cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Roberta Joan Anderson (born November 7, 1943 in Fort Macleod, Alberta, Canada), better known as Joni Mitchell, is a Canadian songwriter, musician and artist. Her usual musical instrument is a guitar. Her songs include "Big Yellow Taxi", "Woodstock" (about the 1969 Woodstock Festival), "Free Man In Paris", "Help Me" and "Both Sides Now". Her name Mitchell comes from her first marriage (to Chuck Mitchell).

She first began singing folk music while she attended art school, to earn spending money. In time, her songs and style got her noticed, and she became a professional musician. She signed a recording contract, and her first album appeared in 1968. "Both Sides Now" also boosted the musical career of Judy Collins, another folksinger, whose cover version became a popular hit. She also performs in the contralto range.

Mitchell had romantic relationships with Stephen Stills and David Crosby, both of the band Crosby, Stills & Nash. She also did artwork for one of their album covers. She was scheduled to appear at the Woodstock Festival, as CSN was (joined by Neil Young), but she had to cancel. Her song "Woodstock" still became a hit for CSN, and summed up for many people the meaning of the festival.

During the 1970s, Mitchell changed from folk music to jazz, and she lost some of her fans. Many other people enjoyed her later music, though, including an album she made with Charles Mingus, a legendary jazz musician. The album was Mingus's last project before his death.

Not all of Mitchell's records have been hits, and she resisted compiling a "best-ofs" or "greatest hits" album for many years, feeling that if she did so, her career would be "over". She did finally release a pair of recordings, Hits (which contained her biggest hit records) and Misses (which included some of her favorite songs, that were not hits). She continues to perform, and to paint pictures. Her paintings are displayed in galleries around the world.

Before she became famous, Mitchell gave up a newborn daughter for adoption in Canada. During the 1990s, the two got back in contact, and now have a good relationship.

Though she first became famous during the 1960s, Mitchell does not  that era. She reminds listeners of the negative parts of it, and encourages them to make the present better.

In March 2015, Mitchell was found unconscious in her Los Angeles home. She regained consciousness in an ambulance on her way to hospital, but was taken to intensive care for tests.She had a brain aneurysm. She was diagnosed with a throat tumor later the next day.

Discography
Studio albums
 Song to a Seagull (1968)
 Clouds (1969)
 Ladies to the Canyon (1970)
 Blue (1971)
 For the Roses (1972)
 Court and Spark (1974)
 The Hissing of Summer Lawns (1975)
 Hejira (1976)
 Don Juan's Reckless Daughter (1977)
 Mingus (1979)
 Wild Things Run Fast (1982)
 Dog Eat Dog (1985)
 Chalk Mark in a Rain Storm (1988)
 Night Ride Home (1991)
 Turbulent Indigo (1994)
 Taming the Tiger (1998)
 Shine (2007)

References

 
1943 births
Living people
Canadian guitarists
Canadian singer-songwriters
Musicians from Alberta
An ocean current is a continuous movement of ocean water from one place to another. Ocean currents are created by wind, water temperature, salt content, and the gravity of the moon. The current's direction and speed depend on the shoreline and the ocean floor. They can flow for thousands of miles and are found in all the major oceans of the world. One major example of an ocean current is the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean. 
Ocean currents can be found on the water surface and deeper down. 
Currents on the surface often depend on wind. They travel clockwise in the northern hemisphere. They travel counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere. They are found up to  below the surface of the ocean.
Deeper currents depend on water pressure, temperature, and salt content.

Major ocean currents of the world

Arctic Ocean 
East Greenland Current
Norwegian Current
Beaufort Gyre (water or ice flow)
Transpolar Drift (water or ice flow)

Atlantic Ocean
Agulhas Current
Angola Current
Antilles Current
Azores Current
Baffin Island Current
Benguela current
Brazil Current
Canary Current
Cape Horn Current
Caribbean Current
East Greenland Current
East Iceland Current
Falkland Current
Florida Current
Guiana Current
Guinea Current
Gulf Stream
Irminger Current
Labrador Current
Lomonosov current (a deep current)
Loop Current
North Atlantic Current
North Atlantic Drift
North Brazil Current
North Equatorial Current
North Equatorial Counter Current
Norwegian Current
Portugal Current
Slope/Shelf Edge Current
Slope Jet Current
South Atlantic Current
South Equatorial Current
Spitsbergen Current
Subtropical Counter Current
West Greenland Current
West Wind Drift

Pacific Ocean 
Alaska Current
Aleutian Current
California Current
Cromwell current (a deep current)
East Australian Current
Equatorial Counter Current
Humboldt Current (or Peru Current)
Kamchatka Current
Kuroshio Current (or Japan Current, Kuro Siwo)
Mindanao Current
North Equatorial Current
North Pacific Current (or North Pacific Drift)
Oyashio Current (or Oya Siwo)
South Equatorial Current
West Wind Drift

Indian Ocean 
Agulhas Current
East Madagascar Current
Equatorial Counter Current
Indonesian Through-flow
Leeuwin Current
Madagascar Current
Mozambique Current
Somali Current
South Australian Counter Current
South Equatorial Current
Southwest and Northeast Monsoon Drift (or Indian Monsoon Current)
West Australian Current
West Wind Drift

Southern Ocean 
Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Weddell Gyre
Tasman Outflow

Notes
Mount Redoubt, also called Redoubt Volcano, is a volcano in the U.S. state of Alaska. It rises  above sea level and  above the valleys around it. It is about  from the city of .

On March 22, 2009, Mount Redoubt erupted, sending ash high in the air and covering the mountains around with. No people live near Mount Redoubt, but the ash spread into towns and cities and the airport of Anchorage was closed shortly. Other years when it erupted include 1902, 1922, 1966, and 1989.

Images 

Geography of Alaska
Volcanoes of the United States
Allan Hunter (born 30 June 1946 in Northern Ireland) is a former Northern Irish football player.

He was a defender. He also spent most of his career at Ipswich Town. He made over 350 appearances in eleven years.

References 
All-time Ipswich Town players

1946 births
Living people
Northern Irish footballers
Kieron Dyer (born 29 December 1978) is an English football player. He plays for West Ham United.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Ipswich Town||rowspan="3"|First Division||15||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|1997/98||43||4||2||0||7||1||colspan="2"|-||52||5
|-
|1998/99||39||7||2||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||45||7
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="8"|Newcastle United||rowspan="8"|Premier League||30||3||6||1||0||0||3||0||39||4
|-
|2000/01||26||5||1||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||31||6
|-
|2001/02||18||3||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||3
|-
|2002/03||35||2||0||0||1||2||12||2||48||6
|-
|2003/04||25||1||2||2||0||0||7||0||34||3
|-
|2004/05||23||4||3||0||1||0||7||2||34||6
|-
|2005/06||11||0||2||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||1
|-
|2006/07||22||5||2||1||2||0||4||1||30||7
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|West Ham United||rowspan="3"|Premier League||2||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2008/09||7||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
296||34||24||5||21||4||33||5||374||48
296||34||24||5||21||4||33||5||374||48
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||5||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
!Total||33||0
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Black British sportspeople
English footballers
People from Ipswich
Sportspeople from Suffolk
Premier League players
Matteo Sereni (born February 11 1975) is an Italian association footballer.  He is a goalkeeper and he currently plays for Torino F.C. in Serie A.

References 
 
 

1975 births
Living people
Italian association football goalkeepers
Bank of America Plaza is a skyscraper in Atlanta, United States.  It is  tall and has 55 floors.  It was built in 1992. It is one of the tallest buildings in the United States.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the United States
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites

 Official Website - Bank of America Plaza 
 Emporis.com - Bank of America Plaza
 SkycraperPage.com – Bank of America Plaza

Skyscrapers in the United States
Buildings and structures in Atlanta, Georgia
1992 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
U.S. Bank Tower is a skyscraper in Los Angeles, California, United States.  It is 310 meters (1018 feet) tall and has 73 floors.  It was built in 1989 and is one of the tallest buildings in the United States.  It is one of the tallest building in the United States that is west of the Mississippi River. It is also the second tallest building in Los Angeles and California, after the Wiltshire Grand Center.

At first it was named Library Tower, but in 1993 it became U.S. Bank Tower.

Sources

Other websites

 Official Website - U.S. Bank Tower
 Emporis.com - US Bank Tower
 SkycraperPage.com – US Bank Tower

Buildings and structures in Los Angeles
Skyscrapers in the United States
1989 establishments in California
JPMorgan Chase Tower is a skyscraper in Houston, United States. It is 305 meters (1002 feet) tall and has 75 floors. It was built in 1982 and is one of the tallest buildings in the United States.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the United States
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Sources

Other websites 
 Official Website - JPMorgan Chase Tower
 Emporis.com - JPMorgan Chase Tower
 SkycraperPage.com – JPMorgan Chase Tower

Skyscrapers in the United States
Buildings and structures in Houston, Texas
1982 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Texas
Karl Muck, (his first name is sometimes spelt Carl, his surname rhymes with “book”) (born Darmstadt,  22 October 1859; died Stuttgart,  4 March 1940) was a German conductor.  He was one of the greatest conductors of his day, especially famous for his conducting of operas by Richard Wagner.

Early life 
Karl Muck’s father was a Bavarian politician and amateur musician.  After his school years he studied music at the Conservatory in Würzburg.  He also studied classical philology at the University of Heidelberg.  In 1877 he continued his music studies in Leipzig, learning the piano with Carl Reinecke.  His first public performance was in 1880, the year in which he graduated with a doctorate, playing the piano in the Piano Concerto by Xaver Scharwenka at the Leipzig Gewandhaus.

Career 
Soon he spent all his time conducting operas.  He conducted in Zürich, Salzburg, Brno and Graz, and got a conductor’s job in Prague and later in Berlin.  He conducted the operas of Wagner’s Ring Cycle with great success as well as many performances of Parsifal. In 1912 he became the conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and from 1922 until he retired in 1933 he conducted the Hamburg Philharmonic Orchestra.

Muck was one of the first conductors to be internationally famous for travelling about conducting orchestras in many parts of the world.  He was a strict conductor who thought it was very important that the players should do exactly what the composer asks for in the score.

He was imprisoned in the United States during World War I, because of his support for Germany and because he refused to conduct the Star Spangled Banner.  After the war he was sent away and not allowed to return to America.  After his death a square in Hamburg was named after him, although in 1997 it was renamed “Johannes Brahms Square” because Muck had praised Adolf Hitler.

References
 

1859 births
1940 deaths
German conductors
People from Darmstadt
Torture in the United States includes cases of torture reported in the United States and outside the USA by U.S. government workers.

Torture and the War on Terror 

The United States and other countries involved in the War on Terror have used torture to get information from suspected terrorists. Some of the most well known cases of torture involving the U.S. are the Abu Ghraib scandal and Guantanamo Bay.

Abu Ghraib Prison 
Starting in 2004 there were reports of abuse of prisoners at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. The New Yorker newspaper had an article in May 2004 about the abuse and the article had pictures that were taken by soldiers involved. According to an investigation by the Department of Defense called the Taguba Report, the military had been looking into the abuse since 2003. In the end nine soldiers were discharged from the military and sent to prison.

Guantanamo Bay 
Human rights organisations like Amnesty International have said CIA agents used waterboarding and other  ways to get information out of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay. Because of the abuse President Barack Obama ordered the base to be closed down.

References 

Torture
Legal tender is fiat money, or currency (bank notes and coins). It has value because a government creates it and backs it, and people using it have faith in its value. Fiat money such as US dollars can be used as an exchange for goods and services.

The point is that other kinds of money have been used. Legal tender differs from commodity money and representative money. Commodity money is based on a "good", often a precious metal such as gold or silver, which is desired or has other uses. Representative money is a claim on the commodity rather than the actual good. In that case, the gold stays in a bank, and its ownership changes from time to time as the money is used. Why might a good be used at all? One reason is that governments cannot just make it. It is said that this stops inflation because, with fiat money, governments can just print more.

Some economists argue that an economy can only grow if it can produce more capital goods and not more money in the form of credit. This means that good economies must produce things rather than borrow money to buy things produced in other countries.

Alan Greenspan was an early critic of fiat money arguing that "Deficit spending is simply a scheme for the confiscation of wealth". He thought the value of money should be backed by gold. Richard Nixon ended gold backing for the United States dollar in 1971. Other countries also changed to Fiat currency.

References

Currency
The words anal-retentive (or  anally retentive, anal retentive), often shortened to "anal", are used in everyday language to describe a person with so much attention to detail that the obsession becomes annoying to other people. The idea was thought up by Sigmund Freud

Origins

In the psychology ideas of Freud, the anal stage is said to follow the oral stage of development in babies and young kids. This is usually when they are learning  toilet training.  Freud made a theory which said that children who experience troubles during this time may develop "anal" personality traits, as well as a general interest in collecting and keeping things.

Other views

Although Freud's theories have been influential, research suggests patterns of parental attitudes has a major effect on how a baby will grow up.

References

Psychology
The Hudson Valley is a valley of the Hudson River. It runs from about Westchester County to Albany.

The Hudson River valley runs in a north-south direction across eastern New York State.  There are many rock types in the valley.  This includes Triassic sandstones and redbeds in the south, and the Palisades Sill.  Older Precambrian gneiss is in the north (and east).  

In the Hudson Highlands, the river enters a fjord. This fjord was cut during previous ice ages. To the west are the very long Appalachian highlands. Near Tappan Zee Bridge, the west side of the river has high cliffs. They are about 400–800 feet high.

Most of the Hudson Valley is part of the Appalachian Mountains. The northern part of the Hudson Valley is part of the Great Lakes area.

During the last ice age, the valley was filled by a large glacier. The glacier went down as far as Long Island. Near the end of the last ice age, the Great Lakes drained south down the Hudson River. The drained water is called Lake Iroquois. Lake Ontario is the remnant of that lake.

References

Geography of New York
Valleys of the United States
A tributary state is a state that  is subordinate to a more powerful neighbour. It was a form of subordination in pre-modern times.

The tributary sent a regular token of submission to the superior power. This was a tribute, a substantial gift of wealth, such as the gold, produce, or slaves. The tribute might best be seen as the payment of protection money. But there were other ways to show submission as well.

For modern forms of state subordination, see puppet state, satellite state and client state.

States
Politics
The Asociación de Profesores y Monitores en Llingua Llïonesa or APMLL (Leonese Language Teachers and Monitor Association) is an associaction of teachers and monitors that teach Leonese language. 

They teach Leonese language in 16 schools in the city of Llión, (Spain), and in courses for adult people in the provinces of Llión, Zamora and Salamanca (Spain). Also they develop some activities for promoting Leonese language between the population, as the Leonese language Day, in all the provinces of the Kingdom of León.

Related pages

 Leonese language
 Leonese language writers

Other websites 
 Asociación de Profesores y Monitores de Llingua Llïonesa 
 Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu
 Asociación berciana en Defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín
 Top Level Domain for Leonese Language

References

Leonese language associations
A Separately Managed Account or SMA is a type of financial investment account popular with some individual investors.  SMAs are offered by financial consultants and brokerage firms, and managed by independent "money managers." A money manager is simply a business that manages stock and other securities portfolios or baskets of investments for an investor.  SMAs have varying fee structures.  Common characteristics of SMA programs are: they provide open investment choices; have multiple managers; and, offer a customized investment portfolio created for a client's specific needs.  By customizing the portfolio, investors can limit the investment risk with various strategies, such as using stock options, according to the Wall Street Journal.

History 
SMAs were first introduced in the US in the 1970s by the former investment firm EF Hutton    Since that time, SMAs have grown in popularity, are offered in the US, UK, Australia and other countries.  For some investors, Separately Managed Accounts are rivals to mutual funds and other types of investments.

Performance 

While there is no long-term research that compares SMAs’ performance to that of mutual funds or other investment categories, the available research does show them as a strong competitor.

Morningstar Inc., a fund research firm, released research that showed that SMAs beat mutual funds in 2008.  Morningstar said that SMAs outperformed mutual funds in 25 of 36 stock and bond market categories that year.  In addition, Morningstar said that from 2006 to 2008, SMAs surpassed mutual funds in 22 of 26 categories.  

The Wall Street Journal reported that Separately Managed Accounts may beat popular mutual funds because SMAs “…tend to have smaller amounts of assets than popular mutual funds, allowing them to trade more nimbly."    
  

Unlike mutual funds, SMAs permit the investor to tailor their basket of stocks and bonds which can limit the investment risk.  Registered Rep, an investment trade magazine, said that SMAs also can provide 
tax advantages that may not be available with mutual funds and other investments.  

The Wall Street Journal recognized top SMA performers including PTI Securities & Futures LP’s “Protected Index Program” and  Robinson Value Management Ltd’s “Market Opportunity Composite Strategy.”   
  

Pensions & Investments, a US investment trade magazine, reported on several of the highest performing SMAs for 2008.

Financial experts point out that past performance of any investment is not a predictor of future performance.  So, investors should talk with a licensed financial adviser and carefully review all information available before making any investment decision.  In addition, before making an investment, investors should check with the appropriate licensing and regulatory authorities to ensure that the firm(s) offering SMAs is (are) properly licensed and in good standing.

References

Finance
Jeh (Џ, џ) is a letter of Vuk Karadžić's Cyrillic alphabet, used in Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian to present a Voice for need to tell  (like the J in English "jump", but harder).

Related pages
Dž (Latin alphabet)
Ц, ц - Tse (Cyrillic)
"Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo" is a sentence that uses correct grammar. It is often used as an example of how homonyms and homophones can be used to create confusing, hard-to-understand sentences.

It has been talked about since 1967, when the sentence was used by Dmitri Borgmann in his book Beyond Language.  Later, in 1972, the sentence was used by William J. Rapaport. Rapaport is a professor at the University at Buffalo in Buffalo, New York.

The sentence does not have punctuation. It uses three different meanings of the word "buffalo". They are:
 Noun adjunct (a noun used as an adjective): the city of Buffalo, New York.
 noun: the animal called buffalo in the plural form. They are also known as bison.
 verb: the word "buffalo", which means to confuse or intimidate (to scare somebody).

It can be broken down to "Buffaloa buffalon Buffaloa buffalon buffalov buffalov Buffaloa buffalon", where "a" is adjective, "n" is noun, and "v" is verb. It means, "Bison from Buffalo, which other bison from Buffalo confuse, confuse the bison from Buffalo."

 The first two words, "Buffalo buffalo," mean bison from Buffalo in the same way that "Florida man" means a man from Florida.
 The next three words, "Buffalo buffalo buffalo," mean "which other bison from Buffalo confuse." We don't need the word which in the original sentence, just like how "a man which the woman loved" means the same thing as "a man the woman loved."
 The last three words, "buffalo Buffalo buffalo," mean "confuse the bison from Buffalo."

Other words can be used to make sentences like this one. These include police, fish, and people. For example, "Fish fish fish fish fish". Other times, similar words that are spelled differently can be used: "Foul fowl foul fowl foul foul foul fowl".

Why it is confusing to read
The sentence is very confusing because:

Most people do not use the word "buffalo" as a verb.
The plural form of the noun "buffalo" can be "buffaloes" or "buffalo". In this sentence, the second form is used, which is spelled the same way as the verb.
There is no punctuation.
Having no words such as that or which makes the sentence harder to follow.
The only distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters is the use of capital B whenever Buffalo is used as a noun or an adjective. Lowercase b is used as a verb.
By saying the word over and over again, it is confusing to read, as most words can't be used like the buffalo sentence.

References

Language
Grammar
Buffalo, New York
Goat's milk cheese is cheese made from milk that came from a goat. It has a different color, structure, and taste than that of regular cheese. It is usually white and breaks apart quickly. Because it breaks apart quickly it is usually stored in plastic containers with water.

Goat's milk cheese is more common in countries where it is difficult to keep cows.

References

Cheeses
The Mekong River is a river in the south-east of Asia. It flows through many countries: China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and finally Vietnam. The Mekong begins in the Lasagongma Spring which is in the plateaus of Tibet, disputed part of China, and flows about  south-east to the South China Sea. Its watershed covers 307,000 square miles (797,000 square kilometers).  Its name comes from the Thai language's Mae Num, or literally, "Mother Water".

The Mekong is one of the most biologically diverse areas in the world, with hundreds of types of fish, as well as river dolphins, crocodiles, and otters. Fishing is a very important activity on the river. However, the Mekong River is also used extensively for navigation.

Dams
The river has dams:
Guoduo Dam
Miaowei
 Gongguoqiao
 Xiaowan 
Manwan
Dachaoshan
 Nuozhadu 
 Jinghong

Dams that are being built in China, are:
Gushui
Wunonglong 
Huangdeng
 Dahuaqiao

Dams that are being built in Laos, are:
 Xayaburi
 Don Sahong

Dams that are planned (as of 2017), include:
Pak Beng Dam (planned finished in 2022)
Latsua (planned finished in 2023)
Sanakham (planned finished in 2024)

Related pages
 Salween River

References

Other websites 

Government, corporate, environment and technical
 Mekong River Commission
 Thailand National Mekong Committee 
 Vietnam National Mekong Committee
 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library

Travel, culture and history
 NYTimes: The Mysterious Mekong Starts to Reveal Itself
 First raft and kayak descents of the Mekong in China, 1994 - 2004 

Rivers of China
Rivers of Thailand
Rivers of Myanmar
Rivers of Laos
Rivers of Vietnam
Rivers of Cambodia
The Nasrid dynasty or Banuu Nasri () was the last Arab and Muslim dynasty in Spain. The Nasrid dynasty came to power after the defeat of the Almohad dynasty in 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Twenty-three different emirs ruled Granada from the founding of the dynasty in 1232 by Muhammed I ibn Nasr until January 2, 1492, when Muhammad XII of Granada surrendered to the Christian Spanish kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Today, the most visible evidence of the Nasrids is the Alhambra palace built under their rule.

List of Nasrid Sultans of Granada 
 Muhammed I ibn Nasr (1238-1272)
 Muhammed II al-Faqih (1273-1302)
 Muhammed III (1302-1309)
 Nasr (1309-1314)
 Ismail I (1314-1325)
 Muhammed IV (1325-1333)
 Yusuf I (1333-1354)
 Muhammed V (1354-1359, 1362-1391)
 Ismail II (1359-1360)
 Muhammed VI (1360-1362)
 Yusuf II (1391-1392)
 Muhammed VII (1392-1408)
 Yusuf III (1408-1417)
 Muhammed VIII (1417-1419, 1427-1429)
 Muhammed IX (1419-1427, 1430-1431, 1432-1445, 1448-1453)
 Yusuf IV (1431-1432)
 Yusuf V (1445-1446, 1462)
 Muhammed X (1446-1448)
 Muhammed XI (1453-1454)
 Said (1454-1464)
 Abu l-Hasan Ali, known as Muley Hacén (1464-1482, 1483-1485)
 Abu 'abd Allah Muhammed XII, known as Boabdil (1482-1483, 1486-1492)
 Abū `Abd Allāh Muhammed XIII, known as El Zagal (1485-1486)

Genealogical chart

Related pages
 Al-Andalus
 Alhambra

References 
 William Montgomery Watt: A History of Islamic Spain, Edinburgh University Press, 1965

Other websites 
 Genealogy of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada 
 Genealogy of the muslim dynasties in Spain  

History of Islam
History of Spain
Royal dynasties
The Almoravids were a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that ruled over a wide area of northwestern Africa and the Iberian peninsula during the 11th century.

Under this dynasty the Moorish empire included present-day Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Gibraltar, Tlemcen (in Algeria) and a great part of what is now Senegal and Mali in the south, and Spain and Portugal to the north in Europe. At its greatest extent, the empire stretched 3,000 kilometres north to south (an all-time latitude spanner until Spanish America).

Rulers 
 Abdallah ibn Yasin (1040-1059)
 Yusuf ibn Tashfin (1061–1106)
 Ali ibn Yusuf (1106–42)
 Tashfin ibn Ali (1142–46)
 Ibrahim ibn Tashfin (1146)
 Ishaq ibn Ali (1146–1147)

Related pages
 History of Islam
 History of Spain

References 

 General History of Africa, Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, Ed. M. Elfasi, Ch. 13 I.Hrbek and J.Devisse, The Almoravids (pp. 336–366), UNESCO, 1988

Other websites 
 Historical maps of Almoravid Dynasty Maps to be combined and compared
 Almoravids Dynasty Berber dynasty

Former empires
Former countries in Europe
Royal dynasties
1040 establishments
12th-century disestablishments in Africa
12th-century disestablishments in Europe
11th-century establishments in Africa
11th-century establishments in Europe
1147 disestablishments
Yugoslavia national football team is the national football team of Yugoslavia.

References

European national football teams
Yugoslavia
The Czechoslovakia national football team was the national football team of Czechoslovakia.

References

European national football teams
Czechoslovakia
Stephen John Fry (born 24 August 1957) is a British actor, comedian, journalist, writer, and television personality. He presents the television programme QI. He used to work a lot with Hugh Laurie.

Fry was born in Hampstead, London and grew up in Norfolk. His maternal grandparents were Hungarian Jews. He is a Jewish atheist and is openly gay. He has been diagnosed with cyclothymia, a mild form of bipolar disorder. From 1995 to 2010, Fry had a relationship with Daniel Cohen. In January 2015, Fry married his partner, Elliot Spencer.

In February 2018, Fry announced via a video that he had an operation to treat prostate cancer and have 11 lymph nodes removed and was recovering from the surgery. He described the cancer as aggressive and said that early intervention had saved his life.

References

Other websites 

1957 births
Living people
Actors from London
Actors from Norfolk
Cancer survivors
Comedians from London
English atheists
English autobiographers
English journalists
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English playwrights
English television actors
English television presenters
English television writers
English voice actors
LGBT actors
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT comedians
LGBT directors
LGBT journalists
LGBT playwrights
LGBT screenwriters
People from Hampstead
Movie directors from London
People with bipolar disorder
People with cancer
Screenwriters from London
Television personalities from London
Television personalities from Norfolk
Writers from London
Writers from Norfolk
Deposition might refer to:

 Deposition (law)
 Deposition (politics)

Science
 Deposition (chemistry), molecules settling out of a solution
 Deposition (geology), material such as sediment being added to a landform
 Deposition (phase transition), the process by which a gas is transformed into a solid
 Deposition (aerosol physics), a process where aerosol particles set down onto surfaces
Soviet Union national football team was the national football team of Soviet Union. The team was left after the Soviet Union breakup in 1991. The team is now replaced by the Russia national football team.

References

European national football teams
Soviet Union
The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic  al-Muwahhidun, i.e., "the monotheists" or "the Unitarians"), was a Berber, Muslim dynasty that was founded in the 12th century, and conquered all northern Africa as far as Libya, together with Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia).

History 

Between 1130 and his death in 1163, Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi, a Berber from the Masmuda tribe, defeated the ruling Almoravids and became ruler over all northern Africa as far as Libya. He became Emir of Marrakech in 1149 and conquered Al-Andalus, Moorish Iberia. In 1170 the Almohads transferred their capital to Seville. But by 1212 Muhammad III, "al-Nasir" (1199–1214) was defeated by an alliance of the four Christian princes of Castile, Aragón, Kingdom of Navarre and Portugal, at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena. The Almohads lost nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia soon after. The great Moorish cities of Córdoba and Seville fell into Christian possession in the first half of the 13th century. The Almohads continued to rule in Africa for some time, but they lost a lot of their territory. The last representative of the line, Idris II, had only Marrakech left. There he was murdered by a slave in 1269.

Muwahhadi (Almohad) Caliphs,1121–1269 
 

 Ibn Tumart 1121-1130
 Abd al-Mu'min 1130–1163
 Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I 1163–1184
 Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur 1184–1199
 Muhammad an-Nasir 1199–1213
 Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II 1213–1224
 Abd al-Wahid I 1224
 Abdallah al-Adil 1224–1227
 Yahya 1227–1235
 Idris I 1227–1232
 Abdul-Wahid II 1232–1242
 Ali 1242–1248
 Umar 1248–1266
 Idris II 1266–1269

Culture 
Sufi writers.
 Sidi Abu Madyan Choaïb ben al-Houssein al-Ansari (1126-1198)
 Ali ibn Harzihim (m.1164)
 Abi Mohammed Salih (1153-1234)
 Abu Abdallah ibn Harzihim (m.1235)
 Abu-l-Hassan ash-Shadhili (1197-1258)
 Abdelwahid al-Marrakushi (b. 1185) historian and writer
 Salih ben Sharif al-Rundi (1204-1285)

Related pages
 History of Islam
 History of Spain
 Nasrid
 Reconquista

References 

 History of the Almonades, Reinhart Dozy, (second edition, 1881)
 Mica Enciclopedie de Istorie Universala, Marcel D. Popa, Horia C. Matei, (Bucharest, Editura Politica 1988)

Other websites 
 Historical maps of Almohad Dynasty Maps to be combined and compared
 Almohads Dynasty Berber dynasty

Former countries in Europe
History of Africa
Almohad dynasty
Former empires
1121 establishments
1269 disestablishments
12th-century establishments in Europe
12th-century establishments in Africa
Disestablishments in Europe
Disestablishments in Africa
Du Fu (; 712-770 AD) was a Chinese realistic poet. He was also called Zi Mei. Du Fu is often regarded, along with Li Bai and Wang Wei, as one of the three greatest poets in China's literary history. He has been called Poet-Historian and the Poet-Sage by Chinese critics. Today we know about 1,400 of his poems. His poetry describes human suffering that he had witnessed throughout his life. It also reflected on the troubled times during the Tang Dynasty. In 755 he was forced to flee his home and was separated from his family for a year.

Footnotes

References 
 Chou, Eva Shan; (1995). Reconsidering Tu Fu: Literary Greatness and Cultural Context. Cambridge University Press. .
 Hung, William; (1952). Tu Fu: China's Greatest Poet. Harvard University Press. .

712 births
770 deaths
Chinese poets
In mathematics, a base or radix is the number of different digits or combination of digits and letters that a system of counting uses to represent numbers. For example, the most common base used today is the decimal system. Because "dec" means 10, it uses the 10 digits from 0 to 9. Most people think that we most often use base 10 because we have 10 fingers.

A base is usually a whole number bigger than 1, although non-integer bases are also mathematically possible. The base of a number may be written next to the number: for instance,  means 23 in base 8 (which is equal to 19 in base 10).

In computers
Different bases are often used in computers. Binary (base 2) is used because at the most simple level, computers can only deal with 0s and 1s. Hexadecimal (base 16) is used because of how computers group binary digits together. Every four binary digits turn into one hexadecimal digit when changing between them. Because there are more than 10 digits in hexadecimal, the six digits after 9 are shown as A, B, C, D, E, and F.

Measurement 
The oldest systems of counting used base one.  Making marks on a wall, using one mark for each item counted is an example of unary counting. Some old systems of measurement use the duodecimal radix (base twelve). This is shown in English, as there are words such as dozen (12) and gross (144 = 12×12), and lengths such as feet (12 inches). Angle measurement often uses a system adapted from the Babylonian numerals with base 60.

Writing bases 
When typing a base, the small number indicating the base is usually in base ten. This is because if the radix were written in its own base, it would always be "10," so there would be no way of knowing what base it was supposed to be in.

Numbers in different bases
Here are some examples of how some numbers are written in different bases, compared to decimals:

Mathematics
The Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis) is a Cnidarian invertebrate. It lives in the sea. It is sometimes called the blue bubble, or man-of-war. Its common name comes from a Portuguese war ship of the 15th and 16th century. The ship had triangular sails, similar in shape to the bladder of the man o' war.

The Portuguese Man o' War has a reputation for swarming in groups of thousands. It is also known for its powerful sting.

Structure 
Physalia is not a single animal: it is a siphonophore. This is a colony of four kinds of zooids. Zooids are very small, highly modified individuals. These zooids are specialized polyps and medusoids. Though structurally similar to other cnidarians, the zooids do not live by themselves: they are attached to each other. Each type of zooid does not have some structure and functions. It depends for survival on the others doing what it cannot do by itself.

A similar group of animals are the chondrophores. They are specialized hydroids, which also float at the surface of the open ocean.

Predators 
The loggerhead turtle feeds on the Portuguese man o' war. It is a common part of the turtle's diet. The skin of the turtle is too thick for the man o' war's sting to enter and launch its venom. The sea slug Glaucus atlanticus and the violet snail Janthina janthina also feed on the Portuguese man o' war. The blanket octopus Tremoctopus is immune to the venom of the Portuguese man o' war. The blanket octopus has been known to rip off the man o' war's tentacles and use them for defensive purposes.

Commensalism and symbiosis 
The Portuguese man o' war is often found with many different kinds of marine fish. Some of them are shepherd fish, clown fish, and yellow jack. These species are rarely found anywhere else. The clown fish can swim among the tentacles without being stung. This is possibly due to its mucus that does not trigger the nematocysts. The shepherd fish seems to avoid the larger, stinging tentacles. It feeds on the smaller tentacles under the gas bladder. These fish benefit from the shelter of the stinging tentacles. It also helps the man o' war: the presence of these species may attract other fish to feed on.

References 

Cnidarians
Sleep apnea (or Sleep apnoea) is a problem certain people have: When they sleep, they may stop breathing for short periods. These periods can last for 10 seconds or more. 3-4 breaths are missed. As a result of this, those affected are often tired during the day. Mainly because such people also tend to have microsleep, they should not drive vehicles. Sleep apnea is a treatable disease. 

Sleep apnea occurs when the muscles in the back of the throat relax too much to allow normal breathing. These muscles support structures including the back of the roof of the mouth (soft palate), the triangular piece of tissue hanging from the soft palate (uvula), the tonsils, and the tongue.

When the muscles relax, the airway narrows or closes when breathe in, hampering the breathing for 10 seconds or longer. This can lower the level of oxygen in the blood and cause a buildup of carbon dioxide.

Signs and symptoms
Loud snoring
Lowering of concentration
Morning headache
Difficulty concentrating during the day
Mood changes, such as depression or irritability
High blood pressure
Decreased libido
Observed episodes of stopped breathing during sleep
Abrupt awakenings accompanied by gasping or choking
Awakening with a dry mouth or sore throat

Finding out if someone has sleep apnea
People can ask their partner or family member if they are breathing strangely when they are sleeping.

Treatment

In case the patient is obese, losing weight improves sleep apnea.
Fixing the environment where they sleep
Continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP)
Expiratory positive airway pressure(EPAP)
Circular breathing technique (It makes muscle of the upper airway stronger, so airway remains opening when sleeping. Playing didgeridoo is good for learning this technique.

Complication
Diseases which may complicate sleep apnea are: obesity, high blood pressure, hyperlipidaemia, arrhythmia, polyemia, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes etc.

Sleep apnea is a risk factor of arteriosclerotic disease.

Effects
Intolerable sleepiness of daytime 
Depression
Less concentration 
Loud snoring 
Night frequent urination 
Headache when waking up 
When there are no house mates, it may take time to discover this condition. When especially subjective symptoms are weak, the state will get worse gradually and it will start a serious problem.

Other websites
JOURNAL about sleep apnea

References

Sleep
Health problems
Microsleep is a very short sleep that occurs when people are awake. It can last from under a second to about 30 seconds. It may happen as a result of sleep deprivation, fatigue, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, or hypersomnia.  Microsleeps can occur at any time. Most of the time, they do so without warning. When people have a microsleep during conversation, they may lose track of the subject that was talked about. 

Microsleep can be extremely dangerous in situations when people drive a car, work on a machine or otherwise need to stay alert.  People with  microsleeps usually are not aware of them. They instead believe that they were awake all the time.  One example is called "gap driving":  a person is driving a car and suddenly realizes that several seconds have passed by unnoticed.  The driver does not feel that she or he has been asleep during those missing seconds, although this is in fact what happened.  The sleeping driver is at very high risk for having an accident during microsleep.  

Many accidents and catastrophes have resulted from microsleep episodes in these circumstances.  For example, a microsleep episode is claimed to have been one factor contributing to the Waterfall train disaster in 2003; the driver had a heart attack and the guard who should have reacted to the train's increasing speed is said by his defender to have microslept.

References

Sleep

sv:Sömn#Mikrosömn
Lilo Pelekai (first name  LEE-lo, last name Peh-leh-kai) is one of the two characters of the Disney animated movie Lilo & Stitch, its sequels, and the animated series. Lilo  (literally, "lost" in Hawaiian, and also in Mandarin). Lilo is a young Hawaiian girl who lives on the island of Kauai with her older sister Nani and her new family of alien visitors that live on Earth.

References 

Animated characters
Disney characters
Fictional characters introduced in 2002
Lilo & Stitch
Thyreophora is a suborder of ornithischian dinosaurs. They were the armoured dinosaurs: the name means 'shield-bearer'. They are divided into these groups:
Various early bipedal herbivores, lightly armoured: Scutellosaurus, Scelidosaurus.
 Ankylosauria
Ankylosaurids: armoured from their head to their club-ended tail.
Nodosaurids: no tail club but spikes and bony bumps on body.
 Stegosauria
Stegosaurids: small heads and vertical plates and spines on body and tail. Upper Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous.
Huayangosaurids: early group from Middle Jurassic of China.

Acanthopholis was 15 feet long, walked on four legs, lived in the Lower Cretaceous). Its armour consists of many oval plates that go from its neck to its tail. That lived 100 million yeas ago. The name 'spiny scales' refers to its armour.
Shasta County is a county in northern California, in the United States. It is in the Sacramento Valley part of the Central Valley of California. 163,256 people live there. The county seat, as well as the biggest city, is Redding. One major attraction in the county is Shasta Dam and Shasta Lake, one of the biggest dams in the state of California.

References
County of Shasta Website

1850 establishments in California
Glenn County is a county found in the Central Valley, in north California, which is a state in the United States.

As of 2000, the county had a population of 26,453.  The county seat is the city of Willows.

 
1891 establishments in California
Wells Fargo Plaza is a skyscraper in Houston, United States.  It is 302 meters (992 feet) tall. It has 71 floors.  It was built in 1983. It is one of the tallest buildings in the United States.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the United States
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Sources

Other websites
 Official Website - Wells Fargo Plaza
 Emporis.com - Wells Fargo Plaza
 SkycraperPage.com – Wells Fargo Plaza

Buildings and structures in Houston, Texas
Skyscrapers in the United States
1983 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Texas
Comcast Center is a skyscraper in Philadelphia, United States.  It is 297 meters (974 feet) tall and has 57 floors.  It was built in 2008 and is one of the tallest buildings in the United States.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the United States
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites
 Emporis.com - Comcast Center
 SkycraperPage.com – Comcast Center

Skyscrapers in the United States
Buildings and structures in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Media studies is an academic area of study about mass media and its history and effects. It mostly focuses on newspapers, radio, television, and internet. Media studies take some ideas from other areas of study, such as humanities and the social sciences.

Most production and journalism courses use media studies content, but academic institutions such as universities often start separate departments. Media studies students may see themselves as observers of media, not creators or practitioners. These distinctions are different depending on the country where students live.

The development of media studies was sparked by the growth of new media in the post-Second World War period. A typical source was Marshall McLuhan's Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. This book set out to connect changes in media with changes in society. His most famour phrase was "The medium is the message".

References

Other websites 

 Media Studies. Discuss - BBC News, 18 August 2005. 

!
Humanities
Social sciences
Interdisciplinary fields
Yosemite National Park is a national park in the state of California, U.S.A.. Created on 1 October 1890, it was the second national park, after Yellowstone. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  Yosemite covers 1,189 square miles (3,081 square kilometers) on the Sierra Nevada.

Over 3.5 million people visit the park each year. Despite the park's great size, most people spend time in Yosemite Valley, one of the most beautiful places in the park. Almost 95 percent of the park is wilderness. Yosemite has many waterfalls. The most famous of these is the world-famous Yosemite Falls, which at  tall, is one of the tallest waterfalls in the world.

In the northern area of the park lies the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, a debated dam project. The reservoir floods.  Many people supporting environmentalism are trying to get the dam removed.

The eighth major operating system of OS X by Apple Inc. is named after the Yosemite National Park, called OS X Yosemite.

Gallery

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in the United States

References

Other websites

1890s establishments in California
1890 establishments in the United States
National parks in the United States
World Heritage Sites in the United States
Wilderness Areas of the United States
Geography of California
Madera County, California
Mariposa County, California
Tuolumne County, California
Hurricane Bonnie was a strong Atlantic tropical cyclone in late August 1998. The storm was a major hurricane with winds near .

Bonnie made landfall near Wilmington and Cape Fear, North Carolina as a strong Category 2 hurricane early on August 27. The storm also caused damage in southeastern Virginia.

The storm killed five people, two directly.

Damage from the storm was near $1 billion.

References

Hurricanes in the United States
1998 in the United States
August events
1990s in North Carolina
20th century in Virginia
Tropical Storm Frances caused extensive flooding in Mexico and Texas in September 1998. The sixth tropical cyclone and sixth named storm of the annual hurricane season, Frances developed from a low pressure area in the Gulf of Mexico on September 8



Weather
Natural disasters in North America