cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Sex work

Carol Leigh first used the terms sex worker and sex work in 1978, to refer to prostitution, and related concepts. By using this new term, Leigh wanted to avoid the negative connotations. Sex work is paid work in the industry, such as prostitution, erotic dancing, and starring in pornographic movies. It does not refer to related illegal activities, such as human trafficking or other non-consensual sex.

It is difficult to say how many sex workers there are. This is because of the stigma of being a sex worker. In addition, most academic work focuses on prostitution, escorts and exotic dancing; there is little research on other forms of sex work.

Gender differences
Interviews with men and women escorts show gender differences in these escorts' experiences. On average, women escorts charged much more than men. Compared to traditional women escorts, women in niche markets charged lower rates. However, this difference in rates did not exist for men escorts. Men escorts reported widespread acceptance in the gay community; they were much more likely to tell about their occupation. This community acceptance is fairly unusual to the gay community and not the experience of many women sex workers. Also, heterosexual men prostitutes are much more likely than heterosexual women prostitutes to entertain same-gender clients because they need to:  most clients are men. In general, there is a greater social expectation for women to engage in emotional labor than there is for men; there are also greater consequences if they do not.

References 

Prostitution
Pravachanasara

Pravachansara is a Jain religion text. It means "the essence of the doctrine".

Chapters and Verses 
It has 275 verses in total. It consists of two books and an appendix. Book I is called "Knowledge" and has 92 verses. Book II is called "Knowable" and has 108 verses. The appendix is called "Conduct" and has 75 verses.

The first and last verse

Book I "Knowledge" 
The first verse of book I is:
Here I pay obeisance to VArdhamana, the saviour, the promulgator of the law, who is saluted by the suras, Asuras and lords  of men, and who has washed off the dirt of destructive Karmas.

The last verse of book I is:
The great souled Sramana, who has put an end to his delusive vision, who is expert in scriptures and who has established himself in conduct free from attachment, is qualified as Dharma.

Book II "Knowlable" 
The first verse of book II is:
The object of knowledge is made up of substances, which are said to be characterised by qualities, and with which,  moreover, are (associated) the modifications; those, who are deluded by modifications, are false believers.

The last verse of book II is:
Therefore, thus realizing the soul as the knower by nature, I give up the notion of mineness and have come to adopt the (notion of) non-attachment.

Appendix "Conduct" 
The first verse of Appendix is:
Having saluted the Siddhas, the foremost great Jinas and the saints have 
 adopted asceticism escape to mistery.

The last verse of Appendix is:
He, who practising the course of duties of a house-holder and of a monk, comprehends this doctrine, realizes, within a short time, the essence of the doctrine (the Self).

Jainism
Religious texts
Palestinian National Authority

The Gaza-Jericho agreement of 1994 established an organisation to rule the Gaza Strip, and parts of the West Bank. This organization was called  Palestinian National Authority (PA or PNA;  ). This followed from the 1993 Oslo Accords for which The Nobel Peace Prize 1994 was awarded jointly to Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin "for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East.".  After the elections in 2006 and the Gaza conflict between the Fatah and Hamas parties it only had control over the areas in the West Bank. Since January 2013, the Fatah-controlled Palestinian Authority uses the name "State of Palestine" on official documents.

References 

Politics of Palestine
Green Party of Pakistan

The Pakistan Green Party is a green democratic Political party in Pakistan. It was founded on April 28, 2002, and since has been active in local politics. Members of the political party are known as the "Pakistan Greens".

References

Political parties in Pakistan
Jus soli

Jus soli (), means "right of the soil". This is often called birthright citizenship. This is the right of anyone born in a country to have nationality or citizenship.

Jus soli was part of the common law. It was different to jus sanguinis, from the Roman law that became part of the civil-law systems of continental Europe. Where it exists, there are often conditions.  For example, some countries deny citizenship to children of foreign diplomats. 

Almost all states in Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania grant citizenship at birth based upon the principle of jus sanguinis (right of blood). Citizenship is inherited through parents not by birthplace. Sometimes it can be a version of jus soli in which citizenship by birthplace is automatic only for the children of certain immigrants.

References

Philosophical concepts
Oriental magpie-robin

The oriental magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis) is a small passerine bird. It was classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae. Now it is considered an Old World flycatcher.

Birds of Asia
National symbols of Bangladesh
Hylarana tytleri

Hylarana tytleri (also known as Theobald's ranid frog, yellow-striped frog, leaf frog, and leaping frog) is a frog species in the family Ranidae. It is found in eastern and northeastern Republic of India, Bangladesh, and southern Nepal, and possibly at lower elevations in Bhutan.

References

Frogs
National symbols of Bangladesh
Keokradong

Keokradong is a peak located in Bandarban District, Bangladesh, with an elevation of 986 metres (3,235 ft). Some sources claim it as the highest point of Bangladesh.

References

Bangladesh
National symbols of Bangladesh
Mountains of Asia
Nikolai Lugansky

Nikolai  Lugansky (; born 26 April 1972) is a Russian pianist.

Early life and education 
Nikolai Lugansky was born on 26 April 1972 in Moscow, Russia, to research scientist parents. When he was 5 years old, before he had learned to read music, he played a Beethoven piano sonata that he learned by ear. He studied piano at the Moscow Central Music School and the Moscow Conservatory. His teachers included Tatiana Kestner, Tatiana Nikolayeva and Sergei Dorensky.

Career 
During the 1980s and early 1990s, Lugansky won prizes at numerous piano competitions, most importantly the Silver Medal at the Tchaikovsky International Piano Competition in 1994 (no first prize was awarded). At the same time he began to make recordings on the Melodiya (USSR) and Vanguard Classics (Netherlands) labels. His performance at the Winners' Gala Concert of the 10th International Tchaikovsky Competition was recorded and released on the Pioneer Classics label, on both CD and video laser disc formats. This was followed by more recordings for Japanese labels. He went on to make recordings for Warner Classics, Erato Records, PENTATONE, Onyx Classics, Deutsche Grammophon, and Naïve Records. In 2018, Lugansky signed an exclusive recording contract with Harmonia Mundi.

Lugansky has performed together with Vadim Repin, Alexander Kniazev, Anna Netrebko, Joshua Bell, Yuri Bashmet, Vadim Rudenko, Mischa Maisky and Leonidas Kavakos, among others.

In addition, Lugansky has played piano concertos with conductors like Riccardo Chailly, Christoph Eschenbach, Vladimir Fedoseyev, Valery Gergiev, Neeme Järvi, Kurt Masur, Mikhail Pletnev, Gennady Rozhdestvensky, Yuri Simonov, Leonard Slatkin, Tugan Sokhiev, Vladimir Spivakov, Evgeny Svetlanov, Yuri Temirkanov and Edo de Waart.

In addition to performing and recording, Lugansky teaches at the Moscow Conservatory.

Personal life 
Lugansky lives in Moscow with his wife and three children.

Awards 

 Competition prizes

 First Prize, All-Union Competition in Tbilisi (1988)
 Silver Medal, 8th International Bach Competition in Leipzig (1988)
 Second Prize, Rachmaninov Competition in Moscow (1990)
 Best pianist, International Summer Academy "Mozarteum" in Salzburg, Austria (1992)
 Silver Medal, 10th International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow (1994)

 Other awards

 Ernest Neizvestny Private Charity Fund Award (1994)
 International Terence Judd Award (1995)
 Diapason d'Or (2000, 2001 and 2002)
 Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik (2003)
 Named "Honoured Citizen of Ivanovka"  in Tambov, Russia (2004)
 Named "Honoured Artist of the Russian Federation" (2005)
 Echo Klassik Award (2005)
 Echo Klassik Award (2007)
 BBC Music Magazine Award (2011)
 Echo Klassik Award (2013)
 People’s Artist of Russia (2013)
 Sergei Rachmaninov International Award (2016)

References

Other websites 

 The Nikolai Lugansky Website
 HarrisonParrott Artist and Project Management
1972 births
Living people
Musicians from Moscow
Sanqingshan

Sanqingshan is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in China. It is based on Mount Sanqing, which is a renowned Taoist sacred mountain.

The mountain is  north of Yushan County in Jiangxi Province, China. It has outstanding scenery. There are three main summits: Yujing, Yushui, and Yuhua, symbolising the Taoist trinity.

Mount Sanqing is a national park of China. It is a famous "honeypot" (place for tourists) and a home of over 2300 species of plants and 400 species of vertebrates. The total area of Mount Sanqing is 229 km². It became a National Geopark in 2005 and a World Heritage Site in 2008.

These granite mountains hold the evidence of a billion years of geological evolution. This includes the evidence of important geological events, such as the amalgamation of the supercontinent Rodinia.

References 

World Heritage Sites in China
Transcriptome

The transcriptome is the set of all RNA molecules in one cell or a population of cells. RNA transcribes the base sequence from DNA by the process called transcription. The term 'transcriptome' is sometimes used to refer to all RNAs, or just mRNA, depending on the particular experiment.

It includes only those RNA molecules found in a particular cell population. It usually includes the amount or concentration of each RNA molecule, and the molecular identities. It differs from the exome: that refers only to the bits of RNA which do code for proteins.

In the human genome, about 5% of all genes get transcribed into RNA.

The transcriptome is coding mRNA (about 1-4% of its entirety) and non-coding RNAs (the rest). Non-coding RNAs do not give rise to proteins. The number of non-protein-coding sequences increases in more complex organisms.

References 

RNA
Exome

The exome is the part of the genome composed of exons. In RNA, introns are removed by RNA splicing. That leaves the sections of the RNA which actually code for the final protein. Exome sequencing is the way researchers find the causes of many inherited diseases.

References 

RNA
DNA damage theory of ageing

The DNA damage theory of ageing is that ageing happens because damage happens in the individual's DNA. The damage accumulates (builds up) even though there are cell mechanisms that repair most of the damage.

Although both mitochondrial and the cell nucleus may have DNA damage, nuclear DNA is the main subject of this analysis.

References 

DNA
Gerontology
List of post towns in the United Kingdom

This is a list of post towns in the United Kingdom and Crown dependencies, sorted by the postcode area (the first part of the outward code of a postcode). For more information, see the post town article.

Footnotes

References
 
 

Postal services in the United Kingdom
List of most luminous stars

This list of most luminous stars is of Milky Way and Magellanic Cloud objects. A few stars in other local group galaxies can be seen in enough detail to work out their the luminosities. The list is more or less complete for stars down to 2,000,000 times the luminosity of the Sun.

Despite their extreme luminosity, many of these stars are too distant to be observed with the naked eye. Stars that are at least sometimes visible to the unaided eye have their apparent magnitude (6.5 or brighter) highlighted in blue.

References 

Astronomy lists
Star clusters
Milky Way
Local galaxies
Determiner

In linguistics, a determiner (abbreviated DET) is a word which adds information to a noun. It gives information about the context of the noun. A determiner may show whether the thing described is definite or indefinite, closer or more distant, singular or plural, etc. 

Common kinds of determiners include definite and indefinite articles (like the English the and a or an), demonstratives (this and that), possessives (my and their), quantifiers (many, few and several),  numerals (three, twenty), and interrogatives (which).

Parts of speech
Grammatical number

Grammatical number is the way numbers and counting are fitted into sentences.

Most languages have ways to express differences of number. 
 That apple on the table is fresh.
 Those two apples on the table are fresh.

Common categories of grammatical number are singular (one) or plural (not one). Some languages, also have a notion of dual, for two, or of paucal, for "a few".

Some languages (like Chinese) do not have the concept of grammatical number, and numbers or other quantifiers are used if necessary. Finally, there may be words that have only one form or are not countable.

Advanced sources 
Greenberg, Joseph H 1972. Numeral classifiers and substantival number: problems in the genesis of a linguistic type. Working Papers on Language Universals 9, Stanford University, pp. 1–39.
Laycock, Henry 2005. Mass nouns, count nouns and non-count nouns. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Elsevier.

References 

Linguistics
E4 (TV channel)

E4 is a television channel that broadcasts in the United Kingdom. The "E" stands for entertainment, It started on 18 January 2001. On 14 December 2009 E4 started a High Definition version of their channel on Sky+ HD. Channel 4 owns E4.

Programmes they have shown
Rude Tube
Made in Chelsea
Tattoo Fixers
New Girl
Brooklyn Nine Nine
The Inbetweeners
PhoneShop
School of Comedy
Tool Academy
Coach Trip
The 100
Rich Kids of Instagram

2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
British television channels
Channel 4
Carroll County, Georgia

Carroll County, Georgia is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. The county's capital is Carrollton. As of 2010, Carroll County had a population of 110,000 people.

Cities and towns
Bowdon
Carrollton
Mount Zion
Roopville
Temple
Villa Rica
Whitesburg

1826 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia (U.S. state) counties
Paulding County, Georgia

Paulding County, Georgia is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. The county's capital is Dallas. As of 2010, Paulding County had a population of 110,000 people.

Cities and towns
Dallas
Hiram
Braswell

Rural communities
New Hope
Yorkville
New Georgia
Nebo
Crossroads
Bentwater
Sudie
Seven Hills

1832 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia (U.S. state) counties
Cobb County, Georgia

Cobb County, Georgia is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. The county's capital is Marietta. As of 2010, Cobb County had a population of 688,000 people.

Cities and towns
 Acworth
 Austell
 Kennesaw
 Marietta
 Powder Springs
 Smyrna
 Fair Oaks
 Mableton
 Vinings

Rural communities

 Austell
 Blackwells
 Chattahoochee Plantation
 Clarkdale
 Cumberland
 Due West
 East Cobb
 Lost Mountain
 Macland
 Mars Hill
 Mount Bethel
 North East Cobb
 Noonday
 Powers Park
 Sandy Plains
 Spring Hill
 Town Center
 Westoak

1832 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia (U.S. state) counties
Dhiraj Choudhury

Dhiraj Choudhury (1 April 1936 – 1 June 2018) was an Indian painter. He had more than eighty exhibitions, including sixteen international painting exhibitions. He was born in Brahmanbaria District, British India (now Bangladesh).

Choudhury died on 1 June 2018 in Kolkata, West Bengal, India at the age of 82.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2018 deaths
Indian painters
Franz M. Wuketits

Franz Manfred Wuketits (5 January 1955 – 6 June 2018) was an Austrian biologist, university teacher and epistemologist.  He has written on epistemology, the history and theory of biology, evolution theory, evolutionary ethics, evolutionary epistemology and sociobiology.

From 1987 till 2004 he was employed at the University of Graz where he taught the philosophy of biology.  He also had guest professorships at several other universities including the Vienna University of Technology (1998–2004) and, in Palma de Majorca, at the University of the Balearic Islands (2006, 2008, 2009, 2010).

References

Other websites
 Franz M. Wuketits: Wo bleibt das "liberale Rasiermesser"? Ein Plädoyer für Aufklärung, Freiheit und Eigenverantwortung (Aufklärung und Kritik 1/1998, S. 34 ff.)
 Franz M. Wuketits: Biologie und Religion: Warum Biologen ihre Nöte mit Gott haben (PDF; 127 kB)

1955 births
2018 deaths
Austrian educators
Austrian scientists
Biologists
People from Burgenland
Per Ahlmark

Per Axel Ahlmark (15 January 1939 – 8 June 2018) was a Swedish politician and writer. He was the leader of the Liberal People's Party from 1975 to 1978. He waz Minister for Employment and Deputy Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978. He was also a member of the Swedish parliament from 1967 to 1978.

Ahlmark died on 8 June 2018 at the age of 79.

References

Other websites

1939 births
2018 deaths
Politicians from Stockholm
Writers from Stockholm
Maria Bueno

Maria Esther Andion Bueno (11 October 1939 – 8 June 2018) was a Brazilian professional tennis player. She played for eleven years in the 1950s and 1960s. She won 19 Grand Slam titles (seven in women's singles, 11 in women's doubles, and one in mixed doubles). That made her the most successful South American female tennis player in history.

Bueno was the year-end number-one ranked female player in 1959 and 1960. She was known for her graceful style of play.

In 1960, Bueno became the first woman to win a calendar-year Grand Slam (all four major tennis tournaments in a year). Three of them were with Darlene Hard. The other was with Christine Truman).

On 8 June 2018, Bueno died from oral cancer and merkel-cell carcinoma at a hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, aged 78.

References

Other websites

1939 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Merkel-cell carcinoma
Deaths from oral cancer
Cancer deaths in Brazil
Tennis players
Brazilian sportspeople
Eunice Gayson

Eunice Gayson (17 March 1928, Croydon, Surrey – 8 June 2018) was an English actress. She was best known for playing Sylvia Trench, James Bond's girlfriend in the first two Bond movies (Dr. No and From Russia with Love). She was the first official Bond girl. Gayson was going to be cast as Miss Moneypenny, but that part went to Lois Maxwell instead. 

Gayson died on 8 June 2018 in London, aged 90.

References

Other websites
 
 Official website of Eunice Gayson

1928 births
2018 deaths
English movie actors
English television actors
Actors from Surrey
Actresses who played Bond girls
Danny Kirwan

Daniel David Kirwan (13 May 1950 – 8 June 2018) was a British Hall of Fame blues rock guitarist and singer-songwriter. He was born in London. His greatest success came with his role as a member of the band Fleetwood Mac between 1968 and 1972.

Kirwan died on 8 June 2018 in London from pneumonia at the age of 68.

References

Other websites

1950 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
British singer-songwriters
British rock guitarists
Blues guitarists
Singers from London
Musicians from London
Writers from London
Liu Yichang

Liu Yichang (; 7 December 1918 – 8 June 2018), or Lau Yee Cheung in Cantonese, was a Hong Kong writer, editor, and publisher. He was born in Shanghai. His best known works are The Drunkard (1963) and Intersection (1993), which is made of two interconnected stories. He was also a prolific columnist who edited 13 newspapers in China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia, and on average wrote 13,000 characters per day.

Liu died on 8 June 2018 at Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital in Chai Wan, Hong Kong of pneumonia, aged 99.

References

1918 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Asian writers
Novelists
Editors
Columnists
Publishers
Fadil Vokrri

Fadil Avdullah Vokrri (23 June 1960 – 9 June 2018) was a Kosovan football administrator and player. He was president of Football Federation of Kosovo from 16 February 2008 until his death on 9 June 2018.

Vokrri scored a total of 121 goals and had 363 club appearances. He began his career at the football club Llap (known then as Lab Podujevo). He moved to Pristina in 1980 and played there until 1986 scoring 55 goals and making 172 appearances.

On 9 June 2018, Vokrri died of cardiac arrest in Pristina, Kosovo at the age of 57.

References

Other websites
Profile  at Football Federation of Kosovo 
Career history at Football Association of Serbia 

1960 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Kosovan people
Footballers
Keith David

Keith David Williams (born June 4, 1956) is an American actor, comedian, and singer. He is best known for his co-starring role as King in Platoon and as Childs alongside Kurt Russell in John Carpenter's The Thing. He also starred in Crash, There's Something About Mary, Barbershop, and Men at Work.

Filmography

References

Other websites
 

Emmy Award winning actors
1956 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Town and Country, Missouri

Town and Country is a suburb in west St. Louis County, Missouri. It has a population of 10,815 as of the 2010 census. Town and Country is located at  (38.631002, −90.471581).

References

Cities in Missouri
Vaginal tumors

Vaginal tumors are tumors that can be found in the vagina. A tumor in the vagina can be cancer (malignant)  but not all tumors in the vagina are cancer. Tumors that are not cancer are called benign tumors. Tumors have many different names. Another name for a tumor is neoplasm. A neoplasm is too much growth of tissue that forms a lump.
If cancer is found in the vagina it most often has spread there from other places in the body. Cancer found in the vagina may have come from the bladder, stomach and intestines. 

A tumor in the vagina can be solid or filled with fluid (or both).

Vaginal cancer is rare. It is an overgrowth of tissue in the vagina. Some benign tumors may turn into cancer.

A vaginal tumor can cause bleeding, pain with sex and feelings of pressure. A tumor in the vagina is often found during a check up and pelvic exam. Doctors may order more tests like an ultrasound, CAT scan and MRI. Doctors will look at a piece of the tumor under a microscope to see what kind of tumor that it is.

Benign vaginal tumors 

Blue nevus
Melanocytic tumor 
Blue mole
Nevus bleu
Melancytic nevus
Leiomyoma 
Fibromyoma
Adenoma 
Squamous papilloma 
Fibroepithelial polyp
Genital wart
Adenomatoid Tumor
Fibroepithelial polyp

Malignant/cancerous vaginal tumors

Yolk sac tumor
Endodermal  sinus tumor
Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor
Ewing's sarcoma|

Vaginal melanoma
Melanocytic tumor|

Carcinosarcoma
Malignant Mullerian Mixed tumors
Metaplastic carcinoma
Sarcoma botryoides
Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma
Ambryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
Leimyosarcoma
Endometrioid stromal sarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma 
Undifferentiated vaginal sarcoma

Genital rhabdomyoma
Deep angiomyoxoma 
Postoperative spindle cell nodule
Vaginal Solitary Fibrous Tumor 
Undifferentiated carcinoma 
Small cell carcinoma 
Carcinoid 
Adenoid basal carcinoma
Adenosquamous carcinoma 
Mucinous adenocarcinoma

Vaginal micropapillomatosis
Endometrioid adenocarcinoma
Mesonephric adenocarcinoma
Clear cell adenocarcinoma
Squamous intraepithelial neoplasia

Condylomata acuminata
Squamous cell carcinoma
Keratinizing, Nonkeratininzing, Basalaoid, Verrucous, Warty
Mesenchymal tumors
Alveolar soft part sarcoma
Mixed epithelial and mesenchymal Tumors 
Malignant mixed Tumors resembling synovial sarcoma
Benign mixed tumors  
Malignant lymphoma
Granulocytic sarcoma
Verrucous carcinoma
Squamotransitional cell carcinoma

Other animals 
Vaginal tumors also can be found in some animals:
 Sarcoma botryoides
 Squamous cell carcinoma
 Condyloma acuminatum
 Squamous intraepithelial neoplasia
 Fibroepithelial polyp
 Clear-cell adenocarcinoma
 Squamous papilloma
 Leiomyoma
 Blue nevus
 Malignant melanoma
 Primitive neuroectodermal tumor
 Yolk sac tumor

Related pages
 Urethral caruncle
 Vaginal cysts
 Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia

Notes

References

Other websites
Vagina, Anatomical Atlases, an Anatomical Digital Library (2018)

Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Douglas County, Georgia

Douglas County, Georgia is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. The county's capital is Douglasvile. As of 2010, Douglas County had a population of 132,000 people.

Cities and towns
Austell (also in Cobb County)
Douglasville
Villa Rica (also in Carroll County)
Lithia Springs

Rural communities

 Anneewakee
 Beulah
 Bill Arp
 Chapel Hill
 Fairplay
 Fouts Mill
 Hannah
 McWhorter
 Phillips Mill
 Tributary
 White City
 Winston

1870 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia (U.S. state) counties
Recover EP

Recover EP is Chvrches's first EP. It was released in 25 March 2013.

Chvrches also made a song called "Recover", It was released in 2013 ans it reached number 91 in the UK Singles Chart.

Track listing

References

2013 albums
Chvrches albums
Barnum Brown

Barnum Brown (February 12, 1873 – February 5, 1963), often called Mr. Bones, was an American field paleontologist. He discovered the first documented remains of Tyrannosaurus rex.<ref>Dingus L. & Norell M.A. 2010. Barnum Brown: the man who discovered Tyrannosaurus rex. </ref> His career that made him one of the most famous fossil hunters working in the late Victorian era and the early 20th century.

He was sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). He was Henry Fairfield Osborn's man in the field. Brown worked the country, bargaining and trading for fossils. Often, he simply sent money to have fossils shipped to the AMNH.

After working a handful of years in Wyoming for AMNH in the late 1890s, Brown led an expedition to the Hell Creek Formation of Southeastern Montana. There, in 1902, he discovered and excavated the first documented remains of Tyrannosaurus rex''.

References 

1873 births
1963 deaths
American paleontologists
Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2008

The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2008 was the sixth edition of the contest. It took place at the "Spyros Kyprianou" Athletic Centre in Lemesos, Cyprus on 22 November 2008, Cypriot broadcaster CyBC  was the host broadcaster for the event. The motto for the contest was  "Fun In The Sun".

Results

Score sheet

12 points
Below is a summary of all 12 points received:

 All countries were given 12 points at the start of voting. This was so no country got nul points.
 When Cyprus got 12 points from Greece the audience was absolutely crazy about it, even though Cyprus were nowhere near winning the contest and Greece and Cyprus regularly gives each other 12 points.

Commentators

  – Gohar Gasparyan (Armenia 1)
  – Denis Kuryan (Belarus 1)
  – André Vermeulen (VRT), Maureen Louys and Jean-Louis Lahaye (RTBF)
  – Elena Rosberg and Georgi Kushvaliev (BNT 1)
  – Kyriakos Pastides (CyBC)
  – Temo Kvirkvelia (GPB)
  – Renia Tsitsibikou and George Amyras (ERT)
  – Darius Užkuraitis (LRT)
  – Ivona Bogoevska (MTV 1)
  – Valerie Vella (TVM)
  – Sipke Jan Bousema (AVRO)
  – Ioana Isopecu and Alexandru Nagy (TVR)
  – Olga Shelest
  – Duška Vučinić-Lučić (RTS 2)
  – Timur Miroshnychenko (NTU)

References

Other websites 
 

2008 in Europe
2008 in music
Cyprus
Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014

The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014 was the twelfth edition of the contest. It took place at the Malta Shipbuilding, Marsa, Malta on 15 November 2014, Maltese broadcaster PBS was the host broadcaster for the event. The motto for the contest was  "#Together".

Results

Score sheet

12 points 

 All countries were given 12 points at the start of voting. This was so no country got nul points.

Commentators
Most countries sent commentators to Malta, while others commentated from their own country

Countries that took part in the content 

 – Avet Barseghyan (Armenia 1)
 – Anatoliy Lipetskiy (Belarus 1 and Belarus 24)
 – Georgy Kushvaliev and Elena Rosberg (BNT 1 and BNT HD)
 – Ivan Planinić and Aljoša Šerić (HRT 2)
 – Kyriacos Pastides (CyBC 2 and CyBC HD)
 – Mero Chikashvili & Temo Kvirkvelia (GPB 1TV)
 – Simone Lijoi and Antonella Clerici (Rai Gulp)
 – Daniel Chircop (TVM)
 – Dražen Bauković & Tamara Ivanković (TVCG 2)
 – Jan Smit (NPO 3)
 – Olga Shelest and Alexander Gurevich (Karousel)
 – Lia Fiorio and Gilberto Gattei (SMRTV)
 – Silvana Grujić (RTS 2)
 – Bernarda Žarn (TV SLO 1)
 – Edward af Sillén and Ylva Hällen (SVT Barnkanalen)
 – Timur Miroshnychenko (Pershyi Natsionalnyi)

Countries that didn't take part in the content

 – Victor Barrera (Radio WU)
 – Georgia McCarthy and Andre Nookadu (SBS2)
 – Ewan Spence (92.5 Phoenix FM)
 – Ewan Spence (World FM)
 – Ewan Spence (247 Music Radio)
 – Ewan Spence (103 The Eye, K107, Oystermouth Radio, Radio Six International and Shore Radio)
 – Ewan Spence (KCGW (Williams Life Radio); and WXDR (Delgado’s Dolphin Radio))

References

Other websites 
 

2014 in Europe
2014 in music
Malta
Junior Eurovision Song Contest
November events
Matt Rosendale

Matthew Martin Rosendale (born July 7, 1960) is an American politician. He is a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Montana since 2021. He was the Montana State Auditor from 2017 until 2021. Rosendale was state senator from 2013 to 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party.

Rosendale was born in Baltimore, Maryland. Rosendale studied at Chesapeake College. Rosendale served in the Montana House of Representatives.

In July 2017, Rosendale announced his candidacy for U.S. Senate. He won the Republican nomination, but lost the general election by less than 2% to Democratic incumbent Jon Tester in November 2018.

In 2020, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives, replacing Greg Gianforte.

References

Other websites
Montana State Auditor, Securities and Insurance Commissioner
Rosendale for U.S. Senate

1960 births
Living people
United States representatives from Montana
State legislators of the United States
US Republican Party politicians
Politicians from Baltimore
Eluanbi Lighthouse

Eluanbi Lighthouse () is a lighthouse in Kenting National Park, Taiwan. It is on Cape Eluanbi, which is the southernmost place in Taiwan. Cape Eluanbi is in Pingtung County. The lighthouse is managed by the Customs Administration of the Ministry of Finance. The lighthouse is built between the Pacific Ocean and the Taiwan Strait and it faces toward the Luzon Strait. The lighthouse is open to the public for the whole year. The lighthouse is sometimes called "The Light of East Asia", because its intensity is very powerful.

History
Eluanbi Lighthouse was built in 1883. It was built by the Qing Dynasty. It was built because a lot of accidents happened in this area. Ships crashed into the reefs in the waters nearby. The Qing Dynasty wanted to prevent accidents like the Rover Incident. W. F. Spindey, who was an English architect that was part of the Royal Geographical Society was hired to build this lighthouse. The lighthouse is the only one in Taiwan that is armed. It has a trench around it and a lot of gun holes in the wall. This was needed because many of the local Aboriginal people raided the lighthouse a lot.

After the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Taiwan became a part of the Empire of Japan. Damage on the lighthouse from the First Sino-Japanese War was fixed in 1898 by the Japanese. In World War II, the lighthouse became damaged again during the Aerial Battle of Taiwan-Okinawa.

The lighthouse was rebuilt in 1962. It still works and is a historical monument in Kenting National Park. Next to the lighthouse there is also a memorial of the "Taiwan Eight Magnificent Sceneries".

References

 Su-fang Li, "The Lighthouses in Taiwan", Yuan-zu Culture Publ. Inc., Taipei county, Taiwan, 2002, pp. 126–131.  
 Lun-hui Yue, "Ocean Navigator-The Fair of Taiwan Lighthouses", Kaohsiung History Museum, Kaohsiung, 2000, pp. 83–86.  
 Customs, Ministry of Finance of Taiwan, "The Concise History of the Republic of China Customs", Taipei, 1998.

Other websites
 Kenting National Park (Taiwan)  
 Eluanbi Lighthouse-Directorate General of Customs (Taiwan)  
 Eluanbi Lighthouse (Taiwan) 
 Maritime and Port Bureau MOTC

1882 establishments
Lighthouses
Buildings and structures in Taiwan
Tour guide

A tour guide (also known as tourist guide in Europe) is a person who gives information about a place or a place's history to "tourists" (people who are traveling for fun). Some tour guides can talk in the language of the tourist. In some countries a tour guide needs a license and wears a badge.

References

Occupations
Tourism
Charles Horioka

Charles Yuji Horioka (born September 7, 1956 in Boston, Massachusetts) is a Japanese-American economist. He lives in Japan.  Horioka earned his B.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University. Now he is Research Professor at the Asian Growth Research Institute in Kitakyushu City, Japan.  He has taught at Stanford, Columbia, Kyoto, and Osaka Universities. Recently, he was Vea Family Professor of Technology and Evolutionary Economics Centennial at the University of the Philippines, Diliman, from 2013 until 2014.  He is also a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). He was Co-Editor of the International Economic Review until 2013.

He mainly studies macroeconomics, household and family economics, the Japanese economy, and other Asian economies. He has written many academic articles about consumption, saving, and bequest behavior and parent-child relations in Japan, the United States, China, India, Korea, and Asia.

He wrote an article with Martin Feldstein called "Domestic Saving and International Capital Flows." Economic Journal published it in 1980. Horioka showed a positive correlation between long-term savings and investment rates across countries.  This is called the Feldstein–Horioka puzzle. The article is a reference for many other articles in international finance.  

In 2001, Horioka won the Seventh Japanese Economic Association Nakahara Prize.

References
 Biographic Notes  – Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University
 Saving and Investment in the Long Run

 

1956 births
Harvard University alumni
Living people
Japanese economists
American economists
Philippine National Railways

The Philippine National Railways (abbreviated as PNR), is a railway system in the Philippines, which is under the Department of Transportation (DOTr) as an associated agency. The present form of PNR was established in 1984. It currently runs 479 kilometers of the railway on the island of Luzon.

Notes
 Inter-city services have been suspended since 2014 and freight since 1971. The Manila-Clark Railway will be the first intercity service since the discontinuation of the Bicol Express in September 2014. Construction of the line shall commence by late 2017. There are also plans to revitalize to freight service. See Freight revival for more information.

References

Establishments in the Philippines
1890s establishments in Asia
1892 establishments
Rail transport in Asia
Transport in the Philippines
Metro Manila
Tisha b'av

Tisha b'av is a fast day in Judaism. On this day multiple disasters happened, mainly the destruction of the First Temple and the Second Temple.

Jewish festivals and holidays
Insertion sort

In computer science, insertion sort is a method of sorting data, such as numbers, one item at a time. It is not a very efficient method compared to other algorithms such as quicksort. However, it is a very simple algorithm that is easy to build.

Think about the sequence of numbers in the picture below. It starts with a small number (written as ≤x), then a big number (≥x) and then a medium sized number (written as x). If this had specific numbers, it might start with 2 (small), 10 (big), 4 (medium). The number 10 is bigger than the number 4. So if the sequence were in order from smallest to biggest, it should start with 2, 4, 10. So the second and third numbers should be swapped. So, in the example below, the sequence should start with ≤x, x, ≥x. 

When the sequence it sorted, the medium number is moved in between the small (≤x) and big (≥x) numbers. So the sequence becomes:

Searching and sorting algorithms
Jānis Bojārs

Jānis Bojārs (12 May 1956 – 5 June 2018) was a Latvian shot putter. He was best known for winning the silver medal for the Soviet Union in the men's shot put event at the 1982 European Championships in Athens, Greece. He set his personal best (21.74 m) on 14 July 1984 at a meet in Riga.

Bojārs died on 5 June 2018 at the age of 62.

References 

1956 births
2018 deaths
Latvian sportspeople
Daugavpils

Daugavpils (;  ;  ) is a city in southeastern Latvia. It is on the banks of the Daugava River, from which the city gets its name. Daugavpils literally means "Daugava Castle". It is the second largest city in the country after the capital Riga.

References

Cities in Latvia
Establishments in Latvia
1270s establishments in Europe
1275
Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre

Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre is a commune. It is in the Meuse department in Grand Est in northeast France.

History 
Nobody has lived here since the end of the Battle of Verdun in 1916. The official population is zero. Nobody lives in these places either: Bezonvaux, Beaumont-en-Verdunois, Haumont-près-Samogneux, Cumières-le-Mort-Homme and Fleury-devant-Douaumont.

During the war, the town was completely destroyed. The land was so badly damaged that it was hard to live there. So, the commune was not rebuilt. The site of the commune is kept as it was to show the violence of war. It is officially named a "village that died for France." A municipal council of three members manages the commune. The council members are appointed by the prefect of the Meuse department.

Related pages 

 Communes of the Meuse department

Communes in Meuse
Haumont-près-Samogneux

Haumont-près-Samogneux is a commune. It is in the Meuse department in Grand Est in northeast France.

History 
Nobody has lived here since the end of the Battle of Verdun in 1916. The official population is zero. Nobody lives in these places either: Bezonvaux, Beaumont-en-Verdunois, Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre, Cumières-le-Mort-Homme and Fleury-devant-Douaumont.

During the war, the town was completely destroyed. The land was so badly damaged that it was hard to live there. So, the commune was not rebuilt. The site of the commune is kept as it was to show the violence of war. It is officially named a "village that died for France." A municipal council of three members manages the commune. The council members are appointed by the prefect of the Meuse department.

Related pages 

 Communes of the Meuse department

Communes in Meuse
Richard Biggs

Richard James Biggs II (March 18, 1960 – May 22, 2004) was an American television and stage actor. He was known for his roles on the television series Days of Our Lives and Babylon 5.

Biggs collapsed at his home in Los Angeles, and died at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center of complications stemming from aortic dissection on May 22, 2004.

References

Other websites 
 

1960 births
2004 deaths
African American actors
American television actors
Actors from Columbus, Ohio
Deaths from aortic dissection
Disease-related deaths in California
Parahenodus

Parahenodus is an extinct henodontidae placodont only known from a skull, described in 2018. The skull, named and described as Parahenodus atancensis, was discovered in Upper Triassic rock in Spain. It was the sister taxon to Henodus.

References

Sauropterygia
Fossil taxa described in 2018
Marine reptiles
2019 UEFA Europa League Final

The 2019 UEFA Europa League Final will be the last match of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League of the 48th season of Europe's secondary club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 10th season since it was renamed from the UEFA Cup to the UEFA Europa League. It will be played at the Olympic Stadium in Baku, Azerbaijan on 29 May 2019.

Chelsea won the final 4–1 for their second UEFA Europa League title. As winners, they will play against the winners of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League in the 2019 UEFA Super Cup. Chelsea have already qualified for the Champions League group stage through their league performance, the group stage berth reserved for the Europa League winners was given to the third-placed team of the 2018–19 Ligue 1, Lyon, as Ligue 1 was the 5th-ranked association according to next season's access list.

Starting from this season, the Europa League final was played in the same week as the Champions League final. In March 2018, UEFA announced that a fourth substitution will be allowed in extra time and that the number of substitutes has been increased from 7 to 12. The kick-off time has also been changed from 20:45 CEST to 21:00 CEST. The match was also the first fixture (and final) of the Europa League to use the video assistant referee (VAR) system.

Road to the final

Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).

Match

Details
The "home" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the quarter-final and semi-final draws, which was held on 15 March 2019 at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.

Statistics

Related pages
 2019 UEFA Champions League Final
 2019 UEFA Super Cup

References

Other websites
 UEFA Europa League (official website)

Final
Desert ecology

In deserts, there is very little vegetation. Depending on the type of desert, the climate may be very dry, or very hot. Desert ecology is about studying ecology in desert-like climates. Many of the organisms that live there have adapted, to be able to cope with these conditions. 

Subfields of ecology
1985 United States-Canada tornado outbreak

The 1985 United States-Canada tornado outbreak occurred in the United States and Canada on May 31, 1985. In the United States, tornadoes struck the states of Ohio, Pennyslvania, and New York, and in Canada it struck in the province of Ontario. It was the largest and most intense tornado to hit this region and the worst tornado outbreak in Ohio and Pennyslvania history.

United States

Niles, Ohio/Wheatland, Pennyslvania 
The most intense tornado moved through Niles, Ohio and Wheatland, Pennyslvania and was an F5. The tornado killed 18 people and injured 310, and this remains the only F5 to strike Pennyslvania and was the most violent tornado in the United States in 1985.

The Niles, Ohio/Wheatland, Pennyslvania tornado began around 6:30 p.m. and gathered strength as it headed towards Newton Falls, Ohio, producing F3 and F4 damage to the town. No deaths or injuries were reported in Newton Falls due to all residents taking shelter. Homes were also destroyed in Lordstown. It became an F5 later as it moved into Niles. Hundreds of homes in Niles were destroyed with the local shopping center leveled and several deaths occurred at the location. The tornado then crossed the state line into Pennyslvania, regaining its strength. 95% of the buildings in Wheatland were destroyed. The tornado weakened slightly as it moved towards Hermitage. 71 homes suffered damage or were destroyed. The tornado then destroyed homes in the Greenfield area before dissipating.

Later on tornadoes broke out in southern New York, nobody was killed in the state but 20 people were injured in New York state.

Canada 
The tornado action moved into southeastern Ontario producing 5 tornadoes between 5:40 p.m. and 6:35 p.m. Eastern Time. The tornadoes ranged from F1-F3 intensity.

At the same time the Lion's Head, Ontario tornado dissipated, severe thunderstorms developed one to the east of Clinton, Ontario and another in Walkerton, Ontario area. The power was shut off in Barrie, Ontario at 4:00 p.m., as the tornado took out the local transformers. 5 people were killed in the area, including a mother and son who were killed when their home was leveled.

Death toll 
In total, 41 tornadoes touched down between 3 p.m. on May 31 and 12 a.m. on June 1, killing 90 people in total across the United States and Canada, with the most deadly tornado happening in the evening hours across Ohio and Pennyslvania. The tornado that struck Niles, Ohio was the deadliest tornado in Ohio since the Xenia tornado in 1974. The outbreak was the worst tornado outbreak in the United States since the 1974 Super Outbreak. It was also the third costliest in history, with $980 million in damage in Ohio, Pennyslvania, New York, and Ontario.

1985 in the United States
1985 in Canada
Tornadoes in Canada
Tornadoes in the United States
Monosemy

Monosemy is when the words in a language each have only one meaning.  Most natural human languages are polysemous: words each have more than one meaning.  The constructed languages Lojban and Loglan were created to be monosemous.  Monosemy is helpful for machine translation.

Linguistics
Razan al-Najjar

Razan Ashraf Abdul Qadir al-Najjar (11 September 1996 – 1 June 2018) was a Palestinian nurse. She volunteered in the Gaza health ministry. She was a resident of Khuzaa, a village near the border with Israel. She was born in Khuza'a, Khan Yunis. 

Her formal training after volunteering was as a paramedic in Khan Younis at Nasser Hospital and she became an active member of the Palestinian Medical Relief Society, a non-governmental health organization. She wore the white coat of the medics and a medics vest with bandages, and was attending those wounded during protests at the border fence between Gaza and Israel during Ramadan.

al-Najjar was fatally shot in the chest by an Israeli soldier as she, with her arms raised to show she was unarmed, tried to help evacuate the wounded near Israel's border fence with Gaza. She was 21 years old.

References

1996 births
2018 deaths
Murders by firearm
Activists
Palestinian people
Karl Fritz Lauer

Karl Fritz Lauer (April 11, 1938 – June 5, 2018) was a Romanian-German Agricultural Scientist in Phytopathology and Herbology. He was born in Săcălaz (German Sackelhausen), Kingdom of Romania. After relocation to the German Federal Republic in 1981 he first worked as a scientist at the Botanical Institute of the University of Regensburg before taking over the management of the scientific field research for southern Germany for Rhône-Poulenc from 1983 to 1995.

Lauer died in Leonberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany on June 5, 2018 at the age of 80.

References

1938 births
2018 deaths
Romanian people
German educators
German scientists
Mateja Matevski

Mateja Matevski (13 March 1929 – 6 June 2018) was a Macedonian poet, literary and theater critic, essayist, and translator. 

Matevski was the editor of the literary journals "Mlada literatura" Association.  He was also been the president of the Council of the Struga Poetry Evenings Festival, "Racinovi sredbi".  He was a corresponding member of the North-American Academy in the Spanish language. Matevski was a member of the Bjornstjerne Bjornson Academy in Molde, Norway.

Matevski died on 6 June 2018 in Skopje, Macedonia, aged 89. His funeral was held at the Butel City Cemetery in Skopje.

References

1929 births
2018 deaths
Turkish writers
Poets
Critics
Essayists
People from Istanbul