cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Tyne and Wear

Tyne and Wear is a metropolitan county in North East England.

It was created in 1974, and consists of the five metropolitan boroughs:
 On the north bank of the River Tyne
 Newcastle
 North Tyneside
 On the south bank of the River Tyne
 Gateshead
 South Tyneside
 Spanning the River Wear
 Sunderland

Like all metropolitan counties, the county council was abolished in 1986, and its functions given either to the individual boroughs or shared by new joint committees of the five boroughs.

Schools are now controlled by each borough. The fire brigade is one of several services run on a county-wide basis by a committee made up of members from each borough.

The people from Sunderland and the people from Newcastle did not like being joined in one county. The Royal Commission that recommended changing the county councils of England could not even find a name that the people of the two place liked. Their report just called the new county "area D".

Other websites 

1974 establishments in England
 
Ceremonial counties of England
Osteichthyes

Osteichthyes are a taxonomic superclass of fish, also called bony fish, that includes the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) and lobe finned fish (Sarcopterygii). The split between these two classes occurred around 440 million years ago.  The Osteichthyes are paraphyletic with land vertebrates. This is why some classification schemes put the tetrapods into the Osteichthyes.  Osteichthyes are the most various group of vertebrates, consisting of over 29,000 species, making them the largest superclass of vertebrates in existence today.
Aquarium (group)

Aquarium (Аква́риум in Russian) is a Russian rock band. It was formed in Leningrad in 1972 by Boris Grebenshchikov and Anatoly "George" Gunitsky.

Until 1987 Aquarium recorded all of their albums in a self-assembled underground studio. Despite those hard conditions, the recording quality was rather high and Aquarium's albums between 1980 and 1987 are considered by most fans as their best.

In 1987 they recorded their first album for the state-owned Melodiya record label. With official backing and legalized distribution the album was a hit in USSR, selling well over a million copies within a few months. Aquarium today consists of Boris Grebenshchikov, Boris Rubekin (keyboards), Andrey Surotdinov (violin), Igor Timofeyev (guitars, saxophones and flutes), Andrey Svetlov (bass), Oleg "Shar" Shavkunov (drums and percussion).

Discography 

Studio albums:
Sinii Albom (The Blue Album), 1981
Treugolnik (Triangle), 1981
Elektrichestvo (Electricity): History of Aquarium, Vol. 2, 1981
Akustika (Acoustics): History of Aquarium, Vol. 1, 1982
Tabu (Taboo), 1982
Radio Africa, 1983
Ikhtiologia (Ichthyology), 1984
Den’ Serebra (The Day of Silver), 1984
Deti Dekabrya (The Children of December), 1985
Desyat’ Strel (Ten Arrows), 1986
Ravnodenstvie (Equinox), 1987
Archive: History of Aquarium, Vol. 3, 1991
Russkii Albom (Russian Album), 1991 (under the name BG-Band)
Lyubimie Pesni Ramzesa IV (Favorite Songs of Rameses the IV), 1993
Library of Babylon: History of Aquarium, Vol. 4, 1993
Kostroma Mon Amour, 1994
Peski Peterburga (Sands of Petersburg), 1994
Navigator, 1995
Snezhnii Lev (Snow Lion), 1996
Hyperborea, 1997
Kunstcamera, 1998
Lilit (Lilith), 1997 (under the name BG and The Band - several members of The Band played on the album; released in the United States under the name Black Moon)
Psi, 1999
Akvarium. Territoriya (Aquarium. Territory), 2000
Sestra Haos (Sister Chaos), 2002
Pesni Ribaka (Fisherman's Songs), 2003
Zoom Zoom Zoom, 2005
Bespechny Russkiy Brodyaga (Carefree Russian Tramp), 2006
Loshad' Belaya (White Horse), 2008
Pushkinskaya, 10, 2009

Filmography

Films about "Akvarium"
Rok (Rock, 1987), dir. Alexei Uchitel, USSR
The Long Way Home (1989), dir. Michael Apted, USA

Soundtracks by "Akvarium"
Ivanov (1981), dir. A. Nekhoroshev, A. Ilkhovsky
Assa (1987), dir. Sergei Solovyov
Zolotoy Son (Golden dream, 1989), dir. Sergey Debizhev
Chernaya roza - emblema pechali, krasnaya roza - emblema lyubvi (The Black rose..., 1989), dir. Sergei Solovyov
Dva kapitana - 2 (Two captains - 2, 1992), dir. S. Debizhev

Other websites
The official multilingual site of Akvarium (in Russian, English, French, German and Esperanto)
Official Russian Akvarium web-site
Semi-official site with lots of information 

Russian musical groups
Rock bands
Reggae bands
Musical groups established in 1972
20th-century establishments in the Soviet Union
Alexey Ekimyan

Alexey Ekimyan (,  (April 10, 1927, Baku - April 24, 1982, Moscow) was a famous Armenian-Russian composer, and author of popular songs. Ekimyan was also a General of Soviet militsia (police) and was the head of Criminal Investigation Department of Moscow region. He was considered the only popular composer in the world who ruled a law-enforcement department at the same time. Ekimyan awarded by the "Renowned Master of the Arts" Armenian SSR official title.

Ekimyan's first song for the Moscow International Festival (1957) was approved by Vano Muradeli ("I don't know if you would become a general, but you would become a composer!"). His songs were performed and recorded by prominent Soviet singers that include Lyudmila Zykina, Iosif Kobzon, Lusine Zakaryan. Some hits by Ekimyan were chosen for the "Song of the Year" all-Soviet festivals during the 1970s-'80s.

The documentary film-concert "Paths of My Memory" (1979, 27 min.) by Yerevan Studio is dedicated to the Alexey Ekimyan. 

Ekimyan died on April 24, 1982. He is buried in Yerevan, Armenia.

Discography
Artashes Avetyan sings: songs by Alexey Ekimyan, U.S.S.R.: Melodiya, 1978 (LP). C60-10619-20
Alexey Ekimyan. Beregite druzey..., Russia: Melodia, 2006 (CD)
Alexey Ekimyan. Vot i vstretilis, Russia: Melodia, 2007 (CD)

Other websites
Alexey Ekimyan's biography (in Russian)

References

1927 births
1982 deaths
Armenian composers
Soviet people
People from Baku
Mikael Tariverdiev

Mikael Tariverdiev (15 August 1931, Tbilisi, Georgia – 24 June 1996, Sochi, Russia) was a prominent Soviet composer. He was born of Armenian parents in Georgia but lived in Russia. 

He is an author of over 100 romances and 2 operas. But most of all he is known for his music in many popular Soviet movies.

Mikael Tariverdiev was a recipient of multiple awards, including the USSR State Prize (1977) and the prize of the American Academy of Music (1975). He was made People's Artist of Russia in 1986.

The Best Music prize at the largest Russian national film festival Kinotaur is named after Tariverdiev.

Other websites 
 Tariverdiev.Ru

Armenian composers
1931 births
1996 deaths
People from Tbilisi
Bergen

Bergen is the second largest city and municipality in Norway. The city has a population of 275,000 in the municipality, and 238,098 in the urban area. Bergen was a county until 1972, when it was merged with Hordaland. The old wharf Bryggen is a World Heritage Site.

Bergen is on the west coast of Norway, and it exports a lot of fish. It has a temperate oceanic climate, with high rainfall every month.

 
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
1456



Births 
 June 11 – Anne Neville, wife of King Richard III of England
Winchester

Winchester is a city in the county of Hampshire, England. It was the capital of Saxon England. It is the home of Winchester College, the oldest continually living public school in England. Winchester was made the capital city of Wessex by King Egbert in 827, and later made the capital of England. It is around 10 miles from neighbouring city, Southampton.

County towns in England
Settlements in Hampshire
Axial tilt

In astronomy, axial tilt is the angle between a planet's rotational axis at its north pole and a line perpendicular to the orbital plane of the planet. It is also called axial inclination or obliquity. The axial tilt of Earth is the cause of seasons like summer and winter on Earth.

Axial tilt of bodies in the Solar System 

Sun 7.25 (to the Ecliptic)
Mercury ~0.01
Venus 177.4
Earth 23.439281
Moon 1.5424
Mars 25.19
Ceres ~4
Jupiter 3.13
Saturn 26.73
Uranus 97.77
Neptune 28.32
Pluto 119.61

Axial tilt of Venus, Uranus, Pluto
The axial tilts of Venus, Uranus and Pluto are greater than 90 degrees for the following reasons:

 Venus: Venus is rotating very slowly in a retrograde direction, opposite to the direction of planets like Earth. The north pole of Venus is pointed 'down' (southward); hence the angle between the rotational axis of Venus passing through its north pole and the line perpendicular to its orbital plane is 177.4 degrees. There are various theories as to why this is. Its rotation and lack of a moon may be explained by gigantic impacts early in its life.

 Uranus: Uranus, the blue planet, rotates on its side. One result of this axis orientation is that, averaged over the Uranian year, the polar regions get more energy from the Sun than its equatorial regions. Nevertheless, Uranus is colder at its poles than at its equator. What causes this is unknown. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is also not known for sure, but the usual idea is that during the formation of the Solar System, an Earth-sized protoplanet collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation.

 Pluto: Like Uranus, Pluto's rotational axis and north pole are pointed slightly downward (southward). Hence the angle between Pluto's rotational axis passing through its north pole and the line perpendicular to its orbital plane is 119.61 degrees.

References 

Celestial mechanics
Dollhouse (TV series)

Dollhouse was an hour-long American television series. The series is written by producer Joss Whedon and stars Eliza Dushku. Whedon and Dushku both worked together on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its darker spin-off  Angel. Tim Minear, who also worked with Buffy and Angel is also involved. The series is made by 20th Century Fox Television. Twelve episodes of Dollhouse aired on FOX. Two more episodes that were not shown on television will be on the DVD collection of episodes.

The Story 
In Dollhouse, Eliza Dushku plays a young woman named Echo. She is one of a group of men and women who can have "personality packages" put into their minds. These packages can include many things, for example, memory, skills, language and muscle memory. These people live in a futuristic dormitory/laboratory named the "Dollhouse". They are given special personas as part of the personality packages. These are used to do many different types of assignments. For example, the jobs could be romantic, adventurous, strange, or illegal. After the assignment, the information is removed from their minds and they are left in a child-like state with no memories. The series follows Echo as she begins to remember things even though her mind is constantly being erased and new memories implanted into it.

References

Other websites 
 Hollywood Reporter article 
 Dollhouse TV Forum!  - For Fans
 The Dollverse  - fan site
 Dollverse.net  - an English/German fan site
 Joss Whedon's Dollhouse - an American fan/news site about "The Dollhouse" and the wider Whedonverse.

American drama television series
American science fiction television series
Whedonverse
Fox television series
Television series created by Joss Whedon
English-language television programs
Hydrostatic equilibrium

Hydrostatic equilibrium happens when the pull of gravity is balanced by a pressure gradient which creates a pressure-gradient force in the other direction. The balance of these two forces is known as the hydrostatic balance. It flattens the surface of undisturbed liquids.

Astrophysics
Right ascension

Right ascension (abbreviated RA; symbol α) is the astronomical word for one of the two coordinates of a point on the celestial sphere when using the equatorial coordinate system. It is the celestial counterpart to longitude. The other coordinate is the declination.

The moon, planets and stars all have their own right ascension. Many of them are listed in an almanac. Using arithmetic, the object’s right ascension and declination indicate where to look in the sky to see the object.

Related pages 
 Sidereal time

Astronomy
Declination

Declination (abbrev. dec or δ) is a word used in astronomy to describe one of the two coordinates of the equatorial coordinate system, the other being either right ascension or hour angle. Dec is comparable to latitude, projected onto the celestial sphere, and is measured in degrees north and south of the celestial equator.

Astronomy
Retrograde and direct motion

Direct motion is the motion of a planetary body in a direction similar to that of other bodies within its system, and is sometimes called prograde motion. Retrograde motion is motion in the opposite direction. In the case of celestial bodies such as the retrograde Carme group of moons, such motion may be real, defined by the natural rotation or orbit of the body. 

Every so often a planet seems to change direction and go the other way for a short period of time (in relation to the fixed stars), making a "retrograde loop" or squiggle in its track before carrying on as normal. This apparent retrograde motion, however, is seen because the Earth is moving. It is only seen when outer planets are near opposition. 

A common analogy for the principle of apparent retrograde motion is that of turning on a circle. If two cars are travelling at the same constant speed from the same point on concentric circles "next to each other" such that one car is on the "outside" and the other on the "inside", then the car on the inside will complete its circle before the car on the outside, because it has a shorter distance to travel. Thus, it will seem to the driver of the car on the inside, that, although the speed of the cars is the same, the car on the outside is slower. The outside car will appear to "fall behind" the inside car. The same concept is the basis of retrograde motion. 

Astrology
Orbits
Planetesimal

Planetesimals are small, solid objects thought to exist in protoplanetary disks around a young or forming star. Planetesimals are created when dust particles collide. 

Minor planets
Planets
Achondrite

An achondrite is a stony meteorite that is made of material similar to terrestrial basalts or plutonic rocks. Compared to the chondrites, they have all been differentiated and reprocessed to a lesser or greater degree from the effects to melting and recrystallization on or within meteorite parent bodies.

Meteorites
Basalt

Basalt  is a common grey to black rock. It is pushed out (extruded) by volcanos. The lava is rich in magnesium and iron. It has olivine and pyroxene minerals which make it dark in colour. Basalt is usually fine-grained because the lava cools rapidly on the Earth's surface. Flood basalts are commonplace, formed by lava pouring out and solidifying.

On Earth, most basalt magmas have formed by the hot molten mantle. Basalt has also formed on Earth's Moon, Mars, Venus, and even on the asteroid Vesta. 

The crustal portions of oceanic tectonic plates are made mostly of basalt, produced from upwelling mantle below mid-ocean ridges. 

Unweathered basalt is black or grey. Basalt blocks are often used for roads and pavements (sidewalks), and for houses and other buildings. It is hard-wearing and heat resistant. 

Basalt can be made into fibre. Basalt fibre is often used as a safe replacement for asbestos. Intense heat and pressure can change basalt into its metamorphic rock equivalent. The rocks known as greenstone are basalt which has been metamorphised. 

Minerals
Igneous rocks
Aswan

Aswan (, population 200,000) is a city in the south of Egypt and the capital of the Aswan Governorate. It is on the east bank of the Nile and is a busy market and tourist center.

Aswan is one of the driest places in the world where people live; as of early 2001, the last rain there was 6 years earlier. As of October 13, 2007, the last rainfall was a thunderstorm on May 13, 2006. In Nubian settlements, the people often do not put a roof over all of the rooms in their houses.

Related pages 
 Aswan Dam

Cities in Egypt
Carl Barks

Carl Barks (March 27, 1901 – August 25, 2000) was a famous cartoonist. He was the inventor of Scrooge McDuck, the Beagle Boys, Gyro Gearloose and many other Walt Disney characters. He was often called the most important artist in Disney comics.

Carl Barks was born on March 27, 1901, near Merrill, Oregon, as part of a farming family. At the age of 10, he became interested in art for the first time. When he was 15, his mother died, and he began to help his father on the family's farm. In 1935, he took a contract with Disney and started as one of the studio's artists. Some months later, he become a part of Ted Sears "Story Department" at the Disney studios, where he wrote more than two dozen stories for short films with Donald Duck and other characters until 1942.

In 1942 he went to "Western Publishing". There he started drawing comics with Donald Duck and later with other characters - most of them he created by himself. He held this job until 1966, when he retired.

By the early 1990s, Carl Barks had become a comic legend. In 1994, at the age of 93, for the first time in his long life, he traveled to Europe and visited around a dozen countries. Some months earlier, his third wife, Margaret, called Garé, had died at the age of 75.

In 1999, leukemia began to destroy Barks' body. The Duck Man died, aged 99, on August 25, 2000, at his home in Grants Pass, Oregon.

1901 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
People from Grants Pass, Oregon
American animators
Disney animators
Writers from Oregon
American comics artists
Ripon

Ripon is a small cathedral city in North Yorkshire, England. In the 2001 census Ripon had a population of 15,922. In England only Wells, Ely and the City of London are smaller.

Ripon was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. It stayed a borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974. Under the Local Government Act 1972 it became a parish in the borough of Harrogate, North Yorkshire. Because it is an urban (town) parish Ripon can call its parish council Ripon City Council, the chairman of its parish council is called the City Mayor.

Other websites
 Photos of Ripon and surrounding area 
 Ripon Tourist, Community and Business Information
 Ripon Tourist Information and Business Directory
 Ripon & District Amateur Radio Society 
 Ripon Cathedral 
 The Ripon Gazette
 A history of the choristers of Ripon Cathedral 
 Newby Hall Cricket Club - Nurturing the future of cricket

References

Settlements in North Yorkshire
Cities in England
What's It Gonna Be

What's It Gonna Be is a single by Beyoncé from the Japanese edition of her debut album Dangerously in Love (2003), the bonus CD of her first DVD Live at Wembley (2004), and the Wal-Mart edition of Destiny's Child's fourth studio album Destiny Fulfilled (2004). A 7" promo single containing three different versions of the song plus three different versions of Faith Evans' cover of Donna Summer's 1978 "Heaven Knows" (which was part of the official soundtrack to The Fighting Temptations) was released. The song was used in Knowles' adds for L'Oréal.

Track listing
7" promo single
Side A:
"Heaven Knows" (Main Edit) – Faith Evans
"Heaven Knows" (Instrumental) – Faith Evans
"Heaven Knows" (A Cappella) – Faith Evans

Side B:
"What's It Gonna Be" (Main Edit)
"What's It Gonna Be" (Instrumental)
"What's It Gonna Be" (A Cappella)

Beyoncé songs
2003 songs
Senegal River

The Senegal River is a river in West Africa. It is 1,800 km long and is the border between Senegal and Mauritania. Pliny the Elder called it Bambotus (from a word meaning "hippopotamus") and Claudius Ptolemy called it Nias. Hanno the Carthaginian went to the river in about 450 BC when he was going from Carthage to Mount Cameroon in the Gulf of Guinea. Carthage was destroyed in 146 BC, but before that time there was probably trade from here to the Mediterranean Sea.

The Semefé River and Bafing River meet in Bafoulabé and this forms the Senegal River. The Semefé and Bafing rivers' sources are in Guinea. The Bafing River flows through Mali and the Semefé is the Mali-Senegal border.

Near the river's mouth, the Senegal goes through Biffeche and there is an island in the river. The city of Saint-Louis is on this island. The river then turns south. There is a thin line of sand and this separates the river from the Atlantic Ocean. The line of sand is called the Langue de Barbarie. After this, the river enters the Atlantic Ocean. The river has two large dams: the Manantali Dam in Mali, and the Maka-Diama Dam on the Mauritania-Senegal border, near the sea. The Manantali Dam makes a reservoir. The Maka-Diama Dam stops salt water going deep into the countryside.

The Senegal River takes its water from 483,181 km² of land. About 8 000 000 km³ of water goes along the river every year. The Faleme River, Karakoro River, and Gorgol River join the Senegal River.

In 1972, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal made the Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS). This organisation manages the land around the river. Guinea joined this organisation in 2005.

References

Other websites 
 Map of the Senegal River basin 
 Hydrology of Senegal (Powerpoint presentation) 

Senegal
Mauritania
Rivers of Africa
Diprotodont

The Diprotodontia is a large order of about 120 Australasian marsupial mammals. It includes the kangaroos, wallabies, possums, koala, wombats, and many others. 

Extinct members include the giant Diprotodon family, and Thylacoleo, the so-called "marsupial lion".

Classification 
Order DIPROTODONTIA

Family †Thylacoleonidae (marsupial lions)

 Suborder Vombatiformes
 Family Phascolarctidae: Koala (1 species)
 Family Vombatidae: wombats (3 species)
 Family †Diprotodontidae
 Suborder Phalangeriformes
 Superfamily Phalangeroidea
 Family Phalangeridae: brushtail possums and cuscuses
 Family Burramyidae: pygmy possums
 Superfamily Petauroida
 Family Tarsipedidae:  Honey possum
 Family Petauridae (Striped possum, Leadbeater's possum, Yellow-bellied Glider, Sugar glider, Mahogany glider, Squirrel glider)
 Family Pseudocheiridae: ringtailed possums and allies
 Family Acrobatidae: (Feathertail glider and Feather-tailed possum)
 Suborder Macropodiformes
 Family Macropodidae: kangaroos, wallabies and allies
 Family Potoroidae: bettongs, potaroos and rat-kangaroos
 Family Hypsiprymnodontidae: Musky rat-kangaroo

† means extinct family, genus or species.

 
Marsupials of Australia
Live in Atlanta

Destiny's Child: Live in Atlanta features Destiny's Child performing live in Atlanta, Georgia at Philips Arena on July 15, 2005 during their Destiny Fulfilled ... And Lovin' It tour which sponsored by McDonald's, it was also known as the last tour of Destiny's Child. It was released on March 28, 2006 in the United States. The DVD debuted at #1 on the Billboard Music DVD charts breaking record sales about 500,000 copies at first week, instead of those numbers Nielsen SoundScan tracked sales of 50,000 because the restrictions about retail, international deliveries and e-packages, RIAA already certified the DVD as Platinum.

This was also released as a two-disc CD but only in Japan.

Track listing 

Destiny's Child albums
Atlanta, Georgia
Bambara language

Bambara is a language from Mali.  More than 6 000 000 people (including second language users) speak it.  It is called Bamanankan in Bambara.  Bambara is very similar to Dioula.  Dioula is not spoken by as many people, but it is used in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, and Gambia.  The Bambara language is spoken mainly by people in the Bambara racial group.  About 2,700,000 people are in this group, but Bambara is also used by other racial groups in Mali.

Bambara is in the Manding language family.  These languages are similar to each other.  This family of languages is in a larger language group.  This group is called the Mandé group.  It is an SOV language (Subject-Object-Verb) and it has two tones (pitches).

There are seven vowels: a, e, , i, o,  and u.

Writing started during the period of French rule.  There is not much written work, but there is a lot of oral literature, which is often stories about kings and heroes.  The people who tell these stories are called Griot.  They also sing religious songs.  Many of their songs are very old and some people think the songs are as old as the old Mali Empire.

Bambara is a national language of Mali, and it is also the most widely understood language in Mali.

Bambara has many local dialects.  Somono, Segou, San, Beledugu, Ganadugu and Wasulu and Sikasso are some dialects.

References

Mande languages
Mali
Proboscidea

Proboscidea (meaning "trunked beast") is an order containing only one familiy of living animals, Elephantidae, the elephants, with three living species (African forest elephant, African bush elephant, and Asian elephant).

During the period of the last ice age there were more, now extinct species, including a number of species of the elephant-like mammoths and mastodons.

The oldest proboscidean dates from the early Palaeogene period, over 50 million years ago. The evolution of the elephant-like animals mainly concerned the proportions of the cranium and jaw and the shape of the tusks and molar teeth.

Families 
Present-day elephants are the survivors of a once larger and more varied family.
Elephantidae
†Gomphotheriidae
†Mammutidae
†Stegodontidae
†Barytheriidae
†Deinotheriidae
†Moeritheriidae
†Numidotheriidae
†Palaeomastodontidae
†Phiomiidae

References
Adrar des Ifoghas

The Adrar des Ifoghas is a sandstone high area in the Kidal Region of Mali.  Is has an area of about 250,000 km².

There are wide, shallow valleys, and many granite rocks.  The Tamesna Plain is to the east.  The Telemsi Fosse is to the west  The low, western part of the Azaouak Valley is to the south.  Tanezrouft is to the north.  Kidal, Aguel'hoc, Boughessa, Essouk and Tessalit are cities in this area.

The Adrar des Ifoghas is called "Adagh" in the local language.  "" is the Berber word for mountain, and "Ifogha" is the short name of a rich Tuareg family.  This family (the "Kel Ifoghas") has been very powerful in this area for a long time.  They are nomads and they eat and sell camels, goats and sheep.

The area has many old archaeological places.  The rock drawings showing men hunting, farming, and looking after cows are very important.  Asselar Man's bones were also found here by Théodore Monod.  Recently, the Adrar des Ifoghas has become popular for hiking.

References

Mali
Kokoreç

Kokoreç is a Turkish meal. It is made of lamb intestines. Intestines of suckling lambs (süt kuzusu) is most favored for this dish. It is not a standard menu item in restaurants. It can be found in any street.

Kokoreç can be cooked in many ways. One way is to cook it similar to Döner; with a horizontal skewer (see also Rotisserie). The intestine parts are stacked together. This sort can be found in street vendors mostly. The most popular heating method is charcoal fire which gives it an extra rich flavour. After it is cooked, it is cut and put in a half or quarter portion of Turkish bread (somun). Tomatoes or spices can be added to it.

Another way to cook is to cut it after cleaning, mixing it with cut tomatoes and green peppers. After that, it is cooked on a big griddle in large quantities, and then it is added hot red pepper and oregano. It is constantly mixed and cut by the cooker using two spatulas in his hands during cooking. When done, the dish is kept warm.

Kokoreç can be served in many ways. It is usually served as a sandwich in form of Yarım Ekmek Kokoreç (Half-Bread) or Çeyrek Ekmek Kokoreç (Quarter-Bread). At the same time, it could be served without bread, on a plate, as a normal meal. Kokoreç is usually served with Ayran, Beer or Cola. 

Meat dishes
Ub Iwerks

Ubbe Ert Iwwerks (March 24, 1901 - July 7, 1971), better known as Ub Iwerks, was an American animator. He is best known for creating Mickey Mouse, together with Walt Disney.

Ub Iwerks was born in 1901 in Kansas City. His father Eert Ubbe was an immigrant from Germany. In 1919 he met Walt Disney the first time. Some months later, Disney founded his first studio. Ub Iwerks was his first artist, and at this time the only one. Iwerks was called "the fastest animator" of Hollywood, because he could drew more than 700 pictures a day. In fact, he finished the first Mickey Mouse cartoon which was produced in just two weeks.

Disney and Iwerks often had differences. As a result of this differences, Iwerks left Disney in 1930 and founded his own studio. It closed in 1936, after that, Iwerks worked some months for Columbia Pictures, in 1940 he went back to Walt Disney. He did not draw anymore, but became the head of the "Special Processes Department". There he invented the Multiplane camera. For this camera he was awarded in 1960 with a special Oscar.

At the end of his life, Ub Iwerks worked for popular directors, like Alfred Hitchcock, too. In 1963 he was nominated for his work on "The Birds" for a second Oscar.

Ub Iwerks died at age 70 in Burbank, California. His sons Don Iwerks and David Iwerks worked for Disney, too. Ub's great grandson, Michael Iwerks, also works at Disney.

1901 births
1971 deaths
Disney animators
Endocrine gland

Endocrine glands are glands that secrete their product (hormones) directly into the blood. This group contains the glands of the endocrine system.  

The main endocrine glands are the pituitary gland, the pancreas, the gonads, the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands.  Other organs which are not so well known for their endocrine activity include the stomach, which produces such hormones as ghrelin.

Reference 
 Medical definition of Endocrine gland from the medicineneet website

Endocrine system
Glands
Thyroid

The thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body. This gland is found in the throat. The thyroid controls how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.

The principal hormones it makes are thyroxine (T4) an triiodothyronine (T3), which is more active. These hormones regulate the growth of many systems in the body. T3 and T4 are synthesised from iodine and tyrosine. The thyroid also makes calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis.

Diseases

Hyper- and hypofunction (affects about 2% of the population)
 Hypothyroidism (underactivity) - Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.

 Hashimoto's thyroiditis / thyroiditis
 Ord's thyroiditis
 Postoperative hypothyroidism
 Postpartum thyroiditis
 Silent thyroiditis
 Acute thyroiditis
 Iatrogenic hypothyroidism
 Hyperthyroidism (overactivity)
 Thyroid storm
 Graves-Basedow disease
 Toxic thyroid nodule
 Toxic nodular struma (Plummer's disease)
 Hashitoxicosis
 Iatrogenic hyperthyroidism
 De Quervain thyroiditis (inflammation starting as hyperthyroidism, can end as hypothyroidism)

Anatomical problems
 Goitre
 Endemic goitre
 Diffuse goitre
 Multinodular goitre
 Lingual thyroid
 Thyroglossal duct cyst

Tumors
 Thyroid adenoma
 Thyroid cancer
 Papillary
 Follicular
 Medullary
 Anaplastic
 Lymphomas and metastasis from elsewhere (rare)

Deficiencies
Cretinism

Additional images

Related pages
 Thymus

Other websites
 American Thyroid Association (Thyroid Information and professional organization)
 ''New Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer from the American Thyroid Association Taskforce.
 Thyroid Disease Manager (free online textbook)
 Thyroid Disease (Nuclear Medicine Information)
 The Thyroid Foundation of America (Education about Thyroid Disease)

Glands
Endocrine system
Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols

Never Mind the Bollocks: Here's the Sex Pistols is the only studio album by English punk band the Sex Pistols. It was released on 28 October 1977 in the UK and 10 November 1977 in the USA.

Track listing 
Holidays in the Sun
Bodies
No Feelings
Liar
Problems
God Save the Queen
Seventeen
Anarchy in the UK
Submission
Pretty Vacant
New York
E.M.I.

1977 albums
Sex Pistols
Punk albums
Pelycosaur

Pelycosaurs (meaning "basin lizards") were the earliest synapsids. They were not dinosaurs or reptiles. They are an informal group, meaning all synapsids except the therapsids and their descendants.

These tetrapods appeared during the Pennsylvanian and went extinct at the end of the Permian period. They were the dominant land animals for some 40 million years, and were almost wiped out by the P/Tr extinction event. A few survived until the lower Triassic to form the therapsids, a group which led to the mammals. Because the term does not include their descendants, it is not used much now.

Characteristics 
Pelycosaur fossils have been found mainly in Europe and North America, although some small, late-surviving forms are known from Russia and South Africa.

At least two pelycosaur clades independently evolved a tall sail, consisting of elongated vertebral spines: the edaphosaurids and the sphenacodontids. In life, this would have been covered by skin, and possibly functioned as a thermoregulatory device and/or a mating display. 

Unlike lepidosaurian reptiles, pelycosaurs lacked epidermal scales. Fossil evidence from some ophiacodonts shows that parts of the skin was naked, but that the belly was covered in dermal scutes. These scutes looked like the scutes present in reptile groups, but they are of a different type of structure. 

In 1940 the group was reviewed in detail and every species known at the time described (and many illustrated) in an important monograph.

Well-known pelycosaurs include the genera Dimetrodon, Sphenacodon, Edaphosaurus, and Ophiacodon.

Taxonomy 
 Order †Pelycosauria*
 Suborder †Caseasauria
 Family †Caseidae
 Family †Eothyrididae
 Suborder †Eupelycosauria
 Family †Edaphosauridae
 Family †Haplodontidae*
 Family †Lupeosauridae
 Family †Ophiacodontidae
 Family †Sphenacodontidae
 Family †Varanopseidae
 Order †Therapsida*

References 

Fossils
Therapsid

Therapsids, previously known as the mammal-like reptiles, are an order of synapsids. 

The clade includes the mammals, which are descended from the cynodont therapsids.

Characteristics 
The jaws of therapsids had frontal incisors for nipping, large lateral canines for puncturing and tearing, and molars for shearing and tearing, and molars for shearing and chopping food. 

Therapsid legs were positioned more vertically beneath their bodies than were the sprawling legs of Sauropsids and Pelycosaurs.

Evolution 
The therapsids were seriously affected by the P/Tr extinction event. The successful gorgonopsians died out, and the remaining groups were much reduced. 

The dicynodonts, now represented by a single family of large stocky herbivores, the Kannemeyeridae, and the medium-sized cynodonts (including both carnivorous and herbivorous forms), flourished worldwide, throughout the early to middle Triassic. They died out across much of Pangea before the end of the Upper Triassic, although they continued for some time longer in the wet equatorial band and the south.

At least three groups of eucynodonts survived. They appeared in the Upper Triassic. The extremely mammal-like family, the Tritylodonts, survived into the Lower Cretaceous. Another group, Morganucodon and similar animals, were mammaliaformes or the "stem-mammals" for the mammals.

Taxonomy 
 Class Synapsida
 ORDER THERAPSIDA *
 Suborder Biarmosuchia *
 Suborder Dinocephalia
 Suborder Anomodontia *
 Superfamily Venyukoviamorpha
 Infraorder Dicynodonta
 (unranked) Theriodontia *
 Suborder Gorgonopsia
 Suborder Therocephalia
 Suborder Cynodontia *
 (unranked) Mammaliaformes *
 Class Mammalia

References 

 Kemp T.S. 2005. The origin and evolution of mammals. Oxford University Press
 Benton M.J. 2004. Vertebrate Paleontology. 3rd ed. Blackwell, Oxford.
 Carroll R.L. 1988 Vertebrate Paleontology & Evolution. Freeman N.Y.
 Romer A.S. 1966. Vertebrate Paleontology. 3rd ed, University of Chicago Press.

Synapsids
Toccata

Toccata is the title that was often given to pieces of music for solo instruments from the Renaissance onwards.  The word comes from the Italian for to touch, also meaning to play a musical instrument.  These pieces were often quite difficult, with a lot of fast notes which showed off how well the person could play.

The first toccatas were written in northern Italy by composers such as Claudio Monteverdi and Giovanni Gabrieli.  They are pieces for the keyboard (harpsichord or organ) with lots of running scales in the right hand and accompanying chords in the left hand.  

Toccatas became popular in Germany with composers such as Hans Leo Hassler who had studied in Venice with Gabrieli.  Many German Baroque organ composers wrote toccatas: Sweelinck (who was Dutch), Pachelbel, Buxtehude and Johann Sebastian Bach.  Bach wrote a Toccata and Fugue in D minor, which is one of the most famous pieces of Baroque organ music, and perhaps the most famous toccata ever written.

After the Baroque period composers did not often write toccatas.  The toccata became popular again in the late 19th century with the French organ composers such as Charles-Marie Widor whose Toccata from his Symphony No. 5 is very popular today, especially at weddings.  It has lots of quick notes in the right hand (and occasionally in the left) and a big tune in the pedals.  Another famous organ toccata is by Louis Vierne.  It is the last movement of his Symphony No. 1 (at this time French composers wrote organ works called "symphonies").

In the 20th century several composers wrote toccatas for piano including Prokofiev, Khachaturian, Ravel (part of Le Tombeau de Couperin) and Claude Debussy (part of Suite: Pour le Piano).

Related pages
Fugue
Prelude

Musical forms
Lockheed P-38 Lightning

The P-38 Lightning is a World War II fighter aircraft made by Lockheed. It was mainly used by the United States Air Force. It first flew in 1939. It was different from other fighters because it had two engines instead of one, and was twice the size of other fighters. The plane fought in the Pacific and in Europe. It could carry 4 50-caliber machine guns and a 20mm cannon. With a top speed of over 400 miles per hour the P-38 was one of the fastest fighters of its time. The P-38 is also accounted for capturing 90% of all aerial footage over Europe. By 1944, it was replaced by the faster P-51 Mustang in Europe. The P-38 was the only American fighter being built at the beginning and the end of the war. The Germans called it the "fork tailed devil."

References

United States Army aircraft
P-38
World War II American aircraft
Messerschmitt Bf 109

The Messerschmitt Bf 109 was a fighter aircraft usually called the Me 109. It was a German World War II aircraft.

Made by Messerschmitt, it first flew in 1935, and was used by the Luftwaffe during the Spanish Civil War and throughout World War II.  It was one of the first modern fighters of the time. It had an all-metal construction, a closed cockpit, and retractable landing gear. It was powered by a liquid-cooled, inverted-V12 aero engine.

There were many variations designed for special purposes. Overall, the Me 109 was the most produced fighter aircraft in history, with a total of 33,984 airframes produced from 1936 up to April 1945.

The design of the plane caused some problems on the ground, and with take-off and landing. At least 10% of all Bf 109s were lost in takeoff and landing accidents, 1,500 of which occurred between 1939 and 1941. A new fixed tailwheel helped correct the problem.

Bf 109 was used by Luftwaffe together with FW 190. The Messerschmitt had two machine guns and one cannon while FW 190 had two machine guns and four cannons. Bf 109 was much lighter than FW 190, by 1500 kg. Despite that Bf 109 was almost as fast as FW 190 (Fw 190 A-8 was only 16kph faster than Bf 109 G-6) and climbed at 17 m/s, 2 m/s faster than FW 190.

Related pages
P-51 Mustang
Fw 190
Hawker Hurricane
Supermarine Spitfire

References 

World War II German aircraft
Messerschmitt Me 262

The Me 262 was a German fighter aircraft flown during late World War II. It was the first jet to be used in war. It began test flights in 1942, but was not used in combat by the German air force, the Luftwaffe, until 1944. Very few were built because Germany's enemies were bombing factories. It saw little action because the war was nearly over. The jet engines of the new machine often caused problems, that's why a lot of machines had deathly accidents.

Related pages
 Jet aircraft

References

World War II German aircraft
Osmosis

Osmosis (/ɒzˈmoʊ.sɪs/) is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. It may also be describe how any solvent moves across a selectively permeable membrane (permeable to the solvent, but not the solute) separating two solutions of different concentrations. Osmosis can be made to do work. Osmotic pressure is defined as the external pressure required to be applied so that there is no net movement of solvent across the membrane. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property, meaning that the osmotic pressure depends on the molar concentration of the solute but not on its identity.

Osmosis is a vital process in biological systems, as biological membranes are semipermeable. In general, these membranes are impermeable to large and polar molecules, such as ions, proteins, and polysaccharides, while being permeable to non-polar or hydrophobic molecules like lipids as well as to small molecules like oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and nitric oxide. Permeability depends on solubility, charge, or chemistry, as well as solute size. Water molecules travel through the plasma membrane, tonoplast membrane (vacuole) or protoplast by diffusing across the phospholipid bilayer via aquaporins (small transmembrane proteins similar to those responsible for facilitated diffusion and ion channels). Osmosis provides the primary means by which water is transported into and out of cells. The turgor pressure of a cell is largely maintained by osmosis across the cell membrane between the cell interior and its relatively hypotonic environment.

Hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic 

Solutions may have more or less solute per unit of solvent. The one with less is called Hypotonic. When the two solutions have equal concentration, they are isotonic. The one with more is Hypertonic. When the hypotonic solution is outside the cell,and hypertonic solution inside, the cell becomes swollen and distorted.

Cell membranes 
The plasma membrane of a cell is semi-permeable, which means it allowed the entry of certain molecules in or out, it lets small molecules pass through, but blocks larger molecules,. The membrane also has ports or gateways which get certain macromolecules through. This is active transport, which uses energy and is selective. It is outermost covering of the animal cell. It is made up of proteins and lipids. Example:- Exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Related pages 
 Reverse osmosis

References 

Cell biology
Thermodynamics
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17

The MiG-17 Fresco is a fighter aircraft made by Mikoyan, a Russian company. It first flew in 1950, and was supposed to replace the MiG-15 in the Korean War, but it did not arrive fast enough. It was used by the North Vietnamese in the Vietnam War. It carried 3 guns on it, and later versions carried missiles. Today, it is used as a trainer in other air forces.

Related pages
F-8 Crusader
F-4 Phantom II
MiG-21

Soviet military aircraft
Military of China
Vietnamese military aircraft
Polish military aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
Mikoyan

Mikoyan is a Russian company that designs fighter airplanes. The company was first formed in December 1939 as a design office called Mikoyan-Gurevich or MiG, this was because its designers were Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich. Mikoyan will join other Russian airplane companies in a new company called United Aircraft Corporation.

History 
In 1939 Russia was part of the Soviet Union and was communist. In the Soviet communist system there were two types of airplane companies, companies that designed aircraft known as design offices or OKB, and companies that made airplanes called zavods. Artom Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich had been designers in another design office helping a designer called Nikolai Polikarpov. One airplane design that Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich worked on at Polikarpov was called the I-200. When Nikolai Polikarpov lost the trust of the Soviet leader Stalin, Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich were given the I-200 design to finish. This airplane was given a new name and was called the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1. As it was being made, ways to make the MiG-1 into a better airplane were found and airplanes with these changes became known as the MiG-3 and later the MiG-7. However even with changes the MiG fighter airplanes were not as good as the fighter airplanes designed by the design offices of Lavochkin or Yakovlev.

After World War II Mikoyan-Gurevich designed jet aircraft. In the Soviet system the airplane designs of the design offices would compete to see which was the best.  When the best design had been found the design would be built by the airplane manufacturing company.  Even though Mikoyan-Gurevich airplanes in World War II had not been as good as airplanes by Lavochkin or Yakovlev. Mikoyan-Gurevich jet aircraft won more of the competitions to be sent to the zavods and in the time of the Cold War Mikoyan-Gurevich, together with another design office called Sukhoi, became one of the two most important design offices of fighter planes in the Soviet Union.

In the Soviet system decisions were made to protect the government from its own soldiers. In many countries there is only one airforce, the Soviet Union had five airforces. Two of these airforces were the main users of Soviet fighter airplanes. One airforce was called PVO Strany, this airforce was used to defend the cities and land of the Soviet Union. One airforce was called Frontal Aviation, this airforce was used to defend the Soviet Union's ground soldiers against enemy fighter airplanes, and to attack enemy ground forces. Mikoyan-Gurevich became the main designer of aircraft for Frontal Aviation.

Aircraft made 

Mikoyan has designed the following airplanes:

 Mikoyan MiG-1
 Mikoyan MiG-3 (also called MiG-7)
 MiG DIS
 MiG-9 Fargo
 MiG-15 Fagot
 MiG-17 Fresco
 MiG-19 Farmer
 MiG-21 Fishbed
 MiG-23 Flogger
 MiG-25 Foxbat
 MiG-27 Flogger
 MiG-29 Fulcrum
 MiG-31 Foxhound

Companies of Russia
Aircraft companies
1939 establishments
1930s establishments in Europe
Transport in Russia