cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Mississippi State University

Mississippi State University is a university in Starkville, Mississippi.  It has 20,138 students and is the largest college in the state of Mississippi.   The college was opened in 1878 as a land-grant university.  Its sports teams are called the Bulldogs (men's teams) and Lady Bulldogs, and play in the Southeastern Conference.

References

Other websites
Official website
Official sports website

Colleges and universities in Mississippi
Mississippi State
1878 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Mississippi
University of Mississippi

The University of Mississippi (also called Ole Miss) is a university in Oxford, Mississippi.  The college was founded in 1848.  Its sports teams, called the Rebels, play in the Southeastern Conference.

History
In September 1962, James Meredith won a lawsuit to secure admission to the previously segregated University of Mississippi. He attempted to enter campus on September 20, on September 25, and again on September 26.  He was blocked by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett, who said, "[N]o school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your Governor."  The Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals held Barnett and Lieutenant Governor Paul B. Johnson, Jr. in contempt, with fines of more than $10,000 for each day they refused to allow Meredith to enroll.

Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent U.S. Marshals. On September 30, 1962, Meredith entered the campus under their escort. Students and other whites began rioting that evening, throwing rocks and then shooting guns at the U.S. Marshals guarding Meredith. Two people were killed; 28 marshals suffered gunshot wounds; and 160 others were injured. After the Mississippi Highway Patrol withdrew from the campus, President John F. Kennedy sent regular US Army forces to the campus to quell the riot.  Meredith began classes the day after the troops arrived.

References

Other websites
 Ole Miss website

Southeastern Conference
Colleges and universities in Mississippi
1848 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Mississippi
Targovishte

Targovishte is a town in the northeastern part of Bulgaria. It is a capital of Targovishte Province. It is 125 km to the west of the Black Sea. About 37,000 people live in the town.

Towns in Europe
Settlements in Bulgaria
The Gits

The Gits was a punk rock band that formed in Seattle, Washington in 1986 and disbanded in 1993 after the mysterious murder of their lead singer Mia Zapata. Joan Jett who is a long time fan of The Gits wrote a song entitled "Go Home" which was inspired by the death of Mia Zapata.

The band's original name was "Snivelling Little Rat Faced Gits" which was named after a Monty Python skit but they later shortened it to The Gits.

Discography
 Frenching the Bully (C/Z Records) (1992). 
 (Reissued on Broken Rekids), (2003) 
 Enter: The Conquering Chicken (C/Z Records) (1993). 
 (Reissued on Broken Rekids), (2003) 
 Kings & Queens (Broken Rekids) (1996) 
 Seafish Louisville (Broken Rekids) (2000) 
 Best of The Gits (Liberation) (2008)

Other websites 
The Gits Official Site
The Gits Site (Spanish)

American punk bands
Musical groups from Seattle, Washington
Musical groups established in 1986
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
1986 establishments in the United States
1993 disestablishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
1990s disestablishments in Washington (state)
Penalty shootout

A penalty shootout in association football is a way of deciding who wins match if both teams have scored the same number of goals.

If the score is a draw after 90 minutes, usually the teams will play an extra 30 minutes of extra time. If the score is still equal, then a penalty shootout takes place. Usually each team takes five penalties each, and the team who scores the most wins. If both teams are equal after these penalties, then each team will take one more penalty until one team is ahead.

Penalty shootouts are normally only used in cup matches, and not league matches. If nobody wins in a league match, both teams get one point for the draw. In a cup match often a winner in needed to go to the next round.

Many famous cup finals have been won by penalty shootouts, like the 2006 World Cup final, the 2005 UEFA Champions League final and the 1994 World Cup final.

Sources 
FIFA laws of the game 

Association football
Jersey Shore (TV series)

Jersey Shore is an MTV reality series that features eight housemates who spend their summers in New Jersey and partying in their beach house and working at a store. Season 1 was shot in Seaside Heights, New Jersey and season 2 was shot in Miami, Florida. The cast later returned to Seaside Heights for Season 3 with a new cast member Deena. MTV has later reported that Season 4 of Jersey Shore will be filmed in Italy during spring and summer 2011. Also, cast members Snooki and JWoww have a spinoff show. The show has brought a lot of controversy about its use of the slang word "guido/guidette" and how they portray Italian American stereotypes. Despite this, the show has brought record high ratings for MTV, making it the network's most viewed reality show ever. MTV announced that they were going to cancel the series after 6 seasons.

Cast members
 Angelina "Jolie" Pivarnick (Season 1–2), a New York City bartender
 Jenni "JWoww" Farley (Season 1–6), graphic designer and club promoter from Franklin Square, New York
 Michael "The Situation" Sorrentino (Season 1–6), assistant manager of a fitness center in Staten Island, New York
 Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi (Season 1–6), aspiring veterinary technician from Marlboro, New York
 Paul "DJ Pauly D" DelVecchio (Season 1–6), disc jockey from Johnston, Rhode Island
 Ronnie Ortiz-Magro (Season 1–6), tries not to fall in love at the Jersey Shore
 Sammi "Sweetheart" Giancola (Season 1–6), entered for the sole intent of having fun
 Vinny Guadagnino (Season 1–6), entered to enjoy his first summer as a 21-year-old
 Deena Nicole Cortese (Season 3–6), a friend of Polizzi's from New Egypt, New Jersey, who auditioned for Season 1, but did not make it until Season 3.

References

Other websites
Jersey Shore's Official MTV website

2009 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American reality television series
Television series set in New Jersey
English-language television programs
Bloodhound Gang

The Bloodhound Gang is a comedy rock band from Pennsylvania. Many of their songs have humorous rap and sexual innuendo. They are best known for their hit singles "Fire Water Burn" and "The Bad Touch". Formed in 1992, their music style slowly changed from rap to alternative rock. The Bloodhound Gang has sold more than 6 million albums.

Members

Current members 

Jimmy Pop – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, songwriter (1991-present)

Evil Jared Hasselhoff – bass guitar (1995-present)

Q-Ball – turntables, keyboard, backing vocals (1995-present)

The Yin – drums, percussion (2006-present)

Daniel P. Carter - lead guitar (2009-present)

Former members 

Foof – vocals (1992)

Bubba K. Love – Drums (1992-1993)

Daddy Long Legs – vocals, bass guitar (1992-1995)

M.S.G. – turntables (1993-1995)

Skip O'Pot2Mus – drums (1993-1995)

Tard-E-Tard – turntables (1995)

Spanky G – drums (1995-1998)

Lupus Thunder - lead guitar (1994-2008)

Willie The New Guy – drums (1999-2006)

Discography
Studio albums
 Use Your Fingers (1995)
 One Fierce Beer Coaster (1996)
 Hooray for Boobies (2000)
 Hefty Fine (2005)
 Hard-Off (2015)

1991 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American comedy bands
American punk bands
American rock bands
Hip hop bands
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups from Pennsylvania
1990s establishments in Pennsylvania
Savior (Rise Against song)

Savior is a hit single from the American punk rock band Rise Against's 2008 fifth studio album Appeal to Reason. It was released as the album's third single on June 3, 2009, and it peaked at number three on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart, better than the peak set by the same album's first single, Re-Education (Through Labor), and at number seven on the Rock Songs chart. It became the band's second single to reach the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, peaking at number 16.  It is also Rise Against's highest charting single on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles, peaking at number 2.

The song is downloadable, plus content for the Rock Band series along with "Prayer of the Refugee" and "Re-Education (Through Labor)". Also, in the trailer for the PC game The Sims 3: Ambitions the song plays in the background in Simlish.

References

Rise Against
The Unraveling

The Unraveling is the debut album by the American punk rock band Rise Against. Released on April 24, 2001 and produced by punk producer Mass Giorgini. It is the only Rise Against studio album where frontman Tim McIlrath does only lead vocals and does not play guitar. Two songs, "My Life Inside Your Heart" and "The Art of Losing" were used for the unreleased Dreamcast game Propeller Arena.

Track listing 
 "Alive and Well" – 2:06
 "My Life Inside Your Heart" – 3:02
 "Great Awakening" – 1:35
 "Six Ways 'Till Sunday" – 2:36
 "401 Kill" – 3:19
 "The Art of Losing" – 1:50
 "Remains of Summer Memories" – 1:17
 "The Unraveling" – 3:12
 "Reception Fades" – 2:10
 "Stained Glass and Marble" – 1:36
 "Everchanging" – 3:47
 "Sometimes Selling Out Is Giving Up" – 1:09
 "3 Day Weekend" – 1:03
 "1000 Good Intentions" – 3:07
 "Weight of Time" – 2:00
 "Faint Resemblance" – 2:51

Bonus tracks 
 "Join the Ranks"* – 1:26
 "Gethsemane"* – 2:30

Rise Against
2001 albums
Debut albums
Punk albums
Picture book

A picture book is a book that combines words and pictures to tell a story. They are usually for young children to read. The pictures are illustrations that show different parts of the story. The written part of the book is often short and basic, using words that a child can understand.

The earliest illustrated book made for children was Orbis Pictus by John Amos Comenius. It was published in 1658. One of the earliest picture books in English was Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland from 1866. The drawings in it were done by John Tenniel. Beatrix Potter's The Tale of Peter Rabbit was published in 1902. Potter did all her own illustrations, which are watercolour paintings. Some of the best-known picture books are Make Way for Ducklings, The Cat in the Hat, and Where the Wild Things Are.
Physical Graffiti

Physical Graffiti is the sixth album from rock band Led Zeppelin. It was released on February 24 1975 as a double album. This is the first double album the band released, and the songs were recorded over many years, some were old songs that they did not use for other albums, and some were new ones made for this album. The album was very popular with both critics and fans, and it still is, it has one of their most well known songs, the Arab-sounding "Kashmir". The band had a big tour when the album was released, they played concerts in Europe,the US and ended the touring in May 1975 with five concerts at Earl's Court in London. Some of the songs from their London concerts are on their 2003 DVD.

Song listing

References

Other websites 
Official website 

Led Zeppelin albums
1975 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Blues rock albums
Tropical Storm Mekkhala (2008)

Tropical Storm Mekkhala (internationally called: 0816, JTWC designation: 20W) was the 16th Tropical Storm of the 2008 Pacific typhoon season by the Japan Meteorological Agency who are the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre for the North Western Pacific Ocean. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) have also recognised Mekkhala as the 20th tropical depression, and the 18th tropical storm of the 2008 Pacific typhoon season. Tropical Storm Mekkhala formed off the coast of China on September 25, 2008.

References

2008 Pacific hurricane season
2008 in China
September events
Igor Shpilband

Igor Shpilband (, born July 1964) is a former Soviet ice dancer and current ice dancing coach of Scott Moir and Tessa Virtue, who won the gold medal for ice dancing at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

Personal life
Shpilband was born in Moscow, Soviet Union. He defected to the United States in January 1990  with Veronica Pershina, Gorsha Sur, and Elena Krikanova and went to live with Lucile Begrow in Huntington Woods, Michigan for a few months. Shpilband became a United States citizen in 2000.

He was married to Veronica Pershina.  Their daughter Ekaterina Shpilband is also an ice skater.

Competitive & coaching career
He won the 1983 World Junior Figure Skating Championships with his partner Tatiana Gladkova. They were coached by Ludmila Pakhomova. Shpilband retired from competitive skating after Ludmila died in 1986.

He worked as a coach at the Detroit Skating Club when he came to the US. He later began coaching in Canton, Michigan.

References

1964 births
Living people
Soviet figure skaters
David Lange

David Lange (4 August 1942—13 August 2005) was the Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1984 to 1989.

Early life
Lange was born in Otahuhu, Auckland. In 1954, he went to a political meeting which made him want to go into politics. After his father was charged with indecent assault, he decided that he would become a solicitor. After finishing school at Otahuhu College, he went to Auckland University to study law in 1960, and graduated in 1966.

In 1967, he was working as a barrister and solicitor in New Zealand. He took over a legal practice in Kaikohe in 1968. He married Naomi Crampton in 1968. He completed his Master of Laws with Honours in 1970.

Politics
Lange became active in politics when he joined the Labour Party in 1963, while he was still at university. He first tried to get elected to the Auckland City Council in 1974, but did not get enough votes. In 1975, he tried to get a seat in Parliament, but again was unsuccessful. A third attempt in 1977 was successful and he won the seat of Mangere. He held this seat until he left politics in 1996. His first speech in the parliament was very successful and he was seen as a possible leader of the Labor Party. In 1979 he was made the Deputy Leader, and in 1982 Lange was made the leader. When the Labor Party won the elections in 1984, David Lange became Prime Minister of New Zealand.

While he was prime minister, Lange passed a policy in 1985 to not let nuclear-armed ships into New Zealand waters.

He resigned in 1989. He and his wife Naomi separated in the same year after 21 years of marriage. Lange married Margret Pope in 1992.

References

Further reading
My Life by David Lange, 2005, Viking, Auckland NZ, 
 David Lange Memorial Trust Website

Prime Ministers of New Zealand
1942 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from amyloidosis
Deaths from renal failure
People from Auckland
Asian emerald cuckoo

The Asian emerald cuckoo  is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family.

It lives in Southeast Asia, in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The Asian emerald cuckoo is a protected animal in Malaysia.  
Its scientific name is Chrysococcyx maculatus.

This bird is not in the Cuculinae subfamily, and so it is not a nest parasite. They raise their own young, like most birds.  Emerald cuckoos lay eggs in a nest built by the parents.

Other websites
 Google search

Birds
Molecular clock

The molecular clock is the figurative term for a technique which estimates when two taxa diverged in evolution. It is based on comparing the detailed structure of key molecules. The method may be done for species, or any high data used for such calculations is often nucleotide sequences in genome analysis, or amino acid sequences for proteins such as haemoglobin. It is sometimes called a gene clock or evolutionary clock.

Issues 
The key assumption behind the technique is that, in the long run, changes in molecular structure happen at a steady rate.
Researchers such as Ayala have challenged this assumption. According to Ayala, these factors combine to limit the application of molecular clock models:

Changing generation times: a mutation generally becomes fixed only from one generation to another. The shorter this timespan is, the more mutations can become fixed.
Population size: apart from effects of small population size, genetic diversity will "bottom out" as populations become larger, and the fitness advantage of any one mutation becomes smaller.
Species-specific differences due to differing metabolism, ecology, evolutionary history, etc.

Nevertheless, the method is now used widely in taxonomy and phylogeny.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Paleontology
Strawberry

A strawberry is a short plant in the wild strawberry genus of the rose family. The name is also used for its very common sweet edible "fruit" and for flavors that taste like it. The real fruit of the plant are the tiny "seeds" around the "fruit", which is actually a sweet swelling of the plant's stem around the fruit,the plant grown today is a mix of two other species of wild strawberries and was first grown in the 1750s.

Name
The Latin name of the strawberry used in science is × .  is the name of the genus of "strawberry-like" plants. The × mark means that it is a hybrid, a mix of two other species. The Latin name  says the hybrid is "pineapple-like". The strawberry is sometimes called the "gardenstrawberry" so that people don't mix it up with the other wild strawberries of the genus .

The name is a bit misleading and is special to English. The other Germanic languages do not have a name like it. No one is really sure where the name came from. The plant is not a kind of straw, and its fruit is not really a berry.

History
People have eaten different kinds of wild strawberries for thousands of years. Today's bigger strawberry was first made around Brest in Brittany (northwest France) in the 1750s. It was made by joining the Virginia strawberry from eastern North America to the European Hautbois and the Chilean strawberry from western South America.

Farming
Most strawberries are grown on farms. Strawberry farmers often have special bees that they take care of, so that the bees can help the strawberry plants grow their "fruit".

Strawberry stems are called runners. They grow above ground. They are a type of stolon.

Fruit
The real fruit of the strawberries are the achenes, which people usually think of as the little seeds around the outside of the larger red "fruit". What people think is the "fruit" is really the swollen stems between these fruit. This kind of fruit, where different ovaries grow into a single larger "fruit", is called an "aggregate fruit". 

Strawberries are rich in vitamin C and manganese.

Related pages
 Wild strawberry

References
Key lime pie

Key lime pie is an American dessert made of key lime juice, egg yolks, and sweetened condensed milk in a pie crust. One version uses the egg whites and has a meringue topping. The dish is named after key limes (Citrus aurantifolia 'Swingle'), but it is sometimes made with other types of lime. 

The filling in key lime pie is yellow, mostly because of the egg yolks. When it is being mixed, the condensed milk and the acidic lime juice react and make the filling become thick. Many early recipes for key lime pie did not tell the cook to bake the pie because they used this reaction to make the filling thick. Today, because of food safety, the pies are often baked for a short time. The baking thickens the filling even more.

This delectable dessert derives it's decidedly delicious domicile down in the depths of Key West, Florida.

References

Desserts
Molecular evolution

Molecular evolution is the process of evolution in DNA, RNA, and proteins. 

Molecular evolution emerged as a scientific field in the 1960s as researchers from molecular biology, evolutionary biology and population genetics sought to understand the structure and function of nucleic acids and protein. Some of the key topics have been the evolution of enzyme function, the use of nucleic acid changes as a molecular clock to study species divergence, and the origin of non-functional or junk DNA. 

Recent advances in genomics, including whole-genome sequencing, and bioinformatics have led to a dramatic increase in studies on the topic. In the 2000s, the role of gene duplication, the extent of adaptive molecular evolution versus neutral genetic drift, and the identification of molecular changes responsible for various human characteristics especially those pertaining to infection, disease, and cognition.

Molecular study of phylogeny  
Molecular systematics is the process of using data on the DNA, RNA, or proteins to resolve questions in phylogeny and taxonomy. The idea is to place groups in their correct position on the evolutionary tree. This corrects their biological classification from the point of view of evolution. The technique has already led to major changes in the taxonomy of living things, including the names for higher categories, which had been stable for well over a century.

Molecular systematics has been made possible by techniques for sequence analysis. This gives the exact sequence of nucleotides or bases in either DNA or RNA. At present it is still expensive to sequence the entire genome of an organism, but it has been done for over 100 species.

References 

Taxonomy
Evolutionary biology
Molecular biology
Phylogeny

A phylogeny is a proposal of how organisms are related by their evolutionary history.p336 It is based on the evidence that all living things are related by common descent. The evidence for phylogeny  comes from palaeontology, comparative anatomy, and DNA sequence analysis.

The main product of phylogenetics is a phylogenetic tree or tree of life. This is a diagram showing a pattern of ancestor/descendent relationships. Information may be related to geological periods or estimated dates. A biological classification is another type of product.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Taxonomy
Asana

Asana is a body position in Yoga. It can mean where a person sits, and the way that they sit. It helps to balance the mind and body. It is meant to be firm, yet comfortable.

All the many different body positions in Yoga are Asanas:  they all have their own names and every name ends with  asana, such as savasana (correct lying). Many have names of animals, such as bujangasana (cobra). Others have names that describe the position, such as shirshasana (head).

Yoga
Fedora

A fedora is a hat.  The name of the hat comes from a play called Fédora by Victorien Sardou, named after the main character. Popular in the early 20th century, it has become a stereotype for gangsters or private investigators (PIs).

They mainly come in black, sometimes with a band of coloured fabric around the rim.

Some people, such as Jack Abramoff and Richard W. Lariviere, become known for wearing fedoras.

References

Headgear
Black Francolin

The black francolin (Francolinus francolinus) is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

Birds of Asia
Birds of Kashmir
Galliformes
Giant Gippsland earthworm

The giant Gippsland earthworm (Megascolides australis) is one of Australia's 1,000 native earthworm species. These Giant earthworms average at 100 cm long and 2 cm in diameter and can reach 3 m in length. It is difficult to measure length, as the worms will stretch, so scientists use weight to estimate the size. The average weight of a fresh adult worm is about 200 grams. They have a dark purple head and a blue-gray body.

The worms are found in the Bass River Valley of South Gippsland, near Korumburra and Warragul. They are only found in a small area, of about 100,000 hectares. They live in small pockets of blue-grey clay close to water. They live in burrows about 500mm deep, and can burrow as deep as 1.5m.

The habitat the worms used to live in was tall eucalypt forests. Most of this has been cleared for farming, but the worms have continued to survive because they live deep underground. They have been listed a vulnerable species because of these changes. The worms only lay a single egg, between 4-7cm in size. These can take up to one year to hatch, and the worms take several years to become adults, and be able to reproduce. This slow rate of growth, also makes them a vulnerable species.

References

Annelids
Himalayan monal

The Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus), also known as the Impeyan monal or pheasant, is a bird in the pheasant family, Phasianidae.  Its discoverer, Latham, wrote in his General History of Birds (1821): "[the monal] inhabits India, but is not common, being brought from the hills in the northern parts of Hindustan to Calcutta, as a rarity. Lady Impey attempted, with great prospect of success, to bring some of them to England, but after living on board for two months they caught a disorder from the other poultry, and died".

It is the national bird of Nepal, where it is known as the danphe (or Danfe), and is mentioned frequently in Nepali songs. It is also the state bird of Uttarakhand, India. In Kashmir, it is the state/regional bird of the disputed territory.

Description 

The Himalayan monal is a relatively large-sized pheasant. The males of this species look quite different from the females of the species. The male Himalayan monals have bright and colorful feathers of blue, green, purple, and red. They have a white patch of feathers underneath the base of their tail, but the rest of their underside is black. The males also have a crest (several feathers) on top of their heads. Both the male and female of the species have blue circles of skin around their eyes. The females and the young birds (chicks) have an overall brown appearance. Their feathers also have white and black strips on certain parts. The females have a white throat.

The male chicks look like the females chicks until a little after a year when they begin to become more colorful. Before then you could tell the young male and females apart because of their larger size and black feathers, instead of white feathers, on the throat.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 ARKive 
 Animal Diversity Web
 BirdLife Species Factsheet 
 Catalogue of Life 
 CITES
 Galliforms and Pheasants 
 ITIS
 Tree of Life - Lophophorus
 National Center for Biotechnology Information
 UICN

Birds of Asia
Birds of Pakistan
Galliformes
Himalayan snowcock

The Himalayan snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis)  is a snowcock in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

Birds of Asia
Birds of Pakistan
Galliformes
Kashmir nuthatch

The Kashmir nuthatch (Sitta cashmirensis) is a species of bird in the Sittidae family.

Birds of Kashmir
Passeri
Snow Partridge

The snow partridge (Lerwa lerwa) is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

Birds of China
Birds of Kashmir
Galliformes
Richard Baer

Richard Baer  (September 9, 1911 - June 17, 1963) was the third German commander of the concentration camp Auschwitz.

1911 births
1963 deaths
German prisoners
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
SS officers
Black-throated loon

The black-throated loon (Gavia arctica), also known as the Arctic loon and the black-throated diver, is a medium-sized member of the loon or diver family, the Gaviidae.

It is a migratory aquatic bird found in the northern hemisphere. It usually breeds in freshwater lakes in northern Europe and Asia. It winters along sheltered, ice-free coasts of the north-east Atlantic Ocean and the eastern and western Pacific Ocean. 

Birds
Little Grebe

The Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), also known as Dabchick, is 23 to 29 cm in length.

Birds of Pakistan
Podicipediformes
Tampa Bay

Tampa Bay is a bay in St. Petersburg, Florida, USA that spreads trough Hillsborough Bay, Old Tampa Bay, Middle Tampa Bay, and Lower Tampa Bay.

Geography of Florida
Bays of the United States
Tibetan Partridge

The Tibetan partridge (Perdix hodgsoniae) is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

Birds of China
Birds of Kashmir
Galliformes
Tibetan Sandgrouse

The  Tibetan sandgrouse (Syrrhaptes tibetanus) is a large bird in the sandgrouse family. This species breeds on the dry stony plateaus in Tibet and neighbouring parts of central Asia.

Birds of China
Birds of Kashmir
Columbiformes
Tibetan Snowcock

The Tibetan snowcock (Tetraogallus tibetanus)  is a cock in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

Birds of China
Birds of Kashmir
Galliformes
Upland buzzard

The upland buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) is a species of bird of prey in the Accipitridae family.

Birds of Asia
Accipitriformes
Western Tragopan

The western tragopan or western horned tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus) is a medium-sized brightly plumaged pheasant found along the Himalayas.

Birds of Kashmir
Galliformes
Red-necked grebe

The red-necked grebe (Podiceps grisegena) is a bird migration aquatic bird that is found in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.

Birds of Pakistan
Podicipediformes
Horned grebe

The horned grebe or Slavonian grebe (Podiceps azurites) - Podiceps: Latin for podicis (rump) and pedis (foot), referring to the placement of the legs on its body; auritus: Latin for eared - is a member of the grebe family of water birds. It inhabits Eurasia and North America.

References

Birds of Asia
Birds of Europe
Birds of North America
Podicipediformes
Black-necked grebe

The black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigricollis), known in North America as the eared grebe, is a member of the grebe family (biology) of water birds. It occurs on every continent except Australia and Antarctica.

References 

Birds of Africa
Birds of Asia
Birds of Europe
Birds of North America
Podicipediformes
Jouanin's petrel

Jouanin's petrel (Bulweria fallax) is a seabird in the Procellariidae family. It is present in the northwest Indian Ocean and south Arabian Sea.

It is native to Oman, Somalia and Yemen. Its natural habitats are open seas and shallow seas. It has been recorded breeding on Socotra.

References 

Birds of Africa
Birds of Asia
Birds of Pakistan
Galliformes
Flesh-footed Shearwater

The Flesh-footed Shearwater, Puffinus carneipes, is a small shearwater. Its plumage is black. It has pale pinkish feet, and a pale bill with a black tip.

Birds of Pakistan
Wedge-tailed Shearwater

The wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus) is a medium-large shearwater in the seabird family Procellariidae.

Birds of Pakistan
Procellariiformes
Population (statistics)

In statistics, a population is a set of things from which samples may be drawn. This allows statistical inferences to be drawn, or estimates made of the total population. For example, if we were interested in crows, then we would sample the set of crows which is of interest. The population of crows is limited to crows that exist now or in the future. Probably, geography will be a limitation in practice.  To fairly represent the whole population a sample needs to be random. 

Population is also used to refer to a set of measurements or values, not only cases actually observed. Suppose, for example, we are interested in the set of all adult crows now alive in the county of Cambridgeshire, and we want to know the mean weight of these birds. For each bird in the population of crows there is a weight, and the set of these weights is called the population of weights.

Statistics
Biota

A biota is a term used for all the living things at a certain time at a certain place. Examples of biota include Cambrian biota and Madagascan biota. Because it includes all the living members of a given environment, the term is used especially in ecology. A similar term is biome, which is used to refer to geographical regions and environments. Tundra, for example, is a biome.

Flora, fauna and other forms of life such as fungi are collectively called biota.

Related pages 
Biome
Fauna
Flora
Wildlife

Biology
Short-tailed shearwater

The short-tailed shearwater (Ardenna tenuirostris, formerly Puffinus tenuirostris) is a migratory seabird of the Procellariidae family. It breeds in Tasmania and south-eastern Australia. It can also be called yolla or moonbird, and is commonly known as the muttonbird in Australia.

References

Birds of Australia
Procellariiformes
Seabirds
BOINC

BOINC, or The Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing, is an organization that lets ordinary people use their computers to do scientific work. SETI, or Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence, is the most popular of the BOINC programs. SETI searches for radio signals from outer space that might be a sign of alien life and worlds. BOINC involves other scientific work. For example, it allows individuals to use their computer to find the structures of proteins, a cure for the disease malaria or the very structure of our galaxy, the Milky Way.

BOINC projects
 World Community Grid — research on disease and its treatment. Web site

Other websites 
 Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing

Internet
Human Rights Campaign

The Human Rights Campaign is an organization that supports the rights of gay, bi-sexual or transgender men and women in the United States. They are the largest such group in the United States, with over 750,000 members and people who support them. The HRC works to ensure that the rights of these individuals are protected and respected throughout the United States. One issue that the HRC works on is to make sure that individuals have the right to marry people of the same sex if they want.

Related pages 
Human rights
LGBT
Declaration of Montreal
Yogyakarta Principles

References

Other websites 
 Human Rights Campaign — HRC's  website

LGBT rights
Human rights organizations in the United States
1980 establishments in the United States
Organizations in Washington, D.C.
Rachel Maddow

Rachel Anne Maddow (born April 1, 1973) is an American progressive female talk show host on the television network MSNBC, where she is the host of The Rachel Maddow Show. She is the first openly gay host of a primetime network news series.

References

Other websites

 Rachel Maddow official site
 Rachel Maddow Show  on MSNBC
 Rachel Maddow on Twitter

1973 births
Living people
American television news anchors
American television talk show hosts
American political commentators
Cable television personalities
American LGBT people
LGBT broadcasters
Secular Coalition for America

The Secular Coalition for America is an organization that supports the principle that the government should not interfere with religion nor should it promote or endorse a religious view. It is made up of humanists, atheists, agnostics, freethinkers and theists along other organizations who support these basic ideals. Member organizations include Atheist Alliance International, the Institute for Humanist Studies, the Secular Student Alliance, the Secular Web,  American Humanist Association, Society for Humanistic Judaism, the Freedom From Religion Foundation, the Military Association of Atheists and Freethinkers, the American Ethical Union, Camp Quest and American Atheists. The Secular Coalition for America urges Congress to support the principles of making sure the government is not promoting religion and is being neutral towards religion.

Other websites 
 Website of the Secular Coalition for America

2002 establishments in the United States
Secularism
Political organizations based in the United States
Ornette Coleman

Randolph Denard Ornette Coleman (March 9, 1930 – June 11, 2015) was an American jazz musician. He plays the saxophone, violin and trumpet. He is also a composer. He was one of the people that helped make a new jazz style called free jazz, in the 1960s. Coleman's music is also like blues music. His album Sound Grammar won the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for music.

Early career
Coleman was born in Fort Worth, Texas. He began playing R&B and bebop music, at first on the tenor saxophone. He wanted to leave his home town so he got a job in 1949 with a traveling show. Then he played with touring R&B shows. In Baton Rouge, he was attacked and his saxophone was destroyed. After that he changed to the alto saxophone, and that is still the instrument he usually plays. He joined a band and traveled with them to Los Angeles, in California. He worked at different jobs while still trying to be successful as a musician.

From the start, Coleman played his music differently to other musicians. Some Los Angeles jazz musicians thought he was playing out of tune. In 1958 Coleman made a record called Something Else!!!!: The Music of Ornette Coleman. Other musicians like Don Cherry, Billy Higgins, Don Payne and Walter Norris also played on the record.

The Shape of Jazz to Come

Coleman was very busy in 1959. His made a record called Tomorrow Is the Question!. He played on this ecord with a quartet. He did not play with a piano player. He started working with a record label called Atlantic Records. He made a record called The Shape of Jazz to Come in 1959. A music critic called Steve Huey said it was a very important jazz record. The album was different from other jazz music.

Coleman's quartet played at a jazz club in New York City. They were popular with other musicians like Leonard Bernstein and Lionel Hampton. Other musicians like Miles Davis did not like his music.

Coleman often played a plastic saxophone. He had first bought a plastic one in Los Angeles in 1954 because he could not afford a metal one. He did not like the sound of the plastic saxophone at first. Now he plays a metal saxophone.

Free Jazz
In 1960, Coleman made a record called Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation. It was nearly 40 minutes long. It is one of the longest jazz performances on a record. It was an important record in jazz and now there is a jazz style called free jazz.

Death
Coleman died of a cardiac arrest at the age of 85 in New York City on June 11, 2015.

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
American jazz musicians
American composers
Jazz composers
American saxophonists
Trumpeters
American violinists
Pulitzer Prize winners
Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas
Elizabeth Dole

Elizabeth Hanford Dole (born July 29, 1936) was a United States Senator. She was the Secretary of Transportation in Ronald Reagan's administration and the US Secretary of Labor for George H.W. Bush. She is the widow of former Senator Bob Dole, who ran for president but did not win.

References 

1936 births
Living people
US Republican Party politicians
United States Secretaries of Labor
2000 United States presidential candidates
United States senators from North Carolina
Royal Army Ordnance Corps

The Royal Army Ordnance Corps was a corps of the British Army. It dealt only with the supply and maintenance of weaponry, munitions and other military equipment until 1965, when it took over most other supply functions, as well as the provision of staff clerks, from the Royal Army Service Corps.

British Army
British Home Guard

The British Home Guard was a defence organisation of the British Army during World War II. It was a secondary defence line. It was meant to stop invasion by Nazi forces.

The Home Guard existed from 1940 to 1944. It was composed of one and a half million volunteers who were otherwise not allowed to go into military service. The main reason for this was old age. This led to the nickname "Dad's Army". The Home Guard guarded the coastal areas of Britain from enemy threats, like paratroopers. They also helped guard some industrial areas, such as factories and airfields. It was widely popularised after the war by the comedy show Dad's Army.

History 
The beginning of the Home Guard are usually traced back to Captain Tom Wintringham. When returning from the Spanish Civil War, Wintringham wrote a book called How To Reform The Army. In it, he writes about how Britain could make something similar to the Spanish International Brigades in the Civil War. Although the book was well received, many of its suggestions were ignored at the time. This was because the tensions in Europe did not seem likely to escalate into war. 

Following a series of events, Anthony Eden, the Secretary of State for War at the time, gave a radio broadcast on 19 May 1940. He asked for volunteers to join the Local Defence Volunteers, as it was known in the start. It originally was given jobs that were not related to combat. It worked as a sort of 'armed police force'. However, after complaints from members, the government allowed it to "delay and obstruct" the enemy advance. This was putting mostly untrained and unwell people armed with aging weapons against trained troops. Later on in the war, it was renamed the Home Guard, following pressure by Prime Minister Winston Churchill. If the Natzis had crossed the channel the Home Guard wouldn't have stopped the Germans for very long.

British Army
World War II
1940 establishments in Europe
1944 disestablishments
1940s establishments in the United Kingdom
1940s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Roswell, New Mexico

Roswell is a city in the U.S. state of New Mexico. It is famous for the 1947 Roswell UFO Incident. It is also the home of New Mexico Military Institute (NMMI), which was founded in 1891.

Climate
Roswell has a warm semi-arid climate with cool winters and very hot summers. In summer temperatures are expected to be   or above on average around 30 days per year. In winter daytime temperatures are often between  to  and nights can be below freezing due to the city's high altitude. In the summer Roswell and the rest of New Mexico is effected by the North American Monsoon which can bring heavy rainfall and flooding. The highest temperature recorded in Roswell was  on June 27, 1995 and the lowest temperature recorded was  on January 11, 1962 and February 8, 1933. Temperatures at or above  occur one day per year, subzero temperatures are extremely rare with last one occurring on February 15, 2021. Average rainfall and snowfall is  and  respectively.

References

Notes

 
County seats in New Mexico
Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence

The Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI) is various efforts to find signals from extraterrestrial life.  It included a program that individuals could use on their computers to search for radio signals from worlds with alien life.  This was maybe the most famous of the BOINC or Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing programs that allow users to use their computers for scientific research.

Other websites
Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence
2010 Summer Youth Olympics

The 2010 Summer Youth Olympic Games, officially known as the I Olympic Youth Summer Games, is an international summer sports event that was celebrated from August 14 to August 26, 2010 for youths. It was the first Youth Olympic Games(YOG) and the host city was Singapore.

Olympics
Summer Youth Olympic Games
Events in Singapore
Youth Olympics
History of Singapore
2014 Summer Youth Olympics

The 2014 Summer Youth Olympic Games, officially known as the II Olympic Youth Summer Games, was an international summer sports event. It was held from August 16 to August 28, 2014. The host city was Nanjing, China.

Olympics
Summer Youth Olympic Games
August 2014 events
Nanjing
2018 Summer Youth Olympics

The 2018 Summer Youth Olympic Games, officially known as the III Olympic Youth Summer Games, is an upcoming international summer sports event. It will be held from 6 to 18 October 2018. The host city is Buenos Aires, Argentina. 

Olympics

Summer Youth Olympic Games
2012 Winter Youth Olympics

The 2012 Winter Youth Olympic Games, officially known as the I Olympic Youth Winter Games, was an international winter sports event. It was held from 13 to 22 January 2012. The host city was Innsbruck, Austria. 

2012 in Europe
Olympics
21st century in Austria
Innsbruck
Winter Youth Olympic Games
2016 Winter Youth Olympics

The 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games, officially known as the II Olympic Youth Winter Games, is an international winter sports event that was held from 12-21 February 2016. The host city was Lillehammer, Norway.

2016 in Europe
Olympics
2010s in Norway
February 2016 events
Winter Youth Olympic Games
Skeletons

Skeletons is the fourth full-length album by American rock band, Hawthorne Heights. It is their first album to be released through Wind-up Records. The release date for the album was June 1, 2010. The album has 13 tracks. The album is produced by Howard Benson.

The first song released as a single from the album is "Nervous Breakdown".

2009 Never Sleep Again tour
Because the band member who did the harsh vocals for the band died, the album before this one, Fragile Future, didn't have any death growls in it. During the 2009 tour, though, one of the other band members started using these vocals for the band, so this album has them again.

Other music groups like Just Surrender, Monty Are I, Punchline, and Anarbor went on the tour too.

During the tour the band played a song called "End of the Underground" and passed out download cards for the song "Unforgivable". These were the first two songs anyone heard from the new album.

Track listing
"Bring You Back"
"Nervous Breakdown"
"End of the Underground"
"Drive"
"Gravestones"
"Broken Man"
"Last Few Words"
"Abandoned Driveways"
"Picket Fences"
"Here I Am"
"Hollywood & Vine"
"Unforgivable"
"Boy"

References

2010 albums
Hawthorne Heights albums
Youth Olympic Games

The Youth Olympic Games is a sporting event that takes place in a different city every four years for athletes between ages 14 and 18.  The first Youth Olympic Games was held on 14 August 2010 to 26 August 2010 in the country of Singapore.

List of Youth Olympic Games

Summer Youth Olympic Games

Winter Youth Olympic Games

References
Summer Youth Olympic Games

The Summer Youth Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad

List of modern Summer Youth Olympic Games 
 2010 - Games of the I Olympiad - Singapore
 2014 - Games of the II Olympiad - Nanjing, China
 2018 - Games of the III Olympiad - Buenos Aires, Argentina
 2022 - Games of the IV Olympiad - unknown
 2026 - Games of the V Olympiad - unknown
Winter Youth Olympic Games

The Winter Youth Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad

List of modern Winter Youth Olympic Games 
 2012 - Games of the I Olympiad - Innsbruck, Austria
 2016 - Games of the II Olympiad - Lillehammer, Norway
 2020 - Games of the III Olympiad - Lausanne, Switzerland
 2024 - Games of the IV Olympiad - unknown
Rascal Flatts

Rascal Flatts is a country rock band from Columbus, Ohio. They became a band in 1999 and released their debut album Rascal Flatts in 2000. They are signed to Lyric Street records and have won many CMT and ACM awards.

Their newest album is Unstoppable, which came to stores in 2009.

Albums 
Rascal Flatts (2000)
Melt (2002)
Feels Like Today (2004)
Me and My Gang (2006)
Still Feels Good (2007)
Greatest Hits Volume 1 (2008)
Unstoppable (2009)

References

Other websites 
Rascal Flatts Official website

Country bands
Musicians from Columbus, Ohio
Musical groups from Ohio
Crips

The Crips are a street gang that were founded in 1969 by Stanley Williams and Raymond Washington in Los Angeles, California. They are rivals with the Bloods, another street gang. Some notable Crips are Snoop Dogg and Eazy-E.

Other websites 
 Crips gang profile

Gangs
People from Los Angeles
Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays

Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays or PFLAG is an American organization. It is devoted to the cause of homosexual or gay rights while actively involving (as in its' name) parents, family and friends of those individuals. The organization started in 1972 when Jeanne Manford  watched in horror as the police of New York City ignored her son being thrown down an escalator, during a protest for gay rights.

References

Other websites
Official PFLAG website

1972 establishments in New York (state)
LGBT in the United States
Organizations in New York City
Civil rights organizations