cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Mock the Week

Mock the Week is a British topical celebrity comedy panel game. It was created by Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson. It is presented by Dara Ó Briain. It began on 5 June 2005 and is shown BBC Two. Two teams of three celebrities compete to answer questions about events during the past week. Its current regular panel member is comedian Hugh Dennis. Comedians Chris Addison, Rory Bremner, Frankie Boyle, Russell Howard and Andy Parsons previously served as regular panel members.

Other websites 
Official website

2005 British television series debuts
2000s British comedy television series
2000s satirical television series
2010s British comedy television series
2010s satirical television series
2020s British comedy television series
2020s satirical television series
BBC television comedy
British satirical television series
British television game shows
English-language television programs
Panel games
Quasi-War

The Quasi-War was an undeclared naval war fought between the United States and the French Republic between 1798 and 1801.

Wars involving the United States
1790s in the United States
Wars involving France
1800s in the United States
History of France
The road to hell is paved with good intentions

The road to hell is paved with good intentions is an idiom or proverb. It is about the difference between what someone intends to do and what they actually do.  In other words, the road to failure is made easier by good intentions.

History
In the mid-12th century, Bernard of Clairvaux wrote, "L'enfer est plein de bonnes volontés et désirs" (hell is full of good wishes and desires). <ref>Amer, Christine. (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9re1vfFh04sC&pg=PA542#v=onepage&q&f=false The American Heritage dictionary of idioms, p. 542].</ref>  The sentence has been repeated many times in other languages and contexts.

In 1775, Samuel Johnson commented on "the unhappy failure of pious resolves" when he is reported saying, "Sir, hell is paved with good intentions." 

Select examples
 This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it. 1631: George Herbert wrote in Jacula Prudentum, "Hell is full of good meanings and wishings."
 1825: Walter Scott wrote in a letter to Miss Joauna Baillie, "I well intended to have written from Ireland, but alas! as some stern old divine says, " Hell is paved with good intentions" ... and so all my epistolary good intentions are gone to Macadamise, I suppose, "the burning marle" of the infernul regions."
 1857: George John Whyte-Melville wrote in The Interpreter, "... if hell be paved with good intentions, it might be roofed with lost opportunities."
 1942: C. S. Lewis explained in The Screwtape Letters'', "The safest road to hell is the gradual one – the gentle slope, soft underfoot, without sudden turnings, without milestones, without signposts.”
 Friedrich Hölderlin,  "What has always made the state a hell on earth has been precisely that man has tried to make it heaven."

Related pages
 Unintended consequences

References

Idioms

de:Liste geflügelter Worte/D#Der Weg zur Hölle ist mit guten Vorsätzen gepflastert
Heckler & Koch G11

{{Infobox Weapon
|name=Heckler & Koch G11
|image=Gewehr G11 sk.jpg
|caption=G11
|origin=
|type=Assault rifle (G11)Light machine gun (LMG11)Personal defense weapon (G11 PDW)

|is_ranged=yes

|service=
|used_by=
|wars=

|designer=Heckler & Koch
|design_date=
|manufacturer=
|production_date=
|number=
|variants= Assault RifleLight Machine Gun (LMG11)Personal Defence Weapon (G11 PDW)

|weight=3.6 kg (8.0 lb) empty, 4.3 kg (9.5 lb) loaded
|length=750 mm (29.5 in)
|part_length=540 mm (155 mm per twist)

|cartridge=4.73x33mm caseless ammunition (DM11): G11 K2, LMG11
4.7x2mm, 4.3mm, 4.9mm for other G11 prototypes
4.73x25mm caseless: G11 PDW
|action=Gas operated, rotary breech (for G11 series), select fire
|rate= 460 rounds/min (full auto)  2000 rounds/min (3-round burst) 
|velocity=Approx. 930 m/s (3,050 ft/s)
|range=400 m
|max_range=
|feed=45 or 50-round detachable box magazine
|sights= Integrated optical sight
}}

G11 is a German assault rifle. It was invented by Heckler & Koch in the years between 1968 and 1990. It is able to shoot in semi automatic, or single shot, 3 round burst, or full auto. The magazine held 45 or 50  of the 4,73mm caseless rounds. The German army (Bundeswehr) and the US Army tested the weapon but they didn't want it because it was too expensive after the Cold War. So it stayed to be a prototype and never got into mass production.

References 

Assault rifles
Bullpup rifles
Rate of fire

Rate of fire is how fast a weapon can fire or launch its projectiles. It is usually measured in rounds per minute (RPM or round/min), or per second (RPS or round/s). Pistols usually have a very slow RPM, which large machine guns may get up to 1000 RPM. The M61 Vulcan, a gatling-gun, could fire around 6000 RPM in tests.

Firearms
The Death of Socrates (painting)

The Death of Socrates () is a 1787 oil on canvas painting by the French painter Jacques-Louis David.

It shows the death of Greek philosopher Socrates.  He was sentenced to die by drinking hemlock.  He was sentenced to die because his ideas were against those of Athens.  It was also for corrupting the minds of the youth. The painting also shows both Crito and Plato.  Crito is sitting sadly at the edge of the bed.  Plato is holding the knee of Socrates.  Socrates had the choice to go into exile or be sentenced to death by drinking hemlock. Socrates chose death. In this painting, a red-robed disciple hands a confident Socrates the goblet of hemlock. Socrates' hand pointing to the heavens is his love of the gods and fearless attitude to his death.

This painting is currently at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

Other websites

Europe in the age of enlightenment and revolution, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this painting (see index)
The Death of Socrates  on Google Art Project

18th-century paintings
Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
French paintings
Ernest Solvay

Ernest Gaston Joseph Solvay (16 April 1838 – 26 May 1922) was a Belgian chemist, industrialist, politician and philanthropist.

In 1861, he made the ammonia-soda process to make soda ash.  The process was an improvement over the earlier Leblanc process.

He founded the company Solvay & Cie.  The first factory was at Couillet in 1863. Soon, Solvay process plants were in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany and Austria. Today, about 70 Solvay process plants are still working worldwide.

In 1903, he founded the Solvay Business School which is part of the Free University of Brussels.

He elected two times to the Belgian Senate. He was Minister of State at the end of his life. Solvay, New York and Rosignano Solvay, the locations of the first Solvay process plants in the United States and in Italy, are named after him.

Solvay died at Ixelles.

1838 births
1922 deaths
Belgian chemists
Belgian politicians
Belgian businesspeople
People from Hainaut (province)
European philanthropists
Simon Stevin

Simon Stevin (1548/49 – 1620) was a Flemish mathematician and military engineer. He translated many mathematical terms into Dutch. 

Stevin was born in Bruges, Flanders (now Belgium) around the year 1548.  It is thought that Simon was a Calvinist.  Very little has been recorded about his life. It is known that he left a widow with two children.

In Bruges there is a Simon Stevin Square which has his statue by Eugène Simonis.

1540s births
1620 deaths
Belgian mathematicians
Engineers
People from Bruges
Zenobe Gramme

Zénobe Théophile Gramme (4 April 1826, Amay - 20 January 1901) was a Belgian electrical engineer. He invented the Gramme machine.  The Gramme machine was a type of direct current dynamo.  It made smoother (less AC) and much higher voltages than other dynamos. 

1826 births
1901 deaths
Belgian inventors
Belgian scientists
Engineers
People from Liège (province)
Gramme machine

A Gramme machine, Gramme ring, Gramme magneto, or Gramme dynamo is an electrical generator that makes direct current. It is named for its Belgian inventor, Zénobe Gramme. It was the first generator to make enough power for industry.  Gramme showed this machine to the Academy of Sciences in Paris in 1871.

Electricity
Russell Brand's Ponderland

Russell Brand's Ponderland is a British comedy television programme. It is presented by Russell Brand and was first shown on Channel 4 in 2007 and 2008. Brand talks about a different topic in each episode, showing clips of archive footage and commenting on them.

Other websites 
 

2007 British television series debuts
2008 television series endings
2000s British comedy television series
Channel 4 comedy
Bakelite

Bakelite, or polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, is an early plastic. It is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from an elimination reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. It was made in 1907 by Belgian chemist Leo Baekeland.

Bakelite was used for its electrically nonconductivity and heat-resistant properties in electrical insulators, radio and telephone casings.  It was also in products as kitchenware, jewelry, pipe stems, and children's toys.

Polymers
Phil Esposito

Philip Anthony Esposito, OC  (born February 20, 1942 ) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey centre.  He played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks, Boston Bruins and New York Rangers. He is an Honoured Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame.  It is said he is one of the best players in the National Hockey League. Phil is the older brother of Tony Esposito.  Tony is a goaltender and he is also a Hall-of-Famer.

After retiring as a player, Esposito was head coach and general manager for the New York Rangers.  Then he started the Tampa Bay Lightning. He worked for the NHL on Fox from 1995 to 1998. He is now Tampa Bay's radio announcer.

References

1942 births
Living people
Art Ross Trophy winners
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
New York Rangers players
People from Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
Tampa Bay Lightning
Leo Baekeland

Leo Hendrik Baekeland (Ghent , November 14, 1863 – February 23, 1944) was a Belgian chemist.  He invented Velox photographic paper (1893).  He also made Bakelite (1907), an inexpensive, nonflammable, versatile, and popular plastic, which marks the beginning of the modern plastics industry.

References

1863 births
1944 deaths
Belgian chemists
Belgian inventors
People from Ghent
Scientists from Florida
Treaty of Paris (1763)

The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 February 1763, by the Kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the Seven Years' War, which is known as the French and Indian War in North America. The British won the war against France and Spain.

The treaty gave control of the northern part of North America in what is now Canada to Britain. France was left with only two small islands, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, for its cod fishery.  

The treaty started an era of British power outside Europe.  The treaty did not include either Prussia or Austria, which signed the separate Treaty of Hubertusburg five days later.

References

Paris 1763
1763
18th century in Europe
Seven Years' War
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
History of Paris
Masayuki Ishikawa

is a manga artist from Japan. He is from Osaka.

Works
Moyasimon: Tales of Agriculture

Living people
Japanese manga artists
1974 births
People from Osaka
Chemical database

A chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. This information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data.

Chemical structures 
Chemical structures are usually shown using lines (that indicate chemical bonds between atoms) and drawn on paper. Computer search algorithm and storage cannot use this method. Small molecules or ligands, are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. Large molecules like protein are shown using their building blocks, amino acids and the order of these.

Large chemical databases for structures allow users to store and search for millions of molecules. Therefore, they take up terabytes of memory.

Literature 

Chemical literature connect structures or properties of chemicals to academic papers or patents related to them. Examples of this type are STN, Scifinder, and Reaxys.

Crystallography 

Crystallography databases store x-ray crystal structure data.  Common examples include Protein Data Bank, Cambridge Structural Database, and COD+ Database .

NMR spectra 

NMR spectroscopy databases provide information to relate structure and NMR data.  They have information on FTIR and mass spectrometry which help in characterization.

Reactions 

Most chemical databases store information on stable molecules. In some databases, information about reaction intermediates and temporarily created products are also stored. Reaction databases contain information about products, educts, and reaction mechanisms.

Thermophysical 

Thermophysical data are information about
 phase equilibria such as vapor–liquid equilibrium, solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in solids (SLE), heats of mixing, vaporization, and fusion.
 caloric data like heat capacity, heat of formation and combustion,
 transport properties like viscosity and thermal conductivity

References 

Computational chemistry
Cheminformatics
Databases
Lantian County

Lantian County (, pinyin:Lántián Xiàn) is a county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the southeast part of Xi'an. Qinling Mountains is south of it. It covers . As of November 2010, 514,026 people lived there. It is famous for Lantian jade. Its main work is agriculture and tourism.

References 

Shaanxi
Counties of China
Jamshedpur

Jamshedpur is a city of the Indian state of Jharkhand.  It has the most people of any city in Jharkhand.  According to the 2011 census of India, the Jamshedpur has a population of 1,337,131.  The city was founded by the late Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata. It is also called Steel City, TataNagar or simply Tata.

It is on the Chota Nagpur plateau and is surrounded by the picturesque Dalma Hills. The city is bordered by the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai on the north and west parts of the city.

The largest factory is that of Tata Steel.  It is almost at the center of the city. Tata Steel is the largest iron and steel producing plant in India, as well as the oldest.  The other major factory in the city is Tata Motors.  They make heavy vehicles and construction/earth moving equipment.

Jamshedpur has a high literacy rate, close to the highest in India. The Steel City has 183 schools and 13 colleges.

List of notable people from Jamshedpur
 Actor R. Madhavan
 Miss India World 2000; Miss World 2000 and Bollywood actress Priyanka Chopra
 Miss India Universe 2004 Top 10 Bollywood Actress Tanushree Dutta
 Imtiaz Ali, Hindi film director
 Indian national cricket team players Saurabh Tiwary and Varun Aaron.
 Arjun Munda former Chief Minister of Jharkhand
 Allama Arshadul Qaudri Author and spiritual leader

References

Cities in India
Jharkhand
Sean Young

Sean Young (born November 20, 1959) is an American actress. She had many roles in 1980s movies. Young was born in Louisville, Kentucky.

Filmography

References

American movie actors
Actors from Louisville, Kentucky
1959 births
Living people
George's Secret Key to the Universe

George's Secret Key to the Universe is a children's book written by Stephen Hawking, his daughter Lucy Hawking and his research student Christophe Galfard. It was written to explain the universe and the laws of physics to children, in the form of an adventure story. It was published in 2007. There are another three books in the series, George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt (2009), George and the Big Bang (2010), and George and the Unbreakable Code (2014).

References

Other websites
 George's Secret Key website

Children's books
2007 books
Fast Times at Ridgemont High

Fast Times at Ridgemont High is a 1982 American coming-of-age teen comedy movie. It was written by Cameron Crowe, directed by Amy Heckerling, produced by Irving Azoff and Art Linson. It is set in and around a high school in Southern California and follows several students over the course of a year. It stars Sean Penn, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Judge Reinhold, Phoebe Cates, Brian Backer, Robert Romanus, Ray Walston, Forest Whitaker, Nicolas Cage and Anthony Edwards.

Other websites 

1982 comedy movies
1980s coming-of-age movies
1980s high school movies
1980s sex comedy movies
1980s teen comedy movies
American coming-of-age movies
American high school movies
American sex comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
Coming-of-age comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies about suburbia
Movies set in California
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Amy Heckerling
Aspergillus

Aspergillus is a large genus of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota. There are several hundred species or types, some of which are important to medicine, science and industry. It grows as a mould, often on plants. The fungi make asexual spores in a structure called an aspergillum. About one third of types also have sexual reproduction.

Aspergillus species are highly aerobic and are found in almost all oxygen-rich environments. They are common contaminants of starchy foods (such as bread and potatoes), and grow in or on many plants and trees.

Species of Aspergillus are important medically and commercially. Some species can cause infection in humans and other animals. More than 60 Aspergillus species are medically relevant pathogens. For humans there is a range of diseases such as infection to the external ear, skin lesions, and ulcers classed as mycetomas.

Related pages 
Koji
Aspergillus flavus

References 

Fungi
Widya Saputra

Widyaningrum Surya Nugraha (called Widya, born at Cimahi, Indonesia, February 26, 1985) is a television host from Indonesia. She is best known as a sporting event host at television station Trans7, especially for MotoGP and football events.

She started her career as a child when in 1993 she become vocalist at Trio Laris group, then in 1998 she began a career in television as host at Kring Olala at TPI. In 2001 she become host for Musiq at TVRI, and even had the opportunity to become an actress at Putri Keempat television’s serial at RCTI in 2003.

She become MotoGP’s host in 2006 season and continues today. Widya is a communication sciences scholar from UNPAD, Bandung.

Her hobby is reading and she loves cats.

Other websites

Widya Cat Lady in Twitter
Widya Saputra profile on MetroTVNews.com 

1985 births
Living people
Indonesian people
Television presenters
San Mateo, California

San Mateo (  ; Spanish for "Saint Matthew") is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States, in the San Francisco Bay Area.  With a population of about 100,000 (97,207 at the 2010 census), it is one of the larger suburbs on the San Francisco Peninsula, located between Burlingame to the north, Foster City to the east, Belmont to the south, and Highlands-Baywood Park and Hillsborough to the west. San Mateo was incorporated in 1864.

References

Other websites

Cities in California
1864 establishments in the United States
Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area
Settlements in San Mateo County, California
1860s establishments in California
Alioramus

Alioramus is a genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur. It was about 20 feet long. It lived during the Upper Cretaceous period in what is now Mongolia.

The type species, A. remotus, is known from a partial skull and three foot bones. They were got from Mongolian sediments which were deposited in a humid floodplain about 70 million years ago.  A second species, A. altai, known from a much more complete skeleton, was named and described in 2009. Its relationships to other tyrannosaurid genera are unclear. Some evidence suggests that Alioramus is closely related to the contemporary species Tarbosaurus bataar.

Wetter climate 
The Maastrichtian stage in Mongolia had a wetter and more humid climate than the previous stages. Sediments show there were floodplains, large river channels and soil deposits, with periodic droughts.

This animal had many teeth, which were smaller than usual in the Tyrannosauridae, and a narrow, lower skull. It may have been a sub-adult (teenager), and must have eaten different prey than Tyrannosaurus. Since the general area was a riverine delta, the prey may have been fish.

References 

Tyrannosaurids
Dinosaurs of Asia
Walking with Dinosaurs

Walking with Dinosaurs is a 1999 nature documentary series produced by the BBC. It shows how Dinosaurs lived. The first episode, "New Blood", follows a Coelophysis trying to survive the dry season. The next, "Time of the Titans", shows a baby Diplodocus growing up. The third, "A Cruel Sea", follows a flock of Rhamphorynchus trying to avoid deadly storms. The fourth, "King of the Skies", follows a sick male Ornithocheirus migrating to Spain. The fifth, "Spirits of the Frozen Forest", follows a baby Leaellynasaura avoiding a hungry Koolasuchus (a 4 meter salamander). The last one, "Last of the Dino Dynasty", follows a female Tyrannosaurus who has already to mated and needs to take care of her babies in a world that is about to end as the Kt extinction nears by day in an already struggling volcanic world. There is also a 2013 film with the same name, a sequel called "Walking with Beasts" and a prequel called "Walking with Monsters".

BBC Television programmes
1999 television series debuts
1990s British television series debuts
Ornithocheirus

Ornithocheirus was a crested pterosaur that lived during the late Jurassic period. There was an ornithocheirus in Walking with Dinosaurs.

Pterosaurs
Tylosaurus

Tylosaurus was an Upper Cretaceous mosasaur. It was a  large, predatory marine lizard closely related to modern monitor lizards and to snakes. 

In 1918, Charles H. Sternberg found a Tylosaurus with the remains of a plesiosaur in its stomach. The specimen is mounted in the United States National Museum (Smithsonian). The plesiosaur remains are stored in the collections. 

Although these important specimens were briefly reported by C.H. Sternberg in 1922, the information was lost to science until 2001. The specimen was rediscovered and described by Everhart. It is the basis for the story line in the new (2007) National Geographic IMAX movie - Sea Monsters.

References 

Mosasaurs
Charlotte Gainsbourg

Charlotte Gainsbourg is an Anglo-French singer and movie actress. 

At the age of fifteen she was on an album with her father. More than twenty years later she released albums as an adult. Gainsbourg has also been in many movies. She has received both a César Award and the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival.

Gainsbourg played She in the movie Antichrist.

Related pages
Ukrainian diaspora in the United Kingdom

References

1971 births
Living people
Actors from London
British child singers
English movie actors
French movie actors
French singers
Singers from London
Tōhoku History Museum

is a museum that is in Tagajō, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.

The museum acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits a collection which focuses on the tangible heritage and the intangible heritage of  Tōhoku. The museum holds archaeological objects from excavations in the region.

The treasures of the museum include Jōmon period jade from Tagajō and Niisato in Iwate Prefecture.

History
The museum opened in the year 1999.

Related pages
Tōhoku region

References

Other websites

 Tōhoku History Museum website 
 http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/bunkazai/tagajo/tagajyou98.html 

Museums in Japan
Nora Ephron

Nora Ephron (; May 19, 1941 – June 26, 2012) was an American movie director, producer and novelist. Ephron was the eldest of the four daughters of writers Henry Ephron (1911-1992) and Phoebe Ephron (née Wolkind, 1914-1971). Her sisters are Delia Ephron (born 1944), Hallie Ephron (born 1948) and Amy Ephron (born 1952). Nora Ephron was born in New York City and moved to Los Angeles, California when she was a child. She moved back East after leaving high school. She made many novels into movies. Ephron has been married to Nicholas Pileggi from 1987 until her death in 2012. Ephron died of pneumonia which was caused by her illness of acute myeloid leukemia.

References

Other websites 

American screenwriters
BAFTA Award winners
Deaths from acute myeloid leukemia
Deaths from pneumonia
Movie directors from California
Movie directors from New York
Movie producers from California
Movie producers from New York
Writers from Los Angeles
Writers from New York City
1941 births
2012 deaths
American bloggers
Sharon Horgan

Sharon Horgan is an Irish actress, writer television producer and comedienne. She was born in London and moved to Dublin when she was seven. Her brother Shane Horgan (born 1978) is a retired rugby player. She wrote, produced and starred in the sitcom Pulling. Her other acting roles include: Rob Brydon's Annually Retentive, Angelo's, Free Agents, The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret, Dead Boss and Catastrophe.

References

Other websites 

1970 births
Living people
Actors from London
Irish comedians
Irish television actors
Television producers
Television writers
Writers from Dublin
Writers from London
Morohashi Museum of Modern Art

is a art museum at Urabandai near Goshikinuma in Fukushima Prefecture

The museum has modern art, including works by 
 Paul Cézanne
 Salvador Dali
 Henri Matisse
 Pablo Picasso
 Pierre-Auguste Renoir

History
The museum was created in 1999 from the collection of Teizo Morohashi (1932-2003), who was the founder of Xebio Co. Ltd.

References

Other websites
  Morohashi Museum of Modern Art website ;  

Art museums in Japan
Settlements in Fukushima Prefecture
Jordan national under-23 football team

The Jordan national under-23 football team are a team who play association football for Jordan at the under-23 level. They play their matches in Jordan at various grounds. They were the first team to qualify for the AFC U-22 Asian Cup during the 2013 version.

Recent Games 

 Green means that the team won.
 Yellow means the team had a draw.
 Red means the team lost.

Tournament Record

Olympic Games Record

AFC U-22 Asian Cup

References

International under-23 association football teams
Sport in Jordan
Uzbekistan national under-23 football team

The Uzbekistan national under-23 football team are a team who play association football for Uzbekistan at the under-23 level. They play their matches in Uzbekistan at various grounds. They were the second team to qualify for the AFC U-22 Asian Cup during the 2013 version.

Recent Games 

 Green means that the team won.
 Yellow means the team had a draw.
 Red means the team lost.

Tournament Record

Olympic Games Record

AFC U-22 Asian Cup

References

International under-23 association football teams
Uzbekistani football clubs
Georges Lemaître

Monsignor Georges Lemaître (Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître, 17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian priest, astronomer ,  mathematician and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Louvain. 

He was the first person to say the Universe is growing. Some people think it was Edwin Hubble, but that is not correct. Lemaître was also the first to make the Hubble's law and the Hubble constant.
Lemaître also started what became known as the Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe.  He called it his 'hypothesis of the primeval atom'.

References

1894 births
1966 deaths
Belgian academics
Belgian astronomers
Belgian mathematicians
Belgian physicists
Belgian priests
Belgian Roman Catholics
People from Charleroi
Albert Claude

Albert Claude (24 August 1899 – 22 May 1983) was a Belgian biologist.  He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade. 

He went to the University of Liège. In the summer of 1929 he joined the Rockefeller Institute. He worked at Rockefeller University in the 1930s and 1940s. 

In 1949, he became Director of the Institut Jules Bordet in Brussels.  He worked there until 1970.

1899 births
1983 deaths
Belgian academics
Belgian biologists
Belgian Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Luxembourg (Belgium)
Ilya Prigogine

Ilya Prigogine (25 January 1917 – 28 May 2003) was a Belgian physical chemist of Russian Jewish descent. He won the 1977 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. 

Prigogine studied chemistry at the Free University of Brussels.  In 1950 he became a professor there.  In 1959 he started teaching at the University of Texas at Austin in the United States.

Prigogine was married to Belgian poet Hélène Jofé. After their divorce, he married Polish-born chemist Maria Prokopowicz in 1961.

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

References

1917 births
2003 deaths
Belgian academics
Belgian chemists
Belgian Jews
Belgian Nobel Prize winners
Belgian physicists
Jewish academics
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Jewish scientists
People from Moscow
Russian Jews
Russian Nobel Prize winners
Soviet Jews
Zhouzhi County

Zhouzhi County (, pinyin:Zhōuzhì Xiàn) is a county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the southwest part of Xi'an. Before 1964, it was written in Chinese as 盩厔 (also read Zhouzhi), meaning surrounded by mountains and rivers. It covers . As of November 2010, 562,768 people lived there. Zhouzhi is famous for embroidery, and the product kiwifruit.

References 

Shaanxi
Counties of China
Shaun Marcum

Shaun Marcum (born December 14, 1981 ) is an American baseball player. He is a Major League pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers . He has played with the Brewers since 2011. He pitched for the Toronto Blue Jays from 2005 until 2010. Marcum was born in Kansas City, Missouri.

References

Other websites 
Stats at Baseball-Reference

Toronto Blue Jays players
Milwaukee Brewers players
Sportspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
Living people
1981 births
Giovanni Paisiello

Giovanni Paisiello (9 May 1740 – 5 June 1816) was a composer from Italy. He wrote more than 80 operas. He also wrote music for churches and concerts.

Life
Paisiello was born in Roccaforzata, a small town near Taranto in the south of Italy. His father was a veterinarian (a doctor for animals). When he was five years old, his father sent him to a Jesuit school in Taranto. His father wanted him to be a lawyer. Paisiello's teachers saw that he had a very beautiful singing voice and much talent for music. This made his father change his mind. He sent Paisiello to a famous music school in Naples called the . He studied at the music school for five years. At first, he composed church music, but then he began writing operas. Soon his operas became popular all over Italy.

In 1776, Catherine II, the Empress of Russia, invited him to work for her in St. Petersburg. Paisiello worked for the Empress for eight years. He composed operas for her theatre and conducted the royal orchestra. In 1784, he went back to Italy to work for King Ferdinand IV of Naples. He was the chief composer for a famous opera house in Naples, the Teatro di San Carlo. He also composed church music and concert music for the king. Napoleon Bonaparte admired Paisiello's music very much and invited him to Paris. From 1802 until 1804, Paisiello worked in Paris composing music for Napoleon. He then went back to Naples. He was the head of the music school there from 1807 until 1814. The last years of his life were not happy. He had money problems, and his operas were no longer popular. He died in Naples in 1816.

Sources
Grove, George (1900) "Paisiello, Giovanni", in A Dictionary of Music and Musicians (A.D. 1450-1889), Vol. 2, pp. 633-634. MacMillan & Co., Ltd.
Randel, Don Michael (ed.) (1996). "Paisiello, Giovanni" in The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music, p. 664. Harvard University Press

1740 births
1816 deaths
Italian composers
Heckler & Koch G3

The Heckler & Koch G3 is a battle rifle developed by Heckler & Koch and the Spanish state-owned design and development agency CETME. It has a 20 rounds magazine, that holds 7.62mm NATO ammunition.

It was invented in the 1950s, and was the main weapon of the German army (Bundeswehr). Now the main weapon is the G36. Many German soldiers want the old G3 back. The G3 is still in service as a sniper rifle, but they changed to the G28 for "designated marksmen". 

The deign of the G3 was so influential that it was the base for making the MP5 and the PSG-1.

References

Rifles of the Cold War
7.62 mm firearms
Battle rifles
Ray Davies

Sir Raymond Douglas Davies,  ( ; born 21 June 1944) is a British rock musician. He was born in Fortis Hill, Muswell Hill, north London. He was the lead singer of The Kinks, in which his brother Dave Davies was lead guitarist. Since the band split, Ray Davies is a solo singer-songwriter.

Davies attempted suicide and was later diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

References

Other websites 
Official website

1944 births
Living people
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from London
Singers from London
People with bipolar disorder
Reserve Bank of India

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is a top banking institution of the Republic of India. The bank controls the money supply in the country.

History
The bank was established on 1 April 1935, when India was under British rule. The Bank was established under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The bank was nationalised in 1949.

References

Other websites 

 Reserve Bank of India website

Banks of India
Economy of India
1935 establishments in Asia
1930s establishments in India
Conservation (art)

Conservation, also known as conservation and restoration, is a job where people try to protect the important parts of a culture for the future. 

Conservation activities include examination, documentation, treatment, protection.  All of this work is supported by research and education.

Definition 
In traditional terms, the role of the conservator involves the examination, conservation, and preservation of cultural heritage using "any methods that prove effective in keeping that property in as close to its original condition as possible for as long as possible."

The role of conservation is a kind stewardship.

The conservator has ethical guidelines, including
 Minimal intervention
 Materials and methods which can be undone if necessary
 Full documentation of all work 

An appropriate conservation strategy requires good judgment, taking into account  
 the views of the owner of the object 
 the heritage value and meaning of the object
 the physical needs of the material

Gallery
This series of images shows the process of restoration of a mural in France.

References

Other websites

 Metropolitan Museum of Art, What is Art Conservation?
 Liverpool Museum, Agents of Deterioration

Art
Heckler & Koch G36

The Heckler & Koch G36 is an assault rifle designed in the 1990s by Heckler & Koch (H&K) in Germany. The weapon is gas operated and has a standard magazine that holds 30 of the 5.56mm NATO rounds. It can also be used with a 100-round 'drum'. The G36 has a 3x scope and often a red dot sight, too in the carrying handle. The G36 is the main weapon of many special units and the army of Portugal, Spain and Germany (Bundeswehr). 

Before Heckler & Koch started building for Germany, the G36 has had the name "HK50".

Variants
G36K is 17 cm (7 in) shorter (K=kurz: German for short)
G36C is 28 cm (11 in) shorter and looks like a submachine gun (C=compact)
LMG36 is the normal (1 meter long) G36 with a bipod and a 100 rounds magazine (LMG=leichtes Machienen Gewehr: German for light machine gun)

References

Assault rifles
5.56 mm firearms
Shōsō-in

The  is a Japanese treasure house in the Tōdai-ji temple complex at Nara  It is close to the building which houses the Great Buddha (Diabutsuden).
 
It is the oldest museum structure in the world.

History 
The earliest objects in the Shōsō-in were put there by Empress Kōmyō (701–760). The collection includes artifacts from the arts and crafts of the Tempyō era. 
 
The building was built in the  with a raised floor .

References

Other websites

 Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō), Imperial Household Agency page for Shōsōin 
 University of California, Irvine, Shosoin Imperial Repository. 

Museums in Japan
World Heritage Sites in Japan
Anaïs Nin

Anaïs Nin (full name: Angela Anaïs Juana Antolina Rosa Edelmira Nin y Culmell) February 21, 1903 – January 14, 1977. (, ), was a French-Cuban-American novelist. 

Her books were the basis of movies, including Henry & June (1990) and Delta of Venus (1994). She was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Paris. Her parents were from Cuba. Her father Joaquín Nin was a well-known composer. Her mother Rosa Culmell was a classical singer. She spent her early years in Spain and Cuba and then lived in Paris. In Paris she became a close friend of the writer Henry Miller. She helped him get his first novel, Tropic of Cancer, published and wrote the preface to it. 

She later moved to the United States and died there of cancer in Los Angeles.

References

1903 births
1977 deaths
Cancer deaths in the United States
Writers from Paris
Aquamarine (color)

Aquamarine is a color, a light tint between blue and green. It is named for the gemstone aquamarine.

The first recorded use of aquamarine as a color name in English was in 1598.

The color medium aquamarine (shown below) is used for the uniforms of nurses and surgeons and also used to paint rooms in hospitals because it is regarded as a color that calms and relaxes the patients.

Tones of aquamarine color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Pierre Deligne

Pierre René, Viscount Deligne (born 3 October 1944) is an important Belgian mathematician. He is known for work on the Weil conjectures.

He was born in Etterbeek.  He went to school at Athénée Adolphe Max and studied at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB).

He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1978, the Crafoord Prize in 1988, the Balzan Prize in 2004 and the Wolf Prize in 2008.

In 2006 he was ennobled by the Belgian king as viscount.

In 2009, Deligne was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

References 

Fields Medalists
Wolf Prize winners
Abel Prize winners
1944 births
Living people
Belgian mathematicians
People from Brussels-Capital Region
Jean Bourgain

Jean Bourgain (28 February 1954 – 22 December 2018) was a Belgian mathematician.  He was a professor at University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign and Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques at Bures-sur-Yvette in France.  From 1994 until his death he has worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He was an editor for the Annals of Mathematics.

He received his Ph.D. from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in 1977.

He received the Fields Medal in 1994.  In 2009 Bourgain was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 2010 he received the Shaw Prize in Mathematics. In 2012 he and Terence Tao received the Crafoord Prize in Mathematics from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Bourgain died on 22 December 2018 in Bonheiden, Belgium at the age of 64.

References

Fields Medalists
1954 births
2018 deaths
Belgian mathematicians
People from West Flanders
Rogier van der Weyden

Rogier van der Weyden or Roger de la Pasture (1399 or 1400 – 18 June 1464) was an early Flemish painter. His surviving works are mainly religious triptychs, altarpieces and commissioned single and diptych portraits. He was very successful and internationally famous in his lifetime. His paintings went to Italy and Spain.  By the end of the 15th century, he had become more popular than Jan van Eyck. His fame lasted only until the 17th century.

Due to the loss of archives in 1695 and again in 1940, there are few certain facts of van der Weyden's life. Rogelet de le Pasture (Roger of the Pasture) was born in Tournai in 1399 or 1400. His parents were Henri de le Pasture and Agnes de Watrélos. He married around 1426, to Elisabeth Goffaert.  He was made town painter of Brussels in 1436.  He changed his name from the French to the Dutch format, becoming 'van der Weyden'.

Gallery

References

Other websites

1400s births
1464 deaths
Flemish painters
Lambert Lombard

Lambert Lombard (Liège, 1505 – 1566) was a Renaissance painter, architect and theorist for the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. During his career he worked for Jan Gossaert in Middelburg and trained Frans Floris. In 1532 he became court painter and architect in Liège. A few paintings and many drawings have been kept.

In 1537 he was sent to Rome by Erard de la Marck, prince-bishop of Liège, to buy works of art.  While there he discovered the wonders of the Italian Renaissance. On his return he brought not only works of art, but also the new ideas about art to Liège.

Dominicus Lampsonius wrote a biography of Lombard called The Life of Lambert Lombard.

1505 births
1566 deaths
Flemish painters
People from Liège
Anthony van Dyck

Sir Anthony van Dyck (22 March 1599 – 9 December 1641) was a Flemish Baroque artist.  He was the leading court painter in England in the early 17th century. He is most famous for his portraits of Charles I of England and his family and court. His style of portrait painting was followed in England for the next 150 years. He also painted biblical and mythological subjects.

1599 births
1641 deaths
Flemish painters
Knights Bachelor
James Ensor

James Sidney Edouard, Baron Ensor (13 April 1860 – 19 November 1949) was a Flemish-Belgian painter and printmaker, an important influence on expressionism and surrealism who lived in Ostend for almost his entire life. He was associated with the artistic group Les XX.

Life
From 1877 to 1880, he attended the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. His only travels were three brief trips to Paris, London, and Holland.

In 1895 his painting The Lamp Boy (1880) was acquired by the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels. He had his first solo exhibition in Brussels. By 1920 he was the subject of major exhibitions. In 1929 he was named a Baron by King Albert. He was the subject of the Belgian composer Flor Alpaerts's "James Ensor Suite".  In 1933 he was awarded the band of the Légion d'honneur.   

Against the advice of friends, he remained in Ostend during World War II despite the risk of bombardment. In his old age he was an honored figure among Belgians. His daily walk made him a familiar sight in Ostend. He died there after a short illness, on 19 November 1949.

Work
His early works show domestic scenes with little color. Later he started to use brighter colors. His subjects became very imaginative. He painted carnivals, masks, puppets and skeletons.

References

Other websites

Belgian painters
Printmakers
1860 births
1949 deaths
Belgian nobility
Flemish painters
Les XX

Les XX was a group of twenty Belgian painters, designers and sculptors.  It was formed in 1883 by the Brussels lawyer, publisher, and entrepreneur Octave Maus.  For ten years 'Les Vingt', as they called themselves, held a yearly exhibition of their art.  Each year twenty international artists were also invited to be in the exhibition. Artists invited over the years included: Camille Pissarro (1887, 1889, 1891), Claude Monet (1886, 1889), Georges Seurat (1887, 1889, 1891, 1892), Paul Gauguin (1889, 1891), Paul Cézanne (1890), and Vincent van Gogh (1890, 1891). 

In 1893, the society of Les XX was changed into "La Libre Esthétique".

Eleven founding members
James Ensor 1860-1949 (member until 1893)
Théo van Rysselberghe 1862-1926 (member until 1893)
Fernand Khnopff 1858-1921 (member until 1893)
Alfred William Finch
Frantz Charlet b 1862
Paul Du Bois
Charles Goethals c1853–85
Darío de Regoyos (Spanish)
Willy Schlobach b 1864
Guillaume van Strydonck 1861–1937
Rodolphe Wytsman 1860–1927

Nine invited members
Guillaume Vogels
Achille Chainaye 1862–1915
Jean Delvin 1853-1922
Jef Lambeaux
Périclès Pantazis (Greek) 1849-1884
Frans Simons 1855–1919
Gustave Vanaise 1854–1902
Piet Verhaert 1852–1908
Théodore Verstraete 1850–1907

Twelve later invited members
Felicien Rops 1833-1898
Georges Lemmen 1865-1916 (member from 1888)
George Minne 1866-1941
Anna Boch 1848-1926 (member from 1885-1893: only female member)
Henry van de Velde (member from 1888)
Guillaume Charlier
Henry De Groux
Robert Picard b 1870
Jan Toorop (Dutch)
Odilon Redon (French)
Paul Signac (French)
Isidore Verheyden (member from 1884-1888)

References

Belgian painters
1883 establishments in Europe
1893 disestablishments
Cultural organizations
Sculptors
Designers
1890s disestablishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Belgium
Constant Permeke

Constant Permeke (31 July 1886 – 4 January 1952) was  a Belgian painter and sculptor.  He is said to be the leading figure of Flemish expressionism.

Permeke was born in Antwerp. When he was six years old the family moved to Ostend.  His father was curator of the Municipal Museum of Arts. Permeke went to school in Bruges from 1903 until 1906. In 1906 he was drafted into the Belgian army. After his military service ended in March 1908, Permeke returned to Ostend.  He roomed together with another artist, Gustave De Smet. In 1909 he returned to Latem where he lived as a recluse.  In 1912 Permeke married Maria Delaere and the newlyweds settled in Ostend.

When World War I started, Permeke was in the defense of Antwerp.  He was wounded in action near the town of Duffel. His wounds forced him to be evacuated to the United Kingdom.  In 1916 he moved to Chardstock in Devonshire and started painting again, mostly colorful English landscapes. After the end of the war, the Permeke family returned to Ostend in 1919.

In 1921 Permeke was able to exhibit his work in Antwerp and in Paris. Between 1922 and 1924, Permeke regularly went to Astene. In 1926 Permeke went to Vevey in Switzerland where he mainly painted mountain scenes. In 1929 he moved to Jabbeke.  Starting in 1937 Permeke tried his hand at sculpting as well.

During World War II, Permeke was forbidden to paint by the German occupiers.  His art was seen by them as Entartete Kunst. His son Paul was arrested and sent to Germany as a forced labourer. After the war, Permeke was made director of the Royal Academy in Antwerp.  He only worked there one year. In 1948 his wife died. Emotionally scarred and ailing, Permeke had to be nursed by his daughter.

Constant Permeke died 4 January 1952. He was buried next to his wife at the cemetery in Jabbeke. A statue which Permeke had commissioned by his friend George Minne was placed on the grave of his beloved wife.

In 1997, Belgium recognized Permeke by dedicating the 1,000 franc bill to him and his work. The bill was used until Belgium started using the euro in 2002.

1886 births
1952 deaths
Belgian painters
People from Antwerp
Sculptors
Paul Delvaux

Paul Delvaux (23 September 1897 – 20 July 1994) was a Belgian painter.  He is known for his Surrealism, famous for his paintings of female nudes.

Delvaux was born in Antheit. The young Delvaux took music lessons, studied Greek and Latin, and read the fiction of Jules Verne and the poetry of Homer.  He studied at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels.  He studied architecture because his parents did not want him to be a painter. He went for his goal by taking painting classes taught by Constant Montald and Jean Delville. The painters Frans Courtens and Alfred Bastien also encouraged Delvaux. He completed about 80 paintings between 1920 and 1925. 1925 was the year of his first solo exhibition.

He was named director of the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in 1965. In 1982 the Paul Delvaux Museum opened in Saint-Idesbald. Delvaux died in Veurne in 1994.

References

1897 births
1994 deaths
Belgian painters
People from Liège (province)