cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr. (born October 8, 1941) is an American church minister, activist and politician. Jackson was born Jesse Louis Burns, in Greenville, South Carolina. His mother, Helen Burns, was 16 years old at the time he was born. She never married his father, Noah Louis Robinson. When Jackson was two, his mother married Charles Jackson. Jesse was raised by his grandmother Matilda until he was 13. In 1957, he returned home when his step-father adopted him.

Early life and civil rights
After he graduated from high school, Jackson had an offer to play professional baseball from the Chicago White Sox. He also received a scholarship to play college football at the University of Illinois, which he accepted. He later transferred to North Carolina A&T. He was one of Martin Luther King Jr.'s main organizers in Chicago for the Southern Christian Leadership Conferences.  After King was shot, Jackson formed several civil rights organizations of his own. Two of these were Operation PUSH and the Rainbow Coalition. Jackson was also active in civil rights movements outside the United States. He also served as a Baptist minister.

Presidential runs
Jackson ran for President in 1984 and 1988, coming in second in the 1988 Democratic party.  Both times, he ran on a very liberal platform that wanted people of all races to co-operate, as well as more emphasis on education, urban issues and infrastructure.  He wanted to be chosen as the Democrat's Vice-Presidential nominee, but Lloyd Bentsen was chosen instead.  From 1991 to 1997, he was a shadow senator from the District of Columbia. People thought Jackson might run against Bill Clinton in the 1996 primaries, but he did not. 

In 2016, during the 2016 United States presidential election he endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton. In 2020, during the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he endorsed Bernie Sanders to be the democratic nominee.

Controversy
He is known for saying some things that are controversial. Some things he said were offensive to Jews.  He also said that Barack Obama was "acting like he's white" and "talking down to black people."

Personal life
Jackson's eldest son, Jesse Jackson Jr., is a former congressman from Illinois.

In November 2017, Jackson was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.

In August 2021, Jackson and his wife were hospitalized at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago, with COVID-19.

References

1941 births
Living people
African American politicians
American adoptees
American Baptists
American civil rights activists
Christian ministers
People with Parkinson's disease
People from Greenville, South Carolina
Politicians from Chicago
Politicians from South Carolina
HuffPost writers and columnists
1984 United States presidential candidates
1988 United States presidential candidates
United States Shadow senators from District of Columbia
US Democratic Party politicians
The structured program theorem is a theorem in programming and computer science. A computer program can be split into pieces of code that do a certain task. According to the structured program theorem, these smaller tasks can be combined in only three ways to get any larger task done.

A program gets a large task done by splitting it into many smaller tasks that the computer can do easily. These smaller tasks are called subprograms in computer science. According to the structured program theorem, the three ways subprograms can be combined are:
 In sequence. Executing (running) one subprogram, and then executing another subprogram.
 By selection. Executing a subprogram based on a certain condition.
 In repetition. Executing the same subprogram over and over again.
The theorem was first published in 1966 by Corrado Böhm and Guiseppe Jacopini. It comes from the 1946 description of the von Neumann architecture and the normal form theorem developed by Stephen Kleene.

Computer programming
Theoretical computer science
Mathematical theorems
The Lower Triassic is the first of three epochs of the Triassic period. It lasted from about 252.2 million years ago (mya) to ~247.2 mya. The Lower Triassic is the oldest epoch of the Mesozoic era. These rocks were laid down just after the great Permian–Triassic extinction event.

The Lower Triassic was called the Scythian stage, which can be found in older literature. In Europe, most of the Lower Triassic is composed of sandstone.  It is a lithostratigraphic unit of continental red beds.  They were formed on land under desert conditions.

Fauna 
 

The massive extinctions that ended the Paleozoic era caused extreme hardship for the surviving species. Many types of corals, brachiopods, molluscs, echinoderms, and other invertebrates had completely disappeared. The most common hard-shelled marine invertebrates were bivalves, gastropods, ammonites, echinoids, and a few articulate brachiopods. The most common land animal was the herbivorous synapsid Lystrosaurus. 

The earliest Triassic faunas lacked biodiversity and were like that throughout the epoch. Recovery on land took 30 million years. 

The first ichthyosaurs evolved in this epoch.

The climate during the Lower Triassic (especially in the interior of the supercontinent Pangaea) was generally dry. Deserts were widespread. The poles had a temperate climate. The relatively hot climate of the epoch may have been caused by widespread volcanic eruptions.

References 

Triassic
The Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period. It lasted from about 247.2 million years ago (mya) to ~237 mya.

Once the middle series in the Triassic was known as the Muschelkalk. This name is now only used for a unit of rock strata of Middle Triassic age, found in western Europe.

Fauna 
Archosaurs were initially rarer than the therapsids which had dominated Permian terrestrial ecosystems, but they began to displace therapsids in the Middle Triassic. This 'Triassic takeover' may have contributed to the evolution of mammals. It forced the surviving therapsids and their mammalian successors to live as small, mainly nocturnal insectivores. Nocturnal life probably forced the proto-mammals to develop fur and higher metabolic rates. In their burrows, keeping warm, looking after the young and feeding them with milk were keys to their later success.

The ancestors of crocodiles, and the ancestors of pterosaurs and dinosaurs, were the most important archosaurs of this epoch.

In the Tethys Ocean, the first sauropterygia were present, the nothosaurs and early plesiosaurs. Ichthyosaurs had arrived in the Lower Triassic.

References 

Triassic
Shahāb al-Dīn Yahya ibn Habash as-Suhrawardī (, also known as Sohrevardi) was a 12th-century Persian poet, philosopher and Sufi. He was the founder of the Illuminationist philosophy or "Oriental Theosophy", or the Suhrawardi Order of Sufism. He is sometimes also called Sheikh al Maqtul (The Murdered Master/Sage) as he was executed for his beliefs and practices by orthodox Islamic authorities.

References

1155 births
1191 deaths
Asian Sufis
Muslims
Religious leaders
Philosophers
Adduction is a form of movement in animal biology which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the sagittal plane of the body. The opposite of adduction is abduction.

Muscles of adduction

Upper limb
 of arm at shoulder (lowering arm)
 Subscapularis
 Teres major
 Pectoralis major
 Infraspinatus
 Triceps brachii (caput longum)
 Latissimus dorsi
 Coracobrachialis

 of hand at wrist
 Flexor carpi ulnaris
 Extensor carpi ulnaris

 of fingers
 Palmar interossei

 of thumb
 Adductor pollicis

Lower limb
 of thigh at hip
 medial compartment of thigh/adductor muscles of the hip
 Adductor longus
 Adductor brevis
 Adductor magnus
 Pectineus
 Gracilis

 of toes (S2-S3)
 Adductor hallucis
 Plantar interossei

Other
 vocal folds
 Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

 eyeball
 Superior rectus muscle
 Inferior rectus muscle
 Medial rectus muscle

Adduction in Scallops
Scallops have a central adductor muscle. It lets them open and close their shells. It is quite large and developed compared to other bivalves because they swim a lot.

References

Anatomy
The following is a list of people who have contributed to the Kurdish literature.

16th century - 20th century
Malaye Jaziri (Melayê Cizîrî),(1570–1640), Kurdish poet and sufi
Sherefxan Bidlisi (1543–1599), historian and poet, author of Sharafnama.
Faqi Tayran (Feqîyê Teyran), (1590–1660), poet, author of Sheik San'an and Battle of DimDim.
Ali Taramakhi (Elî Teremaxî), (16th century), linguist and writer.
Mustafa Besarani, (1642-1701),Kurdish poet

Ahmad Khani (Ehmedê Xanî), (1651–1707), Kurdish poet and a Muslim scholar, author of Mem û Zîn.
Khana Qubadi (Xana Qubadî), (1700–1759), Kurdish poet, author of  Şîrîn û Xesrew.
Mahmud Bayazidi (1797–1859), Kurdish writer, translator and historian.
Nali (1797–1869), Kurdish poet.
Mastoura Ardalan (1805–1848), Kurdish poet and historiographer.
Mawlawi Tawagozi (1806–1882), Kurdish poet and sufi.
Haji Qadir Koyi (1817–1897), Kurdish poet.
Mahwi (1830–1906), Kurdish poet and sufi.
Sheikh Rezza Talabani (1835–1910), Kurdish, Iraq.
Wafaei (1844–1902), Kurdish poet, Iran.

Edeb (1860–1918), Kurdish poet, Iran
Piramerd (1867–1950), Kurdish poet, writer, novelist and journalist, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Muhamed Amin Zaki (1880–1948), writer, historian and politician, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Taufiq Wahby (1891–1984), writer and linguist, Iraq.
Celadet Bedir Khan (Celadet Alî Bedirxan), (1893–1951), linguist, journalist and politician, founder of the Latin-based Kurdish alphabet.
Nuri Barzinji (1896–1958), poet, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Arab Shamilov (Erebê Şemo) (1897–1978), Kurdish writer and novelist, Armenia.
Rafiq Hilmi (1898–1960), Kurdish writer, literary analyst and politician, Iraq.
Cigerxwîn (Cegerxwîn), (1903–1984), Kurdish poet and writer, Turkey/Syria.
Abdulla Goran (1904–1962), Kurdish poet.

Osman Sabri (1905–1993), Kurdish poet, writer and journalist, Turkey/Syria.
Emînê Evdal (1906–1964), Kurdish writer and linguist, Armenia.
Alaaddin Sajadi (1907–1984), Kurdish writer, poet and academic, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Hecîyê Cindî (1908–1990), Kurdish writer, linguist and researcher, Armenia.
Qanate Kurdo (1909–1985), Kurdish writer, linguist and academic, Russia.
Qedrîcan (1911–1972), Kurdish poet and writer, Turkey/Syria.
Ibrahim Ahmad (1914–2000), Kurdish writer, novelist and translator, Iraqi Kurdistan/England.
Dildar, (Yonis Reuf), (1917–1948), Kurdish poet, Iraq
Hejar (Abdurrahman Sharafkandi), (1920–1990), Kurdish poet, writer, translator and linguist, Iran.
Hemin Mukriyani (Hêmin Mukriyanî), (1921–1986), Kurdish journalist and poet, Iran.
Ahmad Hardi (1922–2006), Kurdish poet, Iraqi Kurdistan/UK.
Karim Hisami (1926–2001), Kurdish writer, Iran/Iraq/Sweden.
Muhamad Salih Dilan (1927–1990), One of the founders of modern Kurdish poetry.
Shamil Asgarov (1928–2005), poet, researcher on the history and culture of the Kurds in Azerbaijan, translator.
Mahmud Baksi (1944–2001), Kurdish writer and journalist, Sweden.

Kurds
Lists of poets
The 2011–12 season is Futbol Club Barcelona's 118th in the Spanish league.

Barcelona signing a £125m deal with the Qatar Foundation.

Pre-season

Transfers

In

Out

Released

New deal

Squad

Supercopa de España

La Liga

Champions League

 FC Barcelona advanced to the Round of 16.

References 

Football seasons
2011 in association football
2012 in association football
2011 in Europe
2012 in Europe
2010s in Barcelona
A Hospital ship is a big boat which is built to cure patients. Most are operated by militaries, or by governments. Attacking one is a war crime, but Hospital ships are not allowed to carry any weapons, and enemy navies (if the owner of the Hospital ship is at war) are allowed to inspect them.

Ship types
The Volkswagen Beetle is a car manufactured by the Volkswagen company.  It was designed by Dr. Ferdinand Porsche.  When it was introduced, it had gone through over a million miles of testing - more than any other car at the time.

The history of the car is the history of the Volkswagen company - the company was created to make that car.  Other than some military vehicles during WWII, it was the only car the company made at first.

The car was made from 1949 to 2003, over 23 million of them.  For many years, it held the record as the most-sold car ever.  It took the record from the Model T Ford in 1971, and held it until 2000 when the Toyota Corolla took it away.

The basic shape and design of the car did not change.  It was also powered by an engine in the rear, had a small trunk up front, and was air-cooled (no radiator).

More recently, the company made the New Beetle, which looked similar, followed by the present-day Beetle from 2012.  These are completely different cars however, since they have a water-cooled engine in the front, and are very similar underneath to the Volkswagen Golf.

There are many Volkswagen clubs around the world, the members restore or modify the original air-cooled Volkswagens.

Disney made a series of films about a Beetle called Herbie.

References

Volkswagen automobiles
Ferdinand Porsche (September 3, 1875January 30, 1951) was born in Austria.  He was a talented and well-known car designer, especially of race cars.  But he always wanted to make a small car useful for a family.  Finally Adolf Hitler gave him the opportunity to make the Volkswagen Beetle in 1936. But by the time the car started production, war broke out, and the company started making army vehicles instead.  After World War II he was put in a French jail for almost 2 years but never convicted of a crime.  He was released, but his health had been damaged and he died not long afterwards.  He lived long enough to see his beloved small car being successfully produced by the Volkswagen company, but not to see the great success it eventually became.

He started the Porsche company in 1931.  At first it made designs and prototypes for others (including the Volkswagen Beetle).  Later, under his son Ferry Porsche's leadership, it started making high-end cars.  It continues to produce high power cars to this day.

References

Further reading
Barber, Chris (2003). Birth of the Beetle: The Development of the Volkswagen by Ferdinand Porsche. Haynes Publishing. .
 Ludvigsen, Karl E. (2008). Porsche: Excellence Was Expected – The Comprehensive History of the Company, Its Cars and Its Racing Heritage. Brooklands Books. 
 Hans Mommsen; Manfred Grieger: Das Volkswagenwerk und seine Arbeiter im Dritten Reich, ECON Verlag, Düsseldorf 1996,  
 Peter Müller: Ferdinand Porsche. Der Vater des Volkswagens, 4. Aufl., 1998 
 Martin Pfundner: Austro Daimler und Steyr. Rivalen bis zur Fusion. Die frühen Jahre des Ferdinand Porsche. Böhlau, Wien 2007.

Other websites 

 West Ham's Cedes Stoll Trolleybus Porsche design
 Porsche facts website
 Website of the Society of Automotive Historians about him 
 Hybrid-Vehicle.org: The Lohner-Porsche.
 Hybrid-Vehicle.org: The Landwehr and C-train

German people
1875 births
1951 deaths
George Balanchine (Saint Petersburg, January 22, 1904 – New York, April 30, 1983) was a ballet dancer and choreographer. His father was Georgian and his mother Russian. 

He was one of the 20th century's most famous choreographers. He developed over 200 ballets, mostly in the United States. He was the co-founder and balletmaster of the New York City Ballet. He was a choreographer known for his musicality. He often with Igor Stravinsky: 39 of his ballets were choreographed to music by Stravinsky.

Career 
Balanchine was trained at the Imperial Ballet School in St Petersburg. After the Revolution he joined what is now the Mariinsky Ballet. He escaped when the company toured Germany. He was picked up by Sergei Diaghilev to be a dancer and choreographer for the Ballets Russes.

After Diaghilev's death, Balanchine stayed in Europe until 1933. Then he was taken to New York by a wealthy patron, Lincoln Kirstein. Together they formed the American Ballet School.  Later they formed the American Ballet Company. This company became the 'house' dance group of the New York Metropolitan Opera. Later, in 1938, Balanchine moved the company to Hollywood.

In 1948 he moved back to New York.  This was to head the New York City Ballet at the New York State Theater. He designed this theater. From 1946 to 1982 he choreographed many dances for this company. Balanchine died in 1983 of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Marriages
In 1922 18 year old Balanchine married 15 year old Tamara Geva.  After his divorce from Geva, Balanchine was with Alexandra Danilova from 1926 through 1933.  He married and divorced three more times, all to women who were his dancers.  There was Vera Zorina (December 1938–1946), Maria Tallchief (1946–1952), and Tanaquil Le Clercq (1952–1969). He did not have any children.

References 

1904 births
1983 deaths
Deaths from Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Russian people
Ballet dancers
American choreographers
Tamara Platonovna Karsavina (10 March 1885 – 26 May 1978) was a Russian ballerina. She began her career in the Imperial Russian Ballet and later danced with the Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. 

Karsavina created the title role in The Firebird, the Ballerina in Petrushka, and The Young Girl in Le Spectre de la Rose. After she settled in Hampstead, London, she began teaching ballet professionally. She assisted in setting up The Royal Ballet, and was a founding member of the Royal Academy of Dance. Her pupils included Dame Alicia Markova and Dame Margot Fonteyn. She wrote two books: the autobiography Theatre Street (1930) and the dance textbook Classical Ballet: the flow of movement (1962).

Other websites 

 Karsavina: A website with complete information about Karsavina's birth and death.

1885 births
1978 deaths
Autobiographers
Ballets Russes
Russian ballerinas
Jeddah Tower, or Kingdom Tower is a skyscraper that is under construction. The tower is being built in Jeddah, a major port city on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. After its completion, Kingdom Tower will be the tallest building in the world, according to Construction Weekly. The consultants at Advanced Construction Technology Services state that the new tower will be approximately  high, which is significantly taller than the current Guinness World Record holder, the Burj Khalifa. In contrast, the Burj Khalifa is only  high.

Kingdom Tower will be the first part in a new project called Kingdom City, a planned suburb of Jeddah, with plans to eventually become a new city entirely. Plans for Kingdom Tower have been circulating since 2008, when it was originally named the "Mile-High Tower," for the obvious reason that it was going to be a mile high.  However, the foundation where the Kingdom Holding Company wanted to build the tower was not stable enough to support such a large project. Instead, the company settled for the kilometer high title, where on August 2, 2011, Kingdom Holding announced that construction would commence soon, as the support for the tower had finally been gathered.  The idea of Kingdom Tower is accredited to the Prince of Saudi Arabia, Al-Waleed bin Talal, whom also owns Kingdom Holding Company.  The prince is the main contributor to this project, as he is known to be one of the wealthiest men in the world.

Issues

However, many people are complaining that the tower is going to be a waste of much needed capital. The government has many problems and issues that require the money of the Saudi Arabian government, such as improving education and providing jobs that will benefit the country as a whole.  As such, there are some that believe the country cannot afford to pursue such a large project.  Many believe that this project is an elitist venture made simply to compete with the already-failed Burj Khalifa, which is known to be almost completely empty.  Saudi Arabians and immigrants alike fear that the project is going to be a failure in stimulating the lagging economy of Saudi Arabia, and will instead add to the debt of the country.

Still, others also believe that the project will benefit the economy of Saudi Arabia, bringing in much needed jobs to help construct the building, and will bring in a large amount of tourism already concentrated within the Hejaz area where Jeddah resides.

References
Harrington, Daisy. "Saudi Arabia to build world's tallest tower, reaching 1 kilometer into the sky." CNN.

Skyscrapers
Jeddah
Buildings and structures in Saudi Arabia
KrioRus is a cryonics company that freezes dead people or animals. People do that in hope that, in the future when medicine becomes better, they can have life again, solve their health problems and have eternal life.

KrioRus is in Russia but can freeze people from every part of the world, specially from Europe and Asia.

Related pages
 Cryonics

Other websites 
 
 Publications about KrioRus

Companies of Russia
2005 establishments
2000s establishments in Russia
Butler is a city in Choctaw County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 1,952. The city is the county seat of Choctaw County.

History
When Choctaw County was formed in 1847, Butler was created as the county seat. The town was located and settled in 1848. It is named in honor of Colonel Pierce Butler, a soldier killed in the Mexican-American War.

Education
Public education is provided by the Choctaw County School District.  Choctaw County High School has grades 7 through 12. Choctaw County Elementary School has grades K through 6. Patrician Academy is a private school (grades pre-K through 12) located in Butler.

Media

Radio
WMLV 93.5 FM (Hot Adult Contemporary)

Notable natives 
Ty Herndon - Country music singer
Johnny Ruffin - Major League Baseball pitcher

References 

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Aerial warfare is fighting a war in the air. This is usually done by using helicopters and airplanes. Bombers and attack aircraft fight enemies on the ground or bomb civilians in air raids. Fighter planes fight other airplanes. 

Military tactics
Military aviation
The United States Military Academy at West Point (also known as West Point, USMA, Army (athletic teams)) is a university that teaches students to become officers in the US Army.  Students are called "cadets" and are subject to military rules while studying subjects like engineering and military science for four years.  For many years, West Point only taught men, but in 1976 West Point admitted its first female cadets. Women currently comprise approximately 15% of entering new cadets.

Military officers compose 75% of the faculty. Civilian professors make up the remaining 25% of faculty positions.

Congress formally authorized and funded West Point on 16 March 1802. West Point was so successful, that military academies were added later for the Navy, Coast Guard and Air Force.

West Point was originally a Fort. The Continental Army used it to guard the Hudson River. General Benedict Arnold tried to betray it.

Sports
West Point has a very broad sports program. All of its students are required to compete in at least one sport, either at the intramural (i.e., within the school) or intercollegiate (i.e., against other schools) level, in every semester.

The Army intercollegiate sports teams are nicknamed "Black Knights". Most Army teams play in the Patriot League. The football team plays at the highest level, known as Division I FBS, but is independent—not in any conference. The men's ice hockey team plays in Atlantic Hockey.

References

Further reading

Other websites
 The Academy's official site
 Army Black Knights official site 

Military schools
Army
Army
1802 establishments in the United States
1800s establishments in New York (state)
Barebacking is when people have sexual intercourse without using a condom. The term originated in the gay community, and was used to refer to unprotected anal sex. The word is related to bareback, which means riding a horse without a saddle. Barebacking refers to a deliberate decision to not use a condom, forgetting to use a condom is not barebacking.

Barebacking is dangerous, because there is a high risk of infection with sexually transmitted diseases, such as Syphilis, or HIV. Even if both partners are HIV positive, there is a risk of infection with other strains of HIV. This may mean that the disease becomes more difficult to treat, or that certain drugs stop working.

Human sexuality
Conscription, also called draft, is when a government forces people to enlist in the army. Usually, only men are conscripted, but in Some countries such as Israel and Norway, women are as well. A soldier who has been drafted to serve in the army is called a conscript. 

Conscription may or may not be compulsory. If compulsory, it may be resisted. Usually, exceptions are allowed. Since men in their late teens and twenties are the main objective, conscription clashes with higher education, and exceptions may be allowed.

The first large, modern conscript army was the French Grand Army after the French Revolution.  Conscription soon became a common way of making up the armies. Almost all of the powerful armies in the world except United Kingdom were conscript armies, but during the World Wars, even the British Army used mostly conscripts.  

Conscription was introduced in August 1916 in New Zealand during the First World War  because the number of men needed to be recruited had not been met.

Problems 
Conscription armies are large, but they are often poorly equipped and trained and have poor morale. In combat they usually suffer many casualties. Usually conscripts serve with little pay. Conscription may be considered as a type of forced labour. In some countries, young men who refuse to join the army are sentenced to prison.  Many people "dodged" or illegally avoided conscription during the Vietnam War in the United States.

There are arguments for conscription. Some see it as fair since everyone shares the burden of service. A small country with few people can make up a large enough army by conscription. If a country is in the middleof hostile neighbours and war can break up at any time, or if the country is a buffer state (between two military powers), training all available young people as soldiers can be a good idea.

The alternatives for conscription are militia or universal conscription systems, as in Switzerland, or a professional army made up from volunteers. The United States gave up conscription during the Cold War. The Vietnam War proved so unpopular that the US Army no longer wanted conscripts, but volunteers, who have better motivation to serve. Most other Western countries followed the American example and gave up conscription. Some countries now have an all-volunteer army, and in Europe, universal conscription remains only in some countries like Finland, Russia and Turkey.

In Germany, conscription for the Bundeswehr was removed in July 2011 after a long discussion in the German Bundestag.

People who oppose conscription because of pacifism idea are called conscientious objectors. Some countries draft conscientious objectors but give them jobs in which they will not have to fight.  

Military
Lalian is a capital city of Lalian Tehsil in Punjab, Pakistan. It is on the Sargodha road from Chiniot.

Capital cities in Pakistan
Punjab (Pakistan)
2009 establishments in Asia
Dawn is an unmanned NASA space probe. It has orbited and studied the asteroid Vesta, and it is currently orbiting the dwarf planet Ceres. Both Vesta and Ceres are in the asteroid belt. Dawn is the first spacecraft to visit Ceres and the first to visit Vesta. It also is the first spacecraft to orbit two extraterrestrial bodies.

Dawn was launched on September 27, 2007 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station aboard a Delta 7925-H rocket. It then travelled to Mars for a gravity assist, making its closest approach to Mars in February 2009. 

Next, Dawn set off for Vesta. It went into orbit in July, 2011. On September 5, 2012, Dawn left Vesta and headed for Ceres. It began to orbit Ceres on March 6, 2015.

References

Other websites

NASA spacecraft
Asteroids
Phillips Exeter Academy (also called Exeter, Phillips Exeter, or PEA) is a high school for boys and girls in Exeter, New Hampshire. It is a boarding school, and 80% of the students live there. The school has 1.3 billion dollars, which is the most any school in New England has, and as much as many colleges do.

Phillips Exeter Academy is one of the oldest private boarding school in the United States, and was founded in 1781, during the American Revolution, by John Phillips, as a school for only boys. The school opened to girls also in 1970. The school is known for its special teaching method, the Harkness method, where students discuss concepts instead of being lectured. The school has many important buildings, like the Class of 45 Library and the Exeter Inn. It has an art museum, called the Lamont Gallery.

Its rival school, Phillips Academy, was founded three years before in Andover, Massachusetts by John Phillips' nephew, Samuel Phillips Jr. with the help of the older Phillips. Their football teams have played against each other almost every year since 1878. This makes their rivalry one of the oldest high school rivalries in the country.

Many politicians, writers, and other leaders have graduated from this school. An American president, Franklin Pierce, went there, as did the children of three other American presidents: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Grover Cleveland. The inventor of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, also did. The school has three mottos: Non Sibi, which means "Not For Oneself", Finis Origine Pendet, which means "The End Depends On The Beginning", and Χάριτι Θεοῦ, which means "By the Grace of God".
Schools in New Hampshire
1780s establishments in the United States
1781 establishments in North America
18th-century establishments in New Hampshire
An emblem is a pictorial image either abstract or representational. It represents a concept — for example, a moral truth, or an allegory — or a person, such as a king or saint. For example, the scallop shell is the traditional emblem of James, son of Zebedee. Pilgrims wore it on their hat or clothes to show that they were travelling to the shrine at Santiago de Compostela.

Military Emblems

References

Symbols
Tasman Bay is a large bay at the north of New Zealand's South Island. It is in the shape of a V. It is in the middle of the island's northern coast. It is 120 km long and 70 km wide. It is a part of the coast of the Tasman Sea, on the western side of the Cook Strait.
At the western side of the bay, the land around has dense vegetation. The separation point between the Tasman Bay and the next bay, Golden Bay, is in the west. It is a part of the Abel Tasman National Park. On the east side, the bay is bounded by valleys of the Marlborough Sounds. 

A few rivers enter the sea at this point. Some of them are Waimea River, Riwaka, the Motueka and Serpentine River. Tasman Bay contains the rare rock formation known as the Boulder Bank.

The land around the centre of the bay is cultivated. It is well known for its crops like apples, kiwifruit, olives, grapes and hops. Tasman bay produced Tobacco there in the middle of the twentieth century. Now there is a Tobacco museum in Motueka. This is also the most populated part of the South Island's north coast. Several towns and the city of Nelson are there. Other large towns are Motueka, Riwaka and Richmond.

Bays
Bodies of water of New Zealand
The Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand Inc. (Forest & Bird) is an environmental organisation. It specialises in conservation of indigenous plant and animal life in and around New Zealand.
The Society has over 50 active branches. They are located in urban and rural centres in New Zealand.
Branches are very engaged in conservation projects on a community and regional basis.
Society offices and staff are in Auckland, Christchurch and Wellington.
The society publishes a journal four times a year: Forest & Bird.

Environmental organizations
Wellington
Conservation
Forestry
1923 establishments in Oceania
20th-century establishments in New Zealand
A fishing dredge, also known as a scallop dredge or an oyster dredge, is a kind of fishing net. It is pulled along the bottom of the sea by a fishing boat to collect scallops, oysters and other kind of clams, crabs, and sea cucumber. Fishermen then lift the dredge into the boat and empty it.

In Europe, used to have "teeth" at the bottom, called tynes. These teeth raked or ploughed the sand and mud. This dug up buried clams. The New Bedford (USA) dredge does not have teeth.

Dredge nets have a gross mesh in order to let organisms smaller than the target organisms through. The net catches the larger organisms: in the case of scallop dredging that includes the scallops' predators, such as whelks, starfish and octopus.

Sometimes three or four dredges are attached to a wheeled stiff axle. A number of these dredges can be towed from a heavy spreading bar. Usually there is one on each side of the ship. The length of the bar and the number of dredges towed is dependent on the power of the ship and the room on the side of the boat for working the dredges. There could be 3 on each side on a small 10 metre boat. There could be up to 20 on each side for a 30-metre ship with 1500 hp. The weight and strength of this can dig up the ground. It overturns rocks and can crush animals and plants in its path.

Scallops often contain sand when fishermen use dredges. It can also damage the seabed if they use dredges carelessly. These days scallop dredging is sometimes replaced by scuba diving. However inventors are trying to invent a better dredge.

Related pages
 Scallop

References

Other websites 
 photo of scallop dredge 
 drawing of scallop dredge 

Fishing
The Way of St. James or St. James' Way (, , , ) is the pilgrimage route to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia in northwestern Spain. Tradition says that the remains of the apostle Saint James are buried there.

Other websites 

 "Looking For Infinity: El Camino" (2017) follows the ancient pilgrimage path of St James's Way. Described by the Blue Mountains Australia Supporters of the Camino as “A beautiful, sincere and gentle work for those who want to savour life and slow down to see it, Working on many different levels, the film provides insight into what attracts many people to undertake a Camino and what the words “freedom” and “simplicity” mean to them when coupled with “giving” to others and always receiving more than you gave." 
 Camino de Santiago Community dedicated to help pilgrims plan their trip
 Comeon.ws, detailed and accurate information about The Caminos and Albergues (GPS tracks, POIs, maps)
 Virtual Visit  Cathedral Santiago de Compostela
 Camino de Santiago Backpacking Journals Follow hikers as they walk the Way of Saint James
The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Way of St. James (p. 175-183)
 Free Guide for Hikers on the Way of St. James
 Walk the Camino de Santiago de Compostela First hand pilgrim advice for various European St. James pilgrimage walking routes
 App Mi Camino  for Android SmartPhones
 Free Android app and maps for navigation to Camino de Santiago for Android SmartPhones

References

World Heritage Sites in Spain
Santiago de Compostela
Thomas Wolsey (born between 1471 and 1476 at Ipswich, Suffolk; died 29 November 1530) was an English statesman and archbishop. He was made a cardinal in 1515. Of humble origin, Thomas Wolsey became the principal figure in affairs of state for many years during the reign of King Henry VIII of England before falling into disgrace.  

Cardinal Wolsey chiefly developed his talents in managing the foreign policy of the kingdom on behalf of Henry VIII. In spite of the many enemies who envied his ambition, he was able to  acquire the confidence of the king until the latter decided to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled in order to marry Anne Boleyn.

Chronology 
 Between 1471 and 1476: born at Ipswich.
 10 March 1498: ordained priest.
 1509: Dean of Lincoln; made royal almoner and member of the Council.
 1514: Took Thomas More into his service to look after his revenue.
 1515: Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor of England.
 10 September 1515: Pope Leo X created Wolsey a cardinal.
 1516: Obtained from Leo X the title of cardinal-legate.  He proceeded to take the possessions of thirty monasteries and put himself forward as a candidate to become Pope.
 1518: Bishop of Bath and Wells (while still Archbishop of York)
 1522: Resigned Bishopric of Bath and Wells
 1525: Founded Cardinal College at Oxford (afterwards Christ Church), one of the largest and richest colleges of the University of Oxford.
 1529: The varying attitudes of Wolsey, wishing to keep the Pope happy, had the effect of destroying his credit with the king.  In the autumn, impelled by Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII brought charges against Thomas Wolsey.  He was dismissed from his office of Lord Chancellor and deprived of his properties, including the palace of Whitehall, where Henry decided go and live, instead of Westminster Palace.
 29 November 1530: He died of exhaustion at Leicester while being transferred to the Tower of London.

References

Other websites 
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Wolsey, Thomas 
 Catholic-Hierarchy, Thomas Cardinal Wolsey

1470s births
1530 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
English Roman Catholics
Lord Chancellors
People from Ipswich
Roman Catholic archbishops
Deaths from exhaustion
A pacifier (called a dummy or soother in some countries) is an object that a baby sucks to comfort them. Sucking is a natural instinct for babies and it soothes them.

It generally consists of a teat (which is the part designed to be sucked) made from either silicone (a type of plastic) or latex (a form of rubber). Silicone is becoming more popular as it is more durable and easier to keep clean. The teat is mounted on a plastic plate which can vary in shape from circular, oval or butterfly shape. It can come in a variety of different colors with different designs like cartoon characters to make it look more appealing to the baby. The main purpose of the plastic mouth guard is to stop the baby from accidentally swallowing the pacifier. If for some reason the child is able to swallow it, the mouth guard is made to be too large to pass through the throat and if it should get lodged in the throat it also has holes to allow air to pass through so the child can still breathe. Finally there is sometimes a ring attached to allow the parent to remove the pacifier.

There is some concern that the use of pacifiers can affect the child's teeth so many teats now are a special shape to allow the teeth to form properly, these are called orthodontic teats. Non-orthodontic teats are sometimes called cherry teats.

Childhood
Medical equipment
The Wilmington Quicksteps were a baseball team in the Union Association. They finished with a 2–16 record and were managed by Joe Simmons. The team played home games in Union Street Park in Wilmington, Delaware.

References

Baseball teams
Wilmington, Delaware
Muhammed Ali (/mɔːˈlɑːnə mʊˈhɑːməd ɑːˈliː/; Arabic: محمد علي‎‎; 1874 – 13 October 1951) was an Indian writer and leading figure of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam.

References

Indian writers
Indian journalists
Poets
Activists
Muslims
1878 births
1931 deaths
Golden, Colorado is a city in the US state of Colorado. It is the county seat of Jefferson County, Colorado. It was founded on June 16, 1859 during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. Golden City was the capital of the Territory of Jefferson from 1860 to 1861, and the capital of Colorado Territory from 1862 to 1867. In 1867, the capital was moved to Denver City.

In 2005, there were 17,366 people living in Golden.

References 

Cities in Colorado
County seats in Colorado
1859 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Colorado
The Sprawl trilogy is William Gibson's first set of novels. The three books in the series are: Neuromancer (1984), Count Zero (1986), and Mona Lisa Overdrive (1988). It is also called  the Neuromancer, Cyberspace, or Matrix trilogy. The Sprawl is a name for a very large city in the novels.

The stories all happen in the same fictional future. The books share characters and themes. Some of Gibson's short stories "Johnny Mnemonic," "New Rose Hotel," and "Burning Chrome" also happen in the Sprawl.

Series of books
Science fiction books
This article is about the game designer, for a mountain pass, see mountain pass.

Markus Alexej Persson (born 1 June 1979), better known as Notch, is a Swedish game designer. He is famous for creating the video game Minecraft. Persson started the company Mojang AB in 2009. On September 15, 2014, he announced that he would be leaving the company, and soon after he left.

References

1979 births
Living people
Swedish people
Minecraft
Seoul National University is a university in Seoul, South Korea.

A notable former student is Ban Ki-moon.

Education in South Korea
Buildings and structures in Seoul
Colleges and universities in Asia
Dame Margaret Evelyn de Arias DBE (née Hookham; 18 May 191921 February 1991), known by the stage name Margot Fonteyn, was an English ballerina. She is widely regarded as one of the greatest classical ballet dancers of all time.

She spent her entire career as a dancer with the Royal Ballet, eventually being appointed Prima Ballerina Assoluta of the company by Queen Elizabeth II. This is an honour rarely given to a dancer. The highest rank in the Royal Ballet today is Principal dancer. Fonteyn's appointment as a Dame commander of the British Empire is the female equivalent to a knighthood.

Fonteyn danced until 1979, when she was nearly 60. This is unusual for any dancer, male or female. Her career was expected to end round about 1960, but it was reborn by a new partnership with a Russian dancer who had escaped from the Soviet Union. He was Rudolph Nureyev, one of the three greatest male ballet dancers of the twentieth century. Though he was 19 years younger than her, the partnership flourished, and was called "the most famous partnership in ballet history".p188

She married a Panamanian politician in 1955. He survived an assassin's bullets ten years later. She continued dancing to raise money for his upkeep. The marriage was not happy; he had a mistress. However, the couple remained married until his death in 1989.

Media

Film 
Several films were made of her performances.
 Various photos and early film clips 
 1955 The Sleeping Beauty: with Michael Soames (NBC, colour). A black and white version is available on DVD.
 1958 The Nutcracker: with Michael Soames
 1960 Swan Lake: a colour film of her with Rudolf Nureyev as the Prince
 2005 Margot: a documentary with filmed interviews with Nureyev, Frederick Ashton, Roland Petit, Ninette de Valois, Robert Helpmann, Lynn Seymour, and others.
 2009. Margot: BBC 4, dramatised biography with Anne-Marie Duff.

Books 
 1976 Margot Fonteyn Autobiography New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

References 

Ballerinas
British autobiographers
Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin
English dancers
Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
People from Surrey
1919 births
1991 deaths
Cosmic dust (also known as star dust and space dust) is a type of dust. It is very small crystals sent out from stars.

It is formed when a star, such as the Sun, sends out atoms. Some of the atoms become ions by gaining or losing electrons and becoming negatively and positively charged. These oppositely charged ions form an ionic bond, sticking together in tiny crystals, a few thousand nanometres across, to form cosmic dust.

Cosmic dust is found in various locations. Intergalactic dust is found between galaxies. Interstellar dust is found between stars. Dust clouds in these places are found by their blocking light from stars behind them, and by their own infrared radiation. Circumplanetary dust is found around planets and in planetary rings Interplanetary dust can be found between planets, and is seen as gegenschein and zodiacal light.  

The coming together of large amounts of dust over time leads to the creation of planets, the Earth, for example.

References 

Space
Solar System
Physics
Li Zehou (13 June 1930 – 2 November 2021) was a Chinese scholar who lives in the United States. He was an important scholar of Chinese history and culture. He criticized the Chinese government's response to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Because of that, his books and articles were banned in China. He was invited to the United States to teach. He was granted permanent resident status. Li had an important role in Chinese culture. Professor Yu Ying-shih of Princeton University wrote that Li's books helped a whole generation of young Chinese students become free from communist ideas.

Li died on 2 November 2021, aged 91.

Books 
The Path of Beauty: A Study of Chinese Aesthetics, Oxford University Press, 1988

Related pages 
Liu Xiaobo, a Nobel Peace Prize winning scholar who has criticized Li's work as a scholar.

References

Other websites 
"Modernization and the Confucian World", Colorado College's 125th Anniversary Symposium on Cultures in the 21st Century: Conflicts and Convergences, address given February 5, 1999 
"Li Zehou And The Marxist Reconstruction Of Confucianism", High Culture Fever, UC Press Ebooks

Chinese scholars
1930 births
2021 deaths
Political activists
Cynthia DeFelice (born in 1951 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American children's book writer. She has written 16 novels, and 12 picture books for young readers. Her novels are written for children at the reading level of ages nine to twelve.

Biography
She was born Cynthia Carter in 1951. Her father was a psychiatrist, and her mother was an English teacher, who stopped working to raise DeFelice and her siblings. She credits her mother for her interest in books. She began writing children's books in 1987. She lives in Geneva, New York.

Bibliography

Children's novels
The Strange Night Writing of Jessamine Colter, Atheneum (1988), 
Weasel, Atheneum (1990), 
Devil’s Bridge, Gale Group (1992), 
The Light on Hogback Hill Atheneum (1993), 
Lostman’s River, Atheneum (1994), 
The Apprenticeship of Lucas Whitaker Farrar, Straus & Giroux (1996),  (ALA Notable Book 1996)
The Ghost of Poplar Point, Farrar Straus (1997), 
The Ghost of Fossil Glen, Farrar Straus (1998), 
Nowhere to Call Home Farrar Straus (1999), 
Death at Devil’s Bridge Farrar Straus (2000), 
The Ghost and Mrs. Hobbs, Farrar Straus (2001)
The Ghost of Cutler Creek, Farrar Straus (2004), 
Under the Same Sky, Farrar Straus (2005), 
Missing Manatee, Farrar Straus (2005), 
Bringing Ezra Back, Farrar Straus (2006) (sequel to Weasel)
Signal, Farrar Straus (2009),

Select children's picture books
Dancing Skeleton, illustrations by Robert Andrew Parker, Atheneum (1989)  (named a Best Book of the Year by the Library of Congress)
Clever Crow, illustrations by S.D. Schindler, Atheneum (1998), 
Cold Feet, illustrations by Robert Andrew Parker, DK Books for Children (2000),  (2001 Boston Globe-Horn Book award for best picture book)

References

Other websites 
author website
DeFelice at Macmillan Books website
DeFelice at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database website

Living people
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1951 births
American science fiction writers