cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Adjudicator

An adjudicator is someone who decides on a winner at a competition for music or theatre.  The adjudicator will always be somebody who has a lot of experience in what he is adjudicating.  In big international festivals, a team of several adjudicators may decide together on the winners.  In amateur competitions, the adjudicator may also talk to the competitors after they have performed and give them advice.  Competitors are often given first, second and third prizes.

In Law, an adjudicator is someone who decides who is right when a group of people cannot agree on something.

Occupations
Competitions
Criticism

Criticism is a word used in two senses. Originally, it meant "a scholarly analysis and balanced judgement". Later (mid-20th century) it came to mean "a hostile attack" pointing out the bad features of the topic. 

Constructive criticism: criticism to evaluate and improve. This is an important activity, especially when dealing with young people. Parents and teachers often use this kind of criticism. In adult life it is widely used in literature, the arts and science.
Negative or destructive criticism: criticism as an attack on a person or idea. Negative criticism is often interpreted as an attack against a person (ad hominem), and appears often in debates between political opponents.

History of the word 
In ancient Greek kritos meant judge, and kritikos meant the critic. Related Greek terms are krinein (separating out, deciding), krei- (to sieve, discriminate, or distinguish). The word moved from Greek to Latin (Criticus, a judge) to French (critique) to English. The words "critic" and "critical" existed in the English language from the mid-16th century, and the word "criticism" first made its appearance in English in the early 17th century.

Related pages 
Art critic
Critic
Critical thinking
Textual criticism

References 

Words
Arthur

Arthur is a male name that can also mean:

Fictional characters
 King Arthur
 Arthur Teller
 Arthur Read

Other
 Arthur (TV series)
Arthur (1981 movie), a movie starring Dudley Moore
Eduard Hanslick

Eduard Hanslick (born Prague September 11, 1825; died Baden, Austria, August 6, 1904) was a famous music critic.  He wrote about music that was being composed in his time.  He liked the music of composers like Brahms and Schumann but hated the music of Wagner and Liszt.  Their music sounded too modern for his taste.

He was born into a German-speaking family.  His father was a music teacher.  When he was 18 Hanslick went to study music with Tomášek, one of Prague's most important musicians. He also studied law at Prague University.  He did not study music at university but he knew a lot about music and played the piano very well.  He started writing music reviews (writing about concerts that had taken place).  For many years he wrote reviews in a paper called Neue freie Presse.  He became professor of history and music at the University of Vienna and was an adjudicator at lots of music festivals.  His most famous book was called Vom Musikalisch-Schönen (About Beauty in Music).

Hanslick's tastes were conservative (he did not like new ideas).  We remember him today for writing good things about Brahms and bad things about Wagner.  A lot of musicians took sides on this matter.  It is sometimes called: The War of the Romantics.  Musicians had long arguments in the music journals about which kind of music was better.

Although in some ways he was narrow-minded he had a lot of influence on music.  His books on music are very interesting showing great knowledge.  He knew most of the great musicians of his day.

Wagner made a caricature of Hanslick in his opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg in which the town clerk Beckmesser criticizes the young singer Walther who sings songs which break the traditional rules of composition.

1825 births
1904 deaths
Music critics
Czech people
Invasion of Poland (1939)

The Invasion of Poland in 1939 was a military offensive in which Nazi Germany and, two weeks later, the Soviet Union, invaded Poland. The invasion was the start of World War II in Europe and took place from 1 September to 6 October 1939. The invasion of Poland caused the United Kingdom and France to declare war on Germany on 3 September. Both did little to affect the September Campaign. In the end, Poland lost and was divided by Germany and the Soviet Union according to a treaty that had been signed years before the war.

It is often called the first time that blitzkrieg was tried on the battlefield, but similar methods had been used earlier. The German surprise attack was successful and was very effective against the ineffective and demobilized Polish Army, whose tanks and airplanes were nearly broken and mostly old. They were outflanked, outmaneuvered, and outnumbered in September 1939 and easily destroyed by the Blitzkrieg. The Poles, if well prepared, could have had two million soldiers in the fight.

In the first few days of the German invasion, Poland proved to be more difficult than the Germans expected. In the battle of Mokra on September 2, the Poles repulsed an attack by a German Panzer division forcing their retreat. The German air force, unlike during the 7ü invasions of other countries, did not easily overcome the outnumbered Polish Air Force. However, despirr,their great superiority in numbers they gained air superiority after 5 to 6 days.

Surrounded by German territories north, west, and south of Poland, the Poles had little space for tactical retreat. The Germans reached Warsaw and attacked on September 7 but were repulsed. They had suffered heavy tank losses and so were forced to retreat. The Battle of Bzura, on September 9, was the largest attack by the Poles during the war. The Poles had great initial success by decimating 2 German divisions and taking 3500 German prisoners. Polish infantry fought well, but by September 19, overwhelming German reinforcements defeated the Poles.

The Poles realized the British and French were in a phoney war and had no intention of assisting Poland, and the Red Army invaded Poland from the east on September 17, the Polish high command ordered as many troops and equipment to the Romanian bridgehead to enter Romania with the intention to continue their resistance by moving as much of their army to France as possible. Most of the Polish Navy escaped to Britain. Polish cryptographers who had cracked the German Enigma (machine) went to France and then to Britain to continue their work.

Polish politicians set up a government-in-exile in France and later escaped to Britain. In 1945, when the Allied armies invaded Germany, forcing their surrender, the Polish army was the fourth largest allied army.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 World War 2 Online Newspaper Archives - The Invasion of Poland, 1939 
 The Campaign in Poland at WorldWar2 Database 
 Fall Weiß - The Fall of Poland 
 BBC portal dedicated to the start of WW II in Europe
 German Invasion of Poland -Citizendium

1939 in Europe
20th century in Poland
Invasions of World War II
Winter War

The Winter War (30 November 1939 - 13 March 1940) was a conflict fought between the Soviet Union and Finland. It began when the Soviet Union tried to invade Finland soon after the Invasion of Poland. The Soviet military forces expected a victory over Finland in a few weeks, because the Soviet army had many more tanks and planes than the Finnish army.

However, the Finnish forces resisted both better and longer than expected. One reason the Finnish forces did better is because they had good winter clothes and they wore white coats which camouflaged them in the snow.  As well, the Finnish soldiers moved around on skis, which made it easy for them to sneak up on the Soviet soldiers.  The Soviet army did not have good winter clothes, and they wore dark green coats, which made them easy to see in the snow.

The defeated Finns had to give up 11% of their country. They tried to get it back in the Continuation War.

Related pages
World War II

Notes

References

Other websites

1939 in Europe
1940 in Europe
20th century in Finland
Wars involving the Soviet Union
World War II
Joiner

For "joinery" in North American sense see: Woodworking joints

A joiner is a person who makes woodwork that is used for buildings. That includes things that are called "Finish carpentry" and "millwork" in the United States. Joiners make and install parts of building, for example doors, windows, stairs, wooden panelling, mouldings, shop cabinets, kitchen cabinets, and other wooden items.  The skills of a joiner are somewhat between a carpenter and a cabinetmaker.

The terms joinery and joiner are not used often in the United States any more, but the main carpenters' trade union still calls itself the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America.

Woodworking
Construction occupations
Minas Gerais

Minas Gerais () is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It has the second highest number of people. It has the fourth largest area. The capital is the city of Belo Horizonte, near the center of the state. The name means "General mines". Minas Gerais was formed mainly by colonists searching for gold, gemstones and diamonds.

Location
Minas Gerais is in the west of the southeastern part of Brazil. That area also has the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo. Minas Gerais shares borders with Bahia and Goiás (north), Mato Grosso do Sul (far west), the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (south) and the state of Espírito Santo (east). It also shares a short border with the Brazilian Federal District.

Cities
Even though it is not the largest state in Brazil, Minas Gerais is the state with the most cities. Of the more than 5,500 municipalities in Brazil, Minas has more than 850 of them. The most important ones are the capital Belo Horizonte, Contagem, Betim, Ribeirão das Neves, Juiz de Fora, Montes Claros, Uberlândia and Ouro Preto.

References

Other websites 

 
States of Brazil
Ceará

Ceará is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic coast. Ceará has many beaches, which brings a lot of tourism.

Geography 
Ceará has an area of 148,016 km². It shares borders on the east by the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba, on the south by Pernambuco state, and on the west by Piauí. Its northern border is the Atlantic Ocean. Its capital is Fortaleza.

References

Other websites 
 Official Government Site
 Tourism guide Ceará
 Fortaleza Tourism guide and maps 

 
 
States of Brazil
Espírito Santo

Espírito Santo is one of the states of southeastern Brazil. It is often referred to as "ES". The capital of ES is Vitória and its largest city is Vila Velha. Those who are born in the state are known as "Capixabas", but the more correct word is "Espiritossantenses". The name means "holy spirit" after the Holy Ghost of Christianity.

Location
This Brazilian state is in the southeastern subdivision of Brazil, which also contains the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (east), the state of Bahia (north), the state of Minas Gerais (north and west), and the state of Rio de Janeiro (south). Espírito Santo's other main cities are Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Colatina, Linhares, São Mateus and Aracruz.

Geography
At , it is about the size of Estonia. The state has many different types of habitats, for example coastal planes, lakes, mountain forest and mangroves.

The islands of Trindade and Martim Vaz,  east of Vitória in the Southern Atlantic Ocean, are also a part of Espirito Santo state.

References

 
States of Brazil
Goiás

Goiás is a state of Brazil. It is in the central part of the country. It shares borders with Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Gerais, the Federal District, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso. The capital and largest city in the state is Goiânia. With an area of 341,289 km², Goiás is about the size of the Republic of the Congo; smaller than Germany and larger than Finland.

There are 246 municipalities in Goiás. The top 15 cities in order by number of people (est. 01/07/2005) are:

 Goiânia (1,201,006)
 Aparecida de Goiânia (435,234)
 Anápolis (313,412)
 Luziânia (180,227)
 Águas Lindas de Goiás (159,294)
 Rio Verde (133,231)
 Valparaíso de Goiás (119,493)
 Trindade (95,300)
 Planaltina de Goiás (94,717)
 Novo Gama (93,081)
 Formosa (90,247)
 Itumbiara (85,724)
 Jataí (76,100)
 Senador Canedo (71,399)
 Catalão (70,574)

References

 
States of Brazil
Maranhão

Maranhão is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the northeastern region of the country. To the north is the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Maranhão shares borders with Piauí, Tocantins and Pará. In the 19th century, the state used plantation slaves to produce cotton for Europe.

Major cities in the state besides the state capital São Luís are Imperatriz, Timon, and Caxias. The Alcantara spaceport is in the north of the state, not far from São Luís.

References

 
States of Brazil
Mato Grosso

Mato Grosso is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the western part of the country. Mato Grosso shares borders with the states of Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Tocantins, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul. It also borders the country Bolivia to the southwest. The name, Mato Grosso, means "thick jungle". 

Mato Grosso is the state in Brazil in which the most deforestation of Brazil's part of the Amazon Rainforest has happened. In 1977, the state was split into two halves. This created the new state Mato Grosso do Sul. The Bororo Indians live in the Mato Grosso area.

Cities 
There are few cities. The most important ones are:
 Alta Floresta
 Barra do Garças
 Cáceres
 Cuiabá, the capital
 Rondonópolis
 Sinop
 Várzea Grande

References

 
States of Brazil
Hassium

Hassium is a very radioactive and unstable chemical element. It has the symbol Hs and it has the atomic number 108. It is a superheavy transuranium element. 

Hassium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made in a lab.

History 
Hassium was first made in 1984.  and eka-osmium. It was made at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. The element was named from the Latin name for the German state of Hessen.  Hessen is the state that the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung is in. Before it was named Hassium, scientists could not decide what the name should be and there was an element naming controversy. The temporary IUPAC systematic element name was unniloctium meaning "one-zero-eight-ium" refering to its atomic number. The symbol with the name was Uno. In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 108 be named hahnium. The name hassium was adopted internationally in 1997.

Chemistry 
Isotope 270 of Hassium was found in December 2006.  An international team of scientists led by the Technical University of Munich discovered it. It is a doubly magic isotope and it has a long half-life of 22 seconds. Scientists had thought that heavy and stable isotopes should exist.  Some theories said Hassium-270 may be part of an island of stability. Hassium can oxidise like osmium, the element above it in the periodic table, into hassium tetroxide. Chemists found that is less volatile than osmium tetroxide.

References

Other websites 

 WebElements.com - Hassium
 Apsidium - Hs

Chemical elements
Transition metals
Roraima

Roraima is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the northern part of the country. It shares borders with the states of Pará and Amazonas, as well as the countries Venezuela and Guyana. Roraima is both the northernmost and least populated state of Brazil.

Geography 
The climate is tropical with an average temperature of 26 °C. Most of the state is in the Amazon rainforest. A small part of the state is a small strip of savanna to the east. The state has many mineral deposits - especially gold, diamonds, cassiterite, bauxite and copper. These create constant fights with the native people. The Yanomami are the most well-known of the native people, but they are greatly out-numbered by the Macuxi.

The Monte Roraima National Park is near one of the highest mountains of Brazil, the 9220 ft (2727 m) high table-top Mount Roraima.

History 
In 1943, the federal government separated the area from the state Amazonas. The territory was first named Rio Branco after the main river. In 1962, it was renamed "Roraima." In 1988, it became a state. The name of the state was taken from Monte Roraima, whose name comes from the Pemon words roroi (cyan) and ma (large).

References

Other websites 
 State government website

 
1988 establishments in Brazil
States of Brazil
Final Fantasy IX

Final Fantasy IX is a fantasy role-playing video game for the Playstation. It was released in 2000 by Square Enix.

Final Fantasy games
2000 video games
PlayStation games
Final Fantasy (video game)

Final Fantasy is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix.  It was released in 1987.

Final Fantasy 01
1987 video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Final Fantasy II

Final Fantasy II is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix. Instead of getting stronger by getting points by killing monsters and using these to gain levels, for each attack you make there is a chance a stat (strength, health, agility...) will be increased.

References 

Final Fantasy games
1988 video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Final Fantasy III

Final Fantasy III is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix. Final Fantasy III is notably the first Final Fantasy game to make use of the job feature. For each battle you win you get points, you can spend these points on job classes, each job class has different commands in its menu during battle.

References

Final Fantasy games
1990 video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Final Fantasy IV

Final Fantasy IV is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made in 1991 by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix. It was first played on the Super Famicom in Japan, and Super Nintendo in the United States. It was called Final Fantasy II when it was on the Super Nintendo. You can also play it on the Sony PlayStation, Wonderswan Color, Game Boy Advance, and Nintendo DS (with 3D graphics). 

The most important person in the game is Cecil. He is a Dark Knight for the Kingdom of Baron. You help Cecil beat Golbez, an evil person who steals strong crystals from the world. Many different people help Cecil out during the game.

Final Fantasy IV helped make later Final Fantasy games. This was the first game to use an Active Time Battle, where players and enemies take turns to fight instead of having all players fight at the same time. The player makes the character do actions in real time. This way of playing was also used in later Final Fantasy games.

Importance
Final Fantasy IV did quite a lot to impact role-playing video games. It introduced battles fought using Square-Enix's ATB system and had great graphics for the time.

References 

1991 video games
Cancelled Nintendo Entertainment System games
Final Fantasy games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Final Fantasy V

Final Fantasy V is a medieval fantasy role-playing video game. It is developed and published by Square (now Square Enix). It was first made in 1992 as a part of the Final Fantasy series. The game first appeared only in Japan on Nintendo's Super Famicom. It has been remade with little differences to Sony's PlayStation and Nintendo's Game Boy Advance.

The original video animation produced in 1994 called Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals is a sequel to the game. It was released on the PlayStation Network on April 6, 2011 in Japan. The game was released for iPhone and iPad on March 28th, 2013.
A version of the game was created for the Nintendo Game Boy Advance in 2006. It has many weapons, items, armors and 22 jobs. Some jobs are secret and can only be unlocked in the GBA version.

The game begins when a wanderer named Bartz investigates a fallen meteor. He meets several characters. One tells him about the danger the four Crystals that control the world's elements. These Crystals act like a seal on Exdeath. Exdeath is an evil magician. Bartz and his friends have to keep the Crystals from being used by Exdeath.

Final Fantasy V has been praised for its character customization. This is possible because of the large Job System. The first Super Famicom version sold more than two million copies. The PlayStation version has earned "Greatest Hits" status. It has sold more than 350,000 copies.

References

Final Fantasy games
1992 video games
1998 video games
1999 video games
2006 video games
Final Fantasy VI

Final Fantasy VI (also known as Final Fantasy III for the US-SNES version)  is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix. In this game, the story is about a half human, half Esper named Terra who must stop an evil empire led by Emperor Gestahl.

The game allows you to control 14 playable characters, the most of any part of the Final Fantasy Main Series.

When Final Fantasy VI was released it was highly praised by critics. Meanwhile, it is seen as one of the landmark games in the role - play genre; ING even ranked it as number on RPG of all time.

It was available for Super Nintendo and Playstation and sold 3.48 million times as stand-alone game worldwide, in addition to 750,000 copies of the Japanese Final Fantasy Collection.

References 

Final Fantasy games
1994 video games
1999 video games
2007 video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Final Fantasy VIII

Final Fantasy VIII is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was released for the PlayStation in 1999 and Windows computers in 2000. It was made by Square (now Square Enix). It is the eight title of the Final Fantasy series. It removed magic point-based spell-casting. It was the first title to consistently use realistically proportioned characters. The game became available on PlayStation Network as a PSone Classics title in 2009.

References 

Final Fantasy games
1998 video games
PlayStation games
Final Fantasy X

Final Fantasy X is a fantasy role-playing video game made by Square Enix. It is the 10th game in the Final Fantasy video game series. The game was released in 2001, and is the first Final Fantasy game that was made for the Sony PlayStation 2 video game console.

Other websites 

Official Final Fantasy X website 
Final Fantasy X articles at Wikia

Final Fantasy games
2001 video games
PlayStation 2 games

pl:Beyond Final Fantasy
Final Fantasy X-2

Final Fantasy X-2 is a fantasy role-playing video game released for the PlayStation 2 in 2003. It was made by Square Enix. It is a direct sequel to the game Final Fantasy X, the first direct sequel in the Final Fantasy series. 

Final Fantasy 10.5
Final Fantasy 10.5
PlayStation 2 games
Final Fantasy XI

Final Fantasy XI is an online fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Square Enix.

Final Fantasy 11
Final Fantasy 11
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Ditch

For use of the ditch as obstacles for horses, see ditch (obstacle)

A ditch is created to channel water and can be described as a small or moderate depression. A ditch can be used for drainage, to drain water from low-lying areas, alongside roadways or fields, or to channel water from a more distant source for plant irrigation. A trench can be defined as a long narrow ditch.

Ditches are commonly seen around farmland, especially in areas that have required drainage, such as The Fens in the UK and the pro-water management The Netherlands.

Roadside ditches can provide a hazard to motorists, especially in poor weather conditions.

Fortification 

In military engineering and fortification, a distinction is made between a ditch and a trench. A ditch is a barrier, designed to slow down or break up an attacking force, while a trench is a cover, intended to provide protection to the defenders. In Medieval fortification, a ditch was often constructed in front of a defensive wall. When filled with water, such a defensive ditch is called a moat. Today ditches are of no importance as an obstacle for persons, but are still often used as anti-vehicle obstacles.

Landforms
War
Flags of Brazilian states

This gallery of flags of Brazilian states shows the flags of the 26 Brazilian States and the federal district.

States of Brazil
Brazil

pt:Anexo:Lista de bandeiras do Brasil#Estaduais
Chobits

is a Japanese manga and anime series created by CLAMP.

Plot 
The story is mostly about the life of Hideki Motosuwa who did not make it into a university, and so is called a 'ronin', a repeat student. Hideki tries to get into a university by moving from his farm and studying at Seki, a cram school in Tokyo. He is not used to women, but likes to imagine that he is. He wants to have a girlfriend and a 'Persocom'. A Persocom is a kind of robot that looks like a person, but can be used like a computer, phone, and a "partner" in some cases. 

One evening when Hideki is walking home from the grocery store, he finds a unique Persocom on a curb. It is a beautiful young girl with long blonde hair, wrapped in white cloth, lying against a pile of trash bags. He takes the Persocom home. Hideki looks all over the Persocom's body for a switch to turn her on, and finds it between her legs. He turns her on and asks her questions, but all she can say is "chi", so Hideki names her Chi .

Anime 
The anime has 26 episodes and was broadcast across East Asia and Southeast Asia by the anime television network, Animax. Episodes 9, 18, and an extra 27th OVA episode are used as "recap" episodes, looking back on the events that happened previously. The episodes were given different numbers for the DVD release because the original recap episodes were not included as part of the main anime, instead being published together on the final DVD and re-numbered as 8.5, 16.5 and 24.5 making the series only 24 episodes.

There is a 6-minute special episode: "Sumomo and Kotoko on a Quest", or "Chibits", which is about Sumomo and Kotoko.

The series was supervised by Morio Asaka, and Hisashi Abe was the character designer and the animation director. The ending to the anime series is different from the manga. One thing that is different is that there is no allusion to Hideki never having Chi because of where her switch is, and the new part of Freya taking over Chi's body and asking her mother Chitose to shut them down, saying the Chobits series is a failure, and the activation of the program after all, although the effect on Persocons is not the same as in the manga.

References 

Manga
Anime
Brossard, Quebec

Brossard is a city near Montreal in the Canadian province of Quebec.  Brossard is also near the Saint Lawrence River.  About 70,000 people live in the city of Brossard.  Paul Leduc is the mayor of Brossard since 2009. Brossard was created on February 14, 1958.

Brossard has a lot of people from different places. For example, there are lots of Chinese people who live in Brossard, more so than in any other city in Quebec.

Cities and towns in Quebec
Master of Puppets

Master of Puppets is Metallica's third album. It was released by Elektra Records on February 21 1986. The album has 8 songs, which many feel made a permanent impact on heavy metal music. Several of its songs are still played on the radio. It is the last album to feature bassist Cliff Burton, who died in a bus accident on September 27, 1986 while touring in Sweden to promote the album. It is one of the best selling heavy metal albums.

Track listing

Credits 
 Don Brautigam - Illustrations
 Cliff Burton - Bass, Vocals (background), Lead Bass on "Orion"
 Rob Ellis - Photography
 Ross Halfin - Photography
 Kirk Hammett - Lead Guitar
 James Hetfield - Guitars, Arranger, Vocals
 George Marino - Remastering
 Metallica - Producer, Cover Art Concept
 Flemming Rasmussen - Producer, Engineer
 Lars Ulrich - Arranger, Drums
 Michael Wagener - Mixing

References

Metallica albums
1986 albums
Heavy metal albums
Rondo

In music a rondo is a piece of music which has one main theme, which is heard several times, and other musical ideas in between each time.  If we give the main theme a label "A" and the other musical ideas "B", "C", "D" etc. then the form of a rondo can be described as ABACADA.  The sections in between the main "A" section are called "episodes".  Rondos can vary in length, e.g. a rondo might be ABACADAEAFA.  Each episode is normally in a different key from the main key.

The word "rondo" is sometimes given the French spelling: rondeau.

Composers from the Baroque period onwards often write movements which are in rondo form.  In the Classical music period the last movement of a symphony or sonata is very often a rondo.  Rondos are normally fast and lively.  They are a good way of finishing a long piece of music with something that is happy.

The word "rondo" is related to the word "ritornello" meaning: something that keeps returning.

Rondo form is sometimes combined with sonata form to make something which is called "sonata rondo form".  In sonata rondo form the second tune is treated like the second subject in sonata form where it comes back in the main key the second time.

Musical forms
Military engineering

A military engineer uses his skills in construction to build many different structures for warfare. These different structures can be made for either offense or defense. Other jobs include building and taking apart minefields and bridges. In some cases an engineer may have to destroy something that he has built before.  This may be to stop the enemy soldiers following them across the river for example. In many armies the military engineers are also called pioneers or sappers.

Today a military engineer that operates during battle is called a combat engineer.

Perhaps the first people who had a special force of military engineering specialists were the Roman army.  Roman military engineering was very good in its time.  They were able to build a double-wall of fortifications that was thirty miles (50 km) long in total (both walls together) to besiege a city in Gaul, in just six weeks

The design, construction, and destroying of the works shown would be the task of a military engineer.

Related pages
 Fortification

Engineering disciplines
War
Melisma

In music, a melisma is the technique of singing one syllable to a lot of notes.  They are often called vocal runs or simply runs.  Music which uses melismas can be called melismatic.

In Western music melismas are often used in operas or any other music which is written for the singer to show off the voice.  Melismatic music is the opposite of music where each syllable has its own note.  In the "Alleluia Chorus" from Handel's Messiah each syllable of the word "Alleluya" has its own note.  But in other parts of the Messiah there are often melismas, e.g. in "Thus saith the Lord" the word "shake" ("and I will shake the heavens and the earth") is set to a run of 25 fast notes.  This example can also be described as "word painting".  Handel uses the melisma to make it sound like someone shaking something.

Melismas are used a lot in music from many different cultures.

Musical performance techniques
Spinet

A spinet is a small kind of harpsichord. In Renaissance and Baroque times, and even later, people often had a spinet in their homes. The advantage of a spinet was that it was cheaper than a harpsichord and it also took up less room.

Sometimes the word used to be spelt differently, e.g. "spinnet" or "spinnit".

The spinet is different from a harpsichord because of the angle of the strings which run at an angle to the right. The whole instrument is a bit like a triangle in shape. The strings are arranged in pairs and the jacks (the quills which pluck the strings) are also in pairs in the wider gaps, plucking the string next to them.

Harpsichords may have several sounds (in the same way that an organ has several stops making different sounds. This is not possible on a spinet, which has one sound only. It is always an 8-foot sound (the notes sound at the normal pitch, never an octave higher). Spinets were useful for accompanying.

Other websites

Keyboard instruments
Early musical instruments
Plucked string instruments
United Artists

United Artists is a Hollywood movie company. The original company was created in 1919 by actors by D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks. This group did not want to depend on commercial studios.

Ownership

In 1967, United Artists was bought by Transamerica Corporation. In 1981, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and United Artists merged to form MGM/UA Entertainment Co.. In 1985, Turner Broadcasting System announced it would buy MGM/UA. Then in 1986, MGM split from Turner (while keeping MGM's library of pre-May 1986 films, television and cartoons to make way for Turner Entertainment Co.) and renamed to MGM/UA Communications Co.. In 1990, MGM/UA was bought out by Pathé and renamed to MGM-Pathé Communications. In 1992, MGM-Pathé was bought by Crédit Lyonnais and reverted to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1997, MGM was sold to Tracinda Corporation. In 2005, MGM/UA formed the new company MGM Holdings.

The current United Artists formed in November 2006. It was a partnership between producer/actor Tom Cruise and his production partner, Paula Wagner, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. from 2012 to 2015. It is a fully owned subsidiary of MGM. In 2015 it was owned by DHX Media until sold back to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, while handling UA's movies from 1952 to 2016. However, MGM decided to purchase United Artists back from DHX. They sold UA's stake to Amblin Partners in 2017, with newer movies produced by UA, under a partnership between MGM and Amblin.

United Artists Records
United Artists Records was a record label founded by Max E. Youngstein in 1957. It was started in order to distribute records of its movie soundtracks. Later the label began recording music of other types.

References

Movie studios
Companies based in California
1919 establishments in the United States
Time Warner
Apostle

Apostle and The Apostles can mean:

Religion
 The Twelve Apostles, the 12 followers of Jesus given "the Great Commission".
 The Seventy Apostles, the 70 sent forth in Luke 10. They are referred to as Apostles by the Orthodox Church and as Disciples in the Western tradition. 
 Jesus is referred to as an apostle in Hebrews 3:1
 Apostle (Latter Day Saints), a position within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
 Muḥammad, as "رسول الله" "Rasūlullāh" (Muḥammad's primary title and a part of the Shahādah) can be translated as "The Apostle of God"

Entertainment
 The Apostle, a 1997 movie directed by and starring Robert Duvall
 El Apóstol, the world's oldest animated feature movie, 1917, Argentina
 The Apostles (band), a punk rock group from the 1980s
 The Apostles (Elgar), a 1903 choral work by Edward Elgar
 Apostle (production company), a television production company founded in 1994 by Jim Serpico and Denis Leary
 12 Apostles (record label), a record label
 The Apostles (Greatest Heroes and Legends of the Bible), an installment of the Christian direct-to-video animated movie series, Greatest Heroes and Legends of the Bible

Other
 Cambridge Apostles, a secret society at the University of Cambridge
 Apostle Plant, the genus Neomarica of plants believed to only flower after growing 12 leaves
 Twelve Apostles (Irish counter-intelligence organisation), an Irish Republican Army unit created by Michael Collins
Intercontinental Cup

The European/South American Cup, commonly called the Intercontinental Cup or Toyota Cup, was a football competition by UEFA and CONMEBOL. The competition was between the winners of the European Champions League and the South American Copa Libertadores in a match played each year.

The Cup was called the World Club Championship until the first FIFA Club World Cup was held in 2000. It was played by representatives clubs of most developed continents in the football world.

From 2005, the Intercontinental Cup was replaced by the FIFA Club World Cup. The FIFA Club World Cup also includes North American, Asian, African and Oceanian winners. 
In 2017 FIFA officially recognized all of them as club world champions (de jure) with the same status to the FIFA Club World Cup winners or official world champions FIFA. In synthesis FIFA has two types of world champions, those deriving from the Intercontinental Cup and those deriving from the Club World Cup, the two competitions confer the same title. The football experts agree that the intercontinental cup is the most fascinating football competition ever existed thanks to the great balance in the field given by the lower economic gap of the time and rules on foreign players who gradually favored the European teams and weakened the South American teams; also the statistics confirm this.

List Champions 
See also: Clubs of football world champions

Since 2005: FIFA Club World Cup

Related pages
FIFA Club World Championship
Copa Toyota Libertadores
UEFA Champions League 
Clubs of football world champions

References

Other websites 
International Clubs Cup - The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
http://www.fifa.com/

Football competitions
UEFA
CONMEBOL
FIFA
2000 establishments
Hafizullah Amin

Hafizullah Amin (, August 1, 1929 – December 27, 1979) was the second President of Afghanistan. He was president during the time of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.  The Soviets got information from their KGB spies that Amin's rule was a threat to the stability of Afghanistan. They also were not certain about Amin’s loyalty to the Soviet Union. The Soviets found some information about Amin's trying to become closer to Pakistan and China. The Soviets also believed that Amin was behind the death of president Nur Muhammad Taraki. Finally, the Soviets decided to remove Amin.

References

1929 births
1979 deaths
Assassinated people
Presidents of Afghanistan
Prime Ministers of Afghanistan
Paraíba

Paraíba is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic coast. It is the easternmost point of the Americas. João Pessoa is the capital city.

Major Cities 
 João Pessoa, state capital
 Campina Grande
 Areia
 Guarabira
 Patos
 Sousa
 Arara
Sao de Carnao

History 
In the mid-1500s, Portuguese settlers from Pernambuco founded Filipéia de Nossa Senhora das Neves (today João Pessoa) at the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte River.

The area was found to be perfect for making sugar. The French, the Dutch and the Portuguese all fought to have the Paraíba region to grow sugarcane in. The fortress of Santa Catarina, near João Pessoa, was built to protect the city from the Dutch.

In late 1989 a team looking for gemstone and led by Heitor Dimas Barbosa found what some people believe are the best tourmaline crystals ever found. Copper in the crystals gives the tourmalines a bright turquoise color that had never been seen before in the gems. The mountains have been searched after this, but no more crystals have been found.

Flag 
The word nego is Portuguese for "I deny". It refers to protests in the 1920s in Paraíba against Júlio Prestes becoming the President of Brazil. State president João Pessoa supported these protests. João Pessoa joined the alliance to the overthrow of the federal government. This group caused Getúlio Vargas to become president. The rebellion lead to João Pessoa being killed.

The official government site of the state of Paraíba says that the red is for the blood of the assassination of João Pessoa. The black is for the mourning after the assassination.

References

Other websites 
 

 
16th-century establishments in Brazil
States of Brazil
Mato Grosso do Sul

Mato Grosso do Sul is one of the states of Brazil. It shares borders with the states of Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná. It also borders the countries of Paraguay and Bolivia to the west. Campo Grande is the capital of the state

Mato Grosso do Sul means "Southern Thick Forest". The name comes from its northern neighbour state of Mato Grosso. Mato Grosso do Sul was a part of Mato Grosso until they were split in the 1970s. Many people wrongly refer to Mato Grosso do Sul as simply "Mato Grosso". This has caused the government to consider changing its name to "Pantanal", the world's largest wetlands which is in the state.

Economy 
Mato Grosso do Sul's economy is based mainly on farm products. Cattle-raising is the most important product of the state. Other products include sugarcane, wheat, soybeans, manioc, rice and cotton.

Geography 
The state is located in western Brazil, in an area of the country that is mostly marshes of the Pantanal.

Mato Grosso do Sul is divided into 11 regions. It has 78 municipalities. Larger cities include:
 Campo Grande, the capital of the state.
 Corumbá
 Aquidauana
 Três Lagoas
 Naviraí
 Nova Andradina
 Paranaíba
 Dourados
 Ponta Porã
 Bonito

The highest elevation is the 1,065 m high Morro Grande.

History 
In 1977 the state was created by dividing the state of Mato Grosso. It officially became a state two years later on January 1, 1979.

Flag 
Mato Grosso do Sul's flag was made by Mauro Michael Munhoz. White is for hope, green is for the state's plantlife, blue is for the sky and the yellow star adds balance, force and serenity.

References

Other websites 
  

 
States of Brazil
Swimming pool

A swimming pool is a tank or large basin that is filled with water and intended for recreational or competitive swimming or diving. Pools are also used for other bathing activities, such as playing, wading, water exercising, floating on inner tubes, or cooling off on hot days. 

Various methods are used to keep algae, germs, and other bad things out of the pool.  The chemical chlorine kills germs and algae.  Sometimes sea water is also used for this.  The filtration system is also used for this.  Pump and Filter are two main components of a swimming pool filtration system.

Types of pools
Some pools are indoor so they can be used when weather is bad.  Most are outdoor.  There are different types of swimming pools.  

The competition pool. Swimming competitions can be held there. Competition pools are usually very large, and usually either 25 or 50 m long and their deep end is 2 to 5 m deep. They have usually 4 to 8 lanes. 

A play pool is made for children, and quite shallow, typically no deeper than five feet (1.5m).  Play pools can have a decorative shape. 

A freeform pool is built generally to imitate a natural lagoon pool or small oasis.  It will have a natural uneven shape, and will often have features around it like rocks and waterfalls to compliment the naturalistic style.

A geometric pool has even lines and features. Usually built in a rectangular shape, this pool is considered the “traditional swimming pool” style.

Lap pools are built so that people can swim laps for health and fitness.  They tend to be long and narrow, usually over fifty feet (15m) long.

Diving pools are built deep; most are 3 to 6 m deep with a diving board or a platform, or a jump tower.  The Olympic diving tower has platforms at 1 m, 3 m, 5 m and 10 m height.

Infinity swimming pools (also referred to as infinity edge swimming pools, or negative edge pools) give the illusion that the edge of the pool extends to the horizon. This gives an optical illusion that the pool “has no edge”, and looks as if the pool goes on to infinity.

The spool: The word "spool" is a combination of the two words spa and pool. The spool is a smaller pool, more commonly seen as a large spa. Spools are often around 12 to 14 feet squared. 

The perimeter overflow pool: This pool is created by having the pool surface’s water level at the same level as the surround of the pool. The water of the pool drains into a notched perimeter around the pool.

Water
Leisure
Danny Elfman

Daniel Robert "Danny" Elfman (May 29, 1953) is an American composer and singer-songwriter. He is Jewish (of British Jewish, Polish Jewish and Russian Jewish descent). He wrote music for many movies and television series. In 2003, he married actress Bridget Fonda. They have one child, Oliver Elfman (born January 21, 2005).

Some of his music
Elfmans has written music for dozens of movies, for video games and for me. Some of his famous works include:

Filmography
The Simpsons
Sesame Street 
The Muppet Show
Space Jam 2: A New Legacy
Men in Black 
Batman Returns
Good Will Hunting
Spider-Man
Dick Tracy
Beetlejuice
Sommersby
Batman
Corpse Bride
The Nightmare Before Christmas
Edward Scissorhands
Pee-Wee's Big Adventure
Sleepy Hollow
Big Fish
Frankenweenie
Justice League
The Grinch (movie)

Awards
Elfman has been nominated for many awards in the music and movie business.
Academy Awards - 4 nominations
Emmy Awards - 3 nominations
Winner: Main Title Theme Music - Desperate Housewives
Golden Globes - 3 nominations
Grammy Awards - 12 nominations
Winner: Best Instrumental Composition: The Simpsons theme from The Simpsons

References

Other websites 

An overview of Elfman's career

1953 births
Living people
Singer-songwriters from California
Singers from Los Angeles
American composers
Grammy Award winners
Emmy Award winners
Musicians from Los Angeles
FIFA 07

FIFA 07 is a Sony PlayStation 2, Xbox 360, Xbox, GameCube, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable and Microsoft Windows game that features world beat music and fun football action. The object is to score more goals that the opponent. The game can be played in either English or Spanish, these modes have different announcers. There is an exhibition mode, a manager mode, a practice mode, and a tournament mode.

Songs in the game 
 Muse (band) - "Supermassive Black Hole"
 Keane - "Nothing in My Way"
 The Feeling - "Sewn"

2007 video games
FIFA
Sports video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Xbox games
Xbox 360 games
Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo GameCube games
Nintendo DS games
Windows games
The bush

The bush is a phrase used to describe land where people do not live, land a long way from cities, or forests. The word is mainly used in Australia, New Zealand, Africa, Canada, and Alaska.

Australia 
In Australia, the phrase, the bush, has a special symbolic meaning in Australian life. When used to describe the land, the bush means a wooded area, but not dense forest. It is usually dry and nitrogen-poor soil, mostly grassless, with thin to thick woody shrubs and bushes, with some eucalypt trees.

When talking about people, the bush means any unpopulated areas outside of the major metropolitan areas. This can include mining and farming areas. It is not unusual to have a mining town in the desert, such as Port Hedland, Western Australia (Pop. 14,000) called the bush in the media.

The word bush is also added to any number of other words, things or activities to describe their rural, country or folk nature, e.g. "Bush Cricket", "Bush Music", etc.

References

Biomes
Geography of Alaska
Geography of Australia
Geography of Canada
Geography of New Zealand
Fremantle, Western Australia

Fremantle is a port city in Western Australia.  It is the main city on the ocean and is near Perth.  The city has a population of 26,000 people.  It is at the place where the Swan River runs into the Indian Ocean.

It was established by English people who arrived there in 1829 and established the Swan River Colony.  The city is named after Charles Fremantle who was the captain of the first ship to arrive there.

Cities in Western Australia
Perth, Western Australia
53 BC

Year 53 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Calvinus (or sometimes year 701 Ab urbe condita). This year has been called 53 BC since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the most common way of naming years in Europe.

Events 
 Marcus Licinus Crassus (115–53 BC) died trying to conquer the Parthians.

Deaths

Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman general and politician (b. c. 115 BC)