cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Events 
 January 6 – The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes is born.
 March 20 –The Boston Public Library opens to the public.
June 24 - Franz Liszt shows Franz Schubert's opera Alfonso und Estrella in Weimar. This was thirty-two years after it was composed.
 August 9 –Johann succeeds to the throne of Saxony on the death of his brother.
 October 6 –The great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead in England
 November 5 –Crimean War – Battle of Inkerman: The Russians are defeated.
 December 3 – Eureka Stockade miner's rebellion, Ballarat, Australia
 The French fashion label Louis Vuitton is founded.

Births 

 January 1 – James George Frazer, Scottish social anthropologist (d. 1941)
 March 15 – Emil von Behring, German physiologist, 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1917)
 April 29 –Henri Poincaré, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1912)
 June 26 –Robert Borden, 8th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1937)
 July 27 –Takahashi Korekiyo, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1936)
 October 3 –William C. Gorgas, American physician and Surgeon General (d. 1920)
 October 16 – Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (d. 1900)
 November 17 –Hubert Lyautey, Marshal of France (d. 1934)
 December 23 –Victoriano Huerta, President of Mexico (d. 1916)

Deaths 
 February 17 –John Martin, English painter (b. 1789)
 April 11 –Karl Adolph von Basedow, German physician (b. 1799)
 June 7 – Charles Baudin, French admiral (b. 1784)
 July 6 –Georg Ohm, German physicist (b. 1789)
 August 21 –Thomas Clayton, American lawyer and politician (b. 1777)
 September 8 –Angelo Mai, Italian cardinal and philologist (b. 1782)
 October 26 –Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen, queen consort of Bavaria (b. 1792)
 November 25 –John Gibson Lockhart, Scottish writer (b. 1794)
 December 9 –Almeida Garrett, Portuguese writer (b. 1799)
 December 15 –Kamehameha III, King of Hawaii (b. c. 1814)

New books

Charles Dickens – Hard Times
Fanny Fern – Ruth Hall
Nathaniel Hawthorne – Mosses from an Old Manse
Caroline Lee Hentz – The Planter's Northern Bride
Alfred Tennyson – "The Charge of the Light Brigade"
Henry David Thoreau – Walden, or Life in the Woods
Leo Tolstoy – Boyhood
1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian Calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday in the Julian Calendar.  It was the last year of the 19th century.

Art, music, theatre, literature 
 May 17 – The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum is published.

Events 
 February 9 – The Boers defeat the British at Ladysmith, South Africa.
 The Olympic Games took place in Paris.

Births 
 March 29 – John McEwen, eighteenth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1980)
 April 16 – Polly Adler, Russian writer (d. 1962)
 April 26 – Charles Richter, American geophysicist and inventor (d. 1985)
 June 17 – Martin Bormann, Nazi-German politician (d. 1945)
 August 4 – Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, queen of George VI of the United Kingdom (d. 2002)
 October 7 – Heinrich Himmler, Nazi official (d. 1945)
 November 14 – Aaron Copland, American composer (d. 1990)

Deaths 
 June 5 – Stephen Crane, American writer (b. 1871)
 August 25 – Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher and writer (b. 1844)
 November 22 – Sir Arthur Sullivan. English composer (b. 1842)
 November 30 – Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (b. 1854)
A birdbox is a human-made, usually wooden box used as a house for birds. It is suitable as a bird home because it is similar to a natural bird home, such as a hollow tree, and birds often make nests inside birdboxes. Birdboxes are often put on trees. They are often made by people who are fond of birds, but they are also useful for studying birds. For domesticated birds, birdboxes are often used for breeding.

Most birdboxes feature a simple design with of six planks ordered in a cube, with a hole in a wall where birds can go in and out. Common additions include a small stick outside the hole on which birds can sit on, and a sloping roof to make rainwater run off. Some can however be highly detailed and decorated, depending on the maker's preferences. They can also be made from things like logs or gourds. They come in many sizes, depending on the size of the bird type the box is made for. Most birdboxes are small, but some, such as ones made for owls or parrots, can be quite large.

Although birdboxes are intended for birds, many other animals can inhabit them as well. Examples include bees that make beehives inside them, and squirrels.

Images

Videos

Birds
An accent is the way a person speaks. 

Some people pronounce words differently. A lot of the time, different countries that speak the same language pronounce the same words in a different way. Usually they can understand each-other, but they will notice that they sound a little different.

Sometimes, people will talk about someone's accent.  They might say that the person has a German accent, or an Australian accent. An accent is the way you say the words.   If you notice someone has (for example) a British accent, you can understand them (you know what they are saying), but also know they came from Britain.

The way a person says words usually comes from where the person was a child (where they "grew up", or their "home town") and the other people where the person lives. People learn how to say words and sentences and so they sound the same people near them when they speak.

People speaking the same language can have different accents. Even people in the same country can have different accents.  Sometimes people can tell what city someone lived in when they were a child by the way that person speaks. One example is a New York City accent. They might say "bwoll" () instead of ball (normally  in America), like used in sports and games; or they might say "hwot dwog" () instead of hot dog (normally  or  in that country). It sounds different, but people still know they mean "ball" or "hot dog" when they're talking.

When first trying to learn a new language, often a person will still have the old accent from their first language. That often allows other people to guess which country or place that person lived in before.  

If someone can learn another language well enough, someone may not have the old accent anymore and may get a new accent in the new language. If someone studied German in Austria, for example, people in Germany may think that person was Austrian.

Sometimes it can be confusing for people learning a language if there are more than one common accents. If you're learning English but hear a mix of British, American, Canadian and Australian people and people from Singapore and India often, like in your school or on the Internet, it might confuse you when you hear them say the same sounds or words differently.  Sometimes, people think it's better to learn the language with one accent so you can be less confused, and when you're good enough at the language, you can start to tell the different accents different people from different countries have.

References 

Language
Louis Braille (4 January 1809 - 6 January 1852) was a French inventor. He was born in Coupvray. He invented the script braille system, which helps blind people to read. Braille is read by passing one's fingers over characters made up of an arrangement of one to six embossed points. It has been adapted to almost every known language.

Braille was the child of a leather maker. He was the youngest of four children. He had three older siblings, two sisters and a brother. He became blind at the age of three. He accidentally stuck a stitching awl into one eye while he was in his father's workshop. There were no antibiotics and soon his injured eye was infected. It spread to his other eye and soon, he became blind in both eyes. He went to the Royal Institute of Blind Youth at the age of 10. Braille was a good student, especially when it came to science and music. Later he became a church organist. He was also a teacher at the Institute of Blind Youth. Braille died in Paris at the age of 43 of tuberculosis.

References 

1809 births
1852 deaths
Deaths from tuberculosis
Disease-related deaths in Paris
French inventors
Braille
Marsupials are the main part of an infraclass of mammals called the Metatheria. This consists of the marsupials and their extinct ancestors. There are about 320 different species.

Reproduction 
Marsupials give birth to living young. The young are called joeys. The joeys feed on milk. They are born very small. 

Marsupials have a special pouch where they carry their joeys. After the birth the joey goes into its mother's pouch, where it can drink milk and is kept warm and safe. When the joeys are young they stay in the pouch all the time, but when they are older they can leave it for short times. When they are old enough and too big for the pouch they do not go into their mother's pouch anymore.

Biogeography 

Marsupials evolved before the southern supercontinent Gondwana broke off from Pangaea 100 million years ago. Early marsupial fossils have been found in Asia, from 125 million years ago. 

They were outcompeted on Laurasia by placental mammals, but the placentals did not get into the Australasian part of Gondwana before it broke away into a separate supercontinent. That is why marsupials now found native only on the southern continents of Australasia and South and Central America, with the single exception of the Virginia opossum. 

Some of the 100 living species of South American marsupials have migrated north: 13 species to Central America and one to North America. 

There are 334 species of living Australasian marsupials. They are mostly in Australia and New Guinea, and some are on the smaller islands.

In more recent times the land bridge between the Americas, and reintroductions to Australia, have brought in placental mammals. They have caused the recent extinction of many marsupial species.

List of Marsupials

Australasia 
Bandicoots
Kangaroos
Koalas
Tasmanian Devil
Thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger)
Wallabies
Wombats

Thingodonta 
The extinct genus Yalkaparidon (Order Yalkaparidontia) is a bizarre fossil found in the Oligocene/Miocene deposits of Riversleigh, NE Australia. Its teeth are so strange that palaeontologists call it a 'Thingodont'.

South America 
Opossums
Shrew opossums
Monito del Monte

No longer marsupial 
The borhyaenids and the sabertooth Thylacosmilus are no longer considered to be marsupials. They are sparassodont metatherians, the sister group of the marsupials.

Related pages 
Great American Interchange
Monotreme

References
The Laws of war are some simple rules or international law which most people accept about fighting out of humanitarianism. Many people think that because there is fighting, there should be no rules. This is called "total war". However, laws of war have been made so that wars do not get worse than they need to be.

Anything marked as a hospital, an ambulance, a doctor, or a first aid person are not to be attacked. Those places, vehicles, and people should not have weapons.
Anyone who is a member of a neutral power is not to be a target of violence unless the said person is committing or intending to commit a hostile act.
Anyone fighting in the war has to wear a uniform. They can only wear the uniform of their side. Also they have to carry their weapons out in the open where they can be seen.
Anyone carrying or waving a plain white flag or piece of cloth must not be attacked. That person should also not attack anyone. They may want to surrender, or just talk about ways to solve the problem without more fighting.
Any enemy soldier captured must be treated fairly as a prisoner of war.
Religious buildings such as churches, mosques, and temples are to be protected at all costs. 
Occupied territory should be governed fairly and not looted or devastated.

Where the laws come from
These laws come from various treaties. Some of these treaties are:
The Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law of 1856. It abolished privateering
The First Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of 1864
The St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868. It bans ammunition of less that 400 grams weight. It also bans ammunition with Fulminates in them, or  with inflammable substances. Through this convention, it is no longer allowed to use ammunition that falls apart into fragments, that burns, or explodes for small arms. Such ammunition can still be used in autocannon or artillery though.
The Hague Conventions of 1898 and 1907
Various other Geneva Conventions
The Charter of the United Nations
Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects. This bans certain types of weapons (like some landmines, weapons with fragmenting ammunition, incendiary devices and blinding laser weapons)

War
International law
Randolph Peter Best or Pete Best (born Randolph Peter Scanland; 24 November 1941) was The Beatles's original drummer. He was born on 24 November 1941 in Madras, India to an Indian mother and an English father. His mother, Mona, later owned the Casbah Club in Liverpool, where The Beatles would sometimes perform. Best was drummer for the group from 1960 until 16 August 1962, when the band and their new manager, Brian Epstein, fired him and replaced him with Ringo Starr. The reason was because when the band auditioned for EMI, record producer George Martin was not satisfied with Best's drum skills, and planned to replace him on their recordings.

Best was devastated, and tried to form other bands with little success. He attempted suicide in 1965. He went on to work as a civil servant. In 1995, when The Beatles released their Anthology albums, which featured Best on some recordings, he received a large sum of money from the sales. He also found a new career, appearing at Beatles-related events such as conventions, where he sometimes played drums, with more skill than he showed in earlier days.
when he was kicked from the Beatles he was devastated and later tried to comit suicide.

1941 births
Living people
English drummers
Musicians from Liverpool
People from Chennai
The Beatles members
The Dionne Quintuplets were the first quintuplets (five babies born at the same time from the same mother) to survive after being born. They were born in Ontario, Canada on May 28, 1934 to Elzire and Oliva Dionne. They were: 
Annette
Cecile
Emilie (died on August 6, 1954 from an epilepsy seizure)
Marie  (died on February 27, 1970 from a blood clot in the brain)
Yvonne (died on June 23, 2001 from cancer)

The babies were delivered by Dr. Allan Roy Dafoe, who later was given custody of the girls by the Canadian government and the Ontario government housed them in a special theme park-like area, just across the street from the house their parents and 6 other siblings lived in. At one time 6,000 people visited Quintland each day to see the sisters, they also had dolls made out of them, and appeared in commercials for products like corn syrup and Quaker oats like oatmeal. Then in 1943, the girls' father, Oliva, finally got custody of them again and the girls moved back to live with their real family. Dr. Dafone died soon after that. The girls later claimed their father abused them. In 1998 the surviving sisters sued the government of Ontario for being exploited as kids and were rewarded 4 million Canadian dollars.

1934 births
People from Ontario
All's Well That Ends Well is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. It was based on a story in Boccaccio's Decameron. The date All's Well was written is uncertain, but it was probably written between 1600 and 1603. It was probably first performed about 1602-1603, and probably first printed in the First Folio of 1623. The play is about Helena's love for the unresponsive Bertram.

References
 All's Well That Ends Well

Plays by William Shakespeare
In Christianity, the Christ (; ) is a title for the savior and redeemer who would bring salvation to the Jewish people and mankind. Christ is the Greek translation of the Hebrew title Messiah (; anointed one), the figure promised by God to the Jewish people and mankind for the salvation of the world. Christians believe that Jesus of Nazareth is the Jewish Messiah called Christ of the Christian Old Testament and fulfilled the messianic prophecies of Christian tradition. Christ, used by Christians both as a name and as a title, is synonymous with Jesus.

Related pages
 Christology

References 

Christology
 2
Christian Charles Philip Bale (born 30 January 1974) is an English actor. He is from Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire. Bale is best known for playing Batman in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Trilogy. He began in a movie of Steven Spielberg's Empire of the Sun. He also played in American Psycho and The Machinist. In 2010, Bale won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for his performance in The Fighter. He played Dick Cheney in the biopic movie Vice, and won another Golden Globe Award. He is married to Sandra Blažić since 2000 and they have two children together.

Other websites

 
 

English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English voice actors
Actors who played Batman
1974 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Satellite Award winners
Saturn Award winners
Villeneuve-d'Ascq (which means New city of Ascq in French) is one of the main cities of the metropolis of Lille, in France. It is between Lille and Roubaix, at the crossroads of the principal freeways towards Paris, Ghent, Antwerp and Brussels,

Demography

Villeneuve-d'Ascq has more than 65,000 people and attracts 50,000 students. 
The average age of people there is 29 years.

Geography 

The city has about 10 km² of greenspace, lakes, forests and farmland.

History 

The roots of the city go up in Celtic Gaul, and are anchored in two feudal mounds, a Gallo-Roman site and a Carolingian one.

Its site was selected in the 1960s to accommodate the new town of Lille-Est. It was made to channel the development of the agglomeration. The commune of Villeneuve-d'Ascq was created in 1970 by combining three communes (Ascq, Annapes and Flers). Its name evokes at the same time the new city and the memory of Ascq, martyr city of April 1, 1944, date on which the Nazis massacred 86 men.

Communes in Nord
Andhra Pradesh () () is a state in the Republic of India. It has a population of 75,727,000 people according to the census of 2001. The eastern boundary is a  coastline along the Bay of Bengal. Its latitude and longitude is 17.3660°N and 78.4760°E. The state has an area of . It is bigger than Burkina Faso but smaller than Ecuador. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the South Indian zone. It was divided into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in 2014, because of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. According to this Act, both states will have the same capital city Hyderabad, for a period of 10 years. The present Chief Minister of the state is Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy of the YSR Party.

Andhra Pradesh has a gross domestic product (GDP) of 123,560 (in millions of US dollars). That makes it the third largest state in India in terms of GDP, after Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. Most of this money comes from agriculture. Andhra Pradesh is sometimes called the "Rice Bowl of India", as a very large amount of rice or paddy is grown in the coastal plains of the state. Recently the state is also involved in newer businesses like biotechnology and information technology.

Provincial symbols of Andhra Pradesh

References
George James Walton Lucas Jr (born May 14, 1944 in Modesto, California) is an American movie director, producer, and screenwriter most famous for his Star Wars and Indiana Jones movie series.

He also directed the movies THX 1138 (1970) and American Graffiti (1973). He made the Indiana Jones series with Steven Spielberg. He is also an innovator for what he has done with special effects, and has founded companies that make not only movies, but also things like video games, theme park rides, and TV shows.

Lucas founded the Pixar animation studio and later sold it to Steve Jobs in 1986 for $10 million.

Personal life
He has three children: Katie, Amanda and Jett Lucas (born 1993). Jett has had cameo appearances in Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith as Zett Jukassa. 

Lucas began dating Mellody Hobson, president of Ariel Investments and chair of DreamWorks Animation, in 2006. Lucas and Hobson announced their engagement in January 2013, and married on June 22, 2013 at Lucas's Skywalker Ranch in Marin County, California.

George Lucas Cultural Arts Museum
A George Lucas Cultural Arts Museum was to be built in San Francisco, California, but after talks failed, Lucas decided not to build the museum in San Francisco. 

Soon afterwards, the Chicago Tribune reported that Lucas wanted to build the museum in Chicago, Illinois. Lucas said: "The city of Chicago has enthusiastically welcomed me and I consider Chicago to be my second home," Lucas said in a statement. "I look forward to working with community leaders to see if Chicago can become home to the Lucas Cultural Arts Museum. " The office of Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel confirmed that talks between the two were ongoing. A potential lakefront site on Museum Campus in Chicago was proposed in May 2014. On June 24, 2014, the Chicago Sun-Times reported that Chicago was selected as the location, pending approval of the Chicago Plan Commission. The commission approved the idea and the museum will be built in Chicago.

References

Other websites

1944 births
American cinematographers
American movie editors
American screenwriters
American television producers
American television writers
Living people
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
Writers from California
The PlayStation 3 (PS3) is the third video game console made by Sony. It was released in Japan on November 11, 2006. It came out on November 17, 2006 in North America, and was released in Australia and Europe on 23 March 2007. It competed against the Microsoft Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii consoles.

The PlayStation 3 is a console that can play Blu-ray discs. The PS3 was, according to Sony, the most powerful console at the time. However, many people that create computer games have recently stated that both the PS3 and Xbox 360 are about equal. An upside is that to access the online mode to play and interact with other people is free unlike the Xbox in which must be paid for.

When the PlayStation 3 was released, there were two different models. One had a 20 gigabyte (GB) hard drive and cost $399. The other had a 60 gigabyte hard drive and cost $599. Sony stopped making the 20 gigabyte console in North America after the 60 gigabyte version "sold ten times as many" as the 20 gigabyte version.

In July 2007, Sony announced that they would cut the price of the PS3 to $500 in the United States, though still more expensive than its competitors. Sony also released a version of the console with an 80 gigabyte hard drive around this time.

In October, a version of the PlayStation 3 with a 40 gigabyte hard drive was introduced. This model could not play PlayStation 2 games, but games made for the original PlayStation could still be played. The price of the 60 gigabyte model was also further reduced. A white version of the 40 gigabyte model was released in Japan in November.

Since 2011, the PS3 was sold in a new, slimmer, and more efficient model with a 160 GB or 320 GB of hard drive memory.

The PS3 was discontinued in New Zealand on September 29, 2015, in Europe and Australia in March 2016, in North America in October 2016, and in Japan on May 29, 2017, though third-party games are still being made for the system.

References

Sony
PlayStation
Sony consoles
Seventh generation consoles
The PlayStation 2 is Sony's second video game console. It was released in March of 2000. The one before this was PlayStation (or PS1). The next PlayStation is PlayStation 3 which was released in November 2006. The controllers of the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 are the same, but the PlayStation 3 is used wirelessly and doesn't have an analog button. Some games are online e.g. Call of Duty World at War Final Fronts and a few connect with the PlayStation Portable (or PSP). The PS2 is very successful and games are still made for it. The PlayStation 2 is the world's best-selling console. It has sold around 159 million units since its launch in March 2000, and is fully compatible with PlayStation (PS1) games. It competed with the Nintendo GameCube and the Microsoft Xbox during its lifetime. Even with the release of the PS3, the PS2 remained popular at the time of the seventh generation until Sony announced that they had discontinued the PlayStation 2 in Japan on December 28, 2012 and worldwide on January 4, 2013. The last two games for the system were FIFA 14 and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 (released only in Europe) in late 2013 (a week before the PlayStation 4's release date). Both these games also had PS3 and PS4 versions. Online functionalities had ended on March 31, 2016. Repair for the system had ended in Japan on September 7, 2018.

PSX
The PSX was released in 2003. It was a video recorder that allowed you to play PlayStation 2 games. It had a built-in hard drive (up to 250 GB). It did not sell well, because it cost too much money, so it was not released outside of Japan. Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas became the most sold game, with over 27.5 million copies sold.

References

Sony
PlayStation
Sony consoles
2000 establishments in the United States
2013 disestablishments
Sixth generation consoles
Sony is a technology company, based in Japan, which makes many electric products. Among its most popular products is the video game console PlayStation, which was followed by PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and now the PlayStation 4. They also sold the Walkman invented by Andreas Pavel - a small music audio cassette player that could fit in your pocket - they later made Walkman systems that could play CDs, MiniDiscs or MP3s instead of tapes, and they often could receive radio too.

The company also makes music players, televisions, headsets, mobile phones (Sony Ericsson) and computers (named Sony Vaio), and game players (PlayStation).

It owns the American movie studios, Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures, through Sony Pictures.

History 

Sony began its activity from a department store in Tokyo. At that time, 1946, the store was damaged by bombs. One engineer and one physicist invested a capital of about $1,600 to create a company which would include 20 employees. The name of the engineer was Masaru Ibuka and the name of the physicist was Akio Morita. People working in their new company repaired electrical equipment. Later they started creating their own products.

The company achieved success in 1954, when it received license that allowed producing transistors. Although transistors were already created in United States, they were not used in production of radios. Sony produced its first transistor radio in May of 1954.

From that period Sony started leading in the field of electronics. Its revolutionary devices included: Trinitron Color Television, created in 1968; color video cassette, produced in 1971 as well as the world's second home video system, created in 1975. Other revolutionary inventions of Sony include: 1979 – Walkman; 1981 – Electronic camera; 1982 – CD player; 1983 – Camcorder and the list continuous with many other devices. One of the most popular Sony products was Sony PlayStation, created in 1995. With its help Sony became the leader in videogames.

In 45 years Sony has grown from a small firm, employing 20 workers, to a multinational corporation, employing about 100,000 workers. The company created its American branch in 1960 and its UK branch in 1968. In recent years the company focused on leadership in software and hardware. Sony acquired, in 1988, CBS Records and formed Sony Music Entertainment. A year later the company bought Columbia Pictures to create Sony Pictures Entertainment.

Sony would later join forces with BMG to form "Sony BMG." BMG Music Publishing was sold to Universal in 2007. Sony bought all of BMG's record labels in 2008, ending the "BMG" name.

References

Other websites 
 Sony website

1946 establishments in Asia
 
1940s establishments in Japan
The Xbox is a video game console (a machine that plays video games and DVDS). It was made by Microsoft from November 2001 to October 2005. A person plays the games with a controller. The controllers were very large in the beginning, but were made smaller later. The Xbox video game console can play music, DVDs, and games.  Microsoft discontinued the Xbox because they made the next version of the Xbox, the Xbox 360.  The Xbox was first discontinued in 2006 in Japan, later in 2007 in Europe, then in 2009 in the USA.

History 
In 1998, four engineers from Microsoft's DirectX team, Kevin Bachus, Seamus Blackley, Ted Hase and DirectX team leader Otto Berkes, took apart some Dell laptop computers to construct a prototype Microsoft Windows-based video game console. The team hoped to create a console to compete with Sony's upcoming PlayStation 2.

During development, the original DirectXbox name was shortened to Xbox. Microsoft's marketing department did not like the Xbox name, and suggested many alternatives.

Launch
Xbox was the first video game console by Microsoft. It was a very large video game console, and it had a cost of $299.99 in the United States. It was launched one year after the PlayStation 2 and at the same time as the Nintendo GameCube. Halo was the first very popular game for the Xbox.

Builds

Related pages 
 Xbox

References

Xbox
Sixth generation consoles
The Nintendo GameCube (also called GameCube, NGC, GCN, or GC for short) is the fourth video game home console made by Nintendo. Nintendo's previous console was called the Nintendo 64. Nintendo's next console is called the Nintendo Wii, released in 2006 with models released before November 2011 being backwards compatible with GameCube games. The last game for the console was Madden NFL 08 (also released for the Wii and Nintendo DS), which was released on August 14, 2007. However, first-party development ended six months before that.

The GameCube also had many new features compared to other Nintendo video game consoles, and was the first Nintendo console to officially support Internet play (playing together without wires). It could also connect to the Game Boy Player to allow special features and play Game Boy, Game Boy Color, and Game Boy Advance games.

The console was released on September 14, 2001 in Japan, November 18, 2001 in North America, May 3, 2002 in Europe, and May 17, 2002 in Australia. The GameCube sold 21.74 million units worldwide was discontinued in early 2007 to focus production on the Wii and DS.

Controller
The GameCube's controllers have two analog joysticks. In many games, one of them is used to control a character, while the other is used to control the camera, or some other secondary function. In addition to the analog sticks and the directional pad (D-pad), there are eight buttons: A, B, Y, X, L, R, Z, and Start.

Nintendo later released a wireless version of the controller, called the WaveBird. Instead of wires, it used RF signals to communicate with the console and was powered by standard AA batteries.

Popular Games

The Nintendo GameCube was known for its popular first games, including:

Luigi's Mansion
Metroid Prime and Metroid Prime 2: Echoes
Pikmin and Pikmin 2
Super Smash Bros. Melee
The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker
Super Mario Sunshine
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
Mario Party 4, Mario Party 5, Mario Party 6, and Mario Party 7
Mario Kart: Double Dash!!
Wave Race Blue Storm

References

Notes

Nintendo video game consoles
Sixth generation consoles
is the biggest city in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in the southwest part of Poland. The German name of the city is Breslau, and the Czech name is Vratislav. The Oder River goes through the city. There are also 4 other small rivers which connect with the Oder River in the territory of the city:  Bystrzyca, Oława, Ślęza and Widawa. Before World War II there were 303 bridges in the city; now there are about 220. In Latin language it is called "Vratislavia"

History 

Wrocław is over 1000 years old.  It was originally a Slavic town.   During the Middle Ages it became a German city, but before that Wrocław was a Czech city. It was called Breslau for a long time. During the Second World War the city was badly damaged.  About 70% of the buildings were damaged. Many of them were rebuilt. After the war, the city became Polish, and the German citizens were forced to leave. It has been called by its Polish name Wrocław ever since.

Johannes Brahms wrote his Academic Festival Overture to thank the University of Breslau in Wrocław. This was for an honorary doctorate he was awarded by the university.

Modern Wrocław 
Its population in 2004 was 638,000.  There are 10 universities in the city.  It is famous for its beautiful historical town square (Polish rynek) and cathedral (large church).

In 1997 the Oder River flooded, causing a lot of damage.

Nobel Prize winners from Wrocław 
10 people from Wrocław have won the Nobel Prize.  They are:
 Theodor Mommsen (1902)
 Philipp Lenard (1905)
 Eduard Buchner (1907)
 Paul Ehrlich (1908)
 Gerhart Hauptmann (1912)
 Fritz Haber (1918)
 Friedrich Bergius (1931)
 Otto Stern (1943)
 Max Born (1954)
 Reinhard Selten (1994)

References

Other websites 

 Wrocław-Life.com portal
 Virtual Wrocław
 Municipal website
 Hotels in Wroclaw 
 Airport of Wroclaw
1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 April 18 – An earthquake in San Francisco, California kills at least three thousand people.
 Camillo Golgi, Italian doctor, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Santiago Ramón y Cajal
 Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish doctor, won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Camillo Golgi

Births 
 January 11 – Albert Hofmann, Swiss scientist, invented LSD
 January 14 - William Bendix, American actor (d. 1964)
 March 6 – Lou Costello, American actor and comedian (d. 1959)
 April 13 – Samuel Beckett, Irish writer (d. 1989)
 April 28 – Kurt Gödel, Austrian-American mathematician (d. 1978)
 July 14 – William H. Tunner, American World War II general (d. 1983)
 August 27 – Ed Gein, American serial killer (d. 1984)
 September 25 – José Figueres Ferrer, President of Costa Rica (d. 1990)
   September 25   – Dmitri Shostakovich, Soviet composer (d. 1975)
 October 30 – Alexander Gode, German-American linguist and translator (d. 1970)
 November 14 – Louise Brooks, American actress and dancer (d. 1985)
 December 19 – Leonid Brezhnev, leader of the Soviet Union (d. 1982)

Hit songs 
 "Anchors Aweigh"

Movies Released 
 Humorous Phases of Funny Faces, the first animated movie
 The Story of the Kelly Gang, the first feature-length movie
Louis Vincent Albano (born July 29, 1933 - died October 14, 2009) was a very famous American professional wrestler in the 1980s. Albano is best known as Captain Lou Albano. He also appeared in Cyndi Lauper's music video "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" and played Mario on The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!, based on the series of video games.

References 

1933 births
2009 deaths
American professional wrestlers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Former WWE wrestlers
Entertainers from Rome
WWE Hall of Fame
Lip synching is when a person moves his or her lips at the same time as a recorded sound or with another person.  Some artists lip sync a live performance because they are not as confident and want to avoid hitting possible bad notes.

The word synch is short for synchronize, meaning to do something at the same time.

Music industry
Faith Evans (born June 10, 1973 in Lakeland, Florida). She grew up in Newark New Jersey. She is an American R&B singer. Her first husband, "The Notorious B.I.G.", died in a drive-by shooting in 1997 . She has been arrested for cocaine and marijuana. Evans' album R&B Divas was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards.

Her music albums 

 Faith
 Keep the Faith
 Faithfully
 The First Lady
 R&B Divas

References 

1973 births
Living people
Singers from Florida
Singers from Newark, New Jersey
Barry Switzer (born October 5, 1937 in Crossett, Arkansas, USA) was an American football coach. He coached both professional and college football for 32 years. Switzer is one of only three head coaches to win both a college football national championship and a Super Bowl. He has one of the highest winning percentages in the history of college football.
 
After high school, Switzer went to the University of Arkansas. He played football there from 1956 to 1960. After graduation, Switzer join the US Army for a short time. After the Army, he returned to the University of Arkansas to work as an assistant coach. 

After the 1966 season, Switzer became an assistant coach at the University of Oklahoma. He became head coach there in 1973. During his first two years as head coach, Oklahoma did not lose any games and won the national championship two time. They won the championship a third time in 1985. Switzer left Oklahoma in 1989. His record there was 157 wins, 29 losses and 4 ties.

In 1994, Switzer became the coach for the Dallas Cowboys. He led them to a win in Super Bowl XXX during the 1995 season. Switzer retired from coaching after the following season.

In 2001, Switzer was elected into the College Football Hall of Fame. On September 9, 2007, he began working with the FOX television network on its NFL pre-game show.

References 

1937 births
Living people
American football coaches
American military people
Sportspeople from Arkansas
National Football League coaches
College football coaches
is the Latin name used in science for the genus of about 20 species of strawberries, plants in the rose family that grow small sweet red fruit. The most well-known and most grown of these species is the strawberry Fragaria× ananassa. The other species are informally known as the wildstrawberries.

Name is a Latin word for the group of "strawberry-like" plants, formed by putting  ("strawberry") together with the ending , which here means something close to the English "-like".

History
People have eaten different kinds of wild strawberries for thousands of years. In Europe, people usually grew the woodland strawberry. Dutch people learned how to eat them through most of the year by planting their seeds at different times, letting them harvest for 9 months out of 12. The Alpine strawberry became popular around the 1650s because it was a little bigger and could grow in places with less strong sunlight, like the British islands in the late fall. Today's bigger "garden" strawberry was first made around Brest in Brittany (northwest France) in the 1750s. It was made by joining the Virginia strawberry from eastern North America to the European Hautbois and the Chilean strawberry from western South America.

Kinds

The species of the genus  are:

 Strawberry or garden strawberry ()
 Woodland strawberry ()
 Alpine strawberry ()
 Virginia strawberry ()
 Chilean strawberry ('')

Fruit

The real fruit of the strawberries are the achenes, which people usually think of as the little seeds around the outside of the larger red "fruit". What people think is the "fruit" is really the swollen stems between these fruit. This kind of fruit, where different ovaries grow into a single larger fruit, is called an "aggregate fruit".

References

Strawberries
Events 
 The Suez Canal begins to be built in Egypt.
 January 24 - Wallachia and Moldavia are united under Alexander John Cuza under the name Romania (see December 1 1918 for the final unification, Transylvania and other regions are still missing at that time).

Deaths 
 Date unknown – Mahmud Bayazidi, Kurdish polymath
John Brown
Paul Simon (born October 13, 1941) is an American musician and songwriter. He is of Jewish descent and became famous as a member of Simon and Garfunkel, with his friend, Art Garfunkel. He wrote their songs. The two went their separate ways in the early 1970s and since then Simon has become a successful solo artist.

Paul Simon had his first success in 1958 when his song "Hey Schoolgirl" got to Number 49 on the US charts. He was performing with his friend Art Garfunkel in an act called "Tom and Jerry". His next success was in 1965 with "Sounds of Silence" which went to Number 1. This was also performed with Garfunkel under the name "Simon and Garfunkel.

Some of Simon's most famous songs include "Slip Sliding Away", "American Tune", "Late in the Evening", "Still Crazy After All These Years", "Me and Julio Down By the School Yard" and "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover". His 1986 album Graceland is very well-known. He is still producing music. His newest album is called Surprise.

Simon has received three honorary doctorates in music, including one from Yale University and one from Berklee College of Music. In 2006, Time said that he was one of the 100 people who shape our world.

Discography
 Paul Simon (WEA), 1972
 There Goes Rhymin' Simon, (WEA), 1973
 Still Crazy After All These Years, (WEA), 1975
 One-Trick Pony, (Warner Bros.), 1980
 Hearts and Bones, (Warner Bros.), 1983
 Graceland, (Warner Bros.), 1986
 Rhythm of the Saints, (Warner Bros) 1990
 Songs from the Capeman, (Warner Bros.), 1997
 You're the One, (Warner Bros), 2000
 Surprise, (Warner Bros), 2006

References

1941 births
Living people
American pop singers
Jewish American musicians
Kennedy Center honorees
Shirley Jones (b. March 31, 1934) is an American and singer and actress. She appeared in movie musicals, singing a leading role in movies such as Oklahoma!, The Music Man, and Carousel. 

Jones had a supporting role in the movie Elmer Gantry, starring actor Burt Lancaster. She is also famous for her role as Shirley Partridge on the television series The Partridge Family.

Personal life
She was married to Jack Cassidy, from 1956 to 1977, and had three sons with him, Shaun, Patrick, and Ryan. Her stepson is David Cassidy who co-starred with her on The Partridge Family. After she divorced Cassidy she married Marty Ingels on November 13, 1977. Their marriage would last until Ingels' death in October 2015.

Other websites 
 http://www.shirleyjones.com 
 

1934 births
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Pennsylvania
Singers from Pennsylvania
Warner Bros. Records artists
Jackson DeForest Kelley (January 20, 1920 – June 11, 1999) was an American actor.

Roles 
Kelley is most famous for his role as Dr. Leonard McCoy of the USS Enterprise in the television series Star Trek and the six movies that followed.

Also known as well as an older Admiral Dr. Leonard McCoy, Star Fleet Surgeon General Emeritus, in the Star Trek: The Next Generation television pilot, "Encounter at Farpoint".

Other websites 
 
 

1920 births
1999 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
Deaths from stomach cancer
Scott Bakula (October 9, 1954) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles on the television shows, Quantum Leap and Star Trek: Enterprise.

Other websites

Shenandoah at Ford's Theatre. 
Scott Bakula 2000 Interview on Sidewalks Entertainment

American television actors
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
1954 births
Living people
Forestry means working to take care of forests.  Someone who has a job looking after forests is called a forester.
 
Forests are very important for the world today. Much of the water cycle and carbon cycle goes through forests. Many of them are disappearing because people destroy them for firewood or to make farms. A forester makes sure the forest and all the animals that live there are healthy.  Foresters also make sure the forest is in good condition for people to use.  They makes sure that forests are not destroyed by wildfires before they are ready to use for timber production (cutting down trees to use the wood). 

Forests are important for recreation (letting people enjoy them).  They are very important today because humans produce a lot of carbon dioxide and the trees in forests help to turn this back into oxygen, which we breathe to live. Foresters also help the government figure out what to do about artificial forestry. Many universities offer forestry courses. Forestry students also study zoology, botany and ecology.

Natural sciences
Margaret of Valois (May 14, 1553 – May 27, 1615) was a Princess of France and a member of the house of Valois.

Her father was Henry II of France and her mother was Catherine of Medici. She was also the sister of Francis II of France, Charles IV of France and Henry III of France. Margaret was then married to Henry IV of France.

The author Alexandre Dumas, père wrote a book about Margaret called Queen Margot.

1553 births
1615 deaths
House of Valois
French princesses
Queen Margot is a book written in 1845 by Alexandre Dumas, père.  It is a story about Margaret of Valois and Henry IV of France.  The same author wrote many other books including The Man in the Iron Mask, The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers.

1845 books
Madonna could mean:

 Mary (mother of Jesus), called "The Madonna".
 Madonna (entertainer) - American singer, actress, and writer.
 Madona, a city in Latvia.
EastEnders is a British drama season TV soap opera in the United Kingdom. It has been running since February 1985, and has had over 5700 episodes. The programme is a rival of Coronation Street and Emmerdale. It is shown on BBC One.

The programme is in a pretend area of East London, called Walford. It is filmed in Elstree, a village in Borehamwood. Like Coronation Street, most action is around a local pub. The pub in EastEnders is called The Queen Vic.

There are many story lines, including drug abuse, rape, racism, domestic violence, murder, kidnapping, prostitution, theft, senile dementia, arson, and runaway children.

Arguments between members of one family, or between different families, are often in the storyline.

It has won six BAFTA awards.

Characters

References

Other websites
BBC EastEnders website

1985 television series debuts
1980s British drama television series
1980s soap operas
1990s British drama television series
1990s soap operas
2000s British drama television series
2000s soap operas
2010s British drama television series
2010s soap operas
BBC television dramas
British soap operas
 
Television series set in London
English-language television programs
William II of England (c. 1056–2 August 1100) was the second son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders. He was King of England from 1087 until 1100. He was a harsh ruler and was not very liked. He did not have a wife or any children. He died on 2 August 1100 in the New Forest when he was shot by an arrow while hunting with his brother-in-law, Walter Tirel (Tryyel) and other friends.

References

Other websites

1056 births
1100 deaths
House of Normandy
People buried in Winchester Cathedral