cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sri Guru Nanak Ji (15 April 1469 – 22 September 1539) was the creator of Sikhism, and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus. His father's name is "Mehta kalu" and mother's name is "Mata tripta" .The last Guru said that there would be no more Gurus after him and Sikhs would be taught by the Sikh holy book, which is called Guru Granth Sahib Ji. The word "Guru" means "teacher" in many Indian languages. His two son's are "Sri Chand" and "Lakshmi Das". 

Beside followers of Sikhism, Guru Nanak is considered holy by Punjabi Hindus and Sahajdhari Sindhis across the Indian subcontinent. Because of his close connection with Hazrat Sheikh Farid-ud-din Ganj Shakar, the Punjabi Sufi saint, Nanak Dev is also considered by many Muslims to be a Sufi, or adherent of Sufic tenets.

His main teaching to the world was written down to be "devotion of thought and having good actions as the first of our jobs".

Life 

Guru Nanak was born in Nankana Sahib, in Punjab. This is now part of Pakistan.

When Guru Nanak was a child he refused the upanayana (holy thread) to initiate him into the Hindu religion. Later in his life he married Mata Sulakhani with whom he had two sons. They were called Sri Chand and Lakshmi Das. According to the Sikh religion, one day he was bathing in the river and god took him up to heaven. His family members were very worried as they had thought he died. After three days he returned with the message of god. He gave up his job to spread the message on how to be a good person.

He died in Kartarpur.

References

All Pictures of Shri Guru Nanak Dev ji shown here are not true/original. These are just imaginations (Kalpana) of different painters/artists. So plz don't show such pictures (like the first one in which Guru ji is shown wearing a Mukt/Taaz, which is completely against Guru Ji's life long teachings, characteristics and way of life he lived and gave the same ideologies (sandesh) to whole humanity. So please respect. 

 Eternal Glory of Sri Guru Nanak Ji
 Sikh-History.com
 Max Arthur MacAuliff, The Sikh Religion, Vol 1, (The Life of Guru Nanak Ji), Oxford University Press, 1909.
 Satguru Nanak Ji (for Children) - eBook
 Sufis, Philosophers, and Nanak
 A short video documentary summarizing the life of Satguru Nanak Ji

1469 births
1539 deaths
Indian people
Punjabi people
Sikhism
Religious leaders
Hindu saints
Asian Sufis
The Etruscan civilization lasted from about 900 BC to 27 BC and was a culture in ancient Italy. The Romans called the people Etrusci or Tusci. The Ancient Greeks called them Tyrrhenoi or Tyrrsenoi. The Etruscans called themselves Rasenna.

The Etruscan civilization began in pre-history. They lived in an area which included modern Tuscany, but was larger. At their height, they had three confederacies (like modern states): Etruria, Latinum and the Po Valley, and Campania. The Etruscans ruled Rome until 396 BC.

Language 
Not much is known about the Etruscan language. Not much of its writing survives. Most what survives is from engravings on tombstones. The Etruscans used an alphabet similar to those in Phoenicia and Greece.

The language is related to the Tyrrhenian language family and is not clearly related to other languages. Some Etruscan letters were used by the Romans in the Latin alphabet, which many languages use. Some Romans, such as Cicero, were fluent readers of Etruscan, but few of their writings survive. 

The lack of texts makes knowledge of their society and culture depend on much later Roman sources. Politics was based on the small city and probably the family unit. In their heyday, the Etruscan elite became rich by trade with the Celtic world to the north and the Greeks to the south, and filled their large family tombs with imported luxuries. Ancient Greece had a huge influence on their art and architecture, and Greek mythology was evidently very familiar to them.

Etruscan does not survive in any great literary works, unlike Greek and Latin. An Etruscan religious literature existed, and evidence suggests that there was a body of historical literature and drama as well. For example, the name of a playwright, Volnius, is known. He wrote the "Tuscan tragedies". Although there is no evidence of notation, it is possible that Etruscan music had a written form.

History 
The Etruscans mined metals like copper and iron. They became rich and powerful and travelled around the Mediterranean Sea. The Etruscans began to lose power in the 5th century BC. The Romans began conquering parts of Etruscan land. By the beginning of the 1st century BC, the Etruscans had been entirely defeated.

Art 
Etruscan art included wall paintings, metalwork and sculpture in terracotta. Sculpture in cast bronze was famous and widely exported, but few large examples have survived because bronze was valuable and so was often recycled.

Etruscan religion 
Etruscan religion was a set of stories, beliefs, and religious practices. These came from the preceding Iron Age Villanovan culture. They were heavily influenced by the mythology of ancient Greece and Phoenicia. They had similarities to Roman mythology and religion. As the Etruscan civilization was assimilated into the Roman Republic in the 4th century BC, the Etruscan religion and mythology were partially absorbed. There was a Roman tendency to absorb local gods and customs of conquered lands.

References 

 
History of Italy
The Sea of Japan is a sea in the western Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Korea to the west, Russia to the north and Japan to the east and south.

South Korea calls it the East Sea, while North Korea calls it the East Sea of Korea.

Geography
The Sea of Japan is a sea in the north-western edge of the Pacific Ocean. It is separated from the ocean by the Japanese Archipelago, including Sakhalin, Hokkaidō and Honshū. It is surrounded by these islands and the Eurasian Continent. It covers 978,000 square km. The average depth is 1,667 meters. The depth of the deepest point is 3,742 meters. Five (or Six) narrow channels of water link the Sea of Japan and other seas: the Strait of Tartary and La Pérouse Strait with the Sea of Okhotsk; the Tsugaru Strait with the Pacific Ocean; the Kanmon Straits with the Seto Inland Sea; the Busan and Tsushima Strait with the East China Sea. 

The Sea of Japan has a shallow area in its center, called the Yamato Bank. Water here is less than 1,000 meters deep. It has three major sea basins: the Yamato Basin in the southeast, the Japan Basin in the north, and the Tsushima Basin in the southwest. These three surround the Yamato Bank counterclockwise.

The structure of the Sea of Japan can be divided into two layers: the surface water layer is about 300 meters deep, and the deep sea layer is below this. Currents in the surface layer move in the counterclockwise direction. One of them is the Tsushima Current, which is a warm current from the Korean Straits to the north-east direction along the shore of the Japanese Archipelago and mainly considered to be the branch of the Kuroshio Current. The other is the Liman Current, which is a cold current from  the Strait of Tartary to the south-west direction along the shore of the Eurasian continent.

In contrast to the surface water, the deep sea water does not move as much because the five straits in and out are narrow and shallow. The deep sea water of the Sea of Japan tends to stay longer in the bottom of the sea than other deep sea water. The deep sea water is about eighty percent of the water in this sea.

Name

The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) decided to call this area the "Sea of Japan" in 1929.

Since 1992, South Korea has asked the world to use the names "East Sea" or "Sea of Korea" instead of "Sea of Japan".
South Korea argues that this sea has been called "East Sea" since early times. It is also a Korean belief that the name "East Sea" was eliminated from maps of the world in the early 20th century while South Korea was under the rule of Japan.

However, Japan says that the name "Sea of Japan" has been used more widely than "East Sea" in Europe and America since before the 18th century. Japan also argues that if there were no Japan, there would be no sea.

Now, most international maps and documents use the name Sea of Japan only. However, in some cases, the name East Sea is included along with the name Sea of Japan.

References 

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Natural environment means all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning not because of humans. The universe is natural, but often the term "natural environment" only means nature on Earth.   

Two aspects are usually included::
 Ecological units which are natural systems without much human interference.  These include all vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere, and natural events. 
 Universal natural resources and physical phenomena which lack clear-cut boundaries. These include climate, air, water,  energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism. 

There is also the built environment. There, man has changed landscapes and natural environment to make cities and agricultural land.

Etymology 
The main components of the Natural Environment can be simply defined. 'Natural' can be classified
 EEA multilingual environmental glossary 
 EU Environment Directorate-General
 Rehbar Development Foundation  — Development Foundation/Organization working on Environment, Education and Health

Related pages 
Ecosystem
Environmentalism

Environment 
Nature
Natural capital is a metaphor for the mineral, plant, and animal formations of the Earth's biosphere when viewed as a means of production of oxygen, water filter, erosion preventer, or provider of other ecosystem services.  

In a traditional economic analysis of the factors of production, natural capital would usually be understood as "land" and therefore something else than "capital" in its original sense.  

At the beginning of reflection about economics "land" was seen as something natural, but "capital"  as man-made goods only.  

But the benefits which humans have from nature are many. 17 of them were closely looked at by Robert Costanza.  These benefits are in some ways similar to those that owners of "capital" have as their capital produces more goods, e.g. a factory which produces automobiles just as an apple tree produces apples.

This is an approach to ecosystem valuation, an alternative to the traditional view of all non-human life as passive natural resources. But human knowledge and understanding of the natural environment is never complete, and therefore we cannot yet know what natural capital means exactly.

Related pages
Natural resource
Nature's services
Ecosystem services

References 
Amory B. Lovins, L. Hunter Lovins and Paul Hawken: A Road Map for Natural Capitalism  (Pdf), in: Harvard Business Review May-June 1999, p.145-157

Other websites 
Natural Capital indicators for OECD countries 
Natural Capitalism
Ecosystem Valuation - US DA

Ecology
Economics
Green politics
Oswaldtwistle is a town in Lancashire county near Accrington in North West England.

Many years ago, Oswaldtwistle had a running textile mill, and today you can explore it because it is now a craft fair with an presentation on life in the mill 100 years ago.

Other websites 
Life and Times of Oswaldtwistle 
Rhyddings Business and Enterprise School, Oswaldtwistle
Melbourne Street Church, Oswaldtwistle 

Towns in Lancashire
A lawn is an area of land planted with grass, and sometimes clover and other plants. Lawns are cut to a low, even height using a lawnmower. Lawns are used for aesthetic (for their beauty) and recreational purposes. Other words used to describe them are turf, pitch, field or green may be used, depending on the sport and the continent. They are often found around buildings, making them a type of yard.

Lawns are generally composed only of grass species, subject to weed and pest control, maintained in green colour, and are regularly maintained to ensure an acceptable length. Lawns are used around, apartments, houses, commercial buildings and offices. Approximately 80% of all homes in the United States have grass lawns. This has resulted in a $40 billion per year industry, with American grass lawns using more water than is used to grow all the wheat and corn in the United States.  In that sense, by water consumption, grass is the United States’ leading “crop” by far, with the Environmental Protection Agency estimating that about 1/3 of all public water is used to water grass, with that number rising as high as 70% in some of the more dry regions of the United States.

The earliest mention of lawns comes from France during the 1500s. Lawns (as opposed to fields) found their way to England in the 1700s. One acre (0.4 hectare) of lawn would take three gardeners all day to mow using a tool called a scythe. Two centuries later, one person with a lawnmower could do it in an afternoon.

History 
In the 16th Century Renaissance, lawns were deliberately cultivated by the wealthy in both France and England, though they were more likely planted with chamomile or thyme than with grass. Both of these ground covers make excellent alternatives to grass in modern lawns.

Closely shorn grass lawns first emerged in 17th century England at the homes of large, wealthy landowners. While sheep were still grazed on many such park-lands, landowners increasingly depended on human labor to tend the grass closest to their homes.  Only the rich could afford to hire the many hands needed to scythe and weed the grass, so a lawn was a mark of wealth and status.

Lawns around the world 

In many parts of the United States lawn care is an important part of home maintenance. a poorly kept up lawn can hurt the value of a home.  Families do many things on their lawn.  Neighborhood cookouts, birthday parties and outdoor games are just some of the uses.

World Famous Lawns include:
 One of the most famous lawns in France surrounds the Eiffel Tower. It is part of the Champ de Mars. 
 The south lawn of the White House is a world famous lawn in Washington, D.C..
 The greens of Wimbledon, London where the Wimbledon Championships are played is the only major tennis tournament played on a grass court.
 Shinjuku Gyoen in Tokyo has large areas of lawns and gardens. It has some 1,500 cherry trees.

References 

Gardens
Sod is turf and the part of the soil beneath it held together by the roots, or a piece of this material. Some sod is grown agriculturally, and is sold to landscapers who use it to quickly get a lawn. Sod was used for building of fortifications in former times.

Construction
A flyover is something people do with airplanes or helicopters.  It means flying over people who are watching.  Sometimes the airplanes fly very low to make it more exciting.  The Blue Angels are a special group of pilots that do a lot of flyovers at events.

Sometimes military aircraft fly over the enemy to try to scare the people they are fighting against.

Aviation
The Blue Angels are a group of special pilots who work for the US Navy.  They fly F/A-18 fighter jet airplanes that are painted to look different from regular Navy planes.  They are very famous.  Almost every American has heard of them.  The pilots of the Blue Angels are very good at what they do.  They are able to fly very close to each other and do very difficult tricks.  They are most famous for the flyovers they do at many American sporting events.

Other websites 

 Explore the Navy: Blue Angels official website.

United States Navy aircraft
Means of production (abbreviated MoP; German: Produktionsmittel), also called means of labour are the materials, tools and other instruments used by workers to make products. This includes: machines, tools materials, plant and equipment, land, raw materials, money, energy, and anything else labor needs to make things.

The means of production can be owned by different people in different ways in different societies. Capitalism is when the means of production are owned privately. A capitalist society has a market, where things can be sold and bought. Capitalism also has wage labor. Other societies can be socialist, meaning the means of production are owned in common, either by the workers themselves or by the state.

Related pages 
 Communism
 Capitalism
 Factors of production
 Labor
 Marxism
 Socialism

References 

Factors of production
Construction

Materials
The Year 2000 problem (also known as the Y2K problem, the millennium bug, Y2K Bug, and Y2K) was a computer problem that affected lots of computer systems. It happened because of the way in which some early computer programs were made to handle only years containing two digits (for example '92 instead of 1992). This meant that the computer could confuse the year 2000 with the year 1900, because both would be written as 00. People started fearing that date-related processing would happen incorrectly for dates and times after December 31 1999. It caused concerns that many industries (such as electricity or financial) and government functions would stop working at exactly midnight, January 1 2000. People were panicked by press coverage and media speculation, as well as corporate and government reports. Companies and organisations around the world had to check and upgrade their computer systems to avoid the bug. The preparation for Y2K had a significant effect on the computer industry. No big computer failures occurred when the year changed to 2000.

Similar bugs 
 Year 100 problem
 Year 2038 problem 

2000
Computing
The term 
The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in 1968, where he advocated conservation. It was widely adopted only in the 1980s.

The term biodiversity first appeared in a publication in 1988 when entomologist E. O. Wilson used it as a title. Since then, the term has often been used by biologists, environmentalists, political leaders, and citizens. A similar term in the United States is "natural heritage." It predates the others and is more accepted by the wider audience interested in conservation. Broader than biodiversity, it includes geology and landforms.

Definitions 
Biologists most often define biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region". An advantage of this definition is that it seems to describe most circumstances. There are three levels at which biological variety can been identified:

species diversity
ecosystem diversity
genetic diversity.

Threats 
The idea can be used for tackling practical problems in conservation, for example:
loss of species 
destruction of habitats
introduced and invasive species
genetic pollution
over-exploitation
effect of climate change

References

Related pages 
Biodiversity Convention
Conservation biology
Endemism
Neurodiversity

Further reading 
Levin, Simon A. 2013. Encyclopedia of biodiversity. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-384719-5
Wilson E.O. 2016. Half-Earth: our planet's fight for life. Liveright. ISBN 978-1631490828

Ecology
Conservation
Aberdeen is a city in the American state of Washington. Aberdeen was founded by Samuel Benn in 1884. In 2000, 16,461 people lived in Aberdeen. Aberdeen is sometimes called the "Gateway to the Olympic Peninsula". It is also called the "Birthplace of Grunge" because musician Kurt Cobain is from Aberdeen. Other notable musicians from Aberdeen include The Melvins. Aberdeen is also the hometown of professional wrestler Bryan Danielson, better known as Daniel Bryan.

References 

Cities in Washington (U.S. state)
Julián Padrón (September 8, 1910 - August 2, 1954) was a Venezuelan writer. He wrote for books, newspapers and magazines.

Story about Julián Padrón 
Julián Padrón was born on  September 8, 1910. He was from San Antonio, a small town from Monagas, Venezuela. When he was a little boy, he went to private schools in Cumaná. After Padrón went to a secondary school called Andrés Bello in Caracas. In 1929 Julián Padrón got a degree of secondary education in Philosophy.

In 1935 Padrón got 2 degrees: 
 A degree of Lawyer
 A degree of Doctor in Political Science (a person who has knowledge about the science of government). 

Padrón got the first degree at the Supreme Court, a place where judges work. The Supreme Court is in the Federal District. He got the second degree at the Central University of Venezuela, a place of learning. In 1944 Padrón got, at that university, a degree to be a Diplomat and a Consul (a Diplomat and a Consul are persons who are the representatives of a country in other countries). 

In 1929 Julián Padrón wrote for the magazine Elite. In 1935 Julián Padrón, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Pedro Sotillo and Bruno Plá made the magazine El Ingenioso Hidalgo for a short time. In 1936 Padrón made and wrote for the newspaper Unidad Nacional. From 1945 to 1947 he wrote for the newspaper El Universal. He wrote for other newspapers and magazines.

Julián Padrón had these jobs: 

 He was the leader of the Asociación de Escritores Venezolanos, an organisation that is the representative of writers from Venezuela. Padrón was the leader of this organisation in 1937 and in 1940.
 He created and was the manager of the Asociación de Escritores Venezolanos’ Magazines. 
 He had the direction of a committee of the Athenaeum (an organisation that does works about writings) of Caracas in 1940. 
 He had the direction of the magazine Shell from 1952 to 1954.

Julián Padrón died in Caracas on August 2, 1954.

Writings 
Julián Padrón did this group of writings:

Novels (books of long stories)
 La Guaricha (1934)
 Madrugada (1939)
 Clamor Campesino (1945)
 Primavera Nocturna (1950)
 Este Mundo Desolado (1954)
Short Stories
 Candelas de verano (1937)
Dramatical Comedy
 Fogata (1938)
Short Comic Play
 Parásitas Negras (1939) 

In 1940 Padrón and Arturo Uslar Pietri did Antología del Cuento Moderno Venezolano. It was a book that was an anthology (a group of writings) by people from Venezuela. In 1945 Padrón did other book in the anthology Cuentistas Modernos.

Source 
This book has a short biography (story) about Julián Padrón:
 Padrón, Julián (1984): La Guaricha. Ediciones Amon C.A., Caracas. (Biblioteca de Temas y Autores Monaguenses; Colección Guácharo; Reediciones y Biografías). 

1910 births
1954 deaths
Venezuelan writers
Peter William Ham (27 April 1947 – 24 April 1975) was a Welsh singer, songwriter and guitarist, best known as the prominent songwriter and singer of the 1970s group Badfinger.

Ham was born in Swansea, South Wales. He formed a local rock group called The Panthers in 1961. This group became The Iveys in 1965. The band was relocated to London by The Mojos manager, Bill Collins, in 1966, and they continued to perform for three years throughout the United Kingdom. Ham especially took to songwriting and Ray Davies of The Kinks took initial interest in producing his group. In 1968, The Iveys came to the attention of Mal Evans (The Beatles personal assistant) and were eventually signed to the Beatles' Apple label after approval from all four Beatles, who were most impressed by dozens of demos recorded at home, mostly by Pete.

The Iveys changed their name to Badfinger with the single release of "Come And Get It," a song written by Paul McCartney, which became a worldwide Top Ten hit. Ham's hard work paid off eventually as his song "No Matter What" became another worldwide Top Ten hit record in late 1970 . He followed up writing two more huge hits released in 1972, "Day After Day" and "Baby Blue" But the peak came with his co-written song "Without You" - a worldwide No. 1 hit as covered by Harry Nilsson in 1972. The song has since become one of the all-time ballad standards as covered by hundreds of singers including Mariah Carey and Clay Aiken. Ham was also used as a musician on Beatles solo records such as the "All Things Must Pass" LP by George Harrison and the single "It Don't Come Easy" by Ringo Starr.

References

Other websites
 Pete Ham's Official website

Musicians who committed suicide
People from Swansea
Suicides by hanging in the United Kingdom
The Beatles
Welsh rock musicians
Welsh singer-songwriters
1947 births
1975 deaths
Egalitarianism is the belief that people should be equal to one another. The word is named for the French word égal, meaning equal or level.

There are many possible kinds of egalitarianism. For example, legal egalitarianism is the belief that groups of people should be equal in law even if they are of different race or religion. Gender egalitarianism is the idea that men and women are equally important, even though they are different.

This word may be used when talking about philosophy in many slightly different ways. We can best understand the different kinds of egalitarianism by asking, "Who is equal to whom?" and "How are they equal?"

Related pages
Social equality
Social justice

Philosophical movements and positions
The English Wikipedia is the English language edition of the Wikipedia online encyclopedia. English is the first language in which Wikipedia was written. It was started on 15 January 2001. It is the largest encyclopedia in the world, and the largest version of Wikipedia since April 2019. It has more than 6,085,700 articles as of May 2020. In October 2015, the total volume of the compressed texts of the English Wikipedia's articles added up to 11.5 gigabytes.

The Simple English Wikipedia is a variation in which most of the articles use only basic English vocabulary (simplewiki).  There is also the Old English (Ænglisc/Anglo-Saxon) Wikipedia (angwiki). It has a newsletter called The Signpost.

Wikipedias in other languages have imitated some of its technical and organizational features.

As the English Wikipedia is very popular, there can be many people editing the wiki in one minute. This made the Special:RecentChanges less effective for understanding changes. Instead, editors can select and watch for changes in particular articles, using the "watchlist" feature of MediaWiki. Some also use special software to detect and fix vandalism.

Some people think that the English Language Wikipedia shows bias and unfairness. Editors of reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned Wikipedia's utility and status as an encyclopedia. An example of bias is that around 90% of Wikipedia editors are male. Other people think that Wikipedia is more useful than other encyclopedias because it is large and can be updated quickly.

In 2012, the logo of the English Wikipedia like most Wikipedias was slightly changed. However, some Wikipedias, like the Simple English Wikipedia, still kept the old logo.

Related pages
 Wikipedia administrators
 Simple English Wikipedia

References

Other websites

 The English Wikipedia main page
 English Wikipedia mobile
 English Wikipedia Statistics Page

Wikipedias
Websites established in 2001
In law, jurisdiction is the authority given to a judge to take decisions in matters concerning the law. The word comes from the Latin jus, juris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak": and literally means: telling the law. Jurisdiction may be legally restricted to a certain period of time called a statute of limitations.

It also includes the authority a of formally constituted legal body or a political leader to deal with legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility. Jurisdiction relies on public International Law, conflict of laws, constitutional law and the powers of the executive and legislative branches of government to give resources to best serve the needs of its society.

Other websites 
LII Law about... Jurisdiction
 Supreme Court Decision on Guantánamo Bay jurisdiction
Jurisdiction As Property  on franchise jurisdiction

Law
A thermoplastic is a material, usually a plastic polymer, which becomes more soft when heated and hard when cooled. Thermoplastic materials can be cooled and heated several times without any change in their chemical or mechanical properties. When thermoplastics are heated to their melting point, they melt to a liquid. They freeze to a glassy state when cooled below their glass transition temperature. 

Thermoplastic materials have many features. Some products made from thermoplastic materials are used for electronic applications. They protect against electrostatic discharge and radio frequency interference. Thermoplastics are one of the main two types of plastics.

Thermoplastic can be moulded into any shape. Thermoplastics differ from thermosetting polymers. Thermosets form irreversible chemical bonds during the curing process.

Main types of thermoplastics 
PET (polyethylene terephthalate) :- Light, rigid or semi-rigid, naturally transparent or colorless, PET is an excellent moisture and gas barrier and is resistant to impacts. It is one of the most easily recyclable plastics and is used to produce bottles, bags and synthetic fibers for clothing.

HDPE (high-density polyethylene) :- HDPE is translucent, strong and easy to process, resistant to impacts and non-toxic. It is used to make bottles, tanks, bins and containers for transport.

LDPE (low-density polyethylene) :-  LDPE can be translucent or transparent. Suitable for contact with food, it is the lightest and most heat-sensitive plastic. It is used for packaging, bags, sacks, cable coatings, containers, pipes and toys. 

PVC (polyvinyl chloride) :- PVC is a very versatile plastic, resistant to wear and tear, chemical and atmospheric agents and fire. It is used in the paper industry and for packaging, food containers, credit cards, furnishings, clothing and toys.

PP (polypropylene) :- Transparent, light and strong, this material can be used as both a plastic and a fiber. Easily colored, it does not absorb water. It is used to make textile fibers, couplings, containers for transport, furniture, carpets, ropes and food containers.

PS (polystyrene or styrofoam) :- One of the most important thermoplastic materials, it is transparent, hard and inflammable, very bright and inert against many corrosive agents. It can be given shiny or opaque colors. Polystyrene is commonly used to replace glass, aluminum and wood because it is cheaper. It can also be used in packaging materials (including for foods), containers, boxes, lamps, disposable objects, cups and toys.

References

Related pages 
 Plastic
Peter Doherty (born 12 March 1979) is an English musician. He was born in Hexham, Northumberland. He is in the popular rock band The Libertines. He is also in a band called Babyshambles.

He receives a lot of media coverage for his drug and legal problems and the relationship he had with fashion supermodel Kate Moss. Doherty has been convicted of many crimes.  Some of the crimes are drug offences, car theft, and driving with a suspended licence.  He has served prison sentences for drug possession and burglary.

References 

British burglars
British people convicted of drug offences
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
People from Northumberland
1979 births
Living people
A natural disaster is a major event caused by the natural processes of the Earth, consisting of floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis and other geologic processes. A natural disaster causes loss of life or property damage, and leaves some economic damage afterwards costing millions. 

And often human activities also make causes of natural disasters, such as climate change and deforestation.

It is the damage to humans and their property which counts most. Therefore, one can say: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". If a strong earthquake happens in uninhabited areas, it is usually not seen as a disaster or a loss.

An adverse event will not rise to the level of a disaster if it occurs in an area without vulnerable population. In a vulnerable area, however, such as Nepal during the 2015 earthquake, an earthquake can have disastrous consequences and leave lasting damage, which can require years to repair.

Volcanoes 
A volcanic eruption occurs when hot materials from the Earth's interior are thrown out of a volcano. Lava, rocks, dust, and gas compounds are some of the ejected materials.

Eruptions can come from side branches or from the top of the volcano. Some eruptions are terrible explosions that throw out huge amounts of rock and volcanic ash and kill many people. Some are quiet outflows of hot lava. Several more complex types of volcanic eruptions have been described by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of eruption has been seen. Some volcanoes may show only one type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may show a range of types in a series.

References

Other websites 

 http://www.gdacs.org
 http://www.swemorph.com/pdf/multi.pdf
 http://www.undp.org/bcpr/
Ibanez is company that makes guitars. The company is from Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. The company was started by Hoshino Gakki.  The company is very big and sells many guitars to musicians.

Other websites 
Ibanez
Ibanez guitars and bass museum - Ibanez instruments database, resources, user reviews, pictures
History of Hoshino Gakki Co., Ltd. 
Ibanez Register - Gallery of past and present Ibanez guitars and basses.

Guitars
Companies of Japan
A landslide includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows.

The biggest reason for a landslide is that there is a slope and material goes down the slope because of gravity.

But other things also contribute to landslides: 
 erosion by rivers, glaciers, or ocean waves makes slopes too steep
 rock and soil slopes made weak through saturation by snowmelt or heavy rains 
 earthquakes that make weak slopes fail or crack the rocks that will eventually fall down
 volcanic eruptions produce loose ash deposits, heavy rain, and debris flows
 vibrations from machinery, traffic, blasting and even thunder may trigger failure of weak slopes
 weight from much rain or snow, stockpiling of rock or ore, from waste piles, or from buildings may stress weak slopes to failure and other structures 
 groundwater pressure making the slope unstable
 in shallow soils, the removal of deep-rooted plants that bind the colluvium to bedrock

An underlying reason is the nature of the material. For example, a thixotropic material such as mud or sand and water, can change from a gel to a sol by adding water or pressure, or shaking. It goes from being stable one minute to fluid the next minute. The greatest disasters, like lahars or mudslides, happen suddenly. It is possible for much of a volcano to just slide down suddenly, as with Toba, Krakatoa and Mount St Helens.

Other websites

 United States Geological Survey site
 British Columbia government landslide information 
 Slide! , a program on B.C.'s Knowledge Network, with video clips
 Geoscience Australia Fact Sheet 

Geology
Landforms
Americium is a chemical element. It is a radioactive metal. It has the chemical symbol Am. It has the atomic number 95. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the actinides. Americium is a transuranic element (Transuranic means after uranium. All the elements used after uranium are man-made). It is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. Americium has to be made. It has a silver color. Americium is made by bombarding a plutonium target with neutrons.

It was the fourth transuranic element to be discovered. It was named for America, like Francium was named for France.

The longest half life of any type of americium is 7370 years.

Uses 
Americium is used in most smoke detectors. The level of radioactivity is not enough to cause cancer, so it is safe to for the people in an area where smoke detectors with americium are in use.

Actinides
Chemical elements
Trash could mean:

 Waste, unwanted or undesired material left over after the completion of a process
 A dustbin where such material is stored
 Bagasse, the leftover waste of sugarcane after extraction of the juice
 A slur describing a negative attitude toward a person or group of people, as in white trash
 Trash (computing), in computing, a user interface metaphor that serves as a holding place for files to be deleted, used in KDE, Mac OS X and others

In entertainment
 Trash (computer game), a computer game developed by Inhuman Games
 Trash (movie) or Andy Warhol's Trash, a 1970 movie by Paul Morrisey
 Trash (poet), a UK poet, famous for cutting-edge performance and comedy poetry, also thought to be the first poet to write techno and orchestral poetry
 Trash (Manga), a comedy/drama manga by Sanami Matoh
 "Trash" (Firefly), the 11th episode of the TV series Firefly

In music
 White Trash (band) or Trash, a music group who recorded on The Beatles' Apple Records label
 Trash (band), a German punk band
 A song from the album Issues, by nu-metal act KoRn
 Trash (The Stalin), a 1981 The Stalin album
 Trash (album), a 1989 Alice Cooper album
 "Trash" (Suede song), a single by Suede from the album Coming Up

TRASH refers to:
 Testing Recall About Strange Happenings, a quizbowl format devoted to pop culture and sports questions
Kingda Ka is a steel roller coaster at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey, USA. It was built by Stakotra, a subcontractor to Intamin. Built in 2005 to be the worlds tallest and fastest roller coaster Kingda Ka is one of only two strata coasters in the world. Kingda Ka held the record for the worlds fastest roller coaster until the completion of Formula Rossa at Ferrari World in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Kingda Ka goes up  and can go . It first opened on May 21, 2005. To get up 456 feet, the train is launched by a machine to 128 miles per hour in 3 seconds. The train goes up the tower, and back down. At the bottom the train goes over a hill while it is slowing down. Soon it is going slow enough to be able to arrive safely back where it started. The ride lasts 28 seconds from the time it is launched.

History 
In the past, Kingda Ka has been struck by lightning and shut down for almost a whole year. The launch cable snapped once and the ride was shut down for a while. Something happened to the braking fins so they shut down the ride. It also can get shut down by weather. The train is made so that if it rolls back it gets placed back to be launched. This happens when the hydraulic launch system does not get enough power to get over the hill or the brakes on the top off the hill stop you too much.

Story 
Kingda Ka is named for a 500-pound mythical tiger. A tiger in the safari was named after the roller coaster. It is surrounded by bamboo to make it look more real. It also plays music.

Features 

The ride has 4 trains with 5 cars. They are 9 rows in each car that can hold 18 people and there are 2 people in each row. Each seat has shoulder harnesses and buckles that keep the shoulder harness down to make sure passengers are safe. At the top, passengers are weightless for a second, and after riders enjoy a beautiful view, it is followed by a drop.

Restrictions 
Passengers must be 4´7 to ride Kingda Ka.

Problems

The train may sometimes experience a rollback after it is launched. A rollback happens when the train doesn't make it to the top of the hill and rolls back down the track. The launch track has magnetic brakes so that the train doesn't go back to the station.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 
 Kingda Ka
 

Six Flags Great Adventure
Steel roller coasters
Roller coasters in New Jersey
Roller coasters by name
Launched roller coasters
2005 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in New Jersey
Vulnerability means the extent to which changes can hurt or harm a person or a system.

In context with natural hazards and natural disasters, vulnerability is a concept that looks at the relationship that people have with their environment and at social aspects.

So it links environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain and contest them. “The concept of vulnerability expresses the multidimensionality of disasters by focusing attention on the totality of relationships in a given social situation which constitute a condition that, in combination with environmental forces, produces a disaster” (Bankoff et al. 2004: 11).

Complex definition: Vulnerability is the susceptibility to physical or emotional injury or attack. It also means to have one's guard down, open to censure or criticism; assailable. Vulnerability refers to a person's state of being liable to succumb, as to persuasion or temptation (see Thywissen 2006 for a comparison of vulnerability definitions).

Related pages
Vulnerability index

Other websites 
 Modelling Society’s Capacity to Manage Extraordinary Events *From the  Swedish Morphological Society
United Nations University Institute of Environment and Human Security
MunichRe Foundation

Social sciences
Harm is physical or psychological or emotional damage or injury to a person, animal or other legal entity. 

It is generally believed that humans, in addition to other sentient animal species, possess an aversion to causing harm to others.

Many religions consider any harm to another person a sin.

Psychology
A liquid crystal display is a special thin flat panel that can let light go through it, or can block the light. (Unlike an LED it does not produce its own light). The panel is made up of several blocks, and each block can be in any shape.  Each block is filled with liquid crystals that can be made clear or solid, by changing the electric current to that block.  Liquid crystal displays are often abbreviated LCDs. 

Liquid crystal displays are often used in battery-powered devices, such as digital watches, because they use very little electricity.  They are also used for flat screen TV's.  Many LCDs work well by themselves when there is other light around (like in a lit room, or outside in daylight).  For smartphones, computer monitor, TV's and some other purposes, a back-light is built into the product. This is  an LED or Cold Cathode Fluorescent Light (CCFL).

Construction 

The LCD uses technology called electro-optical modulation. This means it uses electricity to change how much light passes through it.

Each pixel (block) of an LCD is made of a thin layer of molecules between two electrodes and two polarizing filters. The electrodes provide electric power to the liquid crystal layer, and don't block the light.  Light travels with 'polarity' or direction, and a polarizing filter only lets light with one kind of polarity to go through it, like trying to slide a ruler through a narrow opening.  Only when the ruler is lined up right, will it fit.  These two filters are perpendicular to one another, so the narrow openings are in different directions. This means that without the liquid crystals between them, they would block all light from passing through – whatever light gets through the first filter will not fit through the second filter.
The layer of liquid crystals between the two filters can 'twist' the light so that the polarity changes.  This means the light can then pass through both filters, and the pixel appears clear.  When giving an electric current to the liquid crystals, the molecules will untwist and will not change the light. The filters then block the light and the pixel appears dark. 

When a large number of pixels are needed in a display, it becomes difficult to have enough wires and electrodes to control each pixel and still have a clean display. Instead, the display is multiplexed. In a multiplexed display, electrodes on one side of the display are grouped and wired together (usually in columns). On the other side, the electrodes are also grouped (typically in rows), with each group getting a voltage sink. By turning on one row and one column, each pixel can be controlled one at a time.

References

Other websites 
 Buying an LCD monitor... Things to know  – Some additional useful tips about LCD monitors
 How do LCDs Work? – Engineers & physics students answer how LCDs work
 Liquid crystals are distributed by Merck Group (DE), and Yangcheng Smiling (CN).

Display technology
Television technology
Plagiarism is the act of copying another person's ideas, words or writing and pretending that they are one's own work. It can involve violating copyright laws. College students who are caught plagiarizing can be expelled from school. It can permanently damage a student's reputation. Writers who plagiarize commit serious legal and ethical violations.

Types of plagiarism 
 Direct Plagiarism – copying and pasting someone else's work, or making minor changes to someone else's work to pass it off as their own.
 Self-Plagiarism – Happens when a student submits all or part of their own previous work without getting permission from all involved professors.
 Mosaic Plagiarism – Or "patch writing," is when parts of other works are copied without using quotation marks. It can also be when a student keeps the same structure and meaning of an original passage and only uses synonyms.
 Accidental Plagiarism – This can happen when a student does not cite their sources. It can also happen when a student paraphrases information without giving attribution (credit to the original author or authors).
 Mash-up – Two or more data sources that have been turned into one. They may be graphics, texts, songs, and video from various media.

Legal issues 
Many cases of plagiarism, especially in schools, can lead to internal punishment. Certain people have been punished in a legal court for plagiarism, mostly due to copyright claims. Court cases include:

 Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp. (1936) 
 Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp. (1930)
 Steinberg v. Columbia Pictures (1987)

Any work created in the USA after 1st. Mar 1989 is automatically protected by copyright, even if there is no copyright notice attached to the work. The defendant could sue for any copying of this kind of intellectual property.

Avoiding plagiarism 
It is usually not enough to know what plagiarism is, students must also know how to avoid plagiarism. Writers are as responsible for intentional plagiarism as they are for accidental plagiarism. It is important to cite sources while doing research. Putting this off until later can cause some sources to be forgotten or incorrectly cited. 

When using a source, make sure the content is in the same context as the paper. Try to avoid using biased sources. Always take the time to find the correct information about a source. For example, some web pages may be part of a larger website. While a web page article may seem fair and balanced, it can be affected by the overall bias or reputation of the publisher. Using something out of context can also lead to charges of plagiarism. Taking the time to properly cite all sources in a paper or work is paying respect to the original ideas of others.  This is all part of doing good work.

Related pages 
 Copyright
 Copyright infringement
 Academic dishonesty
 Fair use
 Wikipedia:Citing sources (Wikipedia guideline)
 Ghostwriter
Pastiche

References

Other websites 
 Avoiding Plagiarism: Writing With Integrity; YouTube
 What is plagiarism and how to avoid it: YouTube
  Avoiding plagiarism: Purdue University

Education
Literature
Plagiarism
Copyright infringement
Saturation or saturated generally means "thoroughly full", while unsaturated means less than full. These terms may be related to:

 Dew point, which is a temperature that occurs when atmospheric humidity reaches 100% and the air can hold no more moisture
 Market saturation, in economics, a situation in which a product has become diffused (distributed) within a market
 Saturated model, a concept in mathematical logic
 Saturation (album), an album by the alternative rock band Urge Overkill
 Saturation (biology), in mutation studies, the observed number of mutations relative to the maximum amount possible (usually undefined).
 Saturation (chemistry), multiple definitions for chemistry
 Saturation (color), the intensity of a specific hue
 Saturation (magnetic), the state when the material cannot absorb a stronger magnetic field
 Oxygen saturation, a clinical measure of the amount of oxygen in a patient's blood
 Saturation (telecommunications), a number of meanings
 Saturation arithmetic, in arithmetic, a version of arithmetic in which all operations are limited to fixed range
 In the earth sciences, saturation generally refers to the water content in the soil, where the unsaturated zone is above the water table and the saturated zone is below.
 A saturated liquid or saturated vapor contains as much thermal energy as it can without boiling or condensing.
 A saturated transistor is a  BJT transistor that is fully turned on.