cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
An evergreen is a plant which keeps its leaves throughout the year. Which is Different with deciduous plants, which lose their leaves during the winter or wet seasons. There are many different kinds of evergreen plants, both trees and shrubs.

Types of plants
Deciduous means "temporary" or "tending to fall off" (deriving from the Latin word decidere, to fall off).
When talking about plants this means that the plant loses its leaves, usually in autumn. The leaves will then grow again in spring.

When referring to teeth, it means the teeth at the front of the mouth that grow and fall out and are replaced in childhood. They are called  deciduous teeth.

In botany and horticulture, deciduous plants are trees, shrubs and herbaceous perennials which lose all of their leaves for part of the year. This is called abscission. Leaf loss happens in winter in temperate or polar climates.

With evergreens, foliage is shed differently from deciduous trees. They seem green year round. Plants that are intermediate may be called semi-deciduous; they lose old foliage as new growth begins. Other plants are semi-evergreen and lose their leaves before the next growing season, keeping some in winter or dry periods. Some trees, including a few species of oak, have desiccated leaves that stay on the tree through winter. These persistent dry leaves are dropped in the spring as new growth begins.

Many deciduous plants flower during the period when they are leafless, as this increases the effectiveness of pollination. Not having leaves also improves wind transmission of pollen for wind-pollinated plants and increases the visibility of the flowers to insects in insect-pollinated plants.

References

Types of plants
A place is called in the shade when the sun is shining, and some object, a tree for example, blocks the direct sunlight. So the sunlight can not reach the spot. The dark image, which the object casts on the ground (or on another object) is called shadow, not shade.

Shade can also mean a darker or lighter color of the same base color. For example: in a picture of a tree's shadow, the grass in the shade will be a darker shade of green than the grass out of the shade.

Basic English 850 words
Optics
A shadow is a dark area on a bright surface. It is caused by something blocking a source of light. A shadow's outline, called a silhouette, will have the same shape as the object blocking the light.

Depending on the light source, or sources, a wide range of effects can be produced. A point source of light casts only a simple shadow, called an "umbra". A "penumbra" is the region in which only a portion of the light source may be blocked. If there is more than one light source, there will be several shadows, with the overlapping parts darker, and various combinations of brightness or even colors. The more diffuse the lighting is, the softer and more indistinct the shadow outlines become, until they disappear. The lighting of an overcast sky produces few visible shadows,

Astronomical shadows are usually sharp.  This is because in space the light usually does not go through an atmosphere.

Light
Events 
 June 26 – Christ's Hospital and King Edward's School, Witley created by Royal Charter
 July 6 – Edward VI of England dies
 July 10 – Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England – for the next nine days
 July 18 – Lord Mayor of London proclaims Queen Mary as the rightful Queen – Lady Jane Grey willingly gives up the title of queen.
August 2 – Battle of Marciano. French forces invading Italy under Marshal Blaise de Monluc are defeated by an imperial army under the Marquis of Marignano and are forced to retreat into Siena, which is besieged by the imperial forces.
 August 3 – Queen Mary arrives in London
 August 22 – Duke of Northumberland, supporter of Jane Grey, executed
 September Protestant bishops in England are arrested and Roman Catholic bishops are restored
 September 23 – The Sadians consolidate their power in Morocco by defeating the last of their enemies
 October 27 – Calvinists burn Michael Servetus as a heretic in Geneva
Battle of Sievershausen – Elector Maurice of Saxony defeats the Catholic forces of Margrave Albert of Brandenburg-Kulmbach. Maurice is mortally wounded.
 Shanghai is fortified for the first time.
Events 
 January 9 – Philip Astley stages the first modern circus (London)
 May 10 –  John Wilkes is imprisoned for writing an article for the North Briton severely criticizing King George III. This action provokes rioting in London
 Secretary of State for colonies appointed in Britain
 Massachusetts Assembly dissolved for refusing to assist collection of taxes.
 Boston citizens refuse to quarter British troops
 France buys Corsica from Genoa
 Gurkhas conquer Nepal
 First of the weekly numbers of the Encyclopædia Britannica are published; 100 are planned
 James Cook's first voyage: 1768-1771

Births 
 12 February 1768 Francis I of Austria

Deaths 
 3 March 1768 Nicola Porpora
The Sims is a video game released in 2000 . It is a life simulator that imitates real life. Sims can get jobs, have needs, and can get married. It was the third best selling computer and video game of all time (it mostly sold well on the computer).

The Sims was so successful it has created three sequels, (The Sims 2 in 2004, The Sims 3 in 2009, and The Sims 4 in 2014) along with many other spin-offs of the series.

History
The Sims was created by Will Wright, who worked at Maxis, which was owned by EA Games. It was first released in February 2000. His intention was to make an open-ended game without a set objective. This feature was the reason why it attracted so many gamers.

Gameplay
The first part of the game is to make a family, or play one of the preexisting families. Every family can have children and adults. A player can choose what they look like from many different clothes and hair styles. Each family must include at least one adult.

Each family starts with $20,000, regardless of how many sims are in the family.  After the family is made, the player can move them into a lot.  Some lots are empty while other lots have houses on them.

There are many different floor coverings, wall coverings and doors to choose from when building a house. After building, the player can purchase objects, such as a refrigerator, bed, or other things.

Players control the Sims in Live Mode.  The main goal is to keep the Sim's eight needs up and in the green.  These needs eventually go down as time goes by.  If Sims have no energy, they will fall to the ground.  If they are swimming and run out of energy they will drown.  If they are too hungry, they will die of starvation.

Other goals include making money (called Simoleons in this game).  Sims must get jobs to get more money so they can pay bills, buy new objects, and expand the house.  If they do not go to work two days in a row, they will be fired.  Each Sim has eight skill levels to work towards.  Each skill level has 10 points.  For instance, in the military job, the ultimate requirement is 10 body points.  Jobs also require a certain number of friends to receive a promotion.  The higher they go, the more money they make per day.

Children must go to school.  If they do not keep their grades up, they will be sent to military school and will never return.  They can read books to study.

Expansion packs
The Sims is well known for having many expansion packs, or smaller games that add onto the main game.  The player must own the original game to buy and install these packs. The Sims has 7 official expansion packs.

Other Sims games

After it sold well on the computer, it was put on other platforms such as the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, GameCube and Xbox. The console releases are:

 The Sims (Console Game)
 The Sims Bustin' Out
 The Urbz: Sims in the City
 The Sims 2 (console Game)

These all follow a different concept. They are more objective-based rather than free-willed and have not been as popular as the original PC editions.

References

The Sims
2000 video games
The y-intercept of a line on a graph is where the line touches (or intercepts) the y-axis (the numbered line going straight up).

The equation for straight lines is .  "" is the -intercept.

Related pages
 Algebra

Mathematics
1241 is a year in the 13th century.

Events 
 April 5 – Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal Polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz
 April 27 – Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the Battle of Sajo.
1204 (MCCIV) was .

Events 
 February – Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor.
 April 12 – The Fourth Crusade take Constantinople by storm, and pillage the city for three days. End of the Fourth Crusade.
 May 16 – Baldwin, Count of Flanders is crowned emperor of the Latin Empire a week after his election by the members of the Fourth Crusade.
 Theodore I Lascaris flees to Nicaea after the capture of Constantinople, and establishes the Empire of Nicaea; Byzantine successor states are also established in Epirus and Trebizond.
 Boniface of Montferrat, a leader of the Fourth Crusade, founds the Kingdom of Thessalonica.
 The writings of French theologian Amalric of Bena are condemned by the University of Paris and Pope Innocent III.
 Valdemar II, King of Denmark, is recognized as king in Norway.
 Angers and Normandy are recaptured from England by Philip II of France.
 The Cistercian convent of Port-Royal is established.
 The district of Cham becomes subject to Bavaria.
 Philip of Swabia becomes a subject of Hermann I of Thuringia.
 Beaulieu Abbey founded.
 Jersey enjoys self-government thanks to the division of the Duchy of Normandy.

Births 
 Haakon IV, King of Norway (died 1263)
 Heinrich Raspe, Landgraf of Thuringia (died 1247)
 Abû 'Uthmân Sa'îd Hakam al Qurashi, Ra'îs of Manûrqa (died 1282)

Deaths 
 January 1 – King Haakon III of Norway
 February 8 – Alexius IV Angelus, Byzantine Emperor
 March 31 – Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of France and England
 August 11 – King Guttorm of Norway
 August 14 – Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shogun (born 1182)
 October 21 – Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester
 December 13 – Maimonides, Spanish rabbi and philosopher (born 1135)
 Ban Kulin – ruler of Bosnia (born 1163)
 Amalric of Bena, French theologian
 William de Burgh, English politician
 Emeric of Hungary (born 1174)
 Isaac II Angelus, Byzantine Emperor
 Suleiman II of Rum
 David Soslani, Prince of Ossetia
Events 
 August 9 – The Bulgars win the war with the Byzantine Empire; the latter signs a peace treaty, which is considered as the birth-date of Bulgaria
 Wilfrid of York is expelled from Northumbria by Ecgfrith and retires into Sussex
Events 
 May 18 – Playwright Thomas Kyd's accusations of heresy lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe.
 June 22 – Ottoman Empire defeated in Battle of Sisak, their first defeat in Europe.
 July 25 – King Henry IV of France returns to Catholicism, and is recognized as King in most of France.
 Outbreak of the Long War in Hungary between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans.
 Mihai Viteazul becomes prince of Walachia.
Events 
 Pope Innocent XIII becomes pope
 Johann Sebastian Bach composes the Brandenburg Concertos
 April 4 – Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 September 10 – Treaty of Nystad is signed, bringing an end to the Great Northern War
 November 2 – Peter I is proclaimed Emperor of All the Russias

Births 
 April 19 - Roger Sherman, signer of the American Declaration of Independence (d.  1803)

Deaths 
 July 18 - Antoine Watteau, French painter (b. 1684)
 September 2 - Kwon Sang-ha, Korean writer
 September 17 - Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
 December 13 - Alexander Selkirk, Scottish sailor (original "Robinson Crusoe") (b. 1676)
The Vedas are the four holiest books of the  by mankind to the next, perhaps over thousands of years.

Each book has four major kinds of text – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (texts discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge).  The Vedas are written inVedic Sanskrit.

Later types of Hinduism that are very different from the types of Hinduism that follow the Vedas respect them.

The four Vedas are:

 the Rigveda
 the Yajurveda
 the Samaveda
 the Atharvaveda

Rigveda
Rigveda is the first of the four Vedas. Rigveda means a Veda of praise. This Veda has several verses (hymns).  This Veda is also the oldest Hindu holy book.

Yajurveda
Yajurveda is the second of the four Vedas. Yajurveda means the Veda of the Yajus. Yajus were mantras sung during religious activities. Yajurveda is divided into two parts. The name of the first part is Black Yajurveda, called Taittiriya.The Taittirīya Upanishad is a Vedic era Sanskrit text, embedded as three chapters of the Yajurveda. It is a mukhya Upanishad, and likely composed about 6th century BC. The Taittirīya Upanishad is associated with the Taittirīya school of the Yajurveda, attributed to the pupils of sage Tittiri. The name of the second part is White Yajurveda,is called Vajasaneyi.

Samaveda

Samaveda is the third Veda of the four Vedas. Samaveda means the Veda of sacred songs. This Veda also has many hymns. They were sung by the Hindu priests and other Hindus during religious activities.

Atharvaveda
Atharvaveda is the fourth of the four Vedas. Atharvaveda means the Veda of knowledge.
The Atharvaveda holds key for the massive vedic knowledge on the sciences like medicine, sorcery and has many facts that the present generation is still  trying to crack.

References
 Flood, Gavin.  An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1996. .
 Michaels, Axel. Hinduism: Past and Present. Princeton University Press: 2004. .
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli;  and Moore, Charles A. A Source Book in Indian Philosophy.  Princeton University Press, 1957; Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. .
Walker, Benjamin Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism, (Two Volumes), Allen & Unwin, London, 1968; Praeger, New York, 1968; Munshiram Manohar Lal, New Delhi, 1983; Harper Collins, New Delhi, 1985; Rupa, New Delhi, 2005, .
Winternitz, Moriz. History of Indian Literature. Vol. 1 (of two volumes), p. 1. (Calcutta 1926)

Bibliography
.

Other websites
A translation of Rig Veda
 The Vedas at sacred-texts.com
 Vedas: Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Artharva 

Hindu texts
Vedas
Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian: Србија и Црна Гора, Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated as "SCG") was the name of the state union of Serbia and Montenegro. They used to be two separate Yugoslav republics. In 2006, they became their own countries. 

It was on the west-central Balkan Peninsula, next Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia on the western sides, Hungary to the north, Romania and Bulgaria to the east, North Macedonia to the south and Albania to the southwest, with just over 200 km of coast on the Adriatic.

Serbia and Montenegro worked together in only some political areas. The states had separate economic policies and currencies (money). Although both the states now had more freedom to do as they pleased than they did as Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro was still a Sovereign State united under one government.

The people of Montenegro still wanted independence though, on 21 May 2006 they held a vote to ask the Montenegrin's whether they still wanted to stay in the union. The vote for independence won by 55.5%. On 3 June 2006 Montenegro declared independence; followed by Serbia's deceleration of independence two days later on the 5 June.

Former countries in Europe
Former federations
Former republics
1992 establishments in Europe
2006 disestablishments in Europe
A Minister can be a Member of Parliament, or a Clergyman (person who works as a Minister in the Church). This article talks about a Minister as a Member of Parliament.

What is a minister?
A Minister is a Member of Parliament who has a special role dealing with a certain area of Government.  In the British Government, there are Ministers for lots of different things, like Children, Work & Pensions and Culture, Media & Sport.  There are descriptions (things that describe) of what these people do at the bottom of this page.

Ministers in the government report to the Prime Minister, who also tells them what they need to do in relation to their jobs.  The Deputy Prime Minister also reports to the Prime Minister.

Other Ministers, even though they are not called Ministers, include the Foreign Secretary, and the Home Secretary.

What describes these jobs?

Minister for Children

The Minister for Children looks after children's rights - these are laws which take care of how children are treated by their parents or guardians (a guardian is someone who looks after a child when their parents are not able to), and their care in society.  The job means that this Minister has a special role in the lives of all children in the UK.

Minister for Work and Pensions

This Minister looks after jobs (Employment) and money given to people who are in need (Welfare Benefits).  They set the rules saying what people who have no job must do to try and get one, and how much money people who have no job or are in need, get to live on.  The Minister also sets rules about what happens to people who do not do enough to find a job, or who break the law by working while they are getting Welfare Benefits.

Minister for Culture, Media and Sport

This Minister has a special role which means they promote (make popular) British Culture and Traditions.  They also take care of Broadcasting laws and laws about what newspapers and television stations can and cannot do.  Also, they have a duty to promote sporting activities which take place in Britain and help the government attract major sports events to Britain (the recent decision to let Britain host the Olympic Games in 2012 is an example of this).

There are a lot of other Ministers in the Government, and you can find out about them by writing to the Houses of Parliament in London.  Their address is:The Houses of ParliamentWestminsterLondonSW1A 0AA'

What about other countries?

Other countries also have Ministers who, like those in Britain, deal with special things related to how people live.  You can find out about them by looking at the Wikipedia in your own country.

References

Government occupations

id:Menteri#Menteri di Indonesia
A light microscope works like a refracting telescope except that the object is very close to the objective lens. An object to be studied, for example a tiny organism so small it looks like just a dot, is put on a slide, which is usually a flat piece of glass. The clips on the microscope's flat stage hold the slide in place. The stage can be adjusted to add more light.  It also moves to allow different layers of the object to be in focus.  The user looks through the microscope eyepiece.  A mirror at the bottom of the microscope reflects light rays up to the object through a hole in the stage. Objective lenses magnify the image which is made even larger when it is seen through the eyepiece lenses. Some light microscopes are actually digital cameras, made to photograph small things but having no eyepiece.

Many microscopes, often used in colleges and high schools, normally have a top magnification of 40x with the option of having 4x and 8x. This lets the microscope show basic cells and other items.  Others can magnify hundreds of times, or thousands.

Components 

All modern optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light share the same basic components of the light path, listed here in the order the light travels through them. Also almost all microscopes have the same 'structural' components:
 Ocular lens (eyepiece) (1)
 Objective turret or Revolver or Revolving nose piece (to hold multiple objective lenses) (2)
 Objective (3)
 Focus wheel to move the stage (4 – coarse adjustment, 5 – fine adjustment)
 Frame (6)
 Light source, a light or a mirror (7)
 Diaphragm and condenser lens (8)
 Stage (to hold the sample) (9)
These entries are numbered according to the image on the right.

Alternatives 
Optical microscopes cannot show things that are smaller than light waves, because of the diffraction limit. Microscopes which can see smaller things include:
Atomic force microscope (AFM)
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM)
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Ultraviolet microscope
X-ray microscope

Other websites 
Antique Microscopes.com A collection of early microscopes
Historical microscopes , an illustrated collection with more than 3000 photos of scientific microscopes by European makers 
The Golub Collection, A collection of 17th through 19th Century microscopes, including extensive descriptions
Molecular Expressions, concepts in optical microscopy
Online tutorial of practical optical microscopy
OpenWetWare
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: father of microscopy and microbiology

Microscopes
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (Leiden, 15 July 1606 – Amsterdam, 4 October 1669) was a famous Dutch painter and artist.

He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art history, and the most important in Dutch history.p420 His contributions to art came in a period that historians call the Dutch Golden Age.

After his success as a young portrait painter, he had personal tragedy and financial hardships in his later years. Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, and his reputation as an artist remained high.p427 For twenty years he taught nearly every important Dutch painter.p203

Rembrandt's greatest creative work is seen in his portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible. His self-portraits are a unique biography, in which the artist surveyed himself without vanity and with the utmost sincerity.p420

Personal life 
He went to the University Leiden but he liked painting better so he became a painter. In 1631 he went to live in Amsterdam, because people there had heard of him and wanted him to paint their portraits. He married a woman called Saskia van Uylenberg in 1634. They had four children, but three of them died very young. Only their fourth child, Titus, who was born in 1641, survived into adulthood. Saskia died in 1642 soon after Titus's birth, probably from tuberculosis.

During Saskia's illness, a nurse was hired, who probably also became Rembrandt's lover. She later charged Rembrandt with breach of promise and was awarded 200 guilders a year.p28 When Rembrandt learned she had pawned Saskia's jewellery, which Rembrandt had given her, he had her committed for twelve years to a poorhouse (a 'bridewell') at Gouda.

Rembrandt then lived with a young woman called Hendrickje Stoffels from Bredevoort who had been his maid. They had a daughter called Cornelia. Rembrandt died in Amsterdam on 4 October 1669.

Works 
Rembrandt painted many famous pictures. The portraits use light and dark colors; people sitting in the pictures are often shown in a calm or thoughtful appearance. He was such a good painter, that many of his pictures make people feel as if they are taking part in what is happening. Paintings by Rembrandt can be seen in art galleries all over the world.

Throughout his work Rembrandt used colour which darkens as it approaches the edge of the painting, and lighter towards the center. There is always a certain person, or event, or group of people that is near the center, and they are shown to be brighter than the rest of the picture. The dark backgrounds are painted to be very interesting and important. In most of his paintings, there are deep whites and blacks which shows contrast between different parts of the work.

References

Other websites

1606 births
1669 deaths
Dutch painters
Dutch Protestants
People from Leiden
Printmakers
Big Five are the United States's major movie production studios which also distribute their product. All of them have historic flagship production facilities near Hollywood.

All Big Five major studios (Walt Disney Pictures, Warner Bros. Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Universal Pictures, and Columbia Pictures) are parts of much larger business enterprises, with their corporate headquarters offices far from Hollywood.

The group of major studios long numbered seven, but was reduced to six with the fading from importance of MGM in the 1980s.

They became five when, on November 6, 2017 - Disney announced its deal to buy Fox for $52.4 billion.

The American major studios

Current
Majors
 Universal Pictures - NBCUniversal / Comcast
 Paramount Pictures - ViacomCBS
 Warner Bros. Pictures - WarnerMedia / AT&T
 Walt Disney Pictures / 20th Century Studios - The Walt Disney Company
 Columbia Pictures / TriStar Pictures - Sony Pictures Entertainment

Mini-Majors
 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer - Amazon
 Lionsgate Pictures - Lions Gate Entertainment
 Amblin Partners
 Amblin Entertainment
 DreamWorks Pictures
 ErosSTX
 Eros International
 STXfilms

Former
Major
 RKO Radio Pictures - Defunct since 1957.
 United Artists - acquired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1981.
 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer - filed for bankruptcy in 2010.
 20th Century Fox - bought by The Walt Disney Company in 2019 and renamed as 20th Century Studios in 2020.

Other
 Embassy Pictures - sold to Coca-Cola in 1985.
 Vestron Pictures - folded into Live Entertainment in 1991.
 New Line Cinema - acquired in 1993 by Turner Broadcasting System; TBS merged with Time Warner in 1996.
 Miramax Films - acquired in 1993 by The Walt Disney Company, Filmyard Holdings in 2010 and beIN in 2016.
 Artisan Entertainment - folded into Lions Gate Entertainment in 2003.
 DreamWorks Pictures - now became a label of Amblin Partners since 2015.
 The Weinstein Company - filed for bankruptcy in 2018 but bought by Lantern Capital.

The European major studios

Current
 Gaumont Film Company 
 Pinewood Studios
 Nordisk Film
 BBC Films
 Pathé Frères
 Constantin Film
 SF Studios

Former
 Titanus - closed down in 1964; revived as a small studio in 1970.
 Sheperton Studios - sold to Pinewood Group in 2001.
 Rank Organisation - bought by The Rank Group in 1996; motion picture involvement ended in 2006.
 Optimum Releasing - bought by StudioCanal in 2006; later renamed as StudioCanal UK in 2011.

Movie studios
Culinary mustard is a condiment people use when making food. It comes from the seeds of the mustard plant.

Preparation 
Mustard is prepared by grinding the seeds of the Mustard plant, and mixing them with water or vinegar. Depending on which seeds are taken, and/or how much vinegar is added, the mustard may turn out hotter or less hot.

Use 
Most mustard is made available as a bottled condiment and can be spread on a slice of sandwich bread, salad, vegetables, meat or squirted onto a hotdog or a potato salade the best type of salde in the world, along with ketchup, horseradish and other spices. It is often found in fast-food restaurants in the form of a small packet which the diner may open and squeeze into the dish of choice.

Related pages
 Condiment
 Ketchup
 Spice

Condiments
Vinegar is a liquid containing mainly water and acetic acid and used mostly in cooking. It can be made from wine or other liquids containing alcohol, like cider or fermented fruit juices. Ethanol is oxidized from the liquid, resulting in vinegar.

Vinegar made from dates is a traditional product of the Middle East. It can also be made through the use of certain bacteria. Vinegar contains about 5% of Acetic acid. The acid makes it sour. 

In cooking, it is often used as a condiment to add to salad, fish, french fries and vegetables like pickles and cabbage.  It is much used in salad dressings.

The pH of vinegar depends on how much acid is in it.  Apple cider vinegar is typically between pH 4.25 and 5.00 if undiluted. Distilled vinegar has a pH of around 2.4.

References 

Condiments
An insecticide is a poison made to kill insects and spiders.

Insects are very tough animals that have adapted to a great variety of settings. Therefore, the poison used to kill them is also deadly to humans. There can be great danger of eating pesticide when you have vegetables. This is why often people will rub an apple on their jumper before eating it. This adds a nice shine to the apple and rubs away some of the pesticides. If you do not clean the jumper there is a risk pesticide might build up.

Agriculture
Poisons
Paranoia is a mental health condition that affects a person's thoughts. A person with paranoia is called paranoid. Paranoia is a thought process heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of irrationality and delusion.

A paranoid person's thinking is shaped by fear and anxiety. For example, the person may fear that other people are "out to get them" or are planning to hurt them. They may believe that video cameras are watching them, or that a certain group (like the police or CIA) is following them. They may also believe that other people can control their thoughts or use magic to hurt them. Even if these fears seem strange or absurd to others, they feel very real to the person with paranoia. They truly believe that they are in danger.

Paranoia is different from phobias. In a phobia, someone has an irrational fear, but does not blame anyone for this fear. A paranoid person will often make false accusations and say that something was intentional, when it was just coincidence or an accident.

If a person is truly paranoid, their fears must not be explained by common beliefs, like their religion. For example, some religions say that people can use magic to hurt others. So a person from one of those religions should not be diagnosed as paranoid just because he/she has this belief. They would also have to have other paranoid beliefs - which could not be explained by religious beliefs - to be diagnosed with paranoia.

Very often, people with paranoia also have other thought disorders, or mood disorders. Paranoia can be a symptom of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other mental illnesses. 

In everyday talk, people may use "paranoid" to mean more normal worries. For example, someone may call a friend paranoid for thinking that his teacher hates him.

References 
For example Nimra
Psychosis
A delusion is a false belief held by a person. If doctors talk about delusions they mean that the false belief is the result of some disease, usually a disease of the mind, such as paranoia, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, but not always neccesarily,  delusions can come in many different forms such as political differences, economic differences such as a god complex upheld by someone who believes they are all powerful and many other types.

Delusions also have other properties, according to Karl Jaspers:
 They can not change (that is they are fixed)
 Those holding the belief are absolutely certain of its truth.
 The beliefs may be implausible or bizarre.

Studies on psychiatric patients show that delusions vary in intensity and conviction over time, which suggests that certainty and incorrigibility are not necessary components of a delusional belief.

Delusions do not necessarily have to be false or 'incorrect inferences about external reality'. Some religious or spiritual beliefs by their nature may not be falsifiable, and hence cannot be described as false or incorrect, no matter whether the person holding these beliefs was diagnosed as delusional or not.

A doctor or psychiatrist may say that a delusion is false, because it seems to be unlikely or bizarre.Psychiatrists rarely have the time or resources to check the validity of a person’s claims; this means that some true beliefs are erroneously classified as delusional. This is known as the Martha Mitchell effect, after the wife of the attorney general who alleged that illegal activity was taking place in the White House. At the time her claims were thought to be signs of mental illness. Only after the Watergate scandal  was she proved right, and sane.

Treating delusions is difficult, but in some cases antypsychotics can be used. If the delusions pose a risk to the health of the patient (if consented) or the health of others, people may also be treated against their will.

References

Psychosis
Paganism is a term that covers a great number of spiritual and religious beliefs, and someone who follows one of these beliefs is known as a Pagan. Some of those in ancient times, who are called Pagans today, believed there was not just one god but a number of gods and goddesses.  The stories from Greek mythology are famous examples from a pagan religion. Pagans usually focus on spirituality and nature, rather than on doctrines and dogma. Not all pagans are polytheists (belief in more than one god). Some of them are monotheists (belief in only one god).
   
The word pagan (without a capital P) is often used to describe anyone who holds religious beliefs that differ from the main world religions. A similar term is heathen. Today Pagan, with a capital P, often refers to people who follow Neo-Pagan religions that honour the Earth. The best known Neo-Pagan religion is Wicca. Another well-known neo-pagan faith is Druidism, but there are many other Neo-Pagan religions with different beliefs.

Some pagan and neo-pagan religions 
Ancient Meitei paganism
Asatru
Baltic paganism
Greek religion
Dodekatheism
Celtic reconstructionist paganism
Druidism
Finnish paganism
Germanic paganism
Kemetism
Slavic paganism
Wicca

Surviving religions of earlier cultures 
Enough has survived of the ancient religions of cultures from pre-modern Africa, South America, New Guinea and Japan to give us quite a clear picture. Since African slaves were taken to both South America and the United States, it is no surprise that their beliefs and practices still survive. Not, of course, as the dominant religion, but they do survive.

In a similar way, but much less well documented, are the ancient religions of other groups such as the Ainu in Japan, the tribes in New Guinea, the many tribes in Amazonia, and the fractured remnants of traditional religions in African countries.

All these groups have one thing in common: they are not part of farming revolution which happened in the Middle East, and which spread quickly to Eurasia. The religions which started there are called the religions of the book because their original beliefs were written down. Of course, writing was one of the original inventions of a settled people, one able to invest time and energy into activities which would be far more difficult for more traditional peoples.

References

Other websites 

 Usenet newsgroup for Pagans
 The Witches Voice, a networking and education site

 
Religions
Year 1578 (MDLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 January 31 – Battle of Gemblours – Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch. Don John begins to recover control of the French-speaking Southern Netherlands
 August 4 – Battle of Al Kasr al Kebir – The Moroccans defeat the Portuguese. King Sebastian I of Portugal is defeated and killed in North Africa, leaving his elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, as his heir. This initiates a succession crisis in Portugal.
 October 1 – Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, succeeds Don John as Spanish Governor-General of the Netherlands.
 Martin Frobisher held the first celebration of Thanksgiving by Europeans in North American at Newfoundland by the Frobisher Expedition.
 Tibet – Sonam Gyrso receives from prince Atlan Khan the title of "Talaï" and becomes the third Dalai Lama.
 Battle of Wenden – The Russians are defeated by the Swedes, who proceed to take Polotsk.
 The Ottoman Empire conquers Abkhazia.
 Sixth and so far the last outbreak of the sweating sickness in England
1504 was a year of the Gregorian calendar, that started on a Friday.

Events 
January 1 – French troops surrender Gaeta to the Spanish under Cordoba.
January 31 – France cedes Naples to Aragon.
February 29 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Native Americans to provide him with supplies.
Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti) finishes his sculpture of David – August 8 it is erected in Florence.
Moldavia, Stephan III the Great fights against Turkey and Poland.
Baber besieges and captures Kabul.
Ferdinand II of Aragon becomes King of Naples as Ferdinand III.
Christopher Columbus return to Spain from his fourth voyage where he and his younger son, Ferdinand, explored the coast of Central America from Belize to Panama.
Aldo Manuzio publishes Demosthenes.
Grünenwald: "Crucifixion".
Voyage of Juan de la Cosa to South America.
A Funj leader, Amara Dunqas, founds the Black Sultanate (As Saltana az Zarqa) at Sennar. (History of Sudan (Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah))

Births 
August 6 – Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1574)
Giovanni Battista Giraldi, Italian writer

Deaths 
November 9 – King Frederick IV of Naples
November 26 – Queen Isabella of Castile (born 1451)
Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, Italian astronomer
Events 
George Friderich Handel becomes a British subject.
Jonathan Swift publishes Gulliver's Travels.
The city of Montevideo was established.
Mary Toft allegedly gives birth to 16 rabbits in England, later revealed to be a hoax.
The Gujin tushu jicheng, an immense Chinese encyclopedia, is printed using movable copper type.

Births
 June 23 - Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia
 April 5 - Benjamin Harrison V, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1791)
 June 3 - James Hutton, Scottish geologist (d. 1797)
 June 11 - Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain, daughter of Philip V of Spain
 June 20 - Louise Henriette de Bourbon, mother of Philippe Égalité (d.1759)
 December 1 - Oliver Wolcott, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence
 Horatio Gates, American general
 Philidor, French chess player
 George Wythe, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence

Deaths 
 August 8 - Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden, Duchess of Orleans
A person has courage if they do something even though they are afraid. Courage can be doing things that other people think should be scary. A person has courage if they put themself in danger to save another person (this is called mental strength). If someone has courage, it is said that they are courageous, standing up for what you believe in (also called moral strength).

For example, someone may be said to have courage if they fight a lion, or save a baby from a burning building. 

Courage is the opposite of fear and can also be called bravery.

Emotions
Events 
The Great Northern War

World leaders 
King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715)
King Louis XV of France (1715–1774).
Queen Anne of Great Britain (1702–1714).
King George I of Great Britain (1714–1727).
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (1705–1711).
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (1711–1740).
Husayn, Shah of Persia during the Safavid dynasty
Tsar Peter I of Russia (1682–1725).
King Philip V of Spain (1700–1746).
King Charles XII of Sweden (1697–1718).
Queen Ulrike Eleonora of Sweden (1719–1720).
A fan or fanatic is someone who like a thing, a person, or an idea. Things that fans might like are hobbies, sports (often a team), music, a kind of movie or book, or almost anything. There are lots of kinds of fans, including science fiction fans and fans of popular music stars, like The Beatles. Fans will meet with each other to talk about and share their interest, often in large groups called conventions.

The word fanatic can also be used to talk about people who care a lot about politics, religion or their own group of people. Some fanatics can hurt other people whom they dislike, or who disagree with them.

In British English, supporter is their word for a person who likes and supports a sportsperson or a team. Many teams of some sports have thousands of supporters, for example, the football team Real Madrid. In American English, supporter is more often used to talk about people in politics. Supporters of a politician, a political party, or an idea such as a particular law may like their subject very much, but usually are not violent.

Sports
Fandom
Formula 1 is a type of motorsport. Teams compete in a series of Grand Prix races, held in different countries around the world. Some of the most popular races are held in Monaco, Japan, Italy and Britain. The cars are very fast, reaching speeds of up to 350 kilometers per hour (220 miles per hour). The championship has been won many times by different teams like McLaren, Ferrari and Williams. Teams can consist of as many as 600 people, who all come together every race weekend, and using each of their individual expertise try to obtain the best result - a victory. The winning driver and team each get twenty-five points towards the Drivers' and Constructors' Championship. Teams consist of drivers, test drivers, a team principal, mechanics, engineers, and designers. Winning a race takes a good qualifying position, flawless strategy, perfect pitstops and a fast car. If you get the most poles (first place) then you get a trophy. This was added in 2014.

Drivers are paid huge salaries and money to risk their lives every time they step into the cockpit of the F1 car. Like all types of motor racing, the dangers associated with Formula One are great. Therefore, there are many safety measures. Drivers wear 4 layers of flameproof overalls, made of a fire resistant material called Nomex. A drivers helmet must be able to resist an 800 degree Celsius flame for at least 45 seconds, as well as big G forces. The helmets are so strong that they can be driven over by trucks with no damage being done to them. Carbon fibre is the ideal material for the bodywork of Formula One cars, as it is light and strong. Because of this, the cars are very expensive to build and repair. The design of cars differs from team to team. Each team has two entries into the championship, which means two cars to build. The current tyre suppliers are Pirelli - making sure every car has the right tyre for the differing weather conditions. Wet weather driving is considered a skill in Formula One, as the cars are harder to drive. 

The body that runs Formula One, the FIA, is based in France. Although Formula One is a 'billion dollar business', a drop in viewership and attendance figures at races has prompted the FIA to make a number of rule changes in recent years. These changes are meant to make the races more interesting, so more people watch F1 on television.

Related pages
 Formula One racing
Events 
Afghanistan becomes independent from Persia.
February 11 – A combined French and Indian force, commanded by Coulon de Villiers, attacks British troops at Grand Pré, Nova Scotia.
 April 9 – The Scottish Jacobite Lord Lovat was beheaded by axe on Tower Hill, London, for high treason.
 May 14 – War of the Austrian Succession: First battle of Cape Finisterre.
 June 9 – Emperor Momozono rises to power in Japan, after Emperor Sakuramachi.

Births 
 January 15 – John Aikin, English doctor and writer (died 1822)
 January 19 – Johann Elert Bode, German astronomer (died 1826)
 January 26 – Samuel Parr, English schoolmaster (died 1825)
 February 19 – John "Walking" Stewart, traveller and philosopher (died 1822)
 February 21 – Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian scientist (died 1795)
 May 5 – Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1792)
 July 6 – John Paul Jones, American naval captain (died 1792)
 October 8 – Jean-François Rewbell, French politician (died 1807)
 December 12 – Anna Seward, English writer (died 1809)

Deaths 
 January 16 – Barthold Heinrich Brockes, German poet (born 1680)
 March 16 – Christian Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst, father of Catherine II of Russia (born 1690)
 March 23 – Claude Alexandre de Bonneval, French soldier (born 1675)
 April 2 – Johann Jacob Dillenius, German botanist (born 1684)
 April 7 – Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian field marshal (born 1676)
 May 28 – Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues, French writer (born 1715)
 May 31 – Andrei Osterman, Russian statesman (born 1686)
 June – Nadir Shah, Persian leader (born 1688)
 June 19 – Alessandro Marcello, Italian composer (born 1669)
 July 9 – Giovanni Bononcini, Italian composer (born 1670)
 October 10 – John Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury (born c.1674)
 November 17 – Alain-René Le Sage, French writer (born 1668)
 December 2 – Vincent Bourne, English classical scholar (born 1695)
The Arctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude (imaginary lines around the Earth) that are often marked on maps of the Earth. This is the parallel of latitude that (in 2000) runs 66° 33' 39" north of the Equator.

The Arctic Circle is one way to say what part of the Earth is in the Arctic. The North Pole is in the center of the Arctic Circle.

Countries which are partly within the Arctic Circle are:
Russia
Canada
Denmark (Greenland)
United States of America (Alaska)
Norway
Sweden
Finland
Iceland (less than 1 square kilometre)

The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed. It directly depends on the Earth's axial tilt. The axial tilt fluctuates within a margin of 2° over a 40,000-year period, mostly due to tidal forces from the orbit of the Moon. The tilt is currently diminishing, so the Arctic Circle is drifting northwards at a speed of about  per year.

Related pages 
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
Seasons
Solstice and equinox
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
Circle of latitude 

Lines of latitude
Arctic
Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. 

According to a 2012 estimate, the population of the city was around 3,289,000. Ths includes Tajiks, Pashtuns, Hazaras and some other smaller ethnic groups. It is the 64th largest and the 5th fastest growing city in the world.

It is 1,800 meters, or 5,900 feet above-sea-level. Kabul is over 3,500 years old.

Districts

The city of Kabul is inside Kabul District - a district of Kabul Province. The city is also a municipality (shārwāli) - because it is also capital of a province; That municipality is divided into 22 administrative districts called municipal districts or city districts (nāhia); These districts (are the same, or) coincide with the official Police Districts (PD).

Related pages 
 Kabul Province

References