cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
This article is about the American Billboard Hot 100 chart held during the 2000s.

The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Published by Billboard magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales, and airplay.

A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public weekly every Thursday on the edition of Billboard's music magazine and on the website of the magazine. Each chart is dated with the "week-ending" date of the Saturday two weeks after.

Number ones 
Key
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics by decade

Artists by total number of weeks at number one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 2000s.

By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 2000s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.

Top 10 songs 
The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best-selling and most-played songs in the US during the 2000s.

Songs by total number of weeks at number one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 2000s.

References

Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
2000s in music
This article is about the American Billboard Hot 100 chart held during the 1990s.

The Billboard Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the Billboard magazine. During the 1990s the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.

Number ones 
Key
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics by decade

By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1990s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.

Artists by total number of weeks at number one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1990s.

Top 10 songs 
The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best-selling and most-played songs in the US during the 1990s.

Songs by total number of weeks at number one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1990s.

References

Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
1990s in music
This article is about the US number-one songs chart held during the 1940s.

Billboard number-one singles chart (which preceded the Billboard Hot 100 chart), which was updated weekly by the Billboard magazine, was the main singles chart of the American music industry since 1940 and until the Billboard Hot 100 chart was established in 1958.

Before the Billboard Hot 100 chart was established (in August 1958), which would solely be based on the sales data and airplay on American radio stations, the Billboard magazine used to published several weekly charts every time. Throughout most of the 1950s the magazine published the following three charts:

Best Sellers in Stores – ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country.
Most Played by Jockeys – ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys and radio stations.
Most Played in Jukeboxes – ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. At that time, this chart used to be one of the most important channels for measuring the popularity of a song among the younger generation of listeners, as many US radio stations resisted adding rock 'n roll music to their playlists for many years.

The list below includes the Best Sellers in Stores singles chart only (for the expanded detailed lists of the three charts, see articles of individual years in the Billboard charts).

Number ones 
Key
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics by decade

By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1940s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.

Artists by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1940s.

Songs by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1940s.

References

Billboard charts
Lists of songs
1940s songs
The  (officially , literally "National school of Bridges and Roads") was founded in 1747.  It is one of the oldest engineering schools in France.

The school has different programs including an executive Master of Business Administration in aviation management In Morocco ( in partnership with the Académie internationale Mohammed VI de l'aviation civile and the French Civil Aviation University) and China (in partnership with Tsinghua University and ENAC).

The school trains the Corps of Bridges and Roads.

Select alumni
Notable students at the school include
 Henri Becquerel, physicist
 Marie François Sadi Carnot, President of France (1887-1894)

References

Further reading 
 Official website

Buildings and structures in Paris
Colleges and universities in France
1747 establishments
18th-century establishments in France
1740s establishments in Europe
Pinkie (1794) is a painting by Thomas Lawrence.  It depicts Sarah Barrett Moulton. She was born in 1783 in Jamaica. Her father was a rich plantation owner. The painting was commissioned at the time Sarah left Jamaica to complete her education in England. Sarah's nickname was "Pinkie". She died in 1795, one year after the painting was completed. The painting is in the Huntington Library at San Marino, California. It hangs near The Blue Boy by Thomas Gainsborough. Pinkie and The Blue Boy are used as set decorations for many episodes of the television show, Leave It to Beaver.

Other websites 
Arts: Pinkie. Time.com 
MSN Travel 

18th-century paintings
British paintings
San Marino, California
"Girl Gone Wild" is the name of the second single, which is coming out in 2012 from Madonna's album MDNA. Jenson Vaughan, Madonna, and her producers wrote the song together. Benny Benassi and Alle Benassi produced the song with Madonna. The song was released for digital download on March 2, 2012.

References

2012 songs
Madonna songs
Thomas Lawrence (13 April 1769 – 7 January 1830) was an English portrait painter. He was born in Bristol. He was a child prodigy. His father was an innkeeper. When Lawrence was 10 years old he was supporting his family with his pastel portraits. He went to London when he was 18. He soon was well known as a portrait painter in oils. His first royal commission was a portrait of Queen Charlotte in 1790. He became an associate of the Royal Academy in 1791, a full member in 1794, and president in 1820. In 1810 he received the patronage of the Prince Regent. He died at age 60 in 1830. At his death, Lawrence was the most fashionable portrait painter in Europe. He is remembered today as the Romanticism portraitist of the British Regency.

Related pages
 Pinkie

Gallery

References 
 D. Goldring. 1951. Regency portrait painter: the life of Sir Thomas Lawrence, P.R.A. London: Macdonald.
 M. Levey. 2005. Sir Thomas Lawrence. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Other websites 

Thomas Lawrence: Regency Power and Brilliance exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery
 "Thomas Lawrence: the new romantic - review" Richard Holmes reviews the National Portrait Gallery exhibition, The Guardian, 16 October 2010
 "Gainsborough's forgotten rival is recognised at last" Jerome Taylor, The Independent, 5 August 2010

1769 births
1830 deaths
English painters
Leave It to Beaver is an American television sitcom series. It first aired from October 7, 1957 to June 20, 1963.  The series stars Jerry Mathers as "Beaver"; Tony Dow as his older brother Wally; Barbara Billingsley as his mother June Cleaver; and Hugh Beaumont as his father Ward Cleaver.

Semi-regulars include Ken Osmond as Wally's friend Eddie Haskell; Frank Bank as Wally's other friend Lumpy; Burt Mustin as Gus the fireman; Sue Randall as Beaver's teacher Miss Landers; Rusty Stevens as Beaver's friend Larry Mondello; and Jerry Weil as Beaver's mean little schoolmate Judy Hensler.

The series is about Beaver's adventures at home, in school, and around his neighborhood. Writers Bob Mosher and Joe Connelly based Beaver's adventures on the exploits of their own children.  In most episodes, Beaver would get into trouble. His parents would speak to him and explain what he had done wrong. They would hope that he had learned a lesson.

Critics and television viewers liked the series. In 1997, a movie based on Leave It to Beaver opened in theaters. In 2007, TV Land observed the show's 50th anniversary with a marathon (running many episodes in a row).  In October 1957 the first toilet was seen on American television in "Captain Jack", the second episode of the series. The boys buy a baby alligator and keep it in the toilet tank of their bathroom.
Production Company: DHX Media Studio B Productions (in cartoon) Wildbrain (in The New Leave it to Beaver) Perez-Minton Productions, Inc. MGA Entertainment DLHG Productions Moonscoop CJ Entertainment Magnet Productions Dolman Entertainment

Notes

References 
 
 

1957 establishments in the United States
1963 disestablishments in the United States
1957 television series debuts
1963 television series endings
1950s American television series
1960s American television series
American sitcoms
Black and white television series
CBS network shows
ABC network shows
English-language television programs
Plan 9 from Outer Space (1959) is a science fiction movie.  It was written and directed by Ed Wood and shot in 1957.  It stars Gregory Walcott, Mona McKinnon, Lyle Talbot, Tor Johnson, Maila Nurmi (Vampira), and Criswell. Some footage of Bela Lugosi as the "Old Man" was edited into the movie after Lugosi's death.

The movie is about aliens who want to stop humans from creating a weapon that will destroy the universe. To do this, the aliens put their "Plan 9" in operation. This is a scheme to bring Earth's dead back to life. This plan will get Earth's attention and chaos will follow.

For years, the movie was aired on television without much notice. In 1980 authors Michael Medved and Harry Medved called Plan 9 from Outer Space the "worst movie ever made". They posthumously awarded their Golden Turkey Award to Wood as the worst director ever.

Cast

Earthlings
 Gregory Walcott as Jeff Trent, an airline pilot 
 Mona McKinnon as Paula Trent, Jeff's wife
 Lyle Talbot as General Roberts
 Duke Moore as Lt. John Harper 
 Tom Keene as Col. Tom Edwards
 Tor Johnson as Insp. Dan Clay
 Carl Anthony as Patrolman Larry 
 Paul Marco as Patrolman Kelton  
 Conrad Brooks as Patrolman Jamie

Aliens  
 Dudley Manlove as Eros, an alien 
 Joanna Lee as Tanna, an alien 
 John Breckinridge as The Ruler, an alien

Ghouls 
 Bela Lugosi as Old Man / Ghoul Man
 Maila Nurmi (Vampira) as Old Man's wife / Vampire Girl 
 Criswell as Himself / Narrator

Other websites 

The Second Supper Cult Classics Review 
Plan 9 from Outer Space at YouTube

American science fiction movies
English-language movies
1959 movies
B-movies
Movies directed by Ed Wood
American independent movies
Movies set in California
Alannah Myles (born December 25, 1955, Toronto) is a Canadian singer, songwriter and producer. She began her career as an actress. Myles began singing professionally around 1979 but was rejected by all record labels in Canada. After recording 3 masters and a video of "Just One Kiss" with Christopher Ward and David Tyson for her first album, she was immediately signed to an 8 album international contract by the head of A&R, Tunc Erim. Her first album was released on April 6, 1989. The first two singles released at the same time in Canada. They were "Love Is" and "Black Velvet". "Love Is" was released in the mainly English speaking west. It went to number one in the charts. "Black Velvet" was released in Quebec and went to number one on French Canadian radio. "Black Velvet" was released internationally in 1990. It reached number one in many places. It stayed at number one for two weeks in the United Kingdom. "Black Velvet" was a hit song released in the United States on Jan 9, 1990 as a single. This made Myles eligible for a Grammy Award. She won the award in 1991 for "Best Rock Vocal Performance-Female".

References

Living people
1958 births
Singers from Toronto
Henry IV, Part 1 is a play by William Shakespeare. It was likely written no later than 1597. Shakespeare probably read Holinshed's Chronicles for background. The play was first printed in quarto in 1598 by Andrew Wise. The play was Shakespeare's most popular printed text. It is the second of Shakespeare's three plays about the reigns of Richard II, Henry IV (two plays), and Henry V. It has always been a popular play with audiences and with critics. Sir John Falstaff is one of Shakespeare's greatest and most popular characters.

Other websites 
King Henry IV Part 1 Audio and Text 
The First Part of Henry the Fourth  A modern version of unspecified provenance.
Henry the Fourth part 1  – Project Gutenberg's transcription from the First Folio.

Plays by William Shakespeare
Plays based on British history
The Portland Winterhawks are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1976. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Portland, Oregon at both the Memorial Coliseum and Rose Garden arenas. They have won 2 Memorial Cups in 1982 and 1997. They have also won 2 President's Cups in 1981 and 1997. They were originally known as the Portland Winter Hawks until May 2009 when they took out the space.

References

Other websites
Official website

1976 establishments in the United States
Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Western Hockey League
Oregon
Portland, Oregon
1970s establishments in Canada
1970s establishments in Oregon
Bal du moulin de la Galette () (1876) is a painting by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. It is in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. The painting depicts a typical Sunday afternoon at Moulin de la Galette in the district of Montmartre. In the late 19th century, working class Parisians would dress up and spend time there dancing, drinking, and eating galettes into the evening. Bal du moulin de la Galette is a typical Impressionist snapshot of real life. It shows a richness of form, a fluidity of brush stroke, and a flickering light. The French painter Gustave Caillebotte owned the painting for about 20 years. When he died it became the property of the French Republic. From 1896 to 1929 the painting hung in the Musée du Luxembourg. From 1929 it hung in the Musée du Louvre. It was sent to the Musée d'Orsay in 1986. Renoir painted a smaller version of the picture with the same title. This painting is in a private collection. For many years it was owned by John Hay Whitney. On May 17, 1990, his widow sold it for US$78 million at Sotheby's in New York City. It was one of the most expensive artworks ever sold.

Other websites 
Top Ten Most Expensive Paintings Sold At Auction
Details, Musée d'Orsay 

1870s paintings
Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris
French paintings
Impressionism
The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (, UFRJ) is the largest federal universities of Brazil. It has a central campus in the city of Rio de Janeiro and two smaller ones. It was established in 1792 as a military college, and became a university in 1920. It is one the country's most prestigious universities.

The Federal University owns several hospitals and several museums including the National Museum of Brazil.

References

Other websites 
 UFRJ Official website 

Colleges and universities in Brazil
1920 establishments in South America
Rio de Janeiro
1920s establishments in Brazil
Bride of Frankenstein (sometimes The Bride of Frankenstein) is a 1935 Universal Pictures science fiction horror movie. It is a sequel to Universal's Frankenstein (1931). Bride was directed by James Whale. It stars Boris Karloff, Elsa Lanchester, Colin Clive, and Ernest Thesiger.

The movie is based on a subplot in the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. It picks up where the movie Frankenstein leaves off.  In Bride, Henry Frankenstein drops his work in the laboratory. The Monster wants a mate. He forces Henry to create one.

Preparations for making Bride began shortly after Frankenstein opened in theaters.  Photography started in January 1935. Many of the actors and crew from Frankenstein returned for Bride. Critics and audiences loved the movie, but the censors found fault.

Today, the movie is considered Whale's masterpiece. The director and others involved in the production were homosexuals. Some viewers detect a gay sensibility in the movie. Some of Whale's associates have dismissed the idea.

References

Other websites 
 
 

1935 movies
1930s horror movies
American horror movies
American LGBT movies
American science fiction movies
Black-and-white movies
English-language movies
Frankenstein movies
Monster movies
Sequel movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Universal Pictures movies
Mad scientist movies
Matilda is a fictional movie directed by Danny DeVito, based on the classic novel Matilda by Roald Dahl. It was first released July 28, 1996 by TriStar Pictures. Starring Mara Wilson, Danny DeVito, Rhea Perlman, Embeth Davidtz, and Pam Ferris, it features the 7-year-old Matilda, a brilliant girl with extraordinary powers that uses them to fight back against her abusive parents, rebel and overthrow the tyrannical headmistress of her school, and save her kindhearted teacher from poverty.

1996 movies
1990s family movies
1990s fantasy movies
1990s American fantasy movies
Movies based on books
English-language movies
Movies directed by Danny DeVito
W.G. Grace MRCS, LRCP (William Gilbert Grace, 18 July 1848 – 23 October 1915) was an English physician and cricketer.

Grace, always known as 'W.G.', was one of the greatest players, and was important in the development of the sport. He played first-class cricket for a record-equalling 44 seasons, from 1865 to 1908, during which he captained England, Gloucestershire County Cricket Club, the Gentlemen, MCC, the United South of England Eleven and several other teams. He came from a cricketing family. In 1880 W.G. with E.M. Grace, one of his elder brothers, and Fred Grace, his younger brother, was the first time three brothers played together in Test cricket. His father and a cousin were also good players.

Right-handed as both batsman and bowler, Grace dominated the sport during his career. His technical innovations and enormous influence had a lasting effect. An outstanding all-rounder, he excelled at batting, bowling and fielding. It is for his batting that he is most renowned. Usually opening the innings, he was admired for his mastery of all strokes: his level of expertise was said by contemporary reviewers to be unique. He generally captained the teams he played for at all levels because of his skill and tactical know-how, and his dominant personality.

Grace qualified as a medical practitioner in 1879. Because of his medical profession, he was nominally an amateur cricketer but he is said to have made more money from cricket than any professional. He was a very competitive player. Although he was one of the most famous men in England, he was also one of the most controversial on account of his gamesmanship and his financial skill.

He took part in other sports: as a young man he was a champion 440 yard hurdler, and also played football for the Wanderers.  In later life, he developed enthusiasm for golf, lawn bowls and curling.

Test cricket began in 1877, when Grace was already 28. He made his debut in 1880, scoring England's first-ever Test century against Australia. He played for England in 22 Tests through the 1880s and 1890s, all of them against Australia. He was an automatic selection for England at home, but his only Test-playing tour of Australia was that of 1891–92.

Grace's most significant Test was England v Australia in 1882 at The Oval. Thanks to Spofforth, the 'demon bowler', who took 14 wickets in the match, Australia won by 7 runs and the legend of The Ashes was born. Grace scored only 4 and 32, and he was held responsible for "firing up" Spofforth. This came about through a piece of gamesmanship by Grace when he made an unsporting, but legal, run out of one of the Australian batsmen.p137 Grace died of a heart attack.

References 

1848 births
1915 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English cricketers
British physicians
Sportspeople from Gloucestershire
Terrence Alan Crews (born July 30, 1968) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is known for appearing in Everybody Hates Chris, The Expendables, White Chicks, The 6th Day, Norbit, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, and other movies and television series. He is a retired NFL player. Crews is from Flint, Michigan. Crews was the host of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire on September 2014 until May 2015 due to his busy schedule. He was replaced by Chris Harrison in September 2015.

Early life and education 
Terrence Alan Crews grew up in a strict Christian household in Flint. His mother raised him, because his farther was an alcoholic. His great aunt gave him a flute, so Terrence took lessons for eight years. He played football at Western Michigan University (WMU) in Kalamazoo, Michigan.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 
 BET Shows - The Family Crews Website
 Squeegee Lo Website 
 NFL stats at Databasefootball.com
 Terry Crews reality show - The Family Crews

1968 births
Living people
African American actors
African American comedians
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Michigan
San Diego Chargers players
Washington Redskins players
Actors from Michigan
Sportspeople from Michigan
People from Flint, Michigan
New Girl is an American television sitcom set in Los Angeles. It began on September 20, 2011 and is shown on Fox. It stars Zooey Deschanel as Jess Day, a teacher who moves in with three young men she meets on the Internet after separating from her partner with whom she lived.

Other websites 

Official website 

2011 American television series debuts
2018 television series endings
2010s American sitcoms
2010s romance television series
Romantic comedy television series
Television series about friendship
Television series set in Los Angeles
English-language television programs
Oppuurs is a small town in the Belgian province of Antwerp. It is a part of the municipality of Sint-Amands. Oppuurs has 2028 inhabitants . Oppuurs has an area of .

History 
The first time Oppuurs was mentioned was in 1414, then called Oppuedersel. In the 15th century, it was owned by the family Van der Calsteren. Later, Joost Snoy became the owner. In 1664, it got the title of barony. At the 7th of mai 1818, Idisbalda-Ghislain Snoy was appointed to mayor by the king. Later, in 1777 the properties were bought by Philippe Ghislain Snoy, who became baron.

Oppuurs belonged to the parish of Puurs and was separated in 1803. It was an independent municipality until 1976. Then, it became, along with Lippelo, part of the municipality of Sint-Amands.

The title of Baron Snoy et d'Oppuers still exists today.

Demography

Evolution of the population

19th century

20th century  until 1976 

Municipalities of Antwerp
The Blob is a 1958 American science fiction horror movie. It was directed by Irvin Yeaworth. It was produced by Jack H. Harris.  Paramount Pictures released the movie. The movie is about a giant jellylike blob that terrorizes a small town. The Blob marked Steve McQueen's movie debut. The movie's theme song, "Beware of the Blob", was written by Burt Bacharach and Mack David. It was remade in 1988.

Cast 
 Steve McQueen as Steve Andrews
 Aneta Corsaut as Jane Martin
 Hugh Graham as Mr. Andrews, Steve's father
 Elbert Smith as Henry Martin, Jane's father
 Earl Rowe as Lt. Dave
 John Benson as Sgt. Jim Bert
 Olin Howland as Old Man

Story 
Teenagers Steve and Jane are loitering in a Lover's Lane. They see an object in the night sky crash-land nearby. They investigate. It is The Blob, a jelly-like thing from Outer Space that consumes flesh.  It kills an old man, a doctor, and a nurse. It doubles in size after each feeding. Steve and Jane report their findings to the police. They are dismissed as crazy teenagers. In the meantime, The Blob has consumed many others.

Steve and Jane are cornered by The Blob in the grocery store. They seek refuge in the walk-in refrigerator. The Blob tries to ooze in under the door. It retreats. Steve and Jane escape. They set off the town's fire and air-raid alarms. The Blob enters the movie theatre. The customers run away screaming.  The Blob oozes out of the theater. Jane's little brother runs into a diner. Jane and Steve follow him. They become trapped in the diner along with the owner and a waitress.

The Blob – now a huge mass – engulfs the diner. It begins to ooze in through the windows. The occupants go to the cellar. The police try to kill The Blob by dropping a power line onto it. This attempt fails. It only serves to set the diner ablaze. Inside, the diner's owner uses a CO2 fire extinguisher to try to put out the fire. This causes The Blob to recoil. The Blob cannot stand cold. The town's teenagers gather all the fire extinguishers they can find.  They use them to freeze The Blob. The United States Air Force sends in a jet to carry The Blob to the North Pole. It will remain frozen forever.

1958 movies

1950s horror movies
1950s science fiction movies
American science fiction horror movies
American monster movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
is a Japanese city in Akita Prefecture on the island of Honshu.  It is the capital city of the prefecture.

History
Akita has been one of the most important cities in the Tōhoku region since ancient times.

The Akita clan (Ando clan) held this part of northern Japan (Mutsu Province) in the 15-16th centuries.

The Satake clan built Kubota Castle in 1604.

The modern city of Akita was established on April 1, 1889.

Geography
Akita is the largest city on the western coast of the Tōhoku region.

Neighboring cities
Kitaakita
Katagami
Yurihonjō
Daisen
Minami-Akita District: Gojōme, Ikawa
Kita-Akita District: Kamikoani
Senboku District: Nishiki

Education
Akita University
Akita Prefectural University, a public university, is in the city.
Akita International University is a public university outside of town. Classes are taught only in English.
North Asia University
Seirei Women's Junior College
Akita Nutrition Junior College
Misono Gakuen Junior College
Open University of Japan Akita learning center

Local foods and products
Kiritampo – baked rice
Sasamaki – rice wrapped in bamboo grass
Iwagaki – a kind of oyster
Iburi-gakko – a kind of pickle

Sister / friendship cities

International sister / friendship cities
 August 5, 1982: Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
 April 8, 1984: Passau, Germany
 July 15, 1987: Malabon City, Philippines 
 January 22, 1992: Kenai, Alaska, United States of America
 1993: St. Cloud, Minnesota, United States of America (with Yūwa, Akita, which merged into Akita, Akita)
 June 29, 1992: Vladivostok, Russia

Sister cities in Japan
Hitachiōta, Ibaraki
Daigo, Ibaraki

Famous people
Yukio Endo
Shingo Kumabayashi

References

Other websites

 http://www.city.akita.akita.jp/en/default.htm ;  
  Voting Figures in National Elections in Akita Prefecture, 1928-1942

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Akita Prefecture
The Polonaise in A major, Op. 40, No. 1 (nicknamed the "Military" Polonaise) is a piece of music for solo piano. It was composed by Frédéric Chopin.  It was published in 1838, with the Polonaise in C minor, Op. 40, No. 2. Anton Rubinstein wrote that the Polonaise in A major is the symbol of Polish glory, while the Polonaise in C minor is the symbol of Polish tragedy.

The polonaise is a Polish dance in 3/4 time. It has a distinctive rhythmic pattern which this polonaise follows unflinchingly. The A major Polonaise is written in an A-B-A form, with the B section being a "Trio". The polonaise opens with an A major chord. It continues in a vigorously masculine manner. The tempo indication is Allegro con brio (Fast, with bravura). The trio section begins in D major. The short passage following the first section of the trio is distinguished with trills for both hands on low C-sharps an octave apart. These trills suggest drum rolls. 

Charles Rosen writes, "Polonaises had been written by many composers before, including Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven; Schubert, in fact, wrote lots of them. But nothing like the violence of Chopin’s military polonaises, ... The military polonaises were certainly understood as political statements of patriotism for his country, which was struggling to obtain its freedom ... these military polonaises have a decidedly popular character ..."

References

Other websites 
 Polonaises sheet music available at Musopen:
No. 1
No. 2

Solo piano pieces
Compositions by Frédéric Chopin
Kinderszenen (original spelling Kinderscenen, (), Opus 15, is a set of 13 pieces for solo piano by Robert Schumann. It was published in 1838. Schumann was looking back on his childhood when composing these pieces. He had originally written 30 movements for Scenes from Childhood. He chose only 13 for the final set. The unused movements were published years later in Bunte Blätter, Opus 99, and Albumblätter (). 

Schumann originally titled the work Leichte Stücke (). The titles for the individual pieces were only added after the music was complete. Schumann described the titles as "nothing more than delicate hints for execution and interpretation". Timothy Taylor has discussed Schumann's choice of titles for this work in the context of the changing situation of music in 19th century culture and economics. In 1974, Eric Sams noted that there is no known complete manuscript of Kinderszenen.

Movements

References

Other websites 
 MSN Movies page on Robert Schumann 

Solo piano pieces
Compositions by Robert Schumann
Robert Vince (born April 8, 1962) is a Canadian director, producer, writer and screenwriter. He is the director of the Air Buddies movies and the brother of William Vince. Vince is the CEO of PeyPix Productions.

References

Other websites
 

Canadian movie directors
Canadian writers
1962 births
Living people
The "Minute Waltz" is the nickname for the Waltz in D flat major, Op. 64, No. 1 by Frederic Chopin. It was written in 1847. It is a piece of music for the piano. It is sometimes called "The Waltz of the Little Dog" (). This is because Chopin was watching a little dog chase its tail when he wrote it.  The little dog was "Marquis". He belonged to Chopin's friend George Sand. Marquis had befriended Chopin. The composer mentioned Marquis in several of his letters. In one letter dated 25 November 1846, Chopin wrote: "Please thank Marquis for missing me and for sniffing at my door."  

The waltz was published by Breitkopf & Härtel. It was the first of three waltzes in a collection of waltzes called Trois Valses, Op. 64.  The publisher gave the waltz its popular nickname "Minute". The word here means small or little. The tempo marking is Molto vivace (), but Chopin did not intend the waltz to be played in one minute as some believe. A typical performance will last between one and a half to two and a half minutes. 

The time signature is 3/4. The waltz is 138 measures long with one fifteen-measure repeat. The waltz is written in ternary, or ABA form. The A section is characterized by a whirling line of eighth notes and triplets over the "om-pah-pah" rhythm of the waltz. The whirling line of the A section is abandoned in the B section. This section consists of a consistent half note and quarter note pattern from bar to bar. The B section breaks off and a long trill heralds the return of the A section, which is repeated in full. The waltz ends with a descending scale. 

In popular culture, Minute Waltz was used on Pretty Little Liars, The Girlfriend Experience, One Tree Hill, and Sex and the City.

References

Other websites 
 Minute Waltz sheet music available at Musopen.com
 Quatre Mains version for Piano Duet.
 Free recording of Minute Waltz

Compositions by Frédéric Chopin
Solo piano pieces
Waltzes
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Cyprus may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Cyprus and civil unions became legal in November 2015.

In Cyprus, the socially conservative Eastern Orthodox Church has a significant influence over public opinion when it comes to LGBT-rights. However, ever since Cyprus sought membership in the European Union it has had to change its human rights legislation, including its laws regarding sexual orientation and gender identity.

LGBT rights in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Same-sex sexual activity is Legal within the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus since the 7th of February in 2014. Previous laws allowed three years prison sentences, according to articles 171 and 173 of its criminal code. Female homosexuality was not criminalised. Arrests for Homosexuality have occurred as recently as 2011.

The Laws were a legacy of British colonial rule, left over after the Island gained Independence in the 1960s. While the south decriminalised homosexuality in 1998 in order to accede to the European Union (EU) in 2004, the North's disputed status means it lies outside the EU's jurisdiction. On the 27th of January in 2014, the Assembly of the Republic, the Northern Cypriot Parliament, voted to abolish the criminal code provisions that outlawed Same-sex relations between men and males, becoming the last territory in do so within Europe in order to decriminalise Sexual relations between consenting, Adult men. The Bill was signed into Law, and published in the official gazette on the 7th of February in 2014. It took immediate effect upon publication.

Calls have been made by non-governmental organisations to legalise Same-sex marriage. In 2012, the Communal Democracy Party proposed a law that would have Legalised Same-sex marriages, but the Legislation was opposed by the then-ruling National Unity Party.

Legislative summary

Cyprus
Cyprus
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Turkey may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Homosexuality is legal in the Republic of Turkey, but the law does not include sexual orientation or gender identity in its civil rights laws and there is no legal recognition for same-sex couples. But sexual reassignment surgery is allowed and legal sex change has been possible since 1988. In 1858, the Ottoman Caliph decriminalised homosexuality. This affected many countries in the three continents of the Old World, respectively. When Turkey became a solo nation in 1920, it didn’t see a need to change this law. Omer Akpinar, who is with KAOS LG, which is one of the largest LGBT organizations in Turkish Republic, told Mashable that their organization was never censored. Jack Scott, a British writer who moved to Turkey with his partner and who is the author of Perking the Pansies: Jack and Liam Move to Turkey, said his  talking to the real estate company Quest Turkey.
 
Turkey tends to be socially conservative when it comes to such issues as homosexuality.

References

Turkey
Turkey
The Sonata No. 16 in C major, K. 545, is a piece of music for solo piano. It was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. On 26 June 1788, he added the piece to his catalogue as "a little Piano Sonata for beginners". He may have written the piece for a pupil. If he did, that pupil is not known. In the end, the story behind the sonata is a mystery.

On 2 August 1788 Mozart wrote a letter to his sister Nannerl. She was living in Salzburg. He had sent her some pieces for the piano. He wrote, "Indeed you have every reason to be vexed with me! But will you really be so, when you receive by this mail coach my very latest compositions for the keyboard? Surely not! This, I hope, will make everything all right again." This passage might refer to the Sonata in C. But it may refer to other keyboard compositions Mozart wrote the same year. 

The manuscript is lost. The piece was not published during Mozart's lifetime. It was first published in February 1805 by the Bureau des arts et d'Industrie in Vienna. It was titled "Sonate facile pour le pianoforte" (). At least three more editions were published within a short time. Breitkopf & Härtel did not include it in their Oeuvres complettes. A typical performance lasts about 14 minutes.

Music 

The first movement is written in sonata form. It is in the key of C major. The tempo marking is Allegro (Fast). The opening theme is accompanied by an Alberti bass played in the left hand. A bridge passage composed of scales follows, arriving at a cadence in G major, the key in which the second theme is then played. A codetta follows to conclude the exposition. The exposition is repeated. The development starts in G minor and modulates through several keys. The recapitulation begins in the subdominant key of F major. According to Charles Rosen, the practice of beginning a recapitulation in the subdominant was "rare at the time [the sonata] was written"..

The second movement is in the key of G major, the dominant key of C major. The music modulates to the dominant key of D major, and then back to G major in which the exposition is heard again. For the development, the music modulates to G minor, then B♭ major, then C minor, then G minor and finally back to G major, at which point the recapitulation occurs followed by a short coda.

The third movement is in rondo form. It is in the tonic key of C major. The first theme is lively. It sets the mood of the piece. The second theme is in G major. It has an Alberti bass in the left hand. The first theme appears again. A third theme is in a minor key. It modulates through different keys before returning to C major. The first theme appears again. It is followed by a coda, and the rondo ends in C major. 

The finale was transcribed to F major. It was put together with a solo piano arrangement of the second movement of the violin sonata in F major. It became the Piano Sonata in F major, K. 547a.

References

Other websites 

Complete score  

Compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Solo piano pieces
Sonatas
The Minuet in G, WoO 10, No. 2 is a piece of music for the piano. It was composed by Ludwig van Beethoven. The piece  was originally written for orchestra. This version was lost. Only an arrangement for piano exists. It is a very popular piece, especially among beginning pianists.

Music 
The piece is composed in what is called ternary form or ABA form. This means that the piece has three distinct sections. The first and the third sections (the A sections) are the same. The second section (the B section) is entirely different music. The B section often provides a contrast in some way to the A section. The tempo marking for the Minuet in G is Moderato. The meter is 3/4.

The A section is composed of two 8 bar passages for a total of 16 bars. The tune is characterized by a repetitious but elegant dotted eighth note and sixteenth note legato pattern. The first 8 bars are played and repeated. This passage begins in the tonic key of G major, and modulates to the dominant key of D major. The second 8 bars are played and repeated. This passage begins in the dominant key of D major, and modulates to the tonic key of G major. The first phrase of this passage begins with 4 bars of principally quarter notes. The phrase returns to the dotted eighth note pattern at its close. Thus, the entire A section begins and ends in the tonic key with brushes on the dominant here and there. The right hand is occupied with playing mostly thirds and sixths through the A section. The left hand plays only  quarter notes.  

Like the A section, the B section (or the Trio) is composed of two 8 bar passages for a total of 16 bars. Like the A section, it begins in the tonic key of G major, and modulates to the dominant key of D major at the end of the first 8 bars. This passage is repeated. The second 8 bars begin in the dominant key and end in the tonic key. These 8 bars are repeated. The entire B section is characterized by flowing, uninterrupted eighth notes in the right hand.  The left hand plays quarter notes but briefly joins the right hand in playing eighth notes at the beginning of the second 8 bar passage.  The left hand returns to playing quarter notes as the passage closes. When the B section is completed and all the repeats have been taken, the piece returns the A section. This return is usually played without performing the repeats.

Other websites 
Minuet orchestral performance by the Philadelphia Orchestra
Minuet free scores at IMSLP

Compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven
Solo piano pieces
Fujikawa  is a town in Minamikoma District, Yamanashi, Japan.

On March 8, 2010 the towns of Masuho and Kajikazawa combined to become the new town of "Fujikawa".

Other websites

 Fujikawa official website 

Towns in Japan
Settlements in Yamanashi Prefecture
Muroran  is a city and port in Iburi, Hokkaidō, Japan.  It is the capital city of Iburi Subprefecture.

Gallery

Sister cities 
Shizuoka, since 1976
Knoxville, Tennessee, since 1991
Joetsu, since 1995

Other websites 

 Muroran official website 
 English page in Official site 

Cities in Hokkaido
A standing start is a type of start in auto racing events where cars are standing still when the race begins. In a standing start, cars are completely still when a green signal is given to start the race. This often follows a set of lights that count down to the start of the race. Standing starts are common in many motorsports, including drag racing, most single-seat (Formula One and GP2 Series), Touring Cars (most notably British and World Touring Cars), V8 Supercars, and many types of short-course off-road races. The standing start often occurs following a parade lap.

The opposite of a standing start is a rolling start. Standing starts are often deemed safer in Formula sports because of high acceleration speeds, which could cause problems if a rolling start were used. A standing start can cause problems like stalled cars being hit by the driver who starts behind them on the grid. Motorsports using standing starts usually penalize drivers who "jump the start", or redlight, by moving before the green light is lit.

References

Motor sports
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF; Russian: Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации) is a Communist and Marxist–Leninist political party in Russia. It is the second largest political party in Russia. The party is often viewed as the successor of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).

The CPSU was banned in 1991 by then-Russian President Boris Yeltsin after a failed coup attempt. The youth organisation of the party is the Leninist Young Communist League. The party is led by a Central Committee.

The CPRF was founded on 14 February 1993. It is founded  as the successor of the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (CPRSFSR).

As of 2015, the party has 160,000 members. The party's goal is to establish a new, modernized form of socialism in Russia. The party wants to nationalize natural resources, agriculture and large industries.

Ideology 
The party believes in Marxism-Leninism and patriotism. The party is known to have extreme patriotism towards Russia. The party is also known to greatly like Joseph Stalin.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Communist parties in Russia
"Set Fire to the Rain" is the second hit song from Adele's second album 21. It was her third number-one single in the United States. It hit #1 on Billboard Hot 100, becoming her third song to do so. It reached number 12 on the year-end chart of 2012 in the US. It has also been certified quadruple-Platinum for shipments of over four million copies in the US.

Music video
No proper music video was shot for "Set Fire to the Rain" {as well as other singles from 21, "Rumor Has It" and "Turning Tables") as Adele had recently undergone vocal surgery. Instead, a live performance video was uploaded to her Vevo account and has received more than 380 million views as of October 2017.

Awards

Credits and personnel
Credits are taken from 21 liner notes.
 Adele – Songwriting, vocals
 Fraser T. Smith – Songwriting, production, mixer, bass guitar, piano
 Eleanor Mathieson, Hayley Pomfrett, Jenny Sacha, Jo Allen, Kotono Sato, Natalia Bonner, Rustom Pomeroy, Stephanie Cavey, Wired Strings – violin
 Amy Stanford, Emma Owens, Jane Oliver, Lucy Shaw – strings
 Isabel Seeliger-Morley, Beatriz Artola, Steve Price – engineers
 Ash Soan – drums
 Rosie Danvers – string arrangement, strings

Release history

References

Other websites 
 "Set Fire to the Rain" Lyrics 

Pop songs
2011 songs
Adele songs
Lippelo is a small town in the Belgian province of Antwerp. It is a part of the municipality of Sint-Amands. Lippelo had 1173 people as of 01/01/2006.

History 
Lippelo was an independent municipality until 1976. Then, it became, along with Oppuurs, part of the municipality of Sint-Amands.

Geography 
Lippelo has an area of 4,14 km².

Demography

Evolution of the population

19th century

20th century until 1976 

Municipalities of Antwerp
The Seattle Thunderbirds are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1977. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Kent, Washington, south of Seattle, at the ShoWare Center. They were known as the Vancouver Nats from 1971 to 73, the Kamloops Chiefs from 1973 to 77, and the Seattle Breakers from 1977 to 85.

Other websites
Official website

1976 establishments in the United States
Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Western Hockey League
Sports in Seattle, Washington
1970s establishments in Canada
Twelve Variations on "Ah vous dirai-je, Maman", K. 265/300e, is a piece of music for piano. It was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1781 or 1782. The variations were first published in Vienna in 1785. The piece consists of twelve variations on the French folk song "Ah! vous dirai-je, Maman". The French melody first appeared in 1761. It has been used for many children's songs, such as "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star", "Baa, Baa, Black Sheep" and the "Alphabet Song". Only Variations XI and XII have tempo indications, Adagio and Allegro respectively.

It was once thought that this piece was composed in 1778 when Mozart was briefly living in Paris. It was assumed that he could only have picked up a French folk song while living in France. Based on this assumption, the piece was re-numbered from K. 265 to K. 300e in the chronological catalogue of Mozart's compositions.  Later analysis of Mozart's manuscript indicated 1781/1782 as the probable composition date.

References

Other websites
  by Wim Winters

Compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Solo piano pieces
Variations (music)
Izhevsk (Russian: Иже́вск) is the capital city of Udmurt Republic in Russia. The population is 628,116 people. From 1984 to 1987, the city's name was Ustinov (in honour of the  Minister of Defense of the USSR and the Marshal of the Soviet Union, Dmitry Ustinov).

Economy 

Izhevsk is a major economic center for the Udmurt Republic. Military industry is the most popular type of economy in Izhevsk. Many military companies operate in the city. The companies produce military guns that are popular in Russia and other countries. The companies also are known to produce automobiles. In 2006, the Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez took a tour in the city, and he wanted to purchase many of the popular weapons available.

Climate

Cityscape

Popular Buildings and Structures 

 St. Michael's Cathedral
 Alexander Nevsky Cathedral

Izhevsk Pond 

The Izhevsk Pond is one of the most famous recreational places. It is about 22 km2, and it was artificially made (some parts were even made by hand). The pond was created in the 1760s for the industry.