cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The flag of Hawaii (Hawaiian: Ka Hae Hawaiʻi) is the official flag of Hawaii as a U.S. state, as it was kingdom, protector government, republic, and territory. It is the only state flag of the United States to have the Union Flag of the United Kingdom on it.

Design
The field of the flag is composed of eight horizontal stripes symbolizing the eight major islands. A ninth stripe was once shown, meaning the island of Nihoa. The color of the stripes, from the top down, has this pattern: white, red, blue, white, red, blue, white, red. The colors were standardized in 1843, although other combinations have been seen and are occasionally still used.

Origins
There are a lot of reasons for the earliest history of the flag of Hawaii. One said how King Kamehameha I flew a British flag, given to him by British explorer Captain George Vancouver as a token of friendship with King George III. Other visits reported seeing the flag flying from places of honor. An adviser to Kamehameha noted that the Union Flag could draw Hawaii into international problems as his kingdom could be seen as an ally of the United Kingdom, and he quickly lowered the Union Flag over his home. While argued as historically correct, one report of events that followed stated that in order to please American interests during the War of 1812, a flag of the United States was raised over Kamehameha's home only to be removed when British officers in the court of Kamehameha powerfully objected to it. This account then explains why the resulting flag of Hawaii was a deliberate combination of the two nations' flags.

In 1816, Kamehameha appointed his own flag to avoid problems. As a result, the current flag of Hawaii was born.  There is debate as to the name of the officer: some traditions credit Alexander Adams, others George Beckley. The original flag was designed to feature stripes alternating in the order: red-white-blue. However, some have argued that the stripes were influenced by the flag of the United States. The flag used at the first official flying of the flag of Hawaii erroneously placed the stripes in the order: white-red-blue. The number of stripes also changed. Originally, the flag was designed with seven horizontal stripes. In 1845 it changed to have eight stripes (at one point, there were nine but later the number changed back to eight). The arrangement was adopted and is used today.

Hawaii
Hawaii
Cody Garrett Runnels (born June 30, 1985), better known by his ring names Cody Rhodes and more recently Stardust, is an American professional wrestler currently signed by WWE. He has twice been a WWE Tag Team Champion, once with Drew McIntyre and once with his half-brother Goldust. He is also a former three-time World Tag Team Champion, once with Hardcore Holly and twice with Ted DiBiase, Jr. His father is Dusty Rhodes.

Championships and accomplishments

Amateur wrestling 
 Georgia State Tournament
 Sixth at  weight class (2002)
 Champion at  weight class (2003)
 Champion at  weight class (2004)

Professional wrestling 
 Ohio Valley Wrestling
 OVW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 OVW Television Championship (1 time)
 OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (2 times) (with Shawn Spears)
 Fourth OVW Triple Crown Champion

 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Most Improved Wrestler of the Year (2008)
He was ranked #23 of the 500 top singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012.

 World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
 World Tag Team Championship (3 times) (with Hardcore Holly (1) and Ted DiBiase (2))
 WWE Intercontinental Championship (2 times)
 WWE Tag Team Championship (3 times) (with Drew McIntyre (1) and Goldust (2))
 Slammy Award for Tag Team of the Year (2013) (with Goldust)

References

Other websites 

For his Google plus official account it's CODY RHODES(tm/trademarks) where he has kept a picture which is wallpaper of himself(Stardust) and his half brother Goldust

1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Marietta, Georgia
American professional wrestlers
AEW wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
James Stuart Duggan (born January 14, 1954 in Glens Falls, New York), better known by his ring name "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan, is an American professional wrestler, who is best known for wrestling for World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E). Duggan will also be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2011 by Ted DiBiase Sr.. Duggan was the winner of the first ever Royal Rumble in 1988. He is known for entering the arena with a 2x4 piece of lumber and yelling "Hooo!" while the fans chant "U-S-A!".

In November 2018, Duggan was hospitalized in the intensive care unit for an unknown reason.

References 

1954 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from New York
WWE Hall of Fame
People from Glens Falls, New York
Lance Kurtis McNaught (March 2, 1981 – August 13, 2010) was an American professional wrestler. He was best known for his time working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where he wrestled under the ring names Garrison Cade and Lance Cade. Cade was trained by Shawn Michaels and made his professional wrestling debut along with Bryan Danielson in 1999 for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) in Japan.

Cade signed a developmental contract with World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 2001 and began working for their developmental territory Memphis Championship Wrestling (MCW). In the summer, he was sent to Heartland Wrestling Association (HWA). When the WWF dropped HWA as their developmental territory, Cade moved the then-renamed WWE's main developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). In 2003, he debuted on an episode of Sunday Night Heat in a match against Lance Storm who forced him to submit to the sharpshooter. During his WWE career, he was known to team with Mark Jindrak and then later Trevor Murdoch. Cade was released from the company on October 14, 2008. Jim Ross stated on his blog that Cade "made a major league mistake while utilizing bad judgment" and that it was a factor in his departure. Ross also mentioned Cade having a seizure on a plane and him needing emergency medical care as a part of this.

He was a three-time World Tag Team Champion with Trevor Murdoch.

On August 13, 2010, Cade died at the age of 29 of apparent heart failure in San Antonio, Texas. On October 13, the medical examiner in San Antonio ruled that his death was "accidental," and stated that intoxication from mixed drugs complicated a cardiomyopathy and caused his death.

Championships
Heartland Wrestling Association
HWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
HWA Tag Team Championship (3 times) (with Steve Bradley (2) and Mike Sanders (1))

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #80 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the "PWI 500" in 2008.

Texas Wrestling Alliance
TWA Television Championship (1 time)

World Wrestling Entertainment
World Tag Team Championship (3 times) (with Trevor Murdoch)

References

Other websites
WWE profile

1981 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from cardiomyopathy
American professional wrestlers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from heart failure
Drug-related deaths in the United States
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Omaha, Nebraska
Sicko was a 2007 documentary movie made by Michael Moore. It explores the American health care system, and compares it to the United Kingdom's, Canada's, France's and Cuba's. It made $24.5 million, making it the third-highest grossing documentary of all time.

References

Other websites

2007 movies
American documentary movies
American independent movies
The flag of Alabama was adopted by the Alabama state legislature on February 16, 1895.

Origin
It's believed that the crimson saltire of the Flag of Alabama was designed to look like the blue saltire of the Confederate battle flag. The Battle Flag was square-shaped, and Alabama's flag is sometimes shown as a square. The authors of a 1917 article in National Geographic expressed their opinion that because the Alabama flag was based on the Battle Flag, it should be square. In 1987, Don Siegelman issued an opinion in which the Battle Flag derivation is repeated, but concluded that the proper shape is rectangular, as it had been depicted numerous times in official publications and reproductions.

However, the saltire design of the Alabama state flag also looks like several other flags. It is identical to the saltire of St. Patrick, incorporated into the British Union Flag to represent the union of the United Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland. This has led to other origins being put forth as possibilities.

Alabama
Alabama
The Flag of the United Mexican States or Mexico is a tricolor of green, white, and red with an eagle charged in the center of the white stripe. While the meaning of the colors has changed over time, these three colors were adopted by Mexico following independence from Spain during the country's War of Independence. The current flag was adopted in 1968, but the design has been used since 1821. The current law of national symbols, Law on the National Arms, Flag, and Anthem, that governs the use of the national flag has been in place since 1984. Red, white, and green are the colors of the national liberation army in Mexico. The central emblem is the ancient Aztec symbol for Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), the center of the Aztec Empire. It recalls the legend that inspired the Aztecs to settle on what was originally a lake-island. The form of the coat of arms was most recently revised in 1968. Aztec legend held that they should found their city on the spot where they saw an eagle on a cactus, eating a snake. There is a ribbon in the national colors at the bottom of the coat of arms.

Legend 
In the early 14th century, the Mexica people were a wandering tribe of nomads looking for a permanent settlement in modern day central Mexico. They survived by hunting and gathering and were often hired to fight as mercenaries for the city-states scattered throughout the region. According to legend, their god, Huitzilopochtli, told them to establish a city of their own at a site where they would find an eagle eating a snake on the top of a cactus. The legend relates that  the people saw the eagle on a small, swampy island in the middle of the shallow Texcoco lake. The Mexica invented a resourceful system of gardening, called chinampas, which allowed them to grow small gardens, eventually drying out the lake. In 1325, they completed construction of a city there.  That city, which they called Tenochtitlan, became the capital of the Aztec Empire.

Mexico
The flag of the United Kingdom is the Union Flag or Union Jack. The Union Flag is the national flag of the United Kingdom. It has had the same design since the Act of Union 1800. The flag is made from the flags of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

There are different flags for use on land and at sea. The flag's measurements at sea are 1:2 (the flag is twice as long as it is wide). On land, it is normal for the flag's proportions to be 3:5.

The use of the flag started (with a different design) in 1606, after James VI and I became the first king of the whole of Great Britain in 1603. Between 1606 and 1801, the Union Flag's design was different to the present flag. At that time, the Kingdom of Ireland was a separate kingdom. (Between the execution of Charles I and the Restoration of Charles II, there was no personal union between Scotland and England, so the Union Flag was not necessary.) Scotland and England became the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Anne, Queen of Great Britain, chose the Union Flag as the flag of the new kingdom. The United Kingdom and Ireland joined together in 1801. The use of the present British flag started then.

The first Union Flag from 1603 combined the flag of Scotland with the flag of England. The flag of Scotland is a Saint Andrew's Cross because Saint Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland. The flag of England is Saint George's Cross because Saint George is the patron saint of England. When the present United Kingdom started in 1801, the Saint Patrick's Cross started to be a part of the Union Flag. Saint Patrick's Cross was a flag representative of Ireland because Saint Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland. Saint Patrick's Cross is a red saltire (a diagonal cross) with a white background. The flag of Scotland is blue with a white saltire. The flag of England is white with a red horizontal cross. Together they make the Union Flag.

The flag did not change as result of the independence of the Republic of Ireland. The flag did not change when the United Kingdom's name changed from the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" to the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". The flag does not contain anything that represents Wales. (In 1603, Wales had long been a part of the kingdom of England.) Some people want a new design because of this.

Legacy 
The Union Jack has a legacy for flags, and some of the former colonies of Britain have this design on their own flags (i.e. Australia, Fiji, Hawaii, some provinces of Canada, etc.).

References 

United Kingdom
Tommy Tynan is a former football player.

References

1955 births
Living people
English footballers
People from Liverpool
Neil Warnock (born 1 December 1948) is a former football player born on 1 December 1948. He then managed football teams. He is currently managing Cardiff City.

References

1948 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
People from Sheffield
John Gregory is an English footballer turned manager. He has played for the England national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1972-73||rowspan="5"|Northampton Town||rowspan="4"|Fourth Division||9||0
|-
|1973-74||46||0
|-
|1974-75||41||1
|-
|1975-76||45||3
|-
|1976-77||Third Division||46||4
|-
|1977-78||rowspan="2"|Aston Villa||rowspan="2"|First Division||26||3
|-
|1978-79||39||7
|-
|1979-80||rowspan="2"|Brighton & Hove Albion||rowspan="2"|First Division||33||0
|-
|1980-81||39||7
|-
|1981-82||rowspan="5"|Queens Park Rangers||rowspan="2"|Second Division||34||9
|-
|1982-83||42||15
|-
|1983-84||rowspan="3"|First Division||37||7
|-
|1984-85||37||5
|-
|1985-86||11||0
|-
|1985-86||rowspan="3"|Derby County||Third Division||22||4
|-
|1986-87||Second Division||42||12
|-
|1987-88||First Division||39||6
|-
|1988-89||rowspan="2"|Portsmouth||rowspan="2"|Second Division||0||0
|-
|1989-90||0||0
|-
|1989-90||Plymouth Argyle||Second Division||3||0
|-
|1989-90||Bolton Wanderers||Third Division||7||0
598||83
598||83
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1983||5||0
|-
|1984||1||0
|-
!Total||6||0
|}

References

1945 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
Sportspeople from Lincolnshire
Roberto Carlos (born 10 April 1973) is a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. He often plays left back.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1993||rowspan="3"|Palmeiras||rowspan="3"|Série A||20||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||20||1
|-
|1994||24||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||2
|-
|1995||24||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||2

|-
|1995/96||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||30||5||2||1||2||1||34||7

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="11"|Real Madrid||rowspan="11"|La Liga||37||5||5||0||colspan="2"|-||42||5
|-
|1997/98||35||4||1||1||9||2||45||7
|-
|1998/99||35||5||4||0||8||0||47||5
|-
|1999/00||35||4||3||0||17||3||55||7
|-
|2000/01||36||5||0||0||14||4||50||9
|-
|2001/02||31||2||6||1||13||2||50||5
|-
|2002/03||36||5||1||0||18||2||55||7
|-
|2003/04||33||6||7||1||8||2||48||9
|-
|2004/05||34||3||2||0||9||1||45||4
|-
|2005/06||35||5||3||1||7||0||45||6
|-
|2006/07||23||3||1||0||8||0||32||3

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Fenerbahçe||rowspan="3"|Süper Lig||22||2||3||0||9||0||34||2
|-
|2008/09||33||3||6||2||10||1||49||6
|-
|2009/10||11||0||0||0||8||1||19||1

|-
|2010||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||||||||||||||||
68||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||68||5
30||5||2||1||2||1||34||7
370||47||33||4||111||16||514||67
66||5||9||2||27||2||102||9
534||62||44||7||140||19||718||88
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1992||7||0
|-
|1993||5||0
|-
|1994||0||0
|-
|1995||13||1
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||18||2
|-
|1998||10||0
|-
|1999||13||2
|-
|2000||9||0
|-
|2001||7||1
|-
|2002||11||1
|-
|2003||5||1
|-
|2004||12||0
|-
|2005||9||3
|-
|2006||6||0
|-
!Total||125||11
|}

References 

1973 births
Living people
Association football defenders
Association football full-backs
Brazilian footballers
Lothar Herbert Matthäus (born 21 March 1961) is a former German football player. He has played for the German national team. He currently holds a record for the most appearances for the German team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1979/80||rowspan="5"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||28||4
|-
|1980/81||33||10
|-
|1981/82||33||3
|-
|1982/83||34||8
|-
|1983/84||34||11
|-
|1984/85||rowspan="4"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||33||16
|-
|1985/86||23||10
|-
|1986/87||31||17
|-
|1987/88||26||17

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="4"|Serie A||32||9
|-
|1989/90||25||11
|-
|1990/91||31||16
|-
|1991/92||27||4

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="8"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="8"|Bundesliga||28||8
|-
|1993/94||33||8
|-
|1994/95||16||5
|-
|1995/96||19||1
|-
|1996/97||28||1
|-
|1997/98||25||3
|-
|1998/99||25||1
|-
|1999/00||15||1

|-
|2000||NY/NJ MetroStars||Major League Soccer||16||0
464||121
115||40
16||0
595||161
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1980||1||0
|-
|1981||1||0
|-
|1982||10||0
|-
|1983||7||0
|-
|1984||10||0
|-
|1985||7||1
|-
|1986||15||2
|-
|1987||6||1
|-
|1988||10||4
|-
|1989||3||1
|-
|1990||15||7
|-
|1991||7||3
|-
|1992||4||0
|-
|1993||11||0
|-
|1994||15||3
|-
|1995||0||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||8||0
|-
|1999||13||1
|-
|2000||7||0
|-
!Total||150||23
|}

References 

1961 births
Living people
German football managers
German footballers
Sportspeople from Bavaria
SK Rapid Wien managers
Field Marshal  Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig KT GCB OM GCVO KCIE ADC (born in Edinburgh, Scotland on 19 June 1861, died in London on 29 January 1928) was a British Army general in World War I.

He was the senior commander of the British forces in France from 1915 until the end of the war. Most notably, he led them during the Battle of the Somme, the Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele), the Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days Offensive.

Historians have often argued over whether Haig was a good general. In the years after the war, he was popular. After his death, some historians and politicians wrote books criticising Haig. They argued he made mistakes that led to a lot of casualties among British troops, especially at the Somme and Passchendaele; he has been nicknamed 'Butcher Haig' or 'the Butcher of the Somme'. David Lloyd George, the Prime Minister during the later years of the war, also did not agree with Haig. One of the best known books criticising Haig was Alan Clark's book The Donkeys (1961). This is known as the 'lions led by donkeys' view: the idea that Britain had great soldiers but bad generals.

All the same, some veterans, and academic historians have argued that Haig was a great general. For example, John Bourne notes that Haig helped the army use new weapons and technology. John Terraine argues that while the British Army lost a lot of men, this is not surprising given the size of the fighting, and other countries lost far more. Likewise, Gordon Corrigan argues that as a percentage of the population, Britain lost half as many people in the war as France and Germany.

References 

1861 births
1928 deaths

British Army generals
People from Edinburgh
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights of the Thistle
Order of Merit
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
John Charles (27 December 1931 - 21 February 2004) was a Welsh football player. He has played for Wales national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1948/49||rowspan="9"|Leeds United||rowspan="8"|Second Division||3||0
|-
|1949/50||42||1
|-
|1950/51||34||3
|-
|1951/52||18||0
|-
|1952/53||40||26
|-
|1953/54||39||42
|-
|1954/55||40||11
|-
|1955/56||41||29
|-
|1956/57||First Division||40||38

|-
|1957/58||rowspan="5"|Juventus||rowspan="5"|Serie A||34||28
|-
|1958/59||29||19
|-
|1959/60||34||23
|-
|1960/61||32||15
|-
|1961/62||21||8

|-
|1962/63||Leeds United||Second Division||11||3

|-
|1962/63||Roma||Serie A||10||4

|-
|1963/64||rowspan="3"|Cardiff City||rowspan="3"|Second Division||33||11
|-
|1964/65||28||3
|-
|1965/66||7||4
376||171
160||97
536||268
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1950||1||0
|-
|1951||1||0
|-
|1952||0||0
|-
|1953||5||4
|-
|1954||5||3
|-
|1955||4||3
|-
|1956||3||1
|-
|1957||4||0
|-
|1958||6||1
|-
|1959||1||1
|-
|1960||0||0
|-
|1961||1||0
|-
|1962||4||2
|-
|1963||1||0
|-
|1964||1||0
|-
|1965||1||0
|-
!Total||38||15
|}

References 

1931 births
2004 deaths
Welsh footballers
Welsh football managers
People from Swansea
Martin Stanford Peters  (8 November 1943 – 21 December 2019) was an English footballer and manager. He played for England national team.

In 2016, it was announced that Peters had Alzheimer's disease. Peters died on 21 December 2019 in London from the disease  at the age of 76.

Club career statistics

|-
|1961-62||rowspan="9"|West Ham United||rowspan="9"|First Division||5||0
|-
|1962-63||36||8
|-
|1963-64||32||3
|-
|1964-65||35||5
|-
|1965-66||40||11
|-
|1966-67||41||14
|-
|1967-68||40||14
|-
|1968-69||42||19
|-
|1969-70||31||7
|-
|1969-70||rowspan="6"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="6"|First Division||7||2
|-
|1970-71||42||9
|-
|1971-72||35||10
|-
|1972-73||41||15
|-
|1973-74||35||6
|-
|1974-75||29||4
|-
|1974-75||rowspan="6"|Norwich City||Second Division||10||2
|-
|1975-76||rowspan="5"|First Division||42||10
|-
|1976-77||42||7
|-
|1977-78||34||7
|-
|1978-79||39||10
|-
|1979-80||40||8
|-
|1980-81||Sheffield United||Third Division||24||4
724||175
724||175
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1966||11||3
|-
|1967||4||2
|-
|1968||8||3
|-
|1969||8||3
|-
|1970||12||5
|-
|1971||8||2
|-
|1972||3||0
|-
|1973||11||2
|-
|1974||2||0
|-
!Total||67||20
|}

References

1943 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in London
English footballers
Sportspeople from London
Iker Casillas (born 20 May 1981) is a retired Spanish football player. He used to play for F.C. Porto and Spain national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="11"|Real Madrid||rowspan="11"|La Liga||27||0||5||0||12||0||46||0
|-
|2000/01||34||0||0||0||11||0||45||0
|-
|2001/02||25||0||5||0||9||0||39||0
|-
|2002/03||38||0||0||0||15||0||53||0
|-
|2003/04||37||0||2||0||9||0||48||0
|-
|2004/05||37||0||0||0||10||0||47||0
|-
|2005/06||37||0||4||0||7||0||48||0
|-
|2006/07||38||0||0||0||7||0||45||0
|-
|2007/08||36||0||0||0||8||0||44||0
|-
|2008/09||38||0||0||0||7||0||45||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||

|}

International career statistics 

|}

References 

1981 births
Living people
Spanish association football goalkeepers
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Sportspeople from Madrid
This is a complete list of presidents of Turkey. The list includes all eleven heads of state that lead the country after the Turkish War of Independence. For a list of rulers of the predecessor Ottoman Empire, see the Ottoman Dynasty.

List of presidents (1923–present) 
Political Party

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Status

Acting presidents 
 Cemal Gürsel (May 27, 1960 - October 10, 1961) Served with the title "head of state" following the May 1960 military coup.
 Tekin Arıburun (March 29, 1973 - April 6, 1973) Parliament speaker. Served as acting president ahead of Fahri Korutürk's election.
 İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil (April 6, 1980 - September 12, 1980) Parliament speaker. Served as acting president in the absence of a firm presidential candidate.
 Kenan Evren (September 12, 1980 - November 9, 1982) Served with the title "head of state" following the September 1980 military coup.
 Hüsamettin Cindoruk (April 17, 1993 - May 16, 1993) Parliament speaker. Served as acting president following Turgut Özal's death.

Footnotes

References 
 Past presidents , Presidency of the Republic of Turkey.

President of Turkey
ca:President de Turquia#Presidents
Weightlifting first started in the so-called Dark Ages of the human history. It was usually done by the strongest men in villages all over Europe. It was considered to be a sport for the lower classes, however since then it has changed into the sport for other people as well.  It has been in the Olympic Games since 1896.

Competition events in Olympic weightlifting
As a competitive sport, Weightlifting is controlled by the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF). Based in Budapest, it was founded in 1905.

Snatch
The snatch is one of the two olympic weightlifting events. The essence of the event is to lift a barbell from the platform to locked arms overhead in a smooth continuous movement. The lift requires not only great strength, but mastery of technical skills, a high degree of shoulder flexibility, excellent balance, and speed.

Clean and jerk
The clean and jerk is another olympic weightlifting events. It is a highly technical lift that is known as "the king of lifts" because more weight can be lifted above one's head as compared to any other known weightlifting technique.

Related pages
 Weight training

Other websites

 
 International Weightlifting Federation
A mullet is a kind of fish. Mullet often jump out of water. People are not sure why, but it might be because they are trying to see where they are going.

In recent years, "mullet" also came to be a slang word for a hairstyle that is short at the front and top, and long at the back.  This slang word is said to have been started by Mike D of the Beastie Boys in 1995, and after 2000 was spread by a small group of people in San Francisco through the Internet.

Teleosts
Flag semaphore is a system of spreading information at a distance by using two flags. Information is told by the positions of the flags. Each set of positions has a meaning.

Signalling
Signalling uses two flags. The person signalling would often stand on a platform about 6-10ft (1.8 - 3m) above the ground. They would use a bright orange, red and white flag. This was a problem because it made it easier for the enemy to see them and shoot them. The newer system uses two short poles with square flags. The signalman holds one pole in each hand. The poles are held in one of eight possible directions. Except for in the "rest position", the flags do not cross over each other. Flags of different colours are used based on whether the signals are sent by sea or by land. At sea, the flags are coloured red and yellow. On land, they are white and blue. There is also a 'flag alphabet' which consists of many different coloured flags with different symbols on them. Japan has their own flag alphabet.

Related pages
 Semaphore line

Other websites
 Images of different codes

Semaphore
Messaging
Signalling
Asparagaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by quite a few taxonomists, but hardly universally: often the plants involved are treated as belonging to the family Liliaceae. 

Asparagales
The Laurales are an order of flowering plants. They are a basal group of dicots. They are related to, and sometimes included in, the Magnoliales.

The order includes 85-90 genera from seven families of trees and shrubs. Most of the species are tropical and subtropical, though a few genera reach the temperate zone. The best known species in this order are those of the Lauraceae (for example bay laurel or Laurus, cinnamon or Cinnamomum, avocado or Persea, and Sassafras), and the spice bush or Calycanthus of the Calycanthaceae.

The earliest lauraceous fossils are from the Cretaceous. It is possible that the ancient origin of this order is one of the reasons for its highly diverged morphology. Indeed, at present no one trait is known which would unify all the members of Laurales. This used to cause much argument among botanists about the correct limits of the order. The presently classification is based on recent molecular and genetic analysis.

References 

Trees
Magnoliopsida
Hasbro is an American toy company. It is one of the biggest toy makers in the world (including board games), only Mattel is larger. Hasbro also makes Monopoly, a popular board game. Their main office is in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, United States. The company is best known for their popular 1990's electronic audio game Bop It, which got re-designed in 2008 with a series of designs which one is released each year. Hasbro has also joined up with many other companies such as Tiger Electronics who made the following audio games: Brain Warp, Brain Bash, Brain Shift and Bogoey Ball. They also make a popular memory game called Simon which involves memorizing flashing lights and sounds. The game Simon Swipe was released in 2014 and was copyrighted in 2013. There is also a Micro Series version that was released in 2014. On October 12, 2021, Longtime Hasbro CEO Brian Goldner passed away.

References

1923 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Rhode Island
Rhode Island
Bay leaf (plural bay leaves), (Greek Daphni, Romanian Foi de Dafin) is the aromatic leaf of several species of the Laurel family (Lauraceae). Fresh or dried bay leaves are used in cooking for their distinctive flavor and fragrance. 
Laurus nobilis, is a culinary herb often used to flavor soups, stews, and braises and pâtés in Mediterranean Cuisine. The fresh leaves are very mild and do not develop their full flavor until several weeks after picking and drying.
  
California bay leaf
The leaf of the California bay tree (Umbellularia californica), also known as 'California laurel', 'Oregon myrtle', and 'pepperwood', is similar to the Mediterranean bay but has a stronger flavor.

"Indian bay leaf" (also tej pat, tejpat, tejpata तेजपत्ता or Tamalpatra तमालपत्र)
The leaf of the Cinnamomum tejpata (malabathrum) tree is similar in fragrance and taste to cinnamon bark, but milder. In appearance, it is similar to the other bay leaves but is culinarily quite different, having an aroma and flavor more similar to that of Cassia. It is inaccurately called a bay leaf as it is of a different genus (though the same family) as the bay laurel.

Herbs
Lauraceae
Ginger is a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or ginger, is used as a spice and a folk medicine.

It is a herbaceous perennial which grows annual pseudostems. These are false stems made of rolled leaves: about one meter tall with narrow leaf blades. The inflorescences come directly from the rhizome on separate shoots.

Ginger is used as a cooking spice throughout the world. The ginger plant has long long been cultivated. It came from China and spread to India, Southeast Asia, West Africa, and the Caribbean.

Ginger is also a term used to describe a red-brown colour, as in ginger hair.

References 

Monocots
Spices
Revenue (or revenues) is income that an organization receives from its normal business activities. In the case of a corporation this is usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. In the case of a government, revenue usually comes from various taxes. It does not include the cost required to create these goods and services, which is considered "profit". In addition to sale of goods and services, some companies also receive revenue from interest, dividends or royalties paid to them by other companies.

References 

Income
The term Southern Cone (, ) refers to a geographic region composed of the southernmost areas of South America, below the Tropic of Capricorn. Due to geographical affinities, natural, economic and social, the Southern Cone is usually understood as the region that includes all of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, the southern states of Brazil (and sometimes part of São Paulo state, because have several features in common: proximity, the high rate of industrialization and urbanization and the high GDP). In rare exceptions - just because geographical reasons -  sometimes also includes Paraguay and southern Bolivia, although both have fundamentally different characteristics of other countries (such as standards of living, industrialization, ethnicity, etc.)

Major Cities

Related pages
 Mercosur
 Southern Brazil
 Argentina
 Chile
 Uruguay
 South America

References 

South America
Robert Esche (born January 22, 1978 in Whitesboro, New York) is an American professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Kontinental Hockey League's St. Petersburg SKA.

Awards
1997–98: Second All-Star Team (OHL)
1998–99: All-Rookie Team (AHL)
2002–03: William M. Jennings Trophy shared with Roman Cechmanek, PHI and Martin Brodeur, NJ (NHL)
2002–03: Yanick Dupre Memorial (Philadelphia Flyers)
2003–04: Pelle Lindbergh Memorial (Philadelphia Flyers)

Career statistics

Regular season

Post season

International play
Played for the United States in:

1997 World Junior Championships
1998 World Junior Championships
2000 World Championships
2001 World Championships
2004 World Cup of Hockey
2006 Olympic Games
2008 World Championships

Other websites

Bob Esche's U.S. Olympic Team bio 
Save of the Day Foundation - Robert Esche Charity Foundation

1978 births
American Hockey League players
Living people
Ontario Hockey League players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Phoenix Coyotes players
Sportspeople from New York
American ice hockey goaltenders
Concussion is an injury to the brain caused by being hit on the head, as often happens in motor vehicle collisions, fights or contact sports such as football. It is the most common form of traumatic brain injury. Related terms include mild brain injury, mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), mild head injury (MHI),  and minor head trauma. Patients with severe concussion are occasionally monitored in hospital. The main reason for this is the risk of bleeding in the brain, which can be life-threatening. 

Common symptoms of concussion include: headache, dizziness, fatigue, problems with vision, confusion and loss of consciousness. A person with a mild concussion may have nothing more than a headache or brief confusion. In more severe cases, symptoms tend to last longer, and may include loss of consciousness. Other associated symptoms are: worsening headache, inability to wake, dilation of the eyes, vomiting, nausea, loss of coordination and weakness of extremities. 

Symptoms may last less than a week in minor cases, but recovery from more severe concussions can take up to 4 weeks. The most common causes of concussions are accidents; in some cases, wearing a helmet can help prevent major damage.

Concussion and Aphasia 
One often underreported symptom of concussion is aphasia.  Aphasia is the loss of ability to produce or understand speech; it is caused by brain damage.  Most of the important areas for speech and language are located in the left hemisphere. As such, patients who have concussions due to injury on the left side of the head could be more at risk for these symptoms. 

The most common kinds of aphasia associated with traumatic brain injury are amnestic aphasia and verbal paraphasia.  Amnesic aphasia, also known as anomia, is an issue with word finding where patients struggle to find words for objects that they once knew.  There is no impairment of comprehension associated with anomia. This can be especially challenging for students trying to return to school and professionals returning to work.  The second kind of aphasia associated with concussion is verbal paraphasia, the substitution of one word for another.  Typically, the substituted word will have a similar meaning as the word it replaces; e.g. substituting sock with shoe. 

As with most concussion symptoms, aphasia symptoms correlated with concussion typically get progressively better, as evidenced by a study done by Inger Vibeke Thomsen. Of the concussion patients studied that showed aphasia symptoms, only one patient had long term aphasia.  The others showed almost full recovery.  

The National Aphasia Association recognizes that concussions can cause aphasia.  In serious concussions, aphasia is a documented symptom and can be temporary or permanent.  This is correlated to injury of brain regions that are important for language production. However, traumatic brain injuries usually effect multiple areas of the brain, so other symptoms will also be present. The damage causing aphasia will usually be on the left side of the brain.

References

Brain
The Beaufort scale is a scale for measuring wind speeds. It is based on observation rather than accurate measurement. It is the most widely used system to measure wind speed today. The scale was developed in 1805 by Francis Beaufort, an officer of the Royal Navy and first officially used by HMS Beagle.

There are twelve levels, plus 0 for "no wind". From 1946 to 1970, there were also beaufort levels 13 to 17. All of them were labelled as Hurricane. Because they were only used in special cases, they are no longer in use internationally. China, and Taiwan still use them, because they often have typhoons. 

The wave heights given are for waves on the open ocean, not near the shore.

The Douglas Sea Scale and Douglas Wind Scale are similar, but they separate the sea from the wind.

The scale

Images

Other websites 
 UK Meteorological Office: The Beaufort Scale
 Investigating Clouds   a lesson plan from the National Science Digital Library that uses the Beaufort Scale.
 Radio interview with Scott Huler.
 OceanWeather.com gives current graphics for wind, waves and temperature
 Open Source Textbook at Oceanworld.tamu.edu  [broken link] cites the original definition formula in chapter 4  
 Howtoon Poster   showing effects on land/sea effects at each step.

Winds
The Wheel of Time is a long running fantasy series of novels written by American author Robert Jordan. The first in the series, The Eye of the World was published in 1990,  and the last, A Memory of Light, was published in 2009. Jordan died while he was writing the last book, so it was finished by Brandon Sanderson. A Memory of Light was split into three parts as the book length was too long.

Books 
 The Eye of the World
 The Great Hunt
 The Dragon Reborn
 The Shadow Rising
 The Fires of Heaven
 Lord of Chaos
 A Crown of Swords
 The Path of Daggers
 Winter's Heart
 Crossroads of Twilight
 Knife of Dreams
Gathering Storm (The first part of A Memory of Light)
Towers of Midnight (The second part of A Memory of Light)
A Memory of Light (The last part of A Memory of Light)

References 

Fantasy books
Series of books
Robert Jordan (October 17, 1948 – September 16, 2007) was the pen or writing name of the American fantasy author James Oliver Rigney Jr. He was most famous for writing the long, epic fanasy series The Wheel of Time. He died from amyloidosis before he was able to finish the series. The last volume A Memory of Light was split into three and was completed by fellow American fantasy writer Brandon Sanderson.

The Wheel of Time
The Wheel of Time is an epic fantasy series that centers around Rand al'Thor, a young man destined to be the Dragon Reborn, the savior figure of the story. The Dragon Reborn is prophesied to lead the forces of the Light (the forces of good) to fight the Dark One (the main antagonist) at the Last Battle.

List of books in the series
The Eye of the World, (1990) 
The Great Hunt, (1990) 
The Dragon Reborn, (1991) 
The Shadow Rising, (1992) 
The Fires of Heaven, (1993) 
Lord of Chaos, (1994) 
A Crown of Swords, (1996) 
The Path of Daggers, (1998) 
Winter's Heart, (2000) 
Crossroads of Twilight, (2003) 
New Spring, prequel to the series, (2004) 
Knife of Dreams, (2005) 
The Gathering Storm, the first part of A Memory of Light, (2009) 
Towers of Midnight, the second part of A Memory of Light, (To be released in 2010)
A Memory of Light, the last part of A Memory of Light, (To be written)

References

Other websites
Dragonmount - A fansite that hosts Robert Jordan's blog.
Brandon Sanderson's blog - Brandon Sanderson is the author selected to finish the series.
The Wheel of Time Wiki

1948 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from amyloidosis
Disease-related deaths in South Carolina
Pen names
People from Charleston, South Carolina
Writers from South Carolina
Brian Thomas Burke (born 25 February 1947) was the 23rd Premier of Western Australia from 25 February 1983 to 25 February 1988. He was from the Labor Party. He worked as a journalist before becoming a politician. As Premier he was popular at first but later on his government was involved in a number of private companies that failed. He resigned to become an ambassador. During the 1990s he was convicted of committing crimes while he was Premier and spent time in prison.

References

1947 births
Living people
Burke, Brian
People from Perth, Western Australia
Australian Labor Party politicians
Australian journalists
Raymond James O'Connor (6 March 1926 - 25 February 2013) was the 22nd Premier of Western Australia from 25 January 1982 until 25 February 1983. He was from the Liberal Party. He became Premier when Charles Court resigned. Later he was convicted of fraud and spent time in prison.

References
 

1926 births
2013 deaths
Australian criminals
Fraudsters
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
People from Perth, Western Australia
Premiers of Western Australia
Chang'an was the capital of ancient China of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. Chang'an literally means "Perpetual Peace" in Classical Chinese. During the Xin Dynasty, the city was renamed "Constant Peace"; yet after its fall in the year 23 AD, the old name was restored. During the Ming Dynasty, the name was changed to its present name Xi'an, meaning "Western Peace".

History 

The imperial city of Chang'an during the Han Dynasty was in northwest of today's Xi'an. During the Tang Dynasty, the area to be known as Chang'an included the area inside the Ming Xi'an fortification, plus some small areas to its east and west, and a major part of its southern suburbs. The Tang Chang'an was 8 times the size of the Ming Xi'an. During this time Chang'an was one of the largest and most populous cities in the world. Around 750 A.D. Chang'an was called a "million people's city" in Chinese records, while modern estimates put it at around 800,000–1,000,000 within city walls.

In 710, the grid of Japan's capital city at Heijō-kyō was planned to mirror the grid of Chang'an.  In 794, the plan of the new capital at Heian-kyō also mirrored the Chang'an design.

References

References 
 Benn, Charles (2002). China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
 Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. .
 Ma, Dezhi. "Sui Daxing Tang Chang’an Cheng Yizhi" ("Archeological Site of Sui's Daxing and Tang's Chang'an". Encyclopedia of China (Archeology Edition), 1st ed.
 Wang, Chongshu. "Han Chang’an Cheng Yizhi" ("Archeological Site of Han's Chang'an"). Encyclopedia of China (Archeology Edition), 1st ed.

Further reading 

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1999). Chinese Imperial City Planning. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000). Sui-Tang Chang’an: A Study in the Urban History of Medieval China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies.

Other websites
Introduction of Xi'an/Chang'an  by the University of Washington

History of China
Cities in China
John Trezise Tonkin (2 February 1902 – 20 October 1995) was the 20th Premier of Western Australia from 3 March 1971 to 8 April 1974. He was from the Labor Party.

He was born in Boulder City in 1902. Educated in local schools Tonkin became a teacher in rural Western Australia. An active member of the Labor Party, he was Prime Minister John Curtin's campaign manager for the 1943 election. He was elected to the Western Australian parliament for the seat of North East Fremantle (1933–1950), and for the seat of Melville (1950–1977). He was a Cabinet Minister (1943–1947), Deputy Premier (1953–1959), Leader of the Opposition (1967–1971 and 1974–1976), and Premier (1971–1974). He retired from parliament in 1977 and died in 1995.

References

1902 births
1995 deaths
Tonkin, John
Australian Labor Party politicians
Australian educators
Kevin Moore (born 30 November 1965, in St Johns Lakemba, New South Wales, Australia) is a rugby league coach and former player. He was the head coach for the Bulldogs in the NRL from 2009 to 2011. As a player, he played as a scrum-half.

References

Other websites 
Bulldogs profile 

1965 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
Sportspeople from Sydney
Coaches
Roman Čechmánek  (born March 2, 1971 in Gottwaldov (now called Zlín), Czechoslovakia) is a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender.

International play
His only Olympic appearance was for the Czech Republic in the 1998 Winter Olympics. Backing-up star goaltender Dominik Hašek, Čechmánek's team won the gold medal after defeating Russia in the gold medal deciding match, despite not playing a single game. Czech Republic won in a tight 1–0 game.

His other debuts were in the 2004 and 2007 IHWC also playing for the Czech Republic team.

International statistics

Honours
Played in National Hockey League All-Star Game — 2001.
Named to National Hockey League All-Star Second Team — 2000–01.
William M. Jennings Trophy (shared with Martin Brodeur and teammate Robert Esche) — 2002–03

Other websites
 

1971 births
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Philadelphia Flyers players
American Hockey League players
Swedish Hockey League players
Czech ice hockey goaltenders
The spinning jenny is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented around 1764 by James Hargreaves (c. 1720 – 22 April 1778) in Stanhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire in the northwest of England. The device dramatically reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn. A single worker could work eight or more spools at once.

The spinning jenny was a huge success due to the fact that it could hold more than one ball of yarn, therefore making more clothing materials in a shorter amount of time while reducing the overall cost.

Thomas Highs (1718–1803) also claimed patents on the spinning jenny, and on other machines for cloth production.

Related pages
 Industrial Revolution

References

Other websites
 Essay  from http://www.cottontown.org on Hargreaves and the spinning jenny.
 Essay from http://www.cottonttimes.co.uk  on Highs and the spinning jenny.
 Source for alternate name of spinning ginny 

Machines
Tools
The term power loom, corresponds to a mechanized loom powered by a driveshaft. The first power loom was designed in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright and first built in 1785, later to be perfected by William Horrocks. It allowed textile making to be done far faster than if a human had done the same work. By 1850, over 250,000 of Cartwright's designs were used in England. James Henry Northrop invented the automatic "weft replenishment" loom. It revolutionized the weaving industry. Some 700,000 "Northrop" automatic looms were sold worldwide.

Originally, power looms used a shuttle to throw the weft across, but in the early part of the 20th century the faster and more efficient shuttleless loom came into use. Today, advances in technology have produced a variety of looms designed to maximize production for specific types of material. The most common of these are air-jet looms and water-jet looms. Computer-driven looms are now also available to individual home weavers. 

Tools
Machines
Weaving

ja:織機#力織機
The Paris Métro or Métropolitain () is a rapid transit system in Paris, France.  The network is mostly underground. It has 19 lines, which together are 225.1 km (139.9 mi) long. There are 304 stations. 17 of these lines are owned by RATP and 2 by Paris Airport. 

The Paris Métro is a symbol of the city. Notable is its Art Nouveau architecture at the older entrances. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe, after Moscow. It carries 4.16 million passengers a day, and an annual total of 1.52 billion (2015). 

The first line opened on 19 July 1900, during the 1900 World's Fair (Exposition Universelle). The system expanded quickly and the core was complete by the 1920s. Extensions into suburbs were built in the 1930s. The network reached saturation after World War II. The Métro introduced newer trains to allow higher traffic, but further improvements have been limited by the design of the network and in particular the short distances between stations. Besides the Métro, Downtown Paris and its urban area are served by a number of other transit systems.

References

Other websites 

 RATP English version. Contains routes, schedules, journey times, etc...
 Comprehensive map of the Paris Metro network

Rapid transit systems
Paris
Transport in France
1900 establishments in France