cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Musk deer are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family Moschidae.  There is only one genus in Moschidae, Moschus. There are five species of musk deer, and they are all very similar. 

Musk deer are not true deer, and are classed in a different family.  Unlike other deer, musk deer do not grow antlers.  Instead, they have large canine teeth that reach down from the mouth. The Musk deer emits a particular odor which gives it its name.

Taxonomy
 Family Moschidae
 Himalayan musk deer (Moschus leucogaster)
Alpine musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster)
 Siberian musk deer (Moschus moschiferus)
 Black musk deer (Moschus fuscus)
 Dwarf musk deer (Moschus berezovskii)
Kashmir musk deer (Moschus cupreus)

Appearance
Musk deer are about 90 centimeters long and about 60 centimeters high with a tail length of 4-6 centimeters. They weigh about 10 kilograms. Musk deer usually have dark brown fur. Males have long upper canine teeth (called tusks), which can be up to 7 cm long. Musk deer do not have antlers. Male musk deer also have a musk gland.

Habitat
Musk deer live in the mountain forests of Asia, Russia, China, and the Korean Peninsula. They live in the mountains, mostly at heights of 2500 to 3500 meters. They live in dense forests.

Life
Musk deer are mostly active at night. Musk deer eat grass and moss; in winter they also eat twigs and lichen. 

Musk deer live alone. They only come together to mate. If two male musk deer meet, they fight, during which they can seriously hurt each other with their tusk-like teeth. 

The female gives birth to 1-2 babies. A musk deer baby has spots on its fur.

Musk deer and humans
Male musk deer have a gland that produces musk. Musk is used to make perfumes and soap, and it is also used in Traditional Chinese medicine. One musk gland has about 25 to 30 grams of musk. Musk deer have been hunted and killed for its musk. Because of this, musk deer have become fewer and endangered. 
Another method is to catch a living musk deer, take its musk, and let it go free again. This method takes more time, so it is not used often. There are also musk deer farms.

References

Even-toed ungulates
The Himalayan musk deer or white-bellied musk deer (Moschus leucogaster) is a deer that lives in Central Asia.

Like other musk deer, the Himalayan musk deer lives in the Himalayan mountains and places around those mountains.  They are large plant-eating animals that can live in cold places.

Behavior

Himalayan musk deer are active at night and at dawn and dusk.  They spend most of their time alone.

Himalayan musk deer all leave their feces in the same place.  Scientists call this a latrine site.  They do this to mark their territory, meaning to show other deer that a place belongs to them.

Scientists have seen them 3200-4200 meters above sea level.  Scientists believe Himalayan musk deer like forests with a mixture of Himalayan birch and Himalayan fir trees.  They like places with many different kinds of smaller plants.

Threats

Himalayan musk deer are in danger of dying out because human beings trap them for their fur and their musk pods.  People use musk pods to make perfumes and in traditional medicines.  When people set traps for male musk deer, they trap and kill female musk deer and fawns too.  In the 21st century, one kilogram of musk pod can pay USD45,000.

References

Deer
Mammals of Asia
This page is about the city. For the district of the same name, please see Ludwigsburg (district).

Ludwigsburg is an about 12 km northern city in the center of Baden-Württemberg, of the Stuttgart city center. It is the district town and largest city of the Ludwigsburg district, as well as after Esslingen at the Neckar the second largest medium-sized town of Baden-Wuerttemberg.

Together with Kornwestheim, Ludwigsburg forms a central center for the surrounding municipalities. Since the 1 April 1956 Ludwigsburg is a large district town.

References

Other websites
Cooking oil is clean fat from plants or animals that is used for cooking. It is usually a liquid. Cooking oils can either be refined or cold extracted.

Some of the many different kinds of cooking oils are:

 Olive oil
 Coconut oil
 Avocado oil
 Canola oil
 Corn oil
 Cottonseed oil
 Sunflower oil
 Safflower oil
 Peanut oil
 Grapeseed oil
 Sesame oil
 Soybean oil
 Argan oil 
 Rice bran oil
 Vegetable oil
 Oils from tree nuts (E.g. cashew, almond, macadamia, etc)

References
The Hulk is a popular superhero in Marvel Comics. He was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. There has been lots and lots of stuff made about this character, including a television show and a few movies.

The Hulk is the alter-ego of Bruce Banner, a mild-mannered scientist. One day when Bruce was working he was exposed to Gamma radiation. When he gets mad, he turns into the Hulk. The Hulk is big and large. When he turns into the Hulk all his clothes except his purple shorts rip off. The Hulk has really really strong strength and is almost invincible. Hulk. Bruce Banner.

Portrayals
The Hulk has been portrayed by Eric Bana in Ang Lee's 2003 movie, Edward Norton in his first MCU appearance and Mark Ruffalo in the rest of his MCU appearances.

Other websites 
 tuffer.com
super man
MDP: Hulk (dr susie) - Marvel Database Project
 One of Stan Lee's Best  Article on the Incredible Hulk's Popularity
 The 1982 Incredible Hulk Cartoon @ Toon Zone 
 Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Awards 

Characters created by Stan Lee
Dissociative identity disorder in fiction
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s
Hulk (Marvel Comics)
Marvel Comics adapted into movies
Marvel Comics mutates
Marvel Comics superheroes
Marvel vs. Capcom fighters
Fictional American people
Sharpie is a line of permanent marker pens in the United States that are manufactured by Newell Brands.

Sharpie markers are made with many tips. The most common and popular is the Fine tip. Other tips include Ultra Fine Point, Extra Fine Point, Brush tip, Chisel tip, and Retractable tip.

Other websites 
 Sharpie's website

Writing tools
Francis Ford Coppola (born April 7, 1939) is an American director and movie producer. He directed the Godfather trilogy and the Vietnam War epic Apocalypse Now. He is part of the group called the New Hollywood.  This group includes Martin Scorsese, Terrence Malick, Robert Altman, Woody Allen, William Friedkin, Philip Kaufman, and George Lucas.  In the 1970s they made movies in a different way.

Coppola was born in Detroit. At age two, he moved to Woodside, Queens, New York City.

Many of his relatives are famous. Actor Nicolas Cage is his nephew. Actress Talia Shire is his sister. Sofia Coppola is his daughter. Roman Coppola is his son. His first child Gian-Carlo Coppola died in 1986.

Filmography

References

Other websites

 
 

1939 births
Living people
Academy Award winning directors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
BAFTA Award winners
Movie directors from Michigan
Movie producers from Michigan
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from Michigan
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from Detroit, Michigan
Writers from Queens
Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair (1954) from the United Arab Emirates is the chief executive of the publicly traded Mashreq Bank. His family's most valuable holding is worth an estimated US$8 billion.

References

Business people
1954 births
Living people
Emirati people
Billericay is a town in the United Kingdom.  It is in the east of England in the county of Essex.  It has a train station named Billericay railway station.

Geography 
Billericay is a semi-rural (not like a city and not like the countryside but looks like a mixture of the two) town with many green spaces. Some green spaces are Norsey Wood, Mill Meadows Nature Reserve, Queen's Park Country Park, Sun Corner, Lake Meadows and South Green.

Towns near Billericay include:

 Basildon
 Brentwood
 Chelmsford
 Ingatestone
 Shenfield
 Wickford

Villages near Billericay include:

 Crays Hill
 Great Burstead
 Hutton
 Little Burstead
 Ramsden Bellhouse
 Ramsden Heath
 Stock

Education
There are two high schools.  The names of the schools are Billericay School and Mayflower High School.  The nearest university is named Anglia Ruskin University.  Anglia Ruskin University is in a town near Billericay named Chelmsford.

Twin towns 
Billericay is twinned with these:
 Billerica in the United States
 Chauvigny in France
 Fishers in the United States

Other websites 
The Billericay School
Mayflower High School 
The history of Billericay at Billericay.net 

Towns in Essex
A prelude is a short piece of music for a musical instrument. It is called a prelude because it is supposed to be played before something else (Latin pre=before; ludere=to play).

History
Preludes come from the Renaissance period, when lutenists (people who played the lute) improvised (which means playing while making it up as they were going along) a simple piece before a concert so that they could check whether their instrument was in tune. During the 16th century, composers often wrote pieces which they called a “prelude” which was often a separate piece of music. These were often for lute, guitar or cittern.

By the early 18th century, the Baroque prelude was often a piece of music which was followed by a fugue. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote lots of pieces like this, which were called “Preludes and Fugues”. Most of them were for keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord or organ. Forty-eight of them are from a collection called The Well-Tempered Clavier, which was made up of two sets of twenty-four preludes and fugues that are each written in a different major or minor key signature. The first prelude, in C major, is very famous. It sounds like an improvisation made up of gentle broken chords like a lutenist might play. (This is the piece that Charles Gounod later used for his Ave Maria.) Preludes were also pieces which were followed by a series of dance movements (a “suite”).

In the Classical period, not many composers wrote preludes. More preludes were composed in the 19th century (the period of Romanticism). Frédéric Chopin wrote a collection of twenty-four short piano pieces which he called “Preludes”. Just like Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, there is a prelude in every major and minor key signature, but unlike Bach's, these pieces are not meant to be followed by anything; they are just separate pieces of music that are often performed together. Some are not too difficult to play, but others are very hard (virtuoso).

Composers like Alexander Scriabin, Karol Szymanowski, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Claude Debussy and Olivier Messiaen wrote preludes in the style of Chopin. Other composers who wrote preludes included Felix Mendelssohn, Franz Liszt and Max Reger. There were also composers who were inspired by the music of Bach and started writing Preludes and Fugues, such as Dmitri Shostakovich, whose collection of Preludes and Fugues for piano are, just like Bach and Chopin's, written in all the major and minor keys.

There are also examples of 19th century composers who wrote short pieces for orchestra called “Preludes”.  Sometimes, they wrote a short orchestral introduction to an opera which they called Prelude (or German: “Vorspiel”) instead of the usual word “overture”.

Related pages
 Preludes (Chopin)

Musical forms
The polonaise is a Polish dance.  It started as a folk dance and then became popular among the Polish nobility.  It is in 3/4 time.  It follows a distinctive rhythm as illustrated above. Many polonaises are composed in what is called ternary form, or song form, or minuet and trio. These forms all follow an A-B-A pattern. The music of the A sections is similar in both sections, if not exactly identical. The B section is entirely different. It provides contrast in some way to the A sections.  In the courts of the aristocracy musicians would often play a polonaise from the gallery while the people danced below in the reception hall.

Polish culture was very popular in Europe in the 1830s and so the polonaise became known in other countries.  Composers started to write polonaises for the piano.  Pieces called Polonaise had already been composed by Bach, Handel, François Couperin and others, but it was Frédéric Chopin who in the 19th century wrote several Polonaises for piano which became famous.  Most of them are very difficult to play, especially the famous Polonaise in A flat, Op. 53.  

Several Russian composers wrote polonaises to give a Polish atmosphere, e.g. Tchaikovsky in his ballet The Sleeping Beauty and in his opera Eugene Onegin .

Musical forms
Ballroom dances
Sir Malcolm Arnold (born Northampton, 21 October 1921; died 23 September 2006) was an English composer.  He is famous for writing symphonies, concertos and movie music.  People disagree about whether he is one of the really great composers, or just a very skilled musician.  His music is often very tuneful, sometimes it is sentimental.  He could write music very quickly.  His famous music for the movie The Bridge on the River Kwai was composed in ten days.

Life
In 1938 Malcolm Arnold went to the Royal College of Music to study composition with Gordon Jacob.  He started his career as a trumpeter with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, later becoming principal trumpet.  By the late 1940s he was concentrating on his composing career.

Arnold was composing at a time when many composers were writing music which was quite atonal which made it hard to understand, but Arnold’s music is tonal and there are many tunes which are easy to remember.  He wrote nine symphonies and several concertos for different instruments, even unusual instruments like the harmonica.  Some of his best orchestral works are the set of dances: English Dances , Scottish Dances  and  Cornish Dances .  He also wrote 2 operas, 7 ballets and 2 string quartets. His overture Tam O'Shanter is very exciting.  It tells in music the story in the poem by Robert Burns.

Arnold wrote music for 132 films.  The most famous is The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) for which he won an Oscar.  He was the first British composer ever to have won this award. This movie includes the famous Colonel Bogey March.  This march had been written many years earlier by Kenneth J. Alford, but Arnold composed a countermelody to it.  His original music for the movie includes the famous River Kwai March (this is not the same as the Colonel Bogey March).   Other movies for which he wrote music include The Belles of St Trinian's (1954), The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (1958) and Whistle Down the Wind (1961). 

He was made a CBE in 1970 and was knighted in 1993.

Youth orchestras and amateur orchestras enjoy playing his works because they are an exciting mixture of classical, jazz, popular and folk music, and are not too difficult to play.

Arnold’s health was often very poor. At times he fought with alcoholism and depression, and in his later years with dementia.  He had moved to Dublin in 1972, but moved back to England in 1984 and settled in Attleborough, Norfolk.  His full-time carer Anthony Day helped him a lot during his final years.

Arnold died from a chest infection in September 2006.

References

1921 births
2006 deaths
20th-century English composers
People from Northampton
Trumpeters
Bowser is a video game character. He is the evil Koopa that takes over the Mushroom Kingdom and kidnaps Princess Peach. He has spikes on his back, breathes fire, and is bigger than normal koopas. He was ranked #1 in the Top 50 Video Game Villains of all-time list by the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2013.

Video games 
Bowser's first appearance was in Super Mario Bros. as a final boss to Mario. The first seven castles in the game had Bowsers, but they only looked like him and were actually his minions, who were disguised as him. Only the eighth Bowser is really him.

Bowser's kids, called the Koopalings, were bosses in Super Mario Bros. 3, Super Mario World, New Super Mario Bros. Wii, New Super Mario Bros. 2, and New Super Mario Bros. U. However, after Super Mario World, The Koopalings were no longer Bowser's biological kids, since they are now adopted children and Bowser Jr. is now his biological child. In Super Mario World, Bowser appears in a clown car and throws Mecha Koopas.

When Mario moved to the Nintendo 64 with Super Mario 64, Bowser was again the main bad guy. In the remake of this game, Super Mario 64 DS, he is fought as a boss three times.

He also appears in the Disney movie Wreck-It Ralph.

References

Other websites
 Bowser on Giant Bomb

Fictional characters introduced in 1985
Animated television characters
Mario series characters
Fictional dragons
Video game antagonists
Video game bosses
Lars Ulrich ( ; born 26 December 1963) is a Danish musician and songwriter best known as the drummer and co-founder of the American heavy metal band Metallica. He was born in Denmark, but moved to Los Angeles when he was seventeen.

Lars Ulrich is also known for his part in the removal of a music-sharing computer program called Napster, which he felt to be illegally using and sharing the music he and Metallica made.

Lars Ulrich stars as himself in the 2010 movie Get Him to the Greek starring Russell Brand. The movie is a spin-off of the 2008 movie Forgetting Sarah Marshall.

Discography

Metallica
 Kill 'Em All (1983)
 Ride the Lightning (1984)
 Master of Puppets (1986)
 The $5.98 E.P.: Garage Days Re-Revisited (EP) (1987)
 ...And Justice For All (1988)
 Metallica (1991)
 Live Shit: Binge and Purge (1993)
 Load (1996)
 ReLoad (1997)
 Garage Inc. (1998)
 S&M (1999)
 St. Anger (2003)
 Death Magnetic (2008)
 Orgullo, Pasión y Gloria: Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México (2009)
 Six Feet Down Under (2010)

Mercyful Fate
 In the Shadows (Guest on "Return of the Vampire 1993") (1993)

1963 births
Living people
Danish musicians
Metallica
Rock drummers
Kim Possible is a Disney Channel original Emmy Award winner and American cartoon series. The title character is a teenage girl tasked with fighting crime on a regular basis while coping with everyday issues commonly associated with adolescence. Kim is aided by her clumsy best friend and eventual love interest, Ron Stoppable, his pet naked mole rat Rufus, and ten year-old computer genius Wade. Known collectively as Team Possible, Kim and Ron's missions primarily require them to thwart the evil plans of the mad scientist–supervillain duo Dr. Drakken and his sidekick Shego.

Characters 

Kimberly Ann "Kim" Possible - Main character, show centered around this crime-fighting teenage girl.
Ronald "Ron" Stoppable - Kim's best friend and sidekick. Often messes up, but ultimately helps by stuffing up.
Wade - Kim's gadget guy. Was afraid of leaving his room, but finally left to meet Kim's friend.
Bonnie Rockwaller - Kim's rival. She attempts to take over head cheerleader from Kim.
Dr. James Timothy Possible - Kim's Dad. A rocket scientist.
Dr. Ann Possible - Kim's Mum. A brain surgeon.
Hana Stoppable - Ron's adopted sister. Came along on a mission.
Dr. Drakken - The main supervillain. Wants to take over the world.
Shego - Drakken's sidekick. Has green glowing hands that are really her special super power.

Other websites 

 Disney's official site for the show 
 TV.com's guide to Kim Possible 

 

Animated television series
Television series by Disney
Television series by Buena Vista Television
English-language television programs
2002 television series debuts
2007 television series endings
The Great Dane is a large breed of dog. They are about  or taller at the shoulder. Great Danes can have coats of a fawn color, black, Harlequin (a combination of black and white spots), blue, brindle, or mantle. The females are usually smaller and weight on an average of . Males are slightly larger.

Exercise 
They need to be walked daily to maintain good health.

Other websites 

 Standards
 FCI-Standard N° 235 / 09. 08. 2002 

 Miscellaneous
 Great Dane Barri
 http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/greatdane.htm

Dog breeds
The 0s BC was the decade before Jesus Christ was born.

Events 
 circa 4 BC? – Jesus is born in Bethlehem.
Bissau is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau. It is also the largest city in the country; around 355,000 people live there. The city is where the Geba river flows into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The city was built by the Portuguese in 1687. It became the capital of Portuguese Guinea in 1942, and has been the capital since independence was declared, except for a short time in 1973 and 1974 when the capital was at Boe. Bissau is famous for having a carnival every year. 

The main things that come from here are peanuts, wood, coconut meat, palm oil, and rubber.

Capital cities in Africa
Regions of Guinea-Bissau
1699 is a year in the 17th century.

The most important events 
 January 26 – Treaty of Karlowitz signed.
 March 30 – the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh made the Khalsa.
 May 1 – Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville starts the first European settlement in the Mississippi River Valley.
 William Dampier goes to and discovers what is at the northwest coast of Australia.

Births 
 March 23 – John Bartram the American botanist (died 1777)
 March 25 – Johann Adolf Hasse the German composer (died 1783)
 April 17 - Robert Blair the Scottish poet and cleric (died 1746)
 May 1 – Hans Joachim von Zieten the Prussian field marshal (died 1786)
 May 13 – Marquis of Pombal the Prime Minister of Portugal (died 1782)
 November 2 – Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin the French painter (died 1779)
 November 25 - Pierre Subleyras the French painter (died 1749)
 December 10 – King Christian VI of Denmark (died 1746)

Deaths 

 January 21 – Obadiah Walker the English writer (born 1616)

March 12 – Peder Griffenfeld the Danish statesman (born 1635)
April 21 – Jean Racine the French playwright (born 1639)
April 22 – Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz the German statesman and poet (born 1646)
May 12 – Lucas Achtschellinck the Flemish painter (born 1626)
May 15 – Edward Petre the English Jesuit and privy councillor (born 1631)
June 22 – Josiah Child the English Governor of the East India Company (born 1630)
September 26 – Simon Arnauld de Pomponne the French diplomat and minister of Louis XIV (born 1618).
August 25 – Christian V the King of Denmark and Norway (born 1646)
November 29 – Patrick Gordon the Scottish general (born 1635)
Diving is a form of movement downwards, either from air to ground or to water. Diving is also a sport. Diving is often done from a springboard or an elevated platform. 

Underwater diving includes Scuba diving. Scuba diving, however, is typically not considered a sport. Dives used for scuba diving are relatively simplistic. An example of this is a giant stride entry, also known as a stride dive.

Diving in water
There are six different types of dives, and four different body positions that a person can use when diving.

Types of dives 
There are six different types of dives. Four of the types depend on whether the diver is facing towards the water or away from the water, and if they rotate towards or away from the water. The other two dives can be a part of the first four. For example, a diver can do a "inward twisting" or a "forward armstand" dive. The basic types of dives are:
Forward – The diver faces towards the water and rotates forward.
Backward – The diver stands with their back towards the water and rotates backwards, away from the board.
Reverse – The diver faces towards the water and rotates backwards, towards the board.
Inward – The diver faces away from the water and rotates forward, towards the board.
Twisting – A twisting dive is any of the other dives in which the diver twists their body to the left or right. 
Armstand – An armstand dive is where the diver begins the dive from a handstand position. They are not standing on their feet at the beginning of this type of dive.

Body positions
The four different body positions are tuck, pike, straight and free. 
Tuck – The body is bent at the waist and knees. The thighs are close to the chest and the heels of the feet are close to the buttocks.
Pike – The diver's legs are straight. Their body is bent at the waist. The position of the arms is chosen by the diver. They are often pointed towards the toes.
Straight – There is no bend in the body at all. There could be a small arch of the back depending on the type of dive. 
Free – The free position is not an actual body position. It is where the diver uses more than one position. It is usually used when doing a dive with a somersault or a twist in it

Dive Numbers
Dives are put into categories, based on the Direction the dive is in, and what Position it is in.
100's=Forward
200's=Backward
300's=Reverse
400's=Inward
A-Straight
B-Pike
C-Tuck
D-Free
Every Half flip the number on the end goes up by one
For example: *Front dive Tuck is a 101c

Related pages

Scuba diving
Swimming

 
Summer Olympic sports
Cloppenburg  (Low Saxon: Cloppenborg, Saterland Frisian: Kloppenbuurich) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, capital of Cloppenburg District. It lies some  south-south-west of Oldenburg in the Weser-Ems region between Bremen and the Dutch border. The town is a centre for the largely agricultural region of southern Oldenburg.

References

Other websites

 Official site
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords is a RPG video game set in the Star Wars expanded universe. It was developed by Obsidian Entertainment and was released in December 2004 on Xbox video game console and in February 2005 on PC.

Description 
Developed with the Odissey Engine, the game is set five years after KotOR, or 3.951 BBY. After the Jedi Civil War, Revan left the Galaxy to find something in the unknown areas, something that could be a threat to the Old Republic. There are less than 100 Jedi left in the Galaxy after the brutal war against Darth Malak. They are killed, one by one, by Sith assassins who attack from the shadows.

The player takes the role of the "Jedi Exile", believed to be the last Jedi or one of the last.
The player will meet several companions who will join him in his quest depending on his alignment and on the gender the player has chosen for his character. The Exile can eventually meet up to 11 characters: Kreia, Atton Rand, Bao-Dur, The Handmaiden (if the player is set to male), The Disciple (if the player is set to female), Mira (if the player is set to light-side), Hanharr (if the player is set to dark-side), T3-M4, HK-47, G0-T0, and Mandalore.

Role-playing video games
Star Wars games
2004 video games
The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is a play by William Shakespeare. It is about the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC.  
Shakespeare based his play on stories in Plutarch's Life of Brutus and Life of Caesar. The play was probably written in 1599. It was first published in 1623 in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays.

The play was probably one of Shakespeare's first plays to be performed at the Globe Theatre. The theatre had just been built. A Swiss traveller saw a tragedy about Julius Caesar at a London theatre on 21 September 1599. This was probably Shakespeare's play.

The play has been made into movies three times. In a 1950 movie, Charlton Heston played Mark Antony. In a 1953 movie, James Mason played Brutus and Marlon Brando played Antony.  In a 1970 movie, Jason Robards played Brutus, Charlton Heston played Antony again, and John Gielgud played Caesar.

References

Other websites 

Text of Julius Caesar, fully edited by John Cox, as well as original-spelling text, facsimiles of the 1623 Folio text, and other resources, at the Internet Shakespeare Editions
Julius Caesar Navigator Includes Shakespeare's text with notes, line numbers, and a search function.
No Fear Shakespeare  Includes the play line by line with interpretation.
All Julius Caesar  Provides a summary of the play, background on Shakespeare and Julius Caesar, including historical background on Julius Caesar, and a character analysis of Caesar.
 Julius Caesar – searchable, indexed e-text
Julius Caesar – from Project Gutenberg
Julius Caesar  – by The Tech
Julius Caesar – Searchable and scene-indexed version.
Julius Caesar in modern English
Lesson plans for Julius Caesar  at Web English Teacher
Quicksilver Radio Theater adaptation of "Julius Caesar", which may be heard online, at PRX.org (Public Radio Exchange).
 Julius Caesar study guide, themes, quotes, analysis, multimedia, & teaching guide

Plays by William Shakespeare
Twisted Sister is an American metal band. They were popular in the 1980's with their music videos We're Not Gonna Take it and I Wanna Rock. Originally a glam rock band influenced by New York Dolls, when Dee Snider came they moved to a heavy metal direction.

References

Other websites 
 Official site
 Official Bent Brother site 
 Official Dee Snider site
 Official Eddie Ojeda site
 Official A.J. Pero site

1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hard rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from New York City
1630 is a year in the 17th century.

The most important events 
 February 22 – Native American Quadequine shows popcorn to English colonists.
 March 22 – Massachusetts Bay Colony makes having cards, dice and gaming tables against the law.
 June 6 – Swedish warships leave Stockholm to go to Germany.
 June 26 – July 6 – Swedish troops controlled by Gustavus Adolphus go to Pomerania, Germany to help Protestants.
 July 6 – Success the last ship of the Winthrop Fleet, returns safely at Salem harbor, MBC.
 September 17 – The city of Boston, Massachusetts is first started.
 September 24 – The first ship of de Sauce's emigrants arrive at Southampton Hundred on the James River.
 November 10-November 11 – Day of Dupes – Marie de Medicis' tries to stop Richelieu but it does not work.
 Johann Heinrich Alsted's Encyclopaedia is published (printed as a book people can buy).
 The first story of the Childes Tomb is published.
 Many people from Great Britain go to live in Paramaribo, Suriname for the first time.
 Puritan pamphleteer Dr. Alexander Leighton publishes "Zion's Plea Against Prelacy: An Appeal to Parliament." The book was against Anglican bishops, in London. He was sentenced by Archbishop William Laud's High Commission Court to being whipped in public, branding and having his ears cut off.

Births 
 January 11 – John Rogers the American President of Harvard (died 1684)
 February 19 – Shivaji the person who started the Maratha Empire (died 1680)
 April 28 – Charles Cotton the English poet (died 1687)
 May 29 – King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland (died 1685)
 August 1 – Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh the English statesman (died 1673)
 October 14 – Sophia of Hanover the heir (next person to become queeen) of Great Britain (died 1714)
 October – John Tillotson the Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1694)
 November 24 – Etienne Baluze a French scholar (died 1718)
 November 27 – Archduke Sigismund Francis of Austria the regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (died 1665)

Deaths 
January 26 – Henry Briggs the English mathematician (born 1556)
February 12 – Fynes Moryson the English traveler and writer (born 1566)
February 26 – William Brade the English composer (born 1560)
April 29 – Agrippa d'Aubigné the French poet and soldier (born 1552)
July 16 – Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (born 1562)
September 17 – Thomas Lake the English statesman (born 1567)
September 18 – Melchior Klesl the Austrian cardinal and statesman (born 1552)
September 20 – Claudio Saracini the Italian composer (born 1586)
September 25 – Ambrosio Spinola, marqués de los Balbases the Spanish general (born 1569)
November 15 – Johannes Kepler the German astronomer (born 1571)
November 19 – Johann Schein the German composer (born 1586)
Paul Biya (born Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo; 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician. He is the President of Cameroon. He has been the country's president since 6 November 1982.

Biya was born in the village of Mvomeka'a in Cameroon. At that time, the country was called French Cameroon. He studied in France, at the Sorbonne and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris, both in Paris. He graduated in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in public law and a diploma in international relations.

After graduating, Biya returned to Cameroon and worked in the government. In 1975, the President Ahmadou Ahidjo gave the job of Prime Minister to Biya. When President Ahidjo resigned on November 6, 1982, Biya became president of the country. Shortly afterwards, Ahidjo and Biya began feuding, and Ahidjo was forced to leave Cameroon.

Biya was elected as the President of Cameroon in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1997 and 2004, but other parties only have been allowed to enter the elections since 1992. The results many of these election results have been called fraudulent (achieved through unfair or illegal ways). 

Many international organizations, including Amnesty International, have criticized Biya's government for restricting the freedom of the people of Cameroon. These issues include control of the media (newspapers and radio and television stations)  and violations of human rights.  Biya's supporters point to the country's stability and high literacy rate.

Biya is currently the longest-ruling non-royal leader in the world and the oldest ruler in Sub-Saharan Africa after Robert Mugabe stepped down during the 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état.

References

Other websites
 bbc.com's country profile on Cameroon
 Paul Biya's Biography (from the 2004 election) 
 Amnesty International press release from 17/25/97

1933 births
Living people
Presidents of Cameroon
Prime Ministers of Cameroon
Current national leaders
Alumni of the Institut d'études politiques de Paris
The International Olympic Committee (IOC; French: Comité international olympique, CIO) is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas on June 23 1894 to reinstate the Ancient Olympic Games held in Greece between 776 BC to 393 AD. Its membership is 203 National Olympic Committee. It is the committee to support and promote participation in sports throughout the world.

Presidents 
 Demetrius Vikelas (1894–1896)
 Pierre de Coubertin (1896–1925)
 Henri de Baillet-Latour (1925–1942)
 Sigfrid Edström (1942–1952)
 Avery Brundage (1952–1972)
 Lord Killanin (1972–1980)
 Juan Antonio Samaranch (1980–2001)
 Jacques Rogge (2001–2013)
 Thomas Bach (2013-present)

References

Olympic Games
Lausanne
1894 establishments
The Oceania Football Confederation, often referred to as just OFC , is the organization that controls Oceania football (soccer).

New Zealand is the OFC's biggest federation.

Since Australia left the OFC in 2006 to join the AFC, the members of the OFC are:
 American Samoa
 Cook Islands
 Fiji
 New Caledonia
 New Zealand
 Papua New Guinea
 Solomon Islands
 Samoa
 Tahiti
 Tonga
 Vanuatu

Related pages 
 OFC Nations Cup

Other websites 
 Oceania Football Confederation Official Site

Football organizations
1966 establishments in Oceania
Dessau is a town in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. The next larger cities are Halle (Saale), about 40 km southwest, Leipzig, about 52 km south and Magdeburg, about 54 km northwest. The city became well known for its college of architecture Bauhaus (Architecture House or Building House related to the German verb for "build") founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. In July 2007 it was merged with Roßlau to the new city of Dessau-Roßlau.

References

Other websites

Urban districts of Saxony-Anhalt
Weißenfels was the capital city of the old Weißenfels Rural District in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, until the district changes of 2007. The King of Saxony used to live here. It is about 30 km southwest of Leipzig.

Population 
Growth in number of people over the years:

Data source from 1990: Statistic national office Saxony-Anhalt
1 29. October
2 31. August
3 03. October

References

Other websites

Burgenlandkreis Rural District
The Scottish Socialist Party (SSP; ; ) is a political party which was formed in 1998. It argues for socialism and Scottish independence.

References

Political parties in Scotland
1998 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s establishments in Scotland
Esztergom is a city in Hungary, 45 kilometers north of Budapest. 30 928 people live in Esztergom. It is the center of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary, and the Constitutional court is in the city. There are a lot of rich museums in the city.

Geography 
Esztergom is on the right side of the river Danube. There are big islands on the Danube. There are mountains to the east, that surround the city. The city is 100,35 km² big.

History 

The city was founded in 972 by Géza of Hungary. It is one of the oldest cities in Hungary. Until 1249 it was the capital of the country. The archbishops built many schools, churches, palaces, and the kings of Hungary built castles. In 1242 the city was attacked and destroyed by mongols, but the castle on the hill was not. After the attack king Béla IV. moved to Buda, and gave the city to the archbishop. In 1543 the city was taken by the Turks, who built many spas. The Hungarians tried to take back the city many times, so it was destroyed again in the wars. The Turks left Esztergom in 1683. In 1822 Alexander Rudnay, the archbishop started building a big temple called a basilica. It is the biggest temple and the tallest building in the country, and the third biggest temple in Europe.

Sister cities 
  Espoo (Finland) since 1974
  Štúrovo (Slovakia) since 1991
  Bamberg (Germany) since 1992
  Cambrai (France) since 1992
  Ehingen (Germany) since 1992
  Maintal (Germany) since 1993
  Gniezno (Poland) since 1994
  Mariazell (Austria) since 2002
  Canterbury (England) since 2004

Cities in Hungary
10th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Hungary
Sir Edmund Barton (18 January 1849 – 7 January 1920) was the first Prime Minister of Australia.  He was born in the suburb of Glebe in 1849 and died from heart failure in the Blue Mountains in 1920.

He was elected to the first Australian parliament in 1901 as the member for Hunter. He had a big part in making Australia a nation. His government passed laws stopping non-white people from coming to Australia and allowing women to vote in elections. After he was Prime Minister he became a judge of the High Court.

Political career
Barton was chosen as the Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1883. He served as the speaker until 1887. In 1891, he was a member of the committee writing the Constitution of Australia. In 1900, he led a group of Australians to London to present the country's first Constitution to the British Parliament. Barton was elected as Australia's first Prime Minister on 1 January 1901, when the new constitution went into effect. He also served as the Minister External Affairs (foreign policy and international relations). He resigned on 24 September 1903, and became a senior judge in the new High Court of Australia, and held that position until his death in 1920.

References

1849 births
1920 deaths
Australian judges
Australian lawyers
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Australia
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in New South Wales
Legislative speakers
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Politicians from Sydney
Prime Ministers of Australia
Protectionist Party politicians
Zabno (Polish: Żabno) is a town in Poland. 4,275 people live there. Zabno is near a bigger city, Tarnow.

Towns in Poland
South Australia is one of the six states of Australia. The capital city is Adelaide.

Location 
South Australia is in the southern central part of the country. It is one of the driest parts of the continent. South Australia gets very little rain.

Appearance 
The state has a total land area of 984,377 km² (380,070 sq mi). It is the fourth largest of Australia's states and territories. In 2006 there were 1,554,397 people living in South Australia.

Emblems of South Australia 
 The floral emblem of South Australia is Sturt's Desert Pea, Swainsona formosa. It was made the emblem on November 23, 1961.
 The faunal emblem is the Hairy-Nosed or Plains Wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons). It was chosen on 27 August 1970.
 The marine emblem is the Leafy Seadragon (Phycodurus eques). It as chosen on 8 February 2001.
 The gemstone emblem of South Australia is the opal. This was chosen on the 15 August 1985.
 The official badge of South Australia is the Piping Shrike or White Backed Magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen leuconota). It was chosen on 14 January 1904.

History 
South Australia was a freely-settled, planned British province. Settlement began on December 28, 1836. This was when the state was proclaimed at The Old Gum Tree by Governor Hindmarsh. The aim was to create the province as a center of civilization for free immigrants, promising civil liberties and religious tolerance.

Events 
The state is known for its festivals and fine wine.

Climate
The highest temperature recorded was 50.7°C at Oodnadatta on 2 January 1960.
The coldest temperature recorded was -8.2°C at Yongala on 20 July 1976.
The highest rainfall recorded was 272.6 mm at Motpena on 14 March 1989.

References
Alfred William Deakin (3 August 1856 – 7 October 1919) was the second Prime Minister of Australia.

He was born in Collingwood, Melbourne, Australia, the second child of William Deakin. In the 1890s he helped Australia become a country. He was Australia's first Attorney-General (head lawyer) when Edmund Barton was Prime Minister and then became Prime Minister after Barton left. He introduced the Bill to start Australia's High Court, began planning for a railway to cross Australia, took over control of New Guinea from Britain, and introduced old age pensions.

Deakin married Elizabeth Brown on 3 April 1882. They had three children.

When he was old he had Alzheimer's disease which made him forget a lot of things.
Alfred Deakin died on the 7 October 1919 in South Yarra, Victoria.He was buried at St.Kilda Cemetery.

References 

1856 births
1919 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Melbourne
Attorneys General of Australia
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Commonwealth Liberal Party politicians
Protectionist Party politicians
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Archie Comics is a comic book company in the United States. Its most famous and popular title is "Archie". This comic book is about a teenage boy named Archie Andrews and his friends: Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge, Reggie Mantle, Sabrina Spellman, and Jughead Jones. Every character in this comic book is fictional, and they were created by Bob Montana. All characters were based on people he knew in Haverhill, Massachusetts. Other popular titles by Archie Comics include "Sabrina the Teenage Witch", "Sonic the Hedgehog", and Josie and the Pussycats. Archie's first appearance was in Pep Comics #22 on December 22, 1941. The first edition was drawn by Montana and written by Vic Bloom.

Archie lives in a small town named "Riverdale", in a state that is not known. However, in the early years of the Archie comics, Riverdale was in Massachusetts. This is known because a character Mr. Lodge was a senator for that state, but this is no longer part of the story.

Characters

The Archie Gang: Main characters

Archibald "Archie" Andrews, main character, a typical teenage boy with a great interest in dating, who sometimes can be clumsy.

Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper, the girl-next-door, very sweet.

Veronica "Ronnie/Ron" Lodge, the rich, sometimes nice and sometimes snobbish girl.

Forsythe Pendleton "Jughead" Jones III, - Archie's best friend. Jughead is sarcastic, obsessed with food, lazy, and apathetic towards girls.

Reginald "Reggie" Mantle, a conceited practical joker. He occasionally dates Veronica and sometimes, although very rarely, goes on dates with Betty. He is also obsessed with another girl, Midge, which usually gets him in trouble with Moose, who beats up Reggie.

Parents (of the main characters)
Of all the parents, Veronica's father and Archie's parents appear most often.
 Mr. Hiram Lodge, Veronica's rich father often hates meeting Archie because Archie is clumsy and causes him trouble.
 Mr. Frederick "Fred" Andrews, Archie's father is pear-shaped, old-fashioned, and balding.
 Mrs. Mary Andrews, Archie's typical all-American suburban mother.

The Faculty
 Mr. Waldo Weatherbee, the school principal, popularly referred to as 'The Bee'. He is often a victim of Archie's clumsiness, and he often punishes Archie by keeping him after school.
 Miss Geraldine Grundy, a teacher at Riverdale High who is usually shown as an English teacher. She also teaches every subject except gym or chemistry. Most students consider her a "nice" or "good" teacher. She is old with white hair.
 Miss Bernice Beazley, the grouchy school cafeteria cook. No one likes her food except Jughead. She is not well liked by the students.

Comic companies
Comic books
Pittsburgh is a city in the American state of Pennsylvania. The city was known in the 20th century for its steel industry. However, with the collapse of United States steel industry in the 1980s, the economy of Pittsburgh is now mostly based on healthcare, education, technology, and financial services. It is also the home of the Pittsburgh Steelers football team, who have won the Super Bowl six times, the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Pittsburgh Penguins hockey team, the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University. Pittsburgh is the county seat for Allegheny County. The Allegheny and Monongahela rivers meet in Pittsburgh and form the Ohio River.

Pittsburgh is in western Pennsylvania. It has a population of 312,819 people and a metro population of almost 2,400,040 people. Pittsburgh was the most livable city in the United States in 2007. In 2014 Pittsburgh was ranked sixth in the country for polluted cities by the American Lung Association.

The French and Indian War started when George Washington went to Pittsburgh.  Later it was a center of the Whiskey Rebellion.

The city is served by the Pittsburgh International Airport.

References

Other websites 
 Pittsburgh -Citizendium

 
County seats in Pennsylvania
1758 establishments
1750s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Kapellmeister, (pronounce: Ka-PEL-my-ster), is a German word which means a musician who is in charge of music-making.  The word comes from the Latin word for "chapel".  In German "Kapelle" got the meaning: "choir" (because they sang in a chapel).  "Meister" means "master".  

The French word is maître de la chapelle.  In Italian he is Maestro di Capella.  In English he might be called Chapel Master or, more generally, Director of Music.

The Kapellmeister's job

The word Kapellmeister is used to describe musicians in Germany who worked for a king, prince or rich nobleman.  Until about 200 years ago, these people often had their own private orchestras.  The Kapellmeister was like a Director of Music.  He would be responsible for choosing any new musicians, rehearsing and conducting the orchestra, and composing any music that was needed.

Many famous composers had jobs as Kapellmeister.  Johann Sebastian Bach worked from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen. George Frideric Handel was Kapellmeister for George, Elector of Hanover, who later became George I of Great Britain. Joseph Haydn worked for many years as Kapellmeister for the Eszterházy family, a very important noble family of the Austrian Empire.   

A Kapellmeister could also be the Director of Music for a church.  Sometimes, this would be called "Kantor" in Germany.  Johann Sebastian Bach was called "Kantor" when he was Director of Music at the church of St Thomas in Leipzig from 1723-1750. 

By the 19th century, society in Europe had changed.  The nobility were not as rich as they had been before, and many composers started to make a living as a freelance composer.  Beethoven, for example, never became a Kapellmeister.

Sometimes, the word "Kapellmeister" is used in German today to mean the Director or conductor of an orchestra or choir. The title shows that they have to organize the orchestra or choir as well as conduct it.

Musicians
Occupations