cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Sublimation

Sublimation is how a solid becomes a gas without becoming a liquid first. It happens when the particles of a solid absorb enough energy to completely overcome the force of attraction between them. Most substances can sublimate only at low pressure. Many can sublimate in space. 

Sometimes snow sublimates. This is usually on sunny winter days when the air is very dry. Snow may look like it disappears on a cold sunny day, but this is not sublimation because it forms a thin layer of liquid water first.

At normal atmospheric pressure on the surface of the Earth, only some compounds like dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) can go through this process. CO2 changes from dry ice, a solid to a gas without being a liquid. Also diamond, graphite, iodine, ammonium chloride and aluminium chloride sublime rather than melt at atmospheric pressure.

Chemistry
Physics
Malcolm McDowell

Malcolm McDowell (born 13 June 1943) is an English actor. He has been in many movies, including: A Clockwork Orange, O Lucky Man! and Caligula.

McDowell lives in Ojai, California.

Other websites 

1943 births
Living people
Actors from Yorkshire
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from West Yorkshire
Will Smith

Willard Carroll Smith, Jr. (born September 25, 1968) is an American actor and rapper from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He got his start as part of the rap duo DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince. He became an actor when he starred on the television show The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air as Will Smith, a teenager from Philadelphia sent to live with his rich relatives in Southern California. He has appeared in many movies including Independence Day, Men in Black, Ali, Wild Wild West, The Pursuit of Happyness, I Am Legend, and in Suicide Squad.

In 2022, he won a Golden Globe Award and is nominated for an Academy Award for his role as Richard Williams in the 2021 drama movie King Richard.

Smith married actress Jada Pinkett in 1997. They have had two children Jaden and Willow.

Filmography

Discography
Studio albums
 Big Willie Style (1997)
 Willennium (1999)
 Born to Reign (2002)
 Lost and Found (2005)

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Official site
 

African American actors
Rap musicians from Pennsylvania
Singers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American television actors
American movie actors
1968 births
Living people
Golden Globe Award winning actors
American voice actors
American television producers
Movie producers from Pennsylvania
Musicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Boycott

A boycott is a protest where the protesters do not buy a product or give money to a company. Instead of buying a certain product, they might also buy another, very similar product from a different company.

The word was made during the Irish Land War'. It comes from the name of Captain Charles Boycott. Boycott was in charge of looking after the land of a landlord in County Mayo, Ireland. In 1880, the tenants (those who rented) wanted their rent lowered. Boycott refused, and threw them out of the land they had rented. The Irish Land League then proposed that instead of becoming violent, everyone in the community should stop doing business with Captain Boycott. The captain was soon isolated. No one helped him with the harvest, no one worked in his stables or his house. Local businessmen no longer traded with him, the postman no longer delivered his post. 

To get his harvest done, he had to hire 50 people from other counties, the counties Cavan and Monaghan. They were escorted to and from their work by 1000 policemen. Of course, this cost far more than what the harvest was worth.

Other websites

boycott resources 
List of boycotts at EthicalConsumer.org

Economics
Artificial

When something is artificial, or man-made, it has been made by humans, not nature. For example, an artificial satellite is one made by humans, while a natural satellite is a satellite that was not made by humans. Many artificial things imitate or copy things found in nature. The imitation may use the same basic materials as those in the natural object; or it may use quite different materials, as in Artificial leather. These are concepts in defining reality. There are different ideas about what can be considered artificial and what is natural.

The word "artificial" comes from the Latin words art (meaning "skill") and fex ("to make").

Artificial does not necessarily mean synthetic (that is, created by synthesis). An artificial sweetener imitates sweetness using a chemical formula that is not found in nature; it is therefore both artificial and synthetic.

References

Related pages

Artifact (disambiguation)
Ontology

Technology
Anthropology
King Arthur

King Arthur was a mythical king in the mythology of Great Britain. He lived in the medieval times, in his famous castle, Camelot. He possessed a sword known as Excalibur, given to him by the Lady of the Lake.

King Arthur is a fabled ruler of Sub-Roman Britain who defended his kingdom from the Anglo-Saxons.  He is a popular fictional character in modern literature. He won several battles, and had many homes. However, his favourite home was in Camelot.  In one of the most famous tales of King Arthur, he pulls a sword out of a stone, making him King of the Britons.

 

The first narrative account of Arthur's life is found in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Latin work Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), completed .

Camelot 
Many castles claim to be Arthur's Camelot, but the most likely one is Tintagel Castle, Cornwall (though there is no evidence for this). In Camelot sat the famous Round Table, where Arthur, his queen Guinevere, Merlin, Morgan le Fay, Sir Lancelot, Sir Gawain, Percival and many other knights sat. Arthur and his knights went on many quests including The Quest For The Holy Grail, The Green Knight, The Black Knight and more.

Death 
After King Arthur's many adventures, his son Mordred seized his kingdom and queen, forcing Arthur to fight for what was truly his. They fought for a long time. Mordred hit King Arthur in many places, but in the end Arthur killed Mordred. After this victory, King Arthur was weak and died from losing blood from battle wounds. As his knights rode back to Camelot, they threw Excalibur into the lake so that it could return to where it came from. One legend says Arthur never died, and will return when the British need him.

Books, poems and movies 
Many books have been written about King Arthur.  Most of them involve Merlin, the Knights of the Round Table, and Morgan le Fay.

Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote the first book about Arthur in the 12th century.  In the 15th century, Sir Thomas Malory wrote one of the best-known books about Arthur, called Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur).  Later, in the 19th century, Alfred, Lord Tennyson visited Tintagel, the mythical Camelot, twice.  He wrote a series of poems about Arthur. 

Some stories about Arthur say he tried to find the Holy Grail, the cup that Jesus drank from at the Last Supper. 

There are also many movies about Arthur.  These include Disney's The Sword in the Stone; Monty Python and the Holy Grail; King Arthur (2004); King Arthur, The Kid Who Would Be King (2019); the Legend of the Sword (2017); and the musical Camelot.

References 

Arthurian legend
Johnny Appleseed

John "Johnny Appleseed" Chapman (September 26, 1774 - March 11, 1847) is an American folk hero. He was a Christian missionary and pioneer. His nickname came from the fact that he planted apple trees throughout the American Midwest. Many people consider him an early conservationist or "tree-hugger". He wandered the country, usually barefoot, and with a cooking pot on his head for most of his adult life, planting apple trees, teaching the Bible, telling stories, and befriending Native Americans, wild animals, and other settlers. Many stories have been told about him and his journeys, as well as art, books, and later movies, which makes him a folk hero. He was born in Leominster, Massachusetts and is buried in Johnny Appleseed Park in Fort Wayne, Indiana.

Facts 
John Chapman is said to have been in the Wilkes-Barre region some time in the 1790s, practicing his profession as a nurseryman, but just when he embraced the Swedenborgian faith and began his missionary activities we cannot be sure, though it is probable that it was before he ever reached western Pennsylvania. There are some early accounts of John speaking of his own activities as "a Bible missionary" on the Potomac when he was a young man, and Johnny was seen for two or three consecutive years along the banks of the Potomac in eastern Virginia, picking the seeds from the pomace of the cider mills in the late 1790s.The apple seeds that Johnny obtained were free, as the cider mills wanted there to be more apple trees planted to improve their business.

At the time of his death, Johnny Appleseed left an estate of more than 1,200 acres of nurseries, and he left these to his sister.  He additionally had four plots located in Allen County, Indiana, which was a nursery that included 15,000 trees. 

Records show that John Chapman appeared on Licking Creek, in what is now Licking County, Ohio, in 1800, when he was twenty-six years old. He had probably come up the Muskingum River to plant near the Refugee Tract, which would soon fill up with settlers, when Congress actually got around to granting the lands. In April, 1798, the Continental Congress had ratified resolutions to donate public lands for the benefit of those who had left Canada and Nova Scotia to fight against the British in the Revolutionary War. The lands were actually set apart in 1801 and patents issued in 1802. Grants of land ranging from 160 acres to 2,240 acres were awarded according to the exertions of the patentee in the War. Johnny, with true Yankee enterprise, went ahead and planted his nurseries before the refugees arrived. Licking County, then a part of Fairfield, contained only three white families. By the time families were ready to settle the area, Johnny's tracts of land were ready for market.

Other websites 
http://johnnyappleseedfacts.com/ 

American folklore
Deaths from pneumonia
People from Massachusetts
Missionaries
1774 births
1847 deaths
Compact disc

A Compact Disc, also called a CD is a storage device that are small plastic discs which store and retrieve computer data or music using light. Compact Discs replaced floppy disks because they were faster and could hold more information. The CDs made floppy disks become obsolete. CDs were invented by both Philips and Sony at the same time, but not together. Sony and Philips did work together to create a standard format and the technology to read CDs in 1982. CDs can hold up to 700 MB worth of data, which is about 80 minutes of music. Mini CDs were also made for special small programs like drivers. CDs that have computer information on them are called CD-ROMs, or Compact Disc - Read Only Memory. The diameter of a normal CD is 120 mm. The middle hole in a CD is about 1.5 cm).

Related pages

 CD-R
 CD-RW
 CD-MO
 Video CD or VCD
 DVD
C. S. Lewis

Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963), usually called C. S. Lewis, was a British scholar who wrote about 40 books. He was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. He is famous for his fantasy works, essays, and writings on literature and theology. Lewis' theological works are usually apologetics, the defence of Christianity. Some of his most popular Christian writings were Mere Christianity and The Screwtape Letters. His works have been translated into more than 30 languages. Lewis was a professor of literature at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge.

Lewis was married to American writer Joy Davidman (1915–1960) from 1956 until her death from bone cancer. He died of renal failure in Oxford. 

His writing is popular with many people, and many of his books were made into movies. His most famous and popular fantasy work is The Chronicles of Narnia, which is a series of seven books.

He died in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England.

References

Other websites 
 Encyclopædia Britannica

1898 births
1963 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Oxford
British Anglicans
British children's writers
British novelists
Converts to Christianity
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in England
English theologians
Northern Irish Christians
People from Belfast
Aaron

Aaron is a person described in the Bible and the Qu'ran. He was the older brother of Moses. He helped Moses lead the Hebrews out of Egypt. In the Bible, he appeared very much in Exodus.

Moses' helper 
Aaron spoke for Moses, when he went to tell Pharaoh the King of Egypt everything God wanted Moses to say. The Lord said to Moses (Exodus 7:1 to 3), "See, I have made you like God to Pharaoh, and your brother Aaron will be your prophet. You are to say everything I command you, and your brother Aaron is to tell Pharaoh to let the Israelites go out of his country...".

Aaron's staff

Aaron's staff was used by the Lord a few times when trying to persuade the Pharaoh to let the Israelites go. The Lord ordered Moses and Aaron, "When Pharaoh says to you, 'Perform a miracle,' then say to Aaron, Take your staff and throw it down before Pharaoh', and it will become a snake." So Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and Aaron did so. Aaron's staff, according to the Bible, really became a snake and ate up all the other snakes that the Pharaoh's magicians had made. Also, Aaron's staff was used to make the Nile River all turn into blood. He "stretched it out", and the fish in the Nile died, and the river smelled; and the Egyptians could not drink the water, as it was recorded in the Bible.

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
Paula Abdul

Paula Julie Abdul (; born June 19, 1962) is an American singer and dancer. She had a string of hit songs and choreographed (planned) many dances for herself and others, including singer-songwriter Janet Jackson.  Musically, she is known for her late-1980s number-one singles "Straight Up" and "Cold Hearted", along with the 1990s number-one hit "Opposites Attract".  She won a Grammy Award for "Best Music Video – Short Form" for "Opposites Attract". She was a judge on the television show American Idol for its first eight seasons. She has a mezzo-soprano vocal range.

References 

1962 births
Living people
American dancers
American Idol
American pop musicians
American television personalities
Choreographers
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Mezzo-sopranos
Singers from Los Angeles
American contemporary R&B singers
Douglas Adams

Douglas Adams (11 March 1952 – 11 May 2001) was a British writer. He is most famous for his The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series.

Adams was born in Cambridge. When he was a few months old he moved to East London and a few years later to Brentwood, Essex. He originally received attention when he wrote for the popular TV shows Monty Python and Doctor Who in the 1970s. In 1978 he wrote a science-fiction radio series called The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. It was later turned into a novel. In the early 1980s, it became a television series and in 2005 it became a movie produced by Disney. Adams also wrote several sequels for radio and as novels. He was also known for his humorous detective novels starring Dirk Gently, and for his efforts to conserve endangered species. He was an atheist. In 2001, Adams died of a heart attack while he was working out at the gym in Montecito, California, United States.

References 

1952 births
2001 deaths
British atheists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English novelists
People from Brentwood, Essex
People from Cambridge
Writers from Essex
Writers from London
Bea Arthur

Beatrice "Bea" Arthur (May 13, 1922 - April 25, 2009) was an American actress, comedian, and singer, best known for her roles in Maude and The Golden Girls. She was Jewish.

Early life
Arthur was born in Brooklyn, New York City. Her parents were Philip and Rebecca Frankelin. She grew up in Cambridge, Maryland. After high school and the junior college she did an apprenticeship as a Medical Laboratory Technician and she was as a volunteer for the United States Marine Corps.

Career

Theater
In 1946 she moved back to New York and studied acting with Erwin Piscator.

Personal life
In the 1940s, she was married with author and producer Robert Alan Aurthur.

In 1950, she married Gene Saks.

References

Other websites 

 
 Playbill biography

1922 births
2009 deaths
Actors from New York City
American feminists
American LGBT rights activists
American military personnel of World War II
American movie actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Comedians from New York City
Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin
Emmy Award winning actors
Jewish activists
Jewish American actors
Jewish American musicians
Jewish comedians
Jewish feminists
Singers from New York City
Tony Award winning actors
Karel Appel

Christiaan Karel Appel (; 25 April 1921 – 3 May 2006) was a Dutch painter. He painted in the abstract expressionist style. He was known for his childlike style.

1921 births
2006 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Dutch painters
People from Amsterdam
Sculptors
J. M. Barrie

Sir James Matthew Barrie, 1st Baronet, OM (9 May 1860 – 19 June 1937) was a Scottish writer. His best-known work is Peter Pan.

Barrie was born in Kirriemuir. He died of pneumonia in London. 

1860 births
1937 deaths
British children's writers
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in London
Scottish novelists
Riga

Riga is the capital city of the European country of Latvia. Riga is on river Daugava near the Baltic Sea.

The mayor of Riga is Mārtiņš Staķis.

History 
Riga was founded in 1201. It was a castle of the Teutonic Order.

In 1710 during the Great Northern War the city was incorporated to Russia. Then it became a center of Courland province.

Since 1918 Riga has been the capital city of Latvia, including Soviet Latvia in 1940-1991.

On June 30, 1941 German troops captured Riga. The city was liberated on October 15, 1944.

People 
The Riga inhabitants are named “Rīdzinieki” on Latvian and “рижане”(rizhani) on Russian.

Most of the people by ethnic origin are Latvian (45%) and 40% are Russian. Historically the city had large German population. Among other ethnic groups there are Byelorussians, Poles and Jews.

Economy 
During the Soviet period the Riga wagon building factory made very big number of local trains.

Transportation 
The are 8 tram and 18 trolley routes.

Notable people 
Vera Mukhina, sculptor.
Sergey Eisenstein, movie director.
Mikhail Zadornov, writer.
Oleg Znarok, ice hockey player and coach.

References

Other websites 
 Riga Photos 

 
1201 establishments
Establishments in Latvia
1200s establishments in Europe
Lincoln, Nebraska

Lincoln is the capital city of Nebraska, United States. The City of Lincoln Only Omaha has more people of any city in Nebraska. Lincoln is also the county seat of Lancaster County and the home of the University of Nebraska. Lincoln's 2010 Census population was 258,379.

Lincoln was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster. It became the county seat of the newly created Lancaster County in 1859. The capital of Nebraska Territory had been Omaha since the start of the territory in 1854. Most of the territory's population lived south of the Platte River. After much of the territory south of the Platte became a part of Kansas, the legislature voted to move the capital south of the river and as far west as possible. They made the village of Lancaster the new capital, in part due to the salt flats and marshes.

People from Omaha tried to stop the move by renaming Lancaster after the recently killed President Abraham Lincoln. Many of the people south of the river had wanted the Confederate to win the recent Civil War. These people thought that the legislature would not approve the move if the future capital were named after Lincoln. The plan did not work, as Lancaster was renamed Lincoln and also became the state capital upon Nebraska's admission to the Union on March 1, 1867.  The people either liked or disliked the new name depending on how they felt about the Civil War.

Nebraska State Capitol was designed by Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue and constructed between 1922 and 1932. The capitol building is a skyscraper topped by a golden dome. The tower is crowned by a 6-meter (20 ft) statue of a farmer sowing grain on a pedestal of wheat and corn, to represent the state's agricultural heritage. City zoning rules prevent any other building from rivaling it in height, making it a landmark not only within the city but for the surrounding area. Inside, there are many paintings and iridescent murals showing Native American heritage and the history and culture of the early pioneers who settled Nebraska. It is the second tallest U.S. State Capitol building behind the Louisiana State Capitol building in Baton Rouge.

Lincoln has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification).

References

County seats in Nebraska
 
State capitals in the United States
1856 establishments in Nebraska Territory
Nuclear fission

Nuclear fission is a kind of nuclear reaction.  It is when an atom splits apart into smaller atoms.  Some fission reactions give off a lot of energy, and are used in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. Nuclear fission was discovered in December 1938 by the German nuclear chemist Otto Hahn and his assistant Fritz Strassmann in Berlin.

An atom is the smallest particle which makes up a chemical element (e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, magnesium). All atoms are very small. Atoms are made of three components or particles: Protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are clumped together in a ball called a nucleus, at the center of every atom. The electrons orbit around the nucleus in its 'electron cloud'. Elements which have large nuclei, such as uranium and plutonium, can be made to fission.

If a (relatively) very large atomic nucleus is hit by a slow-moving neutron, it will sometimes become unstable and break into two nuclei. When the nucleus breaks apart (or fissions) it releases energy, mostly as gamma rays and heat.  It also causes some neutrons to be released from the nucleus.

For a few isotopes (an atom with the same amount of protons but a different amount of neutrons) such fission can release many neutrons.  If those neutrons then hit other atoms, they will make the other atoms split. This can happen again and again. This is called a nuclear chain-reaction, and it can release huge amounts of energy very quickly. The amount of energy released by a nuclear chain reaction is measured in kilotons. One kiloton is the same as the energy of one thousand tons of TNT (trinitrotoluene).

In a nuclear bomb, this must happen very quickly to make a very big explosion.  In a nuclear reactor this must happen slowly to make heat.  The heat is used to boil water into steam, which turns a steam turbine to generate electricity.

Other websites 
 Annotated bibliography for nuclear fission from the Alsos Digital Library 

Nuclear energy
1903

1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.

Aer, music, theatre, literature 
 Edwin S. Porter's The Great Train Robbery is released.

Events 
 December 17 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers flies an airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
 Abeerden Football Club founded in Scotland.

Births 
 Date unknown – Cigerxwîn, Kurdish polymath
 May 3 – Bing Crosby, American singer and actor (d. 1977)
 June 19 – Lou Gehrig, baseball player (d. 1941)
 June 21 – Al Hirschfeld, American caricaturist (d. 2003)
 June 25 – George Orwell, English writer (d. 1950)
 July 2 – Alec Douglas-Home, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)

Deaths 
 May 8 – Paul Gauguin, French painter

 

nv:1901 – 1950
Bob Barker

Robert William "Bob" Barker (born December 12, 1923) is an American retired television game show host and animal rights activist. He is best known for hosting CBS's  The Price is Right from 1972 to 2007 and for hosting Truth or Consequences from 1956 to 1974.

Early life
Barker was born Robert William Barker on December 12, 1923 in Darrington, Washington. He is of Sioux descent. Barker studied at Drury College.

Career
Barker started hosting Truth or Consequences on December 31, 1956 and continued with the program until 1974. On December 4, 1957, Barker began hosting a new Ralph Edwards creation, the short-lived End of the Rainbow for NBC. In 1967, Barker hosted the short-lived game show The Family Game. In 1971, Barker began creating a TV pilot for a game show called Simon Says. In 1980, Barker hosted a series called That's My Line for Goodson-Todman. It was cancelled in September 1981.

The Price is Right
On September 4, 1972, Barker began hosting the CBS revival of The Price Is Right. On October 15, 1987, Barker did what other MCs almost never did: renounced hair dye and allowed his hair to turn gray.

In 2006, The Price Is Right marked its 35th consecutive year on the air. It is the longest-running game show of all time in North America, and at the time was the last surviving show in the daytime game show genre.

On October 31, 2006, Barker made his announcement that he would retire from The Price Is Right in June 2007. He taped his final episode on June 6, 2007, with the show airing twice on June 15.

Movies
He was also seen acting as himself in the 1996 Adam Sandler comedy movie Happy Gilmore.

Awards
He is the winner of nineteen Daytime Emmy Awards. Barker won the MTV Award for Best Fight with Adam Sandler for his fight scene in Happy Gilmore.

Personal life
Barker married Dorothy Jo Gideon in 1945. They had three children. Barker lives in Los Angeles, California. Despite retiring from television, Barker is an active animal rights activist. In 1993, Dian Parkinson sued Barker for sexual harassment. She asked for $8 million during the lawsuit. The lawsuit was dropped in 1995.

Health
Barker is a skin cancer survivor. On September 17, 2010, Barker collapsed at an L.A. shooting range. He was treated at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center for an adverse drug reaction and released.

Longevity
Barker broke Johnny Carson's record for continuous performances on the same network television show with twenty-nine years.

References

Other websites

Bob Barker at Academy of Television Arts & Sciences

1923 births
Living people
American activists
American game show hosts
Emmy Award winners
Entertainers from Washington
Skin cancer survivors
People from Springfield, Missouri
Sam Neill

Nigel James Dermot "Sam" Neill (born 14 September 1947 in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland) is a New Zealand actor. He has been in lots of movies. Neill has been in Jurassic Park, Dead Calm, Event Horizon, Sirens and lots of other very famous movies. In recent years, he appeared in Thor: Ragnarok (2017) and Peter Rabbit (2018).

Neill was born on 14 September 1947 in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland to a New Zealander father and English mother. He moved to New Zealand in 1954. He studied at Christ's College, Canterbury and at University of Canterbury. Neill was married to Lisa Harrow until they divorced in 1989. Then he was married to Noriko Watanabe. He has two children. Neill has New Zealand and Irish citizenships.

References

Other websites

 
 Two Paddocks official website 

Actors from Northern Ireland
Irish movie actors
Irish stage actors
Irish television actors
Irish voice actors
New Zealand movie actors
New Zealand stage actors
New Zealand television actors
New Zealand voice actors
People from South Island
1947 births
Living people
1928

1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar. It was a leap year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the obsolete Julian calendar. It was also the last year when the Julian calendar was used until Tuesday, January 1, 1929, when every state in the entire world had adopted the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 January 31 – Leon Trotsky is exiled to Kazakhstan
 February 8 – British inventor John Logie Baird sends the first television signal across the Atlantic Ocean, from London to New York
 May 7 – The United Kingdom gives equal voting rights to women by passing the Representation of the People Act.  This law allows women to vote when they are 21 years old, like men.  Before this, women could not vote until they were 30.
 June 9 – Australian flyer Charles Kingsford Smith finishes the first airplane flight across the Pacific Ocean.
 September 28 – Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
 October 2 – Josemaria Escriva starts Opus Dei.

Births 
 January 5 – Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan and 4th President (died 1979).
 March 6 - Glyn Owen, Welsh actor (died 2004)
 March 20 – Fred Rogers, American television children's program host and writer (died 2003).
 April 23 – Shirley Temple, American child actress and diplomat (died 2014).
 May 4 – Hosni Mubarak, 4th President of Egypt and Prime Minister (died 2020).
 May 23 - Nigel Davenport, British actor (died 2013).
 June 14 – Che Guevara, Argentinian Marxist revolutionary (died 1967).
 July 26 – Stanley Kubrick, American movie director (died 1999).
 August 22 – Karlheinz Stockhausen, German composer (died 2007).
 December 1 - Malachi Throne, American television actor (died 2013).
 December 30 – Bo Diddley, American rock and roll musician (died 2008).

Deaths 
 February 4 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist and mathematician
Meteor

A meteor is what you see when a space rock falls to Earth. It is often known as a shooting star or falling star and can be a bright light in the night sky, though most are faint. A few survive long enough to hit the ground. That is called a meteorite, and a large one sometimes leaves a hole in the ground called a crater. 

A rock that has not yet hit the atmosphere is called a "meteoroid". Meteoroids may range in size from large pieces of rock to tiny dust particles floating in space that did not form planets. When the meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere they are usually going faster than the Earth's escape velocity of 13 km/sec or Mach 40. This makes them heat up and usually break apart. When the heat makes them glow, they are known as meteors.

Meteors are distinct from comets or asteroids, but some, especially those associated with meteor showers, are dust particles that came out of comets.

There are several types of meteorites including: stony, carbonaceous chondrites, and iron-nickel. Stony meteorites are named because they are largely made up of stone-like mineral material. Carbonaceous chondrites have a high carbon content. Iron-nickel meteorites are mostly iron often with significant nickel as well.

Meteorites were often during the Late Heavy Bombardment. Nowadays they sometimes hurt people and property. The 2013 Russian meteor event did the most damage. Large meteorite strikes may have played a part in several of the mass extinctions, and so indirectly on the course of evolution. (see K/T extinction event; List of extinction events; Chicxulub crater)

Meteorite types

Chondrites 

Chondrites are stony (non-metallic) meteorites that are as old as the Solar System: 4.55 billion years. They sometimes contain amino acids and other organic molecules.

They have not been modified due to melting or other disturbances. They are formed when various types of dust and small grains that were present in the early solar system accreted to form primitive asteroids. They are the most common type of meteorite that falls to Earth: they are about 85 or 86 percent of all meteorites. 

Their study gives clues about the origin and age of the Solar System, the synthesis of organic compounds, the origin of life or the presence of water on Earth. Chondrites can be differentiated from iron meteorites by their low iron and nickel content.

Achondrites 
About 8 percent of meteorites show signs of melting and recrystallizing. They look rather like basalt or granite.

Iron meteorites 

Iron meteorites are meteorites made of an iron–nickel alloy. They are about 6 percent of all meteorites. This comes from the inner cores of early small proto-planets. The iron found in iron meteorites was one of the earliest sources of usable iron,  before humans invented smelting. That signalled the beginning of the iron age. Iron meteorites are easily found, because native iron is rare.

Siderolites 
Siderolites are stony-iron meteorites that have almost equal parts of iron and silicates. They are quite rare: only about 1 percent of all meteorites are siderolites.

Related pages
Meteor burst communication
Panspermia

References
Max Planck

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (April 23, 1858 in Kiel – October 4, 1947 in Göttingen) was a physicist from Germany. He discovered quantum mechanics. He won the Nobel Prize in physics.

Life 
Planck came from an old fashioned, intelligent family.  His great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen; his father was a law professor in Kiel and Munich; and his paternal uncle was a judge.

Planck was born in Kiel, Holstein, to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was baptised with the name of Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck; of his given names, Marx (a now not used variant of Markus or maybe simply an error for Max, which is actually short for Maximilian) was indicated as the primary name. However, by the age of ten he signed with the name Max and used this for the rest of his life.

He was the sixth child in the family, although two of his brothers and sisters were from his father's first marriage. Among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Danish-Prussian war of 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, at age 17. This is how Planck first came in contact with the field of physics.

References

Other websites 
  Reflexions a propòsit de la teoria dels quanta (Simone Weil)

1858 births
1947 deaths
German academics
German Nobel Prize winners
German theoretical physicists
Jay Leno

James Douglas Muir "Jay" Leno (; born April 28, 1950) is an American comedian, actor, screenwriter, producer, television host and television presenter.

Early life
Leno was born James Douglas Muir Leno in New Rochelle, New York on April 28, 1950. His homemaker mother Catherine (née Muir; 1911–1993) was born in Greenock, Scotland and came to the United States at the age of 11. Leno's father, Angelo (1910–1994), who worked as an insurance salesman, was born in New York, to immigrants from Flumeri, Italy. Leno grew up in Andover, Massachusetts and even though his high school guidance counselor recommended that he drop out of school, he later obtained a Bachelor's degree in speech therapy from Emerson College, where he started a comedy club in 1973. Leno's only sibling was his late older brother Patrick, who was a Vietnam veteran and a lawyer.

Career

The Tonight Show
Leno worked on late night television. He became host of The Tonight Show in 1992 when Johnny Carson retired. In 2007, during the writer's strike, Leno sided with the writers, even though he returned to his show after two months (without the writers besides himself) so that his staff would not be out of work. Despite leading the late-night ratings, he was forced out as host of the Tonight Show in 2009 to make way for Conan O'Brien. On March 1, 2010, became The Tonight Show host once again, because of poor ratings with both himself and Conan O'Brien. Leno hosted his last episode of the Tonight Show on February 6, 2014.

The Jay Leno Show
He now stars in his own prime-time comedy show The Jay Leno Show, which debuted on September 14, 2009.

Acting
He guest-starred twice on the Nickelodeon TV series The Fairly OddParents as the Crimson Chin. His character's name uses the fact that Leno has a large and square chin.

Personal life

Since 1980, Leno has been married to Mavis Leno; they have no children by mutual agreement. Leno is dyslexic.

References

Other websites

 Official Tonight Show with Jay Leno web site
 Jay Leno's Car Collection
 Jay Leno's Columns at Octane magazine
 The New York Times on Leno's affiliation with McPherson College
 Live performance videos from the Tonight Show
 

1950 births
Living people
Actors from New York
People from New Rochelle, New York
American movie actors
American television talk show hosts
Comedians from New York
Emmy Award winners
Nunavut

Nunavut is a territory in Canada. It is the newest, largest, and northernmost territory of Canada. It was founded in 1999 when many Inuit living in the Northwest Territories wanted to have an independent province and government. Its capital is named Iqaluit. It is in the north of Canada, and has a particularly cold climate for much of the year. It has many native people (mainly Inuit).

The main form of transportation is the snowmobile. For the first week of being a separate unit, it was the Province of Nunavut, but after a week it was renamed Nunavut Territory.

A symbol of the territory is the Eskimo Dog (). Even today, some people still use these dogs.

Gallery

References 

 
1999 establishments in Canada
Provinces and territories of Canada
Bamboo

Bamboo is a name for over 1,400 species of giant grasses in 115 different genera. All bamboos have wood-like stems. Bamboo mainly grows in Africa, America and in Asia but can easily grow in Europe.

Bamboo grows in clumps (although running varieties exist). The runners can be up to 40 metres (130 feet). David Farrelly, in his book The Book of Bamboo, says that bamboo has been measured to grow  1.21 meters (47.6 inches) in a 24-hour period. However, most bamboos (used for gardening) will grow more like 3 cm to 5 cm (1-2 inches) a day.

Almost all species of bamboo have hollow stems divided into nodes or joints. The stem can be up to 30 cm (a foot) in diameter. Each of the node has one side bud. Not all of those buds develop into branches, but some do. This makes bamboo one of the few grasses that have a branch structure. Bamboo rarely flowers. Some species only flower once, and then die off. The distance of two joints in a bamboo is the basis of a traditional Japanese unit of measurement, shaku.

Uses 
Bamboo is used to make lots of things and is a construction material. The stems of larger trees are used to build houses, bridges, and other things that have to be constructed such as boat and wickerwork. It can be used for scaffolding. Bamboo is an easy construction material and not expensive.

Bamboo is almost the only food of giant pandas. The shoots can also be used as human food. Bamboo shoots are usually cooked before being eaten. Most temperate bamboos can be eaten without cooking if they are not too bitter.
As some may contain cyanogens, cooking is better. The only Phyllostachys  known to have potentially toxic concentrations of cyanogens is Ph. heterocycla pubescens.

References
Cruise ship

A cruise ship (or cruise liner or ocean liner) is a large ship with sleeping cabins and other facilities that takes people on holiday and vacation trips. Hundreds of thousands of people take cruises each year.

Today's cruise ships are like floating hotels. They have a complete "hospitality staff" (to serve food and help passengers in other ways) as well as the usual ship's crew. The largest cruise ships have casinos, shops, many restaurants, theaters for both live entertainment and movies, several pools, day care, a gym, and a running track. The most expensive cruises often have more crew and staff than passengers. This means that the people who control the cruise can give many personal services.

Today, hundreds of cruise ships sail all over the world. Some carry over 3,000 passengers. These are some of the largest ships ever built. For some places, such as Antarctica, because it lacks other methods of regular transport, cruise ships are one of the few ways for tourists to visit.

Ship types
Tourism
Jurassic Park III

Jurassic Park III is a 2001 American movie and the third Jurassic Park movie. It follows The Lost World: Jurassic Park. Paul Kirby, who says he is a rich business owner, convinces Dr. Alan Grant and his assistant, Billy Brennan, to take him and his wife to Isla Sorna as a vacation and serve as a guide. Actually, Kirby and his wife want to search for their son, who was stranded on Isla Sorna while on a parasailing trip. After crashing on the island, they are attacked by a Spinosaurus, who kills several members of their party. After escaping, the remaining people start hiking for the coast, fighting many dinosaurs, including the Spinosaurus, along the way.

Jurassic Park III is followed by Jurassic World.

Release dates

Other websites 

2000s adventure movies
2001 science fiction movies
Jurassic Park movies
Movies composed by John Williams
Movies set in islands
Jungle movies
Sequel movies
Universal Pictures movies
Michael Crichton

Michael Crichton (October 23, 1942 – November 4, 2008) was an American author of many books. His books were usually in the science fiction, medical fiction, and thriller genres. He was also a producer, director, and doctor.  

Crichton is well known for writing novels that later became well-known Hollywood movies. His most famous work was Jurassic Park. Other examples of Crichton's novels that later went on to become big-budget films include Congo, The Lost World, Rising Sun, and Sphere.   

Crichton has also created the ER television show.  

Crichton was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was 69" tall. He was married five times. He had a daughter from his fourth marriage. 

In November 4, 2008, he died of throat cancer and lymphoma in Los Angeles, California, aged 66. He was looked down on by some as a climate change denier In February 2009, his widow gave birth to his only, posthumous son, John Michael Todd Crichton.

Further reading

References

Other websites 

1942 births
2008 deaths
American movie directors
American movie producers
American novelists
Screenwriters from Illinois
American television producers
American television writers
Deaths from lymphoma
Deaths from throat cancer
Writers from Chicago
Uno (card game)

Uno (stylized on usual branding as all capitalized) is an American card game that was made by Merle Robbins in 1971. It has since been bought by a company named Mattel. It uses 108 special cards that are made just to play Uno. It is similar to Crazy Eights.

The cards are put into 4 different groups: Red cards, green cards, blue cards and yellow cards. There are also some other cards called "Special Cards". Skip, Reverse, Draw +2(This card can be canceled by Reverse card which changes the way) , Wild, and Wild +4 cards allow you to do something you cannot normally do, such as pick up two more cards.

Card games
UNO

Uno can mean:
 The number one in the Spanish language or Italian language
 Uno (card game), a card game played with a special deck of cards. It is made by the Mattel company. The name originated from the word uno which mean the number one in Spanish which is what you say when you have one card remaining.

UNO is an acronym for:
 United Nations Organization; see: United Nations
Electrical engineering

Electrical engineering is a subject of engineering. Its goal is to develop (think and make) different things that use electricity in a helpful way. Electrical engineers fix or design new and better ways of using devices that use electricity.

Big subjects in electrical engineering include power generation, automation and control of robots, digital systems, and information technology (using radio and computers to move and use data). To meet new needs, electrical engineering produced new specialties, such as electronic engineering and software engineering.

History
Early universities taught philosophy and later science. As the industrial revolution began they had to start teaching new parts of these sciences to keep up with the demand for new items.  

When the industrial era began, we needed to study mathematics, physics and chemistry to help support it.  These subjects are "applied" (or, used in the real world) using engineering. In the late 19th century when electricity was used to make electric motors and to send messages to far away places, a new branch called electrical engineering was invented. When radio became important, many engineers worked at it, and their branch was later expanded to cover electronic engineering.

Other websites 
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE Virtual Museum
EE HomePage.com Educational & career development resources   

Electricity
Engineering disciplines
Design

Design is a visual look or a shape given to a certain object, in order to make it more attractive, make it more comfortable or to improve another characteristic. Designers use tools from geometry and art.  Design is sometimes divided to sub-categories: graphic design, buildings and nature design, consumer goods design.

Design is also a concept used to create an object (virtual or not).

Design is picturing things using the imagination; as to using perception or memory.
Orphanage

An orphanage is an institution that takes in and cares for orphans.  It can also mean the state of being an orphan.

Historically it was very often the church or the state who cared for orphans. Children in orphanages may have suffered from child abuse or trauma from their parents.

Related pages
 Foster care
 Adoption

Notes and references 

Accommodations
National Union of Teachers

The National Union of Teachers is the largest teachers' union in the United Kingdom. It has a policy of campaigning on educational issues as well as the conditions of service of its members.

Other websites 
National Union of Teachers website

Unions
Education
Dave Grohl

David Eric "Dave" Grohl (born January 14, 1969) is an American rock musician and singer. He is best known as the lead singer and guitarist of rock band Foo Fighters and the drummer of the grunge band Nirvana from 1990 to 1994. He has also been part of thirty different bands in his life, including one from the 1980s called Scream.  Other bands he has played in include Nine Inch Nails and Tenacious D.

Biography

Early life 
Dave Grohl lived most of his early life in Springfield, Virginia. He played in many local punk bands, on guitar. By 15 years old he was a drummer in the hardcore punk band, Scream. Scream toured all over the United States and Europe but broke up in 1989. After they broke up he tried out to be a drummer in a small band called Nirvana.

Nirvana 

Grohl joined Nirvana in 1990, along with Krist Novoselic and Kurt Cobain. They went on to be one of the most successful bands of the decade, selling over 50 million albums worldwide. Grohl joined shortly before the release of Nevermind. Nevermind proved to be a classic album, one that is still a big influence on the alternative metal and alternative rock scene. The band only recorded one more studio album though, In Utero in 1993. On April 8, 1994, Kurt Cobain's body was found at his home in Seattle. He had shot himself in the head with a shotgun. This event ended Nirvana and Grohl started his own band Foo Fighters in 1995.

Foo Fighters 

The original Foo Fighters album was recorded entirely by Grohl himself. He recorded the parts for each instrument one at a time and then combined them. Foo Fighters are now a multi Grammy Award winning rock band and sell out huge arenas when they are on tour.

References

1969 births
American punk musicians
American rock drummers
American rock guitarists
Living people
Musicians from Ohio
Musicians from Virginia
Nirvana members
Nine Inch Nails
1740



Events 
 God Save the Queen first performed.
 Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve writes and publishes the folk story Beauty and the Beast.
Trilogy

A trilogy is a series with three parts. For example, The Godfather series of movies is a trilogy because there are three movies in the series: The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, and The Godfather Part III.

The trilogy was originally a tradition of Ancient Greek theatre, where three plays and one satyr play would be played.

Literary terms

de:Mehrteiler#Dreiteiler (Trilogie)