cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Oil

The word oil is used for many different kinds of liquids. Oil usually does not mix with water.

Vegetable oils are made from plants. Many are used in foods and for cooking. Some kinds of plant oils that people use are palm oil, maize (corn), olive, peanut, soy, and sunflower.

Other kinds of oil are made from crude oil (petroleum) which comes from under the ground. People use large oil wells to bring the oil up to the surface. The oil is sent in special ships called tankers or in pipelines to factories called refineries where it is distilled into LPG, gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, and fuel oil. Plastics are among the Petrochemicals made from crude oil or natural gas. Oils from crude oil are also used as fuels for engines or as lubricants to make the parts of machines work together without sticking or stopping.

Different kinds of oils are also used for many other things, for example to make cosmetics, medicines, paints, and detergents, like washing up liquids. Soap(s) are similar to detergents, but they are generally made from animal fat(s) rather than oils.

Oil is also made for various purposes including synthetic fuel and lubricant.

Basic English 850 words
 
Hydrocarbons
OK

OK (okay) is a word in the English language. It is used to mean that something is good or correct. It is the opposite of the word bad.

It can often be used instead of the word Yes.  It is not certain where the word "OK" originally comes from, but some experts say it came from a funny way of writing "Ol Korrect" (All correct). 

It is also the two-letter abbreviation for the state of Oklahoma in the United States of America.

You also find the phrase "Ola kala" in Greek, which means 'All Correct".

For Example:

I think it is 'ok' to present this project in our office.

Background
The term appears to have achieved prominence in the United States in 1840, when supporters of the American Democratic political party claimed during the 1840 United States presidential election that it stood for "Old Kinderhook," a nickname for a Democratic presidential candidate, Martin Van Buren, a native of Kinderhook, New York. "'Vote for OK' was snappier than using his Dutch name."  In response, Whig opponents attributed OK, in the sense of "Oll Korrect," to Andrew Jackson's bad spelling. The country-wide publicity surrounding the election appears to have been a critical event in okay's history, widely and suddenly popularizing it across the United States.

Notes

Words
Oxymoron

An oxymoron  is a term for a figure of speech.   It is made up of two or more words that seem to be opposite to each other, or actually are opposite.

For example, the phrases "Wise fool", "Warm freezer", and "Legal murder" all have two words. In each one, the one word looks like the opposite of the other word.

You can have words that look opposite, but are right. For example, a "warm freezer" could be right. A freezer could be warm if it was turned off or left open.

The word oxymoron is an oxymoron; 'oxy' comes from the Greek word that means 'sharp', while 'moron' comes from the Greek word that means 'dull'.

Words that really are opposite to each other, would be words that just cannot be put together. For example, a "round square" could not happen because squares are not round.

Oxymorons sometimes appear in jokes. Sometimes, the joke is just to say that a pair of words are an oxymoron. For example, a joke that says that "glutted peasant" is an oxymoron. This means that peasants are usually hungry, if the word 'peasant' is opposite to 'glutted'

Related pages

Paradox
 Trope

References

Logic
Figures of speech
Page

A page can be different things:

 Usually, a page is a physical sheet of paper in a book, magazine, newspaper etc. When a page is not in a book (etc.) it is a sheet or piece of paper.

 When we talk about computers, a page is also a common abbreviation in net jargon for "webpage".  Here the page is not paper, it is a piece of information which we can see on a computer monitor at one time.  We can print it to make a real page.  But the information may not fit all on one page, and we can not change it when it is printed - we can change a web page.  So a webpage is not always the same even as a printed copy of that page.  This is a conceptual metaphor.  It can be confusing.  Someone who uses it is also likely to use other jargon.

 A page is also a boy or a young man who helps carry things and does small jobs for someone. Another word for this is a pageboy. 

 To page someone is to contact that person on their pager: this is a small electronic machine which makes a sound or gives someone a message. This is usually to call someone for a certain reason, for example: to call them down somewhere, or to ask them for something.
Pet

A pet is a domesticated animal that lives with people, but is not forced to work and is not eaten, in most instances. In most cases, a pet is kept to entertain people or for companionship. Some pets such as dogs and cats are placed in an animal shelter if there is no one willing to take care of them. If no one adopts it or the pet is too old/sick, the pet may be euthanized.

Dogs, cats, fish, rodents, lagomorphs, ferrets, birds, certain reptiles and amphibians, and a wide variety of arthropods such as tarantulas and hermit crabs are the most common pets in North America.  Horses, elephants, oxen, and donkeys are usually made to work, so they are not usually called pets.  Some dogs also do work for people, and it was once common for some birds (like falcons and carrier pigeons) to work for humans.

Rodents are also very popular pets. The most common are guinea pigs, rabbits, hamsters (especially Syrian and dwarf hamsters), mice and rats.

Common Pets
Program

The term Program can be used in many ways.

A program or programme can be a plan of how to do something. It tells the steps that we think we need to do to make something happen. For example, a government might make a program to improve the health of the people in part of a country by giving the people better food, by helping to kill insects that carry diseases, and by bringing more doctors. 
A computer program is something a computer uses to work. For example; computer games or web browsers 
Television program(me) is a show that is on television.
Radio program is similar to a television program but it is on the radio.
Webcast is similar to a television program but it is shown on the Internet.
12-step program is a way people use to stop doing something. Examples would be to stop drinking alcohol, stop smoking tobacco or stop using drugs.
an event program is a thing that lists the what will happen during an event such as an opera or auction.
Potato

A potato is a  vegetable, the Solanum tuberosum. It is a small plant with large leaves. The part of the potato that people eat is a tuber that grows under the ground.

A potato contains a lot of starch and other carbohydrates. Potato usually has a light-brown or yellowish skin and is white or yellow inside. If the potato gets light on it, the tuber turns green and will be poisonous.

History 
The potato is originally from the high and cool areas of the Andes mountains.  It was grown as a food crop thousands of years ago.  When Spanish conquistadores came to South America in the 1500s they took potatoes back to Europe. 

It took nearly 200 years for the potato to become a widely grown crop.  In the 1780s the farmers in Ireland began growing potatoes because they grew well in the poor soils.  They also have most of the vitamins that people need to live.  When a potato plague destroyed the crop in 1845 the Irish Potato Famine killed many people.

The potato plant is now grown in many different parts of the world. Captain William Bligh planted potatoes on Bruny Island, Tasmania in 1792.  In Australia they are now the largest vegetable crop.

Name origin 
The English word "potato" comes from the Spanish word "patata". The Royal Spanish Academy says the Spanish word is a hybrid of the Taíno  ('sweet potato')  and the Quechua  ('potato').

Types 
 Yukon Gold – developed in Canada
 Norgleam
 Bismark
 Coliban
 Russet
 Pontiac
 Sequoia
 Desiree – cream colored flesh, red skin
 Bintje
 Irish grown

Scientists in Germany have used genetic engineering to make a potato called the Amflora, which could be grown to make starch for making other things in factories.

Cooking 
Potatoes are almost always eaten cooked. People cook potatoes by boiling, baking, roasting, or frying them. French fries or "chips" are potatoes cut into long pieces and fried until they are soft. Potato chips, often called crisps, are potatoes cut into very thin round pieces and fried until they are hard. 

William Shakespeare wrote that the potato was an aphrodisiac, but there is no evidence to show this is true.

References 

Solanum
Prediction

A prediction is a statement that someone makes about what they think is going to happen. It is often very helpful to know what is going to happen to help prepare for these future events. Predictions are based on the idea that two beginning positions that are like each other will have similar results. By watching something happen, it is possible to predict what will happen if something similar happens. Predictions are given by science or fortune tellers or horoscopes. 

The most common example of a prediction is the weather forecast. Studying how weather happens lets people predict what the weather will be by looking at what is currently happening. This is helpful because by knowing that it is going to rain, a person can wear the right clothes for it.

Nostradamus has made many predictions about the future.

Everyday life
Probability

Probability is a part of applied mathematics. It has to do with chance, the study of things that might happen or might not happen. 

For example, using probability, one can show that by throwing a coin up in the air and letting it land, half of the time it will land with one side facing up, and half of the time with the other side facing up. Many coins have a picture of the face of a famous person on one side, and something else on the other side. Often people call the side with the face "heads", and the other side "tails".

The probability (p) of an event E, written , is always between zero (impossible) and one (certain).

If we roll a die (plural: dice), then the chance that it will land on 1 is 1/6 (because there are 6 numbers on a die). Similarly, the chance it will land on 2 is also 1/6. The chance it will land on any number between 1 and 6 is 1, because every time we roll the die, it will always land on a number between 1 and 6.

Probability can be figured out using mathematics. For example, if one rolls six dice, the chance of them getting a number more than ten is not obvious, but can be figured out using math and science.

One of the most interesting things about chance is that to figure out the probability that two things will both happen, one usually multiply their two probabilities together. For example, suppose that one wants to know the probability of rolling two dice and getting a certain combination (it could be two 6s or a 3 then a 5, just any two). The possibility of getting a 3 is one in six (⅙), and the possibility of getting a 5 is also one in six, so the chances of getting a 3 then a 5 is ⅙×⅙=⅟36. If that number is expressed as somewhere between 0 and 1, it equals 0.027...7, which is fairly low. The possibility of getting a 3, then a 5, and then a 2 would be ⅙×⅙×⅙=⅟216 or 0.00463, which is a much lower probability.

Ideas of probability 
People like Jacob Bernoulli, Pierre-Simon Laplace, or Christiaan Huygens used the word probability, as described above. Other people thought about frequencies; the notion of probability is usually called frequency probability.

Related pages 
List of mathematics topics
 Probability density function
 Probability distribution
 Probability space
Probability theory
 Random
 Random variable
Stochastic process

References

Probability theory
Political problems of China

Many people say the government stops people from having freedom of speech, freedom of religion and other political rights that people in other countries have. China still has one-party rule, and is not a democracy.

Territorial disputes 
The following territories are claimed by China (PRC and/or ROC) and by another country or more.

Diaoyu Islands (with Japan)
Nansha Archipelago (with Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines)
Xisha Archipelago (with Republic of China and Vietnam)
South Tibet - parts of Arunachal Pradesh (with Republic of India)
Aksai Chin - part of Kashmir (with Republic of India)

Lost territories (Unequal treaties) 
Unequal treaties were forced onto Asian countries when European imperialism reached Asia. 
The list includes claims from PRC and ROC, as well as unofficial historical claims.
Note: Japan's and Korea's unequal treaties have been resolved since the end of WWII.

 Mongolia (lost to independence)
 Tuva (lost to Russian Empire)
 Outer Manchuria (lost to Russian Empire)
 Kyrgyzstan (lost to Russian Empire)
 parts of Kazakhstan (lost to Russian Empire)
 parts of Myanmar (lost to British Empire)
 Bhutan (lost to British Empire)
Hong Kong (lost to British Empire) (returned to PRC with effect from 1 July 1997 under the Sino-British Joint Declaration)
 Macau (lost to Portugal) (transferred to PRC on 20 December 1999)
 Tonkin & Northern Annam (lost to France)
 Ryukyu Islands (lost to Japanese Empire)

See also 
Movies banned in China
1989 Tiananmen Square protests

Politics of China
Proper noun

A proper noun or proper name is a noun representing a unique thing (such as London, Jupiter, John Hunter, or Toyota), as opposed to a common noun, which represents a class of things (for example, city, planet, person or corporation). Proper nouns are the only nouns in English which have the first letter capitalized.  

In English, proper nouns are not normally preceded by an article or other limiting modifier (such as any or some), and are used to denote a particular person, place, or object without regard to any descriptive meaning the word or phrase may have (for example, a town called "Newtown" may be, but does not necessarily have to be, a new [recently built] town).

Which nouns are considered proper names depends on language. For example, names of days and months are considered proper names in English, but not in Spanish, French, Swedish, Slovenian or Finnish, where they are not capitalized.

References 

Parts of speech

no:Substantiv#Egennavn vs. fellesnavn
Plastic

A plastic is a material that can change its shape easily. Many things are made of plastics, some types of wood can be made out of plastic, usually because making them to the right shape is easy and plastic, gives form to wood and other things. There are many types of plastic. Some can be shaped only when they are freshly made; then they become hard.  Others are thermoplastic and can be softened by heating them. These plastics can be used for 3D printing, because the plastic will become soft enough to form into different shapes, and then become hard again when they cool down.  

Most plastics are man-made; they do not occur in nature. The process of making plastics is usually quite complicated. Most of the materials that are called plastic are polymers. Polymers are long chains of atoms bonded to each other.  In most plastics, the long chain is a chain of carbon atoms with other atoms attached to them. The different atoms and the shape and length of the chains change how the plastic looks and works. 

People experimented with plastics based on natural polymers for a very long time. Alexander Parkes, an English inventor (1813-1890), created an early form of plastic in 1855. It was hard but flexible and transparent. He called it "Parkesine" but now it is called "Celluloid."

Old plastics are usually thrown away and put in landfills. Some plastics release toxic fumes when heated. Some plastics are recycled so they won't become waste. Some plastics have other materials added to them, like glass, because they make the plastic stronger and stiffer.

Plastics are mostly petrochemicals, made from natural gas or from petroleum, a type of oil. Chemical engineers refine the petroleum which goes through a heating process. It develops ethylene and propylene, which are the chemical building blocks for many plastics. These chemicals are then combined with other chemicals to produce a polymer.

Today, some of these plastics are also being made without oil. Instead, other sources like plants and bacteria are used to make the plastic. These plastics are called bioplastics. They are useful because they can be eaten by other bacteria instead of throwing them away.

Well-known plastics, and their use 
 Polyamide (usually called nylon)  Women's stockings, gears, car parts, toothbrush bristles
 Polycarbonate – bulletproof glass, compact discs, DVDs.
 Polyethylene – tubes, bottles, shopping bags, milk jugs, body armor (made with polyethylene with especially long chains)
 Polyethylene terephtalate (called PET when used for bottles, and polyester when used for clothes or other materials)
 Polypropylene - food containers, chairs
 Polystyrene - CD cases, plastic cups, plastic forks and knives
 Polyurethane - rubber, foam, shiny coatings on wood and tile
 Polyvinyl chloride (called PVC, usually) - pipes (chemicals can make PVC softer for toys and cushions)

References

Polymers
Polymer chemistry
Product stewardship

Product stewardship includes waste disposal measures in the distribution of an industrial product.  That is, paying for the safe and proper disposal when you pay for the product, and relying on those who sold it to you, to dispose of it.  

The slightly more specific idea of product take-back means that the service of waste disposal is paid for at time of purchase.  It is often applied to paint, tires, and other goods that become toxic waste if not disposed of properly.  It is most familiar as the deposit bottle - where one pays for the loan of the bottle at the same time as one purchases what is inside it. The container deposit charged for a deposit bottle may be a fee to buy the bottle, separately from the fee to buy what it contains.  If one returns the bottle, the fee is returned, and the supplier must return the bottle for re-use or recycling.  If not, one has paid the fee, and presumably this can pay for landfill or litter control measures that dispose of say a broken bottle.  Also, since the same fee can be collected by anyone finding and returning the bottle, it is common for people to collect these and return them as a means of surviving.  This is quite common for instance among homeless people.

Legal requirements vary:  the bottle itself may be considered simple property of the purchaser of the contents, or, the purchaser may have some obligation to return the bottle to some depot so it can be recycled or re-used.   For the more toxic items, it is more likely that returning it is required:

This principle is applied very broadly beyond bottles to paint and automobile parts such as tires.  When purchasing paint or tires in many places, one simultaneously pays for the disposal of the toxic waste they become.  In some countries, such as Germany, law requires attention to the comprehensive outcome of the whole extraction, production, distribution, use and waste of a product, and holds those profiting from these legally responsible for any outcome along the way.  This is also the trend in the UK and EU generally.  In the United States, there have been many class action suits that are effectively product stewardship liability - holding companies responsible for things the product does, which it was never advertised to do.

Rather than let liability for these problems be taken up by the public sector or be haphazardly assigned one issue at a time to companies via lawsuits, many accounting reform efforts focus on achieving full cost accounting.  This is the financial reflection of the comprehensive outcome - noting the gains and losses to all parties involved, not just those investing or purchasing.  Such moves have made moral purchasing more attractive, as it avoids liability and future lawsuits.

So these are partial implementations of a strict service economy ideal.

Those who advocate these measures are concerned with the later phases of product lifecycle and the comprehensive outcome of the whole production process.  It is considered a pre-requisite to a strict service economy interpretation of (fictional, national, legal) "commodity" and "product" relationships.

Business
Ethics
Reading

Reading is what we do when we understand writing.

More fully, it a cognitive process of understanding information represented by printed or written language. It is a way of getting information and insights about something that is written. Reading involves understanding the symbols in that language. It can only be done if one knows the language. Reading and hearing are the two most common ways to get information. Information gained from reading can include entertainment, especially when reading fiction or humor.

Proofreading is a kind of reading that is done to find mistakes in a piece of writing.

Directed Reading-Thinking Activity is a method which aims to develop better reading.

 Making predictions/hypothesis about the content, idea, and concepts from the title of the reading material.
 Sectional reading or processing (chunking) of the material.
 Checking the reliability and similarity of the read content with the predictions supported by evidence from the text.
 For better comprehension, to know what and why the text says: review vocabulary, understanding of the main idea, syntax of the sentence, details/facts and sequence of the story, and make inferences about the characters’ attitudes, behaviors or circumstances in the story.
 Make plausible predictions about what the next section will be about in the reading material.

Related pages
Literacy
Literature
Aliteracy
Writing
Printing

References 

Basic English 850 words
Learning
Rudyard Kipling

Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an British author and poet. He was born in Bombay, India. He wrote children's fiction, like Kim, The Jungle Book and Puck of Pook's Hill. He also wrote the well-known poems, If — and Gunga Din, and many short stories set in India. He was awarded the 1907 Nobel Prize in Literature. He spent part of his life living and writing in New England with his American wife but returned to England to live in Sussex. 

Kipling died of a perforated duodenal ulcer in Fitzrovia, London in 1936 and is buried in Westminster Abbey, London.

1865 births
1936 deaths
British children's writers
British Nobel Prize winners
Disease-related deaths in England
Deaths from ulcers
English poets
People buried in Westminster Abbey
People from Bombay
Recreation

Recreation or fun is a person's time of refreshing his or her body and mind.

There are many different forms of recreation which are shaped by individual interests and by environment; a few examples being reading, playing or listening to music, watching movies or TV, gardening, hunting, hobbies, sports, studies, and travel. These activities are just some of a wide variety of recreation activity available in day to day life.   

Public places such as parks and beaches are very important for many recreational activities. Tourism profession has recognized long ago that many of their clients are specifically attracted by recreational offerings.

Related pages
Leisure
Sport

Notes

Other websites

 National Recreation and Park website

Leisure
Life
Hobbies
Everyday life
Raw food

For the WWE brand/TV Show, see WWE Raw.
Foods are raw when they are not cooked. 
Most things are good to eat raw, but some can be poisonous.

Health

There's currently no solid evidence to suggest that raw food is more healthy than cooked food.

Germs

Raw food can sometimes make people sick because of bacteria which would otherwise be destroyed by cooking.

Food and drink
Health
Ranch

A ranch is a large farm for raising cows, horses, sheep or other livestock. The word ranch is from the Spanish word "rancho". It is used in American and Canadian English.

A ranch may be on private or public land. The desert areas of the western United States have many ranches, because there is much land that is not very good for crops. There are also many in desert areas of Australia, where they are called stations. Someone who takes care of the livestock may be called a stockman or cowboy.

Related pages
Agriculture
Symbol

A symbol is a drawing, shape, or object that represents an idea, object, or amount of something.  

The most common symbols are letters, which are symbols of words and sounds. A symbol can be an actual object (such as the cross, a symbol of Christianity or a scepter, a symbol of royalty and power), or a certain color or pattern. Symbols are used often in poetry and other types of literature, sometimes as metaphors or similes.

A national emblem is a symbol for a certain country.

List of common symbols

There are thousands of symbols that are recognized by most people all over the world, and many more that are limited to certain regions, religions, sciences, etc..  Some of the best known ones are listed below.

Alpenhorn -> Switzerland
Asiatic Lion -> India
Balance (scale) -> justice
Bat -> vampire (western), luck (Chinese)
Bear -> the U.S. state of California
Beaver -> Canada
Boomerang -> Australia
Caduceus -> Medical profession
Cadillac -> top of the line (in USA only)
Cedar tree-> Lebanon
Cheetah -> speed
Cherry Blossom -> Japan
Chukar -> Pakistan
Compass rose -> navigation
Cowboys and Indians -> the old Western USA
Crucifix -> Christianity
Cupid, heart -> love
Cedrus deodara -> Pakistan
Donkey -> United States Democratic Party
Dove -> Peace
Dragon -> China / Wales
Eagle -> USA
Elephant -> United States Republican Party
Elephant -> Thailand
Fatima Jinnah -> Pakistan
Flags -> the associated countries
Fleur-de-lis -> scouts, the Canadian city of Quebec
Geneva cross -> ambulance, neutrality, humanitarian
Great Wall of China -> China
Hammer and sickle -> U.S.S.R., Communism
Hat and wand -> magic
Horseshoe -> good luck
Igloo -> North Pole
James Dean -> rebellion
Jasmine -> Pakistan
Kangaroo -> Australia
Kiwi -> New Zealand
Liberty Bell -> USA
Lightbulb -> idea
Lightning bolt -> electricity, speed
Lion -> England
Llama -> South America
Lotus -> Hinduism and Buddhism
Mango -> Pakistan
Markhor -> Pakistan
Maple leaf -> Canada
Mortar and pestle -> Pharmacy
Mount Fuji -> Japan
Mount Rushmore -> USA
Muhammad Ali Jinnah -> Pakistan
Owl -> wisdom/education (western worlds), may mean evil in other place.
Panda -> China
Peace symbol -> hippies
Penguin -> South Pole, Linux
Pine tree and crane -> long life (Chinese)
Plum flower -> China
Pocket protector -> nerds
Poinsettia -> Christmas
Polar bear -> North Pole 
Rainbow -> Peace, Disarmament, Sustainability
Rainbow flag -> LGBTQ people
Rose -> England
Rams -> Guangzhou
Rolls Royce -> luxury, top of the line
Royal Bengal Tiger -> Bangladesh
St. Bernard (dog) -> rescue
Shamrock -> Ireland, Trinity
Shogun -> Japan
Skull and crossbones -> poison, danger
Star and crescent -> Islam
Star of David -> Judaism
Statue of Liberty -> USA
Swastika -> Hinduism, Buddhism, Nazism
Teen Talwar -> Pakistan
Thistle -> Scotland
Tulips -> Netherlands
Turkey -> Thanksgiving holiday
Uncle Sam -> USA
Unicorn -> good luck
Volvo cars -> bad/elderly drivers (Australia), prestige (European Union), Sweden
Water Lilly -> Bangladesh
White Flag -> France
Windmills -> Netherlands
Yin yang symbol -> Daoism
Society

Society is the term to describe human beings together (collective, the sum of their social networks and social interactions). The term comes from the Latin idea of societas, or the connection between friends or allies (friend or ally being socius).  It can also mean a specific group of people who interact, as well as a wider society of which they are members.  People form societies in order to gain greater benefits as a group than would be possible separately.  Many animals beside humans also do this, such as wolves or eusocial insects.  Sociology is the name for the study of society.

A society is often considered in terms of citizenship, rights, and ethics.  The strength and unity of any society's members' willingness to help each other is to be measured can be called social capital.

A social contract sets out the rules and roles for this kind of cooperation.  One kind of social contract is a constitution – which outlines to some extent what society in a given state is intended to look like.

Related pages 
 Civilization
 Culture
 Interpersonal relationship

References
Spache Readability Formula

Spache Readability Formula is one method of finding out how hard a piece of writing is (its textual difficulty).

The method compares words in a text to a list of words which are familiar in everyday writing. The words that are not on the list are called unfamiliar. The number of words per sentence are counted. This number and the percentage of unfamiliar words is put into a formula. The result is a reading age. Someone of this age should be able to read the text.

Spache works best on texts that are for children under the age of eight.

the formula; (0.141 * average sentence length)+(0.086 * percentage of difficult words)+0.839 = grade level

According to Oleander Solutions (), the revised Spache Formula is:

    GL = (.121 * ASL) + (.082 *UW) + .659 

Where:

    GL = U.S. grade level
    ASL = Average sentence length
    UW = Number of unique unfamiliar words

Related pages
Flesch-Kincaid Reading Level

Language
Sport

Sport is commonly defined as an athletic activity that involves a degree of competition, such as netball or basketball.  Some games and many kinds of racing are called sports. A professional at a sport is called an athlete. Many people play sports with their friends.  They need coaches to teach or train teams or individuals how to do better.  Sports can be played indoors or outdoors and by individuals or team.

Sport. Different types of sports help our body in different ways. For children, sports play an extremely important part in their lives by providing all round development of the child, physically, mentally and emotionally.

Some people like to watch other people play sports. Those who watch others playing sports are called fans. While some fans watch sports on television, others actually go to stadiums or other places where people pay to watch them in person. These fans are called spectators.

People engage in many kinds of sports, for example:

 
 Athletics
 Angling
 Field athletics.
 Triple jump
 Pole vault
 High jump
 Hammer throw
 Discus throw
 Javelin throw
 Shot put
 Track athletics
 Sprint
 Middle distance race
 Long distance race      
 Walking race
 Hurdle race
 Relay
 Steeplechase (sport)  
 Cross-country race
 Marathon
 Acrobatics
 Bodybuilding
 Gymnastics
 Rhythmic gymnastics
 Figure skating
 Boxing
 Fencing
 Judo
 Wrestling
 Motor sports
 Auto racing
 Shooting
 Diving
 Golf
 Rowing
 Sailing (sport)
 Surfing
 Swimming
 Bobsled
 Skiing
 Freestyle skiing
 Ski jumping
 Games
Tennis
 Baseball
 Softball
 Basketball
 Badminton-game
 Cricket-game
 Association football
 American football
 Australian Football
 Canadian football
 Gaelic football
 Rugby league football
 Rugby union football
 Flag football
 Polo
 Volleyball
 Dance
 Colorguard
 Marching band
 Esports

Related pages 

 Exercise
 Healthy lifestyle
 List of water sports
 Physical fitness
 Sports commentator
 Strength training
Saint Lawrence River

The Saint Lawrence River (; Tuscarora: Kahnawáʼkye; Mohawk: Kaniatarowanenneh, meaning "big waterway") is a big river in eastern North America. It flows between the Canadian province of Quebec & Ontario and the American state of New York, and through the major canadian city of Montreal. It is the third largest river in Canada. 

The river drains water from the Great Lakes into the Atlantic Ocean. It is more than three thousand kilometres long. The river meets the Atlantic Ocean in a big "estuary" or bay, the biggest in the world; this is called the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

The Canadian cities of Kingston, Montreal, Trois-Rivières and Quebec City are on this river. The Saint Lawrence Seaway allows ships to go up the river and through the Great Lakes right into the middle of North America.

References

Other websites

Regional Geography of the St. Lawrence River
Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System
Safe Passage: Aids to Navigation on the St. Lawrence – Historical essay, illustrated with drawings and photographs
Annotated Bibliography on St. Lawrence County and Northern New York region. 
International Saint Lawrence River Board of Control 
Saint Lawrence River from The Canadian Encyclopedia 
Watch the Jacques Cousteau documentary, St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea
The Steamboats "Sir James Kemp" and "Lord Dalhousie" on the River St. Lawrence, Upper Canada in 1833 by D.J. Kennedy, Historical Society of Pennsylvania 

Lawrence, Saint
Seville

Seville () is a city in the southern parts of Spain. A river called the Guadalquivir River goes through Seville. The city of Seville is the capital of the Spanish autonomous community Andalusia and of the province of Sevilla. People from Seville are called Sevillanos.

History 
A very old story says that the city was started by the famous hero of Greece, named Hercules. The Romans when they came to Spain gave it the Latin name of Hispalis. Over time this changed to be spelled in English as Seville. The Arab Moors took the city when they invaded the country, and you can still see a lot of the buildings they built during their 800-year stay in Spain (711-1492).

In 1992 Seville was the place for the Expo 92. There is a beautiful bridge across the Guadalquivir River called Puente del Alamillo. It was thought up by Santiago Calatrava a famous building expert.

Seville is famous for its hot summer weather.

Education 
 University of Seville. This is the oldest university in Sevilla. It is located near the Centro, or center of the city, across the street from Plaza de España and Parque Maria Luisa.
 Pablo de Olavide University. This website is located outside the main city of Sevilla, but is very easy to access using the subway system. It take about 30 minutes to get from the center of town to Pablo de Olavide on the subway.
 Menéndez Pelayo International University-Sevilla . This school is not your typical university. Only students who are studying abroad with International Studies Abroad attend classes at this school. It is lcoated near the Centro and Alfalfa Barrio.

Sports 
Seville is the home town of two soccer teams, Sevilla FC (often simply called "El Sevilla") and Real Betis Balompié (often called "El Betis").

Gallery

Other websites 

 Sevilla Guide
 City councils 

 
Capital cities in Spain
Social contract

A social contract or political contract is a perceived agreement among the people of a state about the rules that will define their government. These rules are usually called laws. Laws help to make sure people have rights and that their rights are protected. One kind of social contract is a constitution. A constitution says how decisions are made, and sets limits on the powers of leaders and other people who have authority.

In the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote books about social contracts. They saw good government as coming from social contracts. Rousseau wrote a book called The Social Contract. Both the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution use the theory of social contracts.

Related pages
 Constitution
 Political economy
 Rule of law

Law
Subtraction

Subtraction is the arithmetic operation for finding the difference between two numbers, though it can also be generalized to other mathematical objects such as vectors and matrices. The special names of the numbers in a subtraction expression are, minuend - subtrahend = difference. For example, the expression 7 - 4 = 3 can be read as "seven minus four equals three," "seven take away four leaves three," or "four from seven leaves three."

If the minuend is less than the subtrahend, the difference will be a negative number. For example, 17 - 25 = -8 . This can be read as "Seventeen minus twenty-five equals negative eight."  

Subtraction is how cash registers determine the change a buyer receives, when the buyer pays with more money than the purchase cost.

Related pages 
 Addition
 Division (mathematics)
 Multiplication
 Negative number
 Order of operations

References 

Arithmetics
Scientist

A scientist is a person who studies or has mastered the field in science. A scientist tries to understand how our world, or other things, work. Scientists make observations, ask questions and do extensive research work in finding the answers to many questions others may not know about. Scientists have researched many things.

Scientists may work in laboratories for governments, companies, schools and research institutions. Some scientists teach at universities and other places and train people to become scientists. Scientists often do experiments to find out more about reality, and sometimes may repeat experiments or use control groups. Scientists who are doing applied science try to use scientific knowledge to improve the world.

Types of scientists 
Scientists can work in different areas of science. 
Here are some examples: 
 Scientists that study physics are physicists. 
 Scientists that study chemistry are chemists. 
 Scientists that study biology are biologists
 Scientists that study rocks are geologists
 Scientists that study plants are botanists
 Scientists that study minds are psychologists
 Scientists that study farming are agricultural scientists

Related pages

History of science
List of scientists from Africa
List of scientists from Asia
List of scientists from Europe
List of scientists from North America
List of scientists from Oceania
List of scientists from South America

 
Science occupations
Supernatural

The word supernatural (from ) is used for things that some people believe are real, but that are not part of nature or inexplicable by the scientific laws of nature. Because we cannot prove whether these things are real, people often disagree about these things.

Some say that we should talk about things without talking about the supernatural, because we cannot prove that supernatural things are real. Other people say that although we cannot prove supernatural things in a scientific way, they are real. Some examples of supernatural things or examples are:

 magic
 miracles
 precognition
 demonic possession 
 souls, spirits or ghosts
 monsters
 yōkai
 grim reaper
 angels
 devils, asuras or demon
 kami
 UFOs
 legendary creatures
 God or gods
 parapsychology

Related pages
Religion
Belief
Superstition
Ritual
Near death experiences

Religion
Skin

Skin is the outside covering of mammals and some other animals. It has many purposes. First of all, it is a defense against the entry of pathogens such as bacteria and parasites. Second, it regulates (keeps in control) the body's temperature. It allows evaporation from its surface, and adjusts it. It is a physical defense, very strong in some animals, but rather weak in humans. The skin and hair on mammals has several purposes. In addition to temperature regulation and defense, some hair is used for signaling. 

Most animals add other defenses to their skin. Mammals have hair or fur on their skin. Birds have feathers on their skin. Most fish, and reptiles, like snakes and lizards, have scales on their skin. 

Humans can have different skin colours like black people and white people depending on their race and has to do with genetics.

The skin is actually the largest organ of the human body. Without skin, humans would easily get infected with diseases. Skin helps regulate body temperature. Skin lowers the potentially harmful effects of UV rays. As part of the immune system, skin can help warn people to certain diseases.

Clean skin is important to health, and all mammals groom their hair and skin. Skin care is much work.

Skins can be made into leather. Leather is sometimes used to make shoes, bags, and balls.

Other things can be said to have "skins". People often say that fruits, such as apples, bananas, grapes, kiwis, and strawberrys, and vegetables, such as potatoes, have "skins".

See also 
 Human skin colour

Other websites

References 

Basic English 850 words
Speed

Speed is the distance of a moving object in a given amount of time. Speed is a measure of how fast something is moving. The average speed of an object in a certain time is the distance the object travelled divided by the time. Speed is also the distance covered by an object per unit time.

Finding speed
To find speed ,

where  is the distance and  is the time that has gone by.

Units of measurement for speed
There are many units of measurement for speed. For example, an object's speed can be measured in 
miles per hour (mph),
kilometers per hour (km/h)
meters per second (m/s), which is the SI-unit for speed.

Changing speed
When an object changes speed, it gets faster or slower. If the speed of the object increases, it is called acceleration. If the object gets slower, and the speed decreases, it is called deceleration, or negative acceleration.

Related pages
Velocity
Momentum
Quantum mechanics
Metric system

Other websites 

Measurement
Physical quantity
Server

In net jargon, a server is a computer that serves many kinds of information to a user or client machine. Usually a server will only do a few things for many clients. Every type of thing a server does is called a service. Services are used by other computers that are called clients. The relationship between client and server is called a client-server relationship. For example, Wikipedia has web servers which have a service for sending web pages over the Internet. Your client computer talks to Wikipedia's web page service to get web pages for you. A server can also host internet games, share files, and give access to peripheral equipment such as printers. In simple words, the individual computers are connected to some powerful computers called servers. These store files and information in the form of website. With an Internet connection, different users anywhere in the world can access these files.

For servers and clients to talk to each other, they need to be connected to a network.  They need to use the same communication protocol, a set way for machines to talk to other machines.  It is like a language.  For example, the Wikipedia server runs the HTTP to send web sites to your computer, and your computer uses the HTTP Protocol to ask Wikipedia for pages.

Overview 
Usually, servers are specially made to be more powerful and reliable.  They are usually more expensive than normal computers.  Sometimes, servers can be clustered, which means many servers are working together to do one service.

The server might slow down if there are too many people accessing the server at the same time, resulting in a high load.  An overloaded server might also shut itself down automatically.

In a peer-to-peer system, every computer is both a client and a server to the others. This is commonly put into file sharing and VOIP.  However, this can help in attempts at piracy.

Typical server operating systems are Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD.  Unlike other computers, a server often has no monitor, keyboard, or mouse.  When a server doesn't have to do very much, server software can run on a computer that is also doing other things.

Web server

A web server is a type of server that is used to host websites.
Examples of web server software include Apache or IIS. A web server can host one, or many, websites. The default port for a web server to listen to is port 80 (HTTP) or 443 (HTTPS).

Some web servers do other things than just serving a web page.  For example, they may have something called SSI that makes building a website easier.

Web servers use services like CGI to let software on the server make web pages. Some of the programming languages that can use CGI are scripting languages like Perl, Python, PHP, or ASP. Some are compiled languages like C++ or Java.

Reference

Related pages  
File server

Reference
Internet
Servers
Computer science
Simile

A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things, usually by using the words 'like' or 'as'. It is used to make a direct and clear comparison between two things .Similes may be confused with metaphors, which do the same kind of thing. Similes use comparisons, with the words 'like' or 'as'. Metaphors use indirect comparisons, without the words 'like' or 'as'.

Similes:
Like a hungry wolf, he ate the food.
A dragonfly is like a plane: they both fly and cannot close their wings.
 He fought like a lion.
 The color yellow is like walking into a surprise birthday party. 

The other team's quarterback is as big as a redwood tree
Kingda Ka is as green as a pine tree

Other websites
"On substantiation through transitive relations" is an old manuscript written by the Arabic scholar Sayf al-Din al-Amidi. He talks about similes. 

Words
Figures of speech
Soap

Soap is a chemical compound resulting from the reaction of an alkali (commonly sodium or potassium hydroxide) with a fatty acid. Soaps are the metallic salts of long chain fatty acids. When mixed with water during bathing or washing, they help people and clothes get clean by lowering the chance of dirt and oil to get to the skin or fabric. Soaps are made from animal fats or vegetable oils. There are two basic steps in making soap. They are called Saponification and Salting-out of soap. Some people like to make their own soap.

Soap cleans very well in soft water. It is not toxic to water life. It can be broken down by bacteria. However, it is slightly soluble in water, so it is not often used in washing machines. It does not work well in hard water. It cannot be used in strongly acidic solutions. Mild hand soaps are only basic enough to remove unwanted skin oils. For other forms of oil, dishwashing soap is strong enough to remove almost all forms of oil without damaging petroleum products such as plastics. It does not damage skin either.

Soap has been made in many ways. Humanity has used soap-like things for thousands of years. The earliest recorded evidence of the making of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in Ancient Babylon and Sumeria. They were soap solutions, or soapy water.  People made them by mixing ashes with water and fat and boiling them. The Babylonians used water, alkali and cassia to make soap.

A recipe for solid soap appeared in about 800 c.e.  Gauls added salt to the soap solution to make the solid soap fall out.

The Ebers papyrus (Egypt, 1550 BC) suggests that ancient Egyptians bathed often and had animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to make a soap-like substance. Egyptian documents say that a soap-like substance was used in the preparation of wool for weaving.

Related pages
Soap made from human corpses

References

Care
Chemistry
Service economy

A service is a job or work done for someone else. All the service trades in a place form a service economy.  The service economy can be in a region like a country or in a town or city.

Structure 
Often, the person who gives the service will get something in return for the service. The person who gives the service can get money in return. The person who gives the service can get goods in return. The person who gives the service can get another service in return. This is a type of trade.

Economics