cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Wadati–Benioff zone

A Wadati–Benioff zone is an area within the Earth's crust where earthquakes frequently occur. The frequency of earthquakes in these areas is due to the convergence and subduction of tectonic plates.

According to the theory of plate tectonics lithospheric plates move towards each other along convergent plate boundaries. When two plates collide, one is often submerged below the other. They are referred as downgoing and overriding plates respectively.

When a downgoing plate (usually composed of oceanic lithosphere) submerges beneath an overriding plate shallow earthquakes occur at the plate boundary and deeper earthquakes occur in the downgoing plate as it sinks into the Earth. The deep earthquakes caused by the downgoing plate form the Wadati–Benioff zone. The deepest recorded earthquakes come from Wadati–Benioff zones and can extend to depths as much as 650 km (400 mi) deep.

Discovery 
In 1935 Kiyoo Wadati published research on earthquakes with deep foci and how they are apt to take place near the edges of continents. Further analysis of earthquake foci and location was conducted by Hugo Benioff in 1945 where he developed a way to identify the boundary at which an earthquake was generated. The dipping zone of seismic activity that they helped discover was named in their honor.

References

Other websites 
 https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=Benioff%20zone
 https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth520/node/1774

Plate tectonics
Earthquakes
Dick Dolman

Dirk (Dick) Dolman (2 July 1935 – 23 January 2019) was a Dutch politician. In 1970, he became a member of the House of Representatives as a member of the Labour Party (PvdA). He left the House in 1990.

From 17 July 1979 to 14 September 1989 he also was Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Dolman studied economics at the University of Amsterdam. He was born in Empe (Brummen, Gelderland) and died in Amsterdam at the age of 83.

References
 Bio at Parlement.com

1935 births
2019 deaths
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Politicians from Gelderland
Speakers of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Jean Guillou

Jean Victor Arthur Guillou (April 18, 1930 – January 26, 2019) was a French composer, organist, pianist, and pedagogue. He was born in Angers. He composed over 90 works - for organ, chamber and orchestral music. From 1970-2005, Guillou taught organ performance and improvisation at the annual Züricher International Meisterkurse. 

Guillou died in Paris on 26 January 2019 at the age of 88.

References

1930 births
2019 deaths
French pianists
Musicians from Paris
Writers from Paris
20th-century French composers
21st-century French composers
Henrik Jørgensen

Henrik Høve Jørgensen (10 October 1961 – 26 January 2019) was a Danish marathon runner. He won the London Marathon in 1988. He finished 5th in 1985 in 2:09.43 hours. This time remains the Danish national record. He was born in Copenhagen.

Jørgensen represented his native country in the men's marathon at the 1984 and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. He was a two-time national champion in the men's 5000 m.

Jørgensen died in Bornholm on 26 January 2019 aged 57, from heart attack during a training run.

References

1961 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Olympians
Sportspeople from Copenhagen
Missing person

A missing person is a person who has disappeared and nobody seems to know where they are. People can go missing for many reasons.

Reasons 
People disappear for many reasons. These are some reasons why someone may go missing by choice:
 Running away from home, often to escape from domestic abuse.
 Mental illness or other ailments. For example, a person with Alzheimer's Disease may wander out on their own, forgetting where they live, who their friends and family are, or even their own names.
 Hiding from the police or courts (known as failure to appear).
 Suicide in a location where they cannot be easily found.
 Joining a cult or other religious organization that stops them from talking to people in the outside world.  
 To escape poverty, famine or natural disaster.
 To avoid war or persecution during a genocide.

There are also reasons why someone may go missing without wanting to:
 Staying too long with a parent or guardian that they do not normally live with.
Kidnapping
 Death by natural causes or an accident in a place where they cannot easily be found, such as in water.
 Getting sold into slavery.
 Murder, if the body is not found.
 In some countries, governments have carried out secret murders (known as forced disappearances).

Normally it is the police who search for a missing person. If someone goes missing at sea, they may instead call on the coast guard or a similar agency.

Most missing person cases that are reported to the police are simple cases, where the person is found quickly. In 1999, 800,000 children went missing in the United States, but only 115 cases were kidnapped by a stranger who wanted to keep them for a long period of time.

A small number of missing person cases are not solved for many years. These cases can be painful for friends and families, because they cannot be sure what happened to the person. In most countries, the law says that if someone has been missing for many years, the government can declare that the person is dead. This is known as "declaring death in absentia".

References

Other websites
lostnmissing.com
National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs.gov)
 Familylinks.icrc.org  Website for people looking for family members missing due to a conflict or natural disaster. International Committee of the Red Cross.
Missing Children wiki
Gerry Plamondon

Joseph Gerard Roger Plamondon (January 5, 1924 – January 26, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played 74 games in the National Hockey League with the Montreal Canadiens. He was born in Sherbrooke, Quebec. He won the Stanley Cup in 1946. Plamondon was the last surviving member of Canadiens 1946 Stanley Cup team.

Plamondon died on January 26, 2019 in Sherbrooke at the age of 95.

References

1924 births
2019 deaths
Canadian ice hockey players
Montreal Canadiens players
Sportspeople from Quebec
American Hockey League players
Giuseppe Zamberletti

Giuseppe Zamberletti (17 December 1933 – 26 January 2019) was an Italian politician. He was born in Varese, Italy. He was the Minister of Protezione Civile from 1982 to 1987 and Senator from 2004 to 2009.

Zamberletti died on 26 January 2019 in Varese from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 85.

References

Other websites
 Biography at ISPRO Protezione Civile Wiki encyclopedia  

1933 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Italian politicians
Henry Chapier

Henry Chapier (14 November 1933 – 27 January 2019) was a French journalist, movie critic, television presenter and movie director. He was born in Bucharest, Romania.  He later became a stringer at L'Express. He worked for France 3 from 1987 to 1994.

Chapier died on 27 January 2019 at the age of 85.

References

Other websites
Official website  

1933 births
2019 deaths
French journalists
French television personalities
French movie critics
French movie directors
People from Bucharest
Nina Fyodorova

Nina Viktorovna Baldycheva (; 18 July 1947 – 27 January 2019) was a Russian cross-country skier. She competed from 1970 to 1980. She won three medals at the Winter Olympics with a gold in the 4×5 km (1976), a silver in the 4×5 km (1980), and a bronze in the 5 km (1976).

In the relay in 1976, she injured her left hand in a fall at the start, but completed the race. She was born in Travino, Pskov Oblast, Russia.

Fyodorova died on 27 January 2019 in Saint Petersburg, aged 71.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1947 births
2019 deaths
Russian sportspeople
Olympic gold medalists
Olympic silver medalists
Olympic bronze medalists
Peter Magowan

Peter Alden Magowan (April 5, 1942 – January 27, 2019) was an American businessman. He was the managing general partner of the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball from 1993 through 2008. He was the chief executive officer of Safeway Inc. from 1979 through 1993. Magowan was born in New York City.

Magowan died on January 27, 2019 from cancer in San Francisco, California at the age of 76.

References

Other websites
List of San Francisco/New York Giants owners  

1942 births
2019 deaths
Cancer deaths in California
Businesspeople from New York City
Sportspeople from New York City
Birds of Prey (2020 movie)

Harley Quinn: Birds of Prey, previously known as Birds of Prey (and the Fantabulous Emancipation of One Harley Quinn), is an American superhero comedy movie distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and based on the DC Comics team Birds of Prey.

It is to be the eighth movie in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU) and a spin-off from Suicide Squad (2016). It will be directed by Cathy Yan from a screenplay by Christina Hodson. It stars Margot Robbie, Jurnee Smollett-Bell, Mary Elizabeth Winstead, Rosie Perez, Ella Jay Basco, and Ewan McGregor.

The movie is set after the events of Suicide Squad, the movie is about Harley Quinn as she joins forces with Black Canary, Huntress, and Renee Montoya to save Cassandra Cain from Gotham City crime lord Black Mask and serial killer Victor Zsasz.

Birds of Prey is expected to be the first theatrically released R-rated movie in the DCEU. A teaser trailer, was released in January 2019. Birds of Prey is scheduled to be released in the United States on February 7, 2020.

References

2020 movies
2020s superhero movies
Warner Bros. movies
DC Extended Universe movies
American action movies
American superhero movies
Huntress (Helena Bertinelli)

The Huntress, also known as Helena Rosa Bertinelli, is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. She is a longtime member of the Birds of Prey. 

In the first two seasons of Arrow, Helena Bertinelli is played by actress Jessica De Gouw. The character will make her cinematic debut in the upcoming movie Birds of Prey (and the Fantabulous Emancipation of One Harley Quinn), portrayed by Mary Elizabeth Winstead.

References

Fictional characters introduced in 1989
DC Comics superheroes
Renee Montoya

Renee Maria Montoya is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created for Batman: The Animated Series and was introduced into mainstream comics before the airing of her animated debut in 1992. 

Renee Montoya was a detective from the Gotham City Police Department, assigned to the Major Crimes Unit who comes into contact with masked vigilante Batman. She is a lesbian and resigns from the police force, disgusted by its corruption. 

The character made her first live action debut on the first season of Gotham played by Victoria Cartagena. She will make her cinematic debut in the movie Birds of Prey (and the Fantabulous Emancipation of One Harley Quinn) portrayed by Rosie Perez.

References

Fictional characters introduced in 1992
DC Comics characters
Fictional lesbians
Jurnee Smollett-Bell

Jurnee Smollett-Bell (born Jurnee Diana Smollett, October 1, 1986) is an American actress. A child actress, she was known for her role on On Our Own (1994–1995). She played Eve in the 1997 independent drama movie Eve's Bayou.

As an adult, Smollett-Bell has starred in the movies The Great Debaters (2007) and Temptation: Confessions of a Marriage Counselor (2013). 

In 2018, Bell was cast as DC Comics superheroine Black Canary in the DC Extended Universe, intended to make her first appearance in Birds of Prey.

References

Other websites

1986 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American child actors
Actors from New York City
Jurrie Koolhof

Jurjen Jacob (Jurrie) Koolhof (10 January 1960 – 28 January 2019) was a Dutch international football striker and manager. Koolhof had a long and productive career, with 190 league goals. He was born in Beerta, Netherlands.

He played for a number of clubs in the Netherlands including Vitesse Arnhem, F.C. Groningen and PSV Eindhoven. Koolhof was the father of De Graafschap player Dean Koolhof, and tennis pro Wesley Koolhof.

Koolhof died on 28 January 2019 from a long-illness in Duiven at the age of 59.

References

1960 births
2019 deaths
Dutch football managers
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from Groningen (province)
Mourad Medelci

Mourad Medelci (30 April 1943 – 28 January 2019) was an Algerian politician. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2007 to 2013. He was President of the Constitutional Council of Algeria from 2013 until his death in 2019. He was born in Tlemcen, Algeria.

Medelci died on 28 January 2019 in Algiers from a cerebral hemorrhage, aged 75.

References

1943 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Algerian politicians
Pepe Smith

Joseph William Feliciano Smith (December 25, 1947 – January 28, 2019) was a Filipino singer-songwriter, drummer and guitarist. He was known by his stage names Joey Smith and Pepe Smith. He was known as a member of Juan de la Cruz Band. Smith was born in Angeles, Pampanga, Philippines.

Smith died on January 28, 2019 in a Manila hospital at age 71. Smith suffered his third stroke in 2017.

References

1947 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Filipino singers
Filipino writers
Songwriters
Drummers
Guitarists
Marianne Williamson 2020 presidential campaign

The 2020 presidential campaign of Marianne Williamson, a New Age author and spiritual leader, was announced on January 28, 2019, after the initial formation of an exploratory committee on November 16, 2018. 

Williamson's bid for the Democratic nomination is her second political campaign, after running as an independent to represent California's 33rd congressional district in 2014.

Williamson officially launched her presidential campaign in Los Angeles on January 28, 2019, in front of an audience of 2,000 attendees.

Following her Los Angeles announcement, she held her Iowa kickoff in Des Moines on January 31.

On January 2, 2020, Williamson laid off her entire campaign staff, speculating a possible withdrawal, in which one of her former staffers said that "...she plans to continue". After only appearing in one of the debates and with low poll numbers, Williamson ended her campaign on January 10, 2020.

References

Other websites
    

Williamson
Hà Tiên

Hà Tiên is a city of Kiên Giang Province, Vietnam. It located in Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam. It borders Cambodia to the west. 

From a very early period, a settlement and a port seem to have existed in this area. Banteay Meas Port located in this area. At that time, it is a part of the Kingdom of Funan.

Hà Tiên is built by Chinese adventurer Mo Jiu (Mạc Cửu). Cambodian king appoints him the governor of Peam Province, and send him here. Hà Tiên is built as the capital of the province. In Khmer, Hà Tiên is called "Peam" (ពាម, lit. "river mouth"). Thai people call it "Phutthaimat" (พุทไธมาศ) or "Banthaimat" (บันทายมาศ). Some foreigners call it "Cancao". Later, Mo Jiu surrender to Vietnamese, Peam Province become Hà Tiên Province of Vietnam.

Hà Tiên is a popular tourist site of the region, because it has beautiful beaches and landscapes.

References

Cities in Vietnam
James Wood (governor)

James Wood Jr. (January 28, 1741June 16, 1813) was an American military officer and politician. He was born in Winchester, Virginia. He was an officer of the  U.S. Continental Army during the American Revolution. Wood was the 11th Governor of Virginia from 1796 to 1799. Wood was replaced as Governor by future President James Monroe. He was a member of the Federalist Party.

Wood died on June 16, 1813 in Richmond, Virginia at the age of 72.

References

Other websites
A Guide to the Governor James Wood Executive Papers, 1796-1799 at The Library of Virginia
James Wood  at National Governors Association

1741 births
1813 deaths
Governors of Virginia
Military people from Virginia
Federalist party (US) politicians
18th-century American politicians
Cassie Ventura

Casandra Elizabeth Ventura (better known as Cassie; born August 26, 1986) is an American singer, actress, model and dancer. She began her career by way of meeting record producer Ryan Leslie in late 2004. 

Cassie's self titled first album was released in August 2006. It peaked at #4 on the Billboard 200. It has the Billboard Hot 100 Top 3 hit "Me & U". She released the song "Official Girl" (which also had Lil Wayne) in 2008. Then she released "Let's Get Crazy" with Akon and "Must be Love" with Sean "Diddy" Combs.

Cassie is signed up to modeling agency Wilhelmina Models and One Management. She earlier modeled for Calvin Klein one. She has been shown in magazines, like GQ.

Cassie made her movie start as Sophie Donovan in the dance movie Step Up 2: The Streets in 2008. She also sang the lead song "Is it You" from the Step Up 2 soundtrack.

Cassie was born in New London, Connecticut.

References

Singers from Connecticut
Models from Connecticut
Actors from Connecticut
1986 births
Living people
Saad Ibn Aqeel Shrine

Saad ibn Aqeel Shrine was a mausoleum and husseiniya in Tal Afar in Iraq. It was close to the Sheikh Jawad Mosque.

The shrine had a golden dome over the mausoleum of Saad Ibn Aqeel. One of his ancestors was Aqeel ibn Abi Talib. The grave of Saad Ibn Aqeel was in a zarih.

Buildings and structures in Iran
McIntosh County, North Dakota

McIntosh County is a county in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, 2,809 people lived there. The county seat is Ashley.

North Dakota counties
McKenzie County, North Dakota

McKenzie County is a county of the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, 6,360 people lived there. The county seat is Watford City.

North Dakota counties
McLean County, North Dakota

McLean County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, 8,962 people lived there. The county seat is Washburn.

North Dakota counties
Morton County, North Dakota

Morton County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, 27,471 people lived there, making it the sixth-most populous county in North Dakota. The county seat is Mandan.

North Dakota counties
Baird, Texas

Baird is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Callahan County.

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Ballinger, Texas

Ballinger is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Runnels County.

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Murray Cook

Murray James Cook, AM (born 30 June 1960) is an Australian musician and actor. Cook was one of the first members of the children's band The Wiggles from 1991 to 2012. Cook's name in the band was the Red Wiggle. Cook played guitar and sang in the group. Cook also wrote songs for the group.

References 

1960 births
Living people
Singers from New South Wales
Australian songwriters
Australian guitarists
Australian rock musicians
Rock guitarists
Order of Australia
Jeff Fatt

Jeffrey Wayne Fatt AM (born 21 July 1953) is an Australian musician and actor. He was a member of the children's group The Wiggles from when the band started in 1991 to 2012. Fatt was also in the band called The Cockroaches in the 1980s and 1990s.

[[History of Jeff Fatt]]

Jeff Fatt was born in July 21, 1953 in Casino, New South Wales, Australia

References

Other websites 

 

1953 births
Living people
Australian television actors
Actors from New South Wales
Singers from New South Wales
Australian pianists
Organists
Order of Australia
Byker Grove

Byker Grove is a British television show which aired from 1989 to 2006. It was created by writer Adele Rose and producer Andrea Wonfor. The show came on at 5:10pm after Newsround but it later moved to 5pm on CBBC on BBC One. The show was for older teenagers and young adults. The show sometimes had serious and controversial stories.

Other websites  
 Geograph Page - The Mitre, Benwell
 
 Byker Grove episode guide 
 Byker Grove cast list 
 

1989 television series debuts
2006 television series endings
1980s television series
1990s children's television series
2000s children's television series
BBC Television programmes
LGBT television programs
British children's television series
British teen television series
British teen drama television series
English-language television programs
Rain and snow mixed

Rain and snow mixed is known as sleet outside of North America and some parts of Canada. It happens when some of snow that is falling melts into water, causing precipitation that is not quite snow but not quite rain. The name may be shortened to RASN.

Precipitation
Indigestion

Indigestion, or dyspepsia, is bad digestion. The sufferer may feel a full stomach, heartburn, nausea, belching, or upper abdominal pain.

References 

Digestive system
REWE Group

The REWE Group is a diversified retail and tourism group based in Cologne, Germany. It is the second largest supermarket chain in Germany after Edeka.

Other websites 

 REWE Group

1920s establishments in Germany
1927 establishments in Europe
Companies of Germany
Shops
Cologne
Penny (supermarket)

Penny or internationally Penny Market (in Austria Penny Markt) is a discount supermarket chain based in Germany, which operates 3,550 stores. 
The market was founded by Leibbrand Gruppe in 1973; since 1989 it has been owned by the REWE Group.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Supermarkets of Germany
Cologne
Norma (supermarket)

Norma is a food discount store. It has more than 1,300 stores in Germany, France, the Czech Republic and Austria. The stores are appearing as Norma and Norma-Rodi, as Norma has bought the company Rodi. It was founded in 1964.

Other websites 

 Official website 

1960s establishments in Germany
1964 establishments in Europe
Supermarkets of Germany
Nuremberg
Mountrail County, North Dakota

Mountrail County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, 7,673 people lived there. The county seat is Stanley.

North Dakota counties
Aspermont, Texas

Aspermont is a town in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Stonewall County.

Towns in Texas
County seats in Texas
Bandera, Texas

Bandera is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Bandera County. As of the 2010 census, 857 people lived there.

References 

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Bastrop, Texas

Bastrop is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Bastrop County.

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Selective Service System

The Selective Service System is an independent agency of the United States government. It has information on those subject to the U.S. military draft. All male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between ages 18 and 25 are required by law to register within 30 days of their 18th birthdays. They must also contact the Selective Service within ten days of any changes of any information they gave, like a change of address. Females, on the other hand, are not required to register.

Registration with Selective Service is also required for several federal programs and benefits, including job training, federal employment, naturalization, Pell grants and student loans.

On July 2, 1980, then-President Jimmy Carter signed Proclamation 4771 (Registration under the Military Selective Service Act). That was in response to the Soviet war in Afghanistan the previous year. It re-established the Selective Service registration requirement for all 18-to-26 year old men born on or after January 1, 1960.

The first registrations began on July 21, 1980 at various post offices across the United States, starting with men born in 1960. Men born in or after 1963 were required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday.

On April 27, 2016, the Armed House Services Committee voted to add an amendment to extend the authority for draft registration to females. If the bill had passed, it would have authorized then-President Barack Obama to order young women as well as men to register with the Selective System.

References

Law
Wolfgang Thonke

Wolfgang Thonke (December 28, 1938 – January 22, 2019), was a German journalist, graduated military scientist, major general, and was the last Deputy Commanding General  (A3) of the National People's Army Air Force.

References

1938 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
German journalists
German generals
German scientists
Strausberg

Strausberg is a town in Brandenburg, Germany. It is located 30 km east of Berlin. With a population of 25,594 it is the largest town in the district of Märkisch-Oderland.

References

Towns in Brandenburg
Rosemary Bryant Mariner

Captain Rosemary Bryant Mariner (née Merims, formerly Conatser; April 2, 1953 – January 24, 2019) was an American aviator. She was one of the first six women to earn their wings as a United States Naval Aviator in 1974. She was the first female military aviator to be in command of an operational air squadron.

Mariner died on January 24, 2019 in Anderson County, Tennessee, aged 65 from ovarian cancer.

References

Other websites 
 The Year in Review (1997)  Naval Aviation News by William T. Baker
 United States Naval Aviation 1910–1995  from the Naval Historical Center
 Fallen Shipmates – China Lake
 U. S. Centennial of Flight – The Ninety-Nines 
 The Ninety-nines: Sixty and Counting 
 Study of War & Society – Personnel  University of Tennessee Knoxville
 Women Military Aviators 

1953 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from ovarian cancer
American military people
American aviators
Norman Orentreich

Norman Orentreich (; December 26, 1922 – January 23, 2019) was an American dermatologist. He was born in New York City. He was known for performing the first modern hair transplant. Orentreich created Estee Lauder Companies' Clinique line of skin care products. He was the first president of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery.

Orentreich died in New York City from congestive heart failure on January 23, 2019, aged 96.

References

1922 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York City
Scientists from New York City
Superpermutation

In combinatorial math, a superpermutation is a list of numbers that contains each different arrangement of symbols it is made up of inside of it. While superpermutations can simply be made up of every arrangement listed side by side, it can also be shorter. Sometimes, the arrangements may overlap. For example, when there are 2 different symbols, the superpermutation 1221 contains all possible arrangements, 12 and 21. The list 121 also contains both permutations, 12 at the beginning and 21 at the end.

As the number of symbols increases, the length of the superpermutation increases, too. The superpermutation with only 1 symbol is only 1 long (1), while the 2nd superpermutation is 3 long (121). The 3rd superpermutation is 9 long (123121321), and the 4th one is 33 long (123412314231243121342132413214321). The length of the superpermutation with 5 symbols is 153, and it looks like this:

123451234152341253412354123145231425314235142315423124531243512431
52431254312134521342513421534213542132451324153241352413254132145
3214352143251432154321

So far, mathematicians have not been able to find the smallest length superpermutation that uses 6 or more symbols. They are slowly getting closer to finding it out.

Six or more symbol superpermutations 
Right now, mathematicians do not know what the smallest superpermutation is when there are six or more symbols. However, over time the choices of what they could be have narrowed considerably from both above and below.

In September 2011, an unknown person on the internet forum 4chan showed people that there was definitely a smallest superpermutation for any superpermutation with more than 1 symbol. On the website, it was called "The Haruhi Problem", from a Japanese anime called The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya. It was phrased like this: what would be the shortest amount of episodes that you would need to watch in order to guarantee that you watched every episode of a show? In October 2018, mathematician Robin Houston tweeted about it. 

On October 25, 2018, Robin Houston, Jay Pantone, and Vince Vatter made the unknown person's proof better and posted it to the mathematics community.

On October 20 2018, Greg Egan found smaller superpermutations for ones with six or more symbols than there had ever been. This shows that smallest superpermutation must be at most that size. 

As time goes on, people think that the smallest and largest possible lengths for these superpermutations will be narrowed down further. There is only one definite smallest superpermutation for each number of symbols.

Related pages 
 Combination (mathematics)
 Graph theory
 Permutation
 Travelling salesman problem

References

Other websites 
 The Minimal Superpermutation Problem - Nathaniel Johnston's blog
 

Pages with unreviewed translations
Mathematics
Vrelo (Babušnica)

Vrelo is a village in Babušnica, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a total of 141 people.

References 

Villages in Europe
Settlements in Serbia
Sheniz Janmohamed

Sheniz Janmohamed is a Canadian poet and arts educator based in Toronto, Ontario. Her work has been featured in several journals including Descant, Quill & Quire. In 2016, she obtained the Artist Educator Mentorship Certification from the Royal Conservatory, Toronto.

Career 
Sheniz was born in North York and raised in Scarborough. Sheniz attended at the University of Toronto and completed BA Honours in English and Religion. She also graduated from the University of Guelph and obtained a Master's Of Fine Arts in Creative Writing in 2006. In 2010, her first book, Bleeding Light, a collection of ghazals, was published by Mawenzi House. She has performed and lectured at several notable events including TedXYouth Conference, Vancouver Writers Fest. In 2013, she was invited to read on stage with Javed Akhtar at the ZEE Jaipur Literature Festival. In 2015, Sheniz was granted the Lois Birkenshaw-Fleming Creative Teaching Scholarship.

Publications 

 Bleeding Light, Mawenzi House - 2010
 Firesmoke, Mawenzi House - 2014

Recognition 

 Lois Birkenshaw-Fleming Creative Teaching Scholarship, 2015
 Artist Educator Mentorship certification, 2016

References

Other websites 

 

Living people
Canadian poets
Year of birth missing (living people)
Shane Dawson

Shane Lee Yaw (born July 19, 1988), known professionally as Shane Dawson, is an American YouTuber, author, sketch comedian, actor, director, media personality and musician. He was one of the first people to become famous on YouTube, and since kept an online presence.

He was born in Long Beach, California. He is known for his sketch-comedy videos, parody, Lets-Play and conspiracy theory videos.

In July 2015, Dawson came out as bisexual.

References

Other websites

1988 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
LGBT actors
LGBT comedians
LGBT writers
Bisexual people
Internet celebrities
Movie directors from Los Angeles County, California
Actors from Long Beach, California
Comedians from Los Angeles County, California
Writers from Los Angeles County, California
LGBT people from California
Jeffree Star

Jeffree Star (born Jeffrey Lynn Steininger Jr.; November 15, 1985) is an American Internet personality, makeup artist, entrepreneur, and singer-songwriter. He is the founder and owner of Jeffree Star Cosmetics. Star was born in Orange County, California. In 2009, Star released his first and only studio album, Beauty Killer, which included songs such as "Lollipop Luxury" featuring Nicki Minaj. He is gay.

He appeared in the second version of Kesha's music video for her single "Take It Off" in 2010. is first cosmetics release was a collection of velour liquid lipsticks, which were followed by highlighter palettes, lip scrubs, eyeshadow palettes, clothing, and accessories, such as mirrors and make up bags.

References

Other websites
 Jeffree Star on Buzznet
 Jeffree Star on PureVolume

1985 births
Living people
Internet celebrities
American artists
Gay men
LGBT artists
LGBT businesspeople
LGBT people from California
Businesspeople from California
Singer-songwriters from California
American bloggers
Mohammad Nabi Habibi

Mohammad Nabi Habibi (, 19 December 1945 – 29 January 2019) was an Iranian politician. He was Secretary-General of the Islamic Coalition Party from 2004 until his death in 2019. He was Mayor of Tehran from 1983 until 1987, lasting 44 months.

Habibi died from a heart attack on 29 January 2019 in Tehran, aged 73.

References

1945 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Mayors
Iranian politicians
Charles J. Hynes

Charles Joseph Hynes (May 28, 1935 – January 29, 2019) was an American lawyer and Democratic politician. He was born in New York City. He was Kings County District Attorney from 1990 to 2013. He was also the 24th New York City Fire Commissioner from 1980 to 1982.

Hynes died on January 29, 2019 at a hospital in Delray Beach, Florida following heart surgery and undergoing treatment for leukemia at the age of 83.

References

1935 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Deaths from leukemia
Cancer deaths in Florida
Lawyers from New York City
Politicians from New York City
US Democratic Party politicians
Per Jorsett

Per Jorsett (11 May 1920 – 30 January 2019) was a Norwegian freelance sports reporter, sport historian and sports shooter. He reported for Sportsmanden from 1945 to 1961, and for the newspapers Dagbladet and Nationen. He had commissions for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation from 1947 to 1991. He wrote books on the Olympic Games.

Jorsett died on 30 January 2019 in Oslo from cardiopulmonary arrest, aged 98.

References

1920 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest
Norwegian historians
Norwegian journalists
Sport shooters
Writers from Oslo
James Ingram

James Edward Ingram (February 16, 1952 – January 29, 2019) was an American singer-songwriter, record producer, actor and keyboardist. He won two Grammy Awards and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song two times. Ingram was born in Akron, Ohio.

He had two number-one singles on the Hot 100. The first was a duet with fellow R&B artist Patti Austin in 1982's "Baby, Come to Me" and "I Don't Have the Heart", which became his second number-one in 1990 was his only number-one as a solo artist.

He was also known for the song "Somewhere Out There" with fellow recording artist Linda Ronstadt for the animated movie An American Tail.

Ingram died on January 29, 2019, aged 66, from brain cancer, at his home in Los Angeles.

References

Grammy Award winners
1952 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
American R&B singers
American pop singers
American soul singers
American R&B musicians
American pop musicians
American soul musicians
American keyboard players
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Record producers
Singer-songwriters from California
Actors from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Actors from Akron, Ohio
Singers from Ohio
Writers from Akron, Ohio
Businesspeople from Ohio
Ladysmith, Wisconsin

Ladysmith is a city and the county seat of Rusk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 3,414 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Wisconsin
County seats in Wisconsin
Mount Asgard

Mount Asgard is a mountain in Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. The mountain has a two mountain peaks. The mountain peaks are flat at the top, in a circular shape. The peaks are connected by a large piece of rock. The mountain is on the Cumberland Peninsula of Baffin Island and it is part of the Baffin Mountains mountain range. The mountain is made up of granite. The mountain is named after Asgard. Asgard is the home of the gods in Norse mythology.

History
The northern peak of Mount Asgard was climbed for the first time in 1953. The climbers that climbed the mountain were J. Weber, J. Marmet, and H. Röthlisberger. They were Swiss scientists that were part of the Arctic Institute Baffin Island Expedition. The expedition's leader was a Canadian named P. Baird.

The southern peak of the mountain was climbed for the first time in 1971. The climbers that climbed it were G. Lee, R. Wood, P. Clanky, J. Pavur, Y. Kamisawa and P. Koch. Since the peaks have been climbed for the first time, there are now more than 13 routes going up the mountain. Most of these routes are very difficult and challenging. They often use free climbing and aid climbing techniques.

References

Mountains of Canada
Nunavut
Fate/stay night

is a Japanese visual novel. It was developed by Type-Moon. At first, it was released as an adult game for Windows. There is a manga series by Datto Nishiwaki based on this visual novel. It was published in Kadokawa Shoten's manga magazine Shōnen Ace. A 24-episode anime series was created by Studio Deen. It aired in Japan between January and June 2006. A second anime television series, Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works was produced by Ufotable. It aired between October 2014 and June 2015.

Fate/stay night is the "highest selling visual novel" in 2004 of the adult game retailer Getchu.com. Readers of Dengeki G's Magazine ranked the game second in a list of "most interesting bishōjo games" in August 2007.

References

2004 video games
2006 anime television series
2006 manga
2011 anime OVAs
2014 anime television series
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Vita games
Video games developed in Japan
Visual novels
Windows games
Real (hypermarket)

Real (stylized real and  real,- until 2017) is a German hypermarket chain operating in Germany and earlier in Europe that was part of the German trade and retail giant Metro AG. It was founded in 1992. Since June 2020 it belongs to russian financial investor SCP.

Other websites 

 real,- Official website 

1990s establishments in Germany
1992 establishments in Europe
Supermarkets of Germany
North Rhine-Westphalia
Media Markt

Media Markt is a German chain of stores selling consumer electronics with numerous branches throughout Europe. It is Europe's largest retailer of consumer electronics, and the second largest in the world after American retailer Best Buy.

Other websites 

 Official website

Companies of Germany
Shops
Fairfield, Texas

Fairfield is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Freestone County.

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Bay City, Texas

Bay City is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Matagorda County.

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Memphis, Texas

Memphis is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Hall County.

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Nelson County, North Dakota

Nelson County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, 3,126 people lived there. The county seat is Lakota. It was founded in 1883.

References 

1880s establishments in North Dakota
1883 establishments in the United States
North Dakota counties
Maidan Shar attack

On 21 January 2019, in central Afghanistan, the Taliban attacked a military compound in Maidan Shar, Maidan Wardak Province. The attack killed soldiers of the Afghan National Security Forces. 

The Taliban attacked while in the process of negotiating a truce with the United States. The attack began when a car bomb rammed through a military checkpoint and onto the grounds of the compound, where the car exploded. After the explosion, two gunmen entered the base and opened fire on Afghan soldiers, before both attackers were shot dead. 

126 people were killed in the attack. The Taliban claimed responsibility, saying that over 190 people were killed in the attack. The Afghan National Directorate of Security reported that 36 military personnel were killed.

References

2019 mass shootings
2019 murders in Asia
2010s explosions in Asia
2010s in Afghanistan
2010s mass shootings in Asia
Attacks on buildings and structures in 2019
Attacks on military installations
Building bombings in Asia
Car and truck bombings in Asia
Massacres in Afghanistan
Explosions in 2019
Explosions in Afghanistan
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2019
Islamic terrorist incidents in Asia
January 2019 events

Mass murder in 2019
2010s massacres in Asia
Suicide car and truck bombings
Taliban
Terrorist incidents in Asia in 2019
2019 South Sulawesi floods

On 22 January 2019, floods caused by heavy rainfall hit the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi. At least 68 people were killed. Gowa Regency was hard-hit having the majority of the fatalities.

The most destructive flood was caused by the overflowing of the Jeneberang River and the opening of the watergates of the Bili-Bili Dam in Gowa, though other floods also occurred elsewhere in the province.

References

2019 disasters in Asia
2010s floods
2010s in Indonesia
Disasters in Indonesia
Floods in Asia
History of Sulawesi
January 2019 events
Brumadinho dam disaster

The Brumadinho dam disaster occurred on 25 January 2019 when a tailings dam  at an iron ore mine in Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil suffered a collapsed and exploded. 

The dam was owned by Vale, the same company which was involved in the 2015 Bento Rodrigues dam disaster. 

The dam released a mudflow that advanced over houses in a rural area near the city.  At least 110 people died as a result of the collapse.

President Jair Bolsonaro, sent three ministers to follow the rescue efforts.

References

January 2019 events
2019 in Brazil
2019 disasters
Dams in South America
Minas Gerais
Manny Pacquiao

Emmanuel Dapidran Pacquiao, PLH ( ; ; born December 17, 1978) is a Filipino professional boxer and politician.

Pacquiao was born in Kibawe, Bukidnon, Philippines. He studied at Notre Dame of Dadiangas University.

He is the only eight-division world champion in the history of boxing. He won eleven major world titles, as well as being the first boxer to win the lineal championship in five different weight classes. Pacquiao is also the first boxer in history to win major world titles in four of the original eight weight classes of boxing: flyweight, featherweight, lightweight, and welterweight.

Pacquiao has generated about 19.6 million in pay-per-view buys and $1.2 billion in revenue from his 24 pay-per-view bouts. According to Forbes, he was the second highest paid athlete in the world as of 2015.

In May 2010, Pacquiao was elected to the House of Representatives representing the province of Sarangani. He was re-elected in 2013. In June 2016, Pacquiao was elected as a senator and will serve a six-year term until 2022.

Pacquiao has been seen as a top contender for 2022 presidential election. Current President Rodrigo Duterte said in December 2016 and December 2017 that he wants to make Pacquiao his replacement.

In September 2021, Manny Pacquiao announced his candidacy for the 2022 presidential election.

References

1978 births
Living people
Filipino sportspeople
Filipino politicians
Boxers
2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings

On the morning of January 27, 2019, two bombs exploded at the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Jolo, Sulu, in the Philippines. Twenty people were killed and 82 injured in the bombings. The Islamic State (IS) took responsibility for the bombings.

References

2019 murders in Asia
2010s building bombings
2019 explosions in Asia
2010s in the Philippines
Attacks on churches
Attacks on buildings and structures in 2019
Attacks on religious buildings and structures in Asia
Building bombings in Asia

Islamic State
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2019
Islamic terrorist incidents in Asia
January 2019 events
Mass murder in 2019
Mass murder in Asia
Terrorist incidents in Asia in 2019
January–February 2019 North American cold wave

In late January, 2019, a severe cold wave caused by a polar vortex hit the Midwestern United States and Eastern Canada and lasted into February. It killed between 8 and 21 people. It came after a winter storm that brought nearly  of snow in some parts of the region.

The U.S. states of Michigan, New York, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota and Indiana were affected by the vortex. In Canada, parts of the provinces of Manitoba and Ontario were affected.

In the Chicago area, temperatures went as low as  at O'Hare International Airport on January 30. Chicago's Northerly Island recorded temperatures as low as  and Chicago's Midway International Airport recorded a temperature of . Chicago also reached record lows on January 31, with a temperature of  and a windchill of .

References

January 2019 events
2019 in Canada
2010s in Michigan
2010s in New York (state)
2010s in Illinois
2010s in Wisconsin
Minnesota
North Dakota
Indiana
2010s in Chicago
2019 in the United States
February 2019 events
2019 in weather
Jean-Marc Fontaine

Jean-Marc Fontaine (13 March 1944 – 29 January 2019) was a French mathematician. He was one of the founders of p-adic Hodge theory. He was a professor at Paris-Sud 11 University from 1988 to his death. He was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, France.

In 1984 he received the Prix Carrière from the French Academy of Sciences. Beginning in 2002 he was a member of the French Academy of Sciences.

Fontaine died on 29 January 2019 in Paris from thyroid cancer at the age of 74.

References

1944 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from thyroid cancer
Cancer deaths in France
French mathematicians
Andy Hebenton

Andrew Alexander "Spuds" Hebenton (October 3, 1929 – January 29, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He holds the record for the longest streak without missing a game in professional hockey history. He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Hebenton played for the New York Rangers and Boston Bruins. He retired in 1976.

Hebenton died on January 29, 2019 in Portland, Oregon from bladder cancer, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 

1929 births
2019 deaths
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Deaths from bladder cancer
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
New York Rangers players
Sportspeople from Winnipeg
Central Professional Hockey League players
Stewart Adams

Stewart Sanders Adams  (1923 – 30 January 2019) was a British chemist. He was known for creating ibuprofen in the early 1960s. 

Adams died aged 95 at the Queen's Medical Centre in Nottingham from pneumonia on 30 January 2019.

References

Other websites
 Boots
 Chemistry in your cupboard - Royal Society of Chemistry
 BBC 2006
 The ibuprofen inventor 

1923 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
British chemists
British inventors
People from Nottingham
Kálmán Ihász

Kálmán Ihász (6 March 1941 – 31 January 2019) was a Hungarian footballer. During his club career he played for Vasas SC. For the Hungary national football team, he participated in the 1962 FIFA World Cup. He also won a gold medal in 1964 Summer Olympics. Ihász was born in Budapest.

Ihász died on 31 January 2019 in Budapest from cerebral infarction, aged 77.

References

1941 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from cerebral infarction
Olympians
Sportspeople from Budapest
Hungarian footballers
Pierre Nanterme

Pierre Nanterme (7 September 1959 – 31 January 2019) was a French business executive. He was the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Accenture.

Nanterme was diagnosed with colon cancer in 2016. Nanterme died on 31 January 2019 at the age of 59.

References

1959 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
French businesspeople
Georges Sarre

Georges Sarre (26 November 1935 – 31 January 2019) was a French politician. He was born in Chénérailles, Creuse. He was the  leader of the Citizen and Republican Movement. He was elected MEP in the 1979 European elections and was elected to the French National Assembly for Paris in 1981.

Sarre died on 31 January 2019 in Paris from coronary artery disease, aged 83.

References

1935 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from coronary artery disease
French politicians
Former MEPs
MEPs for France