cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Vitruvius (probably Marcus Vitruvius Pollio) was an Ancient Roman architect and engineer who lived in the 1st century BC. Neither his name, Marcus, nor his cognomen Pollio are certain. His main work is called De architectura (About architecture). There are ten books in it. He was probably born between 80 and 70 BC in Campania, and died after 15 BC.

70s BC births
1st-century BC deaths
Roman people
Architects
Engineers
Red Lobster is a casual dining type of restaurant. The first one opened in March 1969 in Montreal, Quebec. The chain serves seafood, chicken, steak and pasta. There are more than 42069 Red Lobster locations world-wide.

American restaurants
1969 establishments in the United States
The Wankel engine is a type of combustion engine. It is sometimes called a rotary engine. The Wankel engine is better than an engine of the reciprocating piston design because it is more compact and simple. 
However, so far, nobody has found a good enough solution to the fact that oil (lubricant) has to be burnt along with the fuel. This causes pollution issues, besides wasting oil. This is why most vehicles still use piston engines.

History 
Machines
Propulsion
The Wankel engine was first thought of by German engineer Felix Wankel in 1929. He started working on it in the early 1950s along with German car company NSU. Since, it has been used by various other car companies, but mostly in prototype cars. One exception was Mazda, which made several cars that used Wankel engines, with the most well known one being the Mazda RX-7. As of 2021, there are no cars in production that have Wankel engines.

Way it works 
The Wankel engine works in a way similar to that of a regular four-stroke engine but instead of a piston going up and down, a triangle-shaped metal rotor revolves around the rod that connects to the wheels. Unfortunately, the way it works causes it to burn oil (lubricant), and this causes emissions to increase, which is why no cars use this kind of engine nowadays.
Ganz is a German surname. People with this name include:

Bruno Ganz (1941–2019), Swiss actor
Maurizio Ganz (born 1968), Italian footballer
Voyage of Slaves is the third novel in Brian Jacques' Castaways of the Flying Dutchman series. It was released on September 13, 2006 in the UK and September 14, 2006 in the US.

Fantasy books
2006 books
The Greek Orthodox Church is a Christian denomination. It is the largest one in Greece and among Greek people worldwide. It is Eastern Orthodox in doctrine. The Church of Greece is the Greek Orthodox church. Its head is the Archbishop of Athens. There are other Greek Orthodox churches in other countries.

Related pages
Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria

Other websites

What is the Greek Orthodox Church?

Eastern Orthodox Church
Greek culture
The Great Redwall Feast is a picture book written by Brian Jacques. The pictures were drawn by the well-known Redwall artist Christopher Denise. It was published in 1996.

Plot introduction
The Great Redwall Feast is the first Redwall picture book, and it was written like a ballad. The animals of Redwall Abbey prepare a surprise feast for their abbot.

Plot summary

The Great Redwall Feast is a story about the creatures of Redwall preparing for a feast while Matthias the Warriormouse, Constance the Badger guardian, Foremole, and the Abbot are traveling in Mossflower Woods looking for a mysterious Bobbatan Weary Nod. The book shows the Abbeydwellers bustling in Redwall, cooking, gathering flowers, and doing other things for the feast for their beloved Abbot (probably Abbot Mordalfus). Many characters from Redwall and Mattimeo are in the book, but the baby mole Bungo is the only character in the book that wasn't in any Redwall novel.

Illustrations and significance
The warm-colored pictures by Christopher Denise were drawn on brown butcher paper using pastels, and instead of showing the Redwallers getting ready for war, it shows them much happier and friendly, at work in their daily lives.

Brian Jacques said that The Great Redwall Feast was "written a little more for mothers to read to their children, but many Redwall lovers will also enjoy it, because there is the challenge of solving a riddle before the end of the rhyme."

Translations
(German) Das grofte Festmahl von Redwall

References

Redwall
1996 books
Philanthropy is doing something for the public good to improve other people's lives. A person who does that is called a philanthropist. Philanthropy often involves donating money for things that need to be done.

The word "philanthropy" comes from Greek words that mean "love of humanity". President of Uruguay, José Mujica donates 90% of his salary to charity. This is an example of philanthropy. 

Today philanthropy is used for public good, focusing on quality of life. People owning big business donates their salary to charities such as Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, Lee Miglin, Chuck Feeney and Ted Turner.

Related pages
Altruism
Charitable organization

Society
Altenbunslar is one of the sixteen villages that form the town of Felsberg in Schwalm-Eder-Kreis, North Hesse, Germany. The nearest city is Kassel.

Geography 

Approximately 306 people live in the village.

The village is on the eastern bank of the Eder River. To the east of the village is the Quillerwald (English: Quiller Forest) or Markwald (English: common forest). This forest once belonged to all the villages around it. The people of the villages were allowed to cut down trees and to let animals feed there, but they were not allowed to hunt in the forest. The Eder River meets the Fulda River just 9 km (5.6 mi) upstream from Altenbrunslar at Edermünde.

The bedrock is made up of differently-coloured sandstones. The hilly landscape is formed by way that the sandstone wears down evenly. Some steep hills are the remains of volcanoes. The volcanoes were active in this area about 15-20 million years ago.

History 

3000 years before the birth of Christ, the area was inhabited by a prehistoric people.

The name Bruneslar was first recorded in 1154. The name Altenbrunslar was first used in 1381. It was owned by a local knight.

In 1532 Altenbrunslar received a monk from a nearby monastery.

In the Middle Ages Altenbrunslar belonged to the town of Felsberg. This later became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Westphalia and then it became part of the Kingdom of Prussia. On 1 February 1971, Altenbrunslar joined Neuenbrunslar to become the Brunslar Community. This in turn became part of the town of Felsberg on 1 January 1974.

A railway was constructed through the village in 1848. In 1849 Altenbrunslar received a railway station. On 3 September 1849 the first train came through Altenbrunslar, pulled by a locomotive called Hassia.

In the Second World War the Allies destroyed Edersee Dam on the night of 16-17 May 1943. A big flood wave hit the village half an hour later. The people of the village heard the news on the radio and ran into the forest. The water flooded the Eder valley. The bridge in Altenbrunslar was not knocked down by the water.

Buildings 

The first stone bridge over the Eder River at Altenbrunslar was built in 1885. Before this there was a wooden bridge in summer and a ferryman with a boat in winter.

The small chapel in Altenbrunslar is a protected building. It was built in the 10th Century. In 1861 a wooden second storey was built on the chapel. In 2000, the chapel was completely renovated. The villagers believe that the church bell came from the nearby village of Brechelsdorf. Brechelsdorf is a nearby village that was destroyed many years ago.

In popular media 
Altenbrunslar was the Dolles Dorf (English: great village) in the Hessischer Rundfunk television programme of the same name. A ten-minute movie about the village was first shown on 25 August 2012.  It can be seen still on the  "Dolles Dorf" HR website.

Other websites 
 Official website of the village 

Villages in Hesse
In the fictional Star Wars universe, Stormtroopers are highly trained soldiers working for the evil Emperor Palpatine and his sidekick Darth Vader. They wear white armor and helmets, and use blaster guns.

Some of the Stormtroopers are clones (copies) of a bounty hunter named Jango Fett. These clones used to be on the side of the Galactic Republic, but after being told by the Emperor to kill all the Jedi, they killed most of them, and afterwards became Stormtroopers. Later, regular men and women became Stormtroopers too.

References

Fictional characters introduced in 1977
Star Wars characters
Calvin Coolidge "Cal" Worthington (November 27, 1920 – September 8, 2013) was an American car dealer. He was best known for his radio and television advertisements for the Worthington Dealership Group. He appeared with either a tiger, a seal, an elephant, a chimpanzee, a hippopotamus, or a bear.

Worthington was born on November 27, 1920 in Shidler, Oklahoma. He was named after then-Vice President of the United States Calvin Coolidge. Worthington died on September 8, 2013 in Orland, California from natural causes, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 Official site
 The "My Dog Spot" ads made available online

1920 births
2013 deaths
American radio personalities
American television personalities
Deaths from natural causes
Businesspeople from Oklahoma
A value judgement (or value judgment) is an opinion of the rightness or wrongness or usefulness of something.

It is based on what a person thinks or prefers. Value judgments are not true or false. This is because they are not objective. They are decisions about how a person thinks or feels, or about what action a person thinks should be taken. They are opinions.

A typical dictionary definition runs:
"A perspective towards a person, object, principle etc. based on how one values [its] properties or characteristics".

References 

Words
Psychology
Ski boots are boots people wear when skiing. They cover the ankle and are rigid.  Ski boots are connected to skis by ski bindings. They are made from synthetic materials.  Ski boots keep the feet of skiers warm.  

Before the 1900s, people used normal boots for skiing.  The first boots for skiing were made by military people fighting in the Russo-Finnish War. 

The front of Nordic ski boots connect to the ski at the toes.

References 

Skiing equipment
Footwear
Walking on Locusts is the twelfth studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in September 1996. It was the first of Cale's full-length albums to be produced by Hannibal Records label. It was his only studio album in the 1990s.

Track listing 
"Dancing Undercover" − 4:25 	
"Set Me Free" − 4:11 	
"So What" − 4:11 	
"Crazy Egypt" − 3:28 	
"So Much for Love" − 5:01 	
"Tell Me Why" − 5:25 	
"Indistinct Notion of Cool" − 2:44 	
"Secret Corrida" − 6:02 	
"Circus" − 4:03 	
"Gatorville & Points East" − 3:00 	
"Some Friends" − 4:06 	
"Entre Nous" − 3:42

Personnel 
 John Cale − guitar, keyboards, vocals
 Erik Sanko − bass guitar
 Ibrahim Hakhmoun − percussions
 Dawn Buckholz − cello
 David Byrne − guitar
 Mark Deffenbaugh − guitar, harmonica
 E.J. Rodriguez − congos, percussions
 Maureen Tucker − drums
 Ben Perowsky − drums
 Hassan Hakhmoun − percussions
 David Tronzo − guitar
 B.J. Cole − pedal steel guitar
 Ben Neill − trumpet
 Martha Mooke − viola
 David Soldier − violin
 Todd Reynolds − violin
 Soldier String Quartet − strings
 Lafayette Inspirational Ensemble − background vocals
 Daisy Lignelli − background vocals
 Eden Cale − background vocals
 Joanne O'Brien − background vocals
 Napua Davoy − background vocals
 Susan Didericksen − background vocals
 Tiyé Giraud − background vocals

John Cale albums
1996 albums
Honi Soit is the seventh studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in March 1981. It is his only full-length album on A&M Records label. It was produced by Mike Thorne. The album's cover art is by Andy Warhol.

Track listing 
 "Dead or Alive"
 "Strange Times in Casablanca"
 "Fighter Pilot"
 "Wilson Joliet"
 "Streets of Laredo"
 "Honi Soit (La Première Leçon de Français)"
 "Riverbank"
 "Russian Roulette"
 "Magic & Lies"

Personnel 
 John Cale − vocals, guitar, keyboards, viola
 Sturgis Nikides − guitar, background vocals
 Jim Goodwin − synthesizer, keyboards, background vocals
 Peter Muny − bass guitar, background vocals
 Robert Medici − drums, background vocals
 John Gatchell − trumpet
 Bomberettes − background vocals

John Cale albums
1981 albums
Helen of Troy is the sixth studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in November 1975. It was his third and last full-length album on Island Records label.

Track listing 
All songs composed by John Cale, except where noted.
"My Maria"
"Helen of Troy"
"China Sea"
"Engine"
"Save Us"
"Cable Hogue"
"I Keep A Close Watch"
"Pablo Picasso" (Jonathan Richman)
"Leaving It Up to You"
"Baby What You Want Me to Do?" (Jimmy Reed)
"Sudden Death"

Personnel 
Adapted from the Helen of Troy liner notes.
John Cale – vocals; keyboards; guitar
Chris Spedding – guitar
Pat Donaldson – bass guitar
Timi Donald – drums

Additional personnel
Phil Collins – drums
Brian Eno – synthesizer
Alan Courtney – spoken word on "Helen of Troy"
Robert Kirby – string and choir arrangement
Liza Strike – backing vocals (uncredited)

Production
John Cale – producer
John Wood – executive producer
Vic Gamm – mixing
George Peckham – mastering
Edward Barker – design
Keith Morris – photography

References

John Cale albums
1975 albums
Padmé Amidala is a fictional character in the fictional Star Wars universe. She is the secret wife of Anakin Skywalker and the mother of Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa. She is played by actress Natalie Portman in the prequel trilogy.

History 
In The Phantom Menace, Padmé is the fourteen-year-old queen of the planet Naboo. In the movie, Amidala gets captured by the evil Trade Federation, meets the young slave boy Anakin Skywalker, and takes her captured planet back from the Trade Federation.

In Attack of the Clones, Padmé is not the queen anymore; she is now an adult, and a Senator. She and Anakin Skywalker fall in love though she said it would make them live a lie. Even though Anakin is a Jedi, and Jedi aren't supposed to get married, Padmé and Anakin got married anyway.

Revenge of the Sith is the last movie Padmé is in. She is going to have a baby, and her husband Anakin dreams that Padmé will die when she has the baby. Palpatine, a man that Anakin trusts, tells Anakin that he can save Padmé with the evil Dark Side of the Force. So Anakin goes to the Dark Side but little does he know that the power to save people from death was achieved by a jedi not a sith. He goes to a lava planet called Mustafar, and his master Obi-Wan Kenobi, along with Padmé, follow him there. Anakin, who has turned to the Dark Side, thinks that Padmé had got Obi-Wan to come with her (she had not). Anakin chokes Padmé using the Force and she blacks out and crumples to the floor.

Padmé is taken a little later to a hospital, where she gives birth to twins. Soon afterwards,  because Anakin broke her heart which no none except her and Obi-Wan Kenobi knew, finally telling Obi-Wan with her last breath that she knows there's still good in Anakin, she dies.

Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Star Wars characters
Chicharrón is a type of fried pork rind. It is sometimes made from chicken, mutton, or beef. It is a main ingredient in making pupusas.

It is usually fried in lard.

Meat dishes
American food
Bolivian culture
Chilean food
Colombian food
Costa Rica
Cuban culture
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Filipino culture
Guam
Guatemala
Honduran culture
Mexican food
New Mexico
Nicaraguan culture
Panamanian culture
Peruvian culture
Portuguese food
Spanish food
Uruguayan culture
Venezuelan food
Lyndon Hermyle LaRouche, Jr. (September 8, 1922 – February 12, 2019) was an American political activist and founder of the LaRouche movement. He wrote on economic, scientific, and political topics, as well as on history, philosophy, and psychoanalysis. He ran for President of the United States seven times under the Democratic Party ticket.

LaRouche was born on September 8, 1922 in Rochester, New Hampshire. He studied at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts.

LaRouche was married to Janice Neuberger 1954 until they divorced in 1963. Then he married Helga Zepp in 1977. He had one son, Daniel with Neuberger. LaRouche died at his home in Leesburg, Virginia on February 12, 2019 at the age of 96.

References

Other websites

Riggs, Carol (1996). Lyndon LaRouche: A Study in Political Extremism. George Mason University.
Roberts, Paul (1995). An American Fuhrer: Lyndon Larouche and the Politics of Paranoia. St. Martin's Press. \
Rowell, Andrew (1996). Green Backlash: Global Subversion of the Environment Movement. Routledge. 
Schiller Institute. "Meet Lyndon LaRouche", Retrieved February 10, 2011.
The Nizkor Project. "Partners in Bigotry: The LaRouche Cult and the Nation of Islam" , Retrieved February 10, 2011.

1922 births
2019 deaths
1976 United States presidential candidates
1980 United States presidential candidates
1984 United States presidential candidates
1988 United States presidential candidates
1996 United States presidential candidates
2004 United States presidential candidates
American political activists
American political writers
American economists
Scientists from New Hampshire
US Democratic Party politicians
Writers from New Hampshire
Politicians from New Hampshire
A river system is sometimes called a drainage system. It is the whole natural water system in a drainage basin.

Water in a drainage basin usually ends up in the sea, but there are places where the water just evaporates, or flows into an inland lake. Lake Chad, for example, is an example of an endorheic lake, which has no outlet to the sea.

Rivers are an important feature of most landscapes, acting as the principal mechanism for the transport of weathered debris away from upland areas and carrying it to lakes and seas, where much of the classic sediment is deposited. River systems can also be deposition, accumulating sediment within channels and on floodplains. 

Water flow in rivers and streams is normally confined to channels  which are depressions or scours in the land surface that contain the flow. The floodplain is the land that is covered when the river is in flood. Together the channel and over bank settings comprise the "fluvial environment".

Rivers
The Battle of Buxar  was fought on  23 October 1764 between the forces of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro and the combined army of Mughal rulers.

The Mughal forces were drawn from 2 princely states, whose rulers were Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, and the Mughal King Shah Alam II.

The battle fought at Buxar, then within the territory of Bengal, a town on the bank of the Ganges river about 130 km west of Patna, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company.

The combined Mughal forces numbered about 40,000 men,  Monroe's forces numbered about 10,000 men, of whom 7,000 were regular British Army men seconded to the East India Company. Reports of the battle say that lack of co-ordination between the various Mughal forces was the main reason for their defeat.
The Causes for the battle of Buxar was the:
1. Conflict with the company :- Mir Qasim proved himself as a capable ruler .He attempted to improve the finances of his region. He raised his army on modern lines

Result 
The fate of the three defeated Mughal leaders varied. Shah Allam was forced to pay a fine of five million rupees. After negotiation, the Treaty of Allahabad was signed. All his pre-war possessions were returned except for the districts of Karra and Allahabad. He became a pensioner, with a monthly pension of 450,000 rupees. The Company later restored Allahabad to him. The Company got revenue authority (Diwani rights) for almost 100,000 acres of land in the modern states of West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh, as well as in the neighbouring areas of Bengal.In return mughal emperor was given 26 lakh rupees.The Company's main aim was not to rule India, but to increase their revenue resources and expand trade throughout the country.Taxes were collected for them by a Company-appointed deputy-nawab.nawab was to pay an indemnity of rupees 50 lakh

Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula was restored to Oudh, with a subsidiary force and a guarantee of defence.  Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, was ruined by the defeat. He had been the prime mover in the war, but afterwards he was deposed by the Company and rejected by Shuja-ud-Daula.

Consequence 
The arrangements made the British East India Company the virtual ruler of Bengal, since it already possessed decisive military power. All that was left to the Nawab was the control of the judicial administration. But he was later forced to hand this over to the Company in 1793. Thus the company's control was virtually complete.

In spite of all this the East India Company was again on the verge of bankruptcy, which stirred the British to make a fresh effort at reform. On the one hand Warren Hastings was appointed with a mandate for reform; on the other an appeal was made to the British state for a loan. The result was the beginnings of state control of the Company, and Warren Hastings was appointed Governor-General of Bengal from 1772 to 1785.

References 

British India
Mughal Empire
Bihar
Buxar
1764
18th century in Asia
October events
A suffragette was a woman in the early 20th century who believed they should have the right to vote (suffrage). This movement happened in the United Kingdom and United States. 

For many years women were not allowed to vote, and so they fought for their rights. In their protests, they ended up getting arrested. In 1913 Emily Davison died for the cause. In the UK, women over 30 got the right to vote in 1918. This was lowered to 21 in 1928. Similar struggles went on in all the English-speaking countries.

References

Related pages
 Women's suffrage
 Universal suffrage

First-wave feminism
Democracy movements
Women's suffrage
Technical writing is communication about technical and occupational fields. The Society for Technical Communication (STC) defines technical writing as any form of communication that is:  
communicating about technical or specialized topics, such as computer applications, medical procedures, or environmental regulations; or
providing instructions about how to do something, regardless of the task's technical nature.

The audience is a vital part of the writing. If, say, writing medical instructions to help patients and care-providers, the writing might be for doctors & nurses; lay people with a good general education; or poorly-educated people. The writing would be quite different in each case. For example:
"Match level of technical discussion and formality to intended purpose and audience. For audience, consider education, professional experience, reading level, and motivations. Use clear and simple diction to make writing accessible to readers for whom English is not their first language".

Technical writing communicates visually as well as verbally. A communication should follow an overall logic. One approach is descriptive, such as "Parts of a car engine". Another is the problem-solver: "How to change tyres". Practical encyclopedias usually inform and have how to do it sections. Medical encyclopedias are a good example. A medical encyclopedia provides information to readers about health questions.

People have always needed how-to guides, which appeared in manuscripts before the arrival of print.

References 

Prose
Communication
A multi-instrumentalist is a musician who plays two or more musical instruments. Many professional musicians aim to become multi-instrumentalists.

In an orchestra, a number of musicians might each play a variety of different instruments during a single performance. Orchestras will also often, but not always, ask for several members of the woodwind section to be multi-instrumentalists. This is sometimes referred to as doubling. Typically, for example, one flute player in the orchestra will switch to playing the piccolo or alto flute when called to by the score. If an orchestra is playing a piece that needs "two flutes and a third flute doubling piccolo", it means that the third flautist also has a piccolo. Sometimes he or she will need to put the flute down and play the piccolo, then perhaps swap round again.

An oboist may sometimes double on the cor anglais, a clarinettist may sometimes double on a bass clarinet, and a bassoonist may double on a contrabassoon.  At other times such instruments may need a separate player.  At the beginning of a musical score there should be a list of instruments that makes it clear how many players are needed.

References
Lou Reed is the first studio album by American guitarist Lou Reed. It was released in April 1972 on RCA Records label. It was produced by Richard Robinson.

Track listing 
 "I Can't Stand It" - 2:37
 "Going Down" - 2:57
 "Walk and Talk It" - 3:40
 "Lisa Says" - 5:34
 "Berlin" - 5:16
 "I Love You" - 2:21
 "Wild Child" - 4:41
 "Love Makes You Feel" - 3:13
 "Ride into the Sun" - 3:16
 "Ocean" - 5:06

Personnel 
 Lou Reed - guitar, keyboards, vocals
 Clem Cattini - percusions
 Helene Francois - background vocals
 Kay Garner - background vocals
 Steve Howe - guitar
 Les Hurdle - bass guitar
 Paul Keogh - guitar
 Brian Odgers - bass guitar
 Caleb Quaye - guitar, piano
 Rick Wakeman - piano, keyboards

Lou Reed albums
1972 albums
Transformer is the second studio album by American guitarist Lou Reed. It was released in November 1972 on RCA Records label. It was produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson.

Track listing 
 "Vicious" – 2:55
 "Andy's Chest" – 3:17
 "Perfect Day" – 3:43
 "Hangin' 'Round" – 3:39
 "Walk on the Wild Side" – 4:12
 "Make Up" – 2:58
 "Satellite of Love" – 3:40
 "Wagon Wheel" – 3:19
 "New York Telephone Conversation" – 1:31
 "I'm So Free" – 3:07
 "Goodnight Ladies" – 4:19

Personnel 
 Lou Reed – guitar, keyboards, vocals
 Herbie Flowers – bass guitar, double bass, tuba
 Mick Ronson – guitar, piano, flute, background vocals
 John Halsey – drums
 Ronnie Ross – baritone saxophone
 David Bowie – background vocals
 The Thunder Thighs – background vocals
 Barry DeSouza – drums
 Ritchie Dharma – drums
 Klaus Voormann – bass guitar

Lou Reed albums
1972 albums
The Jardin des Plantes is the main botanical garden in France. It is one of seven departments of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. It is on the left bank of the river Seine and covers 28 hectares (280,000 m²).

There is a school there that trains people to be botanists respecting biodiversity. There is a zoo in the Jardin that was started during the French Revolution from the animals at Versailles. The garden was started in 1626. It was used in 1640 to grow medicinal herbs for the king. Among directors, Comte de Buffon expanded it greatly. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, Chair of Botany, changed its name from Jardin du Roi to Jardin des Plantes during the French Revolution. It helped not to have the name linked to the king.

Gallery

Other websites 

 Official site  

Botanical gardens in Europe
Paris
Zoos
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum (commonly called Oakland Coliseum) is a stadium in Oakland, California. The stadium is a multi purpose stadium.This means it can be used to play different sports. The stadium was used as the home field for the Oakland Raiders  of the National Football League before they moved to Las Vegas. The stadium is still being used by the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball.

The stadium first opened in 1966. It can seat more than 55,000 people for football games. It seats 35,000 when it is used for baseball.

References

Other websites

Stadium site on oaklandathletics.com 
Official Site

Stadiums in the San Francisco Bay Area
Major League Baseball venues
Football stadiums in the United States
Oakland Athletics
Sports in Oakland, California
1966 establishments in California
Mobility aids (or orthopedic aids) are devices that are designed to help people walk or move better. Mobility problems may be unsteadiness while walking, difficulty getting in and out of a chair, or falls. There are common conditions in older people that can contribute to mobility problems, such as muscle weakness, joint problems, pain, disease, and neurological difficulties. These devices provide several benefits to users, including more independence, reduced pain, and increased confidence and self-esteem. A range of mobility devices is available to meet people’s needs – from canes and crutches to wheelchairs and stair lifts.

Mobility aids started to develop much more around the 15th century. The oldest known use of a walking frame in England is depicted on a piece of clothing from the 14th century. It depicts either the young Virgin Mary, or Jesus, learning to walk using a three-wheeled frame. In the 15th century, Queen Elizabeth of Spain set up a hospital where soldiers were provided with prosthetic and therapeutic devices. But it was only in about the 18th century that wheelchairs were invented that look like the ones we use today. In the 19th century, wheelchairs were made mostly out of wood and wicker. They became popular in the USA, especially among veterans of the Civil War.

Types 
There are two types of orthopedic aids. One type means people can move part of the body less. The other type means people put less weight on their feet. Splints, knee braces, shoe adjustments, position aids and abduction casts are orthopedic aids.

Using 
Children with a disability are two times more likely than children who do not have a disability to use an orthopedic aid.

Around the world 
In Croatia, health insurance pays for orthopedic aids for people less than 18 years old, or people who got hurt while working.

Related pages 
 Prosthesis

References 

Disability
Medical equipment
Ski goggles are goggles that help protect a skiers' eyes from the sun.

Lenses 
Ski goggle lenses are made from soft plastic. Ski goggles sometimes fog and it is not easy to see through the lens.

Using 
People who wear glasses can get ski goggles that can be worn over their glasses.

Storage 
Ski glasses are stored in soft bags.

References 

Skiing equipment
Protective clothing
Headgear
The 2002 Winter Paralympics was the eighth Winter Paralympics. They were held in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, from 7 to 16 March 2002. A total of 416 athletes from 36 nations participated in the Games. They were the first Winter Paralympics in the American continent.

These were the first Paralympic Winter Games for Andorra, Chile, the People’s Republic of China, Croatia, Greece and Hungary.

Para-alpine skiing 
At the 2002 Winter Paralympics, women's downhill and men's unable to see downhill were on day 1. Men's standing and being seated downhill were on day 2. Men's standing and  being seated Super-G was on day 3. Men's unable to see and women's Super-G was on day 5. Men's standing and  being seated Giant Slalom was on day 7. Women's and men's unable to see Giant Slalom was on day 8. Men's standing and being seated Slalom was on day 9. Women's and men's unable to see Slalom was on day 10.

Sledge hockey 
The United States came in first in sledge hockey.

References

Sources 
  

Paralympic
Winter Paralympic 2006
 
History of Utah
The 2006 Winter Paralympic Games was the ninth Winter Paralympics. It was held in Turin, Italy from 10 to 19 March 2006. These were the first Winter Paralympic Games to be held in Italy.

Para-alpine skiing 
At the 2006 Winter Paralympics, a new classification system was used. It made 14 classes into three groups and used factored results for each of three groups. At the 2006 Games, in the Super-G, there were 55 male competitors compared to 18 women in the standing group.

Sledge hockey 
The United States came in third in sledge hockey.

References

Sources 
  
  

Paralympic
2006 Winter Paralympics
2000s in Italy
Winter Paralympic 2006
March events
History of Turin
Paraplegia is paralysis of the legs and lower half of the body. It happens when the spinal cord is damaged. Sometimes, they are kept alive by a life-support machine. It sometimes happens to people because they get a disease.

Superior paraplegia is a type of paraplegia where people cannot use their arms and the top of their body.

A person who has paraplegia is sometimes called a paraplegic.

References 

Diseases and disorders
Athelred or Æthelred (–) was King of Wessex from 865 to 871. He succeeded his brother Ethelbert at the time of the invasion of England by the "Great Heathen Army". He was the first of the four sons of Athelwulf not to rule as "under-king" before he became king of Wessex.

Career 

Athelred was the fourth son of King Athelwulf and his wife Osburga. She was the daughter of Oslac, Athelwulf's butler. While his father was in Rome and France, 855-856, his oldest brother Athelstan had died. Prior to his death two years later Athelwulf left a will. in that will the two eldest sons, Ethelbald and Ethelbert should have the kingdom. When Ethelbald died in 860, Ethelbert became the king of Wessex. But their father's will had made no provision for Athelred and Alfred, the two youngest sons, to be kings. Possibly for that reason Ethelbert did not appoint his brother Athelred King of Kent. He consolidated everything into the single kingdom of Wessex. In 865 Vikings raided into Kent and the men of Kent agreed to pay them ransom. But the Vikings ravaged the eastern part of Kent despite the pending treaty.

King of Wessex 

Athelred had not expected to reign, but when his brother Ethelbert died in 866, Athelred became the king of Wessex. This was just after the arrival of the Great Heathen Army in East Anglia. For a time they were more interested in Northumbria. They gained control of York and moved south into Mercia then made their winter camp in Nottingham.

It was at this time his younger brother Alfred was given the title of Secundarius (Latin for secondary). This meant he was appointed as heir to the throne. In 868 Burgred, the King of Mercia, asked King Ethelred and Alfred for their help against the Danes (Vikings). When the Danes saw the combined English army against them they asked for peace. The Vikings withdrew to York where they managed a completely defeat. The next year, 871, the great Viking army grew much larger. They moved on Reading. Ethelred with his brother Alfred arrived with their army to meet the new threat. In the battle that followed, the Battle of Reading, both sides suffered many casualties. Athelred's army was defeated. Four days later the two armies met again at the Battle of Ashdown. This time the West Saxons won the victory and the Vikings retreated to Reading. Two weeks later Athelred and Alfred led the West Saxons against the Danes at Basing where the Danes won. Two months passed without any fighting between them. The next battle was at a place called Merantun. After a day long battle which the English were winning, the Danes were able to regain their lost ground. Just after mid-April in 871,   
Athelred died. He was buried at Wimborne Minster. He was succeeded by his younger brother Alfred.

Family 

His wife's name is not known (see note a below). He had two sons:

 Aethelheim
 Aethelwald (died 904)

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

845 births
871 deaths
Kings of Wessex
Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) was a French theologian. He is a Roman Catholic saint. He was an Abbot in the Cistercian order. He was also the patron of the Knights Templar.

Other websites
Bernard's entry at Catholic Encyclopedia

French Roman Catholics
Christian saints
French theologians
1090 births
1153 deaths
Aesculus indica (or the Indian or Himalayan Horse Chestnut) is a tree. It grows to about  with a spread of about . It best grows in -15°C (5°F), USDA zones 7-9. It is in flower from June to July. The seeds ripen in October. The flowers are hermaphroditic. There are many white blossoms during May and June. The plant is pollinated by bees. Its leaves are 10–20 cm long by 2–6 cm wide. The mature tree forms a round canopy.

References

Plants and animals of Kashmir
Sapindaceae
A mini-bar is a small refrigerator in a hotel room with drinks in it. They are usually found in expensive and sometimes mid-range hotel rooms and may have things like soft drinks, wine and beer. The hotel usually charges to use it, and prices are usually very high.

Many mini-bars automatically charge money if drinks are removed, even if you do not drink them.

Machines
Alcoholic drink
Otto Sander (30 June 1941 – 12 September 2013) was a German actor. He was known for his roles in Wings of Desire, Das Boot, and in Faraway, So Close!. He was also known for his deep strong voice.

Sander was born on 30 June 1941 in Hanover, Germany. He was raised in Kassel, Germany. Sander graduated from Friedrichgymnasium in 1961. He was married to Monika Hansen until his death in 2013. Sander died on 12 September 2013 in Berlin, Germany from cancer, aged 72.

References

Other websites

1941 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from cancer
German movie actors
German television actors
German voice actors
German stage actors
People from Hanover
Maladolescenza is a 1977 romance-drama movie. It is about three children: Sylvia, Laura and Fabrizio. Fabrizio is a sinister and cruel boy. He kills one of the teenage girls so she will never leave him. This movie was very controversial in several countries. It was refused classification or banned in several areas, particularly Germany. Modern reviews have called the movie a strong artistic work, although some disapprove of the material inside this movie.

1977 drama movies
1970s romantic drama movies
Italian romance movies
Italian drama movies
German romance movies
German drama movies
Obscenity controversies
The Virgin Islands are part of the Leeward Islands, which are the northern part of the Lesser Antilles. They are between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

The eastern islands are the British Virgin Islands. The British Virgin Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. It includes Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Jost Van Dyke and Anegada.

The western Virgin Islands are the United States Virgin Islands. It includes St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas and Water Island. The Virgin Passage separates the U.S. Virgin Islands from the Spanish Virgin Islands of Vieques and Culebra, which are part of Puerto Rico. The United States dollar is the official currency on both the British and U.S. Virgin Islands as well as the Spanish/Puerto Rican Virgin Islands.

Caribbean islands
Ray Milton Dolby OBEh (January 18, 1933 – September 12, 2013) was an American engineer and inventor of the noise reduction system known as Dolby NR. He was also a co-inventor of video tape recording while at Ampex.

He was the founder of Dolby Laboratories. He was also a billionaire and a member of the Forbes 400 with an estimated net worth of $2.9 billion in 2008 although as of September 2012 it was estimated to have declined to $2.4 billion.

Dolby was born on January 18, 1933 in Portland, Oregon. He studied at San Jose State University, at Stanford University, and at Cambridge University.

Dolby was married to Dagmar Dolby from 1966 until his death in 2013. They had two children.

Dolby died on September 12, 2013 in San Francisco, California from leukemia, aged 80.

References

Other websites

Ray Dolby bio 
Dolby, R. (2002-05-11). Some Musings on Progress in Audio. Heyser lecture at Audio Engineering Society. Retrieved on 2007-03-26 from http://aes.org/technical/112Heyser.cfm .
2004 Interview With Dolby
Group photo of the Ampex VTR team including Ray Dolby

1933 births
2013 deaths
Businesspeople from Portland, Oregon
American inventors
People with Alzheimer's disease
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from leukemia
Délfor Amaranth Dicásolo, better known as Délfor (April 25, 1920 – September 13, 2013) was an Argentine actor, comedian, screenwriter, and artist. He was known for his radio work and comedic routines. His career has lasted for 57 years.

Dicásolo was born on April 25, 1920 in Chivilcoy, Buenos Aires, Argentina. His parents were from Naples, Italy. Dicásolo had two children. He lived in Buenos Aires with his family until his death in 2013. Dicásolo died on September 13, 2013 in his Buenos Aires home from natural causes, aged 93.

References

Other websites
 

1920 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Argentine actors
Argentine artists
Argentine comedians
Argentine screenwriters
Writers from Buenos Aires
Coming to America is a 1988 comedy movie directed by John Landis. It is about an African prince who comes to the United States in hopes of finding a woman he can marry. It stars Eddie Murphy, Arsenio Hall, James Earl Jones, John Amos, Ralph Bellamy, and Don Ameche. It was released on June 29, 1988. A sequel, Coming 2 America, was released in December 2020.

Release dates

References

1988 movies
1988 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies directed by John Landis
Movies set in Africa
Movies set in New York City
Deontological ethics is a type of ethics and ethical theories.  It judges actions based on whether they follow certain rules. It is sometimes described as "duty" or "obligation" or "rule" -based ethics, because rules "bind you to your duty". The Ancient Greek word deon is commonly translated as obligation or duty. Deontological ethics is different from consequentialism, which judges actions based on what happens because of them. It is also different from pragmatic ethics.

There are different fields of deontological ethics. Some of them are:
Immanuel Kant treated duty as very important. People call his ethics deontological ethics.
Some people believe that some actions are morally right (or morally wrong), regardless of other things, for example their consequences or the intentions behind them. People call this idea moral absolutism.
The term  divine command theory is used for several ideas that say that an action is right if God says that it is right. William of Ockham, René Descartes and eighteenth-century Calvinists all believed this, according to Ralph Cudworth, because they all stated that moral obligations arise from God's commands.

References

Ethics
Jonathan (Jon) Philp (born 1960 in Bangkok) is an Australian diplomat and career officer with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 

On 9 August 2012, Bob Carr announced Philp as the next Australian ambassador to Afghanistan. He presented his credentials to Afghan President Hamid Karzai on 31 January 2013. 

Before he was chosen as ambassador, Philp was the Assistant Secretary, International Organisations Branch and Assistant Secretary, Consular Operations Branch.

He has previously served overseas as Ambassador to Turkey; Deputy Head of Mission in Myanmar and postings to Saudi Arabia, Vientiane, London, Nairobi and Madrid.

Mr Philp holds a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) from the Australian National University. He speaks Arabic and French.

Postings

 1986-1988 - Third Secretary, Australian Embassy in Riyadh
 1992-1995 - Deputy Head of Mission, Australian Embassy in Yangon
 1996-1998 - Director, Southeast Asian Issues
 1999 - Assistance Secretary, Diplomatic Security Branch
 2001-2004 - Ambassador, Australian Embassy in Ankara
 2004-2007 - Head of International Relations, Woodside Petroleum
 2008-2009 - Somalia Taskforce, Nairobi
 2009-2011 - Assistance Secretary, Consular Operations Branch
 2012 - Assistant Secretary, International Organisations Branch
 2013-present - Ambassador, Australian Embassy in Kabul

References

Living people
1960 births
Ambassadors of Australia
People from Bangkok
The Centre for Conflict and Peace Studies (abbreviated CAPS) is an independent research organization, which started in July 2006. Its office is in Kabul, Afghanistan. This office is a research centre, which means that it is an important place where people can do independent research.
Most of CAPS' research is about governance, security, and developmental challenges (difficulties) in Afghanistan. 

Most research centres in Afghanistan have foreign - non-Afghan - workers, but the people who work at CAPS are from Afghanistan. CAPS is a place where people can discuss ways to change Afghanistan. The workers from CAPS tell other Afghan people about their research. They also discuss their research with people from other countries. When people from other countries come to Afghanistan to work, they can learn how to live in Afghanistan from CAPS.

Other websites
 Official website 

Research organizations in Asia
International relations
2006 establishments in Asia
Politics of Afghanistan
Kabul
Susan Cox is an Australian diplomat and is a career officer with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 

On 28 September 2012, she was chosen as the new Australian ambassador to Croatia. She gave her credentials to Croatian President Ivo Josipović on 14 December 2012. 

She has previously served as Ambassador to the Federated States of Micronesia, Deputy High Commissioner in Vanuatu, and Australian Vice Consul in New Caledonia.

Previous jobs she held with the department include Director of Passport Communication and Training, Director of the Post Security Taskforce and Director of the Consular Policy and Crisis Management Section.

Cox holds a Bachelor of Arts (Administration) from the University of Canberra. She is currently completing an Executive Masters in Public Administration at the Australia and New Zealand School of Government. She was awarded the Order of Australia Medal for her role in the response to the 2002 Bali bombings.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Ambassadors of Australia
South Jeolla Province, or Jeollanam-do (hangul: 전라남도; hanja: 全羅南道; McCune-Reischauer: Chŏllanam-do; Revised Romanization: Jeollanam-do), is a province in the southwest of South Korea.

The province keeps partnerships with many cities and provinces around the world.

History
The South Jeolla province was formed in 1896 from the southern half of the former Jeolla province, remained a province of Korea until the country's division in 1945, then became part of South Korea.  Gwangju was the capital of the province, until the provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak, Muan County in 2005.

Symbols of the province
The symbols of the province are:
Tree: Ginkgo - 은행나무 (Ginkgo biloba)
Flower: Japanese camellia - 동백나무 (Camellia japonica)
Bird: Oriental Turtle Dove - 멧비둘기 (Streptopelia orientalis)
Fish: Red seabream - 참돔 (Pagrus major)

Geography

The province is part of the Honam region, and is bounded on the west by the Yellow Sea, on the north by Jeollabukdo province, on the south by Jeju Strait, and on the east by Gyeongsangnam-do province

The province has an area of  with a population, as for 2010, of 1,9404,55 and a density of  inhabitants per km².

There are almost 2,000 islands along the coastline, about three quarters of which are uninhabited. The coastline is about  long. Some of the marine products, in particular oyster and seaweed cultivation, are leading in South Korea.

The rivers Somjin, Tamjin and Yeongsam form plains that are very good for growing rice. The largest river is the Yeongsan,  long; it flows to the southwest and forms a estuary in the Yellow Sea at Mokpo.

Climate
In coastal areas, the climate is mild and humid, with annual rainfall of 1,289 mm and average temperatures of . Summer is wet, windy and dry winter. The west side of the Sobaek mountains receives heavy snowfall.

Administrative divisions
Jeollanam-do is divided into 5 cities (si) and 17 counties (gun).  Listed below is the name of each entity in English, hangul, and hanja.

References

Other websites

 Jeollanam-do provincial government English-language home page 
 Office of Tourism of South Jeolla  
 Official Korea Tourism Organization: Jeollanam-do 
 lonely planet: Introducing Jeollanam-do

Provinces of South Korea