cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Horatio Gates Spafford (October 20, 1828, Troy, New York – October 16, 1888, Jerusalem) was a prominent American lawyer and Presbyterian church elder.  He is best known for penning the Christian hymn "It Is Well With My Soul". Horatio was a lawyer in Chicago. He lost all of his possessions in the great Chicago fire. After that, he lost his only son to a disease at the age of four. He then planned a family holiday and was held up for business reasons. His family went ahead any way, on the ship all four of his daughters died and his wife survived.

References

Other websites 
Photos of Horatio Spafford and a MIDI file of the hymn 
Many details on life of Spafford 
The Spafford family tragedy

1828 births
1888 deaths

American Christians
Christian hymnwriters
Writers from Illinois
Cyber  high school is a high school on the internet. It teaches students over the Internet. It means that a high school student has the option of receiving their education at home.

Locations 
In the United States, 38 states have some form of cyber high school, according to CBS News. These schools often include giving a computer, internet connection, textbooks and cyber high school software.

Teachers 
Cyber high school teachers are sometimes able to work from home, depending upon the state's cyber curriculum. If the state is against the idea then the tutor has to go at a special location to be able to teach.

Purpose 
Cyber high school appeals to all students but works especially well for those students with needs that can not be met in a traditional classroom, such as students who are ill, homebound students, students who travel, or special education students.

References

Types of educational institutions
Frances Jane Crosby (usually known as Fanny Crosby) (March 24, 1820 – February 12, 1915) was an American poet and lyricist. She wrote Protestant hymns. She was a lifelong Methodist. She wrote over 8,000 hymns in her life, even though she became blind shortly after she was born. She was also known for her preaching and speaking.

Crosby is one of the most famous hymn writers in history. Some of her most well-known and best-loved songs are "Blessed Assurance", "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour", and "To God Be the Glory".

Other websites 

The New York Institute for Special Education page on Fanny Crosby
Fanny Crosby page at Cyberhymnal  Words and MIDI music for over 400 hymns.
Biographies at Wholesome Words

1820 births
1915 deaths
American Methodists
American poets
American songwriters
Blind people
Christian hymnwriters
Christian writers
Gospel Music Hall of Fame inductees
Writers from New York City
Melville Island is a member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Canada with an area of . No one lives on Melville Island. It is the 33rd biggest island in the world and Canada's 8th biggest island. Melville Island is shared by the Northwest Territories, which has the western half of the island, and Nunavut, which has the eastern half. The mountains on Melville Island are some of the biggest in the western Canadian Arctic. Some of them reach heights of one kilometre.

Melville Island was first visited by the British explorer Sir William Parry in 1819. Not only did he find the island, but he had to spend the winter at what is now called "Winter Harbour", until August 1, 1820. The island is named for Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville who was First Sea Lord at the time.

Islands of Canada
Southampton Island is one of the bigger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is a big island at the entrance to Hudson Bay, Canada. It is part of the Kivalliq Region of the Nunavut Territory. The area of the island is 41,214 km². It is the 34th biggest island in the world and Canada's 9th biggest island. The only settlement on Southampton Island is Coral Harbour (pop. 712, Canada 2001 Census), called in Inuit Salliq.

Islands of Canada
Prince of Wales Island one of the bigger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is an Arctic island in Nunavut, Canada, between Victoria Island and Somerset Island and south of the Queen Elizabeth Islands.

It is a low tundra-covered island with an irregular coastline deeply indented by Ommanney Bay in the west and Browne Bay in the east. Its area has been thought to be around 33 339 km². Prince of Wales Island is the world's 40th biggest island and the 10th biggest in Canada. Its highest known point, found at 73°49'N; 97°50'W – and 320 m high – is an unnamed spot in the island's far northeastern end  overlooking the Baring Channel, which separates the island from nearby Russell Island.

Islands of Canada
Somerset Island is a member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is a big island across the 2 km wide Bellot Strait from the Boothia Peninsula in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada.  It has an area of 9,570 square miles (24,786 km²), making it the 45th biggest island in the world and Canada's twelfth biggest island. No one lives on Somerset Island

Islands of Canada
A mission statement tells the purpose of a company or organization.  Basically, it says in a very short way WHO the organization does something for, WHAT is the kind of thing it does, and WHICH WAY it does it (that is, instead of other ways one could do that same thing). It can be used to tell quickly what the organization does. It can also help to give members of the organization a common idea of what they're here to do. 

A mission statement basically sums up everything that something is about. Put very simply, for performance it would sum up what the purpose of the performance is. That might be to entertain.

Examples:

McDonald's - Mission statement: "To provide the fast food customer food prepared in the same high-quality manner world-wide that is tasty, reasonably-priced & delivered consistently in a low-key décor and friendly atmosphere." 
 WHO: People who want fast food, all over the world
 WHAT: Good food that tastes good and doesn't cost too much (well...)
 WHICH WAY: The same way anywhere, no bells and whistles in the shop, but friendly employees there.

World Vision - Mission statement (well, part of it): "...working with the poor and oppressed to promote human transformation, seek justice and bear witness to the good news of the Kingdom of God"

 WHO: Poor and oppressed people around the world
 WHAT: Help them get a better chance of being better off and be a good person, too
 WHICH WAY: Work for fair conditions of life and let people know what God has always wanted to give them and how to get it

Business
A mission can be any of the following:

Politics and government
 Diplomatic mission, a diplomatic outpost in a foreign territory
 Space mission, the launch of craft into outer space.
 List of human spaceflights, a list of manned space missions.
 Combat mission, a military action.

Geography
In the United States:
Mission, Kansas
Mission, Oregon
Mission, South Dakota
Mission, Texas
Mission Ridge Ski Area, Washington
In Canada:
Mission, British Columbia, a district municipality in British Columbia
Mission, Calgary, a neighbourhood in Calgary, Alberta
Okanagan Mission, a neighbourhood of Kelowna BC, is locally known as "the Mission"
Non-English-language equivalents:

In Argentina:
Misiones Province

In Brazil:
 Missões, Brazil, a region of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil roughly occupying the same area previously dominated by the colonial missions founded by Padre Roque Gonzales.
 São Miguel das Missões, one of the best preserved of the old colonial missions
 Guarani das Missões
 São Paulo das Missões
 Campina das Missões

In Paraguay:
Misiones Department

Other uses
 Mission statement, a brief statement of the purpose of an organization
 Mission (grape), a variety of grape
Philip Paul Bliss (July 9, 1838 – December 29, 1876) was an American writer of hymns. He was also a Gospel music singer. He wrote many well-known hymns in his lifetime. He also wrote the tune for Horatio Spafford's "It Is Well with My Soul".

Other websites 
Christian Biography Resources
The Memoirs of PP Bliss
The Music of Philip Paul Bliss

1838 births
1876 deaths
American Protestants
Christian hymnwriters
Evangelists
Writers from Pennsylvania
William Wilberforce (24 August 1759–29 July 1833) was a British evangelical politician and philanthropist. He was a leader of the movement to end the slave trade.

Other websites 

 BBC historic figures: William Wilberforce

1759 births
1833 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British abolitionists
English activists
English Anglicans
English philanthropists
Evangelicals
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People buried in Westminster Abbey
People from Kingston upon Hull
Politicians from Yorkshire
The Coat of arms of Romania is the coat of arms that has been adopted by the Romanian Parliament on 10 September 1992.  The design for it came from the coat of arms that the Kingdom of Romania created back in 1922. It displays a golden aquila that is holding a cross in its beak.  It also shows a mace and a sword in its claws.  It contains the three colors of the Flag of Romania: red, yellow, and blue.

Romania
Romania
Quechuas is the term used for several ethnic groups in South America that use a Quechua language (Southern Quechua mainly). They belong to several ethnic groups in South America, above all in Peru, Bolivia and Argentina.

The Quechuas of Ecuador call themselves - as well as their language Kichwa - Kichwas or Quichuas. The Kichwa-speaking group of Colombia are the Ingas.

Some (historic) Quechua peoples:
 Inca
 Chancas (in Huancavelica, Ayacucho y Apurímac)
 Huancas (in Junín; spoke Quechua before the Incas did)
 Cañaris (in Ecuador; adopted the Quechua language from the Incas)

Related pages
Q'ero (an Andean Quechua community)

Ethnic groups in South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Peru
The Members Church of God International is a group of members of a Christian denomination with headquarters in the Philippines. Commonly known by their TV show Ang Dating Daan (The Old Path), they have million members and has thousands of locales worldwide. Currently, their presiding minister is Eliseo Soriano ang their vice presiding Minister is Daniel S. Razón. Eliseo Soriano is currently preaching in other countries. They reject the Roman Catholic belief about Trinity.

Christian denominations
Philippines
The Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that was created in 1542 and originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America. It was governed from the capital of Lima.

History 

In 1542, the Spanish created the Viceroyalty of New Castilla, that shortly afterwards would be called the Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1544, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain) named Blasco Núñez Vela Peru's first viceroy, but the viceroyalty was not organized until the arrival of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1572. 

Francisco de Toledo, "one of the great administrators of human times", established the Inquisition and created laws that applied to both Indians and Spanish alike. So he broke the power of the encomenderos and reduced the old system of forced native labor. He improved the safety in the viceroyalty with fortifications, bridges and la Armada del Mar del Sur (the Southern Fleet) against the pirates. 

The Amazon basin and some large regions nearby had been considered Spanish territory since the Treaty of Tordesillas. But this treaty meant not much during the time Spain controlled Portugal (1580 - 1640). 

The first Jesuit reduction to convert and "civilize" the Indigenous population was founded in 1609, but some areas were occupied by Brazilians as Bandeirantes gradually extended their activities throughout much of the basin and adjoining Matto Grosso in the 17th and 18th centuries. These groups had the advantage of remote geography and river access from the mouth of the Amazon (which was in Portuguese territory) making it impossible for the Spanish authorities to control them. One famous attack upon a Spanish mission in 1628 resulted in the enslavement of 60 000 indigenous people. In fact as time passed they were used as a self funding occupation force by the Portuguese authorities in what was effectively a low level war of territorial conquest. Finally the reality of the situation was recognized with the transfer of sovereignty over the much of the basin and surrounding areas to Portugal in the 1750 Treaty of Madrid.

Related pages
Colonialism
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Spanish Empire

References 

History of South America
1540s establishments in South America
1824 disestablishments
16th-century establishments in Spain
Disestablishments in South America
1542 establishments
Vilcabamba  was founded by Manco Inca in 1539 and was the last city of the Inca Empire until it fell to the Spaniards in 1572. That meant the end of Inca resistance to Spanish rule.

History 
After the Incan empire fell, the city was burned and the area swiftly became a remote, not very populated or connected part of Peru. The location of Vilcabamba was forgotten.

The ruins of the city were rediscovered by Hiram Bingham in 1909 in a remote forest site 130 km west of Cuzco, but he failed to realize its significance, because he believed that Machu Picchu, which he also rediscovered, was the fabled "Lost City of the Incas".  It was not until explorations and discoveries in the 1960s, that many came to see this site at Espíritu Pampa as the real Vilcabamba of legend.

Sources 

 MacQuarrie, Kim: The Last Days of the Incas. Simon & Schuster, 2007. .

Inca civilization
1572 disestablishments
16th-century establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru
16th-century disestablishments in South America
1530s establishments in South America
1539 establishments
The  is the time in Japanese prehistory which started in roughly 14,000 BC to 10,000 BC. 

The period ended in roughly 500 BC or 400 BC to 300 BC.  

"Jōmon" means "patterns of plaited cord" or "cord-patterned"  from the way they decorated their pottery. 
The Jōmon came long ago from Central Asia and southern Siberia to Japan. They were very different from modern East Asians and were more similar to Europeans and people in the Middle East. Many scientists link them to the paleolithic population of Europe (Cro-Magnon). Their culture is unique and some similarities exists with Native American cultures of the northwestern coastal cultures.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Ainu people

References

Other websites 

 University of Tokyo, Memory of the Jomon Period
 Niigata Prefectural Museum of History, The Prehistoric Archaeology of Japan 

Periods in Japanese history
For a full account of the biological family, see Hominidae
For the novel by Klaus Ebner see Hominid (novel)
A hominid is any member of the biological family Hominidae. These are the "great apes", living and extinct. At present there are humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The word "hominid" has been used in various ways. The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades. These revisions led to different uses of the word "hominid". The original meaning of the taxon Hominidae meant only humans and their closest relatives. Now this group is called the Hominina.

The primatological term hominid is easily confused with a number of similar words:
 A hominoid or ape is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea: existing members are the lesser apes (gibbons) and great apes.
 A hominid is a member of the family Hominidae: all of the great apes.
 A hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae: gorillas, chimpanzees, humans (excludes orangutans).
 A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini: including humans.
 A hominan is a little used term for a sub-tribe.
 A human is a member of Homo sapiens. The word is sometimes also used to refer to any extinct member of the genus Homo or members from other hominan genera.
 A humanoid is a vaguely human-shaped entity; the term is typically used in science fiction.

The dispute is really about whether humans and Australopithecines are sufficiently different from chimpanzees to rank as a separate family. In morphology and life style they are, in genetics they are not.

A move from rainforest to savannah and woodland led first to bipedalism (walking on two feet). Later, hunting and social needs led to larger brains and the making and use of tools. These differences between human beings and the other great apes are certainly important. However, a genetically based taxonomic classification shows the genetic differences are not enough to divide us into separate families. Genetics, rather than morphology, is generally more widely accepted as the critical standard. However, many scientists, including anthropologists, use the term "hominid" to mean humans and their direct and near-direct ancestors.
The Treaty of Berlin was a part of the Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878). In it, the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the Ottoman Empire wrote the Treaty of San Stefano.

Problems

Bulgaria 
The most important problem in the treaty was deciding what would happen to the Kingdom of Bulgaria. However, Russia insisted that Bulgaria should not be mentioned in the treaty. The Treaty of San Stefano had created a huge Bulgarian state, which was just what the United Kings and Austria-Hungary did not want since Russia would become too powerful.

Independence 
The treaty stated that Romania, Serbia and Montenegro were to become independent. The Ottoman province of Bosnia-Herzegovina was to be occupied by Austria-Hungary.

The three newly-independent states soon declared themselves to be kingdoms (Romania in 1881, Serbia in 1882 and Montenegro in 1910). Austria-Hungary officially took over Bosnia in 1908, which caused a major European crisis.

References 

1878
19th century in France
1870s in Germany
19th century in Italy

1870s in the United Kingdom

Ottoman Empire
Berlin 1878
19th century in Berlin
The 2007 enlargement of the European Union joined Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union. It happened on 1 January 2007. The Treaty of Accession was signed on April 25, 2005 at Luxembourg, Neumünster Abbey. It was the seventh time the Union accepted new members.

Membership 
Since 1989, Bulgaria and Romania wanted to be a part of the European Union (EU).  and put forward to become members in 1995. 

During the 2000s, Bulgaria and Romania made changes, such as improving their democratic system, human rights acts, freedom of speech acts, economy and laws.

References

Other websites 
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania
Government of Romania
Ministry of European Integration 
Gateway to the European Union
Infoeuropa Centre

European Union
Bulgaria
Romania
21st century in Romania
2007 in Europe
The Treaty of Berlin was signed on July 28, 1742 between Austrian archduchess Maria Theresa and Frederick II of Prussia.

Terms 
Based on the treaty, Maria Theresa gave most of Silesia to Frederick. This treaty, along with the Treaty of Breslau, officially ended the First Silesian War.

Other websites 
 The Columbia Encyclopedia: War of the Austrian Succession 
 Encyclopedia Britannica: The War of the Austrian Succession 1740-1748

Berlin 1742
Nome is a city on the southern Seward Peninsula coast on Norton Sound of the Bering Sea. It is in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska.

The city of Nome claims to be home to the world's largest gold pan.  But the Canadian city of Quesnel, British Columbia also says they do.

In the winter of 1925, there was a diphtheria epidemic among Inuit in the Nome area. Blizzard conditions made delivery of a life-saving serum by airplane from Anchorage impossible. A serum run to Nome by dog sled teams delivered the serum. The sled driver of the final leg of the relay was the Norwegian-born Gunnar Kaasen; his lead sled dog was Balto. The annual Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorates this historic event.

Nome is home to Alaska's oldest newspaper, the Nome Nugget.

The reality television series Bering Sea Gold is set and filmed in Nome.

Nome
Monophysitism is an idea about the nature of Jesus Christ. It says that Christ only has one nature, namely the divine one.

Views 
There are two main doctrines that can be called Monophysite ():

Eutychianism 
Eutychianism says that the human and divine natures of Christ were combined into one new single (mono) nature: his human nature was "dissolved like a drop of honey in the sea".

Apollinarism 
Apollinarism or Apollinarianism says that Christ had a human body and human "living principle" but that the Divine Logos had taken the place of the nous, or "thinking principle" . This is analogous but not identical to what might be called a mind in the present day.

Opposition 
After Nestorianism, taught by Nestorius, Archbishop of Constantinople, was refused at the First Council of Ephesus, Eutyches, an archimandrite at Constantinople came up with new views. Monophysitism and Eutyches were also refused at the Council of Chalcedon in 451. 

Monophysitism is also rejected by the Oriental Orthodox Churches, but was widely accepted in Syria, the Levant, and Egypt. This caused many tensions in the early days of the Byzantine Empire.

Later, Monothelitism was developed as an attempt to bridge the gap between the Monophysite and the Chalcedonian position, but it too was rejected by the members of the Chalcedonian synod, despite at times having the support of the Byzantine emperors and one of the Popes of Rome, Honorius I.  Some are of the opinion that Monothelitism was at one time held by the Maronites, but the Maronite community, for the most part, dispute this, stating that they have never been out of communion with the Catholic Church.

Miaphysitism, the christology of the Oriental Orthodox churches, is sometimes considered a variant of Monophysitism, but these churches view their theology as distinct from Monophysitism and anathematize Eutyches.

Christology
Nestorius (; c. 386–c. 451) was Archbishop of Constantinople from 10 April 428 to 22 June 431. His views were popular in the East.

History 
Nestorius objected to the popular custom calling the Mary (the mother of Jesus), Theotokos, meaning the mother of god. He believed that Jesus had two parts, one human and one divine. This belief, now called Nestorianism, was different to those held by Cyril of Alexandria, who said that Jesus was both man and god at once. Nestorius said that Cyril was a heretic. At the Council of Ephesus he wanted Cyril charged with heresy. Most of the bishops who agreed with Nestorius came from the eastern churches, and did not arrive at the council meeting before the decision was made. Most of the bishops who were at the meeting agreed with Cyril, and Nestorius was removed from his position as archbishop and sent into exile in Egypt. 

In the east, the churches still supported Nestorius, and did not accept his removal. As a result, they set up their own group of churches, known as the Assyrian Church of the East, in Persia.

380s births
450s deaths
Archbishops
Christian saints
Christian theologians
Eastern Christians
Syrian Christians
The Night of the Long Knives (German: ) or "Operation Hummingbird" () was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany. It happened between 30 June and 2 July 1934 when the Nazi regime executed at least 90 people for political reasons. Most of those killed were members of the "Storm Troopers" (SA) (German: ). 

Adolf Hitler moved against the SA and its leader, Ernst Röhm, because he saw the independence of the SA and the penchant of its members for street violence as a direct threat to his power. Hitler also wanted to forestall any move by leaders of the Reichswehr, the German military, who both feared and despised the SA, to curtail his rule, especially since Röhm made no secret of his ambition to absorb the Reichswehr with himself at its head. 

Finally, Hitler used the purge to go against conservative critics of his regime, especially those loyal to Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen, and to settle scores with old enemies, such as Kurt von Schleicher.

Other websites
The night of long Knives 

1934
1930s in Germany
Sturmabteilung
The Perito Moreno Glacier () is a glacier in the southwest of Santa Cruz province, Argentina. It is one of the most important tourist attractions in the Argentine Patagonia.

The 250 km² ice formation, of 30 km in length, is one of 48 glaciers fed by the Southern Patagonian Ice Field in the Andes system shared with Chile. This icefield is the world's third largest reserve of fresh water.

The Perito Moreno Glacier is one of only three Patagonian glaciers that are not retreating. Periodically the glacier advances over the L-shaped "Lago Argentino" ("Argentine Lake").  when it reaches the opposite shore, it forms a natural dam which separates the two halves of the lake. With no escape route, the water-level on the Brazo Rico side of the lake can rise by up to 30 meters above the level of the main lake. The enormous pressure produced by this mass of waters finally breaks the ice barrier holding it back, in a spectacular rupture event. This dam/rupture cycle is not regular and it naturally recurs at any frequency between once a year to less than once a decade.

The Perito Moreno glacier,  from El Calafate, was named after the explorer Francisco Moreno, a pioneer who studied the region in the 19th century and played a major role in defending the territory of Argentina in the conflict surrounding the international border dispute with Chile.

Other websites 

 Glacier Perito Moreno LIVE '08  (Español, English, Français, Portugues)
 Associated Press on the March 2006 breach 
 Santa Cruz Sub Secretary Of Tourism 
 Panoramic virtual tour of Perito Moreno 

Geography of Argentina
Catania is a city in the region of Sicily in Italy. It is on the east coast of Sicily, between Messina and Syracuse. It is the capital of the Province of Catania. 313.110 people live in and over 800,000 around Catania. This makes it the second largest city in Sicily. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification).

Demographics 
As of December 2007, 298,957 people were living in Catania. 47,2% are male and 52,8% are female. 20,5% are younger than 18 years and 18,9% are pensioners. Between 2002 and 2007 3,35% of the people left the city. Nearly everyone is Catholic.

Twin towns - sister cities 

Catania is twinned with:

 Phoenix, Arizona, USA
 Grenoble, France (1961)
 Ottawa, Canada

References 

Capital cities in Italy
Cities in Sicily
Messina (in sicilian Missìna) is a city in the region of Sicily. It is the capital of the Province of Messina. About 250,000 people live in and about 500,000 people live around Messina. This makes it the third-largest city in Sicily. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

References 

Capital cities in Italy
Cities in Sicily
Skara Brae () is a large stone-built Neolithic settlement on the Bay of Skaill on the west coast of mainland Orkney, Scotland. It consists of ten houses, and was occupied from roughly 3100–2500BC. It is Europe's most complete Neolithic village. The level of preservation is such that it is a main part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Heart of Neolithic Orkney. This is one of four UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Scotland, the others being the Old Town and New Town of Edinburgh; New Lanark in South Lanarkshire; and St Kilda in the Western Isles.

Discovery and features 
Until 1850, Skara Brae lay under years of soil sediment when in the winter of that year a large storm stripped the grass from the large mound known as Skerrabra.

The outline of several of stone buildings was revealed and initial excavations were undertaken by William Watt, the laird of Skaill. It was fully excavated between 1928 and 1930 by Vere Gordon Childe following another storm in 1926.

Related pages 
Heart of Neolithic Orkney
St Kilda
Edinburgh Old & New towns
New Lanark
The Antonine Wall is the most northerly part of the Frontiers of the Roman Empire World Heritage Site, shared with England (Hadrian's Wall) and Germany (Limes Germanicus).

References

Other websites

Historic Scotland Official Website
Orkneyjar

Neolithic
Buildings and structures in Scotland
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Orkney
José Nicholas Théodore (born September 13, 1976 in Laval, Quebec) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He plays for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League. Before that he played for the Montreal Canadiens where he won the Vezina and Hart trophies in 2001–02 before being traded to the Avalanche in 2006.

Other websites

1976 births
American Hockey League players
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Colorado Avalanche players
Florida Panthers players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hull Olympiques players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
Saint-Jean Lynx players
Swedish Hockey League players
Vezina Trophy winners
Washington Capitals players
Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Prince of Wales Conference

Clarence Campbell Conference

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

Finals
New York Islanders vs. Minnesota North Stars

New York wins the series 4–1.

NHL awards

All-Star teams

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1980–81 (listed with their first team, star(*) marks debut in playoffs):
 Barry Pederson, Boston Bruins
 Steve Kasper, Boston Bruins
 Denis Savard, Chicago Black Hawks
 Steve Larmer, Chicago Black Hawks
 Andy Moog, Edmonton Oilers
 Charlie Huddy, Edmonton Oilers
 Glenn Anderson, Edmonton Oilers
 Jari Kurri, Edmonton Oilers
 Paul Coffey, Edmonton Oilers
 Larry Murphy, Los Angeles Kings
 Dino Ciccarelli, Minnesota North Stars
 Don Beaupre, Minnesota North Stars
 Neal Broten, Minnesota North Stars
 Doug Wickenheiser, Montreal Canadiens
 Guy Carbonneau, Montreal Canadiens
 Rick Wamsley, Montreal Canadiens
 Brent Sutter, New York Islanders
 Rollie Melanson, New York Islanders
 Tim Kerr, Philadelphia Flyers
 Mike Bullard, Pittsburgh Penguins
 Anton Stastny, Quebec Nordiques
 Peter Stastny, Quebec Nordiques
 Dale Hunter, Quebec Nordiques
 Paul MacLean, St. Louis Blues
 Dave Babych, Winnipeg Jets

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1980–81 (listed with their last team):
 Jean Ratelle, Boston Bruins
 Terry Harper, Colorado Rockies
 Pete Mahovlich, Detroit Red Wings
 Tom Bladon, Detroit Red Wings
 Jean Potvin, New York Islanders
 Phil Esposito, New York Rangers
 Walt Tkaczuk, New York Rangers
 Ron Ellis, Toronto Maple Leafs
 Dennis Kearns, Vancouver Canucks
 Bobby Schmautz, Vancouver Canucks
 Dennis Ververgaert, Washington Capitals
 Guy Charron, Washington Capitals
 Wayne Stephenson, Washington Capitals
 Jude Drouin, Winnipeg Jets

Related pages
 List of Stanley Cup champions
 1980 NHL Entry Draft
 33rd National Hockey League All-Star Game
 National Hockey League All-Star Game
 1980 in sports
 1981 in sports

References
 Hockey Database
 NHL.com

1980 in the United States
1981 in the United States
This is a list of National Hockey League seasons since the first year of the league, and also of the league which turned into it, the National Hockey Association:

NHA 
1910 |
1910–11 |
1911–12 |
1912–13 |
1913–14 |
1914–15 |
1915–16 |
1916–17

Seasons started in January and ended in March until the 1910–11 season which was the first to start before the new year.

Early years 
1917–18 |
1918–19 |
1919–20 |
1920–21 |
1921–22 |
1922–23 |
1923–24 |
1924–25 |
1925–26 |
1926–27 |
1927–28 |
1928–29 |
1929–30 |
1930–31 |
1931–32 |
1932–33 |
1933–34 |
1934–35 |
1935–36 |
1936–37 |
1937–38 |
1938–39 |
1939–40 |
1940–41 |
1941–42

Original Six era 
1942–43 |
1943–44 |
1944–45 |
1945–46 |
1946–47 |
1947–48 |
1948–49 |
1949–50 |
1950–51 |
1951–52 |
1952–53 |
1953–54 |
1954–55 |
1955–56 |
1956–57 |
1957–58 |
1958–59 |
1959–60 |
1960–61 |
1961–62 |
1962–63 |
1963–64 |
1964–65 |
1965–66 |
1966–67

Expansion years to present 
1967–68 | 
1968–69 |
1969–70 |
1970–71 |
1971–72 |
1972–73 |
1973–74 |
1974–75 |
1975–76 |
1976–77 |
1977–78 |
1978–79 |
1979–80 |
1980–81 |
1981–82 |
1982–83 |
1983–84 |
1984–85 |
1985–86 |
1986–87 |
1987–88 |
1988–89 |
1989–90 |
1990–91 |
1991–92 |
1992–93 |
1993–94 |
1994–95 |
1995–96 |
1996–97 |
1997–98 |
1998–99 |
1999–2000 |
2000–01 |
2001–02 |
2002–03 |
2003–04 |
2004–05 (NHL Lockout) |
2005–06 |
2006–07 |
2007–08 |
2008–09 |
2009–10 |
2010–11 |
2011–12 |
2012–13 |
2013–14 |
2014–15 |
2015–16 |
2016–17 |
2017–18 |
2018–19 |
2019–20 |
2020–21

Related pages
 NHL Entry Draft
 List of Stanley Cup champions
 Timeline of the National Hockey League
 National Hockey League All-Star Game

Seasons
The 2006–07 NHL season was the 90th season of operation (89th season of play) of the National Hockey League (NHL). The 2007 Stanley Cup Playoffs began on April 11, 2007 and ended on June 6. The Anaheim Ducks won the Stanley Cup. They were the first team from California to win the Cup.

Regular season

Final standings

Red-shaded team won the Presidents' Trophy and home-ice advantage throughout the playoffs.

Orange-shaded team clinched the other conference.

Yellow-shaded teams clinched the other four divisions.

Green-shaded teams clinched the remaining ten playoff berths.

Numbers in parentheses indicate ranking in conference. Division leaders are automatically ranked 1–3. These three, plus the next five teams in the conference standings, earn playoff berths at the end of the season.

Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points

Eastern Conference

Western Conference

Tiebreaking Procedures 

If two or more clubs are tied in points during the regular season, the standing of the clubs is decided in the following order:

 The fewer number of games played (i.e., superior points percentage).
 The greater number of games won.
 The greater number of points earned in games between the tied clubs.
 The difference between goals for and against.

Scoring leaders 

Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/– = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalty Minutes

Leading goaltenders 
Note: GP = Games Played; TOI = Time On Ice (minutes); W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/Shootout Losses; GA = Goals Against; SO = Shutouts; Sv% = Save Percentage; GAA = Goals Against Average

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

Finals 
Anaheim Ducks vs. Ottawa Senators

NHL awards

All-Star teams

First games 
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 2006–07:
 Niklas Backstrom, Minnesota Wild
 Yutaka Fukufuji, Los Angeles Kings (first Japanese NHL player)
 Phil Kessel, Boston Bruins
 Anze Kopitar, Los Angeles Kings
 Evgeni Malkin, Pittsburgh Penguins
 Alexander Radulov, Nashville Predators
 Jordan Staal, Pittsburgh Penguins
 Paul Stastny, Colorado Avalanche

Last games 
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 2006–07 (listed with their last team):
 Matthew Barnaby, Dallas Stars
 Peter Bondra, Chicago Blackhawks
 Sean Burke, Los Angeles Kings
 Eric Lindros, Dallas Stars
 Scott Mellanby, Atlanta Thrashers
 Joe Nieuwendyk, Florida Panthers
 Mike Ricci, Phoenix Coyotes
 Patrik Stefan, Dallas Stars
 Pierre Turgeon, Colorado Avalanche

References

Other websites 

 NHL.com
 Hockey Database

NHL Season
A walrus is a marine mammal, the only species of the family Odobenidae, which is one of the three pinniped families. They live in the cold northern seas around North America and Europe.

Description
Walruses have lots of things similar to true seals and eared seals. Like true seals, they just have a hole for an ear - not ear flaps. Like eared seals, they can rotate their back flippers forward to walk on land. Like both true seals and eared seals, they are very good swimmers and divers. However, walruses do have some features that neither true seals nor eared seals have.

The most famous thing about walruses are their tusks. Even though they are called tusks, they are actually teeth growing out of their mouth, a bit like the narwhal. The tusks grow for about 15 years before they reach their full length, which is about  for males and  for females.

Both the male and female walrus grow tusks. They can use it to protect themselves from polar bears and killer whales, and use them when they eat. When they eat bigger prey such as seals and small whales, they first tear them apart with their tusks to make them easier to eat. Another important use of a walrus's tusks is to pull itself out onto the ice. Pushing its tusks into the ice, the walrus gets extra help hauling its huge body out of the sea. This is probably how walruses got their family name Odobenidae, which comes from Greek words meaning "one that walks with teeth". They do not walk with their teeth, but it can look as if they do when they pull themselves out of the water. Their tusks can also be used to cut holes in the ice. Tusks are slightly longer and thicker among males, who use them for fighting, dominance and display; the strongest males with the largest tusks typically dominate social groups. Tusks are also used to form and maintain holes in the ice and aid the walrus in climbing out of water onto ice.

Walruses are very big, even compared to big male sea lions. When they are all grown up, they can weigh more than 3,000 pounds. The walruses that live in the Atlantic Ocean are a little smaller than the ones in the Pacific Ocean. Both kinds like to stay in the cold north. With all their blubber, which can be as much as six inches thick, they are very comfortable in icy water.

Features 
Walruses are usually brown, but walruses can change colour depending on how warm they are. They are usually different kinds of brown, but as they get warmer, their skin can turn pink. This is because as they get warmer, blood rushes to the skin to try to cool it.

The walrus has an air sac under its throat which acts like a flotation bubble and allows it to bob vertically in the water while sleeping. 

The males have a large penis bone, up to  in length, the largest of any land mammal, both in absolute size and relative to body size.

References 

Pinnipeds
Hattrick  is an online football manager game created by  Björn Holmér. It was released on 20 August 1997. The game has an estimated user amount of 1.000.000 ( one million) spread in over 120 countries.

If one registers himself as user he will  receive a team. The user will then play in a competition with other managers. The user has to care for the whole team. This can be done by buying and selling players, training players, creating tactics and by creating line ups.

Community 

Hattrick has a 'strong' community. Because of that, not only the forums in-game are active but also those on external sites.

Hattrick Ltd. 
Hattrick is property of Hattrick Ltd. The CEO is Johan Gustafson.

Other websites 
 Official website

Online games
1997 video games
The Simpson Desert is a very dry part of Australia. It is mainly in the Northern Territory, but also in the north of South Australia and western Queensland. It covers about 176,500 square km, about 2.3% of Australia. The Simpson Desert gets less than 150 ml of rain each year. It is made up of big red sand dunes up to  high,  long and about  apart. At most times there is no surface water, but after rain there can be rivers which flow into normally dry lakes. Temperatures in summer can be more than 50 C, and in winter can be below 0 C.

Early explorers into the Simpson Desert were Charles Sturt 1845, J.McKinlay, W.O. Hodgkinson, C.Winneke 1883, A.Poeppel 1879. The desert was named after A.A.Simpson, President of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia in 1929. The first European to cross the desert was Ted Colson in 1936. 

No proper roads cross the desert. There are many tracks that were made during the search for gas and oil during the 1960s and 1970s. These tracks include the French Line, the Rig Road, and the QAA Line. Such tracks can be driven on by well-equipped four-wheel drive vehicles which must carry extra fuel and water.

Towns close to the edge of the Simpson Desert include Oodnadatta to the southwest, and Birdsville in the east. On the western side is the Mount Dare hotel and shop. Before 1980, part of the Commonwealth Railways Central Australian line passed along the western side of the Simpson Desert. Within the Simpson people go to see the ruins at Dalhousie Springs, Purnie Bore wetlands, Approdinna Attora Knoll and Poeppel Corner (where Queensland, South Australia and Northern Territory meet).

References

Deserts of Australia
Yves Saint Laurent (1 August 1936 – 1 June 2008) was a French fashion designer. Born Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent in Algeria, he was "one of the greatest figures in French fashion in the 20th century".

In 1985, in her book, Couture: the Great Fashion Designers, Caroline Rennolds Milbank wrote, "The most consistently celebrated and influential designer of the past twenty-five years, Yves Saint Laurent can be credited both with spurring couture's rise from its Sixties ashes and with finally rendering ready-to-wear reputable". 

Saint Laurent took over from Christian Dior as the chief designer of the House of Dior (now Christian Dior S.A.). Dior, who founded the company after the Second World War, died in 1957. Saint Laurent was promoted, and proved to be a brilliant choice. Saint Laurent completed six fashion collections before he was called up for military service in 1960.

Military service was a disaster for Saint Laurent, who was invalided out, suffering from mental illness. The House of Dior fired him, but he was able to set up his own fashion house with backing from an American millionaire. For the rest of his life the Yves Saint Laurent fashion house was at the top of Parisian couture.

Saint Laurent was openly gay. He and his partner Pierre Bergé had an impressive art collection, which was sold by auction at Christie's in Paris, 2009. The proceeds, about 300 million euros, was used to set up a foundation for AIDS research.

Saint Laurent died of brain cancer in Paris, France, aged 71.

References 

Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from brain cancer
French fashion designers
French LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT fashion designers
1936 births
2008 deaths
Philosophy of language is the study of how languages were created and are used. It is part of Linguistics. In continental philosophy, it is not treated as a subject by itself, but Ludwig Wittgenstein and other analytic philosophers placed particular stress on it.

 Problems 
Like all philosophies, there are some central questions that are important in philosophy of language:
 What does it mean for a word to mean something ? Why do some words have the same meaning ? How can we ever know if a word means something or not ? Why are some orderings of words meaningful, while others are not ?
 How are languages learnt ? How do they change ?
 How important are languages in communication ?
 How do we translate from one language into another ?
 What does truth have to do with language ?

History
Ancient Greek
Plato was the first philosopher we know was interested in philosophy of language although his teacher Socrates probably was too He believed that the smallest parts of words phonemes had meaning even if they were outside the words they are in This is not a very good theory and Plato understood that there were things wrong with it The Stoics also made a complicated philosophy of The Middle Ages The medieval scholars, such as William Occam also were interested in philosophy of language Occam was the first philosopher to think about the possibility of a mental language He also discussed how a word can refer to both its meaning and the actual word itself Modernity 
Philosophy of language only became more popular in the twentieth century, when Ferdinand de Saussure wrote his book Course in general linguistics Since then philosophy of language has played an important part in philosophy as a whole

Related pages
 Ordinary language philosophy
 Philosophy of science
 Semiotics

Branches of philosophy
John Edward Gray FRS (12 February 1800 – 7 March 1875) studied medicine in London, and became an English zoologist.

Gray was Keeper of Zoology at the British Museum from 1840 until Christmas 1874. That was before the natural history holdings were split off to be the Natural History Museum.

Gray published several catalogues of the museum collections which discussed animal groups and described new species. He improved the collections to make them amongst the best in the world.

During his life he wrote over 500 academic papers, mostly on new species.

Gray was also interested in postage stamps; on 1 May 1840, the day the Penny Black first went on sale, he bought some to keep, thus making him the world's first known stamp collector.

Works (partial list)
 1825 : An outline of an attempt at the disposition of the Mammalia into tribes and families with a list of the genera apparently appertaining to each tribe. Annals of Philosophy (ns) 10 : 337-344.
 1826 : Vertebrata: Mammalia. (Appendix B in part). p. 412-415 in King P.P. (ed) Narrative of a survey of the intertropical and western coasts of Australia. Performed between the years 1818 and 1822. With an appendix, containing various subjects relating to hydrography and natural history. London: J. Murray, vol. 2.
 1827 : Synopsis of the species of the class Mammalia. p. 1-391 in Baron G. Cuvier The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization, with additional descriptions by Edward Griffith and others. (16 vols: 1827-1835). London: George B. Whittaker, vol. 5.
 1828 : Spicilegia Zoologica, or original figures and short systematic descriptions of new and unfigured animals. Pt 1. London: Treuttel, Würtz & Co.
 1830 : A synopsis of the species of the class Reptilia. pp 1–110 in Griffith E. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the Baron Cuvier. London: Whitaker and Treacher, vol. 9 : 481 + 110 p.
 
 1845: Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum.
 Petit, Richard E. 2012. John Edward Gray (1800–1875): his malacological publications and molluscan taxa. Zootaxa 3214: 1-125

Further reading

Other websites 
 
 John Edward Gray, the Indian Pond Heron and Walsall

1800 births
1875 deaths
British zoologists
English science writers
Philatelists
Fellows of the Royal Society
British naturalists
British ornithologists
British scientists
English biologists
English botanists
{{infobox book | 
| name          = Rocannon's World
| title_orig    = 
| translator    = 
| author        = Ursula K. Le Guin
| illustrator   = 
| cover_artist  = Gerald McConnell
| country       = United States
| language      = English
| series        = Hainish Cycle
| genre         = Science fiction
| published     = 1966 (Ace Books)
| media_type    = Print (Paperback)
| pages         = 117
| isbn          = 0-8240-1424-3
| dewey= 813/.5/4
| congress= PZ4.L518 Ro4 PS3562.E42
| oclc          = 9159033
| preceded_by   = 
| followed_by   = Planet of Exile (1966)
}}Rocannon's World was Ursula K. Le Guin's first book.  It was written in 1966 as an Ace Double with Avram Davidson's The Kar-Chee Reign.'' The book is part of the Hainish Cycle.

1966 books
Hainish Cycle
Procrastination is the behavior of putting off actions or tasks to a later time. It can be a very bad thing to do because you do not get enough things done.

References

Other websites    

CalPoly - Procrastination  - analysis of procrastinating behavior and possible cures
Article about a possible cure for procrastination

Habits
Human behavior