cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Aerosmith

Aerosmith is an American rock band, formed in 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts. They have released many popular songs, including "Walk This Way" and "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing". They have their own Guitar Hero video game called Guitar Hero: Aerosmith. Their lead singer is Steven Tyler.

List of albums

Studio albums 
 1973 - Aerosmith
 1974 - Get Your Wings
 1975 - Toys in the Attic
 1976 - Rocks
 1977 - Draw the Line
 1979 - Night in the Ruts
 1982 - Rock in a Hard Place
 1985 - Done with Mirrors
 1987 - Permanent Vacation
 1989 - Pump
 1993 - Get a Grip
 1997 - Nine Lives
 2001 - Just Push Play
 2012 - Music from Another Dimension!

Compilation and live albums 
 1980 - Aerosmith's Greatest Hits
 1994 - Big Ones
 1998 - A Little South of Sanity (Live)

References

Other websites 
 Aerosmith's official YouTube channel

1970 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Massachusetts
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
 
American rock bands
Musicians from Boston, Massachusetts
Musical groups established in 1970
Musical groups from Massachusetts
Rainbow

A rainbow is an arc of colour in the sky that can be seen when the sun shines through falling rain. The pattern of colours, called a spectrum, starts with red on the outside and changes through orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet on the inside. Sometimes a second, larger, dimmer rainbow is seen.

A rainbow is created when white light is bent (refracted) while entering a droplet of water, split into separate colours, and reflected back. A rainbow is actually round like a circle. On the ground, the bottom part is hidden, but in the sky, like from a flying airplane, it can be seen as a circle around the point opposite the Sun. 

Rainbows often appear after storms, and are popular symbols for peace in many cultures.

Cause 

The rainbow effect can be seen when there are water drops in the air and the sun is giving light at the back of the observer at a low distance up or angle.
Rainbows always appear opposite the Sun: they form circles around the shadow of your head (which is the point opposite the Sun).

While sunlight is white, all white light is actually a blend of many different colours. Water and other materials bend the different colours at different angles, some more strongly than others. This is called dispersion. By splitting up white light into its separate colours, rainbows appear colourful even though the source of light hitting them is white.

The rainbow displays with the deepest effect in our minds take place when:
 Half of the sky is still dark with draining clouds; and
 The observer is at a place with clear sky above.
Another common place to see the rainbow effect is near waterfalls. Parts of rainbows can be seen some of the time:
 at the edges of clouds lit from the back; or
 as upright bands of spectrum in far away rain even if it does not fall on the earth.

An unnatural rainbow effect can also be made by spraying drops of water into the air on a sunny day.

The seven colours of the rainbow 
The rainbow has no definite number of physical colours, but seven are traditionally listed. Below is a commonly used list of seven colors in the order seen in a rainbow. Computer screens cannot show them precisely but can make colors that look similar. (Each color shows the number codes used to tell a computer how to display the color.)  
<ul>
<li style = "background-color: #ff0000;"> Red (Hex: #FF0000) (RGB: 255, 0, 0) </lihtml>
 Orange (color wheel Orange) (Hex: #FF7F00) (RGB: 255, 127, 0)  /html/background colour
 Yellow (web color) (Hex: #FFFF00) (RGB: 255, 255, 0) 
 Green (X11) (Electric Green) (HTML/CSS “Lime”) (Color wheel green) (Hex: #00FF00) (RGB: 0, 255, 0) 
 Blue (web color) (Hex: #0000FF) (RGB: 0, 0, 255) 
 Indigo (Hex: #2E2B5F) (RGB: 46, 43, 95)
 Violet (Electric Violet) (Hex: #8B00FF) (RGB: 139, 0, 255) 
</ul>	

Optics
Weather
Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is part of the US federal government and is located at the George Bush Center for Intelligence in Langley, Virginia. The agency was formed in 1947 after World War II. Many of the people who started the CIA had been in the Office of Strategic Services, the main American spy agency during the war. General John K. Singlaub was one of the people who created the CIA.   

The United States has a history in intelligence services dating back to its origins. During the American Revolution, George Washington and other Founding Fathers of the United States such as Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, and Patrick Henry used espionage networks.     

The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency has been Gina Haspel since April 26, 2018.   

The CIA is made up of four groups, which do different things. Its goal is to protect the US people. Many people feel that the CIA does more bad than good. Others  people that the CIA does good by finding out secret information about enemies of the United States. Others think those secrets should remain secret. American law makes it illegal for the CIA and other agencies to kill foreign leaders. 

In 1992, Saddam Hussein tried to kill US President George H.W. Bush, who used to be director of the CIA, during a visit to Kuwait. The assassination plot failed. In revenge, President Bill Clinton ordered cruise missiles to be fired at the building of the Iraqi equivalent to the CIA. That occurred at night and so only the cleaners were killed, not those who had planned the assassination.

CIA has many clandestine, or secret, operations. Some CIA employees have been killed during their work. Their names are on a CIA memorial with a star for them, but some of the names are still secret. The number of stars is deliberately inaccurate. 

The CIA also uses open sources to gather information. Analysts read foreign newspapers and watch foreign news broadcasts to learn information, which can be pieced together to make a conclusion.

The CIA used to report to the President. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, a reorganization made the CIA and other intelligence agencies report to a Director of National Intelligence.

The CIA has been featured in many television and film productions, including the American television show "The Agency," the American television mini-series "The Company," the film "Spy Game" that stars Robert Redford and Brad Pitt, "Night Flight to Moscow" that stars Yul Brenner, "Scorpio" that stars Burt Lancaster, "Clear and Present Danger" that stars Harrison Ford; "Ice Station Zebra," and several James Bond films that featured the CIA agent Felix Leiter.

References

Other websites 
 Central Intelligence Agency website

United States intelligence agencies
Thomas Dolby

Thomas Dolby (born Thomas Morgan Robertson; 14 October 1958) is a British musican and computer designer. He is probably most famous for his 1982 hit, "She Blinded me with Science".

He married actress Kathleen Beller in 1988. The couple have three children together.

Discography

Singles

A Track did not chart in North America until 1983, after the success of "She Blinded Me With Science".

Albums

Studio albums

EPs

References

English musicians
Living people
1958 births
New wave musicians
Warner Bros. Records artists
Pillow

A pillow is a soft cushion that a person puts under their head when they are sleeping in a bed. 

A pillow is made from two pieces of cloth that are sewn together and stuffed with a soft material, such as feathers, duck down, or synthetic batting (man made soft stuffing). Pillows are usually rectangular. Pillows are covered with a fabric sheet called a pillowcase. The pillowcase protects the pillow from getting dirty.

Home
Whaler

A whaler is a person who hunts whales, or the boat they use.
They hunt whales for their oil, made from their fat, called blubber, and the meat. Today, there is a treaty which bans the hunt of some whale species. Most countries signed the treaty. A few countries still hunt whales for research purposes. Among those countries are Norway, Iceland and Japan.

Related pages
 Whaling

Boats
Occupations
Crayon

Crayons are writing tools made with colored wax, water, and citric acid or chalk. Young children often use them to draw. Some adult artists use them too. They melt at a low temperature so they can be used in crayon-drip art. One very well-known brand of crayons is Crayola, a company by Binney and Smith.

Other websites

Art
Writing tools
Self-defence

Self-defence means fighting off something or another person to protect yourself and maybe others. Ways of self-defence include martial arts or using a weapon. Sometimes, self-defense can cause serious harm to the other person. In most nations, you cannot be prosecuted for this harm. In the United States, an act of self-defence can only count as self-defence if the victim is in a situation that can cause them serious injury or death. In international law all persons have the right to self-defence.

References

Other websites 
 No Nonsense Self Defense - Reliable information for dangerous situations Articles by Marc MacYoung

Survival skills
1153



Deaths 
 May 24 – King David I of Scotland (born 1084)
 July 8 – Pope Eugenius III
 August 17 – Eustace IV of Boulogne, son of Stephen of England
 August 21 – Bernard of Clairvaux, French churchman (born 1090)
 Ranulph de Gernon, 2nd Earl of Chester
 Gilbert Fitz Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford (born 1115)
 Anna Comnena, Byzantine princess and historian (born 1083)
 Bernard de Tremelay, fourth Grand Master of the Knights Templar, at the siege of Ascalon
1913

1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and a common year starting on a Tuesday in the 13-day slower Julian calendar. It was the 913th year of the 2nd Millennium, 13th year of the 20th Century and the 4th year of the 1910s decade.

Events 
 First and Second Balkan Wars
 Mexican Revolution
 March 4 - Woodrow Wilson becomes the 28th President of the United States, succeeding William Howard Taft.
 March 12 - Building work begins on the new capital city of Canberra in Australia.
 May 29 - Rite of Spring performance in Paris.
 July 10 - A temperature of  is recorded in Death Valley, California.
 October 14 - The Senghenydd colliery disaster in Wales kills 439 people, in the United Kingdom's deadliest mining tragedy.
 November 7 to November 11 - The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 kills over 250 people. Nineteen ships are lost.
 December 12 - The Mona Lisa is recovered in Florence.
 George Herriman's comic strip Krazy Kat is launched in American newspapers

Births 
 January 9 – Richard Nixon, American politician, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994)
 February 4 – Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)
 July 14 – Gerald Ford, American politician, 38th President of the United States (d. 2006)
 September 23 – Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish artist (d. 2007)
 November 7 – Albert Camus, French writer (d. 1960)
 Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan Pakistani social activist and early political leader (d. 2007)

Deaths 
 March 10 – Harriet Tubman, American anti-slavery activist (b. 1820)
 March 31 – J.P. Morgan, American businessperson (banking) (b. 1837)
 April 15 – Gabdulla Tukay, Tatar poet (b. 1886)
 September 30 – Rudolf Diesel, German engineer, invented the Diesel engine (b. 1858)

Nobel Prizes 

 Physiology or Medicine - Charles Robert Richet (French physiologist)
 Physics - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Netherlands)
 Chemistry - Alfred Werner (Switzerland)
 Literature - Rabindranath Tagore (India, then-British India)
 Peace - Henri La Fontaine (Belgium)

References
1469



Events 
 March 20 – The Battle of Nibley Green in England is the last battle fought between the private armies of feudal lords.
 July 26 – War of the Roses – Battle of Edgecote Moor: the House of Lancaster defeats the House of York.
 October 17 – Prince Ferdinand of Aragon weds Princess Isabella of Castile. This event would lead to a unified Spain in 1516.
 Sigismund of Austria sells upper-Elsass (Alsace) to the Charles the Bold in exchange for help in a war against the Swiss.
 Uzun Hassa wins in Persia and defeats Abu Said.
 Lorenzo de' Medici takes power in Florence.
 Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Axayacatl.
 James III of Scotland acquires Orkney and Shetland Islands from Denmark.

Births 
 April 15 – Nanak Dev
 May 3 – Niccolò Machiavelli

Deaths 
 December 2 – Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (b. 1416)
 Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan
Pharaoh

Pharaohs were kings of ancient Egypt. The word comes from the Coptic language word Per-aa, which means "Great House". Pharaohs were believed to be descended from the gods.

The Valley of the Nile had been lived in by early humans for at least 700,000 years. The area has a long history of human civilization, but Egypt as a state begins in about 5660 BC. At this time, the separate kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt were united.

People studying Egyptian history have divided the pharaohs into 31 groupings, called dynasties. These dynasties were usually, but not always, based on a related family group. During the long period of the pharaoh's rule over Egypt, there were times when they did not control the whole country. This means that some dynasties only controlled part of the country, and another dynasty ruled another part at the same time. Also there are not complete records, so there are gaps in the lists of pharaohs, and it can be very difficult to list the rulers in chronological order. The origins of the first pharaohs survive only as legends.

Before the union of Upper and Lower Egypt, kings wore crowns of different design, to show which part of Egypt they ruled. The red crown was worn in Lower Egypt. The white crown was worn in Upper Egypt. Later, kings of the whole of ancient Egypt wore a combination of the two crowns, called a Pschent.

When a pharaoh died, their personal treasure was buried with them; not the treasure of the entire kingdom. The pharaohs were buried in large tombs, the largest and most famous were the Pyramids. Many later pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings. Paintings and writings discovered in these tombs have provided much of our knowledge of the pharaohs. New discoveries, such as that in 2014 of a new dynasty ruled by a previously unknown pharaoh, Senebkay, are changing what we know about ancient Egypt. They were mostly men, but there were women such as Cleopatra and Nefertiti. Pharaohs were considered to be half-man and half-god.

The first pharaoh was Narmer, though he did not use the term. The Egyptians believed their pharaoh was the god Horus. Pharaohs had several wives but only one wife was queen.

Related pages 
 List of pharaohs
 Abydos King List
 Karnak king list
 Palermo Stone
 Turin King List

References
Gilligan's Island

Gilligan's Island is a 1964 American television series. The series is about seven people (two crew members and five tourists) who take a 3-hour sightseeing tour from a marina in Hawaii. This occurs on the boat, S.S. Minnow. An unexpected storm sends the boat to an uncharted island. Now, the passengers of the boat have to live on the island and try to find a way home. Most of the episodes involved the characters trying to survive a problem or trying to contact help.

Castaways
Gilligan (Bob Denver) - Dimwitted sailor; title character; wears trademark hat.
Jonas "The Skipper" Grumby (Alan Hale, Jr.) - The skipper of the boat; calls Gilligan his "little buddy"
Thurston Howell III (Jim Backus) - Eccentric millionaire
"Lovey" Howell (Natalie Shaffer) - Thurston's wife
Ginger Grant (Tina Louise) - A sexy movie actress
Roy "The Professor" Hinkly (Russell Johnson) - High school teacher/inventor
Mary Anne Summers (Dawn Wells) - Kansas farm girl

American sitcoms
1964 television series debuts
1967 television series endings
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Diaper

A diaper (or nappy) is a piece of clothing. It is worn by those who cannot control their urine or feces.

Diapers can be made of cloth (usually cotton) that can be washed and used again. They can also be disposable (put in the garbage after they are used up). Disposable diapers are usually made of plastic or man-made (artificial) fibers and contain chemicals that are  very absorbent.

Diapers that can be washed must be folded in intricate ways (like origami) before being put on. With the disposable you must constantly buy new ones.

Viewed as unpleasant by some, diapers are mostly used by children from birth until the child has learned to use a toilet. They are also used by older people. There are adult diapers for people with medical problems.

In the United Kingdom, Australia and several other countries, a diaper is called a nappy.

Sometimes adults who do not have medical problems also wear diapers.  This can be for different reasons.  Sometimes it is because they have a profession where they cannot always get to a bathroom, like astronauts. Some adults wear diapers for fun. This is usually a form of sexual pleasure, or for emotional reasons.  These people are often called "diaper-lovers" or "adult-babies." The scientific term for liking to wear diapers is "Diaper Fetishists."

Clothing
Mork & Mindy

Mork and Mindy is an American television sitcom which ran from 1978-1982. It stars Robin Williams and Pam Dawber as the title characters. The series was made by Garry Marshall. Comedian Jonathan Winters has a recurring role in the series. Mork and Mindy is a spin-off from Marshall's other popular TV series, Happy Days. The plot of the series is that alien named Mork from a planet called Ork who travels to Earth and becomes friends with a woman named Mindy in Boulder, Colorado.

Other websites 

1978 television series debuts
1982 disestablishments in the United States
1982 television series endings
1970s American television series
1980s American television series
American science fiction television series
American sitcoms
Television series set in Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
Television spin-offs
1978 establishments in the United States
ABC network shows
English-language television programs
1723



Births 
 June 5 – Adam Smith, Scottish economist (baptized that day, exact date of birth unknown) (died 1790)
July 16 – Sir Joshua Reynolds, English painter (died 1792)

 
Years
Oven

Ovens are closed, heated containers which are used for heating, baking, and drying. It is used the most often in cooking and pottery. They provide even, dry heat to all surfaces of food inside them. An indoor oven can have an electric heating element, or be fired by natural gas or coal. Outdoor ovens are often made of brick or clay and are buried in hot coals. An oven which is used for making pottery is called a kiln. An oven used for heating or industrial processes is called a furnace. They are hot inside, and often things come out of them hot.

History 

The people in the settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization were the first to have an oven inside of their mud-brick houses by 3200 B.C.
People who study the history of food give credit to the Greeks for making the baking of bread into an art. A type of oven called Front-loaded bread ovens were created in ancient Greece.

References

Basic English 850 words
Cooking appliances
1806

1806 (MDCCCVII) was .

Events 
 August 6 – The last Holy Roman Emperor quits, ending the Holy Roman Empire
1836



Events 
 The Year without a Summer
 Pepsian discovered.
 Charles Dickens writes and publishes his first book, The Pickwick Papers.
 First railway opens in Australia, a carriage on rails, pushed by convicts at Port Arthur, Tasmania

Deaths
 March 6 – Davy Crockett, American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician (b. 1786)
White

White is a color. White light can be made by putting all the other colors of light on the spectrum together. These other colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

Meaning of white 

White is linked with light, goodness, innocence, purity, cleanliness and virginity. It is sometimes thought to be the color of perfection. The opposite of black, white usually has a positive connotation. White can stand for a successful beginning. In heraldry, white depicts faith and purity. 

In advertising, white is linked with coolness and cleanliness because it is the color of snow. You can use white to show simplicity in high-tech products. White is an appropriate color for charitable organizations; angels are usually imagined wearing white clothes. White is associated with hospitals, doctors, and cleanliness, so you can use white to show safety when promoting medical products. White is often linked with low weight, low-fat food, and dairy products.

Tones of white color comparison chart
 White (Hex: FFFFFF) (RGB: 255, 255, 255)
 Baby Powder (Hex: FEFEFA) (RGB: 254, 254, 250)
 Snow (Hex: FFFAFA) (RGB: 255, 250, 250)
 Ivory (Hex: FFFFF0) (RGB: 255, 255, 240)
 White Smoke (Hex: F5F5F5) (RGB 245, 245, 245)
 Ghost White (Hex: F8F8FF) (RGB 245, 245, 245)
 Gainsboro (Hex: DCDCDC) (RGB: 220, 220, 220)

Related pages
 List of colors

Basic English 850 words
Nigger

Nigger is a racist insult against black people. Like the word "nigga", it can be used in pop culture slang. However, it is mainly used by those who believe that white people are better than everybody else.

The word came from a slang pronunciation of "negro", which is the word for the color black and for black people in Spanish and Portuguese. Before 1865, most black persons in the United States were slaves. During this time, the word "nigger" usually meant a slave. Writers such as Joseph Conrad, Mark Twain, and Charles Dickens used it.

Today, the word is an offensive racial slur in English, and is often thought as hate speech. "Nigger" has become so taboo in the United States that most people do not use the word; instead, they call it the "N-word".

Pop culture 

In the 1980s and 1990s, many hip hop artists used the word “nigger.” One hip hop group called themselves NWA, which stood for “Niggaz Wit Attitudes”. Their 1988 single “Straight Outta Compton” used the word, which made the group and its songs controversial. NWA also used the word “nigga” in a song called “Fuck tha Police,” which talked about violent behavior by the police and being suspicious of, or discriminating against people because of their skin color. Other rappers also used the word. For example, XXXTentacion used it in most of his tracks, including “Bad Vibes Forever” (released in 2019).

References 

Pejoratives
English profanity
Slurs
Biography

A biography is the story of a person's life. The word comes from the Greek words bios (which means life) and graphein (which means write). When the biography is written by the person it is about, it is called an autobiography.

A written biography is a part of literature. Biographies can also be made as movies (often called biopics) or told as stories.

The oldest written biographies that historians have were written to record rulers' lives. Some were written in Assyria, ancient Babylonia, ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia. Biographies were an early form of history. Another early form of biography was called hagiography, meaning writing about holy people.

In ancient China, a biography was one of the basic forms of a history book. In India, biographies of Buddha and his reincarnated lives were written. In ancient Greece, people wrote biographies of people that were not rulers too. Xenophon wrote a biography of Socrates and gave this book the name Memorabilia (Memories). During the Roman Empire, Plutarch wrote Parallel Lives about ancient Greek and Roman politicians, and Suetonius wrote biographies of the Roman emperors. The Gospels were also biographies of Jesus Christ.

In West Africa, griots tell histories which often include biographies. 

Many written biographies today are released by publishers as products for sale.

Related pages
 Autobiography

References 

Genres
Literary terms
Free software

Free software is software (computer program) that anyone may run, share and change, at any time, for any reason. In this case, "free" means "freedom-respecting" (we say "free as in freedom"). The opposite of free software is proprietary software.

In 1984, Richard Stallman started the free software movement when he began the GNU project. Examples of free software are Linux (the kernel), Blender, OpenBSD, Inkscape and others. Wikipedia also uses free software.

Free software and open source 

Free software is very similar, but different from open source software.

People who use the name “free software” think that computers should be more ethical and should try to help people who use computers. They think every human should have four basic rights for their programs. These are the rights to:
 Use programs on their computer how they want.
 Learn how the programs on their computer work.
 Change programs they have on their computer to make them better.
 Give programs they have on their computer to other people.

Free software movement also says that all software should be free (as in freedom). It is because even a very small program that is proprietary can be very dangerous (it can for example spy on the user).

People who use the name “open source” more like the free software rules too, but they aren't so strict and don't say that everything should be open source. They say the rules are good because they help companies make business.

How free software works 
An author who wants to make his computer program free must allow other people to use it for anything (which doesn't break the law), study it, change it and share it without limits. The author does this by using a free license.

The author must not prohibit even selling his program by others or using his program for dangerous things or using it by people he doesn't like. This is not because the author supports bad things, but because he thinks that limiting user's rights is dangerous for them.

Free software and freeware 

The word “free” in “free software” means freedom, not price. People are allowed to sell Free software, but the person who buys the software can change it, give it away or sell it too.

The words “free software” are sometimes used in English to just mean software that can be downloaded without paying money, which is confusing. Sometimes this software lets people make their own copies for other people, however it may not let people do all the things that they can do with real Free software, such as change it or sell it. In this case “free” means “free of charge”. To make the difference more clear, software that does not cost money should be called freeware; it is almost always proprietary software.

References

Related pages
GNU
Free and open-source software
Free Software Foundation
Open source

Other websites 
 Free Software Foundation
 The definition of free software
 Richard Stallman's talk about free software at TEDx
1804



Births 
 July 4 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer (The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, etc.)

Deaths 
 February 12 – Immanuel Kant
 July 12 – Alexander Hamilton
Toddler

A toddler is a very young child who is learning how to use their hands, stand and walk, and also how to communicate with others. 

Most children are toilet trained while they are toddlers.
Even when toddlers can walk, they are often transported in a stroller, buggy, or pushchair when the walk is a long distance or when they're tired. Toddlerhood typically begins after age one and is over by the time the child is 4, but this can differ depending on the child.

Other websites  
 Toddler Weight/Height Calculator 

Children
Ronald McDonald

Ronald McDonald is an American clown character who is a mascot of the McDonald's fast-food restaurant. 
He wears yellow and red stipes and has wacky hair. He lives in McDonaldland, with lots of others including Grimace, the Hamburglar, Birdie the Early Bird, Mayor McCheese, and the Fry Kids.

The clown Michael Polakovs (known in America as Coco the Clown) designed his clothes and make-up. He appeared in the first eight of Ronald's television commercials. The actor Jeff Giuliano played Ronald McDonald for many years on television. Later he became a vegetarian, and was sorry he had spent so much time promoting hamburgers.

Actors 
McDonald's has many actors employed to portray Ronald McDonald in restaurants and events. It is assumed, however, that the company uses only one actor at a time to play the character in television commercials.

This is a list of these main actors:

Willard Scott (Washington, D.C. 1963–1965)
Bev Bergeron (Southern California, 1966–1968)
George Voorhis (Southern California, 1968–1988)
Ray Rayner (1968–1969)
Bob Brandon (1970–1975)
King Moody (1969–1985)
Squire Fridell (1985–1991)
Jack Doepke (1990–1999)
David Hussey (2000–2014)
Brad Lennon (2014–present)

An actor by the name of Joe Maggard stated in an interview of The Guardian in 2014 that he portrayed the Ronald McDonald character from 1995 to 2007. However, It was stated in a 2003 article by The Baltimore Sun that Maggard was only a stand-in actor for one commercial shoot in the mid 90s and stated that "he is definitely not Ronald McDonald", as Jack Doepke and David Hussey were the real current portrayers as Ronald throughout the time period Joe claimed he did. In 1998, he was charged of carrying a weapon in the New Hanover County, N.C., McDonalds and the next year he was convicted in making harassing telephone calls posing as Ronald. The judge ordered him to take anger management classes.

References 

Clowns
Mascots
McDonald's
Bob Marley

Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley (February 6, 1945 - May 11, 1981) was an important Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician in the 1970s and 1980s. He made the style of reggae music very popular all over the world. His music told stories of his home and the Rastafarian religion that he followed. Some songs were about religion and some songs were about politics like Get Up Stand Up.

Bob Marley was born on February 6, 1945 in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica to a black teenager, Cedella Booker, and a white man named Norvall Marley. When he was young, his friends gave him the nickname, "Tuff Gong".  He started his music career in the 1960s with his group the Wailing Wailers (or simply the Wailers), that he formed with two friends, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. In 1962, Bob Marley and the Wailing Wailers recorded their first two songs called "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee".

Bob married Rita Anderson in 1966 and she joined the group as a back-up singer. They had five children together. One is Ziggy Marley, who is also a well-known reggae performer.

In 1974, the Wailers broke up because three of the band members wanted to pursue solo careers. Marley continued calling his band Bob Marley and the Wailers and joined together with new members to continue playing music. In 1975, Bob Marley had his first international hit called "No Woman No Cry". In Jamaica, he is considered a folk hero. Some other hits of his include "Three Little Birds", "Africa Unite", "Buffalo Soldier", and "One Love". His most popular studio album was called Legend, which includes his greatest hits.

Bob Marley died on 11 May 1981, at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami, Florida, of melanoma., He was one of the followers of Rastafarianism

Discography

Studio albums 
 The Wailing Wailers (1965)
 Soul Rebels (1970)
 Soul Revolution (1971)
 The Best of The Wailers (1971)
 Catch a Fire (1973)
 Burnin' (1973)
 Natty Dread (1974)
 Rastaman Vibration (1976)
 Exodus (1977)
 Kaya (1978)
 Survival (1979)
 Uprising (1980)
 Confrontation (1983)

Live albums 
 Live! (1975)
 Babylon by Bus (1978)

References 

Cancer deaths in Florida
Deaths from melanoma
American guitarists
Jamaican singers
Rastafari
Reggae musicians
Jamaican businesspeople
Singers from Delaware
Businesspeople from Wilmington, Delaware
Musicians from Wilmington, Delaware
1945 births
1981 deaths
Former Roman Catholics
Leonardo DiCaprio

Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (; ; born November 11, 1974) is an American actor, movie director, movie producer and writer. He starred in every popular movies, including What's Eating Gilbert Grape, Romeo + Juliet, Titanic, The Man in the Iron Mask, The Beach, Catch Me if You Can, Gangs of New York, The Aviator, The Revenant and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood. His first movie was Critters 3.

In 2016, DiCaprio won his first Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Hugh Glass in The Revenant.

Personal life
DiCaprio was born in Los Angeles. His father, George, is of Italian and German descent, and his mother, Irmelin, is of German and Russian descent.

Filmography

Awards and nominations

Academy Award
 Nominated: Best Supporting Actor, What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1994)
 Nominated: Best Actor,   The Aviator (2004)
 Nominated: Best Actor, Blood Diamond (2006)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Revenant (2016) (Pending)

BAFTA Award
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Aviator (2005)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Departed (2007)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Revenant (2016) (Pending)

Golden Globe Award
 Nominated: Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture, What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1994)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Titanic (1998)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Catch Me If You Can (2003)
 Won: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, The Aviator (2005)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, The Departed (2007)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Blood Diamond (2007)
 Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama, Revolutionary Road (2008)
 Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama, J. Edgar (2011)
 Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture, Django Unchained (2012)
 Won: Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)
 Won: Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama, The Revenant (2016)
 OSCAR AWARD;
 Best male actor, The Revenant (2016)

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! colspan="3" style="background-color: #DAA520;" | National Board of Review Award
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! colspan="3" style="background-color: #DAA520;" | Golden Globe Award
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References

Other websites

 Leonardo DiCaprio Official Website
 Leonardo DiCaprio Official Eco-site
 Leonardo DiCaprio Official MySpace
 Official DiCaprio Environmental Eleventh Hour film site
 
 
 
 leonardo dicaprio biography

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American television actors
American voice actors
Movie producers from California
Movie directors from California
Satellite Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
John Candy

John Candy (October 31, 1950 – March 4, 1994) was a Canadian actor. He is known for his comic roles in many movies and television series.

Filmography 
Class of '44 (1973)
It Seemed Like a Good Idea at the Time (1975)
Tunnel Vision (1976)
The Clown Murders (1976)
Find the Lady (1976)
The Silent Partner (1978)
Lost and Found (1979)
1941 (1979)
Double Negative (1980)
The Blues Brothers (1980)
Stripes (1981)
Heavy Metal (1981) (voice)
It Came From Hollywood (1982) (documentary)
National Lampoon's Vacation (1983)
Going Berserk (1983)
Splash (1984)
The Last Polka (1984)
Brewster's Millions (1985)
Sesame Street presents Follow That Bird (1985)
Summer Rental (1985)
Volunteers (1985)
Tears Are Not Enough (1985) (documentary)
Armed and Dangerous (1986)
Little Shop of Horrors (1986)
Spaceballs (1987)
Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987)
She's Having a Baby (1988) (Cameo)
The Great Outdoors (1988)
Hot to Trot (1988) (voice only)
Who's Harry Crumb? (1989) (also executive producer)
Speed Zone! (1989)
Uncle Buck (1989)
Masters of Menace (1990) (Cameo)
Home Alone (1990)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990) (voice)
Nothing But Trouble (1991)
Career Opportunities (1991)
Only the Lonely (1991)
Delirious (1991)
JFK (1991)
Once Upon A Crime (1992)
Boris and Natasha: The Movie (1992)
Rookie of the Year (uncredited) (1993)
Cool Runnings (1993)
Hostage For A Day (1994)
Wagons East! (1994)
Canadian Bacon (1995)
The Magic 7 (archive footage) (2008)

Other websites 
JohnCandy.com - The home of everything John Candy

All Movie Guide entry for John Candy 
Find-A-Grave profile for John Candy

1950 births
1994 deaths
Actors from Toronto
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Mexico
Comedians from Ontario
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Emmy Award winners
1939

World War II started in this year.

Events 
 May 15 – Nazi Germany opens Ravensbruück concentration camp, the largest Nazi concentration camp for women
 September 1 – The Second World War begins when Nazi Germany invades Poland
 September 17 – The Soviet Union invades Poland
 October 6 – Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union divide and take over Poland
 November 30 – The Winter War begins

Births 
 February 6 – Mike Farrell
 February 14 – John Conn (Scottish-Australian writer)
 March 13 - Neil Sedaka, American singer-songwriter and musician (The Tokens)
 April 2 – Marvin Gaye
 July 1 - Karen Black (d. 2013)
 July 30 - Peter Bogdanovich
 August 3 – Wes Craven
 August 19 - Ginger Baker, English drummer (Cream) (d. 2019)
 September 5 – George Lazenby
 September 18 – Frankie Avalon
 October 27 – John Cleese
 November 13 – Will Ryan (American actor)

Deaths 
 September - Khan Sahib Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, OBE,  British Indian judge and legislator (b. 1877)
 November 12 -Norman Bethune

Movies released 
 Gone with the Wind
 The Wizard of Oz
 Goodbye, Mr. Chips (Best Picture Academy Award)
 The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex

New books 
 Finnegans Wake by James Joyce

Hit songs 
 "Somewhere Over The Rainbow" – by E.Y. Harburg and Harold Arlen, from the movieThe Wizard of Oz; won the Academy Award for the best song.

 

nv:1901 – 1950
Square kilometre

A square kilometer (sometimes written km²) is based on the SI unit of measurement of area, the square meter. It is the area inside a square that has each side equal to 1 kilometer (1000 meters). This way of talking about area is often used to say how much land there is, on a farm or in a city, for example.

One square kilometer is just less than 0.39 square miles.

Units of area
Judge

A judge is a person who is in control of a court of law.

The way to become a judge depends on each country. In some countries, judges must work with the law (often as a lawyer) for a number of years before they can "sit as a judge" in a courthouse.  Judges are supposed to conduct the trial in an open courtroom and impartially.

Juries are used in many English speaking countries, but not for all cases. The modern jury trial first developed in mid-12th century England during the reign of Henry II. Today, the details differ between one country and another.

If there is a jury, the judge has the job of making sure the person taken to court is treated in a fair way. Some courts will have more than one judge. For important decisions about the laws of a country, countries may have a supreme court or high court with many (nine or more) judges in it. In the United States, judges on a supreme court are called justices and are led by a Chief Justice.

In many countries, judges wear special clothes while being in court. Often this is a black robe or cloak. Supreme or High Court judges often wear a red cloak. Judges in some countries also wear a special long wig. They also used to put a piece of black material on their head when they sentenced a person to die.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Law occupations
Guilt (law)

In criminal law, a person is guilty if a court has decided they have done something illegal. If a person has broken a law by stealing, for example, they are guilty of a crime.

A person is guilty if a court says they are. The court has blamed them for doing something wrong. A guilty person is punished. The punishment is called the sentence.

Law
Length

Length is a measurement. A ruler can measure length. The length of something is the distance between two ends of the thing. Short means a small length. Long means much length. Short and long are opposites. For two dimensional things, length is usually the longer side.

Measuring 
 A line has one size measurement. This one measurement is the length. 
 A circle has diameter, the length across, and circumference, the length around. 
 A rectangle has two measurements that show its size. These two measurements are the length and the width of the rectangle. 
 The length and width of a square are the same. 
 A box has three measurements that show its size. These three measurements are the length, the width and the depth or height of the box.

Distance Examples 
 The distance from the front of the bus to the back of the bus is 30 meters. The bus is 30 meters in length. 
 A piece of wood is 10 meters X 10 cm X 15 cm. The piece of wood is 10 meters in length, 10 cm in breadth and 15 cm in height.

Length of Time 
Length also describes time.

Time Example 
John sits down at one o'clock, or 1h. John waits until three o'clock, or 3h. John stands up at three o'clock, or 3h. John was sitting for 2 hours. The length of time John was sitting was two hours.

Physical quantity

de:Längenmaß
Truth

The truth is what is true. It may be everything that is true (reality) or just a part of it (a fact). It may also be a statement that is true: a truth. Things or statements that are not true are untrue or false. True things exist (or have existed); false things do not (or never have).

Aristotle said: "To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true." However, a statement may be about how things once were; this would be a true statement if it is clear that it is not a statement about how things are now. Most often, the tense of the verb will indicate this, but there may be other ways in which the statement is qualified: for example, by saying when the statement was true.

Truth is a noun, and the corresponding adjective is true. The word true also functions as a noun, a verb and an adverb. The English word truth is from Old English tríewþ, tréowþ, trýwþ, Middle English trewþe.

Most of the discussion on truth is about one of two things:
How to find out whether a statement (a proposition or claim) is true
How to find the truth when presented with a particular question or problem
Many philosophers have given opinions on these issues.

Examples 

 It is a truth (true) that a dog is an animal. It is untrue (or false) that a dog is a plant.
 It is a truth that dodos were found on Mauritius (although not throughout the past). It is not true that dodos exist.
 It has never been true that unicorns exist, so it has always been true that unicorns do not exist.

Other words 
Something untrue is false. A half truth is something true mixed with something false, or something partly true with key information omitted.

If the things one says are true, then they are speaking the truth, or speaking truly. Saying something that is untrue can be called a lie, if the person who is saying it knows it is untrue. A person who says something untrue is often called a "liar".

True and false in logic and philosophy 

What is truth? Pontius Pilate (John, 18.38)
True is also one of the two basic values of logic. The other such value is usually called false. In symbols, true is written as , T or 1.

Aristotle was the first to put logic into a formal framework. His version is called propositional logic (see also syllogism and deductive reasoning). Other forms of logic use types of mathematics (mathematical logic) or symbols. Boolean algebra is about things being true and false.

The relationship between verbal claims and external reality is handled by epistemology and the philosophy of science.

Philosophers argue over what makes up truth and how to define and identify truth.

Related pages
 Truth value
 Veritas (mythology)

References

Other websites
Closer to Truth

Basic English 850 words
Logic
Monaco

Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco (French: Principauté de Monaco), is the second smallest country in the world after the Vatican City; approximately 39,000 persons live there. It is near south-eastern France, on the Mediterranean Sea in Western Europe. French is the most common language spoken in Monaco. The Sovereign Prince of Monaco, who is the head of state, is Prince Albert II, whose family has ruled since 1297. The government and the prince share power. Tourism is the main industry. People in Monaco pay no income tax. Monaco is a city-state, because all its territory is urban and built-up.

Monte Carlo, famous for its casino, is in the north-east of the country. Monaco is famous for two car races: the Monte Carlo Rally and the Monaco Grand Prix.

A sovereign and independent state, the Principality of Monaco has borders on its land-ward side with several communes of the French Department of the Alpes-Maritimes; from west to east these are Cap d’Ail, La Turbie, Beausoleil and Roquebrune Cap Martin. Seawards, Monaco faces the Mediterranean.

The population of the Principality consists of 39,102 inhabitants (2019), 5,070 of whom are Monégasques, 12,047 French and 5,000 Italian (according to the last official census in 1990).

Its surface area is 2.02 square kilometres, of which approximately 0.4 were recovered from the sea since 1980.

It lies in a narrow coastal strip which sometimes rises straight upwards with its highest point at 163 metres. Its width varies between 1,050 metres and only 350 metres. Its coastline is 4,100 metre long.

The Principality has only one commune, Monaco, whose limits are the same as those of the state.

Monaco is made of four districts: Monaco-Ville (historic seat of the Principality, on the monolith where the Prince’s Palace stands), Monte-Carlo (the district surrounding its Casino), La Condamine (around Port Hercules), and Fontvielle (the new industrial area built on ground reclaimed from the sea, which constitutes 0.22 square kilometres).

References

 
Italian-speaking countries
French-speaking countries
Current monarchies
Jettingen

Jettingen is a village in the south-west of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
There are 7,657 people living in Jettingen.

Municipalities in Baden-Württemberg
Villages in Baden-Württemberg
Ken Jennings

Kenneth Wayne Jennings III (born May 23, 1974) is the second-highest money earning contestant on the American television game show Jeopardy!.  He won a total of 74 times, earning $2,522,700.  His winning streak lasted from June 2, 2004 through November 30, 2004.  He lost after that time to a player named Nancy Zerg, who lost within a day to Katie Fitzgerald.  He was brought back to appear in the final three games of the show's Ultimate Tournament of Champions. In the tournament, he lost to Brad Rutter, who became the highest money winner on Jeopardy!.

According to the introduction given at the start of the show, Jennings is a "Software Engineer from Salt Lake City, Utah"  His highest one day total was a record $75,000, which was later broken by Roger Craig in 2010.  Jennings is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormon.

In February 2005, Ken started appearing in Cingular commercials as himself.

In October 2008, Jennings appeared on an episode of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?. He won $500,000, making him the highest winner in game show history once again.

In February 2011, Jennings, along with Rutter, competed in the "IBM Challenge" against an artificial intelligence computer named Watson. Jennings placed second, losing to Watson. He won half of a $300,000 prize; with the other half going to charity.

In the spring of 2014, Jennings and Rutter competed in the Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades tournament.  They faced off in the finals alongside Roger Craig.  Rutter won the tournament with the $1,000,000 top prize, reclaiming the game show record from Jennings.

In January 2020, Jennings beat Rutter and James Holzhauer in Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time, claiming the $1,000,000 first place prize.

During Season 37 of Jeopardy!, Jennings became a consulting producer and records video clues.  In January 2021, he became a guest host after the death of longtime host Alex Trebek.  And during the show's 38th Season, Jennings and Mayim Bialik are co-hosting the show after Mike Richards resigned.

References

1974 births
Television game shows
Living people
Jeopardy!
American bloggers