cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Battle of Long Island

The Battle of Long Island was a major battle in the American war of independence. It is also known as the Battle of Brooklyn or the Battle of Brooklyn Heights. The battle which was fought on August 27, 1776, was a major victory for the British and defeat for the Americans under General George Washington. It was the start of a successful British campaign that gave the British control of the strategically important city of New York. In the American Revolutionary War it was the first major battle to take place after the United States declared independence in July, 1776. In terms of soldiers, it was the largest battle of the entire conflict.

General George Washington, Commander-in-Chief had defeated the British in the Siege of Boston on March 17, 1776. Washington then used the Continental Army to defend the port city of New York. At that time, New York City was only at the southern end of Manhattan Island.  Washington understood that the city's harbor would provide an excellent base for the British Navy during the campaign. For this reason, he established defenses there and waited for the British to attack.

The British were commanded by General William Howe. In July his force landed a few miles across the harbor on sparsely-populated Staten Island. Over the next few months, new ships slowly reinforced their position in Lower New York Harbor. In August there were 32,000 soldiers, and the British controlled the entrance of the harbor at The Narrows. Washington knew that it would be difficult to hold the city against such a force. He believed Manhattan would be the first target and he moved most of his forces there.

On August 22, the British landed on the shores of Gravesend Bay in southwest Kings County, across The Narrows from Staten Island, more than 12 miles (20 km) south from the East River crossings to Manhattan. Washington brought some of his troops to northern Kings County, expecting to fight only part of the attacking army.

After five days of waiting, the British attacked American defenses. Unknown to the Americans, however, Howe had brought his main army around their rear and attacked their flank soon after. The Americans panicked, although a stand by 400 Maryland troops prevented most of the army from being captured. The remainder of the army fled to the main defenses on Brooklyn Heights. The British dug in for a siege but, on the night of August 29–30, Washington evacuated the entire army to Manhattan without the loss of materiel or a single life. Washington and the Continental Army were driven out of New York entirely after the battle of Fort Washington and other defeats, and forced to retreat through New Jersey and into Pennsylvania.

References

Long Island
1776 in New York (state)
August events
Nautical chart

A nautical chart is a map which is used to show objects on the ocean. Nautical charts were very common from the 14th century to the 17th century. They are usually used by sailors to navigate.

Cartography
Siouxsie and the Banshees

Siouxsie and the Banshees were an English rock band. They were started in 1976 in London by Siouxsie Sioux and Steven Severin. They met at a Roxy Music concert the year before. The band broke up in 1996. They later performed together again in 2002 for a tour. They released 11 studio albums between 1978 and 1995. Their most popular song in the UK was "Dear Prudence", a Beatles cover. It reached number 3 in the UK Singles Chart. They were less popular in the United States, but their 1991 single "Kiss Them For Me" reached 23 on the Billboard Hot 100. They were also the second headliners for the first Lollapalooza.

The group played their first concert at the 100 Club Punk Festival. Sid Vicious played drums. Marco Pirroni played guitar. Without practising beforehand, they did a twenty-minute improvised version of the Lord's Prayer. The band had no name and was going to break up after the concert, but they were asked to play again.

Two months later Kenny Morris joined as a drummer and Peter Fenton as a guitarist. After a few performances, the band realized that Fenton didn't fit in and John McKay took his place.

In 1978, the band were signed to Polydor Records. They released their first single "Hong Kong Garden". It reached 7 on the UK Singles Chart. They released their first album, The Scream, in November. It reached number 12 in the UK Albums Chart. It got mostly good reviews. Sounds said it was "the best debut album of the year".

Robert Smith was guitarist in the band's 1979 tour for Join Hands. He joined the group again in 1982 to replace John McGeoch. He left in 1984 because he said that being in two bands at once was too much stress. He was replaced by John "Valentine" Carruthers. Before he left he wanted his time with the band to be documented, so the band released a cover of the Beatles' "Dear Prudence" with Smith on guitar.

Peter Edward Clark, known as Budgie, also joined the band for the Join Hands tour. He stayed a member until the band broke up. In 1987 Carruthers left and was replaced with Jon Klein. Martin McCarrick became the band's full-time keyboard player.

In 1987, the band released Through the Looking Glass, an album of covers of songs by other musicians.

Between January and June 1988, the band recorded their ninth album, Peepshow. It was released on 5 September 1988. It had a more pop sound than their previous albums. It got very good reviews. Q gave it 5 stars.

In 1991, Superstition, the Banshees' tenth album, was released. The single "Kiss Them for Me" became their biggest US hit.

In 1995, they released their last album, The Rapture. A few weeks later, Polydor dropped them from their label. Guitarist Klein was replaced with Knox Chandler for the band's last tour.

Discography
 The Scream (1978)
 Join Hands (1979)
 Kaleidoscope (1980)
 Juju (1981)
 A Kiss in the Dreamhouse (1982)
 Hyæna (1984)
 Tinderbox (1986)
 Through the Looking Glass (1987)
 Peepshow (1988)
 Superstition (1991)
 The Rapture (1995)

Other websites
 Siouxsieandthebanshees.co.uk Official website
 Siouxsie.com  Official website

English rock bands
1976 establishments in the United Kingdom
1996 disestablishments in England
History of bus transport in Hong Kong

The history of bus transport in Hong Kong started in 1920 when the first bus route started providing service.

During and after WWII 
While there was the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese government had tried to turn bus service to the status before the war. However, it wasn't successful since there has run out of petrol.

After WWII, the bus companies temporarily used vans to carry the passages. They used back buses after about 100 buses were bought from the UK.

B
Bus transport
Arrondissements of the Hautes-Pyrénées department

There are 3 arrondissements in the Hautes-Pyrénées department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into cantons and communes.

The arrondissements of the Hautes-Pyrénées are:

History
Since its creation, the Hautes-Pyrénées department has had few changes:
 1790 : creation of the department with five districts: Tarbes, Bagnères, Vic, la Montagne (Argelès), les Quatre Vallées (La Barthe de Neste)
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Tarbes, Argelès-Gazost, Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 1926 : the arrondissement of Argelès-Gazost is eliminated
 1942 : restoration of the arrondissement of Argelès-Gazost

References

Hautes-Pyrenees
Occitanie
Ring theory

Ring theory is a theory from algebra. In algebra a ring is a structure where multiplication and addition are defined. Rings are similar structures to that of integers.

Algebra
Aurangzeb

Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad also known as Aurangzeb or by his title Alamgir  was the sixth emperor of the Mughal Empire. He ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent through Islamic Sharia. His reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707. During this time, Aurangzeb greatly expanded the territory of the Mughal Empire. He was constantly at war. Victories in the south expanded the Empire to more than 4 million square kilometres as he was the only ruler after Emperor Ashoka to ruled over such a largest land as a result unifying the entirety of Indian Subcontinent (South Asia) under one ruler after two millennium. His empire was the world's largest economy, valued 27% of world's GDP. He was the last great and powerful ruler of the Mughal dynasty. After his death, the power of the Mughal Empire declined quickly due to weak and ineffective successors. His administration of Mughal empire led to its apex in terms of territory and wealth. He defeated the British in their fruitless attempt to colonize India as matter of fact after the humiliating defeat of Brits (EIC), they had to prostrate on mat before the emperor and begged for forgiveness but were forgiven later after paying a large sum in compensation and promise never to dare such insolence. Emperor Aurangzeb's exchequer raised a record £100 million in annual revenue through various sources like taxes, customs and land revenue, et al. from 24 provinces. He had an annual yearly revenue of $450 million, more than ten times that of his contemporary {Louis XIV of France}. 
Aurangzeb was well educated and ambitious. He compiled the Fatawa Alamgiri, which served as the Islamic law of India.

His full name was Abdul Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Mohammad Aurangzeb. His imperial title was Alamgir, which means 'The World Conqueror'.

Aurangzeb's Reforms
He reintroduced the practice of Jaziya (which is 2.5 percent of an individual's annual savings) and banned the old Hindu practice of suttee. He banned the consumption of alcohol and singing in court.

He was popular with traders as he abolished more than 80 sort of local taxes levied by the previous rulers

References

Other websites 

 Aurangzeb, as he was according to Mughal Records

Muslims
Religious leaders
Mughal emperors
1618 births
1707 deaths
Wii Sports Club

Wii Sports Club/Wii Sports 3 is a sports video game for the Wii U. It has high definition remakes of the sports seen in the 2006 Wii video game Wii Sports which can be downloaded from the Wii U's eShop service. The first two sports, bowling and tennis, were released in Japan on October 30, 2013, in Europe and North America on November 7, 2013, and in Australia and New Zealand on November 8, 2013. Other sports will be released at a later date.

Like in Wii Sports, players use the Wii Remote to make movements like the ones seen in the real-life sports, including tennis, bowling, baseball, golf, and boxing. However, like in Wii Sports Resort, the player has to use the Wii MotionPlus to play the game. Players can join clubs that are of different places around the world. They can play against people in the club. Players can talk to other players with messages and drawings from the Wii U GamePad.

References

Other websites

2013 video games
Wii U games
Judgment Day (2001)

Judgment Day (2001) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on May 20, 2001 at the ARCO Arena in Sacramento, California. It was the third Judgment Day event held by the WWF.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Judgment Day 2001 website

2001 in professional wrestling
History of Sacramento, California
WWE Judgment Day
2001 in California
May events
Selfishness

Selfishness is having more concern for yourself than for others. It is caring, through thoughts or actions, more about your own needs than the needs and well-being of other people. It may be accompanied by a lack of empathy. Selfishness is the opposite of selflessness. It is also different, though related, to self-centredness and self-affirmation. Many psychologists approve of a healthy level of selfishness, in order for some people to stay happy.

In the study of ethics and morality, selfishness is usually considered bad. In contrast, acts of selflessness are praised. Wider debate about it, however, such as in philosophy, psychology and economics, has shown that scholars have had many different opinions about its value and consequences. In most major religions, selfishness is considered an immoral or bad habit. In Christianity, it is associated with pride, often considered the worst of the Seven deadly sins. Aristotle condemned men who would only try to profit themselves; but he approved of those who would try to gain the praise from others that he deserved.

In the context of modern-day economics, there is a much wider opinion. Bernard Mandeville has argued that the economic advancement of society depends on selfish actions. Ayn Rand argued that selfishness is a virtue and the cause of all progress.

References

Other websites
What is Selfish?

Narcissism
Ethics
Judgment Day (2000)

Judgment Day (2000) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on May 20, 2000 at the Freedom Hall in Louisville, Kentucky. It was the second Judgment Day event held by the WWF and the first annual.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Judgment Day 2000 website

2000 in professional wrestling
Louisville, Kentucky
WWE Judgment Day
2000 in the United States
History of Kentucky
Division of Hume

The Division of Hume is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of New South Wales. It was one of the 75 divisions set up for the first Federal election in 1901. It was named after Hamilton Hume, one of the first Europeans to travel through the area.

Location
The Division is in the central part of the state, north of the Australian Capital Territory. The Division covers a predominantly rural area, with agriculture and coal mining the main industries. It includes Bargo, Binalong, Boorowa, Bundanoon, Buxton, Caragabal, Colo Vale, Cootamundra, Cowra, Crookwell, Gooloogong, Goulburn, Grenfell, Gundaroo, Gunning, Harden/Murrumburrah, High Range, Hill Top, Joadja, Jugiong, Marulan, Murrumbateman, Oakdale, Picton, Quandialla, Stockinbingal, Sutton, Tahmoor, Tarago, The Oaks, Thirlmere, Wallendbeen, Wilton, Yass and Young.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Hume - Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
New South Wales
1901 establishments in Australia
Extreme Rules (2013)

Extreme Rules (2013) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on May 19, 2013 at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis, Missouri. It was the fifth Extreme Rules event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Extreme Rules 2013 website

2013 in professional wrestling
Sports in St. Louis, Missouri
WWE Extreme Rules
2013 in the United States
2010s in St. Louis, Missouri
East Pakistan Central Peace Committee

East Pakistan central peace committee (, ) was one of several committees formed in 1971 by the administration of the Pakistan Army. It was created to help stop the rebellion in the former East Pakistan region (what is now Bangladesh). The rebels wanted independence for East Pakistan.

The committee was commonly known as the Peace Committee or Shanti Committee after Shanti Bahini.

History of Bangladesh
History of Pakistan
Bangladesh Liberation War
1971 establishments in Asia
1970s establishments in Pakistan
USS Ronald Reagan

USS Ronald Reagan is a nuclear-powered naval ship in the service of the United States Navy. The ninth ship of her class, she is named in honor of former President Ronald Reagan, President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Upon her christening in 2001, she was the first ship to be named for a former president still living at the time.

As of May 2012 the ship is operationally part of Carrier Strike Group Nine and administratively under the command of Commander, Naval Air Forces Pacific/Commander, Naval Air Forces. The two administrative titles actually refer to one command carrying out two functions.

Unlike most of the other men honored by inclusion in this group, Reagan was not associated with the United States Navy, apart from his term as Commander-in-Chief, though one of his key initiatives in office was the 600-ship Navy program. 

Ronald did not attend the christening of the USS Ronald Reagan because of his ill health from Alzheimer's disease. His wife, Nancy Reagan, christened the naval ship along with then-President of the United States George W. Bush.

The naval ship was on a voyage when Reagan died on June 5, 2004.

References

Other websites

 The official Ronald Reagan web site 
 U.S. Navy story archive for USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) 
 USS Ronald Reagan history at U.S. Carriers
 US Navy Aircraft Carrier Page 

Things named after Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan (CVN-76)
Extreme Rules (2012)

Extreme Rules (2012) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on April 29, 2012 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois. It was the fourth Extreme Rules event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Extreme Rules 2012 website

2012 in professional wrestling
WWE Extreme Rules
2012 in American television
2010s in Illinois
Manfred Rommel

Manfred Rommel, Hon. CBE (24 December 1928 – 7 November 2013) was a German politician. He belonged to the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He was Lord Mayor of Stuttgart from 1974 until 1996. He was the only son of Erwin Rommel and his wife Lucia Maria Mollin.

Rommel was born on 24 December 1928 in Stuttgart, Weimar Republic, Germany. He was married to Liselotte Rommel from 1954 until his death in 2013. They had a daughter, Cathrine Rommel. Rommel died on 7 November 2013 from Parkinson's disease in Stuttgart, Germany. He was 84 years old.

References

Other websites
 
 WAS MACHT EIGENTLICH...: Manfred Rommel

1928 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Germany
German lawyers
German mayors
People from Stuttgart
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Amparo Rivelles

Amparo Rivelles, (real name: María Amparo Rivelles Ladrón de Guevara) (11 February 1925 – 7 November 2013) was a Spanish actress.

Rivelles was born on 11 February 1925 in Madrid, Spain.

In the beginning of her career, she was known as Amparito Rivelles.

She worked in Cinema of Mexico and in telenovelas. Grandchildren of theatre couple  Jaime Rivelles and Amparo Guillén, Rivelles was the sister of famous Carlos Larrañaga actor, and aunt of Luis Merlo, Amparo Larrañaga and Pedro Larrañaga.

Rivelles died on 7 November 2013 in Madrid, Spain from unknown causes, aged 88.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2013 deaths
Spanish movie actors
Spanish television actors
Spanish stage actors
People from Madrid
Virginia Plan

The Virginia Plan was a proposal made by Virginia delegates at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. James Madison drafted the plan for a government with 3 subdivisions, or branches that would be equal in power. It also proposed states with large populations have more representatives. States with small populations would have fewer representatives. The plan called for a congress with new powers to tax and make laws. It also proposed a president and a supreme court. Ultimately, this created a strong central government separated into three branches. The resolutions went well beyond making minor changes to the Articles of Confederation. It succeeded in expanding the debate to include basic changes to the structure and powers of the national government.
Later on, the Virginia plan was modified and accepted as the United States Constitution. 

American Revolutionary War
1787 in the United States
United States Constitution
18th century in Virginia
Brian Pillman

Brian William Pillman, Sr. (May 22, 1962 – October 5, 1997) was an American professional wrestler and football player. He is known for competing in World Championship Wrestling, Extreme Championship Wrestling and the World Wrestling Federation in the 1990s.

He was well known as "The Loose Cannon", which was a gimmick that would see him do worked shoots that would gain him infamy for his unpredictable character.

Before becoming a professional wrestler, Pillman played football in the NFL for the Cincinnati Bengals and in the CFL for the Calgary Stampeders.

Pillman was found dead by police in his Bloomington, Minnesota hotel room on October 5, 1997 from a previously undetected heart condition called arteriosclerotic heart disease. That same night, Pillman was supposed to face Dude Love on the WWF pay-per-view Badd Blood: In Your House.

Championships
Jim Crockett Promotions / World Championship Wrestling
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Tom Zenk)
NWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with "Stunning" Steve Austin)
WCW Light Heavyweight Championship (two times)
WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with "Stunning" Steve Austin)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #84 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" by PWI in 2003.
Stampede Wrestling
Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Bruce Hart)
Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
5 Star Match (1991) with Sting, Rick Steiner, and Scott Steiner vs. Ric Flair, Larry Zbyszko, Barry Windham, and Sid Vicious (February 24, WarGames match, WrestleWar)
Feud of the Year (1997) with Bret Hart, Owen Hart, Jim Neidhart, and Davey Boy Smith vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin
Most Underrated (1994)
Rookie of the Year (1987)
Tag Team of the Year (1993) with Steve Austin as The Hollywood Blonds

References

Other websites
WWE profile

1962 births
1997 deaths
American football linebackers
American professional wrestlers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Cincinnati Bengals players
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Ohio
Third-person view

In video games, third-person means the game shows the playable character on screen, allowing the camera to freely move around them. This view is most common in action and action-adventure games.

Related pages 
 Third-person shooter

Video game design
Lythronax

Lythronax is an extinct genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur. It lived about 80 million years ago (mya) in what is now southern Utah. L. argestes is the oldest known tyrannosaurid based on its stratigraphic position.

Comparisons to its close relatives suggest that Lythronax would have been about  long, with a weight of around  and had a large skull filled with sharp teeth. 

The rostrum is comparatively short: it makes up less than two thirds of the total skull length. The whole skull is very broad, 0.4 times as wide as long. Overall, the skull is similar to that of Tyrannosaurus and Tarbosaurus. Its robust jaws have two sizes of teeth: its first five teeth are much larger than the other six. Behind the skull, the rest of the skeleton is similar to that of other tyrannosaurids.

References

Cretaceous dinosaurs
Dinosaurs of North America
Tyrannosaurids
Hudson Institute

The Hudson Institute is an American conservative non-profit think tank based in Washington D.C.  It was founded in 1961 in Croton-on-Hudson, New York, by futurist, military strategist, and systems theorist Herman Kahn and his colleagues at the RAND Corporation.

The Institute is committed to innovative research and analysis that promotes ‘global security, prosperity and freedom’. It promotes public policy change in accordance with its stated values: 
"commitment to free markets and individual responsibility, confidence in the power of technology to assist progress, respect for the importance of culture and religion in human affairs, and determination to preserve America's national security".

The Capital Research Center, gives Hudson a 7 on its ideological spectrum (8 is "Free Market Right" and 1 is "Radical Left").

In March 2011, Kenneth R. Weinstein was appointed president and CEO of the institute replacing Herbert London.

References

Non-profit organizations of Washington, D.C.
Think tanks based in the United States
1961 establishments in the United States
RAND Corporation

The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit global policy think tank first formed to offer research and analysis to the United States Armed Forces. The RAND was started in 1946 inside the Douglas Aircraft Company. It was set up as an independent corporation in 1948. The name was taken from R&D (research and development), though in fact it did no development.

Past 
Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped form United States policy decisions on many issues: the space race, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, the digital revolution, and national health care. It was best known for the doctrine of nuclear deterrence by mutually assured destruction (MAD), based upon their work with game theory. Chief strategist Herman Kahn discussed the idea of a "winnable" nuclear exchange in his 1960 book On Thermonuclear War. This led to Kahn being one of the models for "Dr Strangelove" in Dr. Strangelove. In the movie, RAND is spoofed as the "BLAND Corporation".

Present 
The RAND is now financed by the U.S. government and private endowment, corporations, the healthcare industry, universities, and private individuals. 

The organization now works with other governments, private foundations, international organizations, and commercial organizations on a host of non-defence issues. RAND techniques were based on operations research (O.R.) which started in World War II. O.R. is the interdisciplinary application of scientific thinking to problem-solving. It relies mostly on the hard sciences like physics and mathematics, and economics. However, some famous biologists and social scientists have worked with RAND at times, and the importance of social ideas and thinking is more important than ever today.

RAND has about 1,700 employees and three principal North American locations: Santa Monica, California (headquarters); Arlington, Virginia; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The RAND Gulf States Policy Institute has offices in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Jackson, Mississippi. RAND Europe is located in Cambridge, England, and Brussels, Belgium. The RAND-Qatar Policy Institute is in Doha, Qatar. RAND's newest office is in Boston, Massachusetts.

RAND is also home to the Pardee RAND School, which is the world's largest Ph.D.-granting program in policy analysis. Unlike many other universities, all PARDEE RAND Graduate School students receive fellowships in order to cover their education costs. RAND also offers a number of internship and fellowship programs allowing students and outsiders to assist in conducting research for RAND projects. Most of these projects are short-term and are worked on independently with the mentoring of a RAND staff members.

RAND publishes the RAND Journal of Economics, a peer-reviewed journal of economics.

To date, 32 winners of a Nobel Prize, mainly in economics and physics, have been  associated with the RAND at some point in their career.

References 

Non-profit organizations of California
Santa Monica, California
Think tanks based in the United States
1948 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in California
Siouxsie Sioux

Siouxsie Sioux (born Susan Janet Ballion, 27 May 1957), is an English singer-songwriter. She is best known as the lead singer of rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees (1976–1996). They released 11 studio albums in their career and two UK top ten singles, "Hong Kong Garden" and "Dear Prudence". 

In 1981, Sioux and drummer Budgie made a side-project called The Creatures. They released four studio albums and broke up in 2005. In 1994 she released a single with Morrissey called "Interlude". That year she also sang on a Hector Zazou song called "The Lighthouse". In 2004 she started performing on her own as Siouxsie. Her first solo album, Mantaray, was released in 2007. In June 2013 she performed for the first time in five years at the Royal Festival Hall in London. 

She plays guitar, piano, bass, and percussion.  Her voice is in the coloratura contralto range.

Personal life
In 1991 Sioux married Budgie, the Banshees' drummer. She said in an interview with The Sunday Times in 2007 that they had divorced. She lives in France.

References

Weblink
 Siouxsie.com

Living people
1957 births
English singer-songwriters
Brookings Institution

The Brookings Institution is an American think tank based in Washington, D.C. in the United States. One of Washington's oldest think tanks, Brookings conducts research and education in the social sciences, mainly in economics, policy, government, foreign policy, and global economy and development. In the University of Pennsylvania’s 2012 Global go-to think tanks report, Brookings is ranked the most influential think tank in the world.

Its mission is:
 "to provide innovative and practical recommendations that advance three broad goals: strengthen American democracy; foster the economic and social welfare, security and opportunity of all Americans; and secure a more open, safe, prosperous, and cooperative international system".

Brookings states that its scholars "represent diverse points of view" and describes itself as non-partisan. The media describe Brookings as "liberal-centrist" or "centrist". An analysis of Congressional records from 1993 to 2002 found that Brookings was referenced by conservative politicians almost as often as liberal politicians. It got a score of 53 on a 1-100 scale with 100 the most liberal score. The same study found Brookings to be the most frequently cited think tank by the U.S. media and  politicians.

References 

Think tanks based in the United States
Non-profit organizations of Washington, D.C.
1910s establishments in Washington, D.C.
1916 establishments in the United States
Robert Smith

Robert James Smith (born 30 May 1956) is an English musician. He is best known for being the lead singer of The Cure. He has been the only constant member in the band's 37-year history. They have released 13 studio albums and 10 EPs. Their biggest UK hit so far is "Lullaby", which reached number 5. Their biggest US hit is "Lovesong". He was also guitarist for Siouxsie and the Banshees and in 1982 he released an album called Blue Sunshine with the Banshees' Steven Severin under the name The Glove. He has worked with other bands like Crystal Castles. He has also sung songs on his own for movie soundtracks.

Personal life 
Smith can play guitar, bass guitar, double bass, keyboard, violin, flute and trumpet. He has a tenor vocal range. He is married to Mary Poole, who he met at the age of 14 in a drama class.

Smith was born in Blackpool, Lancashire. In 1958, his family moved to Horley, Surrey. In 1960, they moved to Crawley, West Sussex. He was raised Catholic but later became an atheist. His first band, The Crawley Goat Band, was at the age of 14. In 1974, Smith was a member of a pub rock band called Malice. Smith then formed a band with members of Malice called Easy Cure. In 1976 they became The Cure. In 1979 they released their first album, Three Imaginary Boys. It got good reviews. In 1999, Smith was going to end The Cure but Ross Robinson persuaded him not to.

Awards and recognitions 
Tim Burton gave Smith the Shockwaves NME Godlike Genius Award in 2006. 

There have been lots of references to Smith in pop culture. In 2004 in episode 11 of series 2 of The Mighty Boosh Vince Noir says to Howard Moon that he can spend the evening with two goth girls if he dresses like a goth. Vince gives Howard a can of "Goth Juice: the most powerful hairspray known to man, made from the tears of Robert Smith". Lush made a hair gel inspired by this called Goth Juice that says 'made from the tears of Robert Smith' on the pot, but they don't make it anymore. 

Smith appeared in the twelfth episode of season 1 of South Park, "Mecha-Streisand" in 1998. At the time the episode brought South Park their biggest number of viewers for an episode to date.

References

1956 births
Living people
English rock musicians
English rock singers
Musicians from Blackpool
People from West Sussex
Singers from Surrey
Singers from Sussex
Royal United Services Institute

The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (RUSI)  is a British defence and security think tank. 

It was founded in 1831 by the Duke of Wellington. RUSI describes itself as "the leading forum in the UK for national and international Defence and Security". It won Prospect Magazine's Think Tank of the Year Award 2008. In 2009, the same magazine named RUSI "Foreign Policy Think Tank of the Year". In 2011 RUSI celebrated its 180th Anniversary.
	
RUSI's Director is Michael Clarke and its President is HRH the Duke of Kent.

References

London
Think tanks
Non-profit organizations of Europe
1831 establishments in Europe
Organisations based in the United Kingdom
1830s establishments in the United Kingdom
Zazen

Zazen (literally "seated meditation"; ; ) is a form of meditation in Zen Buddhism. It can calm the body and the mind.

Buddhist terminology
Meditation
Sarah Fimm

Sarah Fimm is a singer-songwriter from Oklahoma. She lives in Woodstock, New York. She has released six albums. Her first album, Cocooned, was released in 2001.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Oklahoma
Guennol Lioness

The Guennol Lioness is a 5,000-year-old Mesopotamian statue found near Baghdad, Iraq. It shows the form of a muscular anthropomorphic lioness-woman.

The sculpture sold for $57.2 million at Sotheby's auction house on December 5, 2007. The sculpture was on loan to the Brooklyn Museum of Art until it was purchased at auction by an English collector.

The limestone sculpture is just over 8 cm (3.25 in) tall. It was described by Sotheby's as "one of the last known masterworks from the dawn of civilization remaining in private hands". One day before the auction, experts had been estimating that the highest bid would be between $14 million and $18 million.

At the time of its 2007 sale, the price paid at auction for the Guennol Lioness was the highest paid for a sculpture to that date. It easily exceeded the record of Pablo Picasso's Tete de femme (Dora Maar). On 3 February 2010, however, the second edition of the cast of the sculpture L'Homme qui marche I (Walking Man I) by Alberto Giacometti sold for £65,001,250 ($104,327,006) and overtook the Guennol Lioness as the most expensive sculpture ever sold at auction.

This lioness-woman sculpture is an Elamite figure believed to have been created about 3000–2800 B.C. Its historical significance is that it was made about the same time as the first known use of the wheel, the development of cuneiform writing, and the emergence of the first cities.

Many ancient Near East deities were represented as anthropomorphic figures. Such images evoked the Mesopotamian belief in attaining power over the physical world by combining the superior physical attributes of various species. It is possible that the nearby Sumerians borrowed this powerful artistic hybrid from the Proto-Elamites. The lioness was the frequent subject of veneration among cultures familiar with the well-coordinated hunting of female lions.

References 

Sculptures
Mesopotamia
Lana Del Rey

Elizabeth Woolridge Grant (born June 21, 1985), known by her stage name Lana Del Rey, is an American singer and songwriter from New York. She has sold about 19.1 million albums and 13 million singles around the world. She has released six albums and four EPs since 2008.

Career
She released her first EP "Kill Kill" as Lizzy Grant in 2008. Two years later, she released her first studio album, titled Lana Del Ray, by 5 Points Records. However, the album was pulled three months after its release. She released her first single as Lana Del Rey, "Video Games", in August 2011. It reached number one in the singles charts in Finland, Denmark,Germany, Japan, Slovakia, Scotland, and Luxembourg. Her second album Born to Die reached number 1 in the UK Albums Chart when it was released on January 27, 2012. Born to Die was reissued on November 9, 2012 as Born to Die: The Paradise Edition, which featured eight new songs. The new songs were featured in the separate EP, Paradise. In 2013 "Young and Beautiful" was on the soundtrack to The Great Gatsby. Her third studio album, Ultraviolence, was released in 2014. A short film, Tropico, was released on the website VEVO on December 5. It has songs from her Paradise EP in it.  She has also modelled for H&M.

Del Rey's song "Young and Beautiful" was nominated for the award for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 2014 Grammy Awards. Paradise was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album.

On April 14, 2014, the first single from Ultraviolence, "West Coast", was released.

Her fourth studio album, Honeymoon, was released on September 18, 2015. 

The fifth studio album of Del Rey, Lust for Life, was released on July 21, 2017. Four singles were previously released, being "Love", title track "Lust for Life" with The Weeknd, "Summer Bummer" with ASAP Rocky and Playboi Carti, and "Groupie Love", also with ASAP Rocky.

Del Rey's sixth studio album, Norman Fucking Rockwell!, was released on August 30, 2019. The album was well-received by critics.

Personal life
Del Rey was born in New York City. Lana began singing in her Church choir at a young age, where she was the cantor. She was raised Catholic. When she was fifteen she was sent to Kent School, a boarding school in Connecticut, to deal with her alcoholism. When she was 18 she moved to Bronx to study metaphysics at Fordham University.

Discography 
EP's:
 Kill Kill (2008)
 Lana Del Rey (2012)
 Paradise (2012)
 Tropico (2013)
Albums:
 Lana Del Ray (2010)
 Born to Die (2012)
 Ultraviolence (2014)
 Honeymoon (2015)
 Lust for Life (2017)
 Norman Fucking Rockwell! (2019)
 Chemtrails over the Country Club (2021)
Blue Banisters (2021)

References

Other websites

Official websit

Living people
1985 births
American guitarists
Singer-songwriters from New York
Brit Award winners
Kelly Chen

Kelly Chen Wai-lam (born 13 September 1972) is a Hong Kong Cantopop singer and actress. She sings in Cantonese, English, Japanese, and Mandarin. She has released thirty-two studio albums. In 2009 the World Economic Forum chose her as one of the year's "Young Global Leaders". She has appeared in many TV commercials. She is signed to the record label Go East Entertainment Ltd, HK. In 2002 she started the Kelly Chen Children Education Fund.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Living people
1972 births
Singers from Hong Kong
Actors from Hong Kong
Aminah

Aminah bint Wahb ( ; died 577 AD) was the mother of the prophet Muhammad.

References

Islam
577 deaths
Arab people
Year of birth unknown
Léa Seydoux

Léa Hélène Seydoux-Fornier de Clausonne (born 1 July 1985) is a French actress. In 2013, she won the Palme d'Or prize at the Cannes Film Festival for the movie Blue Is the Warmest Colour. She is also known for her role as Bond girl Madeleine Swann in Spectre (2015), and reprise the role in No Time to Die (2021).

References

Other websites 
 

1985 births
Living people
French movie actors
French television actors
French stage actors
French voice actors
Actors from Paris
Actresses who played Bond girls
St. Bees School

St. Bees School is a boarding school for boys and girls aged 4-18 in St. Bees, a West Cumbrian village. It was started in 1583 by the then Archbishop of Canterbury, Edmund Grindal as a boys' "free grammar school". The term 'free' did not mean that the school didn't charge the students, but that the school wasn't ruled by the Church. In 1976 the school became open to girls. The school grounds are about 250 acres (1,000,000 m2).
In 2013, 100% of GCSEs were A*-C, and 43% were A*/A. The school has a swimming pool which can be used by people who don't go to the school.

Schools in England
1583 establishments
Cumbria
1580s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in England
Extreme Rules (2010)

Extreme Rules (2010) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment. It was held on April 25, 2010 at the 1st Mariner Arena in Baltimore, Maryland. It was the second Extreme Rules event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Extreme Rules 2010 website

2010 in professional wrestling
Sports in Baltimore
WWE Extreme Rules
2010s in Baltimore
2010 in the United States
Daughter (band)

Daughter is an English indie rock band from London. They released their first album If You Leave in 2013, which reached 16 in the UK Albums Chart.

Career
At first, Daughter was just a name for the music of singer Elena Tonra. Then Tonra met guitarist Igor Haefeli and drummer Remi Aguilella at London's the Institute of Contemporary Music Performance and made Daughter a band. Haefeli is Tonra's boyfriend. In April 2011 they released their first EP, His Young Heart.  On October 2 2011 their second EP was released by Communion Records. In 2012 they were signed to the British record label 4AD. Daughter's first single "Smother" was released in 2012. "Youth" was played in UK drama Skins in the eighth episode of series six and in Grey's Anatomy and Mistresses.  

In March 2013 Daughter's first album If You Leave was released by 4AD. It got mostly good reviews.

Daughter performed at the John Peel stage at Glastonbury Festival 2013. This was the first time they were on UK TV. They are currently touring Europe.

On 28 October 2013 the fourth single was released from If You Leave, "Amsterdam".

"Human", the third single from If You Leave, is on Zane Lowe's 100 Hottest Records of 2013.

In December 2013 NME put If You Leave on their list of 50 Best Albums Of 2013.

Discography

Studio albums 
 If You Leave (2013)
 Not to Disappear (2016)

Soundtrack albums 
 Music from Before the Storm (2017)

EP:s 
 Demos (2010)
 His Young Heart (2011)
 The Wild Youth (2011)
 4AD Sessions (2014)

Singles 
 "Smother" (2012)
 "Human" (2013)
 "Youth" (2013)
 "Doing the Right Thing" (2015)
 "Numbers" (2015)
 "How" (2016)
 "No Care" (2016)
 "The End" (2016
 "Burn It Down" (2017)

References

Other websites
Official website

Musical groups established in 2010
English rock bands
Indie rock bands
Musical groups from London
Xiu Xiu

Xiu Xiu is an American band formed in 2002. The members are Jamie Stewart, the band's only constant member, Shayna Dunkelman, Ches Smith, and Angela Seo. They have released 9 studio albums.

Career
They released their first album, Knife Play, in 2002. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 8.3/10. In 2008 they released Women As Lovers. The sixth song on the album, "Under Pressure", is a cover of a 1981 song by Queen and David Bowie. Michael Gera sings in it. The version of the album on American iTunes has seven extra tracks.

They released their ninth album, Always, in 2012. On December 2 2012 they released an album of covers of Nina Simone songs called Nina. Xiu Xiu released their ninth studio album Angel Guts: Red Classroom on February 4, 2014. Unclouded Sky will be released later in 2014.

Other websites
Official website

American musical groups
2002 establishments in the United States
Bath Spa railway station

Bath Spa railway station is the main railway station in the city of Bath, Somerset, in South West England It's served by First Great Western, South West Trains and CrossCountry. It is on the Great Western Main Line and joins  the Wessex Main Line via Bradford-on-Avon.

Future

There are plans to electrify the Great Western mainline, which would make trains faster and bigger, shortening journey times. This will also make the journey a lot quicker and smoother.

Changes to the station
First Great Western has manage Bath Spa. As of 2005, the main building is listed (protected).  Building work has taken place at the station, like changes to the building, with the more lifts to the platforms. They also have ticket barriers.

There were other changes in 2011 with a new bus station, and change some of the station car parks into a restaurant complex, costing £12 million.

References

Bath, Somerset
Railway stations in England
Philotes (mythology)

Philotes () was a minor Greek goddess. She was a daughter of Nyx. She is the personification of affection, sexual intercourse and friendship.

Greek gods and goddesses
Suffolk Coastal

Suffolk Coastal is a local government district in Suffolk, England. Its council is based in Woodbridge. Other towns include Felixstowe. It was organized on April 1, 1974.

 
1974 establishments in England
Guernésiais

Guernésiais is a Norman language spoken on the Channel island of Guernsey. It is related to the Jèrriais langauge on nearby Jersey island. It is part of the Oïl languages family. Only 2% of the island's people speak the language.

Languages of the Channel Islands
Guernsey
No Way Out (2012)

No Way Out (2012) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on June 17, 2012 at the Izod Center in East Rutherford, New Jersey. It was the twelfth No Way Out event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official No Way Out 2012 website

2012 in professional wrestling
WWE No Way Out
2012 in American television
2010s in New Jersey
Apate

In Greek mythology, Apate was the personification of deceit. She was one of the evil spirits released from Pandora's box. Her mother was Nyx, the personification of night. Her father was Erebos, the personification of darkness.

Related pages
 List of figures in Greek mythology: Personified concepts

References

Greek gods and goddesses
Olympe de Gouges

Olympe de Gouges (; born Marie Gouze; 7 May 17483 November 1793) was a French activist, feminist, playwright, and political writer.

She was born in Montauban, France. De Gouges never went to school. She had strong opinions about politics, and she liked to write about her opinions.  

In 1765, when de Gouges was 17, she married a French officer, named Louis Aubrey, who was older than her. They had one child together. Three years later, Louis died of old age. De Gouges was heartbroken, and never married again.

De Gouges wanted to be a writer. So, she moved to Paris, and left her son behind. She made a writer name out of her parents names mixed together.

She used high ranking men to gain power. When she started writing, she wrote plays, political documents, and novels. Some of her work was: Le Mariage inattendu de Cheacute;rubin and Zamore et Mirza ou l'Heureux naufrage.

She started to write documents about human rights, mostly for women.  At the time, France was divided about rights. De Gouges may not have saved her country, but she did give her opinion to this debate.

References

1748 births
1793 deaths
Abolitionists
Executed French people
Feminist writers
French feminists
French playwrights
People executed by decapitation
Stanley Milgram

Stanley Milgram (August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was an American social psychologist. He is most famous for his controversial study about obedience to authority figures. In these experiments, Milgram showed that about two out of three people would follow orders of an authority figure to the point of risking the life of, or perhaps even killing, an innocent person.  He got the idea from the Holocaust. He wrote a book about his experiments called Obedience to Authority.

The idea of six degrees of separation comes from Milgram's 1967 small-world experiment. It has been criticized a lot, but in 2008 Microsoft found that the average chain of contacts between users of its '.NET Messenger Service' was 6.6 people. A study published in the January 2014 volume of Computers in Human Behavior found that the average number of acquaintances separating people in unusual jobs is 3.9, and 3.2 for average Facebook users.

Early life
Milgram was born to a Jewish family in New York City.

References

1933 births
1984 deaths
American psychologists
Jewish American scientists
Scientists from New York City