cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Pioneer movement

Pioneer movements are movements for children and adolescents. They were founded in countries where there is a Communist party. Many of the ideas are taken from the scout movement.
In most socialist countries, people can choose if they want to be members of the pioneer movement or not. There are many differences between a pioneer movement, and the scout movement. Scout movements are independent of governments. They are also not controlled by the state. For example, there were no separate organizations for boys and girls. During the time of the USSR, thousands of Young Pioneer camps and Young Pioneer Palaces were built. These could only be used by Young Pioneers. The camps and palaces were also free of charge, it did not cost any money to use them. The government and trade unions sponsored them. There were many newspapers and magazines published for Young Pioneers. Some sold millions of copies.

Certain features, however, are similar to the Scout movement. The two movements share some principles like preparedness and promotion of sports and outdoor skills. The pioneer movement also includes teaching of communist principles. Opponents of Communist states claim that this is a form of indoctrination.

A member of the movement is known as a pioneer, and a scarf – typically red, but sometimes light blue – is the traditional item of clothing worn by a pioneer. The pioneer organization is often named after a famous party member that is considered a suitable role model for young communists. 

In the USSR it was Lenin; in East Germany, it was Ernst Thälmann. The Thälmann pioneers were taught the slogan "Ernst Thälmann is my role model. We wear our red scarf with pride."Albania, which had severed diplomatic relations with the USSR since 1961, also had a certain variant of Pioneer organization, called Pioneers of Enver, named after the communist ruler of Albania, Enver Hoxha.

Today, the following countries have pioneer movements:
Belarus (Belarusian Republican Pioneer Organization)
Belgium (Pioneers of the Workers Party of Belgium)
People's Republic of China (Young Pioneers of China)
Cuba (José Martí Pioneer Organization) Established in 1961; in 2001 it was elected to the Global 500 Roll of Honour of the United Nations Environment Programme for its environmental activities.
Cyprus (EDON)
Finland (Democratic Union of Finnish Pioneers)
The Czech Republic – Nowadays Pionýr is a non-political organisation organizing leisure time for children, part of the IFM-SEI.
North Korea (Young Pioneer Corps)
Russia
Spain (Pioneers of the Communist Party of the Basque Homelands)
Tajikistan (King Somoni Inheritance)
Syria (Baath Party Pioneers)
Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh Young Pioneers, established on May 15, 1941)

Older children could continue in other communist organizations, but that would typically be done only by a limited number of people.

Related pages
Scout movement

References

Other websites

 Pioneers (Belgium) 
 Rules of Thälmann Pioneers (GDR)
 Young Pioneers (People's Republic of China)
 Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union (Vietnam)  

Communism
Youth organizations
Knoppix

Knoppix, or KNOPPIX, is a Linux distribution based on Debian designed to be started directly from a CD / DVD. Knoppix is one of the best-known LiveDistros. It was developed by Linux consultant Klaus Knopper. When starting a program it is loaded from the optical disc and decompressed into a RAM drive. The decompression is transparent and on-the-fly.

Related pages
List of Linux distributions

References 

 
Debian-based Linux distributions
Clavicle

The clavicle is a long bone that is part of the shoulder. It connects the arm to the main part of the body. It is a support for the scapula bone and helps the arm to hang freely. This allows the arm to have a lot of movement. The clavicle is made from sponge-like bone, called cancellous bone, and is covered with a hard shell of bone. Most mammals and many other land vertebrates have clavicles.

Other websites 
 Image of the clavicle

Bones
Torso
Emergency contraception

Emergency contraception is a form of contraception that can be taken by the woman after sex. Emergency contraception can not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. Emergency contraception may prevent a pregnancy. The drugs that are used for emergency contraception are based on hormones. 

Emergency contraception needs to be applied soon after the unprotected sex. If it is not applied within about 3 days (72 hours) after the event, it will no longer help to prevent pregnancy. The sooner the drug is taken after unprotected sex, the more effective it is.

The drugs work by either:
 Stopping or delaying ovulation, the ovaries from releasing an egg or ovum;
 Preventing sperm from fertilising any egg already released; or
 Stopping a fertilised egg from attaching itself to the lining of the womb.

It is estimated that these drugs may prevent 85% of expected pregnancies.

The drugs will not work if the woman is already pregnant.  The drugs will also not work for preventing pregnancy from unprotected sex again in the same menstrual cycle.

Emergency contraception is illegal in some countries and for some circumstances (for example, outside the context of rape). Often the drugs are available in pharmacies. In some countries, the affected person needs to talk to a healthcare professional (a doctor or a pharmacist). After this counseling, the drugs can be obtained.

Note that this is different from pills containing Mifepristone, which are taken during the pregnancy, as a form of abortion.

Related pages
 Rape
 Contraception

References

Other websites 
 WHO Factsheet on Emergency contraception
 The Emergency Contraception Website (not-2-late.com)  – by the Office of Population Research at Princeton University and the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals	
 International Consortium for Emergency Contraception	
 Go 2 EC  – Emergency Contraception News
 The Morning-After Pill Conspiracy – A United States group whose goal is to have Plan B available over the counter (not just behind pharmacy counters) to women of all ages.
 Emergency contraception  by the Adolescent Medecine Committee, Canadian Pediatric Society (CPS), Paediatrics and Child Health ACSA-CAAH

Human sexuality

ja:避妊#緊急避妊
Reason

Reason or reasoning is a way of thinking that uses logic and facts.  People can use reason to decide what is true or best.  It is different from obeying tradition or emotions to decide what things are best or true.  In common English, it is using your head instead of your heart.  

Reason has been an important part of philosophy since Ancient Greece.  Many philosophers have thought about what reason is, and how to think using reason (Logic). Also, they have thought if religious thinking and faith are ways of reasoning, what we can know if we only use reason (Epistemology), and if animals or computers can think using reason. 

Philosophy
Paul Kruger

Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (or just Paul Kruger) (10 October 1825–14 July 1904) was the president of the South African Republic (sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Transvaal) from 1883 to 1900. He became famous for leading the Boers against the British at the time of the Second Boer War.

Early life 
Kruger grew up on his grandfather's farm. He worked as a commando (a soldier defending farms), and became a respected leader.

First Boer War 
In 1877 the British Army took control of Transvaal, and Kruger became the leader of the resistance (the people who wanted to fight British control). On 30 December 1880, the government of the South African Republic (Transvaal) elected (chose) him to be president. In 1881 Kruger negotiated (talked with the enemy) to agree the peace.
Kruger travelled to Europe, where many people respected him.

Second Boer War 
The Second Boer War began in 1899, and Kruger had to escape to Europe in October 1900. He moved to Clarens in Switzerland, where he died in 1904. People took his body back to South Africa and buried him in Church Street Cemetery in Pretoria

References 

1825 births
1904 deaths
Afrikaner people
People of the Boer Wars
Presidents (government)
South African military people
South African politicians
Bridgeview, Illinois

Bridgeview is a village in Illinois in the United States.  It is the home of the Major League Soccer team the Chicago Fire.

Bridgeview
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
1947 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in Illinois
Xfce

Xfce () is a free software desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms, such as Linux, Solaris and BSD. It is made to be fast and lightweight, while still looking nice and easy to use.

The current version, 4.12, is modular and reusable. It is based on the GTK+ 2 toolkit (formerly used in GNOME). It uses the Xfwm window manager, described below. Its configuration is entirely mouse-driven, and the configuration files are hidden from the casual user.

History 
Olivier Fourdan started the project in 1996. The name "Xfce" originally stood for "XForms Common Environment", but after that Xfce has been rewritten twice and no longer uses that toolkit. The name survived, but it is no longer capitalized as "XFCE", but rather as "Xfce".

Xfwm 
Starting with version 4.2, the window manager of Xfce, Xfwm, integrates its own compositing manager. Other compositing managers exist, but have been very unstable, and Xfce was the first to put its own compositing manager into the window manager. At its beginning, many users called it the most stable one available, though at the time, in late 2004, xcompmgr was the only other compositing manager available.

Prevalence
While not as common in Linux distributions as the KDE and GNOME desktop environments, there are still some distributions where Xfce is the default desktop environment, and most support it as an optional part.

These distributions include Xfce in their default environment:
 ALTLinux 4.0 Lite (CD)
 Archie
 Debian Xfce CD
 Dreamlinux
 dyne:bolic
 Fedora Xfce Spin
 FreeSBIE (FreeBSD LiveCD)
 Gentoo Linux 2008.0 installation
 KateOS
 Linux Mint Xfce
 Mythbuntu
 Myah OS
 SAM Linux
 Slackware
 SLAX Popcorn Edition
 VectorLinux Standard Edition
 Wolvix
 Xubuntu
 Zenwalk Linux
 Gentoo Linux for the PlayStation 3

References

Other websites 

Xfce website

Desktop Environments
Jammu region

Jammu Region () is one of the three regions comprising Kashmir's southernmost area of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu division borders Vale of Kashmir, the disputed part of the state, to the north, Ladakh region to the east, and Himachal Pradesh to the south. Sandwiched between the Vale of Kashmir to the north and the Daman Koh Plains to the south, the Margalla hills range of the foothills of the Himalayas which comprises most of the disputed region in Jammu. The Pir Panjal Range, the Trikuta Hills and the low-lying Tawi River of the branch Chenab River basin add beauty and diversity to the terrain of Jammu.

Jammu, the winter capital of the maharajas and second largest city in the territory, was traditionally the seat of Dogra power. Of the total population of Jammu, more than two-thirds are classed as Dogra Hindus. Of these, the greater number live in the southeastern portion of the state. Culturally, ethnically, and linguistically, they are closely related to the Punjabi-speaking peoples in Punjab region of India and Pakistan. Majority speaks the Dogri language. The majority of the state’s Sikhs also live in the Jammu region. To the north-west, however, the proportion of Muslims increases, with Muslims making up a dominant majority in the area around the western town of Poonch District.

Demographics of Jammu Division

Jammu is the only region in the state (Jammu & Kashmir) that has a Hindu majority population. About 64% of its Jammu's population practices Hinduism while 31% practices Islam. Although Islam and Sikhism enjoy a very strong cultural heritage with neighbouring Punjab (Pakistan) in the wider region. Most Hindus are either Dogras or people who migrated from Kotli, Mirpur, and the Kashmir Valley. The Sikhs are of Punjabi descent. Jammu is now well connected with the rest of India by rail, road and air, making it far better connected than the rest of the regions in the state through Gurdaspur District.

References
Linux Mint

Linux Mint is a Linux distribution for desktop computers based on and compatible with Debian or Ubuntu.

While at the core Linux Mint is mostly based on Ubuntu, the design of the desktop and User interface are very different. These differences include a very unique desktop theme, a custom Linux Mint menu and the MintTools, a collection of system tools designed to make managing the computer easier for users.

Releases 
Originally, Linux Mint did not follow a predictable release cycle. The project first defined the goals for the next release, and when all the goals are achieved a beta is released and a date is announced for the stable release. Recently however, it has been decided that Linux Mint will be with the 6 month Ubuntu release cycle.

Comparison with Ubuntu 
Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu and both distributions have a lot in common.  Both distributions use the same software repositories. For instance, release 2.2 (“Bianca”) uses the package pools of Ubuntu “Edgy Eft” (6.10). Most packages are the same on both distributions and the two systems behave almost identically.

Most differences are on the desktop. Ubuntu and Linux Mint both focus on usability, but Linux Mint offers a different user experience, and it includes a number of applications that are not available in Ubuntu (see aforementioned Mint Tools).

Many popular multimedia codecs are installed by default in Linux Mint. Ubuntu, and many other gratis GNU/Linux distributions, do not distribute these codecs with the initial install media due to patent encumberment issues.

Ubuntu has a vastly larger support community than Linux Mint. However, the majority of Ubuntu help and advice is also applicable to Linux Mint. Ubuntu supports more languages from the Live CD, and comes with better localization.

Related pages
 Getdeb
 Super OS (formerly: Super Ubuntu)

References

Other websites 
 Official Linux Mint Web Site
 Official Linux Mint Wiki 
 Official Linux Mint Blog
 Official Linux Mint Forum
 Linux Mint on Distrowatch

Ubuntu (operating system) derivatives
Dilong (dinosaur)

Dilong ('emperor dragon') is a genus of small carnivorous dinosaur. The only known species is Dilong paradoxus. It is from Lower Cretaceous near Lujiatun, Beipiao, in the western Liaoning province of China It lived about 130 million years ago.

The animal had a covering of simple feathers or protofeathers. The feathers were seen in fossilized skin impressions from near the jaw and tail. They are not identical to modern bird feathers: they lack a central shaft. Their likely function was to retain body warmth. They could not have been used for flight. Adult tyrannosaurs found in Alberta and Mongolia have skin impressions which appear to show the pebbly scales typical of other dinosaurs.

References 

Tyrannosaurids
Eddie Giacomin

Edward Giacomin (born June 6, 1939 in Sudbury, Ontario) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the New York Rangers and Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League, as well as for the Providence Reds of the American Hockey League. Giacomin's sweater number, #1, was the second one retired by the Rangers, after Rod Gilbert.

Early life
Giacomin grew up in Gatchell, a small town near Sudbury. When Giacomin was a teenager, a kitchen stove exploded and heavily burned him. The doctors advised him to stop hoping to play hockey professionally.

Achievements and facts
 Added to the NHL First All-Star Team in 1967 and 1971.
 Added to the NHL Second All-Star Team in 1968, 1969 and 1970.
 Played in the All-Star Game in 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971 and 1973.
 25th in career wins by a goaltender with 289.
 19th in career shutouts with 54.

References

 Eddie, A Goalie's Story by Hugh Delano

Other websites

1939 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Detroit Red Wings players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
New York Rangers players
Vezina Trophy winners
American Hockey League players
Eastern Hockey League players
World Hockey Association

The World Hockey Association () was a professional ice hockey league that operated in North America from 1972 to 1979. It was the first major competition for the National Hockey League (NHL) since the end of the Western Hockey League after the 1925-26 WHL season. Although the WHA was not the first league since that time to attempt to challenge the NHL's hold as the top league, it was by far the most successful.

Hockey Hall of Famers
List of WHA players and executives inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, for achievements in their hockey career.

Andy Bathgate, Vancouver Blazers
Gerry Cheevers, Cleveland Crusaders
Mike Gartner, Cincinnati Stingers
Michel Goulet, Birmingham Bulls
Wayne Gretzky, Indianapolis Racers, Edmonton Oilers
Gordie Howe, Houston Aeros, New England Whalers
Bobby Hull, Winnipeg Jets
Dave Keon, Minnesota Fighting Saints, Indianapolis Racers, New England Whalers
Rod Langway, Birmingham Bulls
Frank Mahovlich, Toronto Toros, Birmingham BullsMark Messier, Cincinnati Stingers, Indianapolis Racers
Bernie Parent, Philadelphia Blazers
Jacques Plante, Edmonton Oilers
Bud Poile, WHA Executive Vice-President
Marcel Pronovost, Coach-Chicago Cougars
Maurice Richard, Coach-Quebec Nordiques
Glen Sather, Edmonton Oilers
Norm Ullman, Edmonton Oilers

Trophies and Awards
This is a list of the trophies and awards handed out annually by the World Hockey Association.
Avco World Trophy - Awarded to the playoff champion
Gary L. Davidson Award / Gordie Howe Trophy - Most valuable player of the regular season
Bill Hunter Trophy - Leading scorer of the regular season
Lou Kaplan Trophy - Rookie of the year
Ben Hatskin Trophy - Best goaltender
Dennis A. Murphy Trophy - Best defenseman
Paul Deneau Trophy - Most gentlemanly player
Howard Baldwin Trophy / Robert Schmertz Memorial Trophy - Coach of the year
WHA Playoff MVP - Most valuable player in the playoffs

Timeline of teams
Three Canadian teams completed all seven WHA seasons based in the same city, and were the same three Canadian teams that ultimately joined the NHL. The other WHA team to enter the NHL, the Whalers, were the only other WHA team to play all of its home games over seven seasons within a relatively small geographical area. Of the original 12 WHA franchises, only the Winnipeg Jets remained for all seven seasons without relocating, changing team names, or folding.

WHA All-Star Game
Every season of the World Hockey Association had an All-Star game, but the format had changed with regularity. 
  
 1972-73 Eastern Division vs Western Division contest.
 1973-74 Eastern Division vs Western Division contest.
 1974-75 Eastern Division vs Western Division contest.
 1975-76 Canadian-based teams (5) vs US-based teams (9).
 1976-77 East played West.
 1977-78 AVCO Cup champion (Quebec Nordiques) vs WHA All-Star team.
 1978-79 WHA All-Star team vs Dynamo Moscow in a three game series.

References

Other websites
Internet Hockey Database - standings and statistics
http://whauniforms.com

1972 establishments in North America
1979 disestablishments in North America
World Hockey Association
National Hockey Association

The National Hockey Association (NHA), officially the National Hockey Association of Canada Limited,  was a professional ice hockey league with teams in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. It is directly related to today's National Hockey League.

1909 establishments in Canada
1918 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in Canada
Defunct ice hockey leagues
Ice hockey leagues in Canada
Gray

Gray or grey is the color of black and white mixed together. 

Gray is the color of an elephant, cement, pencil writing, and rainy clouds. Gray often looks like someone made black lighter, but not so light that it is white. 

Grey color represents neutrality and balance. 

In the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, South Africa, India, Ireland, and New Zealand, as well as a few other countries, this word is spelled grey. In the United States, it is spelled gray.

The first recorded use of gray as a color name in English was in 700.

Meaning of gray

 The color gray represents pessimism; its opposite, optimism, is represented by the color rose. It also represents metal.

Shades of gray colour comparison chart

The chart below shows those shades of gray that are major web colours.

Related pages
List of colors

References

Basic English 850 words
Cent (currency)

In many currencies, the cent is a monetary unit that is the same as 1/100 of the normal unit. In the United States, it is also called a penny. The penny has the image of Abraham Lincoln on it.

Currency
Abraham Lincoln
Gilles Villemure

Gilles Villemure (born May 30, 1940, in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender.  He played for the New York Rangers and Chicago Black Hawks in the 1960s and 1970s.

Awards
 Shared the Vezina Trophy in 1971 with Eddie Giacomin.
 Named to play in the NHL All-Star Game in 1971, 1972 and 1973.
 Won the AHL Hap Holmes Memorial Award (fewest goals against) and named First Team All-Star in 1969 and 1970.
 Won the AHL's Les Cunningham Award for most valuable player in 1969 and 1970.
 Won Rookie of the Year honors and named Second Team All-Star in the WHL in 1963.
 Named to the WHL's First All-Star Team in 1966.
 Named to the AHL's Second All-Star Team in 1967.

Other websites
 

1940 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Eastern Hockey League players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
New York Rangers players
Living people
Trois-Rivières, Quebec
Gary Smith

Gary Edward Smith (born February 4, 1944) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender, was born in Ottawa, Ontario, on February 4, 1944. Gary is a son of Des Smith and brother of Brian Smith, both former National Hockey League (NHL) players. Gary played for numerous clubs, including the Chicago Black Hawks, Oakland Seals, Toronto Maple Leafs, Vancouver Canucks, Washington Capitals and Winnipeg Jets. He was the co-winner of the Vezina Trophy in the 1971–72 NHL season.

Playing career
Gary Smith won a Memorial Cup with the junior Toronto Marlboros in 1964. Entering the NHL with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1965, and was one of five goalies who played for the Maple Leafs during the 1966–67 regular season, their last Stanley Cup season. 

He eventually earned the nickname "Suitcase" Smith because of the large number of teams he played for. After playing with the not very good California Golden Seals from 1967 to 1971, where he set records in 1970–71 for both the most games played in a single season and most losses in a single season, his first success was sharing the 1971–72 Vezina Trophy with Tony Esposito while with the Chicago Black Hawks. One year later, Smith and Esposito would help the Black Hawks to the Stanley Cup final. 

In 1974–75, he also had a good season with the Vancouver Canucks, with 72 games played and six shutouts. 

Smith later played in the World Hockey Association, and was a teammate of Wayne Gretzky while playing for the Indianapolis Racers. He would be part of the Winnipeg Jets' 1979 Avco World Trophy championship.

Gary Smith’s last coach in Winnipeg was Tom McVie, who coached Smith the previous season while both were with the Washington Capitals.

The Jets played the Edmonton Oilers, led by Wayne Gretzky. When Wayne Gretzky went to his first game at Maple Leaf Gardens, Gary Smith was one of the goalies in the game. The Maple Leafs played the California Seals and Smith was the Seals' goalie. 

Gary Smith gave up the last goal in WHA history to Dave Semenko.

Career statistics

References
 
 

1944 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Minnesota North Stars players
Oakland Seals players
People from Ottawa
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Vancouver Canucks players
Washington Capitals players
World Hockey Association players
Richard Sevigny

Richard Sevigny (November 4, 1957 in Montreal, Quebec) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Montreal Canadiens and Quebec Nordiques in the National Hockey League. In the 1979 Stanley Cup Finals Michel Larocque was scheduled to start game two.  Laroque was injured during the pre-game warm up and Sevigny was started instead. The Canadiens would win that year and Sevigny's name was engraved on the Stanley Cup before ever playing an NHL game.  In the off season Ken Dryden retired, and Richard Sevigny earned a spot on the roster for the 1979–80 NHL season. Richard won the 1981 Vezina Trophy along with Denis Herron and Michel Larocque with Montreal. After being released by the Canadiens in 1984, Sevigny spent the next three seasons between the Quebec Nordiques and their American Hockey League affiliate in Fredericton, New Brunswick before finishing his career in France.  He was, before 1990–91, player-coach of the Diables Rouges de Briançon.  

According to hockey legends, Sevigny was quoted as saying that Guy Lafleur would have Wayne Gretzky in his back pocket during the 1981 playoffs, a quote that motivated the Oilers team to victory over the fabled Habs.
Sevigny has involved himself in old-timers charity hockey games and has coached the semi-pro Verdun Dragons.

Other websites

References

1957 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
People from Montreal
Quebec Nordiques players
Stanley Cup champions
Vezina Trophy winners
Te Deum

The "Te Deum" is a Christian hymn. Its original text was in Latin. It is named after the first few words, "Te Deum laudamus" (We praise thee, O Lord). It was probably written around the 4th or 5th century. Most say that either Augustine of Hippo or Ambrose wrote it. Some say it was by Nicetas, bishop of Remesiana. Others have said that the hymn was taken from two (or more) earlier hymns: one to God the Father and another to God the Son. After this idea, the second hymn begins with the phrase "Tu rex gloriae, Christe". The petitions at the end of the hymn (beginning "Salvum fac populum tuum") are from verses from the book of Psalms, added to the original hymn later on.

Te Deum is close in theology to the Apostles' Creed. It has both a poetic view of the heavenly liturgy with a declaration of faith.
"God" is named from the start of the song. The hymn then names all people who praise and respect God, from the hierarchy of heavenly creatures, to Christians who are already in heaven, to the Church in all the world.

Te Deum then returns to its creedal formula, singing about Christ and remembering His birth, suffering, and glorification.
Then the hymn stops singing about praise, both the Church in general and the singer himself, and asks for mercy on past sins, protection from future sin, and the hope to be reunited with Christians in Heaven.

Music 

Many people have written music for the text, including Anton Bruckner, Giuseppe Verdi, Hector Berlioz, Antonín Dvořák, Joseph Haydn, Benjamin Britten, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, just naming a few. Antonio Vivaldi wrote a setting of the Te Deum (RV 622), but it is now lost. The prelude to Charpentier's setting (H.146 in Hugh Wiley Hitchcock's catalogue) is well known in Europe because it is used as the theme music for the European Broadcasting Union, most notably the Eurovision Song Contest. Sir William Walton's Coronation Te Deum was written for the coronation of HM Queen Elizabeth II in 1952. Other English Te Deums have been written, such as the ones by William Byrd, Thomas Tallis, Henry Purcell, three by George Frideric Handel (Utrecht Te Deum, Dettingen Te Deum and Queen's Te Deum) and that of Edward Elgar, his Op. 34. A version by Father Michael Keating is popular with Charismatics. Mark Hayes recently wrote his own version of Te Deum, and British composer John Rutter has composed two, one of them is just titled the traditional "Te Deum," the other "Winchester Te Deum." Igor Stravinsky set the first 12 lines of the text as part of The Flood in 1962.

Latin and English Text 

Christian hymns
Christian prayers
Denis Herron

Denis Herron (born June 18, 1952 in Chambly, Quebec) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Montreal Canadiens, Kansas City Scouts, and Pittsburgh Penguins in the National Hockey League.

Denis won the 1981 Vezina Trophy with Montreal along with Michel Larocque and Richard Sevigny and in 1982 he won the William M. Jennings Trophy with Rick Wamsley.

References 

Herron finds room at the inn; Ian MacDonald. The Gazette. Montreal, Que.: Dec 23, 2004. pg. C.3

Other websites

1952 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Kansas City Scouts players
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Trois-Rivières Ducs players
Vezina Trophy winners
John Hunter

John Hunter (29 August 1737 – 13 March 1821), was a Royal Navy admiral who became the second Governor of New South Wales.

Early life
John Hunter was born in Leith, Scotland. His parents were William Hunter and Helen Drummond. He lived for a while with his uncle at Lyn, Norfolk. He studied music with composer Dr. Charles Burney. He started studying at the University of Aberdeen so that he could become a minister in the Church of Scotland. In 1754 he decided to become a sailor and started as the captain's servant in HMS Grampus. The Grampus was a 14 gun sloop.

Sailor
By 1755 he was an able seaman in the HMS Centaur, the next year a midshipman on the HMS Union and the HMS Neptune. These were the flagships of Admiral Charles Knowles. In 1757 Hunter took part in an attack on Rochefort. In 1757 he was involved in the attack on Quebec. Hunter passed his exams in navigation and astronomy in 1760 and qualified to be a lieutenant. It took until 1780 to get a job as lieutenant.

Hunter was a midshipman with Admiral Durrell on his flagships, the HMS Royal Ann, HMS Princess Amelia and the HMS Royal George. Durell made Hunter the master's mate in his new ship, the HMS Launceston. He served in North America and by 1768 was the ship's master. He served on the HMS Carysfort at Jamaica from 1769 to 1771. He went to the East Indies on the Intrepid from 1772 to 1774. He then served in the Kent and the Foudroyant. He returned to North America and was on the HMS Eagle with Admiral Lord Howe. With Howe's help and support, Hunter was finally made a lieutenant, 20 years after he passed his exams. Officer jobs were hard to get; there were more officers on shore on half pay than there were serving on ships.

John Hunter became lieutenant on the HMS Berwick and then on the HMS Victory. He was made captain of the fireship HMS Spitfire, and in November 1782, the sloop HMS Marquis de Seignelay.

The First Fleet
Hunter was made the second Captain of HMS Sirius (1786), which was to escort the First Fleet taking convicts to settle in Australia. Governor Arthur Phillip was the first captain, but he was also responsible for all the ships. Hunter's job was to be in charge of the Sirius. Hunter was also to become the Governor of Australia if any thing should have happened to Phillip. After the settlement was set up, Hunter was to return to England in the Sirius. After the fleet arrived at Botany Bay, Hunter and Phillip went off to find a better site, and then moved the fleet to Port Jackson.

Early days in Sydney
Hunter was involved in survey work around the new settlement and as a judge in the new criminal court. Both he and the judge advocate, David Collins, found they were unable to work with the Lieutenant Governor, Major Robert Ross. Hunter was an artist, and kept a sketch book with more than 100 paintings of plants, animals, fish and scenes around Sydney.

Other websites
 Three paintings from John Hunter's sketch book

References

1737 births
1821 deaths
Admirals
Governors of New South Wales
Royal Navy officers
Scottish politicians
Good and bad



The words "good" and "bad" are a basic way of talking about value or ethics. They are often used in different ways to talk about things, people, ideas, or actions as being either good or bad. Many questions about the concepts of "good" and "bad" are studied by philosophers. There are many different beliefs about what is good or bad, or about what the two words really mean. These differences can often be seen in different cultures and religions.

Good for something and good in itself 

In philosophy, goodness is generally understood in two main kinds: either a thing is good  or it is good . For example, eating properly may be good  (provable) but eating properly may not be a good  (unprovable). This also applies to things that are called bad. The belief that there are such things as good  and bad  has been a main part of Western philosophy since Plato. However, some philosophers have rejected this belief.

A relative good is something that is good because people say it is good. An absolute good is something that is good because of something in itself. It is good even if there is no one around to see it. For example, an economist may say that the Mona Lisa is a very valuable economic good because it can be sold for a lot of money. A philosopher may say that the painting is good because of how it is painted. The economist sees relative good, because people may later not want to pay for it. The philosopher sees absolute good, because it will always be painted well.

Good and evil 
Good and evil are opposites.  
And people have opinions on what things are good and what things are evil. For example someone might think killing someone is evil and another person thinks it's good (it is evil! Do not do it!).

References 

Ethics
Philosophical concepts
Catechism of the Catholic Church

The  Catechism of the Catholic Church, or CCC, is an official explanation of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. It was first published in French in 1992 by the authority of Pope John Paul II. The volume, which is a book of over 900 pages, has been translated into many other languages, including English. In 1997, a Latin text was made. The Latin text is now the official text of reference the contents of the first French text were amended at a few points.

The Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church was published in 2005, and the first edition in English in 2006. It is a more concise and dialogic (written like a conversation) version of the CCC. The text is available in twelve languages on the Vatican website, which gives the text of the Catechism itself in eight languages.

References 

Roman Catholicism
Task

In common language, a task is something you want to accomplish or finish, such as trying to complete a problem or an assignment.

Related pages
Taskforce
Task analysis
Task (project management)
Task (computers)

Human behavior
Problem solving
D. James Kennedy

Dennis James Kennedy (or  D. James Kennedy, November 3, 1930 - September 5, 2007) was an American televangelist and megachurch pastor. He started Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Fort Lauderdale, Florida and was the senior pastor there from 1960 until his death in 2007. He began Coral Ridge Ministries in 1974.

Other websites  

Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church website
Coral Ridge Ministries website
D. James Kennedy's Memorial Tribute website
Truths That Transform daily radio broadcast on OnePlace.com 

1930 births
2007 deaths
American Presbyterians
Christian ministers
People from Augusta, Georgia
Television evangelists
In Touch Ministries

In Touch Ministries is an American Christian Evangelical organization started by Charles F. Stanley. Its  mission statement was to "lead people worldwide into a growing relationship with Jesus Christ and to strengthen the local church."

References

Other websites 
In Touch Website
In Touch History 

Christian organizations based in the United States
Evangelicalism
Parramatta

Parramatta is a suburb 23 kilometres west of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Parramatta sits on the bank of the Parramatta River and is in the middle of the Sydney metropolitan area. Parramatta has many facilities such as transport (a major railway station and numerous buses including a free shuttle) and shops (a large shopping centre with major stores such as Woolworths and Coles and many individual stores). It is often a very busy city.

Related pages
 Rose Hill, New South Wales

References

Sydney
1788 establishments in Australia
Shortstop

Shortstop (abbreviated as SS) is a fielding position played in baseball. Shortstop is between second and third base.

Baseball positions

da:Baseballpositioner#Shortstop (SS)
List of Major League Baseball teams by payroll

This is a list of Major League Baseball teams, ranked by their total salary as of 2008.

References 

Baseball lists
Dave Mustaine

David Mustaine (born September 13, 1968 in La Mesa, California) is the lead guitarist, songwriter and singer for the heavy metal band Megadeth. Mustaine was also a former Metallica guitarist and co-songwriter in the band's early history. He was fired from the band due to his drug and alcohol addictions.

Early life 
David Mustaine was born in La Mesa, California, to Emily (née David) and John Mustaine. His father was of French and Finnish descent and his mother was Jewish. He was brought up as a Jehovah's Witness.

Personal life 
Mustaine married Pamela Anne Casselberry in 1998. They have a son, Justice Mustaine who also plays guitar and has appeared in several local theatrical productions, and a daughter, Electra Nicole Mustaine.

In 2018, Mustaine said that his neck and spine condition, known as stenosis was caused by many years of headbanging.

In June 2026, Mustaine announced that he had been diagnosed with throat cancer.

Notes

Other websites 
 Megadeth's official website

1968 births
Living people
American rock guitarists
Megadeth
Metallica
People with cancer
Singers from California
Musicians from California
American heavy metal musicians
American Christians
Darling River

The Darling River is Australia's longest river. It is part of the Murray-Darling river system, one of the largest in the world, drains all of New South Wales west of the Great Dividing Range, much of northern Victoria, southern Queensland and parts of South Australia.

History 
In 1828 the explorer Charles Sturt was sent by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Ralph Darling, to find the path of the Macquarie River. He visited the Bogan River and in 1829, the Darling, which he named after the Governor. In 1835 Major Thomas Mitchell traveled the whole length of the Darling.

The Darling does not have an even flow of water. It often dries up, and it sometimes floods. It flows through very dry parts of Australia. In the 1860's the Darling was used by the farmers of western New South Wales to send their wool by boat paddle steamer from  Bourke and Wilcannia to South Australia where it could be loaded onto trains at Morgan and Murray Bridge.

Other websites 
 Article about Darling River

Rivers of New South Wales
Kanfen

Kanfen is a village in France near Thionville. It is in the Lorraine Region, in the Moselle department, in north-eastern France. The population as of 2007 is about 996.

History

Origin of the name
The first mention of the village is under the name Cantevanne, in a 1239 text. Later it became Kaufen. In 1801, it changed to Kanfen. The name stayed the same when Alsace-Moselle became part of the German Empire in 1870.

The most likely etymology is a contraction of the Gaulish word canto (mountain) and the Germanic radical Fenn (marshland).

History of the commune
Kanfen and all of the Thionville region was dependent of the Duchy of Luxembourg. Le Grand Condé took Thionville in 1643. The village became part of the Kingdom of France. This was confirmed by the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659.

As it was part of Alsace-Moselle, the commune was part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918. It was annexed by the Third Reich between 1940 and 1944.

Geography
Kanfen is next to the Kudertsberg hill, around 230 metres high. The river Kiesel has its source in the village flows through it.

The commune is 12 km north of Thionville and 20 km south of the city of Luxembourg. It is only a few kilometres away from the border with Luxembourg.

The commune regroups Kanfen and Kanfen-sous-Bois.

Monuments
Old Castle of the Lord of Kanfen, called Keybourg. It is now a presbytery where the castle used to be.
Saint-Maurice Church, located in Keybourg. It was built in 1744 on the side of a hill.
A bildstock dating back to 1634. It is where the Rue Volmerange and the Rue de Keybourg cross.

Demography

References

Communes in Moselle
Kowloon

Kowloon (; ) is one of the 3 main parts of Hong Kong. It comprises the Kowloon Peninsula and New Kowloon. With a population of 2.1 million in 2011. it is the most populous area in Hong Kong.

Geography and History
Kowloon is north of Hong Kong Island and south of the mainland part of the New Territories. The size of Kowloon is about 47 km² (18 sq mi). In law, Kowloon refers to the area south of Boundary Street and Stonecutters Island, leased to the United Kingdom by the Qing dynasty in 1860. In 1898, the Qing dynasty leased the New Territories to the United Kingdom for 99 years. New Kowloon, the area north of Boundary Street, is officially part of the New Territories. In modern culture, however, New Kowloon is part of Kowloon.

Kowloon was developed largely in the 20th century, after Kowloon Wharf and Kowloon-Canton Railway were built. Airplanes used to fly above Kowloon to and from Kai Tak Airport until 1998, so buildings there are usually lower than the ones on Hong Kong Island because they had height restrictions. The height restrictions were lifted after the opening of the new Hong Kong International Airport in 1998.

Name
The name Kowloon means "nine dragons" (九 – nine, 龍 – dragon). This refers to eight mountains and a Chinese emperor: Kowloon Peak, Tung Shan, Tate's Cairn, Temple Hill, Unicorn Ridge,  Lion Rock, Beacon Hill, Crow's Nest and Emperor Bing (Song Dynasty).

Demographics
2,108,419 people lived in Kowloon in 2011. 94.2% of Kowloon's residents are Chinese. Smaller groups include Indonesians (1.8%), Filipinos (1.5%), Indians (0.5%), Nepalese (0.4%), and White people (0.3%).
86% of the people in Kowloon usually speak in Cantonese, 2.3% use English and 1.2% use Mandarin.

Districts
Kowloon is divided into the following districts:
Kowloon City
Kwun Tong
Sham Shui Po
Wong Tai Sin
Yau Tsim Mong

Education 
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Open University of Hong Kong, and City University of Hong Kong are all located in Kowloon. There are also many primary and secondary schools as well.
Hong Kong
Geography of Hong Kong
New Territories

New Territories () is one of the 3 main parts of Hong Kong. It is between Kowloon and the border between Hong Kong and Mainland China. It also includes over 200 outlying Islands. About 3.5 million people live there. It makes up 85% of Hong Kong's territory, and contains around half of the population of Hong Kong.

Geography of Hong Kong
San Luis Potosí

San Luis Potosí is a state in central Mexico. About 2,400,000 people live there. Its capital is also called San Luis Potosí.

 
States of Mexico
Morelos

Morelos is a state in central Mexico. About 1,600,000 people live in Morelos. Its capital is called Cuernavaca.

References

States of Mexico
1869 establishments
19th-century establishments in Mexico
Michoacán

Michoacán is a state in south-west Mexico. About 4,000,000 people live there. Its capital is Morelia.

 
States of Mexico
Paul Pena

Paul Pena (January 26, 1950 – October 1, 2005) was an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. Pena was completely blind by the time he was 20.

Early life
Pena was born in Hyannis, Massachusetts. Pena spoke Cape Verdean Creole with his family while growing up. His grandfather, Francisco Pena, and father, Joaquim "Jack" Pena, were both professional musicians, and taught Paul to play Cape Verdean music.

Discography

Studio albums
Paul Pena, released in 1972 by Capitol Records
New Train, recorded in 1973, released in 2000 by Hybrid Recordings
Deep in the Heart of Tuva: Cowboy Music From the Wild East
Genghis Blues, released in 2000 by Six Degrees Records

Filmography
Genghis Blues, released in 1999 by Wadi Rum Productions

Other websites
Pena's official web site
Genghis Blues film site
Paul Pena at the Internet Movie Database

1950 births
2005 deaths
Blues musicians
Singers from Massachusetts
American guitarists
Musicians from Massachusetts
Creole language

A creole language (or a creole) is a language that comes from a pidgin. Creoles seem very similar to each other, even if they come from different languages. There is not a widely accepted theory that explains why this happens.

References

Related pages 
Lingua franca

Other websites 
 Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics (SPCL)
 The Online Dictionary of Language Terminology
Guerrero (state)

Guerrero is a state in south Mexico. About 3,100,000 people live there. Its capital is called Chilpancingo.

 
States of Mexico
Coahuila

Coahuila is a state in north Mexico. About 2,500,000 people live there. Its capital is called  Saltillo.

 
States of Mexico
Durian

A durian is a big fruit with a strong smell and a hard shell with sharp thorns. Its flavour is loved by some people, especially in Southeast Asia, where people name it "King of Fruits". Many hotels and public transportation systems do not let people carry durians because of the strong smell, which many people find unpleasant.

There are many different kinds of durian that are priced differently due to the people's preferences.

Appearance 
The fruit can grow up to 30 cm (12 in) long and 15 cm (6 in) in diameter, and usually weighs one to three kg (2 to 7 lb).

Durian is a tropical fruit. It grows only in humid, hot places. The flesh is used for many dishes in Southeast Asian cuisines. The seeds can also be eaten when cooked.

References

Tropical fruit
Malvaceae
Hidalgo (state)

Hidalgo is a state in central Mexico. About 2,350,000 people live there. Its capital is called Pachuca.

 
States of Mexico
Getdeb

Getdeb is an Ubuntu software portal with ready-to-install applications in Ubuntu's default .deb package format. Getdeb.net was created by João Pinto to make it easy for Ubuntu users to install the latest versions of Free/Open Source applications quickly and easily.

Related 
 deb (file format)
 SuperDeb

Other websites 
 Getdeb
 Ubuntu Homepage

Linux
Los Angeles Angels

The Los Angeles Angels are a Major League Baseball team. They are based in Anaheim, California. They are a member of the West Division of Major League Baseball's American League. The "Angels" name is from the city that they came from: Los Angeles. "Los Angeles" is Spanish for "The Angels". They were previously known as the California Angels, the Anaheim Angels,  and the Los Angles Angels of Anaheim. They have won one World Series championship, which they won in 2002.

The Angels began playing in 1961. They were named for a former minor league baseball team called the Los Angeles Angels. The minor league Angels moved to another city when the Los Angeles Dodgers moved to Los Angeles in 1958.

The Angels' home stadium is called Angel Stadium of Anaheim. It has been their home ballpark since 1966. From 1962 to 1965, they played in Chavez Ravine Stadium. During their first season (1961), they played in Wrigley Field in Los Angeles. That Wrigley Field was built by the same people that owned the much more famous Wrigley Field in Chicago.

Other websites 

Los Angeles Angels Baseball-Reference.com
Angels Strike Force 

 
1961 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in California
Deb (file format)

deb is the extension of the Debian software package format and the most often used name for such binary packages.

Debian packages are also used in operating systems based on Debian.

Debian packages are standard Unix ar archives that include two gzipped or bzipped tar archives: one that holds the control information and another that contains the data.

The canonical program for handling these packages is dpkg, most commonly via apt/aptitude.

deb packages can be converted into other packages and vice versa using Alien.

Related pages
List of archive formats
Debian
Getdeb
SuperDeb
Debminer
RPM Package Manager
Debian Package Maker
Deb Creator

Other websites 
Debian FAQ: Basics of the Debian package management system 
Article on what to do with .deb files
Gdebi

Debian