM is not refreshed, in the end one or more of the capacitors will let so much energy out, that for example a 1 will become a 0, so data will be lost or corrupted. Almost all computers refresh their DRAM many times per second.

Comparison DRAM and SRAM
DRAM is often compared to SRAM (Static RAM). SRAM is able to store data as long as power/energy is used. There is no need to refresh it. SRAM can also be faster than DRAM. But SRAM is much more expensive than DRAM. Also, SRAM uses more electric power and heats up much faster than DRAM.
DRAM and SRAM lose the data when the power to them is turned off, unlike non-volatile random-access memory. 

Computer hardware
Computer memory
Touchpad

A touchpad (also called a trackpad) is a type of input device for computers that does the same things as a computer mouse. It is made up of a flat, touch-sensitive surface which the user slides one or more fingers on to move the cursor on the screen. Next to the touchpad are push-buttons that work just like mouse buttons, including left-clicking and right-clicking. In some newer touchpads, there are no actual buttons, and clicking is done by pushing near the button of the touchpad itself.

Unlike computer mice, touchpads stay in one place when they are being used. This makes it easy to build them into hardware. They are mostly found on laptop computers because, when the user is travelling, sometimes he or she cannot use a mouse. But most laptops do allow the user is able to attach (connect) a separate mouse. Besides laptops, touchpads are also more and more used on mobile devices with a GUI, including MP3 players (a well-known one being the iPod) and mobile phones (such as the BlackBerry). However, touchpads on today's mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers have been replaced with the touchscreen, which is used much like a touchpad except the screen is built into the touch-sensitive surface itself so that no mouse cursor is needed. One can just touch anywhere on the surface to choose what is on the screen at that part.

Most touchpads have the function of tapping, which imitates the left-click button on a mouse. New models of touchpads often do more things because they can respond to the pressure of more than one finger. This is called multi-touch and makes it possible to do things like scroll though, zoom in and out, and rotate a page or part of the screen. The user can choose and change which functions happen if the user does certain moves. For example, the normal function for tapping on the pad is the left-click on the mouse. The user can change it in the settings section to the right-click of the mouse, if the user likes it better.

Related pages
 Computer mouse
 Touchscreen
 Input device

Computer hardware
Data input
324 Bamberga

324 Bamberga is the 16th biggest asteroid in the Main asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa on February 25, 1892 in Vienna, making it one of the last big (diameter over 200 km) asteroids found. Apart from the near-earth asteroid Eros, it was the last asteroid which is ever easily visible with binoculars to be found.

Although its very high orbital eccentricity means its opposition magnitude varies a lot, at a rare opposition near perihelion Bamberga can reach a magnitude of +8.0, which is as bright as Saturn's moon Titan. Such near-perihelion oppositions happen on a regular cycle every twenty-two years, with the last happening in 1991 and the next in 2013. Its brightness at these rare near-perihelion oppositions makes Bamberga the brightest C-type asteroid, about one magnitude brighter than 10 Hygiea's maximum brightness of around +9.1. At such an opposition Bamberga can in fact be closer to Earth than any main belt asteroid with magnitude above +9.5, getting as close as 0.78 AU. For comparison, 7 Iris never comes closer than 0.85 AU and 4 Vesta never closer than 1.13 AU when it becomes visible to the naked eye in a pollution-free sky.

Overall Bamberga is the tenth brightest main belt asteroid after, in order, Vesta, Pallas, Ceres, Iris, Hebe, Juno, Melpomene, Eunomia and Flora. Its high eccentricity (for comparison 36% higher than that of Pluto), though, means that at most oppositions other asteroids reach higher magnitudes.

It has an unusually long rotation period among the big asteroids. Its spectral class is between the C-type and P-type asteroids.

An occultation of Bamberga was seen on 8 December, 1987, and gave a diameter of about 228 km, in agreement with IRAS results.

References 

Asteroids
Dalpe

Dalpe is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

www.dalpe.ch
Dalpe e Cornone, Informations and pictures

Municipalities of Ticino
Faido

Faido is the capital of the district of Leventina in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino in southern Switzerland.

It has about 1,600 people and lies in the Leventina valley.

History 
The municipality was first noted in 1171 as Faedo.

In the spring of 2004, the people voted for merging the neighboring municipalities of Chiggiogna, Osco, Mairengo, Calpiogna, Campello, Rossura, Calonico, Anzonico, Cavagnago, and Sobrio. Most of the municipalities did not want to do that, and the new municipality contains only the municipalities of Faido, Chiggiogna, Rossura, and Calonico. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged into the municipality. On 10 April 2016, Sobrio merged into the municipality.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Frasco

Frasco is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 17 October 2020 the former municipalities of Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Frasco, Sonogno and Vogorno merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca.

References

Other websites
  Official website  

Former municipalities of Ticino
Gerra (Gambarogno)

Gerra (Gambarogno) is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010 the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Gerra (Verzasca)

Gerra (Verzasca) is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008 the former municipalities of Cugnasco and Gerra (Verzasca) merged to form the new municipality of Cugnasco-Gerra.

Other websites 

 Official website  

Former municipalities of Ticino
2000s disestablishments in Switzerland
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Ghirone

Ghirone was a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 22 October 2006 the former municipalities of Aquila, Campo (Blenio), Ghirone, Olivone and Torre merged to form the new municipality of Blenio.

It is no longer a municipality.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2006 disestablishments in Switzerland
Giornico

Giornico is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 www.giornico.ch

Municipalities of Ticino
Giubiasco

Giubiasco is a former municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Gnosca

Gnosca was a municipality, in the municipality of Bellinzona and the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Gordevio

Gordevio was a municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008, Avegno and Gordevio merged to form the new municipality of Avegno Gordevio.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Gordola

Gordola is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The town was the first time mentioned in a document in 1200.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Cities in Switzerland
Giaches de Wert

Giaches de Wert (pronounce: JYA-kes de VERT) (born Flanders, 1535;  died Mantua,  6 May  1596) was a Flemish composer who lived and worked in Italy. He was one of the most important composers of madrigals in the Renaissance period.

Life 
We know very little about his childhood.  Even some of the things about his adult life we are not sure about.  He was born in Flanders, possibly in Ghent.  When he was a boy he was taken to Italy and he stayed there for the rest of his life.

As a boy he was a singer in the household of Maria di Cardona, Marchesa of Padulla, near Naples.  As a young man he lived in Novellara.  He married there, and he had at least six children.

Later he went to live in Milan where he had the job of maestro di capella (music director).  He stayed there until 1565.  Some letters he wrote during that time have survived.  They describe life at the court where he worked.

In 1565 he went to work for the Gonzaga in Mantua and became choir master at the ducal chapel of S. Barbara where he stayed until 1592.  A lot of people were jealous of his good job, especially a man called Bonvicino who made life difficult for him.  It was then found that Bonvicino was having a love affair with de Wert’s wife, so she had to go back to live in Novellara.

De Wert was becoming a very well known composer.  He was offered a job at the emperor’s palace in Prague, but he did not take it.  He travelled to work in various places such as Parma and Novellara.  In Novellara his wife was found to have been plotting against the Gonzaga of Novellara.  She was put in prison where she later died.  There were long arguments in the law court about who should have her property.  In the end, de Wert was given a third of her possessions, and he was given the right to let his children inherit the money.

He worked in Ferrara where he had a love affair with a lady who was of aristocratic birth.  Since he was only a musician he was only a servant, so the lady was sent away from the court.

In his later years he worked for the court at Mantua where the music had become very good because the new ruler, Vincenzo Gonzaga, was very interested in music.  De Wert composed music for the theatre.  His health became poor.  He suffered from malaria during the early 1580s.  He died in Mantua and was buried in the crypt at S Barbara.

Music and influence 
De Wert wrote over 230 madrigals and other secular works.  These were later published in 16 volumes.  He also wrote over 150 sacred pieces (motets, hymns etc.) which showed how well he could write counterpoint.  

His madrigals were very modern for their time.  The music was very daring in the way it described the words.  He sometimes used small groups of singers to contrast with one another like a musical conversation.   He was a great influence on later madrigal composers such as  Monteverdi and Gesualdo.

References and further reading 
 Groves Music Online
 Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4

1535 births
1596 deaths

Renaissance composers
Franco-Flemish composers
Belgian composers
San Gimignano

San Gimignano is a small hill town in the province of Siena, Tuscany, Italy. San Gimignano is famous for the medieval towers, and for the wine, called "Vernaccia di San Gimignano".

History 
San Gimignano was founded as a small village in about 1300 BC by the Etruscans. The city is named after Saint Geminianus, who defended it from Attila the Hun in the mid 5th century.

In medieval and Renaissance times, it was a stopping point for pilgrims on their way to Rome and the Vatican as it sits on the medieval via Francigena.

In 1199, during the period of its highest splendour, the city made itself independent from Volterra.

Important places 
There are many churches in the town: the two main ones are the Collegiata, a cathedral, and Sant'Agostino.

The Communal Palace is now the home of San Gimignano Gallery. Hhere there are works by Pinturicchio, Benozzo Gozzoli, Filippino Lippi, Domenico di Michelino, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, and others. 

The heart of the town contains the four squares, "Piazza della Cisterna", "Piazza Duomo", "Piazza Pecori", and "Piazza delle Erbe".

Culture 
San Gimignano is the birthplace of the poet Folgore da San Gimignano (1270-1332).

Tea with Mussolini, a 1999 drama about English and American women in Italy during World War II, was filmed in part at San Gimignano.

Images

References 

Towns in Tuscany
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Wine regions
Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection of Germany

The Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection  (BMELV) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its headquarters are in Bonn, but it has a second seat in Berlin.

The Ministry was formed on 22 November 2005.

Organisation 
The ministry has two "parliamentary permanent secretaries", Gerd Müller, CSU and Ursula Heinen, CDU, and the top civil servant is Gert Lindemann. He is the "established permanent secretary".

The ministry’s work is done in six departments
 Department 1: Central division
 Department 2: Consumer protection, diet, and biological and genetic engineering
 Department 3: Food safety, the veterinary surgeon
 Department 4: Agricultural markets, planning bases
 Department 5: Rural room, social system, vegetable production, forest and timber industry
 Department 6: EU matters, international matters, fishing

The Federal Ministers

Competition 
The ministry organizes the nationwide competition "Our Village has a Future".
Gorduno

Gorduno was a municipality, in the municipality of Bellinzona and the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Grancia

Grancia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 

Municipalities of Ticino
Gravesano

Gravesano is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
ACF Fiorentina

ACF Fiorentina (Associazione Calcio Fiorentina),often called Fiorentina, is an Italian professional football club from Florence, Tuscany, and was founded  in 1926.

History 
Fiorentina have won the Serie A twice, first in 1955/56 then again in 1968/69, as well as winning six Coppa Italia trophies. On the European stage Fiorentina have won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1960/61, they finished runners-up  in the UEFA Cup 1989/90 and they also came close to winning the biggest European prize, finishing as runners-up in the European Cup during 1956/57.

Name 
 1926-2002 AC Fiorentina
 2002-2003 Florentia Viola
 2003-present ACF Fiorentina

Nickname 
Fiorentina is known by the nickname La viola; a reference to their distinctive purple colours.

History 
August 26 1926 - With the fusion of Palestra Ginnastica Fiorentina (P.G.F.) Libertas and Club Sportivo Firenze, Fiorentina was born.

1939 - 1940 - Fiorentina wins their first cup, the Coppa Italia.

1955 - 1956 - FIorentina win their first "Scudetto", (the Italian championship).

1920 - 1961 - 2th "Scudetto" is won by Fiorentina.

After the second "Scudetto", Fiorentina won the Cup Winners' Cup.

1960 - the club win the "Coppa Italia" and the Mitropa Cup

1974 - the Viola win the Anglo-Italian League Cup.

1975 - the team won another "Coppa Italia".

1993 - 1994 - Fiorentina were relegated to the Serie B (second division).

Afterwards the team return to the Serie A

1996 - Fiorentina gained their 3rd "Coppa Italia".

2000 - Fiorentina win the "Italian Super Coppa".

2001 -2005 - The team is struck by financial problems, and are moved to the bottom of Italian Football.  They then work their way back up to the Serie A.

Titles won 
 Serie A : 2
 1955/56, 1968/69
 Coppa Italia : 6
 1939/40, 1960/61, 1965/66, 1974/75, 1995/96, 2000/01
 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup : 1
 1960/61

League positions from 2000-2009

League positions from 1929-1999

Sito ufficiale 
 Sito ufficiale
 

Italian football clubs
Florence
1926 establishments in Italy
Gresso

Gresso is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

History 
The municipality was made in 1882 by splitting from the municipality of Vergeletto. On 10 April 2016 the former municipalities of Gresso, Isorno, Mosogno and Vergeletto merged to form the municipality of Onsernone.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2016 disestablishments in Switzerland
Gudo

Gudo is a former municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Indemini

Indemini is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010 the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Intragna, Switzerland

Intragna was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Borgnone, Intragna and Palagnedra merged into the new municipality of Centovalli.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Iragna

Iragna is a former municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Cresciano, Iragna, Lodrino and Osogna merged into the new municipality of Riviera.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Iseo, Switzerland

Iseo was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was incorporated into the comune of Bioggio in 2008.

Former municipalities of Ticino
2008 disestablishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in Switzerland
Isone

Isone is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Ticino
Isorno

Isorno is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

History 
The former municipality was created in 2001 by a merger of Auressio, Berzona and Loco. On 10 April 2016 the former municipalities of Gresso, Isorno, Mosogno and Vergeletto merged to form the municipality of Onsernone.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2016 disestablishments in Switzerland
Lamone

Lamone is a municipality in Lugano in Ticino canton in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Ticino
Lavertezzo

Lavertezzo is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Officail website of the municipality Lavertezzo (Italian)

Municipalities of Ticino
Lavizzara

Lavizzara is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

The municipality was created in 2004 by a merger of Broglio, Brontallo, Fusio, Menzonio, Peccia and Prato-Sornico.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Ligornetto

Ligornetto is a former municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.  On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Besazio, Ligornetto and Meride merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

References

Other websites 
 
 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Linescio

Linescio is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Ticino
Ministry of Education and Research of Germany

The Federal Ministry of Education and Research () (BMBF) is a Federal Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. The headquarters of the Ministry are in the so-called "cross buildings" (Kreuzbauten) in Bonn, a second office is in Berlin.

History 
The Federal Ministry of Education and Science was founded as the Federal Ministry for Nuclear Affairs on October 20, 1955. It was renamed the Federal Ministry of Nuclear Affairs and Water-supply and Distribution in 1957, and again in 1962 to Federal Ministry of Scientific Research.

It became the Federal Ministry for Education and Science in 1969 which it kept 1994 up to the reunification with the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology.
The Federal Ministry of Research and Technology had been founded only 1972.

The Ministry got its present name in 1998.

Federal Ministers

References 
Peter Weingart: Das Wissensministerium : ein halbes Jahrhundert Forschungs- und Bildungspolitik in Deutschland VelbruÌck Wiss., Weilerswist 2006,
Locarno

Locarno is the capital of the Locarno district in the Swiss canton of Ticino.

References

Other websites
 The city of Locarno official website

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Ticino
Lodrino, Switzerland

Lodrino is a former municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Cresciano, Iragna, Lodrino, and Osogna merged to form the new municipality of Riviera.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Losone

Losone is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Cities in Switzerland
Wolfenstein 3D

Wolfenstein 3D is a 1992 first person shooter computer video game. The game was created by id Software. It was released for the PC on May 5, 1992. It was later released for many other systems including Apple computers and Nintendo's SNES console and Game Boy Advance handheld system. Wolfenstein 3D was one of the first first person shooter games. It is said to have created much of the popularity in this type of game. The game was based on the 1980s Muse Software computer games Castle Wolfenstein and Beyond Castle Wolfenstein.

Story
In Wolfenstein 3D, the player controls an American soldier named BJ Blazkowicz. The player is trying to get out of a building controlled by Nazis during World War II. The player must avoid guards and dogs while looking for the way out. Food, medical supplies, ammunition and weapons can be found along the way to help the player.

Gameplay
There are four types of weapons in the game:
 Knife: this weapon is usually only used if the player does not have ammunition for his guns. It can only hurt people standing very close to the character.
 Pistol: this gun is small and weak. It is the gun the player starts with.
 Machine Gun: this is like the pistol except it shoots faster.
 Chaingun: this gun shoots very quickly.

Controversy
Because of the use of Nazi symbols and music in the game, Wolfenstein 3D was banned in Germany. This was because it broke German laws. People also complained about the player having to shoot dogs in the game.

Other websites
 Official website 

Shooter video games
1992 video games
NEC PC-9801 games
Game Boy Advance games
Xbox games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Deceiver

Deceiver is the fourth album by American musician Chris Thile, which was released in 2004. The album uses thirty-nine different instruments, which were all played by Thile alone. Some of the instruments played on the album include mandolin, piano, bass guitar, electric guitar, violin, and different types of percussion instruments. In 2005, the album was nominated a Grammy Award, for "Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical" to Deceiver'''s engineers, Thile and Gary Paczosa.

Musical style
In an interview from 2007, Chris Thile described what he had in plan for Deceiver: 

Track listing
 "Wrong Idea" - 2:37
 "On Ice" - 3:52
 "Locking Doors" - 2:44
 "Waltz For Dewayne Pomeroy" - 3:03
 "Empire Falls" - 2:58
 "I'm Nowhere and You're Everything" - 5:54
 "Jessamyn's Reel" - 1:54
 "The Believer" - 2:35
 "This Is All Real" - 3:27
 "Ready For Anything" - 5:15

All songs on Deceiver'' were written by Chris Thile.

Personnel
 Chris Thile - Music, Arranger, Producer, Art Direction, Design
 Gary Paczosa - Producer, Engineer
 Wendy Stamberger - Art Direction

References

Chris Thile albums
2004 albums
My Trach Massacre

The My Trach Massacre was the murder of many people in My Trach Village, My Thuy Commune, Le Thuy District, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam. The massacre took place on 29 November 1947 between 2:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m.  Soldiers of the French army killed nearly half of the 320 people who lived in the village. Many of the civilians who were killed were women, old people and children.

Quang Binh Province
November events
1947 in Asia
20th century in Vietnam
Massacres in Asia
Anti-submarine boom net (Sydney Harbour WWII)

The Anti-submarine boom net was used to stop enemy submarines entering Sydney Harbour during World War II. The net went all the way across the harbour from Green Point, Watson's Bay to Georges Head on the other side. The boom was part of the Sydney Harbour defences which also included artillery batteries and patrol boats.

History
In January 1942, the Australian defence forces began to build the anti-submarine boom net; it was finished in August 1942. For more than three years, entry by boats, ships and ferries into Sydney Harbour was through one of three different gates that were a part of the anti-submarine boom net.

On 31 May 1942, during WWII, three Japanese submarines tried to get into the harbour. The first submarine to try and come in was the M27. Lieutenant Jahai Chuma was the man in charge of this submarine. The M27 followed a Sydney ferry through the gate on its way to Manly, but it got caught in the western end of the net's middle section. Lieutenant Chuma, tried to free his submarine by using a special tool that cuts metal, but this only made things worse. By 8:30pm the watchman for the Maritime Service Board, James Cargill, went to see what was happening. He used a boat to row across to where the submarine was stuck. Very surprised at finding a Japanese submarine, Cargill called naval headquarters with his two way radio. At first the navy did not believe that there was a Japanese Midget submarine caught in the boom net. It took him two hours to get them to believe him.

By 10:27pm, Chuma knew that he had been discovered, so he blew up the submarine using bombs, killing himself and his crew. The two other submarines got through the boom net, which at the time was not quite finished. They attacked shipping for many hours before they were destroyed as well.

In August 1945, the boom net was taken away. By early 1946, only the dolphin structure was left. The base of the winch house is the only remaining part of the anti-submarine boom net. It can still be seen at Green Point.

Reference

Military of Australia
World War II
1940s in Australia
Eurotrash (term)

Eurotrash is an American English slang term to describe stereotypical Europeans. These words often will cause rage to Europeans.

Examples 
Broken English speaker
Racist
Metrosexual

Pejoratives
Slurs
List of the main local rulers

This page lists the main local rulers: rulers of dependencies and of the main administrative divisions (autonomous regions, insular or peninsular regions, successors of historical regions or regions with strong identity, regions in the news, etc.)

For national rulers, i.e. heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions or prime ministers who are not heads of government...) of the 194 states usually recognized like that (192 UN members + Vatican City + Taiwan), of 10 other national entities (quasi and unrecognized states), and of 7 in exile and/or alternative governments (only in exile governments that exercised power or succeeded governments that exercised power) :

Dependencies

Autonomous regions and particular administrative divisions - A-L

Autonomous regions and particular administrative divisions - M-Z

Uncertain status autonomous regions

Autonomous subdivisions, etc.

Notes

References
 rulers.org

Heads of government
Local rulers, main
Hair straightening

Hair straightening is when a person makes their hair straighter. Their hair may be curly, wavy, or almost straight. There are methods to make even very curly hair straighter.

There are two different types of straightening: temporary and permanent. Temporary hair straightening keeps the hair straight until it gets wet or damp again, so only lasts for up to a few days. Permanent hair straightening keeps the hair straight for up to a few months, even when the hair gets wet.

A person can temporarily straighten their hair using:
Hair irons, tongs use heat to make the hair straight.
Hot combs, combs that use heat to make the hair straight
Hairdryer, a machine that blows air over the hair to dry it quickly, so that combs can be used to style the hair straight.
Hair cremes, cremes that help hold the hair in place more, but do not completely straighten the hair.

A person can permanently straighten their hair using:
Chemical relaxers
Japanese hair straightening
Brazilian hair straightening
Brazilian blowout

Related pages
Hair iron
GHD

Hair