cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
List of rivers of Nepal

This is a list of rivers in Nepal.  Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name.

Ganges (in India)
Mahananda River (in India)
Bakra River
Kankai River
Ratua Khola
Mechi River
Kosi River (Sapt Koshi)
Tamur River
Arun River
Barun River
Sun Kosi
Dudh Kosi
Imja Khola
Hongu River
Liku River
Bhote Koshi (Tama Kosi)
Indravati River
Bagmati River
Kamala River
Lakhandei River
Bisnumati River
Gandaki River (Narayani) (Kali Gandaki)
East Rapti River
Trishuli River
Seti River
Marshyangdi
 Darudi
Nisi River
Madi River
Ghaghara River (Karnali)
West Rapti River
Rohni River
Tinau River
Mari River
Sarda River (Mahakali) (Kali River)
Surna River 
Chamlia River
Kalapani River
Babai River
Sarju River
Mohan River
Kandra River
Bheri River
Thuli Bheri River
Sani Bheri River
Thuli River
Seti River
Buriganga River
Sinja River
Mugu Karnali
Tanke River
Langu River
Panjang River
Humla Karnali

References
Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.
U.S. Army Map Service, 1966, Manasarowar
U.S. Army Map Service, 1966, Bihar
 GEOnet Names Server 

Geography of Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Greater flamingo

The greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) is the most widespread species of the flamingo family. It is found in the wetlands areas of Africa, southwest Europe, and South Asia. This is the largest species of flamingo, averaging up to 5 feet tall, and weighing 8 lbs. Their wingspan is 4 to 6 feet. Greater flamingos live up to 20 years in the wild. Their diet consists of seeds, algae, and small invertebrates.

The bird lives in mudflats and shallow coastal lagoons with salt water. Using its feet, the bird stirs up the mud, then sucks water through its bill and filters out small shrimp, seeds, blue-green algae, microscopic organisms and molluscs. The greater flamingo feeds with its head down. Its upper jaw is movable and not rigidly fixed to its skull. It was the state bird of Junagadh State.

References 

Birds of Africa
Birds of Pakistan
Bar-headed goose

The bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) is a type of goose that lives in wetland areas in Central Asia. It has a light grey body, broad wings, and a white face and neck. Its name comes from the two stripes (or "bars") of dark feathers that wrap around the back of its head. Like other geese, its feet are webbed. They can get up to 2.5 feet long and weigh 6.5 pounds. They eat mainly grass, wheat, barley and rice.

Physiology 

The main physiological challenge of bar-headed geese is getting oxygen from thin air  to their aerobic muscle fibres so they can fly at high altitudes. Flight is very metabolically costly at high-altitudes because birds need to flap harder in thin air to generate lift. 

Studies have found that bar-headed geese breathe more deeply and efficiently under low oxygen conditions, which serves to increase oxygen uptake from the environment. The haemoglobin of their blood has a higher affinity for oxygen compared to low-altitude geese.

Bar-headed geese have a slightly larger wing area for their weight than other geese, which is believed to help them fly at high altitudes. Birds at high-altitude still need to flap harder than lowland birds.

All this is relevant, since they fly through the high passes in the Himalayas when they migrate to & from the Indian subcontinent.

References 

Geese
Müller's Bornean gibbon

The Müller's Bornean gibbon (Hylobates muelleri), also known as the grey gibbon, is a primate in the Hylobatidae family. The Muller's gibbon ranks among the smallest gibbons, weighing . It is about  tall. The grey gibbons can live more than 40 years in captivity. They eat primarily fruit, leaves, flowers, and invertebrates.

Range
Muller's gibbons can only be found in the tropical rainforest of the island Borneo.

References 

Apes
Mammals of Asia
Jorge Ricardo

Jorge Ricardo (born September 30, 1961 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is a jockey of Thoroughbred horse racing, actually riding in Argentina, who became the all-time winningest rider in history on February 5, 2007. He has since been passed by Canadian-born, California-based rider Russell Baze.

Sources
 Ricardo sets new world record
 Ricardo x Baze
 Story on Ricardo's pursuit of 10,000 victories.
 February 6, 2007 ESPN article Brazilian passes Baze to take record -- for now
 Profile of Jorge Ricardo at JockeysRoom.com 

Equestrians
1961 births
Living people
Brazilian sportspeople
Grey bamboo lemur

The grey bamboo lemur is also called the grey gentle lemur, or the eastern lesser bamboo lemur (Hapalemur griseus). This is the smallest of the bamboo lemurs. It lives mostly in bamboo forests in eastern Madagascar. It is normally active at dusk, eating bamboo leaves and shoots.

Appearance   
Grey bamboo lemurs grow up to  long and weigh up to . The eastern lesser bamboo lemur has a dense, woolly coat that is grey to olive-grey on the upperparts, with chestnut-brown tinges on the head, shoulders, and sometimes the back.

References 

Lemuriformes
Mammals of Africa
Angola colobus

The Angola colobus (Colobus angolensis) is an arboreal monkey that belongs to the Colobus genus. They have no thumbs, which is not normal among primates. This allows them to shape their fingers into a winging hook. They eat leaves, fruit, and seeds.

Appearance 
Angolan colobus monkeys have glossy, black fur covers much of the body, but contrasts with short, white hair surrounding the face, a u-shaped, cape-like mantle of long white hair that extends down the shoulders and across the lower back, and a bushy white tuft to the tip of the tail. Colobus monkeys typically can weigh 2 lbs and grow over 2 feet long. Their lifespan is 20 to 30 years in the wild.

Habitat and distribution 
Colobus monkeys live in the trees of the African savannah and tropical forests.

References 

Mammals of Africa
Old World monkeys
Léon: The Professional

Léon (full name Léon: The Professional) is a 1994 French action thriller movie directed by Luc Besson. The focus of Léon is assassination and the Mafia. The movie is set in New York City. Jean Reno plays the title role, a hitman. Natalie Portman co-stars as Matilda, a girl who is being taught to become an assassin. And Gary Oldman plays the main villain Norman Stansfield, a corrupt cop in the Drug Enforcement Administration and mafia leader who kills Matilda's family. Léon was released in the United States on November 18, 1994.

Other websites 

1994 action movies
1994 thriller movies
1990s action thriller movies
English-language movies
French action movies
French thriller movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies directed by Luc Besson
Chris Evert

Christine Marie "Chris" Evert (born 21 December 1954) is an American retired tennis player. 

Evert was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, a daughter of tennis player and coach Jimmy Evert.

Evert turned professional in 1972. In singles, she won the Australian Open in 1982 and 1984. She won the French Open in 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985 and 1986. She won Wimbledon in 1974, 1976 and 1981. She won the US Open in 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980 and 1982. In doubles, she won the French Open in 1974 and 1975, as well as Wimbledon in 1976. She retired in 1989.

She was engaged to Jimmy Connors in 1974. She married John Lloyd in 1979; they divorced in 1987. She married Andy Mill in 1988; they had three sons. She divorced him in 2006. She married Greg Norman in 2008; they divorced in 2009. She lives in Boca Raton, Florida. 

1954 births
American female tennis players
French Open champions
Living people
People from Boca Raton, Florida
Sportspeople from Florida
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
Senate of Chile

The Senate of Chile is the upper house of Chile's bicameral National Congress established in the Chilean constitution.

Related pages 
 President of the Senate of Chile
 National Congress of Chile
 Chamber of Deputies of Chile

Other websites 

 The Official website of the Chilean Senate 

Government of Chile
Chile
Laurie Metcalf

Laura Elizabeth "Laurie" Metcalf (born June 16, 1955) is an American movie and television series actress. She played Jackie Harris in the sitcom Roseanne. She played Carolyn Bigsby in the sitcom Desperate Housewives She played Debbie Salt in Scream 2. She played one of the characters in the Toy Story franchise. Metcalf received three Emmy Awards for her performance. She was born in Carbondale, Illinois. She was married to Jeff Perry. In 2018, she won a Tony Award.

1955 births
Living people
Actors from Illinois
People from Carbondale, Illinois
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Tony Award winning actors
Drama Desk Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Robert Herbert

Sir Robert George Wyndham Herbert (1831-1905) was the first Premier of Queensland. He was premier twice, the first time when Queensland became an independent colony, from 10 December 1859 to 1 February 1866 and then again from 20 July 1866 to 7 August 1866.

He was educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford.

References

1905 deaths
1831 births
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Australian LGBT people
English LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT politicians
People educated at Eton College
People from Brighton
Politicians from Sussex
Premiers of Queensland
Lara Giddings

Larissa Tahireh Giddings (born 14 November 1972) was the 44th Premier of Tasmania. She became premier on 24 January 2011 when David Bartlett resigned. She is the first woman to be Premier of Tasmania, as well as the youngest woman elected to an Australian parliament.

On 15 March 2014, in the Tasmanian state election the Labor government led by Lara Giddings was defeated by the Liberals led by Will Hodgman.

References

1972 births
Living people
Premiers of Tasmania
Australian Labor Party politicians
Premier of Tasmania

The Premier of Tasmania is the head of the government in the Australian state of Tasmania. The political party  which has the most support in the House of Assembly will nominate its leader to be Premier. The leader is then asked by the Governor of Tasmania to act as their principal adviser. 

Before the 1890s, there was no political party system in Tasmania. Before 1920 premiers were often appointed from the Legislative Council.

List of Premiers of Tasmania

References
Bother (song)

"Bother" is the second single from the alternative metal band Stone Sour's first album Stone Sour. It was originally released as a solo song by frontman Corey Taylor, but the billing was later changed to Stone Sour. The song was one of Stone Sour's first songs to put them into the mainstream. The cover features Taylor's hands and rings, one of them being a Spider-Man ring which is a reference to the song being featured on the soundtrack to the film Spider-Man (although the track is credited to Taylor as the performer not Stone Sour) and to Taylor being a fan of Spider-Man. The other has the number 8 on it, representing Taylor's number in Slipknot. Taylor has stated that the song is about when he moved back to Des Moines from Denver, where he hoped to try to move forward with his music.

2002 songs
List of rivers of Nicaragua

Most of the rivers in Nicaragua are on the Caribbean coast and empty out into the Caribbean Sea. The Río San Juan is one of the most important rivers in Nicaragua. It borders Costa Rica and connects the Caribbean Sea to Lake Cocibolca which flows out to the Pacific Ocean.

This list is arranged by where the river drains. Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name.

Atlantic Ocean

Coco River (Segovia River) (Wanki River)
Waspuk River
Lakus River
Bocay River
Amaka River
El Jicaro River
Estili River
Ulang River
Wawa River (Huahua River)
Likus River
Kukalaya River
Layasiksa River
Prinzapolka River
Bambana River
Yaoya River
Uli River
Wani River
Río Grande de Matagalpa
Tuma River
Iyás River
Yaosca River
Murra River
Olama River
Kurinwás River
Wawasang River
Escondido River
Kama River
Mahogany River
Rama River
Plata River
Mico River
Siquia River
Kukra River
Punta Gorda River
Maíz River
Indio River
San Juan River
Sábalos River
Lake Nicaragua
Tule River
Canastro River
Tepenaguasapa River
Oyate River
Ojocuapa River
Acoyapa River
Mayales River
Cuisalá River
Malacatoya River
Tipitapa River
Lake Managua
Viejo River (Grande River)
Sinecapa River
Ochomogo River
Sapoá River
Niño River (Pizote River)
Papaturro River
Zapote River
Frío River

Pacific Ocean

Río Negro
Estero Real River
Tecomapa River
Tamarindo River
Tecolapa River
Casares River
Escalante River

References

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.
CIA map, 1997.
UN map, 2004.
Weller Cartographic Services map, 1998.
Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudio Territoriales department maps , 2001. (in Spanish)

Geography of Nicaragua
Nicaragua
Nicaragua
Christopher Showerman

Christopher Frederick Showerman (born June 24, 1971) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for playing George in George of the Jungle 2, taking over from Brendan Fraser.

Other websites
 Official site
 
 Interview for "The Land That Time Forgot"
 Actors Life 
 Shorrisfilm.com 

Living people
1971 births
Actors from Michigan
American television actors
American movie actors
List of rivers of Nigeria

This is a list of rivers in Nigeria

A
Aba River – Anambra River
Agulu lake

B
Benue River – Bonny River

C
Calabar River – Chanomi Creek – Cross River

D
Donga River

E
Ekulu River – Escravos River

F
Forcados River

G
Gadar Tamburawa River – Gongola River – Goulbi de Maradi River – Great Kwa River

H
Hadejia River

I
Imo River

J
Jama'are River

K
Ka River – Kaduna River – Katsina Ala River – Kwa Ibo River

N
New Calabar River – Ngadda River – Niger River – Nun River

O
Ogun River – Ogunpa River – Oramiriukwa River – Oshun River – Otamiri River – Ouémé River

R
Rima River

S
Sokoto River

T
Taraba River

Y
Yobe River

Z
Zamfara River

Geography of Nigeria
Nigeria
Nigeria
Rivers of Nigeria
San'yōdō

is a Japanese term for both an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region.

History
San'yōdō was one of the main circuits of the Gokishichidō system. It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the Gokishichido became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including San'yōdō, remained cultural markers.

Geography
San'yōdō is the southern part of southern Honshū.  The region is on the Seto Inland Sea.  It has includes eight ancient provinces,  including
Aki 
Bingo
Bitchū
Bizen
Harima
Mimasaka
Nagato
Suō

The lands of four prefectures is in the region of San'yōdō: Hiroshima, Hyōgo, Okayama and Yamaguchi.

The modern national highway, Route 2, the San'yō Expressway, and the San'yō Main Line of the West Japan Railway Company, follow the approximate route of the San'yōdō.

Related pages
 Chūgoku region
 Comparison of regions of Japan

References

Geography of Japan
Japanese culture
List of rivers of Norway

The following are the 20 longest rivers of Norway ranked by length (in miles):

 Glomma (373)
 Pasvikelva and Ivalojoki (236) (86 in Norway, 149 in Finland)
 Numedalslågen (218)
 Gudbrandsdalslågen and Vorma (218)
 Tanaelva (216)
 Drammensvassdraget (Drammenselva) (187)
 Skiensvassdraget (155)
 Begna (155)
 Otra (152)
 Trysilelva (144)
 Altaelva (142)
 Namsen (141)
 Hallingdalselva and Snarumselva (136)
 Arendalsvassdraget (Nidelva (Aust-Agder)) (129)
 Orklaelva (106)
 Renaelva (102)
 Vefsna (101)
 Nea-Nidelvvassdraget (96)
 Karasjohka (96)
 Gaula (90)

Other rivers
Other rivers include:
Akerselva
Flakstadelva

References 
 De lengste elvene i Norge  ("The longest rivers in Norway" (Norwegian) from the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate)

Norway
Geography of Norway
Norway
List of rivers of Oman

The following is a list of rivers and wadis in the Sultanate of Oman.  They are arranged by where the river drains.

Musandam peninsula
Wadi Bih
Wadi Qadah
Wadi Khasab
Wadi Khabb

Gulf of Oman
Wadi Hattami
Wadi Abd ar Rahman
Wādī Banī ‘Umar al Gharbī
Wadi Suqua
Wadi Jizzi
Wadi Sarami
Wadi al Hawasinah
Wadi al Abyada
Wadi Samail
Wadi Mayhi
Wadi Mijlas
Wadi Dayqah
Wadi Hawiri
Wadi al Arabiyin
Wadi Bimmah
Wadi Fins
Wadi Shaba
Wadi Tiwi
Wadi Hilom
Wadi Rafsah

Arabian Sea
Wadi al Batha (Oman) (Batha River)
Wadi Bani Khalid
Wadi Andam
Wadi Matam
Wadi al Ithli
Wadi Mahram
Wadi Halfayn
Wadi Quiam
Wadi Tarban
Wadi Qilfah
Wadi Gharm
Wadi Haytam
Wadi Ghadun (Arabian Sea)
Wadi Watif
Wadi Aynayn (Aynina River)

Rub' al Khali
Wadi Dank
Wadi Khuwaybah
Umm al Samim
Wadi al Ayn
Wadi Rafash
Wadi Aswad
Wadi Umayri
Wadi Haniyah
Wadi Ghul
Wadi Musallim
Wadi Majhul
Wadi Bin Khawtar
Wadi Arah
Wadi Qitbit
Wadi Jazal
Wadi Maharib
Wadi Umm al Hayt (Wadi Hayta)
Wadi Dawkah
Wadi Ghadun (Rub' al Khali)
Wadi Aydim
Wadi al Madi
Wadi Stum
Wadi Shihan
Nukhdat Fasad
Wadi Mitan

Geography of Oman
Oman
Oman
List of rivers of Palau

This is a list of the rivers of Palau, all of which are on Babeldaob.  They are listed in clockwise order, starting at the north end of the island. Alternate names are given in parenthesis.

Lmetmellasch (Mutukl River)
Ngeredekuu (Ngareboku River)
Ngerdorch (Garudokku, Ngardok River, Ngdorak River)
Merong (Amerong River)
Meskelat
Ngrikiil (Geriiki River, Ngerikil River)
Edeng
Kmekumel (Kumekumeyel River)
Ngerimel (Gihmel River)
Ngerderar (Ngarderartaog)
Isemiich (Aisemiich, Aisemith River, Barrak River)
Tabecheding (Tabagaten River, Tobagnding River)
Ngetpang (Ngesenhong River)
Ngermeskang (Almiokan River, Almongui River, Arumonogui River, Gabatouru River, Garumisukan River, Kloultaog)
Nkebeduul (Gabatouru River)
Chomet Ubet (Omobodo River)
Omoachel ra Ngchesuch
Ngerdesiur (Nedeshelu River, Ngeresiuur River)
Omoachel ra Mekaud (Amekaud River, Ngaramasech)
Ngereksong (Arukuson River)
Kabekel (Kabokel River, Marcon River)
Irur (Ailol River, Airoru River)
Ngerchetang (Galkatan River, Garukatan River, Ngaragatong River)
Diongradid (Adeiddo River, Adelildo River, aDid River, Arattsu River, Ateshi River, Taoch ra Iwekei)
Ngolsang
Ouang
Desengong

References
GEOnet Names Server 

Palau
Palau
Palau
List of rivers of Panama

This is a list of rivers in Panama. The list is arranged by where the river drains. Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name.

Atlantic Ocean

Sixaola River
Yorkin River
San San River
Changuinola River
Teribe River
Guariviara River
Cricamola River
Calovebora River
Cocle del Norte River
Toabré River
Indio River
Chagres River
Gatún River
Cascajal River
Nombre de Dios River
Cangandi River

Pacific Ocean

Chiriquí Viejo River
Chiriquí River
David River
Majagua River
San Felix River
Tabasara River
San Pablo River
Cobre River
La Villa River
Santa Maria River
Cocle del Sur River
Chico River
Grande River
Pacora River
Chepo River (Bayano River)
Mamoni River
Lara River
Congo River
Sabanas River
Tuira River
Balsas River
Chucunaque River
Sambú River

References
Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.
CIA map, 1995.

Panama
Panama
Panama
George Graham (clockmaker)

George Graham (1673 in Cumberland, England - November 16, 1751, London)  was an English watchmaker and inventor. .He was a member of the British Royal Society. He was a close friend of the well known clockmaker Thomas Tompion. Graham invented many improvements to the pendulum clock. He invented the  mercury compensating pendulum.

References

1673 births
1751 deaths
English inventors
People from Cumbria
George Graham (footballer)

George Graham is a former football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

Career statistics

Club

International

|-
|1971||2||1
|-
|1972||6||0
|-
|1973||4||2
|-
!Total||12||3
|}

References

1944 births
Living people
Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
Arsenal F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
List of rivers of Niger

This is a list of rivers in Niger

A
Atakora River

G
Goulbi de Maradi River

M
Mékrou River

N
Niger River

S
Sirba River

T
Tapoa River

V
Vallée de l'Ahzar

Y
Yobe River
 

Geography of Niger
Niger
Niger
San'indō

is a Japanese term for both an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region.

History
San'indō was one of the main circuits of the Gokishichidō system.  It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the Gokishichido became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including San'indō, remained cultural markers.

Geography
San'indō is the northern part of southern Honshū.  The region is on the Sea of Japan.  It is a geographic region which has eight ancient provinces, including
 Hōki 
 Inaba
 Iwami 
 Izumo
 Oki
 Tajima
 Tamba
 Tango

The lands of three prefectures is in the region of San'indō: Kyoto, Hyōgo and Tottori.

Today, Route 9, the San'in Expressway, and the San'in Main Line of the West Japan Railway Company follow the approximate route of the San'indō.

Related pages
 Chūgoku region 
 Comparison of regions of Japan

References

Geography of Japan
Japanese culture
List of rivers of Oceania

This is a list of rivers in Oceania.

Australia
List of rivers of Australia

Cook Islands
Avana River

Fiji

Ba River
Dreketi River
Navua River
Rewa River
Sigatoka River

French Polynesia
Papenoo River

New Zealand
List of rivers of New Zealand

Papua New Guinea
Asaro River
Bae'e River
Chimbu River
Eilanden River
Fly River
Gogol River
Jaba River
Kabenau River
Kikori River
Malas River
Mambare River
Markham River
Ok Tedi River
Pulau River
Purari River
Ramu River
Sepik River
Sogeram River
Strickland River
Torokina River
Turama River
Watut River
Warangoi River
Wawoi River

Western New Guinea
Mamberamo River
Tariku River
Taritatu River
Van Daalen River
List of rivers of Paraguay

This is a list of rivers in Paraguay. This list is arranged by where the river drains. Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name.

La Plata Basin

 Paraná River
 Paraguay River
 Tebicuary River
 Pilcomayo River
 Salado River
 Piribebuy River
 Confuso River
 Manduvirá River
 Jejuy River
 Yhagüy River
 Aguaray-Guazú River
 Negro River
 Aguaray-Guazú River
 Jejuí Guazú River
 Curuguaty River
 Monte Lindo River
 Ypané River
 Aquidabán River
 Verde River
 Apa River
 Melo River
 Tímane River
 Bamburral River or Negro
 Monday River
 Acaray River
 Yguazú River
 Ytambey River
 Carapá River

References
Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.
 GEOnet Names Server 

Paraguay

Paraguay
Otitis

Otitis means inflammation or infection of the ear. It can happen in both humans and other animals. It can affect different parts of the ear:
Otitis externa, also called "swimmer's ear," affects the outer ear and ear canal.
Otitis media affects the middle ear.
Otitis interna affects the inner ear.

Symptons include ear wax, ear-ache and headaches. It often affects sinuses and throat also.

Scientists have found signs of ear infections in the bones of humans who lived 15,000 years ago.

References

Inflammation
Synovial fluid

Synovial fluid is viscous non-Newtonian fluid within the cavities of synovial joints. Synovial means yolk like. The principal role for synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of the joints during movement.

Joints
Cracking joints

Cracking joints consist of the action of moving joints to the point of producing popping or cracking sounds. This commonly occurs during deliberate knuckle cracking. This usually happens in the fingers. However, it can also happen in hips, wrists, elbows, ankles, knees and toes, particularly if they are moved into unusual positions. Cracking or popping usually happens due to cavitation within the joints, in particular cavitation related to synovial fluid.

Joints
Premier of South Australia

The Premier of South Australia is the head of the South Australian government. They are the leaders of the political party which has a majority of the seats in the Legislative Assembly. Before the 1890s when there was no formal party system in South Australia, politicians usually held liberal or conservative beliefs. The liberals dominated government from 1893 to 1905 with Labor support, with the conservatives mostly in opposition. Labor took government with the support of eight liberals in 1905 when Labor gained more seats than the liberals. The rise of Labor meant the other groups began to become anti-labor parties. The conservatives merged with the Liberal and Democratic Union (formed in 1906) to become the Liberal Union in 1910. No "country" or rural conservative parties have lasted in South Australian state politics. 

Labor formed South Australia's first majority government after winning the 1910 state election. This was two weeks after federal Labor formed Australia's first majority government after winning the 1910 federal election.

List of Premiers of South Australia
The first six Governors of South Australia ran the government from 1836 until responsible government was began in 1856.

References
Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy

The "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" is a dance for a ballerina. It is the third movement in The Nutcracker pas de deux. This pas de deux is from Act 2 of the 1892 ballet The Nutcracker.  It is danced by the principal female dancer. The number was choreographed by Lev Ivanov to music written by Tchaikovsky. 

Choreographer Marius Petipa wanted the Sugar Plum Fairy's music to sound like "drops of water shooting from a fountain". Tchaikovsky found the ideal instrument to do this job in Paris in 1891. It was then that he came across the recently invented celesta. This instrument looked like a piano. It sounded like bells. Tchaikovsky wrote, "[The celesta is] midway between a tiny piano and a Glockenspiel, with a divinely wonderful sound." He wanted to use the celesta in The Nutcracker. He asked his publisher to buy one. He wanted to keep the purchase a secret. He did not want other Russian composers to "get wind of it and ... use it for unusual effects before me." 

Tchaikovsky  introduced the celesta to Russian music lovers on 19 March 1892 when the Nutcracker Suite was performed for the Russian Musical Society in St. Petersburg. The instrument is forever identified with the Sugar Plum Fairy. It is heard in other parts of Act 2 of The Nutcracker besides the Sugar Plum Fairy's dance. The "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" is one of the ballet's best known musical numbers. It is often "jazzed up" for television commercials at Christmas time. 

There is little information about the Sugar Plum Fairy's original choreography. In the first performances the presto at the end of the dance was cut. According to Roland John Wiley, the dance appears to have consisted of short pointe steps, petite batteries, and attitudes in various combinations. He describes the dance as having "a sense of dynamic build up: from delicate angularity ... to circular shapes, to plainer but more virtuoso movementspirouettes to rounds de jambenear the end." 

The first Sugar Plum Fairy was Antonietta Dell'Era. She was a good technician, but Tchaikovsky's brother Modest described her as pudgy and unattractive. Although the Sugar Plum Fairy is the prima ballerina of The Nutcracker, she has very little dancing to do. This was a considered a major defect among early critics. Dell'Era tried to expand the role of the Sugar Plum Fairy in later performances by putting a gavotte by Czibulka into the score.

References 
Notes

Sources
 Anderson, Jack. 1979. The Nutcracker Ballet. Gallery Books.
 Brown, David. 1991. Tchaikovsky: the final years, 1885-1893. Norton.
 Wiley, Roland John. 1985. Tchaikovsky's Ballets. Oxford University Press.
 Luke Cibelli. 1985. 
Frogman - Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy (surf-rock version 2021)

Ballets by Lev Ivanov
Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Ballets first performed by the St. Petersburg Imperial Ballet
Black-and-white ruffed lemur

The black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata) is a threatened species native to the eastern coasts of Madagascar. Including the tail, black-and-white ruffed lemurs are one of the largest of the lemurs in the world, being 4 feet tall and weighing 10 pounds. They can live up to 18 years in captivity. Like all ruffed lemurs, they get their name from the thick fur that surrounds their whole head.

Diet 
Black-and-white ruffed lemurs mainly eat fruits, leaves, seeds and nectar, and insects. In captivity, some zoos will include biscuits to their meals.

References 

Lemuriformes
Mammals of Africa
Pear (color)

Pear is a pale chartreuse yellowish color that looks like the color of the outer surface of Anjou or Bartlett pears.

Meaning of pear
 The color pear represents something or someone that is sweet, juicy, and satisfying like the fruit.

Tones of pear color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References

Shades of green
Shades of yellow
Lycopod

The Lycopods (Lycopodiophyta or Lycophyta) are the oldest surviving vascular plant division. This is a subdivision of the plant kingdom. Its earliest fossils are from 428–410 million years ago.p99

The Lycopods include some of the most primitive (basal) living species. They reproduce by shedding spores and have macroscopic alternation of generations. Members of Lycopodiophyta have a protostele, and the sporophyte generation is dominant.

Lycopods differ from all other vascular plants in having microphylls, leaves that have only a single vein rather than the much more complex megaphylls found in ferns and seed plants.

Classification
There are around 1,200 living species of Lycopodiophyta; they are generally divided into three orders. There are also some extinct groups. There are different opinions as to how the whole group should be classified.p8 Living groups are:

Lycopodiales: Clubmosses
Isoetales: Quillworts
Selaginellales: Spikemosses

References 

Vascular plants
Marie Bashir

Dame Marie Roslyn Bashir  (born 1 December 1930) is the 37th Governor of New South Wales, and the first woman to hold the position. She was appointed on 1 March 2001. She was born in Narrandera, New South Wales, and later went to the Sydney Girls High School. She studied medicine and surgery at the University of Sydney, graduating in 1956. She worked in mental health, and became the Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Sydney. She was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1988 for her services to child and adolescent health.

From 1957 until his death in 2018, Bashir was married to former Sydney Lord Mayor Sir Nicholas Shehadie.

References

1930 births
Living people
Governors of New South Wales
Australian medical doctors
Australian academics
University of Sydney alumni
University of Sydney faculty
Cecil Woodham-Smith

Cecil Blanche Woodham-Smith (née Fitzgerald; 29 April 1896 – 16 March 1977) was a British historian. She wrote The Great Hunger about the history of the Potato Famine in Ireland. She was critical of the British government's handling of the famine in the book. She was particularly critical of Charles Edward Trevelyan, the man who ran the British government's relief effort in Ireland, and accused him of having anti-Irish racial sentiments.

British historians
1896 births
1977 deaths
Solenn Colléter

Solenn Colléter is a French novelist born in Paris in 1974. Graduate from École nationale de l'aviation civile ("French civil aviation university" ; promotion 1993), she is the author of Je suis morte et je n’ai rien appris ("I am dead and I learned nothing" ; Éditions Albin Michel) about hazing in university studies.

Bibliography
 Solenn Colléter, Lettres de sang sur la côte sauvage, Alain Bargain, 2005, 541 p. ()
 Solenn Colléter, Je suis morte et je n'ai rien appris, Albin Michel, 2007, 359 p. ()

References

Other websites 
 Solenn Colléter on Albin Michel website

1974 births
Living people
Alumni of the École nationale de l'aviation civile
French novelists
Surrogacy

Surrogacy means getting pregnant and carrying a child for other persons/person who will become the child's parents\parent after their birth. Some reasons why people may look for surrogacy is if a single man wants a child, pregnancy is too much of a risk, or if a woman can't have children through their own pregnancy.  The carrier of the children is called a surrogate mother.

It may or may not involve monetary arrangements between the surrogate and the biological parents. In some countries like China, Japan, Germany and France it is considered illegal. In Australia and New Zealand commercial surrogacy is an offence. India is the main destination for this as surrogacy here is cheaper.

Other websites 
 Surrogacy Process
 Types of surrogacy
 Who needs surrogacy?
 Who can be a surrogate?

Law
Pregnancy and childbirth
Manicouagan crater

The Manicouagan crater is one of the oldest known impact craters. It is in the Côte-Nord region of Québec, Canada.

It was caused by the impact of a  diameter asteroid about 215.5 million years ago, in the Upper Triassic.

The crater is a multiple-ring structure about  across. Its inner ring is its most prominent feature. This is a  diameter annular lake, the Manicouagan Reservoir, surrounding an inner island plateau. It is the earth's fifth largest confirmed impact crater.

Multiple impact event 
The Manicouagan crater may have been part of a multiple impact event which also formed the Rochechouart crater in France, Saint Martin crater in Manitoba, Obolon' crater in Ukraine, and Red Wing crater in North Dakota. The five craters form a chain, indicating the breakup and subsequent impact of an asteroid or comet, like the impacts of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter in 1994.

Laser argon-argon dating of the glass formed by the impacts, and stratigraphic evidence, support an age of 215 ± 25 mya. The impact places have moved far apart in the intervening 214 million years. Three of the craters—Rochechouart, Manicouagan and Saint Martin—formed a  chain at latitude 22.8° N, while Obolon' and Red Wing lay on identical declination paths with Rochechouart and Saint Martin respectively. All of the craters had previously been known and studied, but their paleoalignment had never before been demonstrated. The chance that these craters could be aligned like this accidentally are nearly zero.

References 

Impact craters
Geography of Quebec
−1 (number)

In mathematics, −1 is the additive inverse of 1. That is, if it is added to 1, the result is 0. It is the negative integer greater than negative two (−2) and less than 0.

Negative one has some similar properties as positive one. But some are different.

Negative one is related to Euler's identity. This is because the identity states 

In computer science, −1 is a common initial value for integers. It is also used to show that a variable has no useful information.

Algebraic properties
Multiplying a number by −1 is the same as changing the sign on the number. This can be proved using the distributive law and the axiom at 1 is the multiplicative identity, that is, a number multiplied by 1 is the number itself. So, for x real, we have

where we used the fact that 0 multiplied by any real number x equals 0, shown by cancellation from the equation

In other words,

so (−1) · x or −x is the arithmetic inverse of x.

Square of −1
The square of −1, i.e. −1 multiplied by −1, equals 1. So, a square of negative real numbers is positive.

To prove this with algebra, start with the equation

The first equality follows from the above result. The second follows from the definition of −1 as additive inverse of 1, that is, when added to 1, it gives 0. Now, using the distributive law, we see that

The second equality follows from the fact that 1 is a multiplicative identity, that is : . But now adding 1 to both sides of this last equation means

The above arguments hold in any ring. Ring is a concept of abstract algebra generalizing integers and real numbers.

Square roots of −1
The complex number i satisfies i2 = −1. So it is a square root of −1. The only other complex number x for which the equation x2 = −1 holds is −i. In the algebra of quaternions, which has the complex plane, the equation x2 = −1 has an infinity of solutions.

Exponentiation to negative integers
A non-zero real number can have a negative number as its power. We define that x−1 = 1/x. This means a number raised to a power of −1 is equal to the reciprocal of that number. The exponential law xaxb = x(a + b) for a,b non-zero real numbers is true even if a or b is negative.

Computer representation
There are many ways that −1 (and negative numbers in general) can be represented in computer systems. The most common is as two's complement of their positive form. In standard binary representation, this can also represent a positive integer.

References

-1
List of iCarly episodes

Below is a list of episodes of U.S. sitcom iCarly by Nickelodeon. It premiered on September 8, 2007. Nickelodeon promoted many episodes including "iDo", "iHire an Idiot", "iPity the Nevel", "iDate Sam & Freddie", etc. as specials, despite them being regular episodes.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1: 2007-08

Season 2: 2008-09

Season 3: 2009-10

Season 4: 2010-11

Season 5: 2011-12

Season 6: 2012

References 

2007 in American television
2008 in American television
2009 in American television
2010 in American television
2011 in American television
2012 in American television
Lists of comedy television series episodes
Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes
Japanese saw

The Japanese saw or  is a type of saw used in woodworking.  The saw cuts on the pull stroke (when the saw is pulled backwards), unlike many Western saws which cut on the push stroke (when the saw is pushed forward).

Types of Japanese hand saws
There are several types of Japanese saws:
  is a type of backsaw or a saw with a stiffening strip attached to it

  is a multi-purpose carpentry saw with two cutting edges
 
  is a small ryōba saw used for cutting into the flat surface of a board rather than from the edge 

  is a thin saw used for cutting curves

  is a saw with a disposable blade

References

Other websites

Cutting tools
MD5

MD5 is a special algorithm, a mathematical process, used to make computer information secure and safe. MD5 stands for Message Digest, and was made to replace the MD4 standard. 

It is mainly used for security in database systems. The algorithm generates a unique hash code for every piece of data (strings, text etc.). Any change to the data, either deliberate or accidental, will mean the hash code will also change. By comparing the codes, it is easy to see if a change has been made. MD5 was invented by Ron Rivest of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1991. An MD5 hash code provides a 32-digit hexadecimal number. By 1996, methods were developed to break the security of an MD5 algorithm. This was done by getting another program to make the same hash number for different sets of data. MD5 is no longer considered acceptable for protecting against intentional malicious changes to data, but it is still considered OK to protect from accidental changes, for example single-bit changes caused by noise on a network connection. An MD5 hash could look like: 9c677286866aad38f8e9b660f5411814. This is the hash of the string "Wikipedia".

Algorithms
List of rivers of the Philippines

This is a list of rivers in the  Philippines:

Luzon
Abra River
Abulog River
Agno River (Pangasinan)
Angat River
Apayao River
Bay River
Bicol River
Cagayan River
Chico River
Ilagan River
Magat River
Pinacanauan River
Siffu River
Mallig River
Calumpang River (Batangas)
Ifugao River
Mangangate River
Marikina River (Metro Manila)
Morong River
Pagsanjan River (Laguna)
Pampanga River
Pangil River (Laguna)
Pansipit River
Parañaque River 
Pasig River (Metro Manila)
San Juan River
Taguig River (Metro Manila)
San Juan River
San Cristobal River (Laguna)
Santa Cruz River
Sapang Baho River
Siniloan River
Tarlac River
Tullahan River
Tunasan River
Umiray River
Wawa River

Visayas
Aklan River
Banica River
Hilabangan River
Ilog River
Iloilo River
Jalaur River
Loboc River
Panay River
Silmugi River
Subangdaku River

Mindanao
Agus River
Agusan River
Umayam River
Buayan River
Cagayan River (Cagayan de Oro)
Bubunaoan River
Kalawaig River
Tagite River
Davao River
Salug River
Guagua River
Malungon River
Mindanao River
Pulangi River
Bobonawan River
Tigwa River
Manupali River
Muleta River
Sawaga River
Maradugao River
Kabacan River
Buluan River
Allah River
Tagum River
Libuganon River
Tagoloan River

Philippines

Philippines
List of rivers of Poland

Following is a list of rivers, which are at least partially in Poland.

Rivers by length 

Poland
Poland
Poland-related lists
List of rivers of Romania

This is the list of longest rivers of Romania which entirely or partially flow through Romania.

Longest rivers of Romania

The length represents only the part of the river that flows in Romania.

References
  2004 Romanian Statistical Yearbook - Geography, Meteorology and Environment

Romania
Romania-related lists
Romania
Tōsandō

is a Japanese term for both an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region.

History
Tōsandō was one of the main circuits of the Gokishichidō system.  It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the Gokishichido became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including Tōsandō, remained cultural markers.

Geography
Tōsandō is in the central mountains of northern Honshū. It is made of eight ancient provinces,  including
Ōmi Province
Mino Province
Hida Province
Shinano Province
Kōzuke Province
Shimotsuke Province
Mutsu Province
Dewa Province

After 711, Tōsandō was understood to include Musashi province.

The lands of many prefectures are in the region of Tōsandō: Akita, Aomori, Fukushima, Fiu, Gunma, Iwate, Miyagi, Nagano, Shiga and Tochigi prefectures.

Related pages 
 Tōhoku region
 Comparison of regions of Japan

References

Geography of Japan
Mass Gathering Medicine

Mass Gathering Medicine is a field of medicine which deals with health effects/risks of mass gatherings, that generate a higher incidence of injury and illness, may be the subject to a catastrophic accident or attack with large numbers of injured or dead persons.

Such factors as the weather, duration of the event, movement of the crowd, containment of the event (fenced/contained or not), availability of alcohol/drugs, the density of the crowd et al., possibility for spreading of communicable diseases all influence the health care at mass gatherings.

Purposes of Mass Gathering Medical  Services at an event are: rapid access to the injured or ill patients, effective stabilizing and transporting injured or ill patients, on-site care for minor injuries and illnesses. Mass gathering medicine support requires planning.

The World Health Organization supports Member States hosting mass gatherings.

References

Social groups
Emergency medicine
List of rivers of Rwanda

This is a list of streams and rivers in Rwanda

K 

Kagera River

R 

Ruzizi River

Rwanda
Rwanda
Rwanda
List of rivers of Saint Kitts and Nevis

This is a list of rivers of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Only Cayon and Wingfield are permanent rivers, all other streams listed are not permanent.

Saint Kitts
Parsons Ghut
Cayon River
Lodge Ghut
Ottleys Ghut
Fountain River
Ogees River
Fancy River (North Olivees River)
South Olivees River
French River
English River
Pelhams River (Stone Fort River)
East River
Wingfield River
Godwin Ghut
Colledge Street Ghut
Phillips Ghut

Nevis
Camp River
Fountain Ghut
New River Ghut
Fountain Ghut
Grandee Ghut
Sulphur Ghut
Shallow Ghut

References
 GEOnet Names Server 
CIA Map
Tourist Map 
Water Resources Assessment of Dominica, Antigua, Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevis 

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis
List of rivers of Saint Lucia

This is a list of rivers of Saint Lucia. Rivers are listed in clockwise order, starting at the north end of the island.

Trou Sallé River
Esperance River
Dauphin River
Trou Grauval River
Marquis River
Louvet River
Fond d'Or River
Dennery River
Praslin River
Mamiku River
Patience River
Fond River
Volet River
Troumassée River
Ger River
Canelles River
Rouarne River
Vieux Fort River
Little Vieux Fort River
Black Bay River
Piaye River
Balembouche River
Dorée River
Trou Barbet River
L’Ivrogne River
Soufriére River
Jeremy River
Migny River
Mamin River
Mahaut River
Canaries River
La Verdure River
Anse Cochon River
Grande Rivière de l'Anse la Raye
Petite Riviere de l'Anse La Raye
Roseau River
Millet River 
Cul de Sac River
Castries River
Choc River
Bois d'Orange River

References

Integrating the Management of Watersheds and Coastal Areas in St. Lucia 
 GEOnet Names Server 
tourist map 

Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia
List of rivers of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

This is a list of rivers of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Rivers are listed in clockwise order, starting at the north end of the island.

Saint Vincent
Fancy River
Rabacca Dry River
Caratal River
Grand Sable River
Byera River
Colonarie River
Union River
Yambou River
Greathead River
Buccament River
Rutland River
Cumberland River 
Richmond River
Wallibou River (Wallilabou River)

References
 GEOnet Names Server 
Tourist Map
Environmental Investigation and Cataloguing, St. Vincent Cross Country Road Project Final Report 

Geography of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
List of rivers of Serbia

This is a list of the major rivers of Serbia.

List of major rivers 
The lengths in the table present the overall lengths of the rivers, not just the Serbian parts of the flow. 

Serbia
Serbia
List of rivers of Sierra Leone

This is a list of rivers in Sierra Leone

K 

Kolenté River

L 

Little Scarcies River

M 

Mano River - Moa River

R 

Rokel River

S 

Sierra Leone River

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone
List of rivers of Singapore

The small island nation of Singapore has few rivers that are very long.  The longest, the Kallang River, is only 10 km in length.

Natural rivers

Canalised
Alexandra Canal, Singapore
Geylang River
Kallang River
Pelton Canal
Rochor Canal
Rochor River
Siglap Canal
Singapore River
Stamford Canal, Singapore
Sungei Bedok
Sungei China
Sungei Ketapang
Sungei Lanchar
Sungei Pandan (lower reaches dammed as Pandan Reservoir)
Sungei Pinang (Hougang)
Sungei Punggol
Sungei Seletar Simpang Kiri
Sungei Sembawang
Sungei Serangoon
Sungei Simpang Kanan
Sungei Tampines
Sungei Ulu Pandan
Sungei Whompoe

On offshore islands

Pulau Tekong
Sungei Belang
Sungei Chek Mat Nah
Sungei Pasir
Sungei Permatang
Sungei Sanyongkong
Sungei Seminei
Sungei Unum

Pulau Ubin
Sungei Asam
Sungei Batu Kekek
Sungei Besar
Sungei Jelutong
Sungei Mamam
Sungei Puaka
Sungei Pulau Ubin
Sungei Teris
Sungei Tiga
Sungei Wat Siam

Former rivers

Dammed and flooded
Sungei Chik Abu - flooded and part of Lower Seletar Reservoir
Sungei Puaka - flooded and part of Lower Seletar Reservoir
Sungei Kranji - now the Kranji Reservoir
Sungei Sopok - flooded and part of Lower Seletar Reservoir
Sungei Tengeh - now the Tengeh Reservoir

Geography of Singapore
Singapore
Singapore