cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ultar Sar is a  mountain in the Karakoram range, in Pakistan. It is also known as Ultar Peak, Ultar II, Bojohagur Duanasir II, and simply as Ultar. Ultar Sar is part of the Batura Muztagh subrange. It is the 69th highest mountain in the world.

The first people to reach the top were Akito Yamazaki and Kiyoshi Matsuoka, in 1996. It is a very difficult and dangerous climb.

References 

Mountains of Pakistan
Gilgit-Baltistan
Karakoram
A floor Leader, also known as a caucus leader, is a leader of their political party in a body of a legislature. They are also called Leaders of the House.

Politics
David James Bellamy  (18 January 1933 – 11 December 2019) was an English author, broadcaster, environmental campaigner and botanist.

Bellamy wrote, appeared in or presented hundreds of television programmes on botany, ecology, environmentalism and other issues. His television series included Bellamy on Botany, Bellamy's Britain, Bellamy's Europe and Bellamy's Backyard Safari.

Bellamy died on the morning of 11 December 2019 in Durham, aged 86.

References

1933 births
2019 deaths
Environmentalists
English botanists
English television presenters
English television actors
Writers from London
Scientists from London
Actors from London
Sherman John Howard (November 28, 1924 – December 5, 2019) was an professional American football player. He played professionally as a halfback for four seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the New York Yanks and Cleveland Browns. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Howard died in Chicago on December 5, 2019 at the age of 95.

References

1924 births
2019 deaths
Cleveland Browns players
American military personnel of World War II
Sportspeople from Chicago
Military people from Chicago
Sportspeople from New Orleans, Louisiana
Henry Ward Beecher (June 24, 1813 – March 8, 1887) was an American clergyman, social reformer, and speaker. As the pastor of a Congregational church in Brooklyn he became famous for his work to end slavery.

1813 births
1887 deaths
American abolitionists
American activists
Christian ministers
Congregationalists
In mammals, the Urethal sphincters are two muscles that control the exit of urine from the bladder through the uretha. If either of them contracts, the uretha is sealed shut. In male mammals, one of the muscles is placed around the uretha. In female mammals, it is placed on the side of the vagina. In male mammals, the muscles are also used to transport the sperm, when an erection happens. 

Anatomy of the urinary system
The Chipko movement was a group action in India with the goal of saving trees. This is mainly done through the act of hugging trees to protect them from being cut. It was also known as Chipko Andolan. Those who were part of it used nonviolent protests. The Chipko movement began in the early 1970s in Uttarakhand. It then spread to Uttar Pradesh. By the 1980s it had spread across most of India.

The Chipko movement lead to a change in policies to stop the clear cutting of trees in some regions. (Clear cutting is a type of logging where all trees in an area are cut down).

Chipko movement was started by Sunderlal Bahuguna.

The name of the Chipko moment originated from the word 'embrace' as the villagers used to hug the trees and protect them from wood cutters from cutting them. In 1731, the king of Jodhpur in Rajasthan asked one of his ministers to arrange wood for constructing a new palace. The minister and workers went to a forest near a village, inhabited by Bishnois, to cut down trees. A Bishnoi woman Amrita Devi showed exemplary courage by hugging a tree and daring king’s men to cut her first before cutting the tree. The tree mattered much more to her than her own life. Sadly, the king’s men did not heed to her pleas, and cut down the tree along with Amrita Devi. Her three daughters and hundreds of other Bishnois followed her, and thus lost their lives saving trees. The incident inspired the several other rural women, who launched such similar movements in different parts of India. The Chipko Movement gained momentum under Sunderlal Bahuguna, an activist, who spent his whole life persuading and educating the villagers, to protest against the destruction of the forests and the Himalayan mountains by the government. The chipko protests achieved a major victory in 1980 with a 15 years ban on tree felling in the Himalayan forests of the state by the order of Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

References 

Protests in the 20th century
Indian culture
Momhil Sar is a  mountain in the Karakoram range, in Pakistan. Momhil Sar is part of the Hispar Muztagh subrange. It is the 63rd highest mountain in the world.

The first people to reach the top were Hans Schell and his expedition, in 1965.

References 

Mountains of Pakistan
Gilgit-Baltistan
Karakoram
Atlantic cod is a species of cod which occurs in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The younger fish live near the surface of the ocean, the older ones near the sea floor. Atlantic cod is one of the species of cod that has been consumed by humans. The atlantic cod feeds on other, smaller fish (for example herring), as well as molluscs.

References 

Bony fish
Gowling WLG is a multinational law firm. It was formed by the merger of Canada-based Gowlings and UK-based Wragge Lawrence Graham & Co in February 2016. This was the first multinational law firm merger between British and Canadian firms. As of 2020, it is 16th on The Lawyer UK 200 list of best law firms.

Gowling WLG International Limited is an English company limited by guarantee. The two limited liability partnerships of Gowling WLG (Canada) LLP and Gowling WLG (UK) LLP are members of it. The two partnerships provide legal services. They are financially separate.

This is a fairly loose association, where each "partner" does the legal work for its own country. Therefore regulators in each country know who is responsible for any particular case.

Offices

The firm has 19 offices in Canada, the UK, continental Europe, the Middle East, China and Singapore. Gowling WLG plans to grow in Germany and East Asia in the near future.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Companies of the United Kingdom
Companies of Canada
Law
The Mortal Engines Quartet is a fantasy novel series by British author, Philip Reeve.

A prequel series, Fever Crumb, set 600 years before the events of the Quartet, was published between 2009 and 2011. In March 2020 Reeve said "too much time has passed since I wrote the other books, it’s hard to go back to that world" and that he did not intend to publish further books in the series.

On November 18, 2020, upon asked whether Mortal Engines would be rebooted for the television screens, he responded that, while that would be nice, it seemed unlikely.

Books 
 Mortal Engines
 Predator's Gold
 Infernal Devices
 A Darkling Plain

References 

Predator Cities
Fantasy books
Series of books
An icicle is a spike of ice formed when water falling from an object freezes.

Various snow spikes are formed on days when the outdoor air temperature is sub freezing and heat from sunlight melts snow or ice on anything sloped. The droplets of water freeze as they loses their heat to the cold air, forming a cone-like shape of ice.

Shape 
Once water starts dripping, it begins to freeze into a certain side. It will melt and freeze over and begin to create icicles. As winter gets longer and temperatures stay in the freezing and sunlight is present, water will just melt and drip alongside the icicle causing them to get longer and sharper. The reason why icicles are pointy is because the water drips in a downward motion. Icicles can range from millimeters to feet in length.

Snow 
Once temperatures reach 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius), snow starts to fall. Snow will begin to build on top of each snowflake and sit on whatever surface is present. Snow is white in color and can be from the width of a single strand or hair to even inches long. Although it must be cold in order for snow to fall, it is not frozen rain, but it is a cluster of many crystals falling from the clouds.

Accidents 
Icicles are beautiful, but they can be very dangerous. Icicles have been reported fatal since the 1700's, from falling on people and causing accidents to property being reported. Icicles can cause damage on many structures such as buildings and homes, once ice forms layers the weight of it can cause the structure to fall or break off. Icicles can also be formed on bridges over streets and highways creating a potential danger for nearby motor vehicles passing by.

References 

Meteorology
Snow
Water
In spectroscopy, the Rydberg constant is a physical constant relating to the electromagnetic spectra of an atom. Its symbol is  for heavy atoms or  for hydrogen. The constant is named after the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg.  The constant first arose as an empirical fitting parameter in the Rydberg formula for the hydrogen spectral series.  Niels Bohr later showed that its value could be calculated from more fundamental constants via his Bohr model. ,  and electron spin g-factor are the most accurately measured physical constants.

The constant is expressed for either hydrogen as , or at the limit of infinite nuclear mass as . In either case, the constant is used to express the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from an atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing an atom from its ground state. The hydrogen spectral series can be expressed simply in terms of the Rydberg constant for hydrogen  and the Rydberg formula.

In atomic physics, Rydberg unit of energy, symbol Ry, corresponds to the energy of the photon whose wavenumber is the Rydberg constant, i.e. the ionization energy of the hydrogen atom.

References 

Spectroscopy
Physical constants
The Jeopardy! Teachers Tournament is an annual tournament on the American television game show Jeopardy! It features full-time teachers of students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. The tournament debuted during Season 27 (2010-2011) and has been played every season since (except for Season 37), always during any of the three ratings sweeps periods (November, February, or May), with the exception of being held from May 25th to June 5th 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Format 
The Teachers Tournament follows the same 10-game format as the Tournament of Champions, College Championship, and Teen Tournament. The first five games are the quarterfinals, where all fifteen participants play in groups of three. The winners of the five games advance to the semifinals. The players with the four highest scores among non-winners advance as "wild card" players. The nine semifinalists compete in the next three games. Then the three semifinal winners advance to the two-day finals, in which cumulative scores from the two games are added to determine the championship (contestants' scores start at $0 in each game).

Prizes

Cash 
The person who wins the tournament receives a $100,000 prize. The first runner up gets $50,000; and the second runner up gets $25,000. Teachers who are eliminated during the semifinals go home with $10,000, and teachers who are eliminated during the quarterfinals go home with $5,000.

Tournament of Champions 
In addition to the aforementioned cash prize, the winner also earns an automatic spot in the next Tournament of Champions, although one winner (Larry Martin in 2018) died from pancreatic cancer before reaching that tournament. So far, two Teachers Tournaments winners have made it to the finals of the Tournament of Champions (Colby Burnett in 2013 and Francois Barcomb in 2019); only Burnett won the event. 2016 winner Jason Sterlacci is only other winner to advance to the semi-finals of the Tournament of Champions. Burnett was also invited back to the Battle of the Decades in 2014 where he advanced to the semifinals, and was team captain in the All-Star games in 2019, where he drafted 2017 Tournament of Champions finalist Alan Lin and November 2000 College Champion Pam Mueller as his team members. His team finished as the second runner-up in the event. 2015 winner Jennifer Giles also competed in the All-Star games, as a member of Team Buzzy Cohen. John Pearson was the alternate in the All-Star games.

List of participants

 Catherine Whitten and Justin Hoffstetter in February 2012 are the first pair of contestants to marry each other. Their marriage took place in January 24, 2015. Maryanne Lewell and Michael Townes in 2013 are the second pair of contestants to marry each other. Their marriage took place in Canada in August 2017.

 Mary Parker and Cody Vest are the first two teachers contestants that teach in the same school.

Jeopardy!
The Corsair is a book by Lord Byron.  It is about the life of a corsair (a person who fights wars at sea) named Conrad.

References 

1814
1810s books
Don Juan is a satirical poem by Lord Byron.  It is based on the legend of Don Juan, who was said to be able to seduce many women.  The poem is a satire because in the poem it is Don Juan who is seduced by women.

1819
British poems
Epic poems
Pineville is a suburb of Alexandria. It is in Rapides Parish, Louisiana.

Cities in Louisiana
Abstraction in art history is when art depicts something without caring what it actually looks like.

Art
Łęczna  is a town in eastern Poland with 19,780 people (2014), located in Lublin Voivodeship. It is the capital of Łęczna County and the smaller administrative district of Gmina Łęczna. The town is in northeastern corner of historic province of Lesser Poland. On 31 December 2010, the population of the town was 20,706.

Łęczna tops among the hills of the Lublin Upland, at the confluence of two rivers—the Wieprz, and the Świnka.

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Old City Homepage  

Towns in Poland
Nosrat Karimi (, 22 December 1924 – 3 December 2019) was an Iranian actor, director, make-up artist, professor, scriptwriter, and sculptor. His career lasted for sixty years from 1965 through 2019. He was best known for his role as Agha Joon in My Uncle Napoleon and The Carriage Driver. Karimi was born in Tehran.

Karimi died on 3 December 2019 in Tehran at the age of 94.

References

Other websites

Official Website 
Nosrat Karimi at IranianMovies.com 

Karimi at iranian.com.

1924 births
2019 deaths
Iranian actors
Artists
Iranian movie directors
Iranian movie producers
Iranian screenwriters
People from Tehran
John Richard Easton (March 22, 1933 – December 2, 2019) was a Canadian actor. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. Easton was best known for his role as Brian Hammond in the 1970s BBC serial The Brothers. He also had television guest appearances on Doctor Who, L.A. Law, Frasier, and Ed.

In 2001, he won a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for his role in The Invention of Love. In 2008, Easton was added into the American Theater Hall of Fame.

Easton died on December 2, 2019 of congestive heart failure at his home in Manhattan at the age of 86.

References

Other websites

Tony Award winning actors
Drama Desk Award winners
1933 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York City
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Canadian stage actors
Actors from Montreal
Charles Koffi Diby (7 September 1957 – 7 December 2019) was an Ivorian politician. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Ivory Coast from 2012 to 2016. He was born in Bouake, Côte d’Ivoire.

Diby died on 7 December 2019 of problems caused by anorexia at his home in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, aged 62.

References

Other websites
article on Diby's visit to Brazil

1957 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from anorexia
Ivorian people
African politicians
Green Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 23,765 at the 2010 census.

References

Census-designated places in Arizona
The 2020 Labour Party leadership election was held between (21 February – 4 April 2020) to elect a leader to replace Jeremy Corbyn. On 13 December 2019, Corbyn announced that he would not lead the Labour Party into the next general election, following the party's poor performance in the December 2019 election. 

It was won by Keir Starmer who received 56.2 per cent of the vote on the first round. It was held alongside the 2020 Labour Party deputy leadership election.

Background
Jeremy Corbyn was elected Labour Party leader in a 2015 leadership election and re-elected leader in 2016 after a challenge from Owen Smith. While Labour gained seats in the 2017 general election, the party lost 60 seats in the 2019 election, its worst result since the 1935 general election. Corbyn announced that he would resign after a "process of reflection".

Timetable
The timetable for the election was set by the party's National Executive Committee on 6 January 2020.

 7 January: Nominations from the PLP and EPLP open
 13 January: Nominations from the PLP and EPLP close
 14 January (17:00): Registered supporter applications open
 15 January: Nominations from CLPs and affiliates open
 16 January (17:00): Registered supporter applications close
 20 January (17:00): Party members and affiliate members must join by this date to be eligible to vote
 14 February: Nominations from CLPs and affiliates close
 21 February: Voting starts
 2 April (12:00): Voting closes 
 4 April: Result announced

Candidates

Declared 
The following individuals have been nominated as official candidates by the party:

Eliminated

Withdrawn

Declined
The following individuals were discussed in the media as potential leadership candidates, but chose not to stand:
 Diane Abbott, Shadow Home Secretary (endorsed Long-Bailey)
 Yvette Cooper, chair of the Home Affairs Select Committee since 2016 (endorsed Starmer)
 Barry Gardiner, shadow international trade secretary (endorsed Long-Bailey) 
 Dan Jarvis, MP for Barnsley Central, Mayor of the Sheffield City Region (nominated Nandy)
 David Lammy, former universities minister (endorsed Starmer)
 Ian Lavery, Chair of the Labour Party (endorsed Long-Bailey)
 John McDonnell, shadow chancellor (endorsed Long-Bailey)
 Angela Rayner, shadow education secretary (running for deputy leader, endorsed Long-Bailey)

PLP and EPLP Nominations
Candidates first need to be nominated by at least 10% (twenty-two) of current Labour MPs and MEPs, who make up the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) and the European Parliamentary Labour Party (EPLP).

The candidates who have passed this threshold need nominations from at least 5% (thirty-three) CLPs, or at least three affiliates including at least two trades unions that together represent at least 5% of affiliated members.

The table below shows the current number of nominations achieved by each candidate.

Timeline

List of supporters

Starmer Trevor Chinn

References

Elections in the United Kingdom
2020 in the United Kingdom
2020 elections in Europe
February 2020 events
March 2020 events
April 2020 events
The 2016 Labour Party leadership election was called when a challenge to Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party arose following criticism of his approach to the Remain campaign in the referendum on membership of the European Union  and questions about his leadership of the party.

The result was announced on 24 September 2016.  Jeremy Corbyn won the election with 313,209 votes, increasing his share of the vote from 59.5% to 61.8% compared with the result of the 2015 leadership election, and receiving some 62,000 more votes than in 2015.

Candidates

References

Notes

2016 elections in the United Kingdom
August 2016 events
September 2016 events
Jeremy Corbyn
The 2019 Samoa measles outbreak began in September 2019. As of December 13, there were 5,080 confirmed cases of measles and 72 deaths, out of a Samoan population of 201,316. There have also been 10 reported cases in Fiji. It is expected that 70 people will die and up to 6,500 people will be infected.

A state of emergency was declared on November 17, ordering the closure of all schools, keeping children under 17 away from public events, and making vaccination mandatory.

On December 2, 2019, the government imposed a curfew and cancelled all Christmas celebrations and public gatherings. All unvaccinated families have been ordered to display a red flag or red cloth in front of their homes to warn others. On December 5th and 6th, the government shut down everything other than public utilities to move all civil servants over to the vaccination campaign.

References

Samoa
Fiji
2010s in Oceania
September 2019 events
October 2019 events
November 2019 events
December 2019 events
Hemberg is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Kirchberg is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

Geography 
Kirchberg is the most north-western municipality in the Wahlkreis and in bordered in the west by canton Thurgau and in the east by the Thur river. It has of the village of Kirchberg on a high plateau in the center of the municipality, the village of Gähwil south of Kirchberg and the village of Bazenheid on a terrace above the Thur.

Places in Kirchberg 
Bäbikon, Bazenheid, Bräägg, Bruberg, Dietschwil, Gähwil, Husen, Lamperswil, Müetligen, Müselbach, Nuetenwil, St. Iddaburg, Stelz, Oberbazenheid, Oetwil, Rupperswil, Schalkhusen, Underbazenheid and Under.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Sennwald is a municipality in Werdenberg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Neckertal is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was created on January 1, 2009, when Brunnadern, St. Peterzell, and Mogelsberg joined together to become Neckertal.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

2009 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities of St. Gallen
Lichtensteig is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Cities in Switzerland
Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2010 when Alt St. Johann and Wildhaus joined together to become one new municipality.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

2010 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities of St. Gallen
Stein was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the municipalities Nesslau-Krummenau and Stein joined together to become the new municipality called Nesslau.

References

Other websites 

 Official website  

Former municipalities of St. Gallen
Bütschwil was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the municipalities Bütschwil and Ganterschwil joined together to become the new municipality called Bütschwil-Ganterschwil.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 

Former municipalities of St. Gallen
Villages in St. Gallen
Brunnadern was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was an independent municipality until 1 January 2009, when it joined together with Mogelsberg and St. Peterzell to become the municipality called Neckertal.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 
 

Former municipalities of St. Gallen
Villages in St. Gallen
Ottawa County is a small county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 263,801 people live here. The county seat is Grand Haven.

It's four most populous cities are Grand Haven, Holland, Jenison and Hudsonville. The county was created in 1837, and its quite small.

1837 establishments in Michigan
Michigan counties
FrogWatch is a name shared by citizen science programs that do the same thing. In a FrogWatch, people make recordings of frogs and other amphibians that live near them and send the recordings to databases for scientists and other people to hear and study.

Not all FrogWatch programs are run by the same people.  The Association of Zoos and Aquariums runs FrogWatch USA, Nature Canada runs FrogWatch Canada, the India Biodiversity Portal runs the FrogWatch in India, and other organizations run FrogWatches in other countries.

In citizen science, scientists ask ordinary people to help with scientific research or other work.  Citizen science is one kind of crowdsourcing.

The National Geographic Society developed the program that FrogWatch USA volunteers use to add information and that FrogWatch uses to study it.  Volunteers record temperature with thermometers and listen for sounds made by specific types of frogs and toads.  FrogWatch USA volunteers listen to and record frog habitats for three and a half minutes, starting one half-hour (30 minutes) after the sun goes down.

Scientists have used FrogWatch to study the way frogs and toads change the places they live, which types of frogs are becoming more numerous and which are becoming less numerous, how many different kinds of frogs live in one place, the way they react to changes in how hot or cold it is, and the way they act during different parts of the year.

History

The United States Geological Survey started FrogWatch USA in 1998, but the National Wildlife Federation took over in 2002.

Between 1998 and 2005, 1,395 people working with FrogWatch USA visited 1,942 places where frogs live and gave information to FrogWatch.  They found 79 different kinds of frogs and toads.  This does not count visits, places, or species for FrogWatch Canada or FrogWatches in other countries.

FrogWatch NT works in northern Australia. It started in 1991 after cane toads came to Australia and caused problems there.

Other websites
India Biodiversity Portal
FrogWatch USA
FrogWatch Canada

References

Frogs
Scientific organizations
Citizen science organizations
Conway Springs is a city in Sumner County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, 1,272 people lived there.

History 
Conway Springs was founded in 1884. Its name is derived from both Conway Township and a mineral spring nearby.

Captain Hiram Cranmer built the first home in Conway Springs.

Geography 
Conway Springs is at  (37.389546, -97.644332).

According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land.

Climate 
Conway Springs has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system says that Conway Springs has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics

2010 census 
As of the 2010 census says that there were 1,272 people, 450 households, and 313 families living in the city.

Education 
 Conway Springs USD 356 public school district

Notable people 
 Lloyd Bishop, baseball player
 Harvey H. Nininger, born in Conway Springs, January 17, 1887

References

Other websites 
City
 City of Conway Springs
 Conway Springs - Directory of Public Officials
Schools
 USD 356, local school district
Maps
 Conway Springs City Map, KDOT

1880s establishments in Kansas
1884 establishments in the United States
Cities in Sumner County, Kansas
Ganterschwil was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the municipalities Bütschwil and Ganterschwil joined together to become the new municipality called Bütschwil-Ganterschwil.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 

Former municipalities of St. Gallen
Villages in St. Gallen
Jiří Jirmal (24 April 1925 – 11 December 2019) was a Czech jazz classical guitarist and composer. He was born in Prague. Some of his compositions had elements of Brazilian music. He worked for the musical background for Gene Deitch's 1962 Tom and Jerry cartoon Tall in the Trap.

Jirmal died in Prague on 11 December 2019 at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
Jiri Jirmal - guitar player, teacher and composer

1925 births
2019 deaths
Czech musicians
Composers
Guitarists
Jazz musicians
People from Prague
Sir Peter George Snell  (17 December 1938 – 12 December 2019) was a New Zealand middle-distance runner. He won three Olympic gold medals.

Snell was voted New Zealand's "Sports Champion of the (20th) Century". He was one of 24 inaugural members of the International Association of Athletics Federations Hall Of Fame named in 2012. 

Snell died at his home in Dallas, Texas on 12 December 2019 of cardiovascular disease at the age of 80.

References

1938 births
2019 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Texas
New Zealand sportspeople
Olympic gold medalists
Ushiomaru Motoyasu (born Motoyasu Sano; May 11, 1978 – December 12, 2019) was a Japanese sumo wrestler. He was born in Shizuoka, Japan. He began his professional career in 1994 and first reached the top division in 2002. His highest rank was maegashira 10. He retired in May 2009.

Motoyasu died of blood cancer in Tokyo on December 12, 2019 at the age of 41.

References

1978 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from blood cancer
Japanese sumo wrestlers
PHASE 2 (born Lonny Wood; August 2, 1955 – December 13, 2019) was an American aerosol artist. He was born in New York City. He was known as member of the Zulu Nation. He was active in the 1970s. Phase 2 was known for creating the "bubble letter" style of graffiti writing. He was also influential in the early hip hop scene.

Phase 2 died on December 13, 2019 in New York City from Lou Gehrig's disease-related problems, aged 64.

References

Other websites
Adam Mansbach interview with PHASE 2
"Writer of the Storm", Raw Vision interview with PHASE 2

1955 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from motor neurone disease
Disease-related deaths in New York City
Artists from New York City
Happy Shopper is a British wholesaler. The brand was first owned by Nurdin and Peacock. Nurdin and Peacock is brought by Booker Group in November 1996. 

The name was also widely used for a convenience store franchise between 1971 and 1998. As of 2013, very few stores still operate as Happy Shopper. Most Happy Shopper stores names were changed to Premier Stores brand during 2000s. Premier store is another brand by Booker Group.

Happy Shopper convenience products are sold to independent convenience stores,  discount stores, as well as cash and carry companies. Products include groceries, frozen foods, carbonated drinks, prepackaged/dried foods and confectionery, and are an own brand by Premier.

Happy Shopper's first logo was a smiling face with golden hair. In 2000, that logo was changed to a new design by Partners In Communication, a design consultant company. The new logo caused some controversy.

References

Other websites
 Booker Group website

1996 establishments in England
Food companies of the United Kingdom
2038 (MMXXXVIII) will be .

Predicted and scheduled events

Date unknown
The 2038 Winter Olympics will be held.

Events 

 At January 19 2038 at 3:14:07 UTC, due to the year 2038 problem, Signed 32-bit unix time will overflow and revert to December 13 1901 at 20:45:52 UTC.

2038
Years in the future
Wattwil is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, Krinau became a part of Wattwil.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the municipality of Wattwil 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Maggie and the Ferocious Beast is a 2000 TV series.

Cast
 Kristen Bone as Maggie
 Stephen Ouimette as Beast
 Michael Carvana as Hamilton

2000 American television series debuts
2000s animated television series
2002 American television series endings
Nickelodeon television series
English-language television programs
Nesslau is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2013, when the municipalities Nesslau-Krummenau and Stein joined together to become the new municipality.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 
 
 
 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
2013 establishments in Switzerland
Nesslau-Krummenau was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

History 
Nesslau-Krummenau was created on 1 January 2005. On 1 January 2013 the municipalities Nesslau-Krummenau and Stein joined together to become the new municipality called Nesslau.

References

Other websites 

 Official website  
 

2005 establishments in Switzerland
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Former municipalities of St. Gallen
Victor is a town in Ontario County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, 14,275 people lived in Victor.

Towns in New York
Gaiserwald is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Six is a British musical with book, music and lyrics by Toby Marlow and Lucy Moss. The musical about King Henry VIII's six wives. It features the six women singing about their lives with him, and competing to see who had it the worst. In the end, they decide that they should embrace all of their own stories and accomplishments.

References 

2010s musicals
West End musicals
Bledlow Ridge is a village in the civil parish of Bledlow-cum-Saunderton in Buckinghamshire, England. In 2004, 940 people lived there. It is in the Chiltern Hills, about 4 miles SSW of Princes Risborough and on the road between the High Wycombe and Chinnor.

The hamlet was first in the ecclesiastical parish of Bledlow. It became separate in 1868 when the new chapel, dedicated to St Paul, was constructed.

As is common with other similar villages in the Chiltern Hills, properties have become increasingly in demand due to its location and the improvement in rail connections and road connections to London. It has a recently refurbished village shop, The Country Store (formerly the "Kedai"), and a local school, Bledlow Ridge School. Bledlow Ridge has a number of clubs, such as 'Bridge', a youth club and a cricket club. As well as the corner shop, there is also an Equestrian Centre, park, tennis courts and a cricket pitch the 'Bledlow Ridge Cricket Club' owns. Yoesden, south of Chinnor Road, is a nature reserve the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust manages.

Notable residents
Sir Stuart Hampson – Former Chairman of the John Lewis Partnership.
Stewart Copeland - Founder and drummer of The Police.

References

Other websites

Villages in Buckinghamshire
James J. McCarthy (January 25, 1944 – December 11, 2019) was an American oceanographer and environmentalist. He was a Professor of Biological Oceanography at Harvard and was President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science from February 2008 to February 2009.

He was on the faculty of the Harvard Medical School Center for Health and the Global Environment. He was born in Sweet Home, Oregon.

McCarthy died on December 11, 2019 at the age of 75.

References

1944 births
2019 deaths
Educators from Oregon
American biologists
Environmentalists
Scientists from Oregon
Stig Oskar Sollander (25 June 1926 – 12 December 2019) was a Swedish alpine skier. He competed in the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Winter Olympics. He had his best results in the slalom. He finished fifth in 1952 and winning Sweden's first Olympic medal in alpine skiing, a bronze in 1956.

Stig died on 12 December 2019 at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1926 births
2019 deaths
Swedish Olympians
Olympic bronze medalists
Richard Gordon Hatcher (July 10, 1933 – December 13, 2019) was an American Democratic politician and lawyer. He was the first African-American Mayor of Gary, Indiana for 20 years, from 1968 to 1988. Hatcher also was Vice-Chairman of the Democratic National Committee in the early 1980s. He was born in Michigan City, Indiana.

Hatcher died at the Mercy Hospital and Medical Center in Chicago on December 13, 2019 at the age of 86.

References

1933 births
2019 deaths
African American politicians
American mayors
Lawyers from Indiana
Politicians from Indiana
Politicians from Chicago
People from Gary, Indiana
People from Michigan City, Indiana
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Chicago
Bernard Lavalette (20 January 1926 – 14 December 2019) was a French actor, singer and comedian. He was born in Paris. Lavalette was best known for his roles in The Bureaucrats (1959), Heaven Sent (1963), Thomas the Impostor (1964), Le gendarme se marie (1968) and The Apprentice Heel (1977).

Lavalette died on 14 December 2019 in Paris at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2019 deaths
French movie actors
French television actors
French stage actors
French voice actors
French comedians
French singers
Actors from Paris
Andwil is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Häggenschwil is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Eggersriet is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Muolen is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Waldkirch is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the municipality of Waldkirch 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Wittenbach is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Berg is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Goldach is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Mörschwil is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Rorschacherberg is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Steinach is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It is on Lake Constance.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Wartau is a municipality in Werdenberg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Degersheim is a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Degersheim is first mentioned in 837 as Tegarascai. This name contains the Germanic "tegar" (meaning big), and "asca" meaning "ash tree". Degersheim is on the railway line from St. Gallen to Lucerne, and suburban trains connect it to St. Gallen and Wattwil. The through trains to Lucerne no longer stop in Degersheim, they stop in Wattwil (the next stop from Degersheim).

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Lancaster is a city in Dallas County, Texas, United States. The population was 36,361 at the 2010 census. It is a suburb of Dallas and part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.

References 

Cities in Texas
Settlements in Dallas County, Texas
Mississippi County is a county in Missouri, United States. It is found in the southeast corner of the state. The county seat is Charleston. In 2010, 14,358 people lived in the county.

1845 establishments in Missouri
Missouri counties
Pemiscot County is a county in the southeast part of Missouri, United States. Its county seat is Caruthersville. In 2010, 18,296 people lived there.

1851 establishments in Missouri
Missouri counties
Dunklin County is a county in the southeast part of Missouri, in the United States. Its county seat is Malden. In 2010, 31,935 people lived there.

1845 establishments in Missouri
Missouri counties
Butler County is a county in southeast Missouri, United States. The county seat is Poplar Bluff. In 2010, 42,794 people lived there.

1849 establishments in Missouri
Missouri counties
Mortal Engines is the first book of the Mortal Engines Quartet written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2001.

References

2001 books
Children's books
Fantasy books
Predator's Gold is the second book of the Mortal Engines Quartet written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2003.

2003 books
Children's books
Fantasy books
A Darkling Plain is the first book of the Mortal Engines Quartet written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2006.

2006 books
Children's books
Fantasy books
Infernal Devices is the third book of the Mortal Engines Quartet written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2005.

2005 books
Children's books
Fantasy books
Benjamin Maxwell "Ben" Acton (2 December 1927 – 10 July 2020) was an Australian ice hockey player. He competed in the 1960 Winter Olympics.

Acton died on 10 July 2020 in Queensland, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1927 births
Australian ice hockey players
2020 deaths
Hera Hilmar (born 27 December 1988) is an Icelandic movie and television actress.

Personal life
Hilmar is the daughter of the film director Hilmar Oddsson and the actress Thorey Sigthorsdottir (Þórey Sigþórsdóttir). Her grandfather was the playwright and theater director Oddur Björnsson.

She graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2011.

Career
Hilmar was nominated for an Edda as Actress of the Year in a leading role in 2007 for her role in The Quiet Storm. Later she won the same award, twice, first in 2015 for her role as Eik in Life in a Fishbowl, and then in 2017 for her role as Anna in The Oath. She was also chosen as one of Europe's Shooting Stars at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2015, as well as winning a ‘special mention’ at the Zurich Film Festival for her role in Life in a Fishbowl.

She played Lillie Rowe, a 20-year-old nurse from a prominent Philadelphia family, in a period drama film The Ottoman Lieutenant.

In February 2017, Hilmar was cast in the lead role of Hester Shaw in Peter Jackson’s film, based on the novel of the same name by Philip Reeve, Mortal Engines. Writer Philippa Boyens described Hilmar's audition via Skype was "flawless". She recounted the challenges. That film, as of 2021, is currently her last international film role before the coronavirus pandemic.

She starred in the Apple TV+ series SEE recently as Maghra, the wife of Baba Voss, a character played by Jason Momoa.

She signed on for two projects with the Icelandic Film Centre: a short film called The Wish and a film titled Svar við bréfi Helgu.

Filmography

References

Other websites
 
 

1988 births
Living people
Icelandic movie actors
Television actors
Icelandic people
Die Caufner-Schwestern was a group of three singers founded in East Germany in 1977. The three sisters Juliane Albrecht (née Kaufner), Isa Kaufner and Irina Kaufner were the members of the group. The group mostly played disco music.

Band history 
Even as children, the four sisters Iris, Juliane, Isa and Irina Kaufner sang at the same time together in Rostock. Juliane and Isa were taught to have better vocals from 1972 to 1973 and were members of the College Formation. The pieces of music Dein und mein, Als ich nachher von dir ging and Vom Träumen with Isa Caufner as solo singer were on the compilation LP Examen in Musik, published in 1973. Juliane Kaufner married the musician and later Amiga music producer Klaus-Peter "Biene" Albrecht. In 1976, the four sisters founded the vocal quartet Caufner-Collection. They were on the television show Familien-Disko in 1977. Iris Kaufner left the group. The band had to name itself Caufner-Schwestern instead. By 1978, there was five episodes for the family disco. In 1978, their first single Komm doch was released. The next single, "Laß dieses „he“", was also released in 1978. For their tour program Drei unterwegs, they were awarded the sponsorship award by the General Director of the Komitee für Unterhaltungskunst. Die Caufner-Schwestern appeared on the television show Ein Kessel Buntes and also performed concerts abroad.

In 1980, Isa Kaufner left the group to perform as Isa Caufner. As well as other things, she played for three months in November 1980 in the play "Die Menschenfresserin" by the Bulgarian dramatist Ivan Radojew at the Volksbühne Berlin. In 1982 the musical piece Man weiß ja nie by Die Caufner-Schwestern and Ich bin ich by Isa Caufner were released on a compilation LP. Juliane Albrecht and Irina Kaufner performed as a duo until 1987. Irina died of cancer in 2010. In 1989, Juliane Albrecht and her husband and other musicians founded the country band Country Delight, which, as of 2016, they still belong to.

Discography

Singles 
 1978: Komm doch / Ich hab’ dich lieb (Amiga)
 1978: Laß dieses „he“ / Was nun (Amiga)

In compilations 
 1982: Man weiß ja nie und Ich bin ich (Solo von Isa Caufner) auf Hast du mich noch lieb? (Amiga)

Literature 
 Artikel in Melodie und Rhythmus 6/80

References

Other websites 
 Die Caufner-Schwestern on deutsche-mugge.de 

German musical groups
Disco groups
East Germany
Amiga is a popular music record label in Germany. It used to be a record label of the East German state-owned music publisher VEB Deutsche Schallplatten before becoming a record label of the Bertelsmann Music Group in 1994.

In 1947, actor and singer Ernst Busch became allowed by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany to create a music publishing house, which was named Lied der Zeit GmbH ("Song of the Times"). This publishing company included the label Amiga. In the 1950s, Lied der Zeit became VEB Deutsche Schallplatten ("German Records"), a state-owned company that had a monopoly on making records. VEB Deutsche Schallplatten had multiple record labels, each for different genres; Amiga releases included folk, jazz, pop, rock, Schlager music, chanson, and children's music.

After East Germany and West Germany became one country, most of the public state enterprises that were from East Germany were taken into pieces or sold to private investors. The Amiga label and catalog were obtained by Bertelsmann Music Group in 1994, which then became part of Sony Music Entertainment in 2008.

Amiga's catalog has 2,200 albums and about 5,000 singles, or a total of 30,000 titles.

Related pages 
 List of record labels

References

Books

Other websites 
 Amiga Musik - Official Site of the Sony BMG label (in German)
 Amiga on Discogs
Car design is the process of determining how cars and other motor vehicles like trucks look and feel. Most cars are designed by a large group of people that usually includes artists and engineers.

Design process 
Typically, cars are designed based on many sketches and drawings, along with computer-aided design models. When the design team is satisfied with the basic shape of the car, a life-size model is sculpted from clay. Details are added to the clay model, and its shape may be changed by a small amount.

Then, the interior design team designs the car's interior, making sure that it fits the needs of the customer. These needs include things like comfort and entertainment systems. High-end cars like luxury cars and supercars have fancy interiors and are designed for an enjoyable driving experience, while utility vehicles like vans have plain, rugged interiors designed to endure various types of cargo.

Other parts of the car, such as the chassis and engine, are designed primarily by engineers, as it is less important for these parts to look attractive than it is for them to work properly.

History 
While most early cars were designed around usability rather than looks, that began to change when American businessman Alfred P. Sloan came up with the idea of changing a car's styling every year. This was done from the 1920s onward to keep cars looking "new" for each year they were sold, leaving customers unhappy with older models of the same car and increasing car sales in the United States. Sloan got this idea from bicycle companies.

After World War I, car companies in European countries focused on luxury, and companies called coachbuilders made bodies for luxury cars. Some of these bodies were customized for especially rich customers.

After World War II, the American economy grew and most American citizens were now able to afford cars. Because cars became more important in the United States, so did their styling, with the most famous American car designer being Harley Earl. The influence of car design would also grow massively in Europe, especially within France, Italy, and Germany.

References 

Vehicles
Design