cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Chaser’s War on Everything is a comedy television series. It was shown on the ABC in Australia from 2006-2009. The series is replayed on Friday nights and again (on a different channel) on Sunday nights. The series is hosted by a group of men called The Chaser.

Overview
The series has the men doing stunts and tricks. Sometimes these tricks have been known to be dangerous (such as in one episode, cutting across lanes of traffic to stay behind a mobile advertisement), causing the television program Today Tonight to show a story on how dangerous this stunt was. At the end of each episode, there is a parody song performed, usually about the national government.

Stunts
One of the most famous tricks that has been on the series was when the group tricked security at the APEC Meeting in Sydney in 2007.  They drove past two checkpoints in a fake motorcade, using fake access passes. One member of The Chaser was dressed up as Osama bin Laden, causing a massive security scare just metres from where George Bush was staying. 13 crew members were arrested, charged and later released on bail.

Other stunts have included:
Following a Mobile Advertisement until they left town
Making fun of call-in-quiz-shows Quizmania, Midnight Zoo and The Up-Late Game Show
Using Public Transport as a furniture moving truck.
Making fun of Kids with Cancer and the Make A Wish Foundation

References

Other websites

2006 television series debuts
2009 television series endings
2000s Australian television series
Comedy television series
Reality television series
2006 establishments in Australia
2000s disestablishments in Australia
The Battle of Kosovo was a battle between Serbian forces and the Ottoman Empire. The result was huge losses on both sides, delaying Ottoman advance into Europe for many years. 

The battle was fought on St Vitus' Day, 1389. At the time this was June 15, but is now celebrated on the June 28.

Other websites 
 Battle of Kosovo as National Narrative by Dr. Seth Ward
 The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat  by Thomas Emmert
 The Kosovo Legacy by Thomas Emmert alternate URL
 The events Surrounding the Battle of Kosovo 1389 and its cultural, traditional effect on the Serbian people by Mark Gottfried
 The Battle of Kosovo Serbian Epic Poems edited by Charles Simic Alternate URL

References 

Kosovo
1389
June events
Stoke-on-Trent is a city in Staffordshire in the West Midlands region of England. It is also a unitary authority.

Stoke-on-Trent is sometimes known to be the home of the pottery industry in the United Kingdom and is commonly known as The Potteries. The Armitage Shanks company has its headquarters here. The company makes porcelain products, especially toilets.

The city is unusual as it is made-up of 6 towns - Longton, Fenton, Stoke, Hanley, Burslem, Tunstall.

Stoke on Trent is known for the Supermarine Spitfire, pottery, oatcakes, the spark plug, Sir Stanley Mathews, Robbie Williams, Slash, Arnold Bennett, Captain Smith and Stoke City F.C. (the second oldest professional football club founded in 1863).

Other websites
 Stoke-on-Trent City Council
 BBC Stoke website
 The Potteries
 Local Information from The Sentinel newspaper
 Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Archive Service 
 Exploring the Potteries

Stoke-on-Trent
Triton, or Neptune I, is the largest moon of the planet Neptune. It is the seventh-largest moon in the Solar System. Triton is slightly smaller than Earth's Moon. Triton has a complicated geological history, and it is thought to have a comparatively young surface compared to the age of the Solar System itself.

It was discovered by the British astronomer William Lassell on 10 October 1846, just 17 days after Neptune itself was discovered by the German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest.

Triton is believed to be a captured Kuiper Belt object, and is the coldest-known body in the Solar System. The surface temperature of Triton was recorded by Voyager 2 as -235 °C (-391 °F). Triton has its own magnetic field and has a faint trace of an atmosphere.

Orbit 
Drag and tidal interaction cause Triton to fall slowly into lowered orbits. This process is immensely slow. 3.6 billion years from now, Triton will pass within Neptune's Roche limit. It will either collide with Neptune's atmosphere or break up, forming a ring system similar to that found around the planet Saturn.

The reason why Triton is thought to be a captured object is its orbit, which is unique in the Solar System. It is both retrograde (see diagram) and highly tilted. Although there are other satellites with retrograde orbits, they are much smaller than Triton, and much more distant from their host planets (their "primaries"). Triton, like our Moon, shows only one face to the planet: it rotates in synchrony to Neptune.

Surface 
All we know about the surface of Triton comes from one fly-by of Voyager 2 in 1989. There are few impact craters. This suggests the surface is quite young in astronomical terms: estimates are six to 50 million years.

Despite its very cold temperature, the surface of Triton is geologically active. There are events which look like geysers, volcanos and earthquakes. All the materials involved are quite different from those on Earth. Most of the gases are frozen most of the time. Gases like nitrogen are frozen until something occurs to melt them, then it turns back into a gas. A temperature increase of just 4 K () is enough to make this happen.

Past formation and capture 
Like most TNOs, Triton is mostly icy. While Triton's orbit does give us insight on its past, it is mostly unknown. It is speculated that Triton formed in a binary system, like Pluto, and was moving at extremely high speeds. However, when it passed through Neptune's Roche sphere the other body will have been flung out, reducing Triton's speed and allowing it to be captured. Currently, Triton is the most massive TNO to ever have existed, and its effects on Neptune's moon system were cataclysmic. All large moons were destroyed, flung out of orbit or crashed into Neptune itself.

References

Other websites 
 Triton Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Triton 

Neptune's moons
Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 in Paris – 19 April 1906 in Paris) was a French physicist. He shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Curie and Henri Becquerel, for the work on 'spontaneous radioactivity' which Becquerel discovered.

Work 
Pierre Curie is not as well known as Marie Curie, although Pierre and his brother had done a lot of work before Pierre's marriage and work with Marie. They were the first to use the term 'radioactivity', and were pioneers in its study. Pierre and his brother, Jacques Curie, built a special meter for measuring small amounts of electricity, piezoelectricity and ferromagnetism which Pierre and Marie used in their other discoveries.

Pierre died after a carriage accident in Paris on 19 April 1906. His head was crushed under the wheels. If he had lived he would probably have died by radiation poisoning, as Marie did. As they were the first to study radioactivity, they did not know how dangerous it was.

After Pierre's death, a group of scientists at the Radiology Congress decided to honour him by naming the unit of radioactivity a curie.

Children 
Pierre and Marie Curie's daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and their son-in-law Frédéric Joliot-Curie were also physicists involved in the study of radioactivity, and were also given the Nobel prize for their work. Their other daughter Ève wrote her mother's biography. His granddaughter Hélène Langevin-Joliot is a professor of nuclear physics at the University of Paris and his grandson, Pierre Joliot, who was named after him, is a noted biochemist.

Prizes 
 Nobel Prize in Physics (1903)
 Davy Medal (1903)
 Matteucci Medal (1904)

References

Other websites 

 Pierre Curie's Nobel prize 
 Official Nobel biography 
 Nobel article about Marie Curie 
 Biography American Institute of Physics
 Annotated bibliography for Pierre Curie from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 

1859 births
1906 deaths
French academics
French chemists
French Nobel Prize winners
French nuclear physicists
Scientists from Paris
Hindustani is a language. It is made up of the common parts of Hindi and Urdu. Hindi and Urdu have similar grammar, but somewhat different vocabulary and different scripts. 
It was born in Punjab during the Ghaznavid Empire with Lahore as it's capital in the early decades of the eleventh century AD.

References

Urdu dialects
Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of India
Languages of Pakistan
Masala or Massala or Masalo (,  , , ) is a word used in South Asia mainly in India. When Indian people talk about cooking and they say masala, they mean a mixture of ground spices used in Indian cooking.  

There are many different, popular spice mixtures that have been given their own name because they taste really good with one special ingredient. The dish will often use masala in its name. Some popular dishes are:

 Masala Chai: tea flavoured with a special blend of spices
 Chicken tikka masala: pieces of chicken cooked using a special blend of spices; very popular in the United Kingdom & Ireland
 Chana Masala: a chickpea dish flavoured with a special mix of spices
 Maggi masala noodles: a brand of noodles with a packet of dried spices for flavouring; very popular in India

The blend of spices or masala for these dishes is often sold in markets or packed by companies to be sold in shops. Some spice blends, like Garam Masala, are so popular it is often used in many different recipes, not just one.

Also India is one of the only countries to have the highest variety in masalas. Around 70% of the world's spice business and exports are handled by India.

Other websites 

Food ingredients
Chiapas is the southernmost state of Mexico. It is towards the southeast of the country. Chiapas is bordered by the states of Tabasco to the north, Veracruz to the northwest, and Oaxaca to the west. To the east Chiapas borders Guatemala, and to the south the Pacific Ocean. 

Chiapas has an area of . The 2005 census population was 4,293,459 people.

In general Chiapas has a humid, tropical weather. In the north, in the area bordering Tabasco, near Teapa, rainfall can be more than 3,000 mm (118 in) per year . In the past, natural vegetation at this region was lowland, tall perennial rainforest, but this vegetation has been destroyed almost completely to give way to agriculture and ranching. Rainfall decreases moving towards the Pacific Ocean, but it is still abundant enough to allow the farming of bananas and many other tropical crops near Tapachula. On the several parallel "sierras" or mountain ranges running along the center of Chiapas, climate can be quite temperate and foggy. This allows the development of cloud forests like those of the Reserva de la Biosfera el Triunfo, home to a handful of quetzals and horned guans.

The state capital is Tuxtla Gutiérrez. Other cities and towns in Chiapas include San Cristóbal de las Casas, Comitán, and Tapachula. Chiapas is also home to the ancient Maya ruins of Palenque, Yaxchilan, Bonampak, Chinkultic, and Tonina.

Most people in Chiapas are poor, rural small farmers. About one quarter of the population are of full or predominant Maya descent, and in rural areas many do not speak Spanish. The state suffers from the highest rate of malnutrition in Mexico. This rate is estimated to affect over 40% of the population.

Other social issues involve the increasing presence of the Central American gangs known as Maras, and illegal immigration from Central America in general. This migration is mostly directed towards the United States, but it makes local poverty even worse. Many times, there are abuse and Human Rights violations that touch these migrants.

In 1994, there was an outbreak of violence between the Mexican Government and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (the EZLN or Zapatistas). Today, the EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, named in honour of Emiliano Zapata) has rejected the use of force and seek to be recognized as a voice of the poor. There are currently 32 "rebel autonomous zapatista municipalities" (independent Zapatista communities, MAREZ in Spanish), controlled by the EZLN in Chiapas: examples of these communities are Ocosingo and Las Margaritas.

 
States of Mexico
Deadwood is an American dramatic television series. It was first shown in March 2004 on HBO. The series is a Western set in the 1870s in Deadwood, South Dakota. At the time, Deadwood was little more than a camp, but it was a popular place to go for those searching for gold in the Black Hills. The series shows Deadwood's growth from camp to town. It deals with ideas ranging from the creation of communities to western capitalism.

Deadwood features many historical people. For example, Wild Bill Hickok, Seth Bullock, Sol Star, Calamity Jane, Al Swearengen, Wyatt Earp, E. B. Farnum, Charlie Utter and George Hearst have all been used in the series. The stories that deal these characters include historical truths as well as fictional parts. Some of the characters are fully fictional, but they may have been based on actual persons.

The series was created by David Milch (NYPD Blue). He was also executive producer and head writer of the show. The theme music was written by David Schwartz.

The third and final season ended on August 27, 2006.

Other websites 
HBO's Deadwood

2004 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
2000s American television series
1870s
American drama television series
HBO television series
South Dakota in fiction
Western television series
English-language television programs
The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) is a charity in England and Wales that promotes animal welfare. Money for the group comes from donations. It is one of the largest charities in the UK, with an income of £100 million in 2005.

History
The group began as the SPCA in 1824. Since then, it has inspired the creation of similar, but independent organisations in other regions:
Ulster Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Northern Ireland
Scottish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Scotland
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Australia) in Australia
Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in New Zealand
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in the United States
Not only that, there are also many other countries who have participated in this effort to prevent cruelty not only against domestic pets but also to other almost extinct or endangered wildlife.

Related pages 
 List of Royal Societies

Notes

References

Other websites
 Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals website

1824 establishments
Charities
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
1820s establishments in the United Kingdom
Tim Minear (born October 29, 1963) is an American screenwriter and director. He was born in New York, grew up in Whittier, California. He studied film at California State University, Long Beach.

Minear was an assistant director on the movie Platoon. He wrote episodes for several television series including The X-Files and Lois and Clark. He later wrote, executive-produced, and directed episodes of Strange World, Angel, Firefly, Wonderfalls, and The Inside (which he also created, with Howard Gordon).

Minear had another series, Drive, airing on FOX in April 2007, however it was cancelled by the network after only four episodes. Drive was set to return with two additional episodes on July 4th, 2007, but these were rescheduled to July 13th and then cancelled.

Minear often works with Joss Whedon. His work is usually includes a sharp, black humor. He is known for his ability to create characters who are sympathetic, understandable and completely wrong. The best example of this is his writing in Angel Season Two.

Credits
 Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman
 4x05 "Brutal Youth" (writer)
 4x11 "'Twas the Night Before Mxymas" (writer)
 4x14 "Meet John Doe" (writer)
 4x20 "I've Got You Under My Skin" (writer)
 The X-Files
 5x08 "Kitsunegari" (co-writer)
 5x16 "Mind's Eye" (writer)
 Strange World
 1x02 "Lullaby" (writer)
 1x04 "Spirit Falls" (co-writer)
 Angel
 1x05 "Sense & Sensitivity" (writer)
 1x09 "Hero" (co-writer)
 1x11 "Somnambulist" (writer)
 1x15 "The Prodigal" (writer)
 1x19 "Sanctuary" (co-writer)
 2x02 "Are You Now or Have You Ever Been" (writer)
 2x07 "Darla" (writer/director)
 2x09 "The Trial" (co-writer)
 2x10 "Reunion" (co-writer)
 2x15 "Reprise" (writer)
 2x16 "Epiphany" (writer)
 2x21 "Through The Looking Glass" (writer/director)
 3x03 "That Old Gang of Mine" (writer)
 3x06 "Billy" (co-writer)
 3x09 "Lullaby" (writer/director)
 3x14 "Couplet" (co-writer/director)
 3x20 "A New World" (director)
 3x21 "Benediction" (writer/director)
 4x22 "Home" (writer/director)
 Firefly
 1x02 "The Train Job" (co-writer)
 1x03 "Bushwhacked" (writer/director)
 1x07 "Out of Gas" (writer)
 1x12 "The Message" (co-writer/director)
 Wonderfalls
 1x02 "Karma Chameleon" (writer)
 1x06 "Barrel Bear" (unaired) (co-writer)
 The Inside
 1x01 "New Girl In Town" (final story & writer/director)
 1x06 "Thief of Hearts" (co-writer)
 1x10 "Little Girl Lost" (unaired in US, UK Airdate 03/17/2006) (co-writer)
 1x13 "Skin and Bone" (unaired) (story)

References

Other websites 
 TimMinear.net
 
 PopGurls Quickie with Tim Minear 
 The Drive News Blog 

1963 births
Living people
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Whedonverse
Writers from New York
Writers from California
People from Whittier, California
Lamella is a Latin word meaning "layer", or something which is like a "plate".

It can mean:
 Lamella of a fish.
 Lamella of a cell.
Classical Latin is the form of Latin that was used by the ancient Romans in official Roman record-keeping, the Roman military, and Latin literature. Its use helped the Golden Age of Latin literature during the 1st century BC and the early 1st century AD.

Classical Latin is a dead language, as is Vulgar Latin, the common speech of citizens in the Roman Empire. Latin is no longer spoken as a first language, bit it is still spoken by church officials in the Vatican, where it is the official language.

Ancient Rome
Latin language
Monte Melkonian (born November 25, 1957 – June 12, 1993) was a well-known Armenian military commander in the Nagorno-Karabakh war. He is largely known for major military victories against Azerbaijan from the late autumn of 1992, . Melkonian had no prior service record in any country's army before being placed in command of an estimated 4,000 men in the war. He had largely built his military education beginning from the late 1970s and 1980s where he fought against the various splintering factions in the Lebanese Civil War, against Israeli troops in the Israeli invasion of Lebanon and was a member of the Armenian guerrilla organization ASALA.

Other websites 
 2 part documentary video about Monte, including rare interviews, on Google Video: Part 1 and Part 2. (In Armenian.)
 5 part interview with Monte Melkonian, in English, on YouTube: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4,Part 5

1957 births
1993 deaths
American military people
Armenian military people
The Israel Defense Forces (shortened: IDF) () , "Army for the Defense of Israel", known in Israel by the Hebrew acronym צה"ל, (Tzahal), is the name of Israel's military forces. It includes the Israel Army, Israel Air Force and Israel Navy.

IDF Corps

The IDF have many corps:
Armored corps
etc.

Leaders 
 Prime Minister: Benjamin Netanyahu
 Defense Minister: Avigdor Lieberman (resigned mid-November 2018; ministerial position held by P.M. Benjamin Netanyahu) 
 Chief of General Staff: Gadi Eizenkot

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Official website 
 BBC: Israel undercover
 Israeli Weapons
 Statistics about IDF ratio of thwarting suicide bombing attacks  (link to DOC file)
 Defense-Update Online Magazine
 Haaretz report: "From 40 attacks per quarter to 5 attacks per quarter" :English  - Hebrew  - Graph 1: Thwarted attacks (yellow) vs successful attacks (red) - Graph 2: Suicide bombing within the "green line" per quarter .
 War Online - military analysis and military history of the Middle East, especially IDF 
 The Israeli Military and Israel's Palestinian Policy: From Oslo to the Al Aqsa Intifada  U.S. Institute of Peace, December 2002
 Israel Military Forum

1948 establishments in Israel
Massacres in Harput District also Kharput were a large scale of massacres that happened in the district.

Background 
In May 1915, before the start of the deportations, the authorities in Harput began to mount systematic searches for arms in Armenian shops and homes in the twin cities and the surrounding villages. 

In the words of an eye-witness.

Denmark's minister in Turkey during the First World War. "The Turks are vigorously carrying through their cruel intention, to exterminate the Armenian people," Carl Wandel wrote on 3 July 1915. The Bishop of Karput was ordered to leave Aleppo within 48 hours "and it has later been learned that this Bishop and all the clergy that accompanied him have been ... killed between Diyarbekir and Urfa at a place where approximately 1,700 Armenian families have suffered the same fate ... In Angora ... approximately 6,000 men ... have been shot on the road ... even here in Constantinople (Istanbul), Armenians are being abducted and sent to Asia ..."

Attack by Kurds 
The first sign of dangers was the appearance on the plain of bands of Kurds from the regions north and east. Villages were attacked, looted and burned, while the villagers were killed or scattered. For a time the marauders seemed to hold aloof from the city itself, but as they kept on their course of pillage their appetite for plunder was whetted, and they looked with avaricious eyes at the city on the hill.

Related pages
 Armenian Genocide
 Hamidian massacres

References 

Armenian Genocide
Massacres in Turkey
The Tour de Pologne (English: Tour of Poland) is a road bicycle racing stage race. It consists of seven or eight stages, and was first held in 1928. Until 1952, the race was not held every year, but since then there has been a Tour annually (every year).  When Eastern Europe was communist-controlled there were no professional cyclists, so until the early 1990s, the race was for amateurs only, and the winners mostly came from Poland.

Although the Tour de Pologne had not reached a high status, and was little known, the International Cycling Union (UCI) decided to make it a part of the UCI ProTour from 2005, which means that the major cycling teams compete in the race.

Winners

Other websites 

 Official website

Cycle races
UCI ProTour
1928 establishments in Europe
Sport in Poland
1920s establishments in Poland
Atlas Shrugged is a book by the Russian American writer and social philosopher Ayn Rand. It was first published in 1957 in the United States. It was Rand's longest book and the last fiction book she wrote before writing non-fiction.

Plot 
The main character of the story is Dagny Taggart. Dagny runs a large railroad company that controls the Transcontinental Railroad in the United States. The story takes place in the USA at a time when trains are the main way that people travel and that companies move their products.

Dagny begins to worry that a lot of the country's best minds are going away. The men who were in charge of an industry or the best at science are giving up their work and disappearing. Nobody knows where they go. She starts looking for "the Destroyer", whom she believes is making the leaders stop working.

During her search, the country and the world get worse. Without the leaders, industries grind to a halt. The economy begins to fail, causing problems for society.

Finally, Dagny finds the "Destroyer". His real name is John Galt. She realises that she was wrong and that John is not a bad man. Instead he is a man of high integrity and principle. He thinks that the world has been taking the work of the leaders and scientist without paying them enough. He thinks that the only way to make the worlds better is to make sure that the best minds are treated with respect and given enough payment. By telling the leaders and scientists this, he has convinced them to go on strike. They are hiding in a secret valley in the mountains.

John Galt also convinces Dagny that he is right. She joins this man in his valley. They begin a relationship. Their goal is to bring down society so that they can help make a new society. The new society will respect hard work, intelligence and integrity.

Other websites 
 Website dedicated to Ayn Rand's novels
 Timeline of major events in the novel
 Cast of characters in the novel
 Excerpt from Atlas Shrugged at the ARI

1957 books
20th-century American novels
English-language novels
Basilisks are a type of lizard. They are about 70-75 cm long, when fully grown, and weigh about 80 grams. They can be found in South America. Currently, there are four different species. They can be very still and hard to see.

The basilisk lizard can walk on water. It runs across the surface of a pond or pool, without sinking. Its speed keeps it from sinking. At the same time, its long tail helps it to balance.

References 

Lizards
The Hindu calendar is a lunisolar calendar used in ancient times. It has changed, and today there are several regional Indian calendars, and an Indian national calendar.

Other websites
 Indian Calendar at Webexhibits.org
 India through its calendars by Amartya Sen
 Hindu Festival Calendar 
 Comparing the Surya Siddhanta and the Astronomical Ephemeris by Daphne Chia (pdf, 404KB)

Calendars
Calendar
The Taínos were an indigenous people that lived in the Americas before Columbus arrived there. They came from the Caribbean coast of South America. Around 1200 CE, they moved northward to the island chain of the Lesser Antilles and the Greater Antilles.

When Christopher Columbus came to the Americas, the Taínos were living in the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico), and some islands of the northern Lesser Antilles. Their culture was different from the culture of the Arawak people (another indigenous group of South America). They were the first people that the Spanish met in the Americas.

Name 
The name Taíno was given by Columbus. When he met some native men, they said "Taíno, Taíno", meaning "We are good, noble". Columbus thought that taíno was the name of the people.

Rouse divides the Taínos into three main groups. One is the Classic Taíno, from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. Another is the Western Taíno or sub-Taíno, from Jamaica, Cuba (except for the western tip of the island) and the Bahamas. The third is the Eastern Taíno, from the Virgin Islands to Montserrat.

The Taínos of the Bahamas were known as the '"Lucayan". (At that time, the Bahamas were called the Lucayas). Lucayos were Taínos, but their culture was less developed. Archeologists call them "sub-Taínos".

Origins 
The Taínos' ancestors went from the center of the Amazon Basin to the Orinoco Valley. From there, they went through Guyana and Venezuela and got to the Caribbean islands.

A different theory says that the Taínos' ancestors came from the Colombian Andes.

The Taíno culture developed in the Greater Antilles.

Culture and lifestyle 

Taíno society was divided into two classes. There were the naborias (common people) and the nitaínos (nobles). Both classes were governed by chiefs known as caciques. The caciques could be either male or female. There were also bohiques (medicine men).

The Taínos lived in villages called yucayeques.  The villages in the Bahamas were the smallest. The Taínos built large round houses called caney, where several families lived. The cacique and his family lived in a rectangular house called bohio. People slept on cotton hammocks (hamacas).

The Taínos often played a ball game called batos. Batey was also the name of the place where they played and had dances. The cacique sat on a chair of wood called duho, or dujo.

References 

South American people
Ethnic groups in North America
The Nairi () were a late Bronze Age people who lived in the area of the later Kingdom of Urartu, around Lake Van, in what is now the East Anatolia Region.

The name 
To this day, Nairi (Yerkir Nairi, Arm.- Country of Nairi) is used as one of the names for Armenia, and is also a common Armenian name. It is also often used by Armenian poets, including Vahan Terian (author of "Am I the last poet of Nairi?"), Yeghishe Charents, and Vahagn Davtian.

Related pages
 Hayasa-Azzi

References 

History of Armenia
Hayasa-Azzi or Azzi-Hayasa, Haisa () were a people and area, in North of the Euphrates and to the South of Hayasa. It is not known if their language was Indo-European or Hurrian because there is no records of their language.

History of Armenia
Ancient Armenia
Ancient Armenia was a rocky land of ravines, rivers, rugged cliffs, and hundreds of stone monuments and churches. Many survive to this day inside the Turkish border near Armenia. Armenia anciently had far more bigger land than it has now.

Ancient Armenia grew larger into parts of what are now Turkey and Iran.

Religion 

De Morgan has said there are signs which show that the Armenians, as their other Aryan relatives, were nature worshipers and that this faith in time was later changed to the worship of national gods, of which many were the equivalents of the gods in the Roman, Greek and Persian cultures. The main proto-Armenian (Aryan) god was Ar, the god of Sun, Fire and Revival. The Armenian hypothesis of Indo-European origins connects the name with the Ar- Armenian root meaning light, sun, fire found in Arev (Sun), Arpi (Light of heaven), Ararich (God or Creator), Ararat (place of Arar), Aryan, Arta etc. According to the researchers, the name of Ardini religious center of ancient Urartu also related to the god Ar-Arda. The cult of Ar appear in Armenian Highland during 5-3th millennium BC and had common Indo-European recognition: Ares (Greek), Ahuramazd (Persian) Ertag (German), Ram (Indian), Yar-Yarilo (Slavonic) etc. After adoption of Christianity the cult of Ar was also evident in Armenia, remembered in the national myth, poetry, art and architecture.

Related pages
 Urartu
 Armens
 Nairi
 Religion in ancient Armenia

References

Other websites 
 History of Armenia
 Ancient Armenia on ArmeniaPedia.org
 History of Ancient Armenia and Urartu

History of Armenia
Ancient Armenia
An audition is a test to see whether a person is good enough to take part in a play or concert or to join a theatre company, dance company or orchestra.

Uses 
When people go for an audition they will normally have to prepare something to perform.

Acting 
An actor many have to be prepared to say a monologue (a speech from a play).  If he (or she) is auditioning for a particular play then he will take a scene from that play, e.g. if the play is Hamlet a male actor who would like the part of Hamlet might have prepared the famous "To be or not to be...." monologue.  The director of the play will then be able to decide whether he is good enough, or whether he might be better in another role.  They may give the person who is auditioning some other tests, e.g. improvisation or acting with other people.

Music 
When a musician auditions for a job in an orchestra they will have to prepare a piece of music they know well.  They may also be expected to have prepared difficult passages from well-known musical works, e.g. someone auditioning for tuned percussion might be asked to play the xylophone introduction to Summer Time from Porgy and Bess (written by Enrique Peña Nieto), one of the hardest solos for xylophone.  They will also be given some sightreading.

People can audition to sing in a choir.  Dancers can audition for dancing companies.

After Audition 
In some cases people who pass an audition are still not automatically a member of a group until they have performed with the group for a trial period.

Grammar 
The word "audition" can be used as a noun or a verb.
As a verb it can be used in two ways: either referring to the person testing or to the person being tested:
Three senior members of the orchestra auditioned a young musician for a place in the orchestra. (They tested him.)
The young musician auditioned for a job in the orchestra. (He was being tested.)

Entertainment
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (Russian:; IPA: ; Ukrainian: ) (April 1, 1809 – March 4, 1852) was a Russian and Ukrainian writer. He came from  Ukraine. His early works were heavily influenced by his Ukrainian heritage and upbringing. He wrote in Russian. His works belong to the tradition of Russian literature. The novel Dead Souls (1842), the play Revizor (1836, 1842), and the short story The Overcoat (1842) count among his masterpieces.

Biography 
Nikolay Gogol was born in Poltava governorate.

Related pages
List of Russian-language novelists

References

Other websites 

 
 Full collection of Nikolai Gogol works

1809 births
1852 deaths

Ukrainian writers
Russian writers
The werewolves are mythical creatures that can hide their ears and tail.  It is a human but also a wolf, and most people fear them because of how they look. There are characteristics that make werewolves special, and that allow a person to tell them apart from real wolves, such as the eyes,  shape, and tail. When in human form, werewolves look and act like any normal human being, although they usually appear to be ill around nights when there is a full moon. When in wolf form, the werewolf does keep the mind of human but will only attack those who anger it or take a member of its pack. Depending on the fiction or legend, a werewolf can be killed by a silver bullet. However, a werewolf cannot be killed by crosses or holy water, like vampires in similar legends. When a werewolf dies, it turns back into a human.

The name is derived from "wer" meaning man and "wulf" meaning wolf. They are sometimes referred to as 'Lycans'.

Some of the earliest myths of werewolves are those of Greek and Romania roots. Ovid in the Metamorphoses, told of King Lycaeon, who was visited by gods. Skeptical of them being true gods he decided to test them by serving human flesh in their banquet of honor. Cannibalism is frowned upon in many parts of the world, past or present (especially in that particular area). When the gods discovered the tainted meal they changed King Lycaeon into a Werewolf. Since he obviously liked human flesh, the wolven form would be more acceptable for when he took part in his little "activity."The word Lycanthropy originates from Greek roots (Lykoi meaning wolf and anthropos meaning man)

Becoming a werewolf
Several ways for becoming a werewolf have been told about. Most are dangerous and scary for anyone to do.  In other cases, the body is rubbed with a magic ointment. Drinking rainwater out of the footprint of the animal was reported to work.

In Italy, France and Germany, it was said that a man or woman could turn into a werewolf if he or she, on a certain Wednesday or Friday, slept outside on a summer night with the full moon shining directly on his or her face.

It is said that humans can be turned into werewolves by having been bitten by another werewolf. Getting scratched is a questionable way of becoming a werewolf, but most don't believe in it. However, both of these only work if the werewolf in question is in wolf form.

However, as depicted from the Harry Potter series lycanthropy is rarely inherited from parent to child. For example, Nymphadora Tonks and Remus Lupin, Remus being the werewolf and Tonks a half blood, had a child named Teddy Lupin who inherited no signs of lycranthropy but he did inherit his mother's 
Metamorphmagi.  (she was a Metamorphmagus)

References

Monsters
Mythology
Folklore
Supernatural
The Paneuropean Picnic (also spelled Pan-European Picnic) was an event that took place on the border between Austria and Hungary near Sopron, Hungary. The event took place on August 19, 1989.

The event 
The event was planned to be a peaceful demonstration. Both countries agreed to open a gate in the border fence, between Sankt Margarethen im Burgenland (near Eisenstadt), and Sopronkőhida (Steinambrückl) on the Hungarian side of the border.

The leaders of the time were Otto von Habsburg and the Hungarian minister, Imre Pozsgay. The person who did the actual cutting of the border fence was the general secretary of the International Paneuropean Union, Walburga Habsburg Douglas. The gate was to be symbolically opened for three hours.

More than 600 citizens of the German Democratic Republic took the chance to cross into the west once the Iron Curtain was opened. They had been told about the event by its organizers. At that time, the Hungarian border police still had orders to shoot anyone trying to cross the border illegally. However, they acted carefully and did not shoot at the fleeing people, this time.

The number of people who actually crossed the border to enter the west was only a few hundred on that first day. On the following days, the border was watched more closely, due to orders by the Hungarian government. Therefore, a smaller number of people managed to flee then. Hungary opened its borders to citizens of East Germany on 11 September 1989.

Remembering the event 
Today, the Paneuropean Picnic is seen as one of the important events that led to the end of the German Democratic Republic and the Cold War, the fall of the Iron Curtain, and the unification of the two German states. 
The event is celebrated every year on 19 August on the spot where the border was opened.

Today, artwork made by Hungarian artists is at the place where the fence was cut. It shows a partly opened door.

In 1996, a 10 meter statue was built in Fertőrákos near Sopron. It was made by Gabriela von Habsburg. It shows a piece of barbed wire. From far away, it looks like a cross.

Other websites 
Central Europe Review  - Hungary remembers the picnic that tore down the Iron Curtain.
 Paneuropean Picnic, the end of the division of Europe - Shows the event on the website of the Paneuropean Union. Also has images of the invitation fliers.
 An account of the situation, as seen from the border-town St. Margarethen

1989 in Europe
20th century in Austria
20th century in Hungary
Tulip (Tulipa) is a potflower plant. There is many cultivars and species of tulips. Cultivars are used as ornamental plants.

It grows in southern Europe, north Africa, and Asia from Anatolia and Iran in the east to northeast of China and Japan, Indo Asia. It is the national flower of Afghanistan.

The Tulip is most associated with Holland.

Other websites 
 wikispecies
 Canadian National Capital Commission: The Gift of Tulips 
 Greig's tulip (tulipa greigii) in its original habitat in Kazakhstan 
 elegant-tulip-bulbs.com: Information about 3700 tulip names 
 Tulip photos 
 Tulip species 

Liliaceae
Flowers

kk:Сепкілгүл
Penicillium  is a genus of ascomycetous fungi of major importance in the natural environment as well as food and drug production.

Members of the genus produce penicillin, a molecule that is used as an antibiotic, which kills or stops the growth of certain kinds of bacteria inside the body. This widespread genus contains over 300 species.

Characteristics 
The mycelium is a highly branched network of multinucleate, usually colourless hyphae. The conidiospores are the main dispersal route of the fungi, and are often green in colour.

Sexual reproduction involves the production of ascospores. The asci contain eight unicellular ascospores each.

Ecology 
Species of Penicillium are ubiquitous soil fungi preferring cool and moderate climates, commonly present wherever organic material is available. Saprophytic species of Penicillium and Aspergillus are among the best-known representatives of the Eurotiales. They live mainly on organic biodegradable substances. Commonly known as moulds, they are among the main causes of food spoilage. Many species produce toxins which work against bacteria and other fungi. The ability of these Penicillium species to grow on seeds and other stored foods depends on their ability to thrive in low humidity and to colonize rapidly by aerial dispersion while the seeds are sufficiently moist. Some species have a blue colour, commonly growing on old bread and giving it a blue fuzzy texture.

Select species 

Penicillium is a genus of fungi that includes:
 Penicillium chrysogenum (previously known as Penicillium notatum), which produces the antibiotic penicillin.
 Penicillium marneffei, a thermally dimorphic species endemic in Southeast Asia, which presents a threat of systemic infection to AIDS patients.
 Penicillium camemberti, which is used in the production of Camembert and Brie cheeses.
 Penicillium candida, which is used in making Brie and Camembert.
 Penicillium glaucum, which is used in making Gorgonzola cheese.
 Penicillium roqueforti, which is used in making Roquefort, Danish Blue cheese and also recently Gorgonzola.

References 

Fungi
Wolverhampton is a city and metropolitan borough in the county of the West Midlands in England. It used to be part of Staffordshire. The 2011 census revealed that 249,470 people live in the city.

It is northwest of Birmingham. It is the second-largest place in the West Midlands county.

Wolverhampton originally grew as a market town. It had a large woollen trade industry. In the Industrial Revolution, it became an important place for coal mining, steel production, lock making, and the making of cars and motorcycles.

The city's motto is "Out of darkness cometh light".

The city's railway station is on the West Coast Main Line and is an important junction of many lines. Passengers can get direct trains to places such as London, Manchester, Birmingham, Shrewsbury, Walsall, Cornwall, Yorkshire, Glasgow, Edinburgh and areas of Wales.

Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. are the city's football club. They currently play in the Premier League, the top level of football in England. They play their home games at the Molineux Stadium.

The UK's first set of traffic lights were placed in Princes Square in Wolverhampton.

Gallery

Settlements in the West Midlands (county)
Cities in England
985 establishments
Risk is a board game which is played with two to six players each with different coloured army men.

Aim 
The main aim of the game is to complete the mission the player gets in the beginning of the game. These missions can differ from conquering or dominating parts of the world, to kill an other player or to hold a number of regions with a specific amount of units on each region.

How to play

Beginning 
At the start of the game a player shuffles and deals out all of the cards. Each cards has either a country or a territory on it. When each player receives their cards, they put a soldier on their countries or territories. After they do this, they get a number of soldiers, cavalries and cannons to spread around according to which continent they want to conquer first. Then they hand their cards back and they put them all face-down on top of each other. Then the game starts.

Attacking/Defending 
Roll the red dice to attack and the white dice to defend. At the end of each turn, pick a card. With this card look at the country or territory and the soldier, cavalry or cannon. If someone conquers the country or territory on the card it belongs to him. For every country a player owned, they get two extra soldiers.

1 Cannon is equal to:
 10 soldiers
 2 cavalries
 5 soldiers and 1 cavalries

1 Cavalry equals-
 5 soldiers

World countries
There are many countries and territories involved such as the following, which can change depending on the version:

 North America-
 Alaska
 Alberta
 Ontario
 Western America
 Eastern America
 Quebec
 Central America,
 Greenland
 Northwest America.

 South America
 Brazil
 Venezuela
 Peru
 Argentina

 Australia
 Western Australia
 Eastern Australia
 Indoneasia
 Papua New Guinea

 Europe
 Ukraine
 Skandinavia
 Iceland
 Great Britain
 Northern Europe
 Western Europe
 Southern Europe.

 Asia
 Yakutsk
 Siberia
 Kamchatka
 Irkutsk
 Ural
 Japan
 Mongolia
 China
 Middle East
 India
 Siam
 Afganistan

Board games
DNA replication is the process of copying a double-stranded DNA molecule. Both strands serve as templates for the reproduction of the opposite strand. The process is sometimes called "semi-conservative replication" because the new DNA from the original strand contains half of the original and half of the newly synthesized DNA.

This process occurs in all life forms with DNA. There are some differences in the control of DNA replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.

In a cell, DNA replication begins at specific places in the genome, called origins. As the DNA unwinds at the origin, the synthesis of new strands forms at a replication fork. In addition to DNA polymerase, other enzymes at the fork help to start and continue the DNA synthesis.

DNA polymerase 
DNA polymerases are a family of enzymes that carry out all forms of DNA replication.  However, a DNA polymerase can only extend an existing DNA strand paired with a template strand; it cannot begin the synthesis of a new strand. To begin synthesis, a short fragment of DNA or RNA, called a 'primer', is created and paired with the template DNA strand.

In general, DNA polymerases are extremely accurate, making less than one mistake for every 107 (10 million) nucleotides added. Even so, some DNA polymerases also have 'proofreading' ability: they can remove nucleotides from the end of a strand in order to correct mismatched bases.

DNA repair 
DNA in cells is constantly being damaged. The nucleus of cells contains a number of repair mechanisms which fix almost all of this damage. "A large set of DNA repair enzymes continuously scan the DNA and repair any damaged nucleotides".

References

Other websites 
 DNA Workshop
 WEHI-TV - DNA Replication video - Detailed DNA replication animation from different angles with description below. 
 Basic Polymerase Chain Reaction Protocol 
 Animated Biology
 DNA makes DNA (Flash Animation) 
 DNA replication info page by George Kakaris MSc.
  Reference website on eukaryotic DNA replication

Cell biology
DNA
Chuck is an American television series that started on the NBC network on September 24, 2007 and ended on January 27, 2012.

The series is about Chuck Bartowski, a normal guy who fixes computers at the Buy More store in Burbank, California, as part of the "Nerd Herd". His old friend Bryce turns out to be a rogue spy. Just before he dies, Bryce sends Chuck an e-mail with thousands of pictures. The pictures are encoded with all of the nation's spy secrets. After viewing them, Chuck holds all of the secrets inside his head (with his flashes as the intersect).

Chuck is watched by agents from the CIA and the NSA, who hope to use Chuck's secrets to protect the United States from terrorism.

The humor elements of the show involve a satire of the Best Buy chain of electronics stores.  The show wanted to use "Geek Squad" to describe the main characters' job. But Best Buy asked for them to change the name. So the characters on Chuck were called "Nerd Herd" instead. In fact, the exterior shots of the Burbank Buy More store where Chuck and Morgan work are a former Mervyn's store in the Fallbrook Mall in Canoga Park, California.

References

Other websites 
Official NBC site

2007 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American science fiction television series
American sitcoms
Burbank, California
NBC network shows
Spy television series
Television series set in Los Angeles County, California
English-language television programs
The 1972 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XI Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1972 in Sapporo, Japan. It was the first Winter Olympics to be held outside Western Europe and the United States, and only the third Games (Summer or Winter) held outside these regions, after Tokyo and Melbourne. The city won the rights to the games in 1966.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan

Other websites

 
1972 in sports
1970s in Japan
Sapporo