cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Bufo latastii

Bufo latastii is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in the Republic of India and Pakistan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, arable land, and ponds. It is threatened by habitat loss.

References 
 Stöck, M., Khan, M.S., Dutta, S., Ohler, A., Vasudevan, K., Vijayakumar, S.P., Papenfuss, T., Anderson, S. & Kuzmin, S. 2004.  Bufo latastii.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.

Toads
Amphibians of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Amolops himalayanus

Amolops himalayanus is a species of frog found in Asia.

Frogs
Amphibians of Pakistan
Bufo pseudoraddei

Bufo pseudoraddei is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in Pakistan and possibly Afghanistan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, plantations, and rural gardens.

Toads
Amphibians of Pakistan
Euphlyctis ghoshi

Euphlyctis ghoshi (also known as the Manipur frog or Ghosh's frog) is a species of frog found in Asia.

References 

Frogs
Amphibians of Pakistan
Himalayan Newt

The Himalayan Newt (Tylototriton verrucosus) is a species of salamander found in South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Salamanders
Amphibians of Pakistan
Afghan hedgehog

The Afghan hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus megalotis) is a subspecies of the Long-eared hedgehog native to Afghanistan and western Pakistan. It is larger and reddish in colour, but otherwise similar in appearance to the Long-eared hedgehog.

Eulipotyphla
Mammals of Asia
Argali

The argali or mountain sheep (Ovis ammon) is a wild sheep. It lives in the highlands of Central Asia (Himalaya, Tibet, Altay). 

The argali is the biggest wild sheep. It can be up to 120 centimetres tall, and can weigh as much as 140 kilograms. The Pamir argali, also called the Marco Polo sheep, may be more than 6 feet in length. They were discovered by the explorer Marco Polo. The Pamir argali is globally endangered.

References

Related pages

Caprids
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Marco Polo sheep

Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii) is a wild sheep, and a subspecies of the Argali.

It takes its name from famed explorer Marco Polo who described the species during his crossing of Pamir (ancient Mount Imeon) in 1271. The Marco Polo sheep is particularly known for its long horns. The longest horn ever found on a sheep was found on a Marco Polo sheep and measured 191 centimeters (75 inches). The sheep is unofficially the National animal of Afghanistan.

Related pages

Argali

Caprids
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
it was named after Marco polo
its scientific name is Ovis ammon polii .They can reach 6 feet in length
horns starts to grow after 15 to 20 days after birth. number of rings on the horn indicates age of the male sheep
The argali or mountain sheep (Ovis ammon) is a wild sheep. It lives in the highlands of Central Asia (Himalaya, Tibet, Altay).

It is the biggest wild sheep. It stands as high as 120 cm. It weights as much as 140 kg. The Pamir argali (also called Marco Polo sheep, for they were first described by that traveller) may be more than 6 feet in length. It is globally endangered.
Asian black bear

The Asian black bear, also called asiatic black bear, white chested bear or himalayan black bear, (Ursus thibetanus or Selenarctos thibetanus) is a medium-sized, sharp-clawed, black-colored bear with a distinctive white or cream "V" marking on its chest. It is also known as the Asiatic black bear, Tibetan black bear, the Himalayan black bear, or the Moon bear.

It is a close relative of the American black bear with which it is thought to share a European common ancestor. It is called 반달가슴곰 (bandalgaseumgom) in Korean.  Both American and Asiatic species are thought of as sister taxa. They are more closely related to one another than any other species of bear.Asian black bears are omnivores. They eat berries, fruit, honey, insects, rodents, rabbits, carrion, nuts and even deer, buffalo and wild boar. Asian black bears have a few enemies. Predators including tigers, leopards, brown bears, jackals, wolves and dholes.

References 

Ursidaes
Mammals of Pakistan
Asiatic cheetah

The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) is a critically endangered subspecies of the cheetah native to Asia.

It is also called the Iranian cheetah because the only living Asiatic cheetahs live in Iran. It is now extinct in India, but during British colonial times in India it was the famous hunting leopard. This name came about because some of these animals were kept captive by Indian royalty and used to hunt wild antelope.

References

Related pages 

 Cheetah

Felines
Mammals of Asia
Asiatic lion

The Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica) is a subspecies of the lion. It survives today only in India, where it is also known as the Indian lion. They once ranged from Southeast Europe to India, covering most of Southwest Asia, and hence it is also known as the Persian lion. The Asiatic lion has a cinnamon colour coat. Only 350 Asiatic lions are left in Asia. They all live in the Gir Forest in the Indian state of Gujarat. It was the state animal of Junagadh State.

References

Other websites 

Asiatic Lion Information Centre (Includes an informative "News" section)
Asiatic Lion Protection Society (ALPS), Gujarat, India
Panthera leo (lion) from “Animal Diversity Web”
 "Vanishing Herds Foundation (VHF), India" comes to the rescue of Asiatic Lion 
Asiatic lions in online video (3 videos)

Panthera
Mammals of Pakistan
Disk partitioning

Disk partitioning is about making a physical or logical hard disk usable by the operating system. Each disk partition can be used like a hard disk by the operating system. A hard disk can be divided into many partitions. This is especially useful for:
Keeping the user data independent of the operating system. There will be one partition with the operating system on it, and one with the user data. Also if there is a problem with one file system, this does usually not affect the other file systems.
Some operating systems (those that are made like UNIX or Linux) use disk partitions for virtual memory
Using a boot loader it is possible to run many operating systems on the same computer. This is known as multi-booting.
Increasing security: Certain  operating systems allow to limit the access to a file system (for example: read-only, do not allow executable files, do not allow system files)

Usually each partition contains exactly one file system.

Hard drives
Balochistan forest dormouse

The Balochistan forest dormouse (Dryomys niethammeri) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to Pakistan.

References
 Gippoliti S. 2002. Dryomys niethammeri . 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae, 819-841 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. D E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Mammals of Pakistan
Dormice
Baluchistan pygmy jerboa

The Baluchistan pygmy jerboa (Salpingotulus michaelis) is a species of rodent in the Dipodidae family. It is the only species in the genus Salpingotulus. It is endemic to Pakistan.

Rodents
Mammals of Pakistan
Himalayan brown bear

The Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus) is a subspecies of the brown bear. Himalayan brown bear are usually sandy or reddish-brown in colour. They are found in the foothills of the Himalaya and northern Pakistan, but are not found past Dachigam and Kashmir.

People also claim to have mistaken of what they thought was a Yeti (a Himalayan mythological ape-like creature) but was actually a Himalayan brown bear.

Ursidaes
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Syrian brown bear

The Syrian brown bear (Ursus arctos syriacus) is the smallest subspecies of brown bear.

They are omnivorous, eating almost any type of food, including meat, grass, and fruits.

Ursidaes
Mammals of Pakistan
Bharal

The bharal or Himalayan blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) is a mammal of the Caprinae subfamily.

The bharal is found in the high Himalayas of Nepal, Tibet, China, Kashmir, Pakistan, Bhutan and the Republic of India.

The bharal has horns that grow upwards, curve out and then towards the back, somewhat like an upside down mustache.

Bharal are active throughout the day, feeding and resting on the grassy mountain slopes. With their excellent camouflage and the absence of cover in their environment, bharal stay motionless when approached. Once they have been noticed, however, they scamper up to the precipitous cliffs, where they once again freeze, using camouflage to blend into the rock face.

Where they overlap, they are the favourite prey of snow leopards and leopards. A few lambs fall prey to foxes or eagles.

References 

Caprids
Mammals of Asia
Blackbuck

The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is a species of antelope. It lives mainly in western India, but also in parts of Pakistan within the Republic of India. It also lives in Nepal.

The blackbuck was once the state animal of Osmanistan. It is now the provincial animal of Eastern Punjab.

Bovids
Mammals of Pakistan
Mammals of Asia
Jungle cat

The jungle cat (Felis chaus) is a successful and widespread wild cat. It ranges from Egypt in the west to China in the east, and it is common in India.

The jungle cat is the largest remaining species of the wild cat genus Felis. It is 20 to 37 inches in body length (50 to 97 cm), with a  8 to 12 inch  tail (20 to 31 cm).

True to Bergmann's rule, the felid is largest at the northern limits of its range and becomes smaller-bodied closer to the tropics.

They live in savannas, tropical dry forests and reedbeds along rivers and lakes in the lowlands, but, despite the name, are not found in rainforests. Although they are adaptable animals, being found even in dry steppe, they prefer wetland environments with tall grasses or reeds in which to hide.

Distribution
The jungle cat lives in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, central and Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and in southern China. The jungle cat lives in places with lots of water and thick vegetation, such as swamps, wetlands, littoral and riparian areas, grasslands and shrub. It commonly lives in agricultural lands, such as fields of bean and sugarcane, in its range. It has often been seen near humans. It can even live in places with little vegetation. It is rare in places with lots of snow. Historical records show that it lives in altitudes of 2,310 m (7,580 ft) in the Himalayas. It does not like to live in rainforests and woodlands.

In Turkey, it has been recorded in wetlands near Manavgat, in the Akyatan Lagoon on the southern coast and near Lake Eğirdir. In Palestine, it was recorded in the Nablus, Ramallah, Jericho and Jerusalem.

In Iran, it lives in a lot of habitat. It lives from plains and agriculture lands to mountains at altitudes of 45 to 4,178 m (148 to 13,707 ft) in at least 23 of 31 provinces of Iran. In Pakistan, it was photographed in Haripur, Dera Ismail Khan, Sialkot Districts and Langh Lake Wildlife Sanctuary.

In India, it is the most common small wild cat. In Nepal, it was recorded in alpine habitat at altitudes of 3,000–3,300 m (9,800–10,800 ft) in Annapurna Conservation Area.

A few jungle cat mummies were found among the cats in ancient Egypt.

Feeding
The jungle cat is mostly a carnivore. It likes to eat small mammals like gerbils, hares and rodents. It also hunts birds, fish, frogs, insects and small snakes. Its prey usually weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb). Sometimes, it eats mammals as large as young gazelles. The jungle cat is a partial omnivore. It eats fruits, especially in winter.

The jungle cat hunts by stalking its prey. It then chases its prey. The jungle cats ears helps the jungle cat to know where its prey is. It uses different ways to catch prey. Like the caracal, the jungle cat can jump high into the air to catch birds. It is a great climber. The jungle cat can run up to 32 km/h (20 mph). It is a good swimmer. It can swim up to 1.5 km (0.93 mi) in water. It can jump into water to catch fish.

References 

Felines
Sand cat

The sand cat (Felis margarita) is a small wild cat in the Felinae subfamily. It is distributed over African and Asian deserts.  Sometimes people call it "desert cat," but that is really the name of a different animal.  The sand cat does live in deserts, even the Sahara and Arabian Desert.  It is also found in Iran and Pakistan.  In zoos, this cat can live for up to 13 years.

The sand cat is about 50 cm long, not including the tail. The tail is 30 cm long and has rings on it. It weighs about 2.7 kg (6 lbs). It has sand-colored fur and a wide head with ears that can point up, out or down. There is fur on its paws so that the hot sand does not hurt it.

This cat finds shade or digs a burrow during the day and hides from the sunlight underground. It only lives in places where the sand or dirt is loose enough for it to dig.  The sand cat looks for food at night.  It eats rodents, lizards and insects.  It can even hunt and kill snakes.  It does not drink water, taking all its water from eating prey.  It does not need to go near watering holes, so it can avoid bigger predators that might hurt it.  Wolves, snakes, large birds and humans can hurt this cat.

The sand cat does not fight with other sand cats over territory. Sometimes sand cats will take turns in the same burrow, but they will not share it at the same time. The sand cat lives alone except when looking for mates and when mothers are raising cubs.

Distribution
The sand cat lives in both sandy and stony deserts. It prefers flat terrain with little grass or small bush. It avoids bare and moving sand dunes, where there is little prey. Sand cats live in the Moroccan Sahara, Algeria, Mali, Ténéré Desert, Egypt, Sinai peninsula, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan.

Diet
In the Ténéré Desert, sand cats were seen hunting small rodents, young cape hare. They were also seen hunting greater hoopoe lark, desert monitor, sandfish, and venomous vipers. If they caught more than they could eat, they buried some to eat later.

In Israel, pieces of the Egyptian spiny-tailed lizards were found near burrows used by sand cats. They were seen hunting jirds, Cairo spiny mouse, desert lark, and small reptiles. In central Iran, pieces of the Blanford's jerboa and Balochistan gerbil were found around the dens of sand cats.

References

Felines
Mammals of Pakistan
Chinkara

The Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) or Jabeer Gazelle is a species of gazelle found in South Asia. It lives in grasslands and desert areas in the Republic of India, Bangladesh and parts of Iran and Pakistan. It is also known as the Indian Gazelle (Gazella gazella bennetti).

References 

Bovids
Mammals of Pakistan
Mammals of Asia
Corsac fox

The corsac fox (Vulpes corsac), also known as the steppe fox, is a medium-sized Asiatic fox species. It is spread throughout the central steppes of Asia. It is very social and lives in "corsac cities" where animals have several dens with connected holes. It prefers some steppe and semi-desert in mountainous areas. It is mainly grey-reddish with silver celadon areas on their coat. The corsac fox is threatened by hunting for the fur trade.

References

Foxes
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Pakistan
Eurasian Brown Bear

The Eurasian Brown Bear (Ursus arctos arctos) is a subspecies of the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos). It is found across northern Eurasia. It is the national animal of many countries including Finland.

Conflict with humans
Bears are known to attack humans for many reasons but actually they avoid attacking. One reason is that if you surprise a bear it is likely to attack. The other one, is that bears enjoy to eat food, which is why people tend to avoid leaving food in the forest where bears are.

Diet 
The Eurasian brown bear is a omnivore (which eats everything). For example, they eat:
 Berries, including blueberry.
 Meat
 Honey 
 Ants
 Grass, if there is no food

Related pages

 Brown Bear

Ursidaes
Mammals of Pakistan
Eurasian wolf

The Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus lupus) is a subspecies of the grey wolf (Canis lupus). It is also known as the common wolf, European Wolf, Carpathian Wolf, Steppes Wolf, Tibetan Wolf and Chinese Wolf. It originally lived in most of Eurasia, with a southern limit of the Himalayas in the Hindu Kush Range.

Wolves
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
False killer whale

The false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) is a cetaceans and larger members of the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae). The species is the only member of the Pseudorca genus.

They live in temperate and tropical waters throughout the world. As its name implies, the false killer whale shares characteristics with the more widely known Orca ("killer whale"). The two species look somewhat similar and, like the orca, the false killer whale attacks and kills other cetaceans. However, the two dolphin species are not closely related.

The false killer whale has not been extensively studied in the wild by scientists; much of the data about the dolphin has been got by examining stranded animals.

Oceanic dolphins
Mammals of Pakistan
Blanford's fox

Blanford's fox (Vulpes cana), is a small fox. It is found in steppes and mountains of Afghanistan, Egypt (Sinaï), Turkestan, northeast Iran, SW Pakistan, the West Bank and Israel. Blanford's fox has large ears.  Its tail is almost equal in length to its body. Its coat is light tan.

References 

Foxes
Mammals of Pakistan
In Flames

In Flames is a melodic death metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden. They, along with At the Gates, are often said to be a major influence on the type of heavy metal known as "Melodic death metal". The band are signed to the Century Media record label and have released nine albums.

References

Swedish heavy metal bands
Melodic death metal bands
Musical groups from Gothenburg
1990 establishments in Sweden
Chinese river dolphin

The Chinese river dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer)  or baiji  was a river dolphin. It was found only in the Yangtze River in China.  The last confirmed sighting of the baiji was in 2004 but there were possible sightings in 2007 and 2016 as well. The baiji was declared functionally extinct in 2007.  that means experts said that even if there had been a few baiji left alive in 2007, there were probably not enough left to have young and keep the species alive. The IUCN Red List says the baiji is critically endangered but not really extinct.

Description 
The baiji was a graceful animal, with a long, narrow and slightly upturned beak and a flexible neck. As opposed to some other freshwater dolphins, like the Indus River dolphin, its eyes were functional, although greatly reduced. Its coloration was bluish-gray to gray above and white to ashy-white below. It weighed 135 – 230 kg (300 - 510 lb) and measured as much as 2.5 m (8.2') in length.

Reasons for extinction 
The World Conservation Union (IUCN) noted these threats to the species: 
a period of hunting by humans during the Great Leap Forward, 
entanglement in fishing gear, 
the illegal practice of electric fishing, 
collisions with boats and ships, habitat loss, and 
pollution. 
Further studies have noted the environmental impact of building the Three Gorges Dam on the living space of the baiji.

It was the first dolphin species that humans have made extinct.

References 

River dolphins
At the Gates

At the Gates is a heavy metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden. They, along with In Flames, are seen as a big influence on the type of heavy metal called melodic death metal.

1990 establishments in Sweden
1996 disestablishments in Sweden
Death metal bands
Swedish heavy metal bands
Musical groups from Gothenburg
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical groups disestablished in 1996
Indian fox

The Bengal fox (Vulpes bengalensis), also known as the Indian fox, is a fox. It is endemic to the Indian subcontinent, and is found from the Himalayan foothills and Terai of Nepal through southern India and from southern and eastern Pakistan to eastern India and southeastern Bangladesh.

Foxes
Mammals of Pakistan
Clouded leopard

The clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is a rare cat species. It is a medium-sized felid, found from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into China. It is 55 to 110 cm (2 ft to 3 ft 6 in) long and weighs between 15 and 23 kg (33 to 50 lb). It is classified as vulnerable in 2008 by IUCN. Its total population may be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals.

Clouded leopards hunt in trees as well as on the ground. Their prey are monkeys and birds. They are one of the few cats who are arboreal.

The genetic analysis of specimens of Neofelis nebulosa and its close relative Neofelis diardi suggests the two species diverged 1.4 million years ago. A group crossed a now submerged land bridge to Borneo and Sumatra from mainland Asia. And, the Sunda clouded leopard is different enough on the two large islands to be classed as two subspecies.

The split between the two subspecies corresponds roughly with the catastrophic eruption of the Toba supervolcano in Sumatra 69,000–77,000 years ago. A probable scenario is that Sunda clouded leopards from Borneo recolonized Sumatra during periods of low sea levels in the Pleistocene, and these were later separated from their source population by rising sea levels.

References 

Felines
Brahmanbaria District

Brahmanbaria (Bengali: ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়া Bramhonbaŗia) is a district in east-central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. It was part of greater Comilla District until 1984. Before 1830 the Sarail Pargana was a part of Mymensingh district. The district has 4 municipalities, 39 wards, 97 mahallas, 7 upazilas, 98 union parishads, 1052 mouzas and 1329 villages.

Geography
Brahmanbaria District is located at the east-central region of Bangladesh. It has a total area of 1927.11 km². Brahmanbaria is bordered by Kishoreganj District and Habiganj District on the north, Comilla District on the south, Habiganj District and Tripura State, India on the east and Meghna River, Kishoreganj District, Narsingdi District and Narayanganj District on the west.

The district is mainly by low-lying land with small hills.

Districts of Bangladesh
Bangladesh Standard Time

Bangladesh Standard Time (BST) is the time zone for Bangladesh. It is six hours ahead of UTC (UTC+6). Bangladesh does not observe any daylight saving time.

Bangladesh used summer time, making it Bangladesh Daylight Time (BDT). This was used from June 19 until December 31, 2009. The measure has not been used since.

References

Other websites
 The current time in Bangladesh
 Current local time in Dhaka

Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Western European Summer Time

BST redirects here, for the Bangladeshi time zone, see Bangladesh Standard Time

Western European Summer Time (WEST) is  a summer daylight saving time scheme, 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used in the following places:
 the Canary Islands
 the Faroe Islands
 the Republic of Ireland
 the Crown dependencies
 the Madeira islands
 Continental Portugal
 the United Kingdom
 Morocco in North Africa 

Western European Summer Time is also known by other names:
 British Summer Time (BST) in the United Kingdom.
 Irish Standard Time (IST) ( (ACÉ)) in Ireland. This is sometimes called Irish Summer Time ().
 
The scheme runs from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October each year. At both the start and end of the schemes, clock changes take place at 01:00 UTC. During the winter, Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0) is used.

References

Time zones
Frederica Sagor Maas

Frederica Alexandrina Sagor Maas (; July 6, 1900 – January 5, 2012) was an American playwright, screenwriter, essayist and author. She was the youngest daughter of Russian immigrants. She wrote for the film The Plastic Age, which helped with making Clara Bow well known. During the time of McCarthyism, Maas and her husband got into trouble because they read some works of Communism. She wrote an autobiography called The Shocking Miss Pilgrim: A Writer in Early Hollywood.

Other websites 
 
 Video of Frederica Sagor Maas at 100  from Reverie Productions
 Interview with Frederica Sagor Maas at age 99 

1900 births
2012 deaths
American autobiographers
American supercentenarians
Screenwriters from New York City
Western Schism

The Western Schism was a split between factions of the Roman Catholic Church between 1378 and 1417.

During this period, more than one claimed to be the true pope. 

The reasons for the split were mostly political, rather than theological. The Council of Constance (1414–1418) ended the schism when they elected Martin V as the new pope.

References

Other websites 

Roman Catholicism

da:Skisma#Det store skisma / Øst-vest-skismaet
Avignon Papacy

The Avignon Papacy refers to the 70 years when the popes lived in Avignon instead of living in Rome. Philip IV of France had forced a papal conclave to elect a French pope, who decided he did not want to live in Rome.

History
This period started in 1309 and ended in 1376 when Pope Gregory XI returned to the pope's residence in Rome.

There was an attempt to return the papacy to Avignon, but it was not successful.

List of Avignon popes
The Bishops of Rome who lived in Avignon were:

Pope Clement V: 1305–1314
Pope John XXII: 1316–1334
Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342
Pope Clement VI: 1342–1352
Pope Innocent VI: 1352–1362
Pope Urban V: 1362–1370
Pope Gregory XI: 1370–1378

Two antipopes were based in Avignon as well:
Clement VII: 1378–1394
Benedict XIII: 1394–1423 (expelled from Avignon in 1403)

Related pages 
 Western Schism

References

Other websites

 Avignon Tourist office website ;  

Avignon
Popes
1309 establishments
14th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in France
1376 disestablishments
Disestablishments in France
John Wycliffe

John Wycliffe (lived from about 1320 to 1384 in England) was an English theologian. He was one of the first to translate the Christian Bible into common English. It is generally known as "Wyclif's Bible". A missions agency bearing his name (Wycliffe Bible Translators) continues translating the scriptures into languages around the world.

Wycliffe wrote that papal claims of temporal power had no foundation in the scriptures and that the scriptures alone should be the standard of Christian belief and practice.

John Wycliffe’s family lived in a lower social class, which meant they did not live in great wealth, but they were not poor either. Later, after Wycliffe had grown up, he attended Oxford University where he earned an arts degree. He became Master of Balliol College, Oxford in 1361. He was also given a parish in Lincolnshire, which meant he had to give up the position of Master. He lived at Oxford for a large portion of his life, and worked as a rector (a member of the clergy) at local churches. There were many more changes to his life. Some of his ideas were in conflict with those of the Church, but he had the support and protection of John of Gaunt, who was ruling England at the time.

Wycliffe encouraged the Church to benefit the sinners of the world by living a life of poverty, but not everyone agreed with his thoughts and ideas. In some of late writings, he wrote that the Bible was the authority of the Christian religion, not of the church. In 1382 Wycliffe’s followers, the lollards, helped him translate the Bible. Early members of the Christian churches called him the first great reformer.

Related pages 
William Tyndale
Sola scriptura

References

Other websites
Wycliffe Bible Translators

1320s births
1384 deaths
14th century in England
Academics of the University of Oxford
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Bible translators
Christian theologians
English philosophers
English priests
English Roman Catholics
English theologians
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
People from North Yorkshire
Roman Catholic priests
Conciliar movement

The Conciliar Movement was a Christian reform movement in the 14th and 15th centuries in the Roman Catholic Church which held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with the Church as a corporation of Christians, embodied by a general church council, not with the Pope.  This movement occurred in Western Europe.
Conciliarism was started by Pope Innocent III and is still used today in France. 

Christianity of the Middle Ages
Merchet

A merchet was a fine paid on a marriage in the Middle Ages in England. When a peasant woman was to get married to someone who was not of the same manor, her lord was paid money to allow her to be married. The money was usually paid by the father of the woman. This fine was paid because when the woman became married she would leave the manor with her new husband. Because of this, the lord would lose a worker.

Middle Ages
Law
Jacquerie

Jacquerie was a large uprising in late medieval Europe. It happened in 1358, when French peasants were protesting heavy taxation in the Oise valley north of Paris.

1358
Rebellions in Europe
1350s in France
White-collar crime

White-collar crime refers to crimes done by people who work in offices. Those people often wear shirts with white collars. This is a sign of high status.  Persons who work with their hands are sometimes called "blue collar" workers. Most white-collar crimes are done by persons in banking, business or government. The can include bribery, embezzlement, fraud or money laundering. The crimes are done along with their regular work. The term was created by Edwin Sutherland in 1939.

A related term, "fur-collar crime" refers to crimes committed by high-ranking officials, nobles and people of high status during the 15th century in Western Europe. Noble warriors, especially young bachelor knights who were not assigned any tasks, often did it. They robbed, plundered, and pillaged because they were bored and out of money. Crimes committed against a helpless peasantry by members of the nobility often went unpunished.

References

Types of crime
WQED (TV)

WQED (channel 13, digital channel 38) is a PBS television station based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Established 1 April 1954, it was the first community-sponsored television station in the United States as well as the fifth public TV station. WQED also became the first station to telecast classes to elementary classrooms when Pittsburgh launched the Metropolitan School Service in 1955. WQED has produced many shows for PBS, such as Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (which aired first run episodes from 19 February 1968 to 31 August 2001) after the station hired Fred Rogers. Pittsburgh Magazine is also a publication of WQED.

American television stations
Public Broadcasting Service
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1954 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in Pennsylvania
Peking University

Peking University (PKU; Beijing University) is a prestigious university in Beijing, China. It was created in 1898. The university is also known as Beida and is associated with C9 League. Peking University ranked as the 22nd best university in the 2020 QS World University Rankings.

History
It was founded during the late Qing Dynasty in 1898. At that time, it was known as the Imperial University of Peking (京师大学堂). Its English name retains the use of "Beijing" which is widely used in other contexts as well.

References

Colleges and universities in Beijing
1898 establishments in Asia
Sniper scope

A sniper scope or telecopic sight is a kind of telescope that is attached to a rifle. These scopes can help a sniper aim and hit a target far away. Usually, they are made of metal, with glass on each end. They show markings to help aim. A rifle scope works by enlarging target area so you can aim more accurately. Scopes differ from iron sights, which are usually used in crossbows or some machine guns.

The scope hasn’t been around forever. In fact, scopes are relatively new inventions, dating back to the late 19th century. A book published in 1844 called the Improved American Rifle documents some of the first rifle markers manufactured in New York. The idea of using a telescope tube came in 10 years later. Willian Malcolm, a New York manufacturer, introduced optics to lenses.

It was during the World War when rifle scopes saw big improvements. With trench warfare came the rise of the snipers.

Back then, 6x magnification was considered a feat. But with today’s technology, we could use even 10x magnification scopes with rifles.

References

Firearm components
Burlap

Burlap, also known as hessian, is a woven, rough cloth, made from jute, hemp, or other fiber. 

Burlap is often sewn into large sacks for packing and shipping bulk foods such as dried beans and grains. After filling, the sack can be sewn closed and the stitching opened so the sack can be reused.

References

Woven fabrics
Ghillie suit

A ghillie suit is a special kind of military camouflage suit used by snipers. It is made of netting, with woven threads of burlap, yute, and other fibers in to help hide the sniper's body outline. Ghillie suits are heavy, usually weighing 3-10 pounds or more, and can become very hot. They also can catch on objects when used in the woods and make movement difficult. Still, they are one of the best kinds of camouflage a sniper can use. With a properly made ghillie suit that matches the terrain around him, a sniper can be almost invisible, even to a soldier right next to him.

Military
Clothing
Counter-sniping

Counter-sniping is a job performed by soldiers in an army to find and kill an enemy sniper. They use binoculars, telescopes, and sniper scopes to locate the enemy. Once he is found, usually they will have another sniper try to shoot him.

When famous people give speeches, the police sometimes use counter-snipers to prevent the person from being shot.

Military
Carlos Hathcock

Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Norman Hathcock II (May 20, 1942 – February 23, 1999) was a U.S. Marine Corps scout/sniper. He was famous for having one of the highest numbers of confirmed kills in the U.S. military, during the Vietnam War, as well as holding the record for many years for the longest sniper kill in history.

1942 births
1999 deaths
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Marine Corps personnel
People with multiple sclerosis
People from Little Rock, Arkansas
Sunda Strait

Sunda Strait is the strait that is between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia.
It is the location of the volcano Krakatoa. which erupted in 1883 covering both islands with stuff

Straits
Geography of Indonesia
Answering machine

An answering machine (other names are answerphone, ansaphone, ansafone and Telephone Answering Device (TAD)) is a machine. It is attached to a telephone line. If the phone is not answered after a few rings, it will play a message to the caller. The caller can then leave a message (after a sound that has become known as the beep). It is different form voicemail which is based in the network. Answering machines are installed at home (or at the office).

At first, answering machines used tapes (a smaller version of audio cassettes). Today, most systems use computer memory to store the messages and the prerecorded text. Many systems allow to listen to the left messages by simply calling the answering machine. Answering machines also have a system to save costs: If there are no new messages, there will be fewer rings.

Machines
Vocation

A vocation (from the Latin word vocātiō meaning a calling) is a job that suits a person best. It is also the desire to do a particular job, especially a religious career like being a priest.  For religious people, a vocation is often something they feel God has asked them to do.  A vocation is followed more for spiritual or emotional reasons than  for money, which is a helpful extra benefit from a vocation but not the reason for it.

In Christianity
Vocations meet a psychological or spiritual need for the worker, and the word can also be used for a job at which a person is gifted.  The word "vocation" comes from the Latin vocare, meaning "to call";.  In the past the word meant people's being called to follow Christianity.  Martin Luther was the first to use it in the modern way, to describe a life-task.

Christians believe God has created each person with gifts and talents designed for a reason.  Christians can be called to vocations that are faithful to Christian teachings, such as marriage, or to be a priest, monk or nun, chastity as a single person or the general calling to live a life that is right, for the good of the Church or humanity.

For those who are not priests or full-time religious people, Protestantism was important in telling them they still had a vocation.  Calvinism told people to work hard in life. Calvin said a Christian had two callings; a general calling to serve God and a calling to do a particular job at which they are useful.  Protestant ministers in the past said working hard gives God glory.  Without something to do, they said people were more likely to sin.

Vocation outside of Christianity
This belief also has an impact outside of religion.  Modern occupations seen as vocations are those that involve caring or teaching, such as medicine, nursing, teaching, or veterinary work. Politics, may also be seen as a vocation. Campaigning for human rights, such as with the groups Amnesty International and Greenpeace, can also be seen as a vocation, although the word usually refers to a full-time job.  People following other religions can also feel called to do a certain job by their gods.

References
The Daily Telegraph (Australia)

The Daily Telegraph is a newspaper published in Sydney, Australia. It is made by an Australian company called News Limited. It started in 1879.

Other websites
The Daily Telegraph homepage

Newspapers published in Australia
The West Australian

The West Australian is a newspaper published in Perth, Western Australia. It is made by an Australian company called West Australian Newspapers Holdings. It started in 1833.

Other websites
The West Australian homepage

Newspapers published in Australia
The Daily Telegraph

For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia, see The Daily Telegraph (Australia).

The Daily Telegraph is a British daily morning broadsheet newspaper, which began in 1855. The newspaper was started by Arthur B. Sleigh in June 1855 as the Daily Telegraph and Courier, and since 2004 has been owned by David and Frederick Barclay.

In January 2008, the Telegraph was the highest selling newspaper among British broadsheets and former broadsheets, with selling an average of 842,912 copies each day. This compared to 617,483 for The Times, 358,844 for The Guardian, and 215,504 for The Independent. In August 2010 the paper sold 673,010 copies, against 494,205 for The Times.

References

Other websites
 Telegraph.co.uk 

1855 establishments in Europe
Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
1850s establishments in the United Kingdom
Missy Higgins

Missy Higgins (born Melissa Morrison Higgins on 19 August 1983) is an Australian singer and songwriter. She has released five studio albums.

Biography

Early life and work
Higgins was born in Melbourne, Australia. She was a student at Geelong Grammar School. Most of her spare time at the school was spent in a music room, playing the piano. When she was 15 years old, she wrote a song called "All for Believing" that got an "A" in a school assignment. The next year, Higgins went to a record label, but was denied because she had not written any other songs. She began writing new songs. In the meantime, her sister sent "All for Believing" to Triple J, and it won an "Unearthed" competition. Because of this, record labels Sony and EMI both contacted her. Higgins chose "Eleven", a part of EMI.

References

1983 births
Living people
Musicians from Melbourne
Australian singer-songwriters
Australian guitarists
Australian pianists
Australian folk musicians
Australian pop musicians
Colin Delaney

Colin Matthew Delaney (September 7, 1986) is an American professional wrestler  best known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) on its ECW brand.

Career 
Delaney made his World Wrestling Entertainment debut as a jobber, seen wrestling on the ECW show.  On August 15, Delaney was released by WWE.

Personal life 
Colin has an older brother Ed who competes as "Hangin' Tough" Freddie Midnight, and younger brother Brian who competed as Mr. Bodacious.

References

Other websites 
 Official MySpace 
 Online World of Wrestling profile 

1986 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from New York
Former WWE wrestlers
People from Rochester, New York
List of Calgary Flames players

The Calgary Flames are a professional ice hockey team based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.  They are members of the Northwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL).  Since their arrival in 1980, nearly 400 players have worn the Flames jersey for at least one regular season or playoff game. The Flames have won the Stanley Cup once, in 1989, and four players have been elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame; the most recent electee is Al MacInnis, who was enshrined in 2007.

Fourteen players have served as the captain  of the Calgary Flames, beginning with Brad Marsh in 1980–81.  Doug Risebrough, Jim Peplinski and Lanny McDonald served together as co-captains in the 1980s; the latter two led the Flames to the 1989 Stanley Cup.  The most recent captain of the Flames, and the team's longest serving player, is Jarome Iginla.  Iginla joined the Flames for the 1996 Stanley Cup playoffs and, as of 2013, is the Flames' all-time leader in games played, points and goals scored. Currently, the Flames captain is Mark Giordano.

Key

Goaltenders

Note: Statistics are complete as of the end of the 2018–19 NHL season.

Skaters

Note: Statistics are complete as of the end of the 2018–19 NHL season.

References

Goaltenders: 
Skaters 
Captains 

Lists of National Hockey League players
Canada-related lists
Seminar

Seminar is a conference for discussion or training. 
In college, students meet in seminars to discuss some general topic of interest.

Education
WYSIWYG

WYSIWYG ( or ), is an acronym for What You See Is What You Get, used in computing to describe a system where things you edit on the on-screen editor appear almost the same to the final output, which might be a printed document, a web page, a PowerPoint presentation or even the lighting for a concert. Web designers often use this word to talk about their work.

Related pages
GUI
Text editor
WYSIWYM

References

Other websites 
Comparison table - open source and commercial WYSIWYG web-based editors
ATPM.com's WYSIWYG: Is it What You Want?
What has WYSIWYG done to us? - Serious article about the negative effects the introduction of WYSIWYG has had as of 1996.
XML: WYSIWYG to WYSIWYM - A brief look at XML document authoring  An article on existing XML authoring software (May 2005)
 The Jargon File entry for WYSIWYG
 Online demonstration WYSIWYG Examples - Two, online demonstration editors for making web pages or PDFs.
ATPM.com's WYSIWYG: Is it What You Want?

Web design
Acronyms
Philosopher's Stone

The Philosopher's Stone is a substance that alchemists believed was able to turn base (impure) metals (such as lead) into pure gold. They thought it could also be used for rejuvenation (to become younger again) and to achieve immortality (to live forever).

In popular culture
The first Harry Potter book is called Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone

The manga and anime series Fullmetal Alchemist.

 
Alchemy
OpenOffice Calc

OpenOffice Calc is the spreadsheet part of the OpenOffice software package.

Calc is similar to Microsoft Excel, with almost the same abilities. Calc is capable of opening and saving spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel's file format. It provides a number of features not present in Excel, including a system which automatically defines a series for graphing based on the layout of the user's data. Calc is also capable of writing spreadsheets directly as PDF files.

The default file format for OpenOffice Calc version 2.x or 3.x can be set to either Microsoft Excel's native file format or the Open Document Format (ODF). Calc also supports a wide range of other file formats, for both opening and saving files.

Just like the entire OpenOffice package, Calc can be used on many operating systems, including Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Solaris. Available under the Apache License, Calc is free software.

Specifications 
Calc can store a maximum of 65,536 rows with 1024 OOoo columns in each sheet, with a maximum of 256 sheets.  There is a way to increase these limits, but it is only suitable for ODF and text-based formats, as there is a risk of data turning unusable for binary formats such as Microsoft Excel's file format.
Version 2 of Calc was able to store a maximum of 65,536 rows with 256 columns in each sheet, with a maximum of 256 sheets.
Prior to V2.0, the limit on the number of rows was 32,0000.

Special abilities 

Abilities of Calc include:
 Open source software
 Available on many operating systems, including Microsoft Windows,Mac OS X, Linux, Unix, etc.
 Ability to read/write OpenDocument, Excel .xls, CSV, and several other file formats.
 Able to handle dates on or before 1900 correctly (many spreadsheet applications, including Microsoft Excel, have a year 1900 bug and cannot handle dates before January 1, 1900).
 Support for a large number of functions, including those for imaginary numbers, as well as financial statistical functions.

Missing features 

In some cases, Calc lacks a GUI  to access certain advanced features that other spreadsheet software have, such as statistical abilities like error bar support on graphs, and polynomial regression analysis, however, many of these calculations can still be performed by manually entering the functions. Another FOSS application called Gnumeric provides easier access to these statistical analysis features by showing them to users with a wizard.

References

Other websites 
 Calc information page
 OpenOffice.org Spreadsheet Project 
 Spreadsheet FAQ
 Official OpenOffice Documentation Wiki. Select any of the Calc sections
 Free lessons for OpenOffice.org Calc

OpenOffice
Spreadsheet software
Gary Gygax

Ernest Gary Gygax (July 27, 1938 – March 4, 2008) (IPA: ) was an American writer and game designer. He was best known for co-creating the early role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) with Dave Arneson in 1974. Gygax is often thought of as one of the first people to make role-playing games.

References

Other websites

Interviews and Q&As

Q&A with Gary Gygax at Dragonsfoot
The Ultimate Interview with Gary Gygax at thekyngdoms.com
Dungeons & Dragons Creator Gary Gygax Passes Away; Interview on BoingBoing Gadgets

Obituaries
 The Times Obituary, March 5, 2008
 The Guardian Obituary, March 7, 2008 (Note the similarity to this Wikipedia entry)

The Economist, March 13 2008
Obituary and notice of release of Gygax's last novel: Infernal Sorceress, July 2, 2008 

Writers from Chicago
Deaths from stroke
1938 births
2008 deaths
Golden jackal

The golden jackal (Canis aureus), also called the Asiatic, Oriental or common jackal is a carnivorous mammal of the Canidae family.

It is native to north and east Africa, southeastern Europe and South Asia to Burma. It is the largest of the jackals, and the only species to occur outside Africa, with 13 different subspecies being recognised.

Canids
Mammals of Pakistan
Tibetan Fox

The Tibetan Sand Fox (Vulpes ferrilata) is a species of true fox. It is endemic to the high Tibetan Plateau in Nepal, China, and Kashmir, up to altitudes of about 5300 metres. It is sometimes referred to as the Tibetan Fox, or simply as the Sand Fox, but this terminology is confusing because the Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac), which lives in arid environments north and west of the Tibetan Plateau, is often called the "Sand Fox" as well.

Foxes
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Rüppell's fox

Rüppell's Fox (Vulpes rueppelli), also spelled Rueppell's Fox and also called the Sand Fox, is a species of fox. 

It lives in North Africa and the Greater Middle East region, from Morocco to Pakistan. It is named after the German collector Eduard Rüppell. It has an average life expectancy of up to 6 or 7 years in the wild, but can live much longer in captivity.

Foxes
Mammals of Pakistan
Fraser's dolphin

Fraser's dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei), also known as the Sarawak dolphin, is a cetacean in the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae).
It is found in deep waters in the Pacific Ocean and to a lesser extent in the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Oceans.

Oceanic dolphins
Mammals of Pakistan