Dido and Aeneas (/ˈdaɪdoʊ/ "Dy-doh and eh-Nee-us") is a three-act English opera. The story and words were written by Nahum Tate. The music was written by Henry Purcell. The opera was probably written about 1684-1685. Dido is Purcell's only true opera. It was possibly modeled on John Blow's Venus and Adonis. Blow's piece was written and staged about the same time. Marc-Antoine Charpentier's little French operas may also have served as models. French music was appreciated at the English court.

The opera was intended for performance at the court. The death of Charles II may have caused it to be postponed however. The first performance occurred in a Chelsea girls' school run by Josias Priest (the dancing master at court) in 1689. Tragedy and comedy are deftly combined in Dido. The lovers' scenes are tense with emotion. The witches' scenes are filled with comical cackling and mischief-making.

The story of the opera is taken from Virgil's Aeneid. It tells of the Trojan Aeneas' tragic love for Dido, the Queen of Carthage. The opera manuscript has been lost or destroyed. Research and performance rely on earliest printed copies. Some music is believed missing from these early copies. That music is composed afresh by modern composers in Purcell's style. Sometimes music Purcell composed about 1685 is inserted into the score to make up for the lack of the original music. Dido and Aeneas is Purcell's best known work.

Background
The words and story (the libretto) of Dido and Aeneas were written by Nahum Tate. The music was written by Henry Purcell. The date for the opera's composition is usually given as 1689. This has been called into question. The work is closer to the music Purcell composed in 1684-1685. The true date of composition probably falls in the middle-1680s rather than 1689. In the middle of the decade, Josias Priest's Chelsea boarding school for young ladies performed John Blow's Venus and Adonis. This little opera was possibly the model for Purcell's work.

The opera was probably intended for a performance at court. The death of Charles II in February 1685 may have been a reason to postpone the performance. There is no evidence that the opera was performed at court at this time. The opera was first performed in 1689 at Priest's Chelsea girls' school, rather than at court.  The themes, the mythological subject, the plentiful dances, the pastoral setting, the formal concision are all indicative that it was intended for a noble audience rather than the common man. It is more likely these short forms of opera appealed to the English. They preferred song and spoken dialogue.

Dido may have been modeled on the little French operas of Marc-Antoine Charpentier. It may have been modeled on John Blow's Venus and Adonis, too. Venus was composed and staged about the same time as Dido. The action is carried forward in Dido by arioso passages. Choruses and dances are used to frame the various scenes. The intensity of emotion in the scenes for the lovers is contrasted with the grotesqueness of the witches' scenes. Comedy and tragedy are carefully balanced in Dido. This balance reveals Purcell's sense of drama.

After 1705, the opera disappeared from the stage. Occasionally, there were concert performances. In 1895, the first staged version in modern times was performed by students of the Royal College of Music to mark the bicentenary of Purcell's death.

Roles

Story 

The story of the opera is taken from the Aeneid by the Roman poet Virgil. Virgil was trying to create a national epic for the Romans in the way Homer did with The Iliad and The Odyssey for the Greeks. Aeneas is the son of Venus and Anchises of Troy. He flees his home after it is sacked by the Greeks. Ahead of him lies a seven year journey to Italy. Fate has decreed he will found a new nation. Aeneas arrives in Carthage. Queen Dido is mourning her dead husband, a man to whom she swore eternal fidelity. She has fallen in love with Aeneas, and he with her.

 Act 1. Belinda tries to cheer Dido. Belinda assumes Dido is concerned about Aeneas, "the Trojan guest". It is so. Dido is obviously in love with him. Aeneas is in love with her. The chorus urges them to enjoy their love. "The Triumphing Dance" closes the act.
Act 2. Scene 1: In the cave of a sorceress, the witches decide to ruin Dido's happiness by having Aeneas set sail for Italy. They conjure a storm. To thunder and lightning the Witches perform an "Echo Dance of Furies". Scene 2: Aeneas, Dido, and the courtiers seek shelter in a grove. The storm grows. The ladies hurry away. A Spirit conjured by the Witches advises Aeneas to leave Carthage. Aeneas believes the advice is Jove's command. He decides to sail. He wonders how he will pacify Dido.
Act 3. Sailors dance. One sailor sings a lusty tune. The Sorceress and the Witches are glad to see Aeneas preparing to depart. They vow to do him more harm when once he is at sea. The witches dance. Dido and her train enter. Aeneas enters a moment later. Dido bids Aeneas be off. Aeneas refuses. Dido again urges him to leave. He finally goes. Dido kills herself.

Musical numbers

The original manuscript does not exist. Research depends upon the earliest printed copies. Some pieces are believed missing. Sometimes music Purcell composed in the middle 1680s is put into the score to balance the loss. Sometimes the missing music is composed completely afresh in Purcell's style.

The opera's tragic outcome is hinted at almost at once in the accompaniment to the Queen's Act 1 aria. The modulation in the ground bass from C minor to G minor on the words "I languish till my grief is known" anticipates the key of Dido's lament in Act 3. Purcell uses a ground bass at other moments: Dido's two arias (Acts 1 and 2) and in the aria "Oft she visits" in Act 2. This aria references Actaeon's tragic death by his own hounds. The word "ground" suggests that which will cover Dido after her death.

 Overture
 Act 1.
 Shake the cloud - Belinda
 Ah! Belinda, I am prest - Dido
 Grief increases by concealing - Belinda
 When monarchs unite - Chorus
 Whence could so much virtue spring - Dido
 Fear no danger - Belinda, Second Woman
 See, Your Royal Guest appears - Belinda
 Cupid only throws the dart - Chorus
 If not for mine - Aeneas
 Pursue thy Conquest - Belinda
 To the hills and the vales - Chorus
 The Triumphing Dance
Act 2.

 Prelude for the Witches
 Harm's our delight - Chorus
 The Queen of Carthage - Sorceress
 Ho, ho, ho! Ho, ho, ho! - Chorus
 But ere we this perform - Two Witches
 In our deep vaulted cell - Chorus
 Echo Dance of Furies
 Ritornelle
 Thanks to these lonesome vales - Belinda
 Oft she visits - Second Woman
 Behold, upon my bending spear - Aeneas
 Haste, haste to town - Belinda
 Stay, Prince and hear great Jove's command - Spirit
 Then since our charmes have sped - Chorus
 The Grove's Dance
Act 3.
 Prelude
 Come away - Chorus
 See the flags - Sorceress
 Our next motion - Sorceress
 Destruction's our delight - Chorus
 The Witches' Dance
 Your counsel all is urged in vain - Dido
 Great minds against themselves conspire - Chorus
 They hand, Belinda - Dido
 When I am laid in earth - Dido
 With dropping wings ye Cupids, come - Chorus

Orchestra

 Violins
 Violas
 Cellos
 Bass
 Viol de gamba
 Flûtes à bec
 Bass flûtes à bec
 Bassoon
 Clavier and Organ
 Theorboes
 Guitars

Notes

References
 
 
 
 

17th-century operas