cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Beowulf is an Old English heroic epic poem. It is not known who wrote it, and there is no agreement as to when it was written. Estimates for the date range from AD 608 right through to AD 1000, and there is no consensus. The poem has only one manuscript source, written about 1010. Beowulf is 3182 lines long.  Tolkien describes and illustrates many of the features of Old English poetry in his 1940 essay On translating Beowulf.

The protagonist of the poem is Beowulf. In the poem, Beowulf fights three monsters: Grendel and Grendel's mother, and later in his life an unnamed dragon.

Story 
Hrothgar, a Danish king, has built a big mead hall, which is called Heorot. Hrothgar and his people live a good life and celebrate in Heorot. But then they are attacked by Grendel, who comes to Heorot every night and kills some of Hrothgar's people.

Beowulf is a warrior from Geatland (modern southern Sweden). He hears of Hrothgar's troubles with Grendel. Beowulf and his men leave Geatland to help King Hrothgar.

Beowulf and his men stay the night in Heorot. When Grendel comes to kill them, Beowulf fights him. Beowulf tears Grendel's arm off from his body and sticks it on the wall as a trophy. Grendel runs to his home in the marshes, where he dies. Everyone is happy that Grendel is killed and celebrates. 
But the next night, Grendel's mother comes to Heorot and kills many people for revenge and grabs Grendel's arm. Beowulf then goes to the marshes where Grendel and his mother lived. Beowulf fights Grendel's mother and kills her.

Beowulf later becomes a king. He fights a dragon that was living in a barrow. With the help of the young man Wiglaf, Beowulf kills the dragon. Beowulf is wounded in the final battle and dies and crowns Wiglaf as his successor.

Adaptations 

The story of Beowulf has often been told in books, plays, and films. Sometimes the full story is told, sometimes just parts of the story. Sometimes the plot is altered. Sometimes only ideas or themes are taken from the story. 
Some examples are:
 Beowulf (1999 film)
 Beowulf and Grendel (2005 film)
 [[Grendel (movie)|Grendel]] (2007 film)
 Eaters of the Dead, a book by Michael Crichton (1976)
 Grendel, a book by John Gardner (1971)
 The Ring-givers, a book by W.H. Canaway (1958).

References 

Germanic mythology
Epic poems
Tegan Jovanka is a fictional character in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. She was played by Janet Fielding. Tegan Jovanka was an Australian airline stewardess who was a companion of the Fourth and Fifth Doctors, she was a regular in the programme from 1981 to 1984. Tegan was the longest-serving companion in terms of years on the series (3 years, 1 month), although Jamie McCrimmon was in the most episodes and stories.

Character history
Tegan first appears in the Fourth Doctor's last serial, Logopolis. On her way to Heathrow Airport to start her new job with Air Australia, her car suffers a flat tyre. She enters a roadside police box to seek help, but she enters and does not realise that it is the Doctor's Tardis. She is present when the Fourth Doctor falls from the Pharos Project radio telescope and regenerates into his fifth incarnation, and continues to travel with the doctor
Eventually, the chaos during the events of Resurrection of the Daleks prove too much and she chooses to leave the Doctor and Turlough and stay in 1984 London.

Trivia
According to David Tennant's video diary of filming Doctor Who Series 3, John Barrowman (who plays Captain Jack Harkness in the 21st century series of Doctor Who and its spinoff Torchwood) has a dog named Tegan, named after the companion.

List of appearances

Television
Season 18
 Logopolis
Season 19
 Castrovalva
 Four to Doomsday
 Kinda
 The Visitation
 Black Orchid
 Earthshock
 Time-Flight
Season 20
 Arc of Infinity
 Snakedance
 Mawdryn Undead
 Terminus
 Enlightenment
 The King's Demons
20th anniversary special
 The Five Doctors
Season 21
 Warriors of the Deep
 The Awakening
 Frontios
 Resurrection of the Daleks
 The Caves of Androzani (cameo)

References

Other websites
 Tegan Jovanka at The TARDIS Index File website
 Tegan Jovanka on the BBC's Doctor Who website

Doctor Who characters
Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles is a television series that appeared on the Fox Television Network from January 13, 2008 until 2009. It is a spin-off of Terminator 2: Judgment Day.

It is about Sarah Connor, her teenage son, and a good robot named Cameron trying to stop the evil computer Skynet from ever being created.

Other websites 
 Official site on Fox  (requires Flash)
 Official Wiki  (uses some Flash)
 

2008 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American science fiction television series
American time travel television series
Terminator (franchise)
English-language television programs
Empress Dowager Cixi  (November 29 1835 – November 15 1908), often known in China as the West Dowager Empress  was from the Manchu Yehe Nara Clan.

Cixi was a powerful and charismatic figure who became the de facto ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty and ruled over China for 47 years from 1861 to her death in 1908.She was one of the wives of Emperor Xianfeng and also the mother of Emperor Tongzhi.She quickly took over the power after the death of Emperor Xianfeng.Though her exact origins are unclear it is very likely that she came from an ordinary Manchu family. She was chosen by the Xianfeng Emperor as a concubine. She gained almost total control over the court when the rule of her son the Tongzhi Emperor started. He and her nephew the Guangxu Emperor attempted unsuccessfully to rule in their own right.

As the source tells it, Cixi had a partnership with the #1 concubine Zhin, who had been raised to Empress. The two women ruled together, with Cixi as the more dominant personality.

She was in charge during the Opium Wars, First Sino-Japanese War, and the Boxer Rebellion. She was largely conservative during her rule, and some historians consider her reign despotism, and think that she might be responsible for the fall of the Qing Dynasty, and therefore Imperial China, as a result of Cixi's rule.

References 

 Chung, Sue Fawn. 1979. The much maligned Empress Dowager: a revisionist study of the Empress Dowager Tz'u-Hsi (1835-1908). Modern Asian Studies 13, 2, 177-96.
 Hummel, Arthur William, ed. Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912). 2 vols. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1943.
 Warner, Marina. 1972. The Dragon Empress: life and times of Tz'u-his 1835-1908. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972.

Other websites 

 https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/favourites/b03bdpl9
 http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_cixi.htm?terms=cixi
 http://www.royalty.nu/Asia/China/TzuHsi.html
 http://www.kings.edu/womens_history/tzuhsi.html 
 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/headland-courtlife.html
 Cixi: The Woman Behind the Throne -- Smithsonian.com

1835 births
1908 deaths
Emperors and Empresses of China
Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund is a confederation of German trade unions. It was a national trade union center of Germany.

The DGB hat 8 German trade unions with more than 7 million people (31.12.2004). It was founded in Munich in 12 October 1949.

Trade unions 
 IG BAU - IG Bauen-Agrar-Umwelt (Construction, Agriculture, Environment) 424,808 members = 6.06%
 IG BCE - IG Bergbau, Chemie, Energie (Mining, Chemicals, Energy) 770,582 members = 10.99%
 GEW - Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft (Education and Science) 254,673 members = 3.63%
 IGM - IG Metall (Metalworkers) 2,425,005 members = 34.58%
 NGG - Gewerkschaft Nahrung-Genuss-Gaststätten (Food, Beverages and Catering) 225,328 members = 3.21%
 GdP - Gewerkschaft der Polizei (Police) 177,910 members = 2.54%
 TRANSNET Gewerkschaft (Railway Workers) 270,221 members = 3.85%
 ver.di - Vereinte Dienstleistungsgewerkschaft (United Services Union) 2,464,510 members = 35.14%

( DGB in total: 7,013,037 members = 100% // all values: 31 December 2004 )

Presidents 
 1949–1951: Hans Böckler
 1951–1952: Christian Fette
 1952–1956: Walter Freitag
 1956–1962: Willi Richter
 1962–1969: Ludwig Rosenberg
 1969–1982: Heinz-Oskar Vetter
 1982–1990: Ernst Breit
 1990–1994: Heinz-Werner Meyer
 1994–2002: Dieter Schulte
 2002–today: Michael Sommer

Other websites 
 DGB homepage

Trade unions in Germany
The Best Damn Thing is the fourth single off the album The Best Damn Thing  by Avril Lavigne. The song was released June 13, 2008.

References

2007 songs
Avril Lavigne songs
TRANSNET, which stands for Transport, Service, and Networks, is a trade union in Germany. It  283,000 workers, and is one of eight industrial affiliations of the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB). Its president is Norbert Hansen.

Other websites 
TRANSNET homepage 

Trade unions in Germany
The can-can (also spelled cancan or Can Can) is a music hall dance, performed by a chorus line of female dancers who wear costumes with long skirts, petticoats, and black stockings, like the fashions of the 1890s. The can-can was first danced in low class ballrooms of Montparnasse in Paris about 1830. The dancers of the 1890s, such as La Goulue and Jane Avril, were highly paid for their appearances at the Moulin Rouge and elsewhere. The female dancers of the French Second Empire and the fin de siècle developed the various cancan moves.

The Galop from Jacques Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld is the tune most often played with the can-can (a somewhat simplified form and a more evolved one Can-Can (Orpheus in the Underworld). Performed on the accordion ).

The can-can was adapted as an American movie titled "Can Can"(1960), acted by Frank Sinatra and Shirley MacLaine  with music by Cole Porter.

Dances
French culture
American movies
Jacques Offenbach (20 June 1819, in Cologne – 5 October 1880, in Paris) was a French composer and cellist of the Romantic era. He is seen as one of the originators of the operetta form.  Of German-Jewish descent, he was one of the most influential composers of popular music in Europe in the 19th century. Many of his works are still played today.

Offenbach's many operettas, such as Orpheus in the Underworld, and La belle Hélène, were extremely popular both in France and elsewhere in the 1850s and 1860s.  They combined political and cultural satire with witty grand opera parodies.  His popularity in France declined in the 1870s after the fall of the Second Empire. He fled France, but during the last years of his life, his popularity came back. Several of his operettas are still performed.  While his name remains most closely associated with the French operetta and the Second Empire, it is Offenbach's one fully operatic masterpiece, Les contes d'Hoffmann (The Tales of Hoffmann), composed at the end of his career, that has become the most familiar of Offenbach's works in major opera houses.

1819 births
1880 deaths
French composers
Shane MacDougall is a Canadian stand-up comedian, former columnist, television writer, and documentarian. Best known for his 1999 challenge to Queen Elizabeth II to a kickboxing match or math test for the monarchy of Canada, the challenge resulted in him receiving death threats but also brought much media attention to the burgeoning Canadian republican movement.

He is also known for The Dark Show, which in the late 1990s was Canada's longest running independent comedy show. Held at Toronto's famous Rivoli club, The Dark Show featured some of Canada's top comedians doing material on topics from school shootings to date rape, and also generated protests from some citizens.

For two years Shane was a comedy reporter and humorist for eye Weekly in Toronto, then in 2000 moved to New York City where he worked as a writer for various MTV shows. 

In 2005, MacDougall completed filming on a documentary entitled "Wiener Takes All", which followed the competitive dachshund racing circuit. The documentary screened such venues as the San Francisco Documentary Film Festival, the 27th Atlantic Film Festival, BendFilm, the Laguna Beach Film Society/Museum of Art, and the Oklahoma City Museum of Art.

References and Reviews
Variety Review of Wiener Takes All
SFist coverage of the US Premiere 
Frank Decaro (Sirius Radio) interview with director Shane MacDougall
Chronicle Herald front page coverage (Canada) 
Cinematical report on BendFilm 
CBC Radio Interview

Other websites

Canadian comedians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Anson County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2000, 25,275 people lived there.  Its county seat is Wadesboro.

History 
The county was made in 1750 from Bladen County.

In 1753, the northern part of Anson County became Rowan County.  In 1762 the western part of the county became Mecklenburg County.  In 1779 the northern part of the county became Montgomery County, and the part east of the Pee Dee River became Richmond County.  And in 1842 the western part of Anson County was combined with the southeastern part of Mecklenburg County to make Union County.

In 1985 most of the movie The Color Purple (film), starring Oprah Winfrey and Whoopi Goldberg along with Danny Glover, was filmed in Anson county.

Government 
Anson County is part of the Centralina Council of Governments.

Connected Counties 
These counties are connected to Anson County:
Stanly County, North Carolina - north
Richmond County, North Carolina - east
Marlboro County, South Carolina - south east
Chesterfield County, South Carolina -south
Union County, North Carolina -west

Cities and Towns 
These cities and towns are in Anson County
Ansonville
Lilesville
McFarlan
Morven
Peachland
Polkton
Wadesboro

Other websites 
Anson County government official website

 
1750 establishments
1750s establishments in North Carolina
Wadesboro is a town in Anson County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 3,552 people as of the year 2000. It is the county seat of Anson County.

Other websites 
 Official website of Wadesboro, NC

Anson County, North Carolina
Towns in North Carolina
County seats in North Carolina
The Long March is the  retreat of Mao Zedong and the Communists in 1934-35. The communists went to their stronghold away from Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists. Here they were able to join together and start fighting again to beat the Nationalists. They trekked 6,000 miles over 370 days, and only 8,000 survived out of 100,000 people. However, because they had survived such a difficult trial together the survivors were very dedicated and created a more cohesive group. Mao Zedong rose up as a leader during this time. 

The long march was over 12400 km, in one year.  About 300,000 people started, and fewer than 10% finished.  They climbed some mountains more than 4000 meters high,

Background 
Before the Long March, China had two sides: the nationalists and the communists. Both sides wanted to rule the country. This brought the Chinese Civil War. Chinese nationalists used 500,000 soldiers to remove the communists from Jiang Xi. They failed four times before. Now the nationalists changed the way to attack the communists, using encirclement (make a circle around the enemy army) to stop them from running away. The Communists leader Borgu tried to fight 500,000 soldiers face to face. But the problem is that the Jianxi communists just had 86,000 soldiers and more than half of them just had a broadsword and no guns. They failed to push the nationalist army back, so they tried to go to meet another communist army in Shaanxi.

How it changed China’s history 
The Long March was an important event in Chinese history. It made the China communists army survival and change the way they fight the capitalism. The communists also choose Mao Zedong to became the leader of the communists and all the red armies in china (china communists army), They should listen Mao Zedong to fight. It was a point for the communists decide fight and live in the countryside and use guerrilla to fight with the nationalists.

The Long March also made the nationalists follow the communists and kill some local warlord leaders so they controlled more parts of China. They followed the communists all the way to ShaanXi and killed a lot of red army soldiers so that after World War II, the communists had very few soldiers. They took four years to get more soldiers so they could win the civil war.

Different opinions about the march's result 
The communists' believed they won by making a lot of soldiers survive and successfully meet the Communists party in Shaanxi. They also said it is so successful to run away from 100,000 soldiers encirclement and about 200,000 soldiers  hunt between the long march.

The Nationalists' thought they were successful because the communists were running away from the battle and were forced to move to the other side of China. They killed at least half of the Red Army soldiers in China.

The reason they have different opinions is because their goals were very different: the Communists just wanted to survive the Nationalist army's attack. The Nationalists' goal was to destroy the Red Army in Jian Xi, making the communists weaker than before. It took the communists four years to rebuild their army and win the civil war.

References

1934
1935
1930s in China
Avery County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2000, 17,167 people lived there.  Its county seat is Newland. It is known for growing Fraser Fir Christmas trees. Avery County is part of the High Council of Governments.

History 
The county was made in 1911 from parts of Caldwell County, Mitchell County, and Watauga County.  Avery County was the last county made in North Carolina.

Bordering counties 
These counties border, or connect to, Avery County:
Johnson County, Tennessee – north
Carter County, Tennessee – west
Caldwell County, North Carolina – southeast
Burke County, North Carolina – south
McDowell County, North Carolina – south
Mitchell County, North Carolina – west
Watauga County, North Carolina – north

Cities and towns 
These cities and towns are in Avery County:
Banner Elk
Beech Mountain
Crossnore
Elk Park
Grandfather
Linville
Minneapolis
Newland
Seven Devils
Sugar Mountain

Other websites 
Avery County government official website

North Carolina counties
1911 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in North Carolina
Velvet Revolver (VR), was a Grammy Award-winning rock supergroup that started in 2002. The members of the band are Slash (guitarist), Duff McKagan (bassist, backing vocals), Matt Sorum (drums) of Guns N' Roses, and Dave Kushner (guitarist) of Wasted Youth. Scott Weiland of Stone Temple Pilots was previously the lead singer. He joined the band after Stone Temple Pilots broke up in 2003. The band got success with their first album Contraband and released their second album Libertad in 2007. Scott Weiland left the band in 2008, though he did one more one-off show with the band in 2012. Velvet Revolver have had several searches for a new singer since then, but have yet to announce a replacement.

Other websites
Velvet Revolver Official Site (dot com) / Velvet Revolver Official Site (dot net)
Velvet Revolver @ RCA Records 
RCA Records
Velvet Revolver VH1 Artist Page  
Velvet Revolver MTV Artist Page 
Velvet Revolver AOL Artist Page  
Velvet Revolver Billboard Artist Page  
Velvet Revolver All Music Guide Artist Page 
Velvet Revolver Rolling Stone Artist Page  
Scott Weiland talks about "Libertad" 
 Officiële Velvet Revolver Benelux Website 
Online wiki for Velvet Revolver concerts and setlists 

2002 establishments in the United States
2000s American music groups
2000s establishments in California
American hard rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups from California
Orange County, California
The Manchu people are a Tungusic people who came from Manchuria (today's Northeastern China). During their rise in the seventeenth century they conquered the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until  the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, which established a republican government in its place.

The Qing Dynasty required by law that all males must wear a hairstyle called the Manchu queue, in which men had to shave the front of their heads and wear a long braid on the back of their heads.

The Manchu are still a separate ethnicity from the Han Chinese and are categorized as a seperaet ethnic minority by the government of China but the majority of Manchus no longer speak their own language much as the majority of the Irish people remain separate from English but speak English as their first language.

Other websites 
 http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/EthnicGroups/136932.htm
 Qiren.cn (Simplified Chinese)

Notes 

Ethnic groups in China
Kristanna Sommer Loken or Kristanna Sommer Løken (born October 8, 1979) is an American actress known for her work in both film and television, and a former fashion model. She is perhaps known as T-X from the movie Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) and Rayne from the movie Bloodrayne (2006).

All of Loken's four grandparents were immigrants to the United States from Norway. She is openly bisexual.

Filmography
 Mortal Kombat Conquest (1998) (as Taja)
 Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) as T-X
 Ring of the Nibelungs (2004) as Brunhild
 BloodRayne (2006) as Rayne
 The L Word (2007) as Paige Sobel
 Painkiller Jane (2007) as Jane Vasco / Painkiller Jane
 In the Name of the King (2008) as Elora

References

Other websites
KristannaLoken.net (Official website) (requires Flash)
 (Official)

Kristana Loken Comes Out

Interviews
Manila Standard Today interview (January 27, 2006)
Curve interview  (January 2006)
JoBlo.com interview (December 29, 2005)

1979 births
Living people
Actors from New York
LGBT people from New York
Models from New York
American movie actors
American television actors
Bisexual people
LGBT actors
LGBT models
Concubinage is the state of a woman in a relationship with a man of higher social status that gives her less rights than a marriage. In most of the cases the man has an official wife and one or more concubines. Concubines have only limited rights of support from the man, and their children have lower status than children born by the official wife or wives; these legal rights distinguish a concubine from a mistress.

Historically, the family of a girl were in favour of a concubinage with a mighty man, as it meant economic security for the woman. But concubinage could also mean sexual slavery of one member of the relationship, typically the woman, who was a pleasure slave to the man.

In the Western world there is no legal status of concubines, as only monogamous marriages are allowed.  Any other relationship does not enjoy legal protection; the woman is necessarily a mistress.

References

 Rosales v. Battle (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 1178 (California court decision involving status of concubine. Link requires free registration.)

Marriage
A mistress is a man's long term female sexual partner and companion who is not married to him. This term is especially used when the man is married to another woman.  The relationship is generally stable; however, the couple do not live together openly.  Also, the relationship is usually but not always secret. Rather often the man is paying for some of the woman's living expenses. A mistress has no legal relationship to the man, that makes the difference to the status of a concubine.

The term can also be used to describe the "other" companion in a female same-sex marriage. Likewise, a woman may be married to a man and have a mistress of her own.

Definition
Historically, the term was used for women who could afford a comfortable lifestyle, because a wealthy man financed that so that she will be available for his sexual pleasure. Such a woman could move between the roles of a mistress and a courtesan. Today however, the word mistress is used primarily to refer to the female companion of a man who is married to another woman; in the case of an unmarried man it is usual to speak of a "girlfriend".

The historically best known and most researched mistresses are the royal mistresses of European monarchs, for example Madame de Pompadour. 
In the courts of Europe, particularly Versailles and Whitehall in the 17th and 18th centuries, a mistress often had great power and influence.  A king might hold numerous mistresses but have a single "favourite mistress" or "official mistress" (in French, "maîtresse en titre"), as with Louis XV and Madame de Pompadour.

Adultery
Gibbons belong to the group of lesser apes. They are known for their ability to swing from one tree to another with great agility and swiftness. 

There are four genera of gibbons. Gibbons live in dense tropical forests, for example, in Sumatra, Thailand, and Malaysia.

Extraordinary abilities
Gibbons are the best tree travelers in the animal kingdom. They almost seem to be flying as they swing themselves hand over hand through the trees. Like great apes, gibbons can also walk upright on the ground. When they walk on the ground, gibbons hold their long arms in the air to keep them from dragging.

Gibbons are "singers" too. Their powerful voices travel for kilometers through the forests of Southeast Asia. At times, a male, a female, and their young get together and "sing" in a chorus. These sounds help groups of gibbons stay in contact. They also tell unwelcome visitors to stay away.

Gibbons stay busy for most of the day. They swing through the trees, looking for leaves, flowers, fruit, and insects to eat. When night falls, small groups settle down in familiar trees for the night.

Male and female
Unlike most other primates, male and female gibbons are not very different in size and shape, although they may differ in color. The males are usually black, while the females tend to be ash blond. Female gibbons have one offspring per gestation period and live about 25 years.

Taxonomy 
The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: Hylobates (44), Hoolock (38), Nomascus (52), and Symphalangus (50).

 Family Hylobatidae: gibbons
 Genus Hylobates
 Lar gibbon or White-handed gibbon, Hylobates lar
 Agile gibbon or Black-handed gibbon, Hylobates agilis
 Müller's Bornean gibbon, Hylobates muelleri
 Silvery gibbon, Hylobates moloch
 Pileated gibbon or Capped gibbon, Hylobates pileatus
 Kloss's gibbon or Mentawai gibbon or Bilou, Hylobates klossii
 Genus Hoolock
 Western Hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock
 Eastern Hoolock gibbon, Hoolock leuconedys
 Genus Symphalangus
 Siamang, Symphalangus syndactylus
 Genus Nomascus

References

Other websites 

Gibbon Conservation Center
Gibbon Network and Research Lab

Apes
Dual monarchy  is a union of two monarchies where the thrones of each monarchy are combined. A typical case is a personal union in which the crowns of the separate kingdoms are held by one person. The following are examples of dual monarchies, listed alphabetically with the dominant or co-dominant nation first:

Austria-Hungary, a dual monarchy that existed from 1867 to 1918.
Babylon and Nippur during the second half of the rule of the Kassite government in Babylonia, the 13th and 12th centuries BC; the governor of Nippur, the guennakku, ruled as a secondary administrative monarch.
Brandenburg-Prussia from 1618 until 1701, when King Frederick III became King in Prussia
Castile and Aragón from the union of 1469 resulting from the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile until the abolition of the Crown of Aragón by the Nueva Planta decrees in 1707. The Kingdom of Spain technically existed as a dual monarchy for 238 years and, for this reason, American history lessons about Spain at the time of the voyages of Christopher Columbus teach not simply about "King Ferdinand," but about "Ferdinand and Isabella."
Denmark and England from the conquest of England by Sweyn I of Denmark in 1013 until the death of Harthacanute in 1042 and the dissolution of the union.
Denmark-Norway, a dual monarchy that existed from 1536 to 1814.
Sweden-Norway, a dual monarchy that existed from 1814 to 1905
Various periods of personal unions between the monarchies on the British Isles:
England and Ireland from 1541 to 1707. (Including  Scotland between 1603 and 1707, although parts of Scotland held out until 1652.)
Great Britain and Ireland from 1707 to 1800.
United Kingdom and the Irish Free State from 1927 to 1936/1949. (See Monarchy in the Irish Free State.)
Kush and Egypt during the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt, with Kushite kings on a dual throne from circa 780 BC to 672 BC.
The Netherlands and Great Britain from 1689 to 1702 as a result of the British Glorious Revolution replacing James II of England with the stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau and his co-ruler and wife Mary II of England
Oman and Zanzibar as a dual sultanate from the death of Said bin Sultan in 1856 until the British conquest of Zanzibar in 1896.
Poland-Lithuania from the Union of Krewo in 1385 to its liquidation by the third and final of the Partitions of Poland in 1795. This was the personal union known as the Polish-Lithuanian Union from 1385 to 1569, when the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was founded. In 1401, Lithuania was granted vast internal autonomy by the Union of Vilnius and Radom.
Portugal and Brazil from the relocation of the Portuguese monarchy from Napoleonic-occupied Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro in 1808 until the independence of the Brazilian Empire in 1825.
Spain and Portugal during the Iberian Union from 1580 to 1640.  This was technically a triple monarchy of Castile, Aragón, and Portugal (see above).  The Kalmar Union between Denmark, Norway and Sweden was also a triple monarchy.

Related pages
Personal union 

Monarchy
Carl von Moers (9 December 1871 in Neuwied – 26 May 1957) was a German horse rider who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

He and his horse May-Queen won the silver medal as members of the German team at the 1912 Summer Olympics.  But he was 15th in the individual eventing competition.

He also participated in the individual dressage event at the 1912 Summer Olympics with his horse New Bank. They finished twelfth.

References

Other websites
Data for Moers at sports-reference.com 
list of German equestrians 

1871 births
1957 deaths
Equestrians
German Olympic silver medalists
German sportspeople
Sportspeople from Rhineland-Palatinate
Burnham Grammar School (BGS) is a grammar school in Burnham, Buckinghamshire. It was started in 1960. It is a community school. The school takes children from the age of 11 to the age of 18. The school has about 900 pupils. They are split into five houses.

The school has an all weather sports pitch which the Wycombe Wanderers first team sometimes train on.

In September 2004 the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) awarded the school status as a Science College.

The current head teacher is Dr Andrew Gillespie who took over from Cathy Long in January 2008.

Famous alumni
 Mike Ashley, entrepreneur and owner of Newcastle United F.
 Jimmy Carr, comedian
 David Connolly, professional footballer
 Ulrika Jonsson, television presenter

References

Other websites 
 School Website 
 Ofsted Reports 
 Department for Children, Schools and Families GCSE Performance Tables

1960 establishments in the United Kingdom
1960s establishments in England
Grammar schools in England
Schools in Buckinghamshire
Avant-garde (pronounced ) in French means "front guard", "advance guard", or "vanguard". The term is commonly used in French, English, and German for people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly in the areas of art, culture, and politics. 

Avant-garde represents a going against what is accepted as the norm, especially in culture.

Avant-garde art movements 

 Avant-garde music
 Bauhaus
 Cubism
 Dadaism
 Expressionism
 Impressionism
 Modern art
 Pop art
 Social realism
 Surrealism

Related pages
 Bohemianism

References and notes 

Philosophy
Art
Gil Fates (born Joseph Gilbert Fates on 29 September 1914 in Newark, New Jersey, United States; died 1 May 2000 in New York City, United States) was an American television producer. Fates who also hosted CBS Television Quiz, which was the first television game show to be shown often. Before World War 2, he was a stage actor.

References

Other websites
 

1914 births
2000 deaths
American television producers
American stage actors
American game show hosts
American television directors
American television writers
Businesspeople from Newark, New Jersey
Screenwriters from New Jersey
The classic definitions of innovation include: 
the introduction of something new. (Merriam-Webster Online) 
 a new idea, method or device. (Merriam-Webster Online)
 the successful exploitation of new ideas  (Department of Trade and Industry, UK). 
change that creates a new dimension of performance Peter Drucker (Hesselbein, 2002)

In economics, business and government policy,- something new - must be substantially different, not an unimportant change. In economics the change must increase value, customer value, or producer value. Innovations are intended to make someone better off, and the succession of many innovations grows the whole economy.

Related pages
 Creativity
 Entrepreneur
 History of science
 Ingenuity
 Invention
 Paradigm shift
 Patent
 Public domain
 Research
 Joseph Schumpeter
 Technological singularity

Other websites

 Academic article on Being a Systems Innovator on SSRN
"Communication on Innovation policy: updating the Union’s approach in the context of the Lisbon strategy" - The European Commission.

 
Science
Scott S. Sheppard is an astronomer in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution of Washington. He graduated from the Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii.

He discovered many small moons of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, the second known Neptune Trojan, 2004 UP10 as well as several Kuiper Belt Objects, Centaurs, and near Earth asteroids.

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American astronomers
Taiwan has a lot of mountains, and mountain climbing is a favorite activity of the and many Taiwanese people.  A list of One Hundred Mountains Ranking () was created in 1971, which listed the best mountains for climbing on the island.  Climbing all one hundred mountains is the greatest challenge for Taiwanese climbers.

High peaks 
 Jade Mountain (Yushan, Yu Shan, Mt. Yu, Niitakayama, Mount Niitaka, Mt. Morrison)  玉山:   
Main Peak 主峰 3,952 m 
Eastern Peak 東峰 3,940 m
Northern Peak 北峰 3,920 m 
Southern Peak 南峰 3,900 m 
 
 Snow Mountain 雪山 3,886 m (Hsuehshan)
 Siouguluan Mountain 秀姑巒山 3,860 m 
 
 Wulameng Mountain 烏拉孟山 3,805 m 
 Nanhu Mountain 南湖大山 3,740 m 
 Central Range Point 中央尖山 3,703 m 
 Mount Guan 關山 3,666 m 
 
 Dongjyun Mountain 東郡大山 3,619 m 
 Cilai Mountain 奇萊山:  
Northern Peak 北峰 3,605 m 
Main Peak 主峰 3,559 m 
 Siangyang Mountain 向陽山 3,603 m 
 Dajian Mountain 大劍山 3,593 m 
 Cloud Peak 雲峰 3,562 m (Yunfeng) 
 Dasyue Mountain 大雪山 3,529 m 
 Tao Mountain 桃山 3,525 m 
 Pintien Mountain 品田山 3,524 m 
 Dabajian Mountain 大霸尖山 3,505 m
 Wuming Mountain 無明山 3,449 m
 Hehuan Mountain 合歡山 3,416 m (Hehuanshan)
 Nenggao Mountain 能高山:  
Southern Peak 南峰 3,349 m 
Main Peak 主峰 3,261 m 
 Jhuoshe Mountain 卓社大山 3,343 m 
 Baigu Mountain 白姑大山 3,341 m 
 Sinkang Mountain 新康山 3,335 m 
 Taroko Mountain 太魯閣大山 3,282 m
 Dan Mountain 丹大山 3,240 m

Other mountains 
 Yangmingshan 陽明山 (Mt. Yangming, a mountain area in north Taiwan)
 Seven Star Mountain 1,120 m (Taiwan's tallest extinct volcano)
 Taipingshan 太平山 1950 m (Mt. Taiping)

Other websites 
 Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China.  
 The Department of National Parks. 
 List of the one hundred mountains (Chinese Wikipedia)

Taiwan
Geography of Taiwan
Geography-related lists
Mario Kart DS is a racing game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS. It is the fifth game in the series and the first which used Nintendo's free online service, Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. The game was released in the North America, Australia, and Europe in November 2005, and in Japan in December 2005, and in South Korea in which it is the very first Wi-Fi Connection game launched in April 2007.

It got positive reviews, and scored an average of 91% from Metacritic.

Like other games in the Mario Kart series, Mario Kart DS involves characters from  Mario games racing each other in go-karts on tracks themed from locations in the Mario series.  The game, like other Mario Kart games, employs various weapons or items that players can use to help themselves or slow down others.  These weapons make Mario Kart different from other racing games.

DS is the first Mario Kart game ever to have computer opponents in battle mode. In battle mode, up to eight carts have four balloons and battle each other until one wins. Another change is that players start with one balloon and must blow into the microphone to blow up other balloons.  With fewer balloons, players get better items, but run the risk of getting knocked out early.  With more balloons, they are safer, but get items that are not as good.

DS is also the first online Mario Kart title.  It used the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection.  Players used "friend codes" and pick four tracks to race.  Some tracks cannot be played over Wi-Fi because the game might slow down due to large obstacles.

References

2005 video games
Mario Kart games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
de:Mario Kart#Mario Kart DS (Nintendo DS)
A castle is a fortified structure used to defend a territory.

Castle or Castles can mean:
 University College, Durham, commonly known as "castle"
 Operation Castle, a series of nuclear tests conducted in 1954
 Castle Bravo, its first test
 GWR 4073 Class, the "Castle" class of steam locomotive
 Castle class corvettes, the follow on to the Flower class corvette of World War Two
 Castles (estate agents), in the UK
 Castle Project, an application framework for the .Net platform
 Castle Building Centres Group Ltd., Canadian retailers of lumber and building materials

Places

 Castle, Bedford, an electoral ward in Bedford, England
 Castle, Swansea, an electoral ward in Swansea, Wales
 Castle, Oklahoma, a town
 Castle Geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone
 Smithsonian Institution Building, in Washington, D.C., nicknamed "The Castle"
 Newcastle-under-Lyme, known simply as "castle" to many local people

Entertainment

 Rook (chess), a chess piece sometimes called a "castle"
 Castling, a move in chess involving the rook and king
 Castle (card game)
 Castles (video game), released by Interplay in 1991
 Castles II: Siege and Conquest, a 1992 sequel to the above game
 Castle Communications, a record label
 Castles (soap opera), a short-lived soap opera, broadcast by the BBC in 1995

The Castle may also refer to:

 The Castle (novel) (Das Schloß) is a 1922 novel by Franz Kafka and its translations
 Castle (novel), the second book in The Seventh Tower series
 The Castle (film), a 1997 Australian comedy film 
 The Castle (game), a videogame made by ASCII corporation
 The Castle (radio series), 2007 BBC radio comedy set in the Middle Ages
 The Castle, Budawang National Park, Australia
 CASTLE fight, a computational tool used in game theory
The Warriors can mean:

The Warriors (novel), a novel by Sol Yurick
The Warriors (movie), a 1979 movie based on the novel by Sol Yurick
The Warriors (video game), a 2005 video game based on the 1979 film
The Warriors (band), a hardcore/metal band
The New Zealand Warriors (formerly the Auckland Warriors), a professional rugby league team
The Golden State Warriors, an NBA team
Musa (movie), a 2001 South Korean movie that is called The Warrior in English-speaking countries

Related pages
The Warrior
Warrior (disambiguation)
Warriors
Eliot Laurence Spitzer (born June 10, 1959) is an American lawyer and politician. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was the New York State Attorney General before becoming Governor of New York in 2007.

Spitzer resigned as Governor of New York on March 17, 2008 because of a prostitution incident. Spitzer's lieutenant governor, David Paterson, became Governor. Spitzer hosted In the Arena on the Cable News Network (CNN). He was hired by CNN President Jonathan Klein to co-host a different program along with a conservative debating him called Parker Spitzer. The other co-host left, and the show was renamed In the Arena. The show was cancelled by CNN in 2011.

References

Governors of New York
US Democratic Party politicians
1959 births
Living people
The following is a list of rivers of Africa, by region.

Southern Africa
 Berg - South Africa
 Anzac - Angola
 Fish - Namibia
 Groot - South Africa
 Ihosy River - Madagascar
 Kuiseb - Namibia
 Kunene - Angola (as Cunene), Namibia, Botswana
 Kwando - Namibia, also known as Linyanti and Chobe in places
 Limpopo - Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana
 Mangoky River - Madagascar
 Mania River - Madagascar
 Molopo - Botswana, South Africa
 Okavango - Botswana, Namibia, Angola (as "Cubango")
 Onilahy River - Madagascar
 Orange - South Africa, Lesotho, Namibia
 Tugela - South Africa
 Vaal - South Africa
 Zambezi - Angola, Zambia, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique

Central Africa
 Chari - Central African Republic, Chad, Cameroon
Logone
 Congo 
 Kwango
 Kasai
 Lualaba
 Lomami
 Ubangi - Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic (as "Oubangui")
 Uele
 Mbomou
 Gabon
 Kouilou-Niari - Congo
 Mbini
 Ntem
 Nyanga - Gabon
 Ogooué - Gabon

East Africa
 Awash - Ethiopia
 Jubba - Somalia
 Dawa - Ethiopia
 Gebele - Ethiopia
 Kerio - Kenya
 Maputo - Mozambique
 Mara - Kenya, Tanzania
 Omo - Ethiopia
 Rufiji - Tanzania
 Ruvuma (Rovuma) - Tanzania, Mozambique
 Shebelle - Ethiopia, Somalia
 Tana - Kenya
 Victoria Nile - Uganda
 Albert Nile - Uganda
 Kazinga Channel - Uganda
 Kagera River (Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda)

West Africa
 Bandama - Côte d'Ivoire
 Cavally - Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire
 Gambia - Gambia, Senegal
 Niger - Nigeria, Benin, Niger, Mali, Guinea
 Oueme - Benin
 Saint Paul - Liberia
 Sanaga - Cameroon
 Sankarani- Mali
 Senegal - Senegal, Mauritania, Mali
 Volta - Ghana, Burkina Faso
 Benue - Nigeria

North Africa
 Nile - Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia
 Atbarah River - Sudan, Ethiopia
 Blue Nile - Sudan, Ethiopia
 Didessa River - Ethiopia
 Mountain Nile - Sudan
 Bahr el Zeraf - Sudan
 White Nile - Sudan

 Bou Regreg - Morocco
 Draa River - Algeria, Morocco
 Moulouya River - Morocco
 Oum Er-Rbia River - Morocco
 Sebou River - Morocco
This is a list of rivers in Arkansas:

Antoine River
Arkansas River
Bayou des Arc
Bennetts River
Black River
Boeuf River
Buffalo River (Buffalo National River)
Cache River
Caddo River
Cossatot River
Current River
Eleven Point River
Fourche River
Fourche La Fave River
Illinois River
Kings River
L'Anguille River
Little Antoine River
Little Black River
Little Buffalo River
Little Cossatot River
Little Maumelle River
Little Missouri River
Little Red River
Little River in northeastern Arkansas, a tributary of the St. Francis River
Little River in southwestern Arkansas, a tributary of the Red River
Little Strawberry River
Maumelle River
Mississippi River
Mountain Fork
Mulberry River
North Fork River
Ouachita River
Petit Jean River
Poteau River
Red River
Rolling Fork
St. Francis River
Saline River in southwestern Arkansas, a tributary of the Little River
Saline River in southern Arkansas, a tributary of the Ouachita River
Spring River
Strawberry River
Sulphur River
Tyronza River
White River

Arkansas

Arkansas-related lists
The following is a list of Albanian rivers, by letter:
 Berisha River
 Bistrica River
 Bushtrica River
 Buna River
 Drini River
 Drini i Zi River
 Devolli River
 Drino River
 Dunaveci River
 Fani River
 Fani i Madh River
 Fani i Vogël River
 Erzeni River
 Gomsiqja River
 Gostima River
 Gjadri River
 Gjanica River
 Gjolja River
 Ishmi River
 Kalasa River
 Kiri River
 Lana River
 Lesniqja River
 Mati River
 Nikaj River
 Osumi River
 Qarishta River
 Rapuni River
 Semani River
 Shkumbini River
 Shushica River
 Vjosa River
 Pavllo River
 Drini i Bardhë River
 Tërkuza River
 Tirana River
 Zeza River

Geography of Albania
Albania
Albania
The Battle of Tannenberg was a decisive engagement between the Russian Empire and the German Empire in the first days of World War I. It was fought by the Russian First and Second Armies and the German Eighth Army between 17 August and 2 September 1914. The battle ended with the almost complete destruction of the Russian Second Army.

The battle took place near Allenstein.  The Germans named it after Tannenberg.  They wanted to express that they had made good their defeat at the medieval Battle of Tannenberg or (Grunwald).  In that 1410 battle the Lithuanians finally defeated the Teutonic Knights.

Bibliographic references
 .

 .
 Tannenberg 1914 by John Sweetman. Includes battle plans in colour and archived black and white photographic plates of the battle.

Other websites
 Battle of Tannenberg

1914 in Europe
20th century in Poland
Battles involving Germany
Battles involving Russia
Battles of World War I
The following is an incomplete list of rivers in Argentina, by letter:

Río Abaucan - Abaucan River
Río Aguapey - Aguapey River
Río Arrecifes - Arrecifes River
Río Atuel - Atuel River
Río Bermejo - Bermejo River
Río Carapari - Carapari River
Río Carcarañá - Carcarañá River
Río Carrenleufú - Carrenleufú River
Río Chico - Chico River
Río Chubut - Chubut River
Río Coig - Coig River
Río Coile - Coile River
Río Colorado - Colorado River
Río Conlara - Conlara River
Río Corrientes - Corrientes River
Río Cosquín - Cosquín River
Río Cuarto - Cuarto River
Río De La Plata - De La Plata River
Río Desaguadero - Desaguadero River
Río Deseado - Deseado River
Río Diamante - Diamante River
Río Dulce - Dulce River
Río Feliciano - Feliciano River
Río Futaleufú - Futaleufú River
Río Gallegos - Gallegos River
Río Gualeguay - Gualeguay River
Río Gualeguaychú - Gualeguaychú River
Río Guayquiraro - Guayquiraro River
Río Horcones - Horcones River
Río Hua-Hum - Hua-Hum River
Río Iguazú - Iguazú River
Río Itiyuro - Itiyuro River
Río Jachal - Jachal River
Río Juramento - Juramento River
Río La Matanza - La Matanza River (Riachuelo)
Río Limay - Limay River
Río Manso - Manso River
Río Mayer - Mayer River
Río Mendoza - Mendoza River
Río Miriñay - Miriñay River
Río Mocoretá - Mocoretá River
Río Mojotoro - Mojotoro River
Río Negro - Negro River
Río Negro (Chaco) - Negro River (Chaco)
Río Neuquén - Neuquén River
Río Nogoya - Nogoya River
Río Paraguay - Paraguay River
Río Paraná - Paraná River
Río Pasaje - Pasaje River
Río Pepiri-Guazu - Pepiri-Guazu River
Río Pico - Pico River
Río Pilcomayo - Pilcomayo River
Río Primero - Primero River
Río Puelo - Puelo River
Río Quinto - Quinto River
Río Rosario - Rosario River
Río Salado - Salado River
Río Salado (Buenos Aires) - Salado River (Buenos Aires)
Río Sali - Sali River
Río San Fransisco - San Fransisco River
Río San Javier - San Javier River
Río San Juan - San Juan River
Río Santa Cruz - Santa Cruz River
Río Santa Lucía - Santa Lucía River
Río Segundo - Segundo River
Río Senguerr - Senguerr River
Río Simpson - Simpson River
Río Tercero - Tercero River
Río Tunuyán - Tunuyán River
Río Urueña - Urueña River
Río Uruguay - Uruguay River
Río Vinchina - Vinchina River
Río Vizcachas - Vizcachas River

Argentina

Argentina