cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Model, models, or modeling can mean: An abstract (idea, theory, simulation) or smaller approximation of an object or system for testing. (Like a car, building or ship.)

Ideas, concepts or software 
 Business model
 Model (abstract), an abstract or conceptual object used in the creation of math to predict its behavior
 Causal model
 Mathematical model
 Scientific model
 Model Driven Engineering, a software development technique based on abstract models
 Metamodeling, a model of a model
 Molecular modelling, used to mimic the behaviour of molecules
 Geologic modelling
 The Standard Model, the theory in particle physics which describes certain fundamental forces and particles
 Computer model, a computer program which attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system, usually builds upon a mathematical model
 Model theory, study of the representation of mathematical concepts
 Mental model, a person's way of thinking of an idea or thought process
 Similitude (model), in engineering, used in the scientific testing of physical models
 Working Model, engineering software

Physical or smaller objects 
 Model (physical), a physical representation of an object
 Solid modelling, study of unambiguous representations of the solid parts of an object
 Scale model, a replica or prototype of an object
 Model building, a hobby centered around construction of material replicas
 3D model, a 3D polygonal representation of an object, usually displayed with a computer
 Model (computer games), in 3D computer graphics, a computer generated image of a character or an object

Persons or occupations 
 Model (art), a person who poses for purposes of art, for example in art school (often known as an artist's model)
 Model (person), a person whose occupation is to display products, e.g. a fashion model
 Supermodel, a person who attains celebrity status through fashion modeling
 Promotional model, a person who advertises a product or service
 Role model, a person who serve as a good example to others

Other 
 Walther Model, German general in World War II
 Movement for Democracy in Liberia, MoDeL
 Models (band), an alternative rock group from Australia

Related pages
 Models of nature
 Modeling languages
 General-purpose modeling (GPM)
 Domain-specific modelling (DSM)
 Meta-modeling
Commercial could mean:

 Advertising, commercial messages
 Radio commercial,  via the medium of radio
 Television advertisement, promoted via the medium of television
  Commerce, the voluntary exchange of goods, services, or both
 Trade, the trading of something of economic value such as goods, services, information or money
 Commercial broadcasting, the act of broadcasting for profit
 Commercial Drive (Vancouver), a roadway in the city of Vancouver
 Commercial Solutions, a company in Edmonton
 Commercial Township, New Jersey, in Cumberland County, New Jersey
 Commercial aviation, transporting passengers or cargo
The first official flag of the Soviet Union was adopted in December 1922 at the first congress of the Soviets' USSR. The red flag of the communist party was adopted as the national flag.

History 
On 30 December 1922, the congress Declaration and Agreement on the establishment of the USSR. Article 22 of the Agreement states: 'the USSR has a flag, coat of arms and a state seal.'.

On 6 July 1923, it was decided that the flag was to consist of a red cloth with the state coat of arms of the Soviet Union in the centre. The unusual flag format 1:4 was selected. This flag was used however never to used very much and was only used officially for four months.

The third meeting of the Exekutive committees of the Soviet Union changed the flag on 12 November 1923 into the more well-known version. The more common format 1:2 was selected. The state coat of arms was replaced by a gold sickle and hammer, and a red five-pointed star bordered in gold above them.

Changes to the shape of the hammer and sickle and the shade of red were made in 1955.  This design stayed the national flag until the break-up of the Soviet Union on 3 December 1991.

References

Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The coat of arms of the Soviet Union is the symbol of the Soviet Union. It was accepted in 1923 and was used until the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.

Design 
The coat of arms has a hammer and sickle, a red star over the Earth, and two ears of wheat covered by red ribbons. Each ribbon has a different language on it, showing the motto of the Soviet Union.

History 
On 6 July 1923, the Central Executive Committee (CIK) started a project to create the coat of arms. It was finished on 22 September 1923. The constitution of the Soviet Union confirmed the new coat of arms officially in 1924. At first it had six red ribbons on the ears of wheat. The motto "Workers of the World, Unite!" was written on each ribbon, each in a different language. The first six languages were Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian, Armenian, and Turko-Tatar.

Over the next several years, many more languages were added. In 1937 there were 11 languages, and in 1946, there were 16. In 1956 the Finnish text from the coat of arms was removed, and up to the end of the Soviet Union there were 15 languages on the coat of arms.

Soviet Union
Soviet Union
1923 establishments in the Soviet Union
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Kornwestheim is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is the third largest town of the Ludwigsburg district, behind Ludwigsburg and Bietigheim Bissingen.

Since 1956, Kornwestheim has been an administrative district town in Baden-Württemberg.

Geography
Kornwestheim lies about 10 km in the north of Stuttgart. In the southwest Neckarbecken at the east edge of the Strohgäus within the Langes Feld. In the town, the Gänsbach flows east towards the Neckar.

Neighbouring towns
The following towns and municipalities share a border with Kornwestheim (clockwise beginning in the west):
Möglingen, Ludwigsburg and Remseck at the Neckar (all district Ludwigsburg) as well as Stuttgart (urban area)

Town layout 
The municipality of Kornwestheim consists of the town centre and Pattonville. The latter became a part of Kornwestheim only at the beginning of the 1990s, having belonged to the Gemarkung Aldingen initially. The settlement was established in 1954 by the US army. After their departure a Company bought the area from the Federal Republic of Germany and divided it between the towns of Kornwestheim and  Remseck am Neckar. Pattonville has since been converted from a military to a civilian settlement.

Town hall tower 

The tower of Kornwestheim's town hall was built in the year 1935 by the architect Paul Bonatz. It serves not only as town hall tower, but also as water tower with a container of 800 cubic meters volumes and as clock tower.

Population

References
Giancarlo Fisichella (born 14 January, 1973 in Rome) is an Italian driver and drives at present in Formula One with the Renault F1-Team.

Career 

First time Formula 1 	10. March 1996 GP of Australia
Team 	Minardi (1996), Jordan (1997), Benetton (1998 - 2001), Jordan (2002 - 2003), clean (2004), Renault (since 2005)
Current team 	Renault (2006)
Number of Grand Prix 	174 (since 1996)
Start 	174
Best WM-result 	Place 5, with 58 points (2005), at present WM-fourth with 52 points
WM-points altogether 	226
First points 	27. April 1997 GP of San Marino, 4. Place
Points per start 	1,23
Guidance rounds 	127
Guidance kilometer 	629,414
Victories 	3
First victory 	6. April 2003 GP of Brazil in 109. Run
Last victory 	19. March 2006 GP of Malaysia
Second places 	5
Third places 	5
Podium places 	13
First podium place 	15. June 1997 GP of Canada, 3. Place
Last podium place 	19. March 2006 GP of Malaysia, 1. Place
Poles position 	3
First poles position 	26. July 1998 GP of Austria
Last poles position 	18. March 2006 GP of Malaysia
Fastest rounds 	2
Terminated running 	99
Terminated running in the points 	60
Losses 	60
Momentary WM-placement 	4.
Conditions 	27. August 2006 GP of Turkey

Formula One drivers
is a Japanese martial art.  It was developed in the former Ryūkyū Kingdom in what is now Okinawa Prefecture.

Karate uses all parts of the human body as a weapon such as the hand, fist, elbow, leg and knee. 
Karate training has three main sections:
  is learning the basic techniques or fundamentals;
 　is the training of form, the specific order and way of using techniques;
  is to learn how to fight using those techniques.

History of Karate 
Gichin Funakoshi, a school teacher from the island of Okinawa, introduced Karate to mainland Japan in the early 1900s. Traditional karate is different from boxing, wrestling and kickboxing: in karate, there is just as much importance on the strength of the mind and good manners as there is on strength of the body and self-defence to use when you're in trouble.

Karate became more known around the world because of Karate movies in the 1960s and 1970s. Now people all over the world learn Karate.

After World War II, Karate also became popular in Korea, where a local variation appeared, it is called "tangsudo".

The full name of Karate is "Karate-do" which means "the way of the empty hand" in English.

There are many schools or styles of karate, including
 Gōjū-ryū
 Sankukai
 Shitō-ryū
 Shōtōkan
 Wadō-ryū

A person who does Karate is called a "karateka".  Notable Karateka include: Gichin Funakoshi, Yoshitaka Funakoshi, Shigeru Egami, Masutatsu Oyama, and Fumio Demura.

Karate Clothing 

When people practice Karate, they wear special clothes called a karategi. The karategi is made up of a white jacket and white pants. People who practice Karate also wear a colored belt, which tells other people their rank. The belt shows how long you have trained rather than how good you are. Two people wearing different colored belts can be surprisingly similar.

Different schools of Karate have different colours of belts for their ranks. You cannot know precisely how good they are without either asking them or knowing how their school arranges the belt colours in ranks. Usually the black belt is for the students who try very hard to be the best that they can be for a long time.

Some schools have several degrees of black belts. They show this by having a white stripe, called a Dan, on the one end of the belt, for the black belt degree the person has. For instance a "3 Dan black belt" would have 3 white stripes on his black belt and would be higher ranked than a "1 Dan black belt".

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan

References

Other websites
Kickboxing is a descriptive term for martial arts that, while similar to boxing, use the feet just like the hands to hit. Kickboxing can be practiced for general health, or as the fight sport. The word kickboxing represents a set of disciplines or sports of combat that use the feet and the fists. Especially, kickboxing is one of the disciplines of Boxe pieds-poings which was developed at first by the Japaneses and afterwards by the North Americans. There are different kinds of kick boxing, most popular form is one where kicks are allowed towards head & torso only.

In the middle of the years 1960, the Japanese Kurosaki, who trained in Kyokushinkai Karate, travelled to Thailand discovering Thai boxing. In his returning to the Japan decided to combine his techniques of karate with that of Thai boxing, removing elbow strikes (the Americans also removed knee strikes), so a new sport called "kickboxing" was born. 

Among the non-Japaneses that gained more successes, a special consideration should be given to Frenchman Christian Guillaume who in 1969 gained four victories and two draws; and American Benny "The Jet" Urquidez who in 1977 defeated Tatsuyuki Suzuki in four rounds. 

In 1973 Urquidez and Howard Hanson created the W.K.A. (World Karate Association), changing years after the "K" de karate for that of Kick-Boxing. 

The more known champions are Rob Kaman, Benny Urquidez, Dennis Alexio, Ernesto Hoost, and Marek Piotrowski.

Rules 
The punches and kicks are permitted for above the waist, the sweepings and the low kicks (kicks to the thigh) also are permitted. 

The "amateur" combats take place in three rounds, and the professional ones last five rounds; 10 in championships of Europe and 12 in the championships of the world, with a one-minute half-time (break) between rounds. 

The kicks to the thigh (low kick) usually decide about the difference in the combats.

Equipment 
Pants (long or short), boxing gloves and protectors for the teeth and for the genitals; in the female combats, women should also wear protector of chest and boots (not required in the professional combats).

Other websites 
 World association of all styles Kickboxing Organizations (W.A.S.K.O.) 
 The World Kickboxing & Karate Association (W.K.A.)- Prof & Amateur Kickboxing 
 International Sports Kickboxing Association (I.S.K.A)- Prof & Amateur Kickboxing
 International Kickboxing Federation (IKF) - Prof & Amateur Kickboxing
 International Kickboaxing Board of Control (IKBC)
 World Kickboxing Network (W.K.N.)
 World Kickboxing Union (W.K.U.)
 World Kickboxing Federation (W.K.F.)
 World Federation of Kickboxing (WFK) 
 World International kickboxing league (I.K.L.) 
 Professional Kickboxing Association (P.K.A) 
 Muay Thai Kickboxing (M.T.K) 
 Kickboxing Guide (Premier)
Robert Józef Kubica (born 7 December 1984 in Krakow) is a Polish racing driver.

On 1 December 2005, Kubica got to test in Formula One for the Renault F1 Team. After the test, he was hired by the BMW Sauber F1 team as the test and reserve driver for the 2006 F1 season. 

Robert Kubica got the chance to race in the Hungarian Grand Prix replacing the departing Jacques Villeneuve for the remainder of the 2006 season. On 10 September 2006 he drove to an impressive third place and became the first Polish driver on the podium in Formula 1. This led to Kubica getting a full-time drive for the BMW outfit in 2007.

In 2008 Kubica has good season. He took the first pole position for BMW Sauber. At the Canadian Grand Prix Kubica won after a long fight with teammate Nick Heidfeld. It was first win in the race for BMW.

After BMW announced they were leaving Formula 1 in 2009, Kubica joined the French team Renault F1.

2011 

On February 6, 2011, Kubica was in a bad crash while competing in a rally race. He was driving a Škoda Auto in the Ronde di Andora. His car ran off the road and crashed at high speed into a wall. He was removed from the car, and air-lifted to hospital by helicopter. His co-driver, Jacub Gerber, was unhurt. Gerber was able to get out of the wrecked car.

Kubica's condition was reported to be serious. Reports say that he has several fractures to his right arm, leg and hand. It was reported that his hand was crushed. Doctors are trying repair the damage to his hand.

On February 6, Kubica had seven hours of surgery to repair his injures. Lotus Renault GP has reported that he is doing better and his recovery encouraging. He was able to talk to his doctors and family. Kubica "is ready to fight for his comeback." He will need several more surgeries to repair the damage. He will also need to stay in the hospital for about three weeks.

Renault announced that Nick Heidfeld will replace Kubica starting at the test in Barcelona. Eleven weeks after his accident, Kubica was released from the hospital. He plans a short rest at his home before starting the rehabilitation treatment. He is optimistic about his progress.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.
 As Kubica was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.

Complete Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

Complete Formula Three Euroseries results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

* Season still in progress.
 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

References

Other websites 

1984 births
Living people
People from Kraków
Polish sportspeople
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
Grady Sizemore III (born August 2, 1982) is a retired American baseball player. He played for four Major League Baseball teams: the Cleveland Indians, Boston Red Sox, Philadelphia Phillies, and Tampa Bay Rays. He was a center fielder.

Sizemore graduated from Cascade High School in Everett, Washington in 2000. A notable high school star in football, basketball, and baseball, Sizemore signed a letter of intent to play football and baseball at the University of Washington. At the time of his high school graduation, Sizemore was the Cascade all-time leader in rushing yards with 3,081 yards and interceptions with 16.

Sizemore did not play for the college because the Expos selected Sizemore in the 3rd round of the 2000 Draft. The team offered him a $2 million signing bonus for him not to play for the college. Sizemore signed and almost immediately began his quick climb to the big leagues. 

In 2002, he was traded to the Cleveland Indians by the Montreal Expos.

In 2006, Sizemore was selected to his first All-Star Game as a reserve outfielder.

Sizemore currently resides in Mill Creek, Washington and Tempe, Arizona.

Other websites 

 

1982 births
Living people
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Seattle, Washington
Tempe, Arizona
Boston Red Sox players
Cleveland Indians players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Tampa Bay Rays players
Everett is a city in the American state of Washington.  It is the county seat of Snohomish County. 103,019 people live there.

The city is where Boeing builds many of its airplanes, like the Boeing 747 and Boeing 787. It is also where the United States Navy has a base called Naval Station Everett.

Other websites 
 City website

County seats in Washington
Hoyerswerda (Upper Sorbian: Wojerecy, Lower Sorbian: Wórjejce) is a city in the north of the Saxonian Upper Lusatia, lying  north east of Cottbus and  from Dresden, (Saxony). It is in the Sorbian settlement area. The city is one of the six centers of the Free State of Saxony and is a member of the Euroregion Neisse, a group which helps international trade and cooperation in the area.

History

First mention of Hoyerswerda
The first time Hoyerswerda was mentioned in a document was in 1268. In the year 1371 the emperor Karl IV. made it a market place. The people were allowed to choose their own council . This right was given to them by Baron von Duba. In the year 1705 the Elector of Saxony August the Strong gave Hoyerswerda to Katharina of Teschen. She was an important person in the small town. She helped the town to develop its trade and handicraft.

In 1759, during the Seven-Years War between Prussia and Saxony, there was a fight between Austrian and Prussian troops which is called: the Battle of Hoyerswerda.

The Prussian invaders
After the Congress of Vienna in the year 1815 Hoyerswerda was given to Prussia. In 1825 it became part of Selesia. In 1873 the railway came to Hoyerswerda – opening up access to other parts of the country. This brought economic prosperity. A large repair workshop was built. In 1912 the Sorbians formed an organization called "Domowina" in Hoyerswerda. In the year 1945 a lot of Hoyerswerda was destroyed because it was a military stronghold of the German army. The invading troops of the Red Army set parts of the city on fire.

In 1955 the brown coal industry developed close to the city. Today this industry is partly in Brandenburg. Houses were built here for the families of the people working in the industry. From 1957 the need of for housing increased even more. The first large blocks of flats were built. Altogether ten residential complexes were built creating housing for tens of thousands of people. In the year 1981 the number of inhabitants of the city reached its maximum of 71.124. At this time Hoyerswerda had the highest birth rate in the GDR. In 1990 the former Prussian province of Lower Saxony decided by popular vote to go over to the Free State Saxony.

After the GDR
In 1991 rioting took place in Hoyerswerda outside a hostel for foreign asylum-seekers. People used the word Ausländerfrei (foreigner-free). This word was voted the Unwort (politically incorrect word) of 1991.

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain many people have left the town. Since the number of inhabitants continued to decrease after 1999, many iron buildings were pulled down. From 1 January 2008 Hoyerswerda will no longer be able to rule itself as there will be changes to the administration of Saxony, and Hoyerswerda will become part of a district (Kreis) instead of being a kreisfreie Stadt.

References

Other website
 Official website

Bautzen Rural District
Cities in Saxony
The Hamburger Sport-Verein (short HSV) is German Sportsclub from Hamburg and became known particularly by its football crews. The man crew of the HSV created it thereby as an only soccer association, 43 years long continuously in the Bundesliga to play and was always first-class since the establishment union in the year 1919 as only German association. The woman football crew Hamburg sports association plays likewise in the 1. Federal league. The football team is playing their homegames in the HSH Nordbank Arena.

The first ice hockey woman crew plays in the first federal league.

The first table tennis gentleman crew plays for many years in the second federal league.

Further kinds of sport of the association are Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Cricket, Golf, Gymnastics, Handball, Ice hockey, Roller hockey, Carats, Athletics, Rugby, swimming, tennis, Tournament dance and Volleyball.

The HSV is with 40.000 members the third biggest association of Germany.

League position

Former position 

Fußball-Bundesliga
German football clubs
Sport in Hamburg
1887 establishments in Europe
1880s establishments in Germany
Borussia Dortmund (BVB) is a German Sports club in Dortmund. It is most noted for its football team that plays in the Bundesliga. Dortmund is one of the most successful clubs in German football history.

Besides football, the club has handball and table tennis departments since the end of 2004, the club also has a fan section, which represents the interests of the team supporters. In the 2010/11 season the matches were visited by an average of 79.151 people. This means that 98,1 percent of the seats were sold.

The official name reads ball play association Borussia 1909 registered association Dortmund and frequently shortened with BVB or BVB 09. The club was the first German team to win an international title (1965 Cup Winners Cup against Liverpool FC) and also the first to win the newly installed UEFA Champions League (1997, final 3-1 win about Juventus).

Football 
The football (soccer) team plays their home games in the Signal Iduna Park (formerly Westfalen Stadion) in Dortmund. Borussia Dortmund competes in the highest german league, the Bundesliga.

League position

Former position

Players

Current squad

Out on loan

1997 UEFA Champions League Winning Squad

Manager history since the start of the German Bundesliga

Honors

Domestic
*German Champions:
Winners (8): 1955–56, 1956–57, 1962–63, 1994–95, 1995–96, 2001–02, 2010–11, 2011–12
Runners-up (4): 1948–49, 1960–61, 1965–66, 1991–92, 2012-13, 2013-14, 2015-16, 2018-19, 2019-20

DFB-Pokal
Winners (2): 1964–65, 1988–89, 2011-12, 2016-17, 2020-21
Runners-up (2): 1962–63, 2007–08, 2013-2014, 2014-15, 2015-16

DFB-Supercup/DFL-Supercup
Winners (3): 1989, 1995, 1996, 2013, 2014, 2019
Runners-up (1): 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2020, 2021

DFB-Ligapokal
Runners-up (1): 2003

European

 UEFA Champions League
Winners (1): 1996–97
Runners-Up (1): 2012-13

 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
Winners (1): 1965–66

 UEFA CupRunners-up (2): 1992–93, 2001–02

 UEFA Super CupRunners-up (1): 1997

WorldwideIntercontinental Cup'Winners (1)'': 1997

References

Other websites 

Fußball-Bundesliga
German football clubs
Dortmund
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
1909 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in Germany
The Palace of Soviets (Russian: Dvorjez Sovjetov / Дворец Советов) was a building project planned by the government of the Soviet Union. A contest was held for the architectural design of the building from 1931 until 1933. Construction was started on the building in 1937, but was stopped in 1941 because of World War II. The building was going to be used as a administrative center and meeting place. It was to be built in Moscow near the Kremlin. The palace would have had a height of 415m. This would have made it the largest building of the world at that time.

The building was designed by the architect Boris Iofan. During its design, there were many changes to how it would look and to the location of the palace in Moscow.

Soviet Union
Palaces in Russia
Allianz Arena (; known as Fußball Arena München for UEFA competitions) is a football stadium in the north of Munich, Germany. Bayern Munich, TSV 1860 München and the Germany national football team use this stadium. The stadium offers 69,901 seats.

The stadium was used for the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final.

Construction 

The stadium took about 340 million Euros to make. The stadium was made with real grass. The architect was Herzog & de Meuron and ArupSport.

International tournament matches

2006 FIFA World Cup 
The stadium was one of the venues for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. However, due to sponsorship contracts, the arena was called FIFA World Cup Stadium Munich during the World Cup.

The following games were played at the stadium during the World Cup of 2006:

UEFA Euro 2020 
The stadium hosted three group stage matches and one quarter-finals match at the UEFA Euro 2020.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of Allianz Arena Facts and Figures Section provides details like the amount of concrete used, composition of the facade, facade lighting etc.
 
 Seat Plan of the Allianz Arena
 Allianz Arena – video
 Allianz Arena Guide and Images

Buildings and structures in Munich
Football stadiums in Germany
Sport in Bavaria
The Veltins-Arena (between 2001-2005 Arena AufSchalke) in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, is the stadium of the German member of the soccer federal league FC Schalke 04. The Veltins arena is one of the most modern stages of the world and possesses since June 2015 a capacity of 62.271 spectators with plays on national level, with international plays due to the standing place prohibition of 54,740 spectators. Apart from the actual use as football stadium of the FC Schalke 04 also different meetings, like concerts, take place in this multi-function arena. Due to the outline of the Rhine stadium in Duesseldorf the arena became occasionally also venue of the Home plays of the American football crew Rhine Fire.

The Veltins arena got 2004 lent of the UEFA the status of a 5-Stars-Stadium. The comment of the UEFA delegation read even: The place of event will the requirements more than fair and could even than ‚six star Stadion' be evaluated. It may align thereby final games of the UEFA champions League and the UEFA cup.

Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Football stadiums in Germany
Gelsenkirchen
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
The Fußball-Club Gelsenkirchen-Schalke 04, commonly known as FC Schalke 04, is a successful and popular German football  club.

It plays in Gelsenkirchen. With more than 80.313 members (15. Dezember 2009) at present it is the second largest Sportsclub of Germany and has departments for football, basketball, table tennis, handball and athletics. Since August 2001 the association plays its home plays in the Veltins arena (to 30 June 2005 Veltins Arena), one of the most modern stages of the world. In the coat of arms a white G is to be recognized, which stands for Gelsenkrichen.

There exists a great rivalry between Schalke 04 and Borussia Dortmund. The reason is the honorable competition of these clubs which live in neighborhood. Since the first match in 1925 there have been 135 matches. Schalke won 55 of them, Dortmund won 45 and 35 ended in a draw. In the 2009–10 Bundesliga season Schalke won both matches.

Football 
The football team is playing their home plays in the Veltins Arena. 61,673 people can visit the stadium for football matches in national, or 54,442 in internation competitions. During other events as for example concerts or opera plays 79,296 people can take place in the stadium. Its was also one of the 12 venues for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany and the final of the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League between FC Porto and AS Monaco has been played there.

The players in the season 2021-22

Squad

Coach 
The current coach (and Manager) of Schalke 04 is Dimitrios Grammozis.

Success 

International
 UEFA-Cup-Sieger
o 1997 (1:0 und 0:1 (4:1 i.E.) gegen Inter Mailand)
 UI-Cup-Sieger 2003, 2004

Championship
 German champion (seven times):
o 1934 (2:1 vs 1. FC Nürnberg)
o 1935 (6:4 vs VfB Stuttgart)
o 1937 (2:0 vs 1. FC Nürnberg)
o 1939 (9:0 vs Admira Wien)
o 1940 (1:0 vs Dresdner SC)
o 1942 (2:0 vs Vienna Wien)
o 1958 (3:0 vs Hamburger SV)
o Schalke was eight times runner-up

DFB-Cup
 DFB-Pokalsieger:
o 1937 (2:1 vs Fortuna Düsseldorf)
o 1972 (5:0 vs 1. FC Kaiserslautern)
o 2001 (2:0 vs 1. FC Union Berlin)
o 2002 (4:2 vs Bayer 04 Leverkusen)
o 2011 (5:0 vs MSV Duisburg)
 DFL-Ligapokalsieger 2005

References

Other websites 
 Official site of Schalke 04
 Official site of Schalke's Veltins Arena

Gelsenkirchen
Fußball-Bundesliga
German football clubs
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
1904 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in Germany
Michael Ballack (born 26 September 1976 in Görlitz, Germany) was  a German football player and is the retired captain of the Germany national team. He last played for Chelsea, an English club.

Ballack started his career in a small club in Eastern Germany. He later turned to several German clubs, including Bayern Munich. In 2006/07 he arrived England to join the big club, Chelsea.

Ballack has attended the World Cup Twice in 2002 and 2006, but has not won it with the Germany national football team. He is considered as one of the strongest midfield players to ever play for the German national team. Also he is regarded as the current talent on German national team, and very few German football players achieve this.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Chemnitzer FC||2. Bundesliga||15||0||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|1996/97||Regionalliga||34||10||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||34||10
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Kaiserslautern||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||16||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|1998/99||30||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0||37||4
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||23||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||2||25||5
|-
|2000/01||27||7||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||1||34||8
|-
|2001/02||29||17||4||1||colspan="2"|-||15||7||48||25
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||26||10||5||4||colspan="2"|-||7||1||38||15
|-
|2003/04||28||7||3||2||colspan="2"|-||8||0||39||9
|-
|2004/05||27||13||4||3||colspan="2"|-||9||2||40||18
|-
|2005/06||26||14||5||1||colspan="2"|-||6||1||37||16

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Chelsea||rowspan="4"|Premier League||26||5||3||1||6||0||10||2||45||8
|-
|2007/08||18||7||2||0||3||0||7||2||30||9
|-
|2008/09||29||1||6||3||1||0||10||0||46||4
|-
|2009/10||32||4||4||1||2||0||7||0||45||5

|-
|2010/11||Bayer Leverkusen||Bundesliga||1||0||0||0||||||1||1||0||0
282||85||27||11||||||57||14||366||110
105||17||15||5||9||0||34||4||163||26
387||102||42||16||9||0||91||18||510||136
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||9||0
|-
|2001||9||6
|-
|2002||11||6
|-
|2003||5||2
|-
|2004||13||8
|-
|2005||11||7
|-
|2006||14||6
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
|2008||12||4
|-
|2009||8||3
|-
|2010||1||0
|-
!Total||98||42
|}

References

1976 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Saxony
The coat of arms of Germany (German Wappen Deutschlands) is a symbol of Germany; the coat of arms feature an eagle. The coat of arms are similar to those of the flag of Germany (black, red and gold ). It is the oldest existing state symbol in Europe and is one of the oldest insignia in the world. Its history as an emblem is far longer, however. To the Germanic tribes the eagle was the bird of the god Odin, and by the Romans, too, it was revered as the symbol of the supreme god, of the emperor and of invincibility. From there and through its religious significance in Christendom it came to be incorporated into medieval symbolism.

 
Germany
Plauen is the biggest city of the Vogtlandkreis in the southwest of Saxony. It is the fifth-largest city in the state. Only Leipzig, Dresden, Chemnitz and Zwickau are larger.

Plauen was a Kreisfreie stadt until July 2008. Since 1. August 2008 Plauen ist Part of the Vogtlandkreis.

The nearest large cities are Zwickau, about  northeast and Gera, about  north of Plauen.

History

Plauen was already settled in the Bronze Age, but the first written record of the city was in 1122, when the oldest church (named Johanniskirche) was build. About 1224 Plauen has get the Town privileges. 1632 a big part of the city was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War. Since about 1830 Plauen grow because of the textile-industry. In the Second World Warabout three quarters of the city was destroyed by the United States Army Air Force and the Royal Air Force.

1989 Plauen was the first city in the German Democratic Republic were happens a big demonstration against the Government. This leads to the Wende.

Population change
Plauen became a large city in 1904 when the population reached 100.000. In 1912 it reached its biggest ever population with 128.000.

After the Second World War Germany was divided. Plauen was in the border area. Laws about living in the border areas of East Germany meant the population fell greatly.

According to the statistics office of the Free State of Saxony, on 31 December 2009 Plauen's population was 66,412.

References

Vogtlandkreis Rural District
Braunau am Inn is a town in the Innviertel region of Upper Austria (Oberösterreich), the north-western state of Austria. It lies about 90 km west of Linz and about 60 km north of Salzburg, on the border with the German state of Bavaria. It has a continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification). The population in 2001 was 16,372. A port of entry, it is connected by bridges over the Inn River with its Bavarian counterpart, Simbach am Inn. It is the birthplace of Adolf Hitler.

References

Settlements in Upper Austria
Berlin Hauptbahnhof (English: Berlin Central Station) is the central railway station of the German capital Berlin. It began full operation two days after a ceremonial opening on 26 May 2006.

It is on the site of the old Lehrter Bahnhof. Until it opened as a main line station, it was a stop on the Berlin S-Bahn suburban railway, temporarily named Berlin Hauptbahnhof - Lehrter Bahnhof in 2002.

The station has the largest traffic volume for a through-station in Europe. Paris Gare du Nord is the largest station in Europe measured by traffic volume but it is regarded as a terminus.

The longest route that runs through Berlin Central railway station is the Sibirjak. It links Berlin to some cities in Russia. It passes through Poland, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan. The longest route offered goes to Novosibirsk. This takes almost four days to travel.

References

2006 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Germany
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Railway stations in Germany
The Mazurka is a Polish country dance.  It comes from an area called Mazovia near Warsaw where the people are called Mazurs.  It was known in the 16th century.  In the 17th century its popularity spread all over Poland and by the 19th century it was becoming known in England and then the United States.  The Mazurka is very similar to the Kujawiak which is a dance from another district near Warsaw.

The Mazurka is a lively dance in 3/4 metre.  It has lots of dotted rhythms and the fourth note of the scale is often sharpened.   The dancers often click their heels on the 2nd or 3rd beat of the bar.  The speed is not always fast, it can be slow, but it is a wilder dance than the waltz which is also in 3/4 time and had become very popular as a ballroom dance.

The composer Frédéric Chopin wrote more than 50 mazurkas for the piano.  Chopin really shows his genius in these pieces.  They are very beautiful  and there is a lot of variety and interest in them.  Many of them are not all that difficult to play.  Some of them have very chromatic bits in them.

There were other classical composers who wrote Mazurkas, but none of them are as good as those of Chopin.  Some Russian composers like Glinka and Tchaikovsky wrote several mazurkas.  It was danced a lot in Russia in the 19th century and it is mentioned a lot in Russian novels.  In the 20th century Karol Szymanowski wrote several mazurkas.

Ballroom dances
Musical forms
Bundesliga is the name of the highest level of play in many different sports. Bundesliga literally means "Federal League", or league of the whole country. The word is used in the countries Germany and in Austria.  Soccer is the most popular sport in these countries. That is why Germany's soccer league is the best-known Bundesliga.

Bundesligen in Germany
 Other association football leagues:
 Frauen-Bundesliga – Women's top division association football in Germany (1990–present)
 Under 19 Bundesliga – Men's under 19 football (2003–present)
 Under 17 Bundesliga – Men's under 17 football (2007–present)
 Badminton Bundesliga
 Baseball-Bundesliga (1984–present)
 Basketball Bundesliga (1966–present)
 Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga (founded 1947), women's basketball
 Billard Bundesliga, carom billiards (1967–present)
 Bundesliga (artistic gymnastics)
 Bundesliga (baseball) (1984–present)
 Feldhockey Bundesliga (Men's field hockey)
 Feldhockey Bundesliga (Women's field hockey)
 Bundesliga (handball) (1965–present)
 Handball-Bundesliga (women) (founded 1975), women's handball
 Bundesliga (shooting) (1997–present)
 Bundesliga (speedway)
 Bundesliga (table tennis) (1966–present)
 Tennis Bundesliga (men) (1972–present)
 Bundesliga (volleyball)
 Bundesliga (weightlifting) (1964–present)
 Bundesliga (wrestling) (1964–present)
 Chess Bundesliga (1980–present)
 Cricket Bundesliga
 German Football League (1979–present), American football Bundesliga, renamed in 1999
 Ruder-Bundesliga (2009–present), rowing (eight)
 Roller Hockey Bundesliga (founded 1967), men's roller hockey
 Go-Bundesliga , Go
 Ice hockey
 Deutsche Eishockey Liga (1995–present)
 Ice hockey Bundesliga (1958-1994)
 German women's ice hockey Bundesliga (founded 1988), women's ice hockey
 Rugby
 Rugby-Bundesliga, rugby union (1971–present)
 Women's Rugby Bundesliga (1987–present), women's rugby union
 Unihockey-Bundesliga, Floorball
 World League eSport Bundesliga (2005-2006), video games

Bundesligen in Austria
 Austrian Football Bundesliga – men's football
 Austrian Football League – men's American style football
 Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga – men's basketball
 1. Rugby Bundesliga - men's rugby
 Austria women's ice hockey Bundesliga (founded 1988), women's ice hockey
The Group of Eight (G8) was a group made up of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia (suspended), the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission is also represented in the committee. The group has conferences or meetings throughout the year, it researches policies, and has a summit meeting once a year. The heads of government of each G8 country attend the summit meeting.

Each year a different country takes over the presidency of the group for the duration of the year. The country that holds the presidency sets the agenda for the year and hosts the summit for that year. The first G6 meeting was in 1975. Canada joined in 1976, making G7. Russia made it G8 in 1997. 

The organization's official 2014 summit was not held in Moscow as previously planned, due to the invasion and takeover of Crimea. In March 24, 2014, all seven member nations voted to suspend Russia from the G-8. The meeting was held in Brussels instead, and the G8 will be called G7 since there are now seven leaders.

Overview
The G8 is not considered an international organization because it does not have administrative structure. This means that besides the president, there are no official titles for the members, they are all considered equal. Their meetings are not formal. The goal is to talk about global topics and problems in a relaxed manner.

There are many global problems and issues that can be discussed at meetings. Some common topics of discussion include: health, law enforcement, labor, economic and social development, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice, terrorism, and trade.

Yearly summit
The annual meeting of G8 leaders is attended by the heads of government and other invited guests. It is usually held for three days in the middle of the year. Each year one of the G8 countries is considered the G8 president. The country of the G8 presidency is responsible for organizing and hosting a summit during that year. The first summit meeting was held in November of 1975 in France.

Economic power 
The eight countries that make up the G8 represent about 14% of the people in the world but produce over 65% of the world's economic output measured by gross domestic product (GDP).

Source: World Development Report 2006, World Bank

References

Other page
World Economic Forum

Other websites
 G8 research group, "G8 Research Group's Information Centre", utoronto.ca
 "Special Report: G8", Guardian Unlimited
 "Profile: G8", BBC News
 "We are deeply concerned. Again", New Statesman, 4 July 2005, - G8 development concerns since 1977

 
1975 establishments
Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German CDU politician. He was the last Chancellor of West Germany, and he stayed in office after reunification as the first Chancellor of a united Germany. 

From 1969 to 1976 he was the Minister President of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and from 1982 to 1998 Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. Kohl helped to arrange the process of German reunification and participated considerably in the European unity process. A pro-EU conservative, he was often compared to Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, two other leaders with similar views in the 1980s. In 1998, he retired as Chancellor, as the SPD won the election. His replacement was Gerhard Schröeder.

His involvement with the CDU donation affair, and in particular offences against party law is open to question.

Kohl died on the morning of Friday, 16 June 2017 in his hometown of Ludwigshafen, aged 87.

References

Notes

1930 births
2017 deaths
Chancellors of Germany
Former members of the German Bundestag
Ministers-President of Germany
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Ludwigshafen
Politicians from Rhineland-Palatinate
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
A postulate (also sometimes called an axiom) is a statement that is agreed by everyone to be correct. This is useful for creating proofs in mathematics and science, (also seen in social science)Along with definitions, postulates are often the basic truth of a much larger theory or law. Thus a postulate is a hypothesis advanced as an essential presupposition to a train of reasoning.

Postulates themselves cannot be proven, but since they are usually self-evident, their acceptance is not a problem. Here is a good example of a postulate (given by Euclid in his studies about geometry).

Two points determine (make) a line.
Using this postulate and four others like it, Euclid brought a new understanding of geometry to the world, and many people think they are some of the most influential works in geometry (even in modern time).

Sometimes, postulates are not obviously correct, but are required for their consequences. One example is Albert Einstein's postulate that the universe is homogenous. This type of postulate was necessary to make possible some major scientific achievements, but can also be problematic since it is not self-evident. 

As a rule of thumb, postulates tend to have the following characteristics:
 Obvious and easy to understand
 Does not contain many words that are difficult to explain
 Few in quantity
 Work together without making any strange result (that is, they are consistent)
 True when used alone (which means that they can be used independently)

Postulates are sometimes proved to be wrong after they have been known for a long time, but this is usually because something new has been discovered, and the original creator could not have known any better.

Related pages 

 Koch's postulates
 Parallel postulate

References 

Science
Mathematics
Social influence means someone affecting the emotions, opinions, or behaviours of others. It can be either planned for a purpose, or be an unplanned result of other events.

The adjective influential means "having much influence", so influential people or things have the power to change other people or things in some way. This word is often used to describe famous people. For example, Mahatma Gandhi was a very influential person, because the things he did and said changed many peoples lives, and many people believe he has even influenced the world. Kings, clergy and celebrities are also among the influential, as people pay attention to what they say or do. 

Events can also influence. For example, World War II changed many people's lives. They died or became richer or poorer or went to a new place, even after the war ended. When printing became common, it influenced developments in science, politics, religion, and other human activities.

References 

Social sciences
VOA Special English words
Existence usually means "the state or fact of being", but there are many different views on the meaning of the word existence, and what it means to exist.

In English, existence is usually connected with the verb "to be".
 I am a human.
 This is a pen.
 The sky is blue.
 Four plus three is seven.
The first sentence can be understood to say "I exist as a human", and simply speaking, this is probably true. The fourth sentence is more difficult to understand, because it can be understood to say "seven exists as the sum of four and three", but "seven" is not something that we can see or touch like a pen or a human.

The question "What is existence?" is a very important one for philosophers, and many people think Aristotle is the first human being to have thought seriously about the question.

Other page
Ontology

Other websites
"A Treatise on Book Titles" is an old book written by Muhammad al-Amidi. It talks about existence and is written in Arabic.

Basic English 850 words
Philosophical concepts
The Asian Games  are a multi-sport event, held every four years between competitors from all nations of Asia. It includes a variety of sports, from soccer to alpine skiing. Like the Olympics, it has a winter event and a summer event ^^

List of Asian Games
 1951 - 1st Asian Games, New Delhi, India 
 1954 - 2nd Asian Games, Manila, Philippines
 1958 - 3rd Asian Games, Tokyo, Japan
 1962 - 4th Asian Games, Jakarta, Indonesia
 1966 - 5th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand
 1970 - 6th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand (Originally hosted by Seoul, South Korea)
 1974 - 7th Asian Games, Tehran, Iran
 1978 - 8th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand (Originally hosted by Karachi, Pakistan)
 1982 - 9th Asian Games, New Delhi, India
 1986 - 10th Asian Games, Seoul, South Korea
 1990 - 11th Asian Games, Beijing, China
 1994 - 12th Asian Games, Hiroshima, Japan
 1998 - 13th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand
 2002 - 14th Asian Games, Busan, South Korea
 2006 - 15th Asian Games, Doha, Qatar  
 2010 - 16th Asian Games, Guangzhou, China
 2014 - 17th Asian Games, Incheon, South Korea
 2018 - 18th Asian Games, Jakarta and Palembang, Indonesia (Originally hosted by Hanoi, Vietnam)

List of Winter Asian Games
 1986 Winter Asian Games, Sapporo, Japan
 1990 Winter Asian Games, Sapporo, Japan
 1996 Winter Asian Games, Harbin, People's Republic of China (originally hosted by North Korea)
 1999 Winter Asian Games, Gangwon, South Korea
 2003 Winter Asian Games, Aomori, Japan
 2007 Winter Asian Games, Changchun, People's Republic of China
 2011 Winter Asian Games, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Other websites 
 Olympic Council of Asia
 15th Asian Games - Doha - 2006 
 6th Winter Asian Games - Changchun - 2007

 
Multi-sport events