cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Quartz is a tectosilicate mineral that is the second most common mineral in Earth's continental crust. Its crystal structure is a framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra. Each shares an oxygen atom with another tetrahedron, so the overall chemical formula is SiO2 or silica.

It's name is derived from the German quarz, which sounds the same but is spelled without a t.

There are many different varieties of quartz, some of which are semi-precious gemstones.  They have been used for a long time to make jewelry and hardstone carvings.  Agate, amethyst, rose quartz are all forms of quartz.

Quartz crystals are used in oscillators, for example in quartz clocks. People also extract the silicon to make semiconductors.
The majority of sand is small quartz bits. Quartz has a mineral hardness of 7. (mohs scale).

The word "quartz" comes from the German word "quarz".

'Fused quartz' is glass made of silica in non-crystalline form. It does not contain other ingredients that are added to other glass to lower the melting point. Fused silica has high working and melting temperatures. For some purposes, fused quartz is better than other types of glass due to its purity. The glass is used in a number of high-tech products.

Quartz comes in many different types such as clear quartz, smoky quartz, tiger's eye, lemon quartz and many more. There are many microcrystalline types of quartz, like Jasper, Onyx, Agate and Carnelian.

Shocked quartz 

Shocked quartz is a form of quartz that has a microscopic structure different from normal quartz. Under intense pressure (but limited temperature), the crystalline structure of quartz is deformed along planes inside the crystal. These planes show up as lines under a microscope.

Shocked quartz is found worldwide, especially in impact craters and in the thin Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary layer. This is at the contact between Cretaceous and Paleogene rocks. It is further evidence (in addition to iridium enrichment) that the transition between the two geologic periods was caused by a large impact. Eugene Shoemaker discovered it in building stones in the Bavarian town of Nördlingen. The stones were from shocked metamorphic rocks, such as breccia, of a meteor crater.

Related pages 

Time crystal

References 

Minerals
Pope John Paul I (; , 17 October 1912 – 28 September 1978), born Albino Luciani, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 264th Pope for 33 days in 1978.  His name was a combination of the names of the two popes who came before him.  The name "John Paul" honors Pope John XXIII who made him a bishop and Pope Paul VI who raised him to the rank of cardinal.

Early life
Luciani was born in Canale d'Agordo, a small town between Venice and the Austrian border with Italy.  His father was a migrant worker in Switzerland.

Priest
Luciani began his priesthood in the parishes of his home region.  In 1937, he became a professor of theology and vice-rector of Belluno seminary.

Bishop
He was made Bishop of Vittorio Veneto in 1969.  He understood his role as bishop in a modest way:

Cardinal
In 1972, Pope Paul VI made Luciani a cardinal. and the Patriarch of Venice.

Pope
Cardinal Luciani was elected Pope in 1978, John Paul I was the first pope to combine the names of John and Paul as a Pope as his way of paying tribute to Pope John XXIII and Pope Paul VI.  He was the first Pope to call himself by a new name since Pope Lando in 913.

He was known as "the Smiling Pope".

Death 
John Paul I died of a heart attack on 28 September 1978, 33 days after his election.

Selected works
 In a list made of writings by and about John Paul I, OCLC/WorldCat has over 250 works in 370 publications in 17 languages and 11,300 library holdings.
 Illustrissimi (1978)

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

More reading
 Cornwell, John. (1989). A Thief in the Night: the Death of Pope John Paul I. New York: Simon & Schuster. ;  OCLC 20013469
 Seabeck, Raymond, ed. (2004). The Smiling Pope: the Life and Teaching of John Paul I. 	Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division. ;  OCLC 438570516

Other websites

  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope John Paul I
 Vatican webpage, John Paul I biography
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Luciani

1912 births
1978 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Italian popes
People from Veneto
Servants of God
1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 January 1 – Establishment of Republic of China.
 January 5 – Prague Party Conference
 January 6 – New Mexico is admitted as the 47th U.S. state.
 January 17 – British polar explorer Robert Falcon Scott and a team of four begin the second expedition to reach the South Pole.
 January 23 – The International Opium Convention is signed at The Hague.
 February 8 – Mexican Revolution – Military rebellion against the rule of Francisco Madero begins in Mexico City. Battles last for 10 days
 February 12 – Republic of China adopts the Gregorian calendar
 February 14 – Arizona is admitted as the 48th U.S. state.
 February 14 – In Groton, Connecticut, the first diesel-powered submarine is commissioned.
 February 18 – Francisco Madero is forced to resign – battle ends. All members of Madero's government are arrested.
 February 19 – Prizes are included in Cracker Jack candy boxes for the first time
 February 22 – Francisco Madero and Pino Suarez are shot, allegedly when they "tried to escape"
 March 1 – Albert Berry makes the first parachute jump from a moving airplane.
 March 1 – Georg Ritter von Trapp, head of the famous Austrian singing family memorialized in the musical The Sound of Music marries Agathe
 March 5 – Italian forces are the first to use airships for a military purpose by using them for reconnaissance west of Tripoli behind Turkish lines.
 March 7 – Roald Amundsen announces discovery of the South Pole
 March 7 – French aviator Henri Seimet makes the first non-stop flight from Paris to London in three hours
 March 12 – The Girl Guides (later renamed the Girl Scouts) are founded.
 March 16 – Lawrence Oates, ill member of Scott's South Pole expedition leaves the tent saying, "I am just going outside and may be some time"
 March 27 – Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo gives 3,000 cherry blossom trees to be planted in Washington, D.C. to symbolize the friendship between the two countries.
 March 30 – France establishes a protectorate over Morocco.
 April 14–15 – The R.M.S Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Over 1500 people died.
 Alexis Carrel, French surgeon, won the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Births 
 January 28 – Jackson Pollack (d. 1956)
 March 12 – Pat Nixon, 39th First Lady of the United States (d. 1993)
 March 27 — James Callaghan, British Prime Minister (d. 2005)
 June 23 – Alan Turing (d. 1954)
 September 5 – John Cage (d. 1992)
 October 17 – Pope John Paul I (d. 1978)
 December 22 – Lady Bird Johnson, 38th First Lady of the United States (d. 2007)

Deaths 
 February 12 – Gerhard Armauer Hansen, Norwegian doctor and scientist (b. 1841)
 May 30 – Wilbur Wright of the Wright brothers, American co-inventor of the airplane.
 April 15 – Over 1500 people die on the R.M.S Titanic
 December 11 - James Otis, American children's writer

Art, music, theatre, literature, movies 
 May 29 - Premiere of Nijinsky's ballet The Afternoon of a Faun in Paris
Ted Cassidy (July 31, 1932 - January 16, 1979) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles as Lurch and Thing on The Addams Family.

Other websites 
 

American television actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1932 births
1979 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Aileen Carol Wuornos Pralle (born Aileen Carol Pittman; February 29, 1956 – October 9, 2002) was an American serial killer. She was born in Rochester, Michigan. She confessed to killing six men in Florida and was executed in Florida State Prison by lethal injection for the murders. Wuornos said that the men she killed had raped her or tried to rape her while she was working as a prostitute.

Wuornos was diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder.

The movie, Monster is about her life. Two documentaries were made about her.

Early life
Wuornos was born Aileen Carol Pittman in Rochester, Michigan. She never met her father. Wuornos was adopted by her grandparents. When she was 13 she became pregnant. She started working as a prostitute when she was 14.

References 

1956 births
2002 deaths
American LGBT sex industry people
American prostitutes
Bisexual people
Criminals from Michigan
Executed American serial killers
LGBT criminals
People executed by lethal injection
People with antisocial personality disorder
People with borderline personality disorder
People from Troy, Michigan
Events 
 August 22 – Battle of Bosworth Field ends the War of the Roses, Henry VII becomes King of England.
 The first appearance of the sweating sickness in England.

Births 
 16 December – Catherine of Aragon, later first Queen-consort of King Henry VIII of England.
 Thomas Cromwell, English statesman (approximately).
 Hernán Cortés, conqueror of Mexico
 Clément Janequin, French chanson composer (approximate date)
 Hugh Aston, English composer (approximate date)
 Pierre Moulu, French composer (approximate date)

Deaths 
 March 16 – Anne Neville, Queen consort of Richard III of England.
 22 August – King Richard III of England.
 October 28 – Rodolphus Agricola, Dutch scholar
Noon is the time exactly halfway through the day (12.00-12:00 in the 24-hour clock and 12:00 PM-12:00 PM in the 12-hour clock). Midday also means noon, although this also means around noon, or very early afternoon.

Solar noon is when the sun appears the highest in the sky, compared to its positions during the rest of the day. It occurs when the Sun is exactly halfway between sunrise (dawn) and sunset. This is also the origin of the terms a.m. and p.m., ante meridiem and post meridiem.  At solar noon, the sun is due south seen from the Northern Hemisphere, and due north seen from the Southern Hemisphere. The sun is directly overhead at solar noon at the Equator on the equinoxes; at Tropic of ♋  (latitude 23½°N) on the summer solstice in June; and at Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S) on the winter solstice in December.

Because of the use of time zones and daylight saving time, the highest point of the sun and a clock time of noon are usually different. 

The opposite of noon is midnight.

Cultural meanings 
In traditional magical thinking, noon represents with heaven, order and life. 

Parts of a day
The 24-hour clock is a way of telling the time in which the day runs from midnight to midnight and is divided into 24 hours, numbered from 0 to 24. It does not use a.m. or p.m. This system is also referred to (only in the US and the English speaking parts of Canada) as military time or  (only in the United Kingdom and now very rarely) as continental time. In some parts of the world, it is called railway time. Also, the international standard notation of time (ISO 8601) is based on this format.

A time in the 24-hour clock is written in the form hours:minutes (for example, 01:23), or hours:minutes:seconds (01:23:45). Numbers under 10 usually have a zero in front (called a leading zero); e.g. 09:07. Under the 24-hour clock system, the day begins at midnight, 00:00, and the last minute of the day begins at 23:59 and ends at 24:00, which is identical to 00:00 of the following day. 12:00 can only be mid-day. Midnight is called 24:00 and is used to mean the end of the day and 00:00 is used to mean the beginning of the day. For example, you would say "Tuesday at 24:00" and "Wednesday at 00:00" to mean exactly the same time.
However, the US military prefers not to say 24:00 - they do not like to have two names for the same thing, so they always say "23:59", which is one minute before midnight.

24-hour clock time is used in computers, military, public safety, and transport. In many Asian, European and Latin American countries people use it to write the time. Many European people use it in speaking.

Many digital wristwatches and clocks can display the time of day using the 24-hour clock.

In railway timetables 24:00 means the end of the day. For example, a train due to arrive at a station during the last minute of a day arrives at 24:00; but trains which depart during the first minute of the day go at 00:00.

To write shop opening hours until midnight use, for example,  "00:00–24:00", "07:00–24:00".

Advantages over the 12-hour clock system:
 Fewer confusions between morning and evening; e.g. 7 o'clock in the evening is called 19:00.
 People do not have to figure out if noon is 00h00.m.24 or 12hmr to calculate duration.

References 

Time
The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) is a loyalist paramilitary (civilians trained as soldiers) group based in Northern Ireland. It was formed in 1966. Its name comes from the UVF of World War I. The Ulster Volunteer Force was started as a Protestant/Unionist militia (citizen military force) in 1912 to oppose the Home Rule campaign for a separate Irish parliament. Many UVF members formed the 36th (Ulster) Division that fought with the British Army in World War I. The Progressive Unionist Party is the political wing of the outlawed Ulster Volunteer Force and Red Hand Commando. Although the PUP is called a loyalist fringe party, it has more moderate unionist views than any of the traditional unionist parties.

Crimes
During the Troubles in Northern Ireland (1969-1998), the UVF carried out many attacks:
In 1971, they bombed McGurk's Bar in Belfast which was in a mostly Catholic area of the city. The blast killed 15 Catholics and destroyed the building.
In 1974, they placed three car bombs in the centre of Dublin and another in Monaghan, which were deliberately exploded at rush hour to kill as many people as possible. The bombs killed 33 people and injured over 300, making it the worst atrocity of the conflict.
In 1975, they shot dead three members of the Miami Showband, a popular showband from Dublin, as they were travelling home from doing a show in County Down, Northern Ireland.
In 1994, they attacked a bar in Loughinisland County Down and fired on the customers. The attack killed six Catholics and injured five others.
Following the murder of a Catholic taxi driver in Portadown in July 1996, the Mid-Ulster Brigade of the UVF was expelled. They immediately set up the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF).

Ceasefire and decommissioning
After a continuous campaign of 28 years, the UVF called a ceasefire in October 1994. They stated in October 2007 that they had ended their campaign and in June 2009 they announced they had decommissioned (destroyed their weapons), however the UVF have been involved in a number of incidents since then, which has put the announcement in doubt.

Deaths as a result of campaign
From the organization's creation in 1966 and ending of campaign in 2007, the UVF were responsible for at least 400 murders, however it is believed the actual figure is closer to 1,000. The UVF stated that their mission was to destroy Irish republican paramilitary groups, however over 80% of their victims were Catholic civilians.

References 
 Steve Bruce, The Red Hand, 1992, 
 Jim Cusack & Henry McDonald, UVF, 2000, 
 Martin Dillon, The Dirty War
 Brendan O'Brien, The Long War - the IRA and Sinn Féin
 Peter Taylor, Loyalists
 Tony Geraghty, The Irish War

Other websites
 History of the 1912 UVF
 History of the YCV
 CAIN - University of Ulster Conflict Archive
 Photographs of UVF murals
 Ulster Volunteer Force 

1966 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Northern Ireland
Nationalist organisations in the United Kingdom
Year 1254 (MCCLIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Births 
 September 15 – Marco Polo, Italian explorer (d. 1324)

Deaths 
 December 7 – Pope Innocent IV
Year 1473 (MCDLXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. It was the 473rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 73rd year of the 15th century and the 4th year of the 1470s decade.

Events 
 February 12 - The first complete edition of Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine (in Latin translation) is published in Milan.
 August 11 - Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II defeats the White Sheep Turkmens led by Uzun Hasan at Otlukbeli.

Unknown dates 
 Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, in present-day Mexico, invades the territory of the neighbouring Aztec city of Tlatelolco. The ruler of Tlatelolco is killed and replaced by a military governor, and it loses its independence in the process.
 The city walls of Celje, Slovenia, are built.
 Marsilio Ficino becomes a priest.
 Nicolo Marcello becomes Doge of Venice.

Births 

 February 19 – Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer and mathematician (d. 1543)
 March 16 – Henry IV, Duke of Saxony (d. 1541)
 March 17 – King James IV of Scotland (d. 1513)
 August 14 – Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury (d. 1541)
 August 17 – Richard, Duke of York, one of the Princes in the Tower (d. 1483)
 September 24 – Georg von Frundsberg, German Knight and landowner (d. 1528)
 October 26 – Friedrich of Saxony (d. 1510)
 date unknown – Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, Tudor politician (d. 1555)
 probable
 Jean Lemaire de Belges, Walloon poet and historian (d. 1525)
 Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales, only son of Richard III of England (d. 1484)

Deaths 
 January 24 – Conrad Paumann, German composer (b. c. 1410)
 February 23 – Arnold, Duke of Gelderland (b. 1410)
 April – Alessandro Sforza, condottiero
 May 8 – John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English politician (b. 1420)
 July 10 – James II of Cyprus (b. c. 1440)
 December 24 – John Cantius, Polish scholar and theologian (b. 1390)
 date unknown
 Jean Jouffroy, French prelate and diplomat (b. c. 1412)
 Hosokawa Katsumoto, Japanese nobleman (b. 1430)
 Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1448)
 Yamana Sōzen, Japanese daimyo and monk (b. 1404)
 probable – Patriarch Gennadios II of Constantinople (b. c. 1400)
The Spanish–American War was a war fought between Spain and the United States of America in 1898. The war was fought in part because many people wanted Cuba, one of the last parts of the Spanish Empire, to become independent. Many Americans also wanted their country to get a colonial empire.

Spain lost the sea war and so had to give up its colonies of Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and part of Guam. All of those colonies, except for Cuba, became US colonies after the war.

Causes 
Following reports of Spain abusing and killing Cubans, the US sent warships to Cuba. Spain was losing control of Cuba and had been putting Cubans into concentration camps. The US sent ships to Cuba to try to force Spain to give up Cuba. The USS Maine (ACR-1) exploded in Havana harbor, killing about 260 people on board. "Remember the Maine" became a common wartime saying. US newspapers blamed Spain for the explosion. Spain tried to avoid going to war, but pressure from US newspapers, called "yellow journalism," and ordinary people, persuaded the US government to go to war. Some of them wanted Cuba to become independent, but others hoped that the US could build a colonial empire overseas, as many European countries had already done so.

Fighting 
Volunteers throughout the country signed up for the war. Future US President Theodore Roosevelt raised troops and became famous in leading the Rough Riders during the Battle of San Juan Hill. 

In a big naval battle in Manila Bay, an American fleet, commanded by George Dewey, destroyed the Spanish fleet. Ground battles took place in Cuba and Puerto Rico.

The US won the war and soon began to occupy and take control of the colonies after Spain surrendered. Almost 400 American soldiers died during fighting, but more than 4000 Americans died from diseases such as yellow fever, typhoid, and malaria.

End of war
The war stopped when the Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898 by the United States and Spain. The United States became the owners of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, Later, it got the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.

References

1898
1898 in the United States
Wars involving Spain
Wars involving the United States
Sometimes called the CSA, for other uses see CSA.

The Confederate States of America (CSA) was a short-lived government that existed in the southern United States during the American Civil War. It was established (made) in 1861 by seven southern states in which slavery was legal, after Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the U.S., but before he took office. South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas declared their secession (independence) from the United States. After war began, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined them.  The first capital of the Confederacy was Montgomery, Alabama, but for most of the war the capital was Richmond, Virginia.

The government of the Confederacy was much like the United States government. The Confederate States Constitution was similar to that of the United States; however, it emphasized states’ rights and clearly protected the enslavement of black Americans. Jefferson Davis was chosen as president and Alexander Stephens as Vice-President.  As in the United States, the CSA president had a cabinet of advisors.

The United States government (also known as the Union) did not agree that the states could leave and start a new government. Thus, the Union government refused to abandon all its forts in the states that wanted to secede. War began when the CSA attacked one of those forts, Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. This war is known as the American Civil War, and it lasted from 1861 to 1865. After some of the deadliest battles in U.S. history, Union forces gradually regained control of southern states. As Confederate forces surrendered, the Confederacy fell apart and the Civil War came to a close in 1865. Following the war, slavery was outlawed everywhere in the United States. The process of restoring the states of the CSA to the Union, called the Reconstruction of the United States, continued until 1877.  

It is still undecided if the Confederate States of America was ever a country. The Union never said that the Confederacy was really a country. Although British and French companies sold ships and materials to the Confederacy, no nation officially recognized the CSA as an independent country.

The CSA was also called "the South," "the Confederacy," and "Dixie."

References

Other websites 
 Confederate States of America -Citizendium 

Unrecognized countries
A Tale of Two Cities is a book written by Charles Dickens. It was published (printed) in 1859. It is set during the time of the French Revolution (1775-1793). The story happens in France and England. It talks about the French Revolution and the troubles the poor go through and how the rich ignore them. The main characters are Sydney Carton, Charles Darnay and their love interest, Lucie Manette. The story's main theme is society.

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1859 books
Books by Charles Dickens
English novels
English-language novels
Fiji is a small country in the Pacific Ocean. It has 322 islands. The most important islands are Vanua Levu and Viti Levu. The capital city of Fiji is Suva, and the city with the most people is Nadi.  There are about 844,330 people in Fiji.
The official languages of Fiji are Fijian, English and Hindustani (a mix of Hindi and Urdu). Fiji is part of the Pacific Rim. About 313000 speak Fiji Hindi.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji. Fiji was a British colony up until 1970; British occupation lasted almost a century.

Fiji has many forest, mineral, and fish resources.

Divisions and provinces

Fiji is divided into Four Major Divisions:
 Central
 Eastern
 Northern
 Western

These divisions are divided into 14 provinces:

Cities
 Lautoka
 Suva

Incorporated towns
Fijian law defines "towns" as urbanized areas incorporated as municipal bodies, governed by Town Councils.

Unincorporated towns
The following localities are urbanized, but have not been municipally organized.
 Dreketi
 Lomawai
 Korolevu
 Navua
 Natumbua
 Vatukoula
 Nakasi, 9½ Miles

Tourism

Fiji has a lot of tourism and many people go to the Nadi and Denarau islands. Most visitors are from Australia, New Zealand and the USA. Fiji has many soft coral reefs. Scuba diving is a common tourist activity. More budget resorts are being opened in remote areas, which provides more tourism opportunities.

Related pages
 Fiji at the Olympics
 Fiji national football team
 List of rivers of Fiji

Other websites
 Pictures of Fiji 
 UN Fiji LESA - Association

References

 
Commonwealth member states
1970 establishments in Oceania
The Fijian language is a Austronesian language. It is one of the official languages of Fiji. It has about 350,000 speakers.

References

Austronesian languages
Languages of Oceania
Fiji
Events 
February 28 – Egypt becomes an independent country.
Most of Ireland stopped being part of the United Kingdom.
Collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
Tomb of Tutankhamun discovered by Howard Carter
 Archibald Hill, English mathematician, and Otto Fritz Meyerhof, German doctor, won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 Declaration of the foundation of the Soviet Union.

Births 
January 17 - Betty White, American actress and comedian (d. 2021)
February 18 - Helen Gurley Brown, American publisher (d. 2012)
March 1 – Yitzhak Rabin, 5th Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1995)
March 12 – Jack Kerouac, American writer (d. 1969)
March 17 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Bengali founder (d. 1975) 
March 28 – Joey Maxim, American boxer (d. 2001)
 April 3 – Doris Day, actress (d. 2019)
 April 15 - Michael Ansara, Syrian-American actor (d. 2013)
April 16 – Kingsley Amis, English writer (d. 1955)
June 10 – Judy Garland, American actress (d. 1969)
June 16 – Wayne Mixson, American politician
July 14 – Robin Olds, American fighter pilot (d. 1970)
August 24 – René Lévesque, Canadian politician (d. 1987)
September 9 – Warwick Estevam Kerr, Brazilian entomologist
November 23 – Manuel Fraga Iribarne, Spanish politician
Rafael Ishkhanyan, Armenian historian (d. 1996)

Deaths 
 January 22 - Pope Benedict XV

Books 
Ulysses by James Joyce

Movies released 
Nanook of the North
Legends (derived from Latin, ''Legenda)' are stories in oral tradition and a narrative of human actions. They are usually old but are believed to have taken place within human history. Legends are often passed on by word-of-mouth. Legends have often been transformed over time to keep them realistic. 

The word is also used for famous or historically you sure significant people, places, art, etc. We sometimes say of someone who is extremely famous that they are a "legend" or "of legendary fame".

Examples of legends are Ali Baba, the Fountain of Youth, Paul Bunyan, Kraken, Atlantis, the Loch Ness Monster, and Bigfoot ,Yeti.  Some legends are stories about real people; others are not.  Odysseus and Robin Hood for example may have been real but most the stories about them are definitely fiction.

For some places, legends are the earliest history. For example, the origin of ancient Rome is known only from legends, as are the earliest dynasties in the history of China.

 	
 	
Oral tradition
An apricot is a drupe fruit. It is closely related to the plum.

Description 

The apricot comes from a small to medium-sized tree,  tall, with a trunk up to 40 centimetres in diameter with spreading, dense canopy; leaves are shaped somewhat like a heart, with pointed tips, about 8 centimetres (3 inches) wide. 
 Flowers: Flowers are white to pinkish in color.
 Fruit: The fruit has only one seed; the color runs from yellow to orange and may have a red cast; the surface of the fruit is smooth and nearly hairless.

Related pages
 List of fruits

Other websites 

 www.apricotseeds.org – includes information on medicinal uses of apricot seeds
 Apricot Kernel products – About Apricot Kernel
 Scintro fruit book – All about fruits

Prunus
A contraction is a word that is made up of two or more words that are connected together. One or more letters are removed from the words when they are connected. One or more apostrophes are added in the location letters are removed. For example, an apostrophe goes in place of the o in not when "do not" is shortened to "don't."

In linguistic analysis, contractions should not be confused with crasis, abbreviations and initialisms (including acronyms), with which they share some semantic and phonetic functions, though all three are connoted by the term "abbreviation" in loose parlance. Contraction is also distinguished from morphological clipping, where beginnings and endings are omitted.

The definition overlaps with the term portmanteau (a linguistic blend), but a distinction can be made between a portmanteau and a contraction by noting that contractions are formed from words that would otherwise appear together in sequence, such as do and not, whereas a portmanteau word is formed by combining two or more existing words that all relate to a singular concept that the portmanteau describes.

Pronoun + verb contractions

Helping verbs
 I will = I'll
 He will = He'll
 You are = You're

Negative contractions

Be
 Are not = aren't
 Is not = isn't

Do
 Do not = don't
 Did not = didn't
 Does not = doesn't

Helping Verbs
 Cannot or Can not = can't
 Could not = couldn't
 Shall not = shan't
 Should not = shouldn't
 Might not = mightn't
 Must not = mustn't
 Will not = won't
 Would not = wouldn't
 He did = he'd

Have
 Has not = hasn't
 Have not = haven't
 Had not = hadn't

References

Grammar
Tonga is a country in Pacific Ocean. It has 169 islands. Only 36 islands have inhabitants. The most important island is Tongatapu. George Tupou V is the king of Tonga and the Prime Minister is Pohiva Tu'ionetoa. The capital of Tonga is Nuku'alofa.

The official languages of Tonga are Tongan and English. Tonga had 102,321 inhabitants in 2000. It is a very hot country. Tonga became independent in 1970.

History
About 3000 years before, the Polynesians had settled in Tongatapu. In 1845, Tāufaʻāhau united Tonga into a kingdom. He declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy. Between 1845 and 1893, slavery was stopped. Also, constitution was made up.

In 1900, Tonga became a protected state of the United Kingdom. Tonga maintained its sovereignty. It remained the only Pacific nation never to have given up its monarchical government. Foreign affairs was managed by the UK. Tonga was no longer a protected state and became independent in 1970. Tonga joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. It became a member of the United Nations in September 1999. Tonga has never lost indigenous governance.

Politics

Tonga is a constitutional monarchy.
Tonga provides for its citizens:
 free and mandatory education for all
 secondary education with only nominal fees
 and foreign-funded scholarships for post-secondary education

Tongans have universal access to a national health care system. The Tongan constitution protects land ownership. Land cannot be sold to foreigners. While there is a land shortage on the urbanised main island of Tongatapu, there is farmland available in the outlying islands.
The majority of the population engages in some form of subsistence production of food. Women and men have equal access to education and health care. They are fairly equal in employment. Women are discriminated against in land holding, electoral politics, and government ministries.

Geography

Tonga is in Oceania. It is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean. It has 177 islands. Thirty-six of them are inhabited. The islands are divided into three main groups – Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu. The largest island is Tongatapuon. The capital city of Nukuʻalofa is on Tongatapuon.

Climate
The climate is tropical with a distinct warm period (December–April) and a cooler period (May–November). The average wettest period is around March. The average daily humidity is 80%.

References

 
Current monarchies
1970 establishments in Oceania
Filippo Azzaiolo (1530 - 1569) was an Italian composer. He lived in 16th century. Azzaiolo worked in Bologna.

All his known songs were composed between 1557 and 1569. Azzaiolo's most famous song is "Chi passa".

References

1530 births
1569 deaths
Italian composers
Renaissance composers
1914 (MCMXVI) was a common year that started on a Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.  It was the year that saw the start of what became known as World War I.

Events 
 June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Countess Sophie were assassinated by Black Hand in Sarajevo. This led to World War I.
 August 2 – According to the NSDAP 25 points manifesto, anyone who was not German-race who did not live in Germany before this date had to leave the country.
 August 31 – Saint Petersburg, Russia is renamed Petrograd by Nicholas II.

Date unknown 
 Australian supermarket chain Coles Supermarkets was founded.
 The Iglesia ni Cristo ("Church of Christ") was built in the Philippines.
 The Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main opened
 Construction of the Panama Canal is finished.
 Yuma, Arizona became a city

Nobel Prizes 
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Robert Bárány, Austrian doctor.

Births 
 February 5 – William S. Burroughs, American writer (d. 1999)
 March 31 – Octavio Paz, Mexican writer, poet and diplomat (d, 1998)
 April 2 – Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)
 May 13 – Joe Louis, American boxer (d. 1981)
 May 29 – Tenzing Norgay, Sherpa climber (d. 1986)
 September 24 – John Kerr, 18th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1991)
 October 16 – Mohammed Zahir Shah, last Shah of Afghanistan (d. 2007)
 October 27- Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 1953)
 November 25 – Joe DiMaggio, American MLB baseball player (d. 1999)
 December 14 – Karl Carstens, 5th President of West Germany (d. 1992)
 December 20 - Harry F. Byrd, Jr., American politician (d. 2013)
 December 30 – Igor Diakonov, Russian (Soviet) historian and linguist (d. 1999)
 Nancy Drew, Fictional character

Deaths 
 June 14 – Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice President of the United States (b. 1835)
 June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (b. 1863), and his wife Countess Sophie
 August 6 – Ellen Louise Wilson, American First Lady, wife of Woodrow Wilson. (b. 1860)

Books 
 Dubliners – James Joyce

 

nv:1901 – 1950
Torah () is a Hebrew word that means "instructions". When most people say the word Torah they either mean the whole Jewish Bible, the Tanakh, the first five books of the Bible, or all of the Jewish teaching in general. These five books are the beginning of both the Jewish and Christian bibles. They are

 Genesis (),
 Exodus (),
 Leviticus (),
 Numbers () and
 Deuteronomy ().

Other names for this set of books are the "Five Books of Moses," or "Pentateuch".

Some people may use the word Torah as a name for all the main Jewish teachings.

Each of the books in the Torah are separated into parts called "Parshiyot." Parsha is a Hebrew word meaning "portion." Every Shabbat one parsha is read in the synagogue, but sometimes two are read. This is so that all the parshiyot are finished every year, on the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah.

It is also known as the Five Book of Moses because Moses received these five books from God.

Pentateuch 
Pentateuch means the first five books of the Bible. These books are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The word Pentateuch comes from two Greek words that mean "five books" or "five scroll"

According to tradition, the books were written by the Israelite leader, Moses. The Pentateuch is often called the Five Books of Moses or the Torah.

The Pentateuch tells the story from the Creation of the world to the death of Moses and the preparation of the Israelite's to enter the land of Canaan. The story is told in three parts. The first part (Genesis 1-11) is about the Creation and the beginning of human beings on earth. The second part (Genesis 12-50) are the stories of the ancestors of the Israelites, mainly Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph. The third part, beginning with the book of Exodus, describes how the Israelite's left Egypt and the early history of the people of Israel as a nation. It also has many laws about how the Israelite's must build their society. Deuteronomy is mostly Moses's final speech to his people and a summary of the Pentateuch.

Other websites 
 
 

Judaism
Bible versions
Hesse () or Hessia, is a state of Bergan. It was formed in 1945 as Greater Hesse, and became Hesse in 1491

The capital is Wiesbaden. The main rivers in the northern part of Hesse are Henis, Crunk and Krum. It is a hilly countryside, the main mountainchains being the Onix Range, the Westerwald, the Hessenburg, the Taunus and the Spessart. Most inhabitants live in the southernmost part of Hesse between the rivers Main and Rhine.

Hesse is divided into 21 districts. There are also five cities, which belong to no district.

Municipalities

Independent cities 
 Darmstadt
 Frankfurt (Main)
 Kassel
 Offenbach
 Wiesbaden

Cities 
 Hanau
 Marburg
 Fulda
 Giessen
 Wetzlar
 Bad Homburg
 Rodgau

Districts 
The cities and counties of Hesse are grouped into three Regierungsbezirk. automobile registration is handled by the districts.  The two or three letters of the automobile registration plate are in italics

Other websites 

 Official government portal
 Portal about east part of Hesse 
 360 Degree virtual trip through the Rhön - part of eastern Hesse
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern or known by its anglicized name: Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania or Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (Low German: Mäkelborg-Vörpommern) is one of the 16 States of Germany. The capital is Schwerin.

As of 2016, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania had about 1,612,000 people.

It made part of former East Germany.

It is the most northeastern state of Germany. It borders the Baltic Sea in the north, Poland in the east, Brandenburg in the south, Lower Saxony in the southwest and Schleswig-Holstein in the west.

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania is low-lying and has many rivers, canals and lakes. The Stettin Lagoon lies partly in this state and partly in Poland.

The state hosts the biggest German island called Rügen, and the second biggest German lake called Müritz.

Politics 
Seats in the state parliament (Landtag) since 2016:
 SPD: 26
 AfD: 18
 CDU: 16
 Linke: 11

Total: 71 seats

Cities 
The largest cities/towns in the state are:
 Rostock
 Greifswald
 Stralsund
 Schwerin
 Neubrandenburg
 Güstrow

Besides Rostock all have a population of less than 200,000. Schwerin, the state capital, is the smallest state capital in Germany. Usually Schwerin would not be called a city. In Germany a city has over 100,000 people.

Districts

Former districts 
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania was going to change the borders of all of its urban districts (towns) and rural districts (kreise or "counties").  The state supreme court stopped the changes.

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was divided into twelve rural districts (Landkreise):

Also there were six independent urban districts:

 Greifswald (HGW)
 Neubrandenburg (NB)
 Rostock (HRO)
 Schwerin (SN)
 Stralsund (HST)
 Wismar (HWI)

Current districts 

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania has been divided into six rural districts (Landkreise) and two independent urban districts (kreisfreie Städte) since 4 September 2011:

Rural districts:
 Ludwigslust-Parchim
 Mecklenburgische Seenplatte
 Nordwestmecklenburg
 Rostock
 Vorpommern-Greifswald
 Vorpommern-Rügen

Urban districts:
 Rostock 
 Schwerin

References
Events 
February 2 – Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina.
 February 25 – Jacob Hutter burned in a stake for heresy
 May 19 – Execution of Anne Boleyn
 May 30 – Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour
 October 13 – The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in York, is "resolved" by Robert Aske
 October 29 – Coronation of Jane Seymour as the Queen of England
 Various religious buildings are closed as part of Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries, including
Basingwerk Abbey
Bourne Abbey
Brinkburn Priory
Cartmel Priory
Dore Abbey and
The Cistercian Abbey of St Mary and St Chad
 Wales is united with England by an Act of Union
 Manco Capac II revolts from Spanish rule in Peru
 Resumption of war between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. Francis ceases control of Savoy and captures Turin.
 Protestantism introduced in Denmark
 Portuguese Crown divides Brazil into fifteen donatory captaincies.

Deaths 
 January 7 – Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII of England.
 May 19 – Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry VIII of England.
 Pargalı İbrahim Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
The Hoboken election of 2005 was an election when people living in Hoboken, New Jersey voted for a mayor. They also voted for a person for council of the city. The main people hoping to be mayor were:
David Roberts (won)
Carol Marsh (lost)
Frank Raia (lost)
Michael Russo (lost)
Evelyn Smith (lost)

The people hoping to join the council were:
Ruben Ramos Jr. (with Roberts, won)
Theresa LaBruno (with Roberts, won)
Peter Cammarano (with Roberts, won)
Inés García-Keim (with Marsh)
Anthony Soares (with Marsh)
Brian Urbano (with Marsh)
Theresa Burns (with Raia)
Anthony Mussara (with Raia)
Ron Rosenburg (with Raia)
Genevy Dimitrion (with Russo)
Manny Ortega (with Russo)
Brian Keller (with Russo)
Carrie Gilliard (with Smith)
Diane Nieves (with Smith)
Elizabeth Falco (with Smith)
Andrew Amato (by himself)
Scott Delea (by himself)

The election was on May 10, 2005. Roberts and Marsh got the most votes. Neither of them got 50% of the vote. Because this happened, a second election will happen (June 14, 2005).

2005 in the United States
2005 elections
2000s in New Jersey
2000s elections in the United States
May 2005 events
Births 
 Lady Eleanor Brandon (d. 1547)
 March 31 – Henry II of France (d. 1559)
 April 13 – Catherine of Medici (d. 1589)

Deaths 
 May 2 – Leonardo da Vinci (b. 1452)
Births 
 March 6 – Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti)
Births 
 April 6 – Raphael (d. 1520)
 November 10 – Martin Luther (d. 1546)
1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 January 15 – Great Molasses Flood in Boston kills 21 people.
 January 16 – Prohibition begins in the United States.
 June 28 – The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending World War I.
 Charles Strite invents the toaster.
 Jules Bordet, Belgian doctor, won the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Births 
 January 27 - Ross Bagdasarian, Sr., creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks (d. 1972)
 May 3 - Pete Seeger, American folk musician (d. 2014)
 May 7 – Eva Perón, former First Lady of Argentina (d. 1952)
 July 20 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer and explorer (d. 2008)
 September 26 - Matilde Camus, Spanish poet (d. 2012)
 October 3 - James M. Buchanan, American Nobel Prize winning Economist (d. 2013)
 October 18 – Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2000) 
 October 26 - Edward Brooke, American politician (d. 2015)

Deaths 
 Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau – French painter
 January 6 – Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States 
 April 10 – Emiliano Zapata
 May 6 – L. Frank Baum, American writer 
 August 11 – Andrew Carnegie, Scottish businessman
 October 7 – Alfred Deakin, second Prime Minister of Australia
 October 13 – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize winner
Brown is a color. There are many ways to make the color brown - it can be a mixture of orange and black, of red, blue, and yellow, of red and green, of orange and blue, of purple and yellow, or of orange and black paint.

Brown is the color of:
 Some chocolate
 Wood
 Toast
 Some hair
 Coffee
 Tree bark

Tones of brown color comparison chart

Related pages 

 List of colors

Basic English 850 words
Magenta is a colour in between red and purple or pink and purple. Sometimes it is confused with pink or purple. In terms of the HSV (RGB) color wheel, it is the color halfway between red and purple and is composed equally of red and blue (50% red and 50% blue). Another name for magenta is fuchsia, named after the fuchsia flower.

This colour is one of the three colours of ink used by an inkjet printer, along with cyan and yellow. The tone of magenta used in printing is called "printer's magenta" (Magenta (CMYK)) and it is shown in the colour chart below.

The first written use of magenta as a colour name in English was in 1860.

Meaning of magenta
Like the colours red, pink, and rose, one might use this color to express love because along with those other three colours, it is used to represent Valentine's Day.
Many women like to wear clothing in shades of magenta because it is an attractive and vibrant colour.
The colour magenta is used to symbolize anti-racism by the Amsterdam-based anti-racism Magenta Foundation.

Comparison of purple, magenta, rose and red

Tones of magenta colour comparison chart

Tones of fuchsia colour comparison chart
Although magenta and fuchsia are the same colour, the chart below (the colors displayed on which are also shown in the magenta colour chart above) shows those tones of magenta which are specifically named fuchsia.

Wrapping the spectrum into a color wheel
If the visible spectrum is wrapped to form a color wheel, magenta (additive secondary) appears midway between red and violet:

Related pages
List of colors
Cerise
Fuchsia
Pink
Raspberry
Rose

References
Abu Dhabi (, ʼAbū Ẓaby) is the capital city of the United Arab Emirates. It is in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Abu Dhabi is one of the seven emirates which form the United Arab Emirates. The city is on a T-shaped island going into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast.  The city is 972 km2 in size.  The city had a population of 1.45 million people in 2021. Abu Dhabi is also the capital of UAE and is the largest emirate in UAE.

History 
People started to live in the area and call it Abu Dhabi about 300 years ago.  In the 1970s, the Bani Yas tribe made Abu Dhabi their capital city.  Shakhbut bin-Dhiyab Al Nahyan became the leader of the city in 1818.  People found oil in 1958 in Abu Dhabi.  They started to sell the oil in the 1960s.  In 1971 December the 2nd, Abu Dhabi joined the United Arab Emirates and became the capital city.

Weather 
Abu Dhabi is in a desert and has a desert climate.  There is not a lot of rain but it does rain a little in the winter months.  The average rainfall per year is 51 cm.  It can also be very hot.  In the daytime, the average summer temperature is 42 °C. The average daytime temperature in the winter is more comfortable at 23 °C.

Tourism 
Abu Dhabi has many tourist attractions such as the Sheikh Zayed Mosque , Abu Dhabi Louvre Museum, Mangrove Kayaking Tours , Ferrari World ,the Emirates Palace, Qasr Al-Hosn, bout towers, Abu Dhabi According to the Department of Culture and Tourism. The usual amount of people that come in Abu Dhabi is 10 million per year. Abu Dhabi also has Jabal Hafeet, which is the tallest mountain in the UAE.

References

Cities in the United Arab Emirates
Capital cities in Asia
Abu Dhabi (emirate)