cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Théodore Chassériau

Théodore Chassériau (September 20, 1819 – October 8, 1856) was a French romantic painter noted for his portraits, historical and religious paintings, and images inspired by his travels to Algeria.

Life and work

Chassériau was born in El Limón, Samaná, in Saint Domingue (now the Dominican Republic). Her mother, Maria Magdalena Couret de la Blagniére, was born in Haiti but she moved with her parents to Santo Domingo when the Haitian revolution. At that time, the eastern part of Hispaniola was a French colony. There she met Bénoit Chassériau and soon they got married and moved to Samaná.

When the eastern part of the Hispaniola became again a colony of Spain, the family moved to Venezuela and Jamaica. Then, in 1821, the family went to live in Paris, France. Théodore was three years old at that time.

In 1830, at the age of eleven, he started to study with Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, and soon he became the favorite pupil of the great classicist.

After Ingres left Paris in 1834 to become director of the French Academy in Rome, Chassériau fell under the influence of Eugène Delacroix, a well-known romantic painter. From that moment on, Chassériau tried to combine the two styles.

His works could be grouped in two periods:
The classical period, with works like
Portrait of Adéle Chassériau (1836)
Christ on the Mount of Olives (1839)
The Two Sisters (1843)
The romantic period, with works like
Arab Chiefs Visiting Their Vassals (1849)
Jewish Women on a Balcony (1849)
The Tepidarium (1853)

Chassériau died when he was 37 years old in Paris, on October 8, 1856.

Other websites
Théodore Chassériau exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art  Retrieved on 2007-10-03.

References

1819 births
1856 deaths
French painters
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
Intermolecular force

In physics, chemistry, and biology, intermolecular forces  are forces that act between stable molecules or between functional groups of macromolecules. 

These forces are generally much weaker than the  chemical bonding forces. Their bonding energies are less than a few kcal/mol. But they are responsible for many different physical, chemical, and biological phenomena. In general one distinguishes short and long range intermolecular forces.
(The molecule is a substance are held together by the forces acting between the molecules which are called inter-molecular forces)

Hydrogen bonding 

Hydrogen bonding is an intermolecular interaction with a hydrogen atom being present in the intermolecular bond.

Related pages 
 Chemical bond

Other websites

Software for calculation of intermolecular forces 
Quantum 3.2 
SAPT: An ab initio quantumchemical package.

Chemistry
Spineshank

SpineShank is a alernative metal band formed in Los Angeles in 1996. They released four albums under Roadrunner Records:
Strictly Diesel
The Height of Callousness
Self-Destructive Pattern
The Best of Spineshank

References

American heavy metal bands
Alternative metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Tanystropheus

Tanystropheus is a long necked reptile that lived in the Middle Triassic period.  The main feature that stands out about this animal is its very long neck. Fossils of this creature have been found in Europe and the Middle East. Habitat: probably aquatic.

reptiles
Yuryuzan, Chelyabinsk Oblast

Yuryuzan () is a town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Its population is near 13,700 ().

Yuryuzan is located on Yuryuzan River's bank.

Related pages 
List of cities and towns in Russia

References

Towns in Russia
Sim (town)

Sim (, 54°59'N 57°41'E) is town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Its population is near 15,900 (2005).

Sim is located on Sim River's bank. Town was founded in 1759 and named Simsky Zavod until 1942.

Igor Kurchatov is from Sim.

Towns in Russia
18th-century establishments in Russia
1759 establishments
Duff Beer

Duff Beer is a fictional alcoholic drink shown in the animated television series The Simpsons. Duff Beer is known to be Homer Simpson's favorite drink and has a mascot known as Duffman.

The Simpsons
Beer

de:Die Simpsons#Duff-Bier
Sassuntsi-Davit Tank Regiment

The Sassuntsi-Davit Tank Regiment (; previously the 119th Separate Rifle Tank (Mixed) Regiment) was a Soviet separate tank regiment during the Second World War. It had a lot of ethnic Armenians in it. Other ethnic groups that were in the regiment included Azeris, but they were largely relegated to logistics support and other non-combatant roles.

20th century in Armenia
History of Azerbaijan
1940s in the Soviet Union
Military
Sursk

Sursk (, 53°05'N 45°42'E) is town in Penza Oblast, Russia. Its population is near 7,500 (2005). The town was founded in 1860.

Sursk is located on the Sura River's left bank. It is 92 km from Penza.

Other websites 
 Site about Sursk

Towns in Russia
1860 establishments
19th-century establishments in Russia
Lipki

Lipki (, 53°57'N 37°42'E) is a town in Tula Oblast, Russia. Its population is about 9,700 (2005).  Lipki is located 38 km south of Tula.  The village of Lipki has been known since the 17th century.

Towns in Russia
Lage

Lage is a city in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, approximatively 8 km northwest of Detmold. It has about 36,000 inhabitants.

Twin Towns 
The town is twinned with
 , Horsham.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Lippe Rural District
Venture capital

Venture capital is a type of private equity capital..

Typically it is provided by outside investors to new businesses that promise to grow fast. Venture capital investments are usually high risk, but offer the potential for above-average returns. 

A venture capitalist (VC) is a person who makes such investments. A venture capital fund is a pooled investment vehicle (often a limited partnership) that primarily invests the financial capital of third-party investors in enterprises that are too risky for the standard capital markets or bank loans. 

Venture capital can also include managerial and technical expertise. Most venture capital comes from a group of rich investors, investment banks and other financial institutions that pool such investments or partnerships. This form of raising capital is popular among new companies, or ventures.

Other websites 

National Venture Capital Association
Venture Capital Glossary
Ricafe2  - A Research programme sponsored by the European Commission analysing venture capital.
Venture Capital News & Blog:

Economics
Moment of inertia

Moment of inertia (), also called "angular mass" (kg·m2), is the inertia of a rotating body with respect to its rotation.

It is a rotating body's resistance to angular acceleration or deceleration, equal to the product of the mass and the square of its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation.

Moments of inertia for a few objects

Related pages
 Angular momentum
 Torque

References

Other websites 
 Angular momentum and rigid-body rotation in two and three dimensions
 A table of moments of inertia 
 Parallels between rotation and translation HyperPhysics

Mechanics
Physical quantity
Multiple choice

Multiple choice questions ask people to choose the answer from a list.  Tests, elections, and surveys can use multiple choice questions. Frederick J. Kelly made the first multiple choice questions in 1914 at the University of Kansas. This testing method is popular in the United States.

Examples

1.  
A) 0B)	22C) 4D) 2

2.  Where is the Eiffel Tower?A) LondonB) ParisC) SingaporeD) New York

Correct answers:1 C 2 B

References

Tests
Angular velocity

In physics, the angular velocity specifies the angular speed at which an object is rotating along with the direction in which it is rotating.

It is a vector quantity. The SI unit of angular velocity is radians per second. But it may be measured in other units as well (such as degrees per second, degrees per hour, etc.). When it is measured in cycles or rotations per unit time (e.g. revolutions per minute), it is often called the rotational velocity and its magnitude the rotational speed. Angular velocity is usually represented by the symbol omega (Ω or ω). The direction of the angular velocity vector is perpendicular to the plane of rotation, in a direction which is usually specified by the right hand rule.

Related pages

 Angular momentum

References 

 
 

Physical quantity
Mechanics
Angular frequency

In physics, angular frequency.' ω. (also called the angular speed, radial frequency, and radian frequency) is a measure of rotation rate. A high rate of angular frequency means something is turning very fast. The angular frequency is the magnitude of the vector quantity angular velocity which is also known asangular frequency vector . 

It is useful in many areas of maths and science as it allows understanding of many properties of physical objects in our world. In SI units, angular frequency is measured in radians per second, with dimensions t−1 since radians are dimensionless.

Theory 
Angular freqency is often given in radians per second ()  as it is easier to work with. In this way, the angular frequency is given by, 

  

where  is the time (period) of a single rotation(revolution) and  is the frequency.    

If a wheel turns by an angle  in a time  then the angular frequency at any moment is given by, 

    

If the rotation speed is constant, this becomes, 

  

and so it is similar to a speed.   

For objects which are going in circles, the angular frequency may also be given as (in radians), 

  

where  is the speed and  is the distance from the middle of the circle.

Examples 
The angular frequency is important in determining whether an object can stay above the ground against gravity, or whether a spinning top can stay standing. It also is important in creating the frequency of mains electricity supplies and reducing the heat due to friction in engines.

Satellites 
Objects are pulled towards the earth because of gravity. To oppose this, a satellite must go fast enough it misses the ground. For the forces to equal each other, 

  

where  is the mass of the larger body and  is the Gravitational constant. To make a circle, the angular frequency must be equal to, 

  

which leads to one of Johannes Kepler's Laws.

Mains Supplies 
Generators in power stations rotate at some frequency. The speed at which these turn gives us the frequency that our electricity supplies are at. These can be slowed by large brakes or big heavy wheels which stop the generators from turning too quickly.

Units

Examples of angular frequency measurements include

Related pages
Frequency
Radian

Physical quantity
Mechanics
Pseudovector

In physics and mathematics, a pseudovector (or axial vector) is a quantity that transforms like a vector under a proper rotation, but gains an additional sign flip under an improper rotation (a transformation that can be expressed as an inversion followed by a proper rotation).

Physical examples 
Physical examples of pseudovectors include the magnetic field, torque, vorticity, and the angular momentum.

References 

 George B. Arfken and Hans J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists (Harcourt: San Diego, 2001). ()
 John David Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley: New York, 1999). ()
 Susan M. Lea, "Mathematics for Physicists" (Thompson: Belmont, 2004) ()

Algebra
Mathematics
Twister (1996 movie)

Twister is a 1996 American disaster movie directed by Jan de Bont, and based upon a screenplay by Michael Crichton and Anne-Marie Martin. It follows a group of storm chasers attempting to prevent all tornadoes from destroying everything in Oklahoma. The movie has a famous scene of a flying cattle. It is a scene that was the subject of many parodies. It was the first movie to be commercially released on DVD.

Cast

Home media 
Twister was released in VHS by Warner Home Video in October 1996. It was later released on DVD on March 26, 1997. It is considered to be the first home release of a movie to use this now widely-used optical media technology. This new release on DVD, Blu-ray, Retro VHS Blu-ray, & 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on TBA 2023 by Universal Pictures (in Studio Distribution Services from now Warner Bros.).

Sequel 
TWISTER 2 release on TBA by Universal Pictures and Warner Bros. by United States & Canada

References

Other websites 
 Official site for the film 
 
 

1996 drama movies
1990s disaster movies
1990s American disaster movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Oklahoma
Warner Bros. movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies composed by Ennio Morricone
Spoke

A spoke is one of several rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the hub where the axle connects), connecting the hub with the round traction surface. 

The term originally meant the portions of a log which one had split lengthwise into four or six sections.  The radial members of a wagon wheel were made by carving a spoke (from a log) into their finished shape.  Eventually, the term spoke was applied to the finished product of the wheelwright's work.

Other websites 
These pages are in German:
Hub dynamo assembly instructions with spoke length formula and a nice diagram 
Online spoke length calculator, uses slightly different measures than the above formula 

Engineering
Examination

An examination (exam) is a test. Many things may be examined, but the word is most often used for an assessment of a person. It measures a test-taker's knowledge, skill, aptitude, physical fitness or ability or standing in some other topic. It is a set of questions designed to measure those things. Examinations change and evolve. They have been used since ancient times.

In its widest sense, to examine is to look at something very carefully, perhaps to find the cause of a problem.  Someone who is ill may need to go to a doctor for a medical examination. A mechanic may examine a machine to find why it is not working properly.

In education an examination is a test to show the knowledge and ability of a student. A student who takes an examination is a candidate. The person who decides how well the student has performed is the examiner. An examination may be a written test, an on-screen test or a practical test.  Examples of a practical test may be: driving a car, speaking a language, playing a musical instrument and doing a scientific experiment. An on-screen test is a test which uses the computer.

If the candidate is successful he will have passed the examination. If he is unsuccessful he will have failed. In some cases it is possible for a student who has failed to take the exam again another time.

A student who passes an examination may get a certificate or diploma. Some certificates are professional qualifications, allowing the person to do a particular job, e.g. plumber, teacher, doctor, lawyer.

References 

Education
Tests
Super Smash Bros. Brawl

Super Smash Bros. Brawl (commonly known as SSBB or Brawl) is the third video game in the Super Smash Bros. series. It was made by Sora and published by Nintendo for the Wii video game console.

Characters
There are 39 characters in Brawl. 14 unlockables and 25 starters. Most of the characters from the second game in the series, which was called Super Smash Bros. Melee, return (although Mewtwo, Roy, Dr. Mario, Pichu, and Young Link were removed), and a few others are added, including two (Solid Snake and Sonic the Hedgehog) that were in games that Nintendo did not own. The game is best known for the tripping mechanic (fighters will trip at random when running), introducing third party characters, and the smash ball.

Default characters
Bowser
Diddy Kong
Donkey Kong
Fox McCloud
Ice Climbers
Ike
King Dedede
Kirby
Link
Lucas
Mario
Meta Knight
Olimar
Princess Peach
Pikachu
Pit
Pokémon Trainer (Squirtle, Ivysaur and Charizard)
Samus Aran/Zero Suit Samus
Wario
Yoshi
Princess Zelda/Sheik

Unlockable characters
Captain Falcon
Falco Lombardi
Ganondorf
Jigglypuff
Lucario
Luigi
Marth
Mr. Game and Watch
Ness
R.O.B.
Solid Snake
Sonic the Hedgehog
Toon Link
Wolf O'Donnell

Items
Like the other Super Smash Bros. games, items appear in the middle of the game that characters can use.  However, Brawl adds many more items, such as an "Assist Trophy" (where a character from a Nintendo game shows up to help you kill your ) and a "Smash Ball" (when activated, it gives characters powers that make it really easy to kill opponents).

Stages
Super Smash Bros. Brawl has many stages that players can battle on. Most of the stages are based on Nintendo series. One of these is Shadow Moses Island from Metal Gear Solid.

Home Stages

References

Other websites
Super Smash Bros. Wiki

Super Smash Bros.
2008 video games
Wii games

de:Super Smash Bros.#Super Smash Bros. Brawl
Final Fantasy Tactics Advance

Final Fantasy Tactics Advance is a role-playing game made by Square Enix for the Nintendo Game Boy Advance. The story of the game is about four children who are pulled into their friends' dream by a magical book.  The player plays as the boy Marche, his friend Montblanc, and many other characters who can join your group.  

Final Fantasy games
X-Men (movie)

X-Men is a 2000 superhero movie based upon the fictional characters the X-Men. The movie is about mutants who are the next evolutionary step of humanity. These mutants are feared and hated by most of humanity.

The movie was directed by Bryan Singer. It deals with the ideas of prejudice and discrimination in the United States. The screenplay was written by David Hayter. A sequel, X2, was released in 2003 and a third movie, X-Men: The Last Stand, was released in 2006. A fourth film, X-Men: Days of Future Past. A prequel trilogy has been made, the prequel series is currently formed by X-Men: First Class, X-Men: Apocalypse and Dark Phoenix.

Plot 
Professor Charles Xavier (the world's most powerful telepath) takes gifted children and teaches them to control their powers for good. He does this at Xavier's Academy for Gifted Youngsters, his school for mutants. This school is the home to the X-Men. The story is about the X-Men trying to stop Erik Lehnsherr (also known as Magneto), a mutant who blames humanity for the death of his family during the Holocaust. Magneto does not believe that humans and mutants can live together in peace. He builds a machine that turns humans into mutants.

Cast 

 Hugh Jackman as Logan / Wolverine
 Patrick Stewart as Professor Charles Xavier
 Anna Paquin as Marie D'Ancanto / Rogue
 Ian McKellen as Erik Lehnsherr / Magneto
 Bruce Davison as Senator Kelly
 James Marsden as Scott Summers / Cyclops
 Famke Janssen as Dr. Jean Grey
 Halle Berry as Ororo Munroe / Storm
 Rebecca Romijn-Stamos as Mystique
 Ray Park as Toad
 Tyler Mane as Sabretooth
 Shawn Ashmore as Bobby Drake / Iceman

Filming 
Filming took place from September 22, 1999 to March 3, 2000 in Toronto. Wolverine's claws required a full silicone cast of Hugh Jackman's arm, and 700 versions for Jackman and his stunt doubles.

Music 
Bryan Singer asked John Williams to compose the music for the movie, but Williams was too busy composing for Saving Private Ryan.

Reactions and box office 
The movie was one of the biggest hits of 2000. It earned more than $296 million worldwide and was the 8th highest grossing movie in the United States that year.

Crazy credits 
 When the 20th Century Fox logo disappears the "X" in "Fox" glows and remains on a black background than the other letters.

Release Dates

References

Other websites 
 TheXverse.com: X-Men Movie News
 
 
 X-Men on Marvel.com
 X-Men Comics Message Board 

2000 movies
2000s superhero movies
X-Men movies
Movies directed by Bryan Singer
Movies produced by Avi Arad
Movies produced by Lauren Shuler Donner
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1940s
20th Century Fox movies
Riding (division)

In the United Kingdom, a riding is a division of certain large historic counties.  It is usually one of three parts; the word itself comes from Old English trithing (itself from Old Norse thrithjungr) which means 'third part'.

Several counties are divided into ridings, but are usually governed by a council bearing the same name as the county.  However, the ridings of Yorkshire are so large that each riding was given its own county council.  Thus there were county councils for the East Riding, the North Riding and the West Riding.  In 1974 when all the administrative counties of England and Wales were reorganised, these councils were replaced by six new ones within Yorkshire (either wholly or in part) called North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Cleveland, Durham and Humberside.

In Canada, a riding is a federal constituency, or electoral division as they are known in Canada.

Counties of the United Kingdom
Politics of Canada
Pulkkila

Pulkkila is a former municipality in Northern Finland. It was in Northern Ostrobothnia, Pohjois-Pohjanmaa, Oulu province, Finland, and its original name (with diacritics) is Pulkkila. The population of Pulkkila is about 1,600. Pulkkila is best known for its metal works.
 Pulkkila is about 90 kilometres (56 miles) south from Oulu and 250 kilometres (160 mi) north from Jyväskylä.

Since 2009, it was merged to form the new municipality of Siikalatva.

References 

Former municipalities of Finland
Emmental cheese

Emmental cheese (sometimes also called Emmentaler or Emmenthal) is a Swiss cheese. It first came from Switzerland. It is named after the Emmental, the valley of a river, near Berne. Emmental cheese was first made around 1353 when Bern joined the confederacy.  

Today, most cheese-producing countries make a cheese called Emmental cheese - These cheeses often have little in common with the original though, except for the holes in the cheese. In 1882 was the first time, products could be protected in Europe. Already at that time, Emmentaler was made in countries other than Switzerland.

Emmental cheese is amongst the best-known types of cheese. It is made from cow's milk. Two of the features that make Emmental distinctive are its holes and sweetness. The holes are there because of the way the cheese is made with bacteria which produce the cheese and over time (usually several months) create bubbles of carbon dioxide gas.

Today, Switzerland, France, Austria, and Germany produce Emmental cheeses that have a Protected Designation of Origin. In Switzerland, Austria and Germany, untreated milk is used; most of the other countries use pasteurized milk. About 12 litres of milk are needed to make 1 kg of cheese.

Emmental is produced in loaves of 70–80 kg. Usually, Emmental cheese is left to ripen for a period of 6–7 weeks. Ripening it for 8–12 weeks gives a more spicy (salty) cheese. In Europe, about 464 200 tons of Emmental are produced each year. This means that about 6% of the total amount of milk these countries produce is used to make Emmental cheese. France is the biggest producer of Emmental. In 2005, 247 069 tons were produced there. For this, 13.1% of national milk production was used. About 19% of the production was exported.

French and Swiss people eat the most of this kind of cheese, about 3.3 kg per person per year. Germans eat about half that amount, 1.7 kg per person, per year.

Emmental is also widely used in convenience food products, because it is so widely known.

References

Other websites 
 How to cook Emmental cheese 
 Emmental cheese review  on Cheese Review
 Official Website of Swiss Emmental producers

Swiss cheeses
Emmental

Emmental is a part of Switzerland. It is made of low hills. Most of it is in the Canton of  Berne.   Its biggest rivers are the Emme and the Ilfis. The biggest localities are Burgdorf, Langnau and Huttwil. 

The landscape is mostly made of meadows. There are some forests too. Most of the people live from raising cattle (mostly cows), or from things closely related to cattle-raising. Emmental cheese has its name from this region. Langnau is known for Ceramics. Pottery from the region is also well-known.

There is also some industry. The Emmental had one of the first fully-electric railway lines in Switzerland.

Jeremias Gotthelf was a  famous writer who spent most of his life in the Emmental.

Valleys of Switzerland
Canton of Bern
2001 Pacific hurricane season

The 2001 Pacific hurricane season officially started on May 15, 2001 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 2001 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 2001. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The first storm formed on May 25 and the last storm dissipated on November 3.

There were no significant storms during the 2001 Pacific hurricane season. Hurricanes Adolph and Hurricane Juliette both reached Category 4 strength, while Juliette made landfall in the Baja California peninsula as a weak Category 1 hurricane, causing two deaths.

Other websites 
 NHC 2001 Pacific hurricane season archive
 HPC 2001 Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages 
 Central Pacific Hurricane Center 
 Gary Padgett's monthly storm summaries and best tracks

Pacific hurricane season
Pacific hurricane seasons
2000 Pacific hurricane season

The 2000 Pacific hurricane season was an event in tropical cyclone meteorology. There were few notable storms this year. Tropical Storms Miriam, Norman, and Rosa all made landfall in Mexico with only small impacts. Hurricane Daniel for a short time, threatened the U.S. state of Hawaii while weakening. Hurricane Carlotta was the strongest storm of the year and the second strongest June hurricane in recorded history. It killed 18 people when it sank a ship.

Related pages
 Tropical cyclone
 List of Pacific hurricane seasons

Other websites 
 NHC 2000 Pacific hurricane season archive
 HPC 2000 Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages 
 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
1987 Pacific hurricane season

The 1987 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 1987 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1987 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1987. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Despite there being twenty cyclones, there were very few notable storms this year. Only three storms came anywhere near to threatening land. Hurricane Eugene was the first Pacific hurricane to make landfall in Mexico in July since at least the 1949 season. Tropical Storm Pilar and Hurricane Norma also came close to land. The remnants of Hurricanes Ramon and Norma caused rain in the Continental United States. Elsewhere, Peke was a central north Pacific hurricane that crossed the dateline and became a typhoon.

Related pages
 Tropical cyclone
 List of Pacific hurricane seasons

Other websites 
 Unisys Weather archive for the Eastern Pacific, 1987
 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
1976 Pacific hurricane season

The 1976 Pacific hurricane season was an event in tropical cyclone formation. Hurricanes Kathleen, Liza, and Madeline are the most notable storms this year. Hurricane Kathleen caused death and destruction in California and Arizona because of flooding. Hurricane Liza was the deadliest storm of the season when it killed over 600 people in Mexico. Hurricane Madeline is notable for being the second-most intense Pacific hurricane at landfall.

Hurricane Kathleen

Kathleen was a costly and damaging storm mainly in Nevada, California and Arizona. It also killed 7 people.

Hurricane Liza
Liza  was very deadly and the third deadliest ever behind Hurricane Paul and the Mexico hurricane.

Hurricane Madeline
Madeline became the third storm in the row to make landfall in Mexico. It was also the most intense.

Other websites 
 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive
 1976 Unisys Hurricane Archive
 Monthly Weather Review

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
Kronosaurus

Kronosaurus was a large pliosaur, one of the largest. It was one of the largest pliosaurs, and is named after the leader of the Greek Titans, Kronos. It lived in the Lower Cretaceous.

Body-length estimates, based on the 1959 Harvard reconstruction, had put the total length of Kronosaurus at 12.8 meters (42 feet). However, a recent study compared fossil specimens of Kronosaurus to other pliosaurs. The Harvard reconstruction may have included too many vertebrae, exaggerating its length. Its true length was probably only 9–10.9 meters (30–36 feet).

References

Other websites 
 Genus Kronosaurus . The Plesiosaur Directory.

Plesiosaurs
Fermat number

A Fermat number is a special positive number. Fermat numbers are named after Pierre de Fermat. The formula that generates them is

where n is a nonnegative integer. The first nine Fermat numbers are :

F0 = 21 + 1 = 3
F1 = 22 + 1 = 5
F2 = 24 + 1 = 17
F3 = 28 + 1 = 257
F4 = 216 + 1 = 65537
F5 = 232 + 1 = 4294967297 = 641 × 6700417
F6 = 264 + 1 = 18446744073709551617 = 274177 × 67280421310721
F7 = 2128 + 1 = 340282366920938463463374607431768211457 = 59649589127497217 × 5704689200685129054721
F8 = 2256 + 1 = 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639937 = 1238926361552897 × 93461639715357977769163558199606896584051237541638188580280321 

As of 2007, only the first 12 Fermat numbers have been completely factored. (written as a product of prime numbers) These factorizations can be found at Prime Factors of Fermat Numbers.

If 2n + 1 is prime, and n > 0, it can be shown that n must be a power of two.  Every prime of the form 2n + 1 is a Fermat number, and such primes are called Fermat primes. The only known Fermat primes are F0,...,F4.

Interesting things about Fermat numbers 
No two Fermat numbers have common divisors.
Fermat numbers can be calculated recursively: To get the Nth number, multiply all Fermat numbers before it, and add two to the result.

What they are used for 
Today, Fermat numbers can be used to generate random numbers, between 0 and some value N, which is a power of 2.

Fermat's conjecture  
Fermat, when he was studying these numbers, conjectured that all Fermat numbers were prime. This was proven to be wrong by Leonhard Euler, who factorised  in 1732.

Other websites 
 Sequence of Fermat numbers 
 Prime Glossary Page on Fermat Numbers
 Generalized Fermat Prime search
 History of Fermat Numbers 
 Unification of Mersenne and Fermat Numbers 
 Prime Factors of Fermat Numbers 
 Fermat Number at MathWorld
  Distributed Search for Fermat Number Divisors

Number theory
Blowup

Blowup is a 1966 British drama movie set in London. It was nominated for two Academy Award and won a Grand Prix award. It is directed by Italian movie director Michelangelo Antonioni and written by Antonioni, Toni Guerra and Edward Bond. It starred David Hemmings and Vanessa Redgrave. Carlo Ponti produced the movie. This was Antonioni's first English language movie.

Other websites 

1960s mystery movies
1966 drama movies
British mystery movies
British drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in London
MGM movies
Italian drama movies
Movies directed by Michelangelo Antonioni
Improper rotation

An improper rotation can be understood as an inversion followed by a proper rotation. 

Equivalently it is the combination of a rotation and an inversion in a point on the axis. Therefore it is also called a rotoinversion or rotary inversion.

A simple example of an improper rotation in 3D (but not in 2D) is a coordinate inversion: x goes to −x, y to −y and z to −z. Under this transformation, a and b go to −a and −b (by the definition of a vector), but p clearly does not change. (It follows that any improper rotation multiplies p by −1 compared to the rotation's effect on a true vector.)

Geometry
Inverse

Inverse or Inversion could mean:

 Inverse (program), a program for solving Inverse and Optimization problems
 Inversion (music)
 Inversion (prosody), the reversal of the order of a foot's elements

 Inversion in postcolonial theory, a discursive strategy/gesture in cultural and subaltern studies
 Invert, a bmx trick
 Inverted pyramid, a way to arrange information in a news story
 Inverted sugar syrup

 Anastrophe, a literary device
 Mirror image
 Roller coaster inversions, which turn riders upside-down

Science 
 Inverse (mathematics)
 Inversion (geometry), a particular type of conformal mapping
 Inverse problem, in science and mathematics, fitting a model to known data
 Inversion (geology), the relative uplift of a previously basinal area resulting from local shortening, in structural geology
 Inversion (meteorology), air temperature increasing with height
 Inversion (nuclear), The "island of inversion", a group of elements with abnormal nuclear shell structure
 Chromosomal inversion, where a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end
 Nitrogen inversion, a chemical process in which a trigonal nitrogen-containing structure turns inside-out
 Population inversion, in statistical mechanics, when a system exists in state with more members in an excited state than in lower energy states
 Sexual inversion, in biology, the switching from one sex to the opposite among some animal species.
 Sexual inversion (sexology), a term for reversal of gender roles, usually implying homosexuality, found primarily in older scientific literature
 Inversion (linguistics), a term referring to a number of different distinct grammatical constructions found in the languages of the world.

Technology 
 Inverse multiplexer (or 'demultiplexer'), which breaks a single data stream into several streams with lower data rates
 Inverter (electrical), which converts direct current to alternating current
 Inverter (logic gate) (or 'NOT gate')
 Priority inversion, in which a low-priority task holds a shared resource that a high-priority task needs

Related pages 
 Antonym, word pairs that are opposite in meaning
 Introversion and extroversion
 Inverse-square law, something is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
 Inverted river delta, the narrow end on the seafront, the wide end located farther inland
 Obverse and reverse, in coins
 Opposite
 Reverse
 Reverse perspective, in art, the farther the object, the larger it is drawn
 Voice inversion, a method of scrambling communications
Big Black

Big Black was an American punk rock band. The band formed in 1981 with Steve Albini playing all of the instruments and a drum machine for percussion.

Big Black's music was very loud and distorted. Many Big Black songs have stories about violence in them.

Discography

Studio albums 
 Atomizer (1986)
 Songs About Fucking (1987)

Live albums 
 Sound of Impact (live, 1987)
 Pigpile (live, 1992)

Compilations 
 The Hammer Party (1986)
 The Rich Man's Eight Track Tape (1987)

EPs 
 Lungs (1983)
 Bulldozer (1984)
 Racer-X (1984)
 Headache (1987)

Singles 
 "Rema-Rema" (1985)
 "Il Duce" (1985)
 "Heartbeat" (1987)
 "He's a Whore" / "The Model" (1987)
 "In My House" (1992)

1981 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1987 disestablishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Illinois
American punk bands
American rock bands
Musical groups disestablished in 1987
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups from Illinois
20th-century disestablishments in Illinois
Company of Heroes

Company of Heroes is a strategy video game where you control soldiers in order to win. It is based on World War II.

2006 video games
Real-time strategy video games
Game & Watch

The Game & Watch  was a series of small, hand-held video games  made by Gunpei Yokoi of Nintendo from 1980 to 1991.  The games were usually simplistic (For example, "Chef" required keeping food in the air).  It was the forerunner of the Game Boy (meaning it came before the Game Boy).

Mr. Game & Watch 
 is the main character in Game & Watch that also appeared in Super Smash Bros. Melee and Super Smash Bros. Brawl.

Handheld video games
Fecundity

Fecundity, coming from the word fecund, generally means the ability to reproduce.  

In biology and demography, fecundity is the ability to reproduce of an organism or population, measured by the number of gametes (eggs), seed set or asexual propagules.  Fecundity is under both genetic and environmental control, and is the major measure of biological fitness. Fecundation is another term for fertilisation. 

Fecundity can increase or decrease in a population according to current conditions and certain regulating factors. For instance, in times of hardship for a population such as a lack of food, juvenile and eventually adult fecundity may decrease. 

In the philosophy of science, 'fecundity' refers to the ability of a scientific theory to open new lines of theoretical inquiry. Here, the original meaning is extended by analogy.

Related pages
 Fertility

Biological reproduction
Teachta Dála

A Teachta Dála, is a member of Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament.  Usually only the initials TD are used, after the person's name.

The letters are used in the same way that MP is used to show that someone is a Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom.

Related pages
Member of Parliament

Politics of Ireland
Displacement vector

A displacement vector is a concept from mathematics. It is a vector. It shows the direction and distance traveled with a straight line. It is often used in physics to display the speed, acceleration and distance of an object traveled (relative to a reference point or an object's starting position).

Example 
 Tom walks 6 kilometres north from his home.  His displacement from home is 6 km north. Next, Tom walks 10 km south. Now he has walked a distance of 16 km, but his displacement from home is 4 km south.

Geometry
Physics
Linear algebra
Vectors
Enkephalin

An enkephalin is one of the first endorphins that were discovered in the brain. They are found in many parts of the brain, specially in the basal ganglia. They act as "natural pain killers".

Enkephalins are small proteins. They consist of five amino acids in each of their molecules. The last amino acid is either leucine (leu) or methionine (met).

Enkephalin is a brain neurotransmitter that is formed when tyrocine, glycine, glycine, phenylalanine, and methionine through a condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis.

Endocrine system
Proteins
Receptor (cell biology)

In cell biology, a receptor is a special structure that can be found in cell membranes. These are made of protein molecules such as glycoproteins. Receptors bind (attach) to specialised molecules. If the receptor has this molecule, it is activated, but if it does not it is deactivated. Depending on its state, a change inside the cell happens. 

Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) take part in communication between the cell and the outside world. Extracellular signalling molecules (usually hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, growth factors or cell recognition molecules) attach to the receptor. This triggers changes in the function of the cell. The process is called signal transduction: The binding starts a chemical change on the inside of the membrane.

Receptors work like locks and keys. With the key, the lock can be locked or unlocked. If it is unlocked, the door belonging to it can be opened.

Structure 
Part of the receptor sticks out of the cell membrane. The same applies to the membranes of cell organelles. A receptor's main function is to recognize and respond to a specific ligand, for example, a neurotransmitter or hormone. Some receptors respond to changes in 'transmembrane potential' (the difference in electric potential between the inside and the outside of a cell).

The middle part, inside the membrane itself, is a protein-lined pore through the membrane, or 'ion channel'. When the ligand binds to the surface, the pore becomes accessible to ions, which then pass through. In other cases, where differences in electric potential occur, the receptor changes in shape, which causes change inside the cell.

The inside (or cytoplasmic) part of the receptor interacts with the inside of the cell or organelle. There are several different kinds of receptor, each of which acts in a different way.

Related pages 
Signal transduction

Cell biology
Biochemistry
Pan-German movement

Pan-German Movement (from , all, and Germania) is a nationalist ideological and political movement promoting the unification of all German-speaking peoples of Europe.

+
Nationalism
IMVU

IMVU is an instant messaging client that uses three dimensional avatars to represent people. It was made in 2004 and has over 20 million users. Users can change how their avatar looks by buying things with "IMVU credits" earned in the game. It is free to join, but some features cost money. Most features can be bought with the game currency ("IMVU credits").

Related pages
Active Worlds
Second Life

Other websites 
 IMVU homepage

Free software
Instant messaging software
Constance Georgine, Countess Markiewicz

Constance, Countess Markiewicz, born as Constance Georgine Gore-Booth on February 4, 1868, died July 15, 1927), was an Irish Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil.

She was the first woman elected to the British House of Commons, but she did not take her seat.  Instead she and the other Sinn Féin TDs formed the first Dáil Éireann.  She is well known for founding Cumann na mBan.

She was also the first woman in Europe to be a cabinet minister, She was Minister of Labour of the Irish Republic between 1919 and 1922.

1868 births
1927 deaths
Politicians from London
Sinn Féin politicians
Fianna Fáil politicians
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927. The United Kingdom was formed by the merger of the Kingdom of Great Britain (itself a merger of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland) and the Kingdom of Ireland. Its name was changed in 1927 after the majority of Ireland left the UK in 1922 and became the sovereign Irish Free State, thus leaving only six counties in the north within the UK.

List of monarchs 
The monarch continued to use the title of King or Queen of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until 1927. 

 George III (1801–1820) (monarch from 1760)
 George IV (1820–1830) 
 William IV (1830–1837)
 Victoria (1837–1901)
 Edward VII (1901–1910) 
 George V (1910–1922) (title used until 1927)

Related pages
 History of the United Kingdom

Other websites 
 British History Online
 Act of Union 1800 

1922 disestablishments in Europe
1801 establishments
1800s establishments in Europe
Xerox

Xerox is an American company that makes and sells photocopiers and paper. It was the first brand of modern photocopiers. The term xerox has become a generic trademark. This means people often use 'xerox' to mean any copy machine, and "xeroxing" to mean photocopying.  The company was founder in 1906. Its  headquarters is in Norwalk, Connecticut. Ursula Burns became the CEO and Chairwoman in 2009.

Sources 

American technology companies
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies based in Connecticut
1906 establishments in the United States
Agneta Sjödin

Agneta Sjödin (born 20 July 1967 in Norrbo, Hälsingland) is a Swedish television presenter.

Hostings
Tur i kärlek
Fångarna på fortet
Småstjärnorna
Sikta mot stjärnorna
Jakten på den röda rubinen
Saknad
Let's Dance
Gladiatorerna
Miss Sweden

1967 births
Living people
Swedish television presenters
Baroque

The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1740s.

Gallery

Related pages
Baroque music
Rococo

Other websites 

The difference between Classicism and baroque in video.

Art movements
Architectural styles
Operetta

Operetta is a term which started to be used in the 19th century to describe an opera that was not too serious and often full of fun.  It is often described as “light opera” (“light” meaning “not serious“).  In an opera everything is usually sung.  In an operetta there is a lot of spoken dialogue, and songs and dances are added to this.  Similar traditions already existed in other countries, e.g. in Germany where the Singspiel tradition was popular (e.g. Mozart’s The Magic Flute).

The operetta tradition started in France and soon spread to Austria and other countries.  It remained popular until the mid-20th century, when it gradually turned into musical comedy.

The composer Jacques Offenbach can be thought of as the creator of the operetta tradition. It grew out of the opéra comique which had become quite long and serious.  There was a need for shorter, more humorous musical entertainments.  Offenbach was composing operettas in the 1850s in Paris.   In England such works were often called “comic operas” or “opera comedies”.   Then Johann Strauss became very popular in Vienna.  He was already very well known in the ballroom, but when he started to write for the theatre he soon became a rival to Offenbach, whose operettas had become very popular in Vienna.  Strauss’s operetta Die Fledermaus (“The Bat”) has been performed more than any other operetta.  In Spain the Zarzuela was a kind of operetta.

Many people were involved in the creating and performing of operettas.  The performers often had to both sing and act very well.  Bizet, Chabrier and Delibes all wrote operettas as well as operas and other types of music.  In England the operas of Gilbert and Sullivan were a kind of English form of operetta.

One of the most popular of all operettas was Die Lustige Witwe (The Merry Widow) by Franz Léhar.  It was produced in 1905 in Vienna.  Léhar wrote many other operettas as well.  Franz von Suppé is another composer who wrote operettas in the Austrian tradition. The most known Romanian operetta is Crai nou (New moon) by Ciprian Porumbescu. 

In the early 20th century the French operetta became less popular as there was more interest in the Viennese operetta.  After World War I Berlin was the centre of German operetta.  By the middle of the 20th century many composers were writing light operas which were based on American dance band music.  These were no longer called “operettas”.  The word “operetta” continued to be used for light operas which were more in the style of traditional central European music.

Musical forms
Opera genres
Investiture

Investiture means the formal installation of somebody (heir, elect of nominee) in public office by formally giving him the "insignia".  The term is normally reserved for formal offices of state, aristocracy and church.

In the Middle Ages investiture was the ceremonial transfer of a fief by an overlord to a vassal.  The lord invested the vassal with a fiefdom, by giving a symbol of the land or office.  From feudal times up to the present, the term has been used in canon law to refer to a cleric receiving the symbols of spiritual office, such as the pastoral ring, mitre and staff, signifying transfer of the office.

United Kingdom 

In the United Kingdom, around 2,600 people are invested personally by The Queen or a member of the Royal Family. A list of those to be honoured is published twice a year, in either the New Year's Honours List or The Queen's Birthday Honours List.
Approximately 22 Investitures are held annually in Buckingham Palace, one or two at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh and one in Cardiff.

Investiture Controversy 

The question who should invest (appoint) whom was the subject of a conflict between the Catholic church (mainly the papacy) and state (mainly the Holy Roman Empire) in the Middle Ages during the so-called lay investiture controversy.

Footnotes 

Ceremonies