cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Four Freedoms Award

The Four Freedoms Award is an annual award. It is presented to people and organisations who have "demonstrated" the principles of the Four Freedoms of US-president Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

President Roosevelt described his Four Freedoms during the State of the Union speech of 6 January 1941. In his speech he said that if democracy is to survive and flourish, people everywhere in the world are entitled to four human rights: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want and freedom from fear.

The awards have been given since 1982, alternately in the United States and the Netherlands. In odd years the awards are given to Americans by the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute in Hyde Park, New York. In some years special awards have been given.

In even years the award ceremony is held in Middelburg and honours non-Americans. The choice for Middelburg was motivated by the suspected descendance of the family Roosevelt from the village of Oud-Vossemeer in the province of Zeeland.

Four Freedoms Speech 

The speech delivered by President Roosevelt incorporated the following

In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.
The first is freedom of speech and expression — everywhere in the world.
The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way — everywhere in the world.
The third is freedom from want —which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants— everywhere in the world.
The fourth is freedom from fear —which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor— anywhere in the world.
That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb.—Franklin D. Roosevelt, excerpted from the State of the Union Address to the Congress, January 6, 1941

Laureates

Freedom Medal

Freedom of Speech

Freedom of Worship

Freedom from Want

Freedom from Fear

Special presentations

References 

Roosevelt Institute, List of laureates 
 . NOS (2008)
Oosthoek, A.L. (2010) Roosevelt in Middelburg: the four freedoms awards 1982-2008, 
American Rethoric, Four Freedoms Speech of Roosevelt

Other websites
 Roosevelt Institute, Hyde Park, New York
 Roosevelt Stichting, Middelburg, Netherlands

American culture
Awards
Dutch culture
Human rights
New York
Zeeland
1982 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in the Netherlands
Flare star

A flare star is a variable star that becomes very much brighter unpredictably for a few minutes at a time.

Flares happen on flare stars in a similar way to solar flares. They are magnetic disturbances in the atmosphere of stars. The brightness increases across the spectrum, from X rays to radio waves. 

The first known flare stars were discovered in 1924, they were V1396 Cygni and AT Microscopii. Still the best-known flare star is UV Ceti, that star was discovered in 1948. Today similar flare stars are classified as UV Ceti type variable stars in variable star catalogs. Flares can happen once every few days or, as in the case of Barnard's Star, much less frequently. Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Solar System, is also a flare star.

Most flare stars are dim red dwarfs, although less massive (lighter) brown dwarfs might also be able to flare. The more massive (heavier) RS Canum Venaticorum variables (RS CVn) are also known to flare, but scientists understand that a companion star in a binary system causes these flares. This companion star disturbs the magnetic field.  Nine stars similar to the Sun have also been seen to flare. There is a suggestion that this happens for similar reasons to the flares of the RS CVn variables.  A companion causes the flares, this companion is a massive planet like the planet Jupiter that orbits the flaring star closely.

Nearby flare stars
Flare stars are give off relatively little light, but have been found as far away as 1,000 light years from Earth.

Proxima Centauri
Proxima Centauri is closer to the sun than any other star and is a flare star. Proxima Centauri increases its brightness randomly and magnetic force causes this. Convection creates a magnetic field throughout the matter in Proxima Centauri, and this leads to flaring with a total X-ray output similar to that of the Sun though the sun is much more massive (heavier) than Proxima Centauri.

Wolf 359
The flare star Wolf 359 is another star relatively near the Solar System in the constellation of Leo and has other names (designations) as well.  It is a red dwarf of spectral class M6.5 and emits X-rays. It is a UV Ceti flare star, and flares relatively often.

The mean (average) magnetic field varies significantly during periods of time as short as six hours. By comparison, the magnetic field of the Sun averages  (), although it can rise as high as  () in active sunspot regions.

Barnard's Star
Barnard's Star is the second nearest star system to our sun and scientists suspect it is a flare star.

TVLM513-46546 
TVLM513-46546 is the name scientists give to a flare star with very low mass. This small star is only just heavy enough to count as a red dwarf.

References

Types of stars
National Democratic Front of Bodoland

The National Democratic Front of Bodoland, also known as NDFB or the Bodo Security Force, is an militant group in Assam, India. They want to make an independent Bodoland for the indigenous Bodo people. The founder of the organization, Ransaigra Nabla Daimary (Ranjan Daimary) has been arrested and detained by Indian government.

Separatist movements of India
Nationalist organizations in India
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Assam
Richard J. Daley

Richard Joseph Daley (May 15, 1902 – December 20, 1976) was an American politician who served for 21 years as the mayor of Chicago. He was one of the biggest bosses of the Democratic Party in the United States. At his time while being the mayor, he was one of the most well-known Irish-Americans. His son, Richard M. Daley was also the mayor of Chicago for 22 years. He is also the father of William M. Daley.

Daley was born in Bridgeport, Chicago, Illinois. He studied at DePaul University. He was married to Eleanor "Sis" Daley from 1936 until his death in 1976. They had 7 children. Daley died on December 20, 1976 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart attack, aged 74.

References

Other websites

Mayor Richard J. Daley 
Mayor Richard J. Daley of Chicago
Richard Daley's Gravesite

1902 births
1976 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
DePaul University alumni
Mayors of Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
Harold Washington

Harold Lee Washington (April 15, 1922 – November 25, 1987) was an American lawyer and politician. He became the first African-American Mayor of Chicago, serving from 1983 until his death in 1987. The Harold Washington Library is named after him.

Washington was born on April 15, 1922 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Roosevelt College and at Northwestern University School of Law. 

He was married to Nancy Dorothy Finch from 1942 until they divorced in 1950. Then he was engaged to Mary Ella Smith until his death in 1987. 

Washington died suddenly on November 25, 1987 in Chicago City Hall from a heart attack, aged 65.

References

Other websites
"The Legacy of Chicago's Harold Washington", Cheryl Corley, All Things Considered, November 23, 2007. Accessed November 23, 2007.
Harold Washington on the Legacy of Richard J. Daley
 A Latino Resource

1922 births
1987 deaths
Burials at Oak Woods Cemetery
African American lawyers
African-American military personnel
African American politicians
American military personnel of World War II
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Mayors of Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
United States representatives from Illinois
State legislators of the United States
Lawyers from Chicago
Chicago City Hall

Chicago City Hall is the official city hall of the City of Chicago in Illinois, United States. Adjacent to the Richard J. Daley Center and the James R. Thompson Center, the building that includes Chicago City Hall houses the offices of the mayor. The building's east side (called the County Building) is devoted to the various offices of Cook County. Situated on a city block bounded by Randolph, LaSalle, Washington, and Clark streets, the 11-story structure was designed by the architectural firm Holabird & Roche in the classical revival style. The building was officially dedicated on February 27, 1911.

Other websites

 City of Chicago 
 Cook County
 Chicago Landmarks: City Hall-County Building

Buildings and structures in Chicago, Illinois
Government of Chicago
1911 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Illinois
Anton Cermak

Anton "Tony" Joseph Cermak (May 9, 1873 – March 6, 1933) was an American politician of Czech origin. He was best known as the mayor of Chicago. He was mayor from 1931 until his assassination in 1933. 

Cermak was elected president of the Cook County Board of Commissioners in 1922, chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party in 1928, and mayor of Chicago in 1931. In 1928 he ran for the United States Senate and was defeated by Republican Otis F. Glenn, receiving 46% of the vote.

His mayoral victory came in the wake of the Great Depression and the deep resentment many Chicagoans had of Prohibition and the increasing violence resulting from organized crime's control of Chicago, typified by the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.

Cermak was born on May 9, 1873 in Kladno, Austria-Hungry. He was married to Mary Horejas until his death in 1933. 

Cermak, aged 59, was shot and killed while being at a Democratic Party convention for Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 6, 1933. Later doctors said he would have lived if he had never had colitis. Her daughter, Helena, would later marry future Governor of Illinois Otto Kerner, Jr.

References

Other websites

Cermak's tomb at Bohemian National Cemetery

1873 births
1933 deaths
American murder victims
Assassinated people
Czech politicians
Mayors of Chicago
Murders by firearm in Florida
US Democratic Party politicians
Jane Byrne

Jane Margaret Byrne (May 24, 1933 – November 14, 2014) was the first female mayor of Chicago. She served from April 16, 1979 to April 29, 1983. Chicago is the largest city in the United States to have had a female mayor as of 2012.

Byrne was born on May 24, 1933 in Chicago, Illinois. She studied at DePaul University. She was married to William Byrne from 1956 until his death in 1959. Then she was married to Jay McMullen from 1978 until his death in 1992. She had a daughter, Kathy by William Byrne. William Bryne died in an airplane accident. She was so far the only female mayor of Chicago.

Byrne died in Chicago, Illinois from complications of a stroke, aged 81.

References

Other websites
Former City Hall Reporter Ray Hanania's online look at the City Hall Press Room and the Byrne Administration, published in the Chicago Reader and later online 

1933 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Mayors of Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
Carter Harrison, Jr.

Carter Henry Harrison, Jr. (April 23, 1860 – December 25, 1953) served as Mayor of Chicago (1897–1905 and 1911–1915). As the City's 30th mayor, he was the first mayor actually born in Chicago. His father was Mayor of Chicago, Carter Harrison, Sr..

Carter was born on April 23, 1860 in Chicago, Illinois. His father, Carter Harrison, Sr. was already the mayor but was assassinated while in office. He was married to Edith Ogden. He had two children. Harrison died on December 25, 1953 in Chicago, Illinois from natural causes, aged 93.

References

Other websites

 Mayor Carter Henry Harrison Papers  at the Newberry Library

1860 births
1953 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Disease-related deaths in Chicago, Illinois
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
Mayors of Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
Carter Harrison, Sr.

Carter Henry Harrison, Sr. (February 15, 1825 – October 28, 1893) was an American politician who was mayor of Chicago from 1879 until 1887; he was elected to a fifth term in 1893 but was assassinated before completing his term.

He previously served two terms in the United States House of Representatives. Harrison was the first cousin twice removed of President William Henry Harrison. He is also related to President Benjamin Harrison. His son, Carter Harrison, Jr. would later become Mayor of Chicago.

Harrison was born on February 15, 1825 in Fayette County, Kentucky. He studied at Yale University. He was married two times and secretly engaged to another before his death. Harrison died on October 28, 1893 after being shot and killed in his home in Chicago, Illinois, aged 68.

References

1825 births
1893 deaths
Deaths by firearm
United States representatives from Illinois
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
American murder victims
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Kentucky
US Democratic Party politicians
Anmanari Brown

Anmanari Brown is an Australian Aboriginal artist. She was one of the pioneers of the art movement across the Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara lands, which began in 2000. Since then, her paintings have gained much success. Her work is held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of Western Australia, the Queensland Art Gallery, and the National Gallery of Australia.

Brown was born roughly some time during the 1930s. She was born at Purpurna, a waterhole that is sacred to the Pitjantjatjara. She grew up living a traditional, nomadic way of life in the bush with her family, before any contact with Euro-Australian society. In the 1950s, her family was moved out of the bush to live at Warburton, with many other Aboriginal families. Warburton was a Christian mission at the time, and Brown was taught at school here by missionaries. When she was older, Brown moved to Irrunytju and married Nyakul Dawson.

Brown began work as an artist in 2000. The women of Irrunytju had opened an art centre as an community-owned economic program. Anmanari and other senior women in the community began painting for Irrunytju Arts on linen canvases. Their first exhibition was held in 2001, in Perth. The art mixed modern painting techniques with ancient designs and cultural law.

From the beginning of her career, Brown often painted with her friend Tjayanka Woods. When Brown's husband died in 2007, she and Woods left Irrunytju and went to live at Papulankutja, on Ngaanyatjarra lands. Here, they paint for Papulankutja Artists. In April 2010, the two women held their first solo exhibition together at the Vivien Anderson Gallery in Melbourne.

Brown mostly paints the  (Seven Sisters Dreaming). Her connection to this Dreaming comes from her mother, whose homeland is Kuru Ala, a sacred place for women. The paintings in her solo show depicted stories from this Dreaming. 

Brown's paintings are not figurative. She does not explicitly depict figures or features of the landscape, but she does use iconographic symbols to represent them. She uses patterned lines to represent tracks in a journey, or seven small shapes or lines to represent the sisters. She also sometimes uses colour symbolically. While Brown mainly paints directly on canvas, several of her works are made from screen-printing methods.

References

Other websites
Resources at the National Library of Australia

1930s births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Artists from Western Australia
Artists from the Northern Territory
Levi Boone

Levi Day Boone (December 6, 1808 – January 24, 1882) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1855–1856) for the American Party (Know-Nothings).

Boone was born near Lexington, Kentucky. He studied at Transylvania University.  He became a doctor.  Boone was married to Louise M. Smith. They had 11 children. In 1862, Boone was arrested and briefly held in Camp Douglas on suspicion that he had helped a Confederate prisoner to escape. 

Boone first ran for mayor of Chicago in 1855.  He campaigned on a platform attacking Catholics and immigrants. After he was elected, he ordered the enforcement of a law against selling alcohol on Sundays -- but only in immigrant neighborhoods. On April 21, 1854, protesters, who did not like the bars being closed on Sudnays, fought with police, who supported Boone.  "One protester was killed and dozens wounded in the brief clash, but the resulting backlash destroyed Boone's political career."   Boone did not run for re-election in the mayoral election of 1856. Boone died on January 24, 1882 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 73.

References

Other websites
Inaugural Address
Boone Biography at Chicago Public Library

1808 births
1882 deaths
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Kentucky
James Curtiss

James Curtiss (April 7, 1803 – November 2, 1859) was an American politician who was the Mayor of Chicago two times. He ran for the Democrat.

Curtiss was born on April 7, 1803 in Wethersfield, Connecticut. He was raised in both Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and in Chicago, Illinois. Curtiss died on November 2, 1859 in Joliet, Illinois from an illness, aged 53.

References

Other websites
 First Inaugural Address
 Second Inaugural Address

1803 births
1859 deaths
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Connecticut
Politicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Connecticut
Lawyers from Chicago
William B. Ogden

William Butler Ogden (June 15, 1805 – August 3, 1877) was the first Mayor of Chicago.

Ogden was born on June 15, 1805 in Walton, New York. He was married to Mariana Arnot from 1875 until his death in 1877. They had no children. Butler lost almost everything he had in the Great Chicago Fire. Butler died on August 3, 1877 in Fordham Heights, New York, aged 72.

References

1805 births
1877 deaths
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from New York
US Democratic Party politicians
Eugene Sawyer

Eugene Sawyer (September 3, 1934 – January 19, 2008) was an American businessman and politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago from 1987 to 1989. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was the second African American to be mayor of Chicago.

Sawyer was born on September 3, 1934 in Greensboro, Alabama. He studied at Alabama State University. Sawyer never married and has no children. Sawyer died on January 19, 2008 in Chicago, Illinois from a stroke, aged 73.

References

Other websites
 ''New York Times article

1934 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Burials at Oak Woods Cemetery
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Alabama
African American politicians
Businesspeople from Alabama
Businesspeople from Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
Joseph Medill

Joseph Medill (April 6, 1823 – March 16, 1899) was a Canadian-American newspaper editor and politician who was the Mayor of Chicago from 1871 through 1873. He left as mayor of Chicago because he was going on a tour to Europe. He left Lester L. Bond as the mayor for 3½ months.

Medill was born on April 6, 1823 in Saint John, New Brunswick. He was never married. He had 2 children. Medill died on March 16, 1899 in San Antonia, Texas, aged 75.

References

1923 births
1899 deaths
Mayors of Chicago
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
People from New Brunswick
Naturalized citizens of the United States
US Republican Party politicians
Alson Sherman

Alson Sherman (April 21, 1811 – September 27, 1903) was an American politician from Chicago who was the Mayor of Chicago from 1844 through 1845.

Sherman was married to April 21, 1811 in Barre, Vermont. He was married to Aurora Abbott from 1833 until her death in 1883. They had 14 children. Sherman died on September 27, 1903 in Waukegan, Illinois, aged 92.

References

1811 births
1903 deaths
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Vermont
US Democratic Party politicians
Roswell B. Mason

Roswell B. Mason (September 19, 1805 – January 1, 1892) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1869–1871) for the Citizens Party.

Roswell was born on September 19, 1805 in Hartford, New York. He was never married and had no children. 

Roswell held a high position with the Illinois Central Railroad until he decided to run to be Mayor of Chicago on a reform ticket. During Mason's administration, the Great Chicago Fire occurred. Mason responded by directing General Philip Sheridan to place the city under martial law.

Mason died on January 1, 1892 from natural causes in Chicago, Illinois, aged 86.

Related pages
 Greater Grand Crossing, Chicago

References

1805 births
1892 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Chicago, Illinois
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from New York
Emil Hamilton

Professor Emil Hamilton or Ruina is a fictional Superman character. He is mostly a mad scientist who is a threat to the world. He is smart and has a suit that learned all of Superman's weaknesses and abilities so that he could copy them. 

He will be played by actor Richard Schiff in the 2013 movie Man of Steel. He was voiced by Victor Brandt in Superman: The Animated Series.

DC Comics characters
Thomas Coryat

Thomas Coryat  (c. 1577–1617) was an English traveller and writer of the late Elizabethan times. He is remembered today for two books he wrote about his travels through Europe and parts of Asia. He often travelled on foot to get to far off places.

Coryat reached as far as India in his travels from England. At that time the Mughal Emperor Jahangir was ruling there and he rewarded Coryat and gave him money to reach back home. However, Coryat died in Surat, Gujarat, before he could return.

1577 births
1617 deaths
History of India
English writers
English explorers
Mian Family of Baghbanpura

The Mian Arain family of Baghbanpura is an old family of Lahore, now in Pakistan. They used to live in the Baghbanpura neighborhood of Lahore. They were the official caretakers of the Shalimar Gardens Lahore during the time of the Mughal Empire and were later made into court nobles by the Mughals. 

The family has produced many famous people who played an important role in the social, cultural and political life of  Lahore city.

History of India
History of Pakistan
Lahore
Punjabi people
Arain

The Arain are the largest Muslim tribe of India and Pakistan. They are Muslims. Originally, they were the semitics tribes which had agricultural roots but in later times some of them shifted to towns and cities and became famous in many areas. A famous Arain family in the Indian subcontinent is the Mian Family of Baghbanpura, in Lahore. Some people say that the Arain people might have come to India in 713 AD with Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi from Arabia. Other people say that they are Aryans and that their name is also from this. The older's say that Arain earlier comes from Arabia.

References

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups in India
Walter S. Gurnee

Walter S. Gurnee (March 9, 1813 – April 18, 1903) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago from 1851 through 1853. The town Gurnee, Illinois is named after him. He was a Democrat.

Gurnee was born on March 9, 1813 in Haverstraw, New York. He was raised in Michigan and in Chicago. He was never married and had no children. Gurnee died on April 18, 1903 in New York City, New York from natural causes, aged 90.

References

Other websites
Village of Gurnee, IL history page
1st Inaugural speech at Chicago Public Library
2nd Inaugural speech at Chicago Public Library

1813 births
1903 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from New York
Politicians from Michigan
US Democratic Party politicians
Basilar-type migraine

Basilar-type migraine (BTM) is a type of migraine with aura that causes a headache which usually starts in the occipital region which is in the lower back part of the brain. The symptoms that are believed to start in the brainstem, occipital cortex, and cerebellum and the pain may affect both sides of the brain at the same time.

Most people who have basilar-type migraine also have migraines with aura without the basilar symptoms. This type of migraine is usually more common in young people between about 10–19 years of age.

The word Basilar comes from the Middle French word basilaire: of or related to the base. In medicine it usually refers to the base or bottom of a body part especially the skull.   
 
BTM is called 'basilar-type' because it was first described in the areas of the brain which receive blood from the basilar artery, which includes most parts of the brain in the posterior fossa and also the brainstem, which are in the lower, back part of the brain (occipital region). But it was later seen that BTM may also affect areas of the brain outside of the areas which receive blood from the basilar artery, and also no proof that problems in the basilar artery are the cause.

References

Migraine
Neurology
Dare County, North Carolina

Dare County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2010, there were 33,920 people living there.  Its county seat is Manteo, North Carolina.  It is named after Virginia Dare. Virginia Dare was the first English child born in the Americas. She was born in the Roanoke Colony, in what is now Dare County. Buffalo City, in Dare County, was once the biggest community in the country. (Today, Buffalo City is abandoned.) Dare County is the largest county in North Carolina.

Sources 

19th-century establishments in North Carolina
1870 establishments in the United States
North Carolina counties
Lionel Barrymore

Lionel Barrymore (Lionel Herbert Blythe, April 28, 1878 – November 15, 1954) was an American movie, television, stage, and radio actor who won an Academy Award in 1931. He is known for his roles in A Free Soul, The Little Colonel, It's a Wonderful Life, Young Dr. Kildare, and in David Copperfield. His brother was actor John Barrymore and his grandniece is actress Drew Barrymore.

Barrymore was born on April 28, 1878 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at the Episcopal Academy. Barrymore was married to Doris Rankin from 1904 until they divorced in 1923. Then he was married to Irene Fenwick from 1923 until they divorced in 1936. He had two daughters with Rankin, both died early. He had a fatherly love with Jean Harlow and treated her as if she was his own daughter. Barrymore died on November 15, 1954 in Van Nuys, California from a heart attack, aged 76.

References

Other websites

Photographs of Lionel Barrymore
Lionel Barrymore at Internet Broadway Database

1878 births
1954 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American silent movie actors
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Academy Award winning actors
John Barrymore

John Barrymore (John Sidney Blyth, February 15, 1882 – May 29, 1942) was an American movie, television, stage, and radio actor. He was known for his roles in Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde (1920), Grand Hotel (1932), Dinner at Eight (1933), Twentieth Century (1934), and Don Juan (1926). His brother is Academy Award-winning actor Lionel Barrymore. His granddaughter is actress Drew Barrymore.

Barrymore was born on February 15, 1882 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was married to Katherine Corri Harris from 1910 until they divorced in 1917. Then he was married to Blanche Oelrichs from 1920 until they divorced in 1925. Then he was married to Dolores Costello from 1928 until they divorced in 1934. Then he was last married to Elaine Barrie from 1936 until they divorced in 1940. Barrymore had three children. Barrymore died on May 29, 1942 in Los Angeles, California from cirrhosis, aged 60.

References

Other websites

1882 births
1942 deaths
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Barrymore family
Deaths from cirrhosis
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Two-Face

Two-Face or Harvey Dent is a fictional Batman supervillain who appears in comic books by DC Comics. The character was created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger and first appeared in Detective Comics #66 (August 1942). He was the district attorney of Gotham City before being burned in an explosion or being burned by acid. After his accident, he became a villain because of his anger against Batman and Gotham City. He always flips a coin when he is about to a commit a crime or take action. Half of his coin is burned. He had a girlfriend, but she either died or left him after his accident. 

He was played by Billy Dee Williams in Batman, by Tommy Lee Jones in Batman Forever, and by Aaron Eckhart in The Dark Knight, and Nicholas D'Agosto in the television series Gotham. He was voiced by Richard Moll in Batman: The Animated Series.

Other websites

Two-Face at the DC Database Project

Batman characters
DC Comics supervillains
Fictional characters introduced in the 1940s
Scarecrow (comics)

The Scarecrow or Dr. Jonathan Crane is a fictional Batman supervillain who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. He uses fear gas to scare his victims and even Batman. He wears a scarecrow mask and a scarecrow costume. 

He first appeared in World's Finest Comics #3 (September, 1941).

Story
Jonathan Crane was bullied at school. He was called mean names like "Ichabod Crane", because he looked like the character Ichabod Crane from the book Sleepy Hollow. Because of this, he became obsessed with fear. He became a psychologist and learnt about fear. He lost his job for using his patients as tests for his fear gases and drugs. He then became a criminal.

Portrayals
He was played by Cillian Murphy in Batman Begins, The Dark Knight, and in The Dark Knight Rises.

References

Batman characters
DC Comics supervillains
Fictional characters introduced in the 1940s
Yeiki Kobashigawa

Yeiki Kobashigawa (September 28, 1917-March 31, 2005)  was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life
Kobashigawa was born at Hilo, Hawaii.  He is the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He is a Nisei, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
One month before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Kobashigawa joined the US Army in November 1941.

Kobashigawa volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in June 1944, Kobashigawa was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Kobashigawa's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Kobashigawa's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in northern Italy in 1944. He led successful attacks on four machine gun positions.

The words of Kobashigawa's citation explain:
Technical Sergeant Yeiki Kobashigawa distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 2 June 1944, in the vicinity of Lanuvio, Italy. During an attack, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa's platoon encountered strong enemy resistance from a series of machine guns providing supporting fire. Observing a machine gun nest 50 yards from his position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa crawled forward with one of his men, threw a grenade and then charged the enemy with his submachine gun while a fellow soldier provided covering fire. He killed one enemy soldier and captured two prisoners. Meanwhile, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa and his comrade were fired upon by another machine gun 50 yards ahead. Directing a squad to advance to his first position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa again moved forward with a fellow soldier to subdue the second machine gun nest. After throwing grenades into the position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa provided close supporting fire while a fellow soldier charged, capturing four prisoners. On the alert for other machine gun nests, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa discovered four more, and skillfully led a squad in neutralizing two of them. Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov  
 

1917 births
2005 deaths
Military people from Hawaii
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
Hilo, Hawaii
Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a record of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time.  The instrument that makes the record is the ECG machine or Electrocardiograph.  Willem Einthoven invented it.  It works by attaching electrodes to the outer surface of the skin. 

An electrocardiogram monitors the heart.  Each beat of the heart is triggered by an electrical impulse, normally generated from special cells in the upper right chamber of the heart.  An electrocardiogram records these electrical signals as they travel through the heart.  Doctors can use an electrocardiogram to look for patterns among these heartbeats and rhythms to diagnose various heart conditions.

ECG is used to measure the rate and regularity of heartbeats, the size and position of the chambers, the presence of any damage to the heart, and the effects of drugs or devices used to regulate the heart, such as an artificial pacemaker.

An electrocardiogram is a painless test. The results of your electrocardiogram will likely be reported the same day it is done.

Cardiology
Machines
Archaeozoology

Archaeozoology is the study of animals in archaeological contexts. These include all the organic remains left in the soil after the death and decay of animals but also the representation of animals in rock art and on portable materials. Zooarchaeology is a comparable term but differs in that the primary reason for study of the animals is archaeological rather than zoological. These are mostly bones and teeth. Sometimes hair, skin or other body parts are found and can be studied. Archeaozoology also studies the animals' effect on the environment and their relationships with humans. The people who study archaeozoology are called archaeozoologists. Their training can be as biologists or archaeologists.

Related pages
Zoology
Archaeology

References 

Branches of zoology
Archaeology
Abel Pêra

Abel Pêra (November 16, 1891 - September 27, 1975) was a Brazilian actor, brother of Manuel Pêra, and uncle of Marília Pêra, a very famous Brazilian actress.

Abel Pêra discovered the art of performing in the end of his adolescence. Among his works are A Pensão da Dona Estela and Feitiço, this last one produced by Oduvaldo Vianna.

Before becoming an actor, he was a carpenter. Even after becoming an actor, he continued producing wooden pieces. His friend Chico Anysio, a very popular Brazilian comedian, won a golf stick made by him.

In 1974, he participated in a soap opera called Fogo Sobre Terra. His last work was the movie O Casamento, made in 1976.

Filmography
O Casamento (1976)
Com as Calças na Mão (1975)
Toda Nudez Será Castigada (1973)
O Descarte (1973)
A Filha De Madame Bettina (1973)
Eu Transo, Ela Transa (1972)Revólveres Não Cospem Flores (1972)As Quatro Chaves Mágicas (1971)O Enterro da Cafetina (1970)Vida e Glória de um Canalha (1970)A Penúltima Donzela (1969)O Bravo Guerreiro (1969)As Duas Faces da Moeda (1969)Enfim Sós...Com o Outro (1968)O Homem que Comprou o Mundo (1968Pintando o Sete (1960)O Homem do Sputnik (1959)De Vento em Popa (1957)Maior Que o Ódio (1951)O Falso Detetive (1951)O Cortiço (1945)Romance de um Mordedor (1944)Samba em Berlim (1943)A Sedução do Garimpo (1941)Entra na Farra (1941)Cisne Branco (1940)E o Circo Chegou (1940)Onde Estás Felicidade? (1939)Está Tudo Aí (1939)Maridinho de Luxo (1938)João Ninguém (1936)O Crime dos Banhados'' (1914).

1891 births
1975 deaths
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
Brazilian stage actors
Carpenters
Portuguese movie actors
Portuguese television actors
Portuguese stage actors
Barbary lion

The Barbary lion (Panthera leo leo) was a local group of lions which are now extinct in the wild {IUCN}. The Barbary lion was also called the atlas lion and the nubian lion. It was a local group, or perhaps subspecies, of the lion. It used to live in North Africa, from Morocco to Egypt.

Looks and behavior 
The Barbary lion was large and heavy. Males weighed about , and females weighed about . Male lions were said to be about  long and females were about  long. Some scientists think that these sizes and weights are too large. These scientists think that the Barbary lion is probably the size of the lions found in East Africa. 

The places where the Barbary lion lived did not have a lot of prey. These lions did not live in prides because of this. The main animals they hunted in the Atlas Mountains were the Barbary stag and the gazelle. The lions also ate cows and sheep raised by people.

These lions lived alone, or in pairs. The female Barbary lion raised her cubs until they were mature. This took about two years. After that, the cubs left their mother.

Sources 

Panthera
Mammals of Africa
Mount Scopus

Mount Scopus ( ; , ) is a mountain in Jerusalem. It is north-east of the Old City. The mountain is  above the sea. The land is considered an exclave of Israel, surrounded by the West Bank. It was captured from Jordan in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

The cemetery of the American Colony in Jerusalem is near the entrance to the Hebrew University.

Gallery

Other websites 

Jerusalem Photos Portal - Mount Scopus
Gordy

Gordy is an American family comedy-drama movie from 1995. The movie is about a piglet named Gordy who searches for his missing family (who are taken away to a slaughterhouse in Omaha, Nebraska). Gordy experiences the lives of other people who are part of the movie's side stories, including traveling country music singers Luke McAllister and his daughter Jinnie Sue; and lonely boy Hanky Royce whose mother is engaged to a sinister businessman, Gilbert Sipes. Gordy changes lives for the people he encounters due to their ability to understand him. The movie was released to theaters on May 12, 1995. It was distributed by Miramax Family Films.

The movie has the song "Pig Power" by Tag Team. A music video was produced for the song, featuring clips from the movie.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 

1990s family movies
1990s adventure movies
1995 comedy-drama movies
American family movies
American comedy-drama movies
Buddy movies
Disney movies
Miramax movies
Movies about animals
Movies set in Nebraska
American children's comedy movies
Mount of Olives

The Mount of Olives (or Mount Olivet, , Har HaZeitim; , Jebel az-Zeitun) is a mountain in East Jerusalem. It is located to next to the Old City, and is part of the West Bank. It is named for the olive groves that once grew on its slopes. The mountain is important to Jews, Muslims and Christians. There are many churches, and the largest Jewish cemetery in the world is located there. The mountain is  above sea level.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery

Other websites 

the Mount of Olive  in the "CITY of DAVID" Website
 Interactive Panoramas of the Mount of Olives – jerusalem360.com, GoJerusalem.com
Jerusalem Photo Portal – Mount of Olives

 
Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
Mastic

Mastic ( Mastika) is a resin that comes from the mastic tree, Pistacia lentiscus.  The tree grows in the Mediterranean region. In pharmacies and nature shops, it is called "Arabic gum" (not to be confused with gum arabic).

The resin is harvested in various places, especially the Greek island of Chios.  
It is a liquid when the tree first produces it. Then it dries in the sun into drops of hard  resin. When chewed, the resin softens and becomes a white, opaque gum. The flavour is bitter at first. After some chewing, it has a refreshing, slightly pine or cedar-like flavour.

Mastic is used in food, medicine, and industry.

References

Other websites 

 Mastic on chios.gr 
 Mastic article from masticulture.com 

Agriculture
Spices
Sansei

is a Japanese language term used in countries in North America and South America to name the children born to Japanese people who immigrated. The  emigrants or immigrants who were born in Japan are called Issei; and their children born in the new country are called Nisei (second generation). The grandchildren of Issei are called Sansei (third generation).

The character and uniqueness of the Sansei is recognized in its social history.

History

The earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897.

Imigration to Brazil began in 1908.  Today, the community which grew from the immigrant children and grandchildren has become the largest Japanese emigrant population outside of Japan, including approximately 1.5 million Brazilians. Other communities of Sansei grew up in the United States,  Canada,  and Peru. 

The use of the term Sansei was modeled after an Issei pattern or template.  In the 1930s, the term Issei came into common use.  The word replaced the term "immigrant" (ijusha).  This change in usage mirrored an evolution in the way the Issei looked at themselves.  The label Issei also included the idea of belonging to the new country.

Cultural profile 
The term Nikkei (日系) was created by sociologists in the late 20th century.  The Nikkei include all of the world's Japanese immigrants and their descendants.

The Issei were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily Japanese; but they were in America by choice.  Their Sansei grandsons and granddaughters grew up with a national and cultural point-of-view that was different from their grandparents.

Although the Issei kept an emotional connection with Japan, they created homes in a country far from Japan.  The Sansei had never known a country other than the one into which they were born.

The Issei, Nisei and Sansei generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese involvement, and religious practice, and other matters.

Select list of notable Sansei 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

 Keiko Fujimori, Peruvian politician 
 Mike Honda (1941- ), US Congressman 
 Lawson Fusao Inada (1938- ), American poet
 Terry Kawamura (1949-1969), US Medal of Honor recipient in Vietnam War
 Doris Matsui (1944- ), US Congresswoman
 Robert Matsui (1941-2005), US Congressman
 Patsy Mink (1927-2002), US Congresswoman
 Kent Nagano (1951- ), American conductor
 Bev Oda, Canadian Member of Parliament
 Ellison Onizuka (1946-1986), US astronaut
 Mike Shinoda (1977- ), American musician 
 Eric Shinseki, US Secretary of Veterans Affairs
 David Suzuki, Canadian university professor
 Ronald Takaki, American university professor
 Mark Takano, US Congressman
 Dan Tani, US astronaut
 David Tsubouchi, Canadian lawyer and politician
 Rodney Yano (1943-1969), US Medal of Honor recipient in Vietnam War

Related pages
 Japanese American Internment

References

Other websites

 Japanese American National Museum
 Japanese American Historical Society
 Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project
 Discover Nikkei

Japanese culture
Dondurma

Dondurma or Turkish mastic ice cream (, the ice cream of Maraş city). It is much more difficult and heavy than the Arabic mastic ice cream. It has more fatty because it has more sweet cream or heavy cream with a high fat percentage. In the past, people who lived in the mountains made it with snow, goat milk, mastic, and "dried orchidaceae powder" (type of "tubers"). In southeast Turkey, the ice cream was more solid and sticky because of the powder of the orchid flowers that grow there. This ice cream is so solid that a knife and fork is used to eat it.

In the Turkish Culture 
Dondurma is commonly sold from both street vendors' carts and store fronts, where the mixture is churned regularly with long-handled paddles to keep it workable. Vendors often tease the customer by serving the ice cream cone on a stick, and then taking away the dondurma with the stick by rotating it around, before finally giving it to the customer. This sometimes results in misunderstandings among customers unfamiliar with the practice. Vendors often wear traditional clothing of the Ottoman period. In some places in Turkey it is customary to treat the ice cream as a Shawarma and cut it with a butcher knife.

Mastic ice cream 
Mastic ice cream is common in Turkey, and Syria. It is named after the Mastic (plant resin) spice being traditionally produced on Greek island of Chios, and, like other natural resins, in its natural form it is "tears" or drops. Because the real mastic is expensive and difficult to find, ice cream sellers of the other countries prefer to replace the mastic spice with glucose.

a few years after than in the end of the 19th century the Persian ice cream which called: "Bastani Sonnati" was first made for the Persian king and based on the Mastic ice creams with Eggs and Spicees and for seasoning Persian desserts.

In the Middle East only the Arabic version of the ice cream is known, compared to the Far East which sells only the Turkish version of the ice cream. in Greece the Mastic ice creams is known only in areas close to Turkey and there it is called: "Kaimaki" by the locals.

Related pages 
 Booza

Other websites 

 The Tears of Chios – Mastic ice cream adventures
 Greek Mastic Ice Cream
 Ice Cream of Kahramanmaraş
 SBS food - Dondurma (Turkish Ice-cream)

Mastic ice creams
Food
Gurban Gurbanov

Gurban Gurbanov (; born 13 April 1972, Zaqatala) is a retired Azerbaijani international footballer, who is today a manager of the Azerbaijani football team FK Qarabağ. He played in the forward position. His football career started with the local Azerbaijani football club Dashgyn Zagatala in 1989. Gurbanov had a 17-year long professional football career. He retired in 2006. He scored 174 goals in 396 league matches.

Playing career
He started his career in Dashgyn Zagatala, and then played for Mertskhali Ozurgeti, Turan Tovuz, Kur-Nur, Neftchi Baku, Dinamo Stavropol, Baltika Kaliningrad, Fakel Voronezh and Volgar Gazprom. The last club he played for was Inter Baku. In the 1996–97 season, Gurbanov was the leading scorer in the Azerbaijan Premier League for Neftchi with 25 goals. He was named Azerbaijan's Player of the Year once, in 2003.

International 
He played for the national team in their very first match on 17 September 1992, and until his retirement on January 2006 he has scored 14 goals in 66 international matches, which is the national team goalscoring record.

Managerial career 
After he had ended his football player's career, he became a sport director of the football club Inter. However, in summer 2006 he was made the head coach of Neftchi Baku. Since the beginning of the season 2008/08 he was made the head coach of FK Qarabağ.

In 2010, he became the most successful Azerbaijani manager in European competitions with 11 wins.

International goals

Honours

Player

Neftchi Baku
 Azerbaijan Premier League (2): 1996–97, 2003–04
 Azerbaijan Cup (1): 2003-04

Individual
 Azerbaijani Footballer of the Year: 2003
 Azerbaijan Premier League top goalscorer: 1996–97
 Azerbaijan national football team: Best scorer 14 goals.

Manager

Qarabağ
 Azerbaijan Cup (1): 2008–09

Individual
 The most successful Azerbaijani manager in European competitions: 11 wins.

References

Other websites 
 Profile at national-football-teams.com

Living people
1972 births
Azerbaijani footballers