cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Juan Martín del Potro was the defending champion, but chose not to compete this year, after a wrist operation in May and only starting to practice again in August.

Rafael Nadal defeated Novak Djokovic 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–2 to win his first US Open title. It was his ninth career major and Nadal completed the Career Golden Slam with the win. Nadal became the first player since Rod Laver in 1969 to win the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open all in the same calendar year.

Seeds

 Rafael Nadal (Champion)
 Roger Federer (Semifinals)
 Novak Djokovic (Final)
 Andy Murray (Third Round)
 Robin Söderling (Quarterfinals)
 Nikolay Davydenko (Second Round)
 Tomáš Berdych (First Round)
 Fernando Verdasco (Quarterfinals)
 Andy Roddick (Second Round)
 David Ferrer (Fourth Round)
 Marin Čilić (Second Round)
 Mikhail Youzhny (Semifinals)
 Jürgen Melzer (Fourth Round)
 Nicolás Almagro (Third Round)
 Ivan Ljubičić (First Round)
 Marcos Baghdatis (First Round)

<li> Gaël Monfils (Quarterfinals)
<li> John Isner (Third Round)
<li> Mardy Fish (Fourth Round)
<li> Sam Querrey (Fourth Round)
<li> Albert Montañés (Fourth Round)
<li> Juan Carlos Ferrero (Third Round)
<li> Feliciano López (Fourth Round)
<li> Ernests Gulbis (First Round)
<li> Stanislas Wawrinka (Quarterfinals)
<li> Thomaz Bellucci (Second Round)
<li> Fernando González (First Round, retired due to a knee injury)
<li> Radek Štěpánek (First Round)
<li> Philipp Kohlschreiber (Second Round)
<li> Juan Mónaco (First Round)
<li> David Nalbandian (Third Round)
<li> Lleyton Hewitt (First Round)
<li> Michael Llodra (Third Round)

Main draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Bottom Half

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Qualifying draw

  Ričardas Berankis
  Rik de Voest
  Ivan Dodig
  Marc Gicquel
  Andreas Haider-Maurer
  Ryan Harrison
  Robert Kendrick
  Martin Kližan
  Dušan Lojda
  Adrian Mannarino
  Kei Nishikori
  Benoît Paire
  Peter Polansky
  Milos Raonic
  Lukáš Rosol
  Júlio Silva

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Men's Singles
Kim Clijsters was the defending champion, and successfully defended her 2009 title, after she won 6–2, 6–1, against Vera Zvonareva in the final.

Seeds

 Caroline Wozniacki (Semifinals)
 Kim Clijsters (Champion)
 Venus Williams (Semifinals)
 Jelena Janković (Third Round)
 Samantha Stosur (Quarterfinals)
 Francesca Schiavone (Quarterfinals)
 Vera Zvonareva (Final)
 Li Na (First Round)
 Agnieszka Radwańska (Second Round)
 Victoria Azarenka (Second Round, retired due to concussion)
 Svetlana Kuznetsova (Fourth Round)
 Elena Dementieva (Fourth Round)
 Marion Bartoli (Second Round)
 Maria Sharapova (Fourth Round)
 Yanina Wickmayer (Fourth Round)
 Shahar Pe'er (Fourth Round)

<li> Nadia Petrova (First Round)
<li> Aravane Rezaï (Second Round)
<li> Flavia Pennetta (Third Round)
<li> Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova (Fourth Round)
<li> Zheng Jie (Second Round)
<li> María José Martínez Sánchez (Second Round)
<li> Maria Kirilenko (Third Round)
<li> Daniela Hantuchová (Third Round)
<li> Alexandra Dulgheru (Third Round)
<li> Lucie Šafářová (First Round)
<li> Petra Kvitová (Third Round)
<li> Alisa Kleybanova (Second Round)
<li> Alona Bondarenko (Third Round)
<li> Yaroslava Shvedova (First Round)
<li> Kaia Kanepi (Quarterfinals)
<li> Tsvetana Pironkova (Second Round)

Main draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Bottom Half

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Qualifying draw

  Akgul Amanmuradova
  Maria Elena Camerin
  Lourdes Domínguez Lino
  Irina Falconi
  Zuzana Kučová
  Michelle Larcher de Brito
  Nuria Llagostera Vives
  Mirjana Lučić
  Rebecca Marino
  Mandy Minella
  Sania Mirza
  Monica Niculescu
  Zuzana Ondrášková
  Tamira Paszek
  Sally Peers
  Olga Savchuk

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Women's Singles
Lukáš Dlouhý and Leander Paes were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Martin Damm and Filip Polášek 6–7(7), 6–3, 6–4.

Bob and Mike Bryan won in the final 7–6(5), 7–6(4), against Rohan Bopanna and Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi.

Seeds 

  Bob Bryan /  Mike Bryan (Champions)
  Daniel Nestor /  Nenad Zimonjić (Third Round)
  Lukáš Dlouhý /  Leander Paes (First Round)
  Mahesh Bhupathi /  Max Mirnyi (Second Round)
  Łukasz Kubot /  Oliver Marach (Quarterfinals)
  František Čermák /  Michal Mertiňák (First Round)
  Jürgen Melzer /  Philipp Petzschner (First Round)
  Julian Knowle /  Andy Ram (First Round)

<li>  Mariusz Fyrstenberg /  Marcin Matkowski (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Wesley Moodie /  Dick Norman (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Julien Benneteau /  Michaël Llodra (Second Round, withdrew due to both players' injuries in their single matches against Tommy Robredo)
<li>  Marcel Granollers /  Tommy Robredo (Semifinals)
<li>  Robert Lindstedt /  Horia Tecău (Third Round)
<li>  Simon Aspelin /  Paul Hanley (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Mardy Fish /  Mark Knowles (Third Round)
<li>  Rohan Bopanna /  Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi (Final)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Men's Doubles
Serena Williams and her sister Venus Williams were the defending champions, but as a result of a foot injury Serena withdrew from the competition.
 
Vania King and Yaroslava Shvedova defeated Liezel Huber and Nadia Petrova, 2–6, 6–4, 7–6(4) in the final.

Seeds 

  Gisela Dulko /  Flavia Pennetta (Quarterfinals)
  Liezel Huber /  Nadia Petrova (Final)
  Nuria Llagostera Vives /  María José Martínez Sánchez (First Round)
  Květa Peschke /  Katarina Srebotnik (Third Round)
  Lisa Raymond /  Rennae Stubbs (Quarterfinals)
  Vania King /  Yaroslava Shvedova (Champions)
  Chan Yung-jan /  Zheng Jie (Semifinals)
  Anabel Medina Garrigues /  Yan Zi (Second Round)

<li>  Cara Black /  Anastasia Rodionova (Semifinals)
<li>  Maria Kirilenko /  Agnieszka Radwańska (Third Round)
<li>  Alisa Kleybanova /  Ekaterina Makarova (Second Round)
<li>  Iveta Benešová /  Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová (Third Round)
<li>  Monica Niculescu /  Shahar Pe'er (Third Round)
<li>  Elena Vesnina /  Vera Zvonareva (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Bethanie Mattek-Sands /  Meghann Shaughnessy (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Hsieh Su-wei /  Peng Shuai (Second Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Women's Doubles
Hamilton Othanel Smith (born August 23, 1931) is an American microbiologist and a Nobel prize winner. He was jointly awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He is a leader in the field of genomics.

Hamilton Smith was, with Craig Venter, a leader in the Celera corporation's bid to analyse and sell information about the human genome. The basic idea was to find ways to make DNA sequencing cheaper so that everyone could have their DNA analysed. Then the information could be used for medical purposes.

Smith's award was for the discovery of restriction enzymes. These are enzymes that cut DNA at specific places. Such enzymes, found in bacteria and archaea, probably evolved to provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses. Inside a bacterial host, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA. Host DNA is modified so it does not get cut up. Together, these two processes are called the restriction modification system. To cut the DNA, a restriction enzyme makes two cuts, once through each sugar-phosphate backbone (i.e. each strand) of the DNA double helix.

References 

1931 births
Living people
American Nobel Prize winners
American microbiologists
Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871 – July 23, 1955) was an American politician from Tennessee. He was the Secretary of State for 11 years. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for helping make the United Nations.

He was a lawyer in his younger years, and an Army officer in the Spanish–American War. He was a US Representative for over 20 years. He later was appointed to the Democratic National Committee. He then became a US Senator, but resigned because he was appointed Secretary of State. As Secretary he promoted a "good neighbor" policy towards Latin America and help for China in its war against Japan. He resigned from the secretary position when his health failed. He died in 1955 from heart attacks and strokes.

1871 births
1955 deaths
Lawyers from Tennessee
American military personnel of the Spanish-American War
American Nobel Prize winners
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from stroke
Episcopalians
Military people from Tennessee
United States representatives from Tennessee
United States Secretaries of State
United States senators from Tennessee
US Democratic Party politicians
The Boys' Singles tournament of the 2010 US Open started on Sunday September 5th, the seventh day of the main tournament.

Bernard Tomic was the defending champion, but was no longer eligible to compete as a Junior this year.

Jack Sock, who received wildcard into the singles main draw, won this tournament, after defeating Denis Kudla in the final.

Seeds

  Juan Sebastián Gómez (First Round)
  Márton Fucsovics (Semifinals)
  Tiago Fernandes (Third Round)
  Jiří Veselý (Quarterfinals)
  Damir Džumhur (Third Round)
  Jason Kubler (First Round)
  Duilio Beretta (Second Round, retired)
  Agustín Velotti (Semifinals)

<li>  James Duckworth (First Round)
<li>  Denis Kudla (Final)
<li>  Renzo Olivo (First Round)
<li>  Máté Zsiga (First Round)
<li>  Victor Baluda (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Dominic Thiem (First Round)
<li>  Roberto Quiroz (First Round)
<li>  Mitchell Frank (Third Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

Qualifying draw

  Sam Barry
  Julien Cagnina
  Alexios Halebian
  Daiki Kondo
  Mackenzie McDonald
  Karue Sell
  Bruno Semenzato
  Michael Zhu

The following player received the lucky loser spot:
  Giammarco Micolani

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Boys Singles
Heather Watson was the defending champion, but was no longer eligible to compete as a Junior that year.

Daria Gavrilova won this event, after beating her compatriot Yulia Putintseva 6–3, 6–2 in the final.

Seeds

  Daria Gavrilova (Champion)
  Tímea Babos (Second Round)
  Irina Khromacheva (Second Round)
  Elina Svitolina (Third Round)
  Mónica Puig (Quarterfinals)
  Karolína Plíšková (Quarterfinals)
  Kristýna Plíšková (Second Round)
  Laura Robson (Third Round)

<li>  Gabriela Dabrowski (Third Round)
<li>  Jana Čepelová (Second Round)
<li>  An-Sophie Mestach (First Round)
<li>  Zheng Saisai (First Round)
<li>  Tang Haochen (Third Round)
<li>  Beatrice Capra (withdrew due to fatigue after playing three rounds in the women's singles event)
<li>  Sloane Stephens (Semifinals)
<li>  María-Teresa Torro-Flor (First Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

Qualifying draw

  Nigina Abduraimova
  Robin Anderson
  Brooke Austin
  Julia Elbaba
  Miyu Kato
  Risa Ozaki
  Sabina Sharipova
  Chanelle Van Nguyen

The following player received the lucky loser spot:
  Gabrielle Desimone

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Girls Singles
Roger Federer was the defending champion, but was defeated by Juan Martín del Potro in the final, 6–3, 6–7(5), 6–4, 6–7(4), 2–6.

Seeds

 Roger Federer (Final, lost to Juan Martín del Potro)
 Andy Murray (Fourth Round, lost to Marin Čilić)
 Rafael Nadal (Semifinals, lost to Juan Martín del Potro)
 Novak Djokovic (Semifinals, lost to Roger Federer)
 Andy Roddick (Third Round, lost to John Isner)
 Juan Martín del Potro (Champion)
 Jo-Wilfried Tsonga (Fourth Round, lost to Fernando González)
 Nikolay Davydenko (Fourth Round, retired - hip injury - against Robin Söderling)
 Gilles Simon (Third Round, retired - knee injury - against Juan Carlos Ferrero)
 Fernando Verdasco (Quarterfinals, lost to Novak Djokovic)
 Fernando González (Quarterfinals, lost to Rafael Nadal)
 Robin Söderling (Quarterfinals, lost to Roger Federer)
 Gaël Monfils (Fourth Round, lost to Rafael Nadal)
 Tommy Robredo (Fourth Round, lost to Roger Federer)
 Radek Štěpánek (Fourth Round, lost to Novak Djokovic)
 Marin Čilić (Quarterfinals, lost to Juan Martín del Potro)

<li>  Tomáš Berdych (Third Round, lost to Fernando González)
<li>  David Ferrer (Second Round, lost to José Acasuso)
<li>  Stanislas Wawrinka (First Round, lost to Nicolás Lapentti)
<li>  Tommy Haas (Third Round, lost to Fernando Verdasco)
<li>  James Blake (Third Round, lost to Tommy Robredo)
<li>  Sam Querrey (Third Round, lost to Robin Söderling)
<li>  Philipp Kohlschreiber (Third Round, lost to Radek Štěpánek)
<li>  Juan Carlos Ferrero (Fourth Round, lost to Juan Martín del Potro)
<li>  Mardy Fish (Withdrew due to rib injury) 
<li>  Paul-Henri Mathieu (First Round, lost to Mikhail Youzhny)
<li>  Ivo Karlović (First Round, lost to Iván Navarro)
<li>  Victor Hănescu (First Round, lost to John Isner)
<li>  Igor Andreev (First Round, lost to Jesse Witten)
<li>  Viktor Troicki (Second Round, lost to Julien Benneteau)
<li>  Lleyton Hewitt (Third Round, lost to Roger Federer)
<li>  Nicolás Almagro (Third Round, lost to Rafael Nadal)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Bottom Half

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Men's Singles
Kim Clijsters defeated  Caroline Wozniacki in the final 7–5, 6–3. Serena Williams, the defending champion, lost to Clijsters in the semifinals.

Seeds

 Dinara Safina (Third Round)
 Serena Williams (Semifinals)
 Venus Williams (Fourth Round)
 Elena Dementieva (Second Round)
 Jelena Janković (Second Round)
 Svetlana Kuznetsova (Fourth Round)
 Vera Zvonareva (Fourth Round)
 Victoria Azarenka (Third Round)
 Caroline Wozniacki (Final)
 Flavia Pennetta (Quarterfinals)
 Ana Ivanović (First Round)
 Agnieszka Radwańska (Second Round)
 Nadia Petrova (Fourth Round)
 Marion Bartoli (Second Round)
 Samantha Stosur (Second Round)
 Virginie Razzano (First Round)

<li>  Amélie Mauresmo (Second Round)
<li>  Na Li (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Patty Schnyder (Second Round)
<li>  Anabel Medina Garrigues (Second Round)
<li>  Zheng Jie (Third Round)
<li>  Daniela Hantuchová (Fourth Round)
<li>  Sabine Lisicki (Second Round)
<li>  Sorana Cîrstea (Third Round)
<li>  Kaia Kanepi (First Round)
<li>  Francesca Schiavone (Fourth Round)
<li>  Alisa Kleybanova (First Round)
<li>  Sybille Bammer (First Round)
<li>  Maria Sharapova (Third Round)
<li>  Alyona Bondarenko (Second Round)
<li>  Elena Vesnina (Third Round)
<li>  Ágnes Szávay (First Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Bottom Half

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Women's Singles
Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan were the defending champions, but lost in the semifinals against Lukáš Dlouhý and Leander Paes.

Lukáš Dlouhý and Leander Paes won in the final 3–6, 6–3, 6–2 against Mahesh Bhupathi and Mark Knowles.

Seeds

  Bob Bryan /  Mike Bryan (Semifinals)
  Daniel Nestor /  Nenad Zimonjić (Quarterfinals)
  Mahesh Bhupathi /  Mark Knowles (Final)
 ' Lukáš Dlouhý /  Leander Paes (Champions)
  Max Mirnyi /  Andy Ram (Semifinals)
  Mariusz Fyrstenberg /  Marcin Matkowski (First Round)
  Wesley Moodie /  Dick Norman (Quarterfinals)
  Bruno Soares /  Kevin Ullyett (Second Round)

<li>  Łukasz Kubot /  Oliver Marach (First Round)
<li>  František Čermák /  Michal Mertiňák (Second Round)
<li>  Martin Damm /  Robert Lindstedt (Third Round)
<li>  Simon Aspelin /  Paul Hanley (First Round)
<li>  Travis Parrott /  Filip Polášek (First Round)
<li>  Ashley Fisher /  Jordan Kerr (First Round)
<li>  Stephen Huss /  Ross Hutchins (First Round)
<li>  Marcelo Melo /  André Sá (Second Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Men's Doubles
Cara Black and Liezel Huber were the defending champions, but Serena Williams and Venus Williams defeated them in the final 6–2, 6–2.

Seeds 

  Cara Black /  Liezel Huber (Final)
  Anabel Medina Garrigues /  Virginia Ruano Pascual (Third Round)
  Samantha Stosur /  Rennae Stubbs (Semifinals)
  Serena Williams /  Venus Williams (Champions)
  Daniela Hantuchová /  Ai Sugiyama (Third Round)
  Nuria Llagostera Vives /  María José Martínez Sánchez (Quarterfinals)
  Su-Wei Hsieh /  Peng Shuai (Second Round)
  Bethanie Mattek-Sands /  Nadia Petrova (Quarterfinals)

<li>  Anna-Lena Grönefeld /  Patty Schnyder (Third Round)
<li>  Maria Kirilenko /  Elena Vesnina (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Zi Yan /  Zheng Jie (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Vania King /  Monica Niculescu (Third Round)
<li>  Alisa Kleybanova /  Ekaterina Makarova (Semifnals)
<li>  Sania Mirza /  Francesca Schiavone (Second Round)
<li>  Raquel Kops-Jones /  Abigail Spears (First Round)
<li>  Victoria Azarenka /  Vera Zvonareva (Second Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Women's Doubles
The rectus abdominis muscle is a muscle in the human body. It is commonly referred to as "Abs". It is a paired muscle that runs vertically from the lower chest to the pubic region people usually try to put stress to make it look as if they have huge abs and they help us run.

Muscles

fi:Vatsalihakset#Suorat vatsalihakset
Commander is a rank of naval officer. It may also be used as a general term for a leader.

Commander as a naval rank 
Commander is a rank used in many navies and some air forces. It is rarely used as a rank in armies, except in special forces for a team leader.  

The title (originally "Master and Commander") originated in the 18th century Royal Navy for naval officers who commanded ships of war too large to be commanded by a Lieutenant but too small to warrant the assignment of a Post-captain. 

In practice, these were usually unrated sloops-of-war of no more than 20 guns. The Royal Navy shortened "Master and Commander" to "Commander" in 1794; however, the term "Master and Commander" remained in common use for many years. A corresponding rank in some navies is frigate captain. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the rank has been assigned the NATO rank code of OF-4.

Royal Navy 

A Commander in the Royal Navy is above the rank of Lieutenant-Commander, below the rank of Captain. It is equivalent in rank to a Lieutenant Colonel in the British Army and Wing Commander in the Royal Air Force. A Commander may command a frigate, destroyer, submarine, aviation squadron or shore installation, or may serve on a staff.

Related pages 
Commander-in-Chief
Captain
Lieutenant

References 

Military ranks
Royal Navy
The Federalist Papers were a series of essays about the United States Constitution. In total, there were 85 articles, 77 of them appeared in newspapers between October of 1787 and August 1788. Many talked about how the Constitution would solve America's political problems.  Most of them were published in newspapers in New York and Virginia, states where it was not clear whether or not the Constitution would pass (it did).  Most were written by Alexander Hamilton or James Madison, though a few were written by John Jay.  

One of the most famous of the Papers is Federalist No. 10.  It was written by Madison and says that the Constitution would keep the United States from being run by small groups called "factions". The collection of all papers was also published as a book. 

The papers were published using a false name, Publius. This name was used in reference to Publius Valerius Publicola, a Roman Consul and one of the aristocrats who overthrew the Roman Kingdom in the 5th century BC. 

The papers are often thought of as one of the most important works of American political thought.  Sometimes they are used by Supreme Court justices to try to say what the founders were thinking.

Other websites 

 The Federalist Papers, original 1788 printing 

 National Archives on The Federalist
 The Federalist Papers on the Bill of Rights
 Teaching The Federalist Papers
 Booknotes interview with Robert Scigliano on Scigliano's Modern Library edition of The Federalist Papers, January 21, 2001.
 Collection of The Federalist Papers
 EDSITEment on The Federalist and Anti-Federalist debates on diversity and the extended republic
 
 

Democracy
United States Constitution
1788 works
1787 in the United States
1788 in the United States
is a prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Akita. Akita prefecture is famous for rice and sake.

History 
The area of Akita was created from Dewa Province and Mutsu Province.

Historic places
 Senshu Park is 5 minutes walk from Akita Station.
The site of castle of the Kubota Castle built by Satake, a daimyo from Hitachi. Landscape gardener, Abira Nagaoka, designed the park in 1896. The name "Akita" became established in Tenpyou era.

Geography 
Akita Prefecture faces the Sea of Japan.  It is bordered by Aomori Prefecture in the north, Iwate Prefecture in the east, Miyagi Prefecture in the southeast, and Yamagata Prefecture in the south.

Mt. Chokai is the second hightest mountain in the Tohoku Region. Shirakami-Sanchi is a large mountain range along the border between Akita and Aomori prefectures.

Cities 
There are 13 cities in Akita Prefecture:

National Parks
National Parks cover about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture. including 
 Towada-Hachimantai National Park

Hot Springs

Nyuto Hot Spring Village (There are seven hotels.)
Tsurunoyu
Taenoyu
Kuroyu
Ganiba
Magoroku
Oogama
National Park Resort Village Nyuto Hot Spring

Shrines and Temples
Ōmonoimi jinja and Tsutsukowake jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

 http://www.pref.akita.jp/e/
Captain Robert Falcon Scott CVO, RN (6 June 1868 – 29 March 1912) was an English Royal Navy officer and explorer who died on an expedition to the South Pole. He is widely known as Scott of the Antarctic, the title of a 1948 movie.

Scott led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–13.
Before his appointment to lead the Discovery Expedition, Scott had followed the conventional career of a naval officer in peacetime Victorian Britain, where opportunities for career advancement were keenly sought after by ambitious officers.

It was the chance for personal distinction that led Scott to apply for command of the Discovery. His name became associated with the Antarctic, his field of work for the final twelve years of his life.

Terra Nova Expedition 1910–1913
During this second venture, Scott led a party of five which reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, only to find that Roald Amundsen's Norwegian expedition had got there first. On the return journey, Scott and his four comrades died from exhaustion, starvation and extreme cold. The tragic fate of his expedition is still remembered throughout the world.

Scott's leadership 
After his death, Scott became a British hero. His reputation suffered from several books written later in the 20th century. Still later, Scott's record was reviewed more favourably. The main cause of the failure  of the expedition is now said to be the exceptionally adverse weather at the end of the return from the pole.

Scott took ponies, motorised sleds and ordinary sleds, which he and his men pulled.  He thought that the number of animals overworked and killed should be held as low as possible and considered his rival Roald Amundsen's approach as cruel.  Amundsen, on the other hand, killed dog after dog to feed himself, the men and the rest of the dogs.  He did not feel bad about it. The ponies helped travelling part of the way to the pole, but some of them were so stubborn that the expedition members, especially Lawrence Oates, lost much energy that was needed to get back from the pole. The motorised sleds (which worked well at the start) eventually froze up. The dogs, of which there 36, were left behind on the final attempt on the Pole.

One factor which has been re-discovered is that Scott gave the dog driver Meares  written orders before leaving for the final attempt on the pole. The order was for dogs to be brought up towards the returning party. This order was supplemented by Scott asking Atkinson to make a similar attempt (Atkinson was one of those not chosen for the final attempt group). In the event, neither of these actions took place.

References 

1868 births
1912 deaths
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
Deaths from starvation
English explorers
Royal Navy officers
Sailors
The Sons of Liberty were a group of people in Boston at the time of the American Revolution.  They were led by Samuel Adams, James Otis, and Paul Revere.  Other well-known members included Benedict Arnold and Patrick Henry.  They were in favor of rights of colonial Americans, which meant they often did not like the British.  Some people thought the Sons of Liberty were a mob.  The Sons of Liberty were the main group involved in the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. They also participated in the Stamp Act.

American Revolutionary War
Manhattan
Massachusetts
Nationalist organizations in North America
1765 establishments
Secret societies
1760s establishments in Massachusetts
Agnes Grey is a novel written by the English author Anne Brontë and first published in 1847. The novel is about a governess of that name and is said to be based on Anne Brontë's own experiences.  It was her first novel. 
Story has happy end. Finally, Agnes married her heart friend Edward Weston and they have three children called Agnes, Mary and Edward.

Characters
Agnes Grey – the daughter of a minister who decided become a governess to support herself and her family.
Mary Grey - the elder sister of Agnes.
Richard Grey - the father of Agnes and Mary.
Mrs. Grey - the mother of Agnes and Mary. Squire's daughter and a woman of spirit. She married Richard despite of the wishes of her friends and family.
Mr. Weston – the curate at the local church.
Mr. and Mrs. Bloomfield - Agnes's first employers.
Uncle Robson - the brother of Mrs. Bloomfield.
Tom Bloomfield – the Bloomfield's couple son, well-grown seven years old boy. Very violent to animals.
Mary Ann Bloomfield – the eldest daughter of Bloomfields.
Fanny Bloomfield - the second daughter of Bloomfields.
Mr. and Mrs. Murray - the second employers of Agnes.
Rosalie Murray (also Miss Murray) – the eldest daughter of Murrays, silly but kind
Mathilda Murray – the second daughter of the Murrays.
Mr. Hatfield – the rector at the local church. He loves Miss Murray but she doesn't answer his feeling.

Other books by Anne Brontë
Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell (1846)
The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848)

Other websites
 

1847 books
English novels
The Tenant of Wildfell Hall is the second and final novel by English author Anne Brontë, published in 1848 under the false name  Acton Bell. Story framed as a letter from Gilbert Markham to his friend and brother-in-law. He writes about events leading to his meeting his wife. It is a classic of English literature.

Plot
Gilbert writes about a young woman, Helen Graham, who arrives at the old house, named Wildfell Hall with her small son and a servant. She doesn't want to talk about her life with her new neighbours, so they decided that she did something wrong in her past. No one, except Gilbert, his sister Rose and Mary Millward, her friend, believes that she is a good woman. Someone thinks that she has an affair with Frederick Lawrence (who is actually her brother).

When Gilbert, already fallen in love with Helen, begins to believe that she is a bad woman, she gives him her diary. In her diary she writes about her live with her husband, Arthur Huntingdon, who drinks a lot of alcohol and behaves himself badly. When he begins to make their son, also Arthur, alcoholic and teaches him to say bad words, Helen decides to run away from him. After many troubles she secretly comes to live at Wildfell Hall.

Helen leaves that place, when she learns that her husband is ill. She takes care of him, but he all the same died.

After some time Helen and Gilbert marry. They lead a happy life and have at least two children together.

Other works by Anne Brontë
Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell (1846)
Agnes Grey (1847)

Other websites

 
 The Tenant of Wildfell Hall  at PublicLiterature.org
 The Tenant of Wildfell Hall - Free Public Domain Audiobook.

1848 books
English novels
English-language novels
Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell was a book of poetry published together by the three Brontë sisters, Charlotte, Emily and Anne in 1846 (see 1846 in poetry). It is their first printed work.

1840s books
19th-century British poems
Alex Riley (born 29 March 1968 in Sheffield, Yorkshire) is an English DJ, television personality and comedian. His DJ career began when he became a DJ on BBC Radio 7. Some of the shows he hosted are The Comedy Club, Sony Gold Award and Station Sound.  He began his TV career performing with the city's Crucible Youth Theatre during which time he originated, and appeared in, dozens of sketches and devised pieces, as well as appearing in a number of plays and farces at the Library Theatre.

Riley then had a succession of jobs including managing an alternative shopping centre, selling aerial photographs and answering an on-air appeal for researchers on BBC TV's Top Gear programme. He is best known for Britain's Really Disgusting Food  first aired in 2008, with a second series in 2009 and an alternative but same universe series Britain's Really Disgusting Drink. He also acted in Chelsea Flower Show, Britain in Bloom, Bigamy, Short Circuits, Discovery Home and Leisure, Boys Toys, the Caravan Show, You Know You Want To and Classic Car Club among other TV shows. He also has a career as a stand-up comedian.

References

British DJs
Comedians from Yorkshire
People from Sheffield
Television personalities from Yorkshire
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Tellurite is an ion. Its chemical formula is TeO32-. They are some of the more stable tellurium compounds. They are weak oxidizing agents. In slightly acidic conditions, it makes hydrogen tellurite, HTeO3-. When it is very acidic, it makes tellurous acid. They are normally made by reacting tellurium dioxide with a metal oxide. 

Tellurite is also a rare mineral. This mineral consists of tellurium dioxide. It is a yellow to white mineral. It is in areas that tend to oxidize minerals (oxidation zone). Otherwise telluride or native tellurium would be there.

Related pages
Sodium tellurite
Tellurate

Tellurium compounds
Minerals
is a Japanese city in Chiba Prefecture on the island of Honshu.   It is the capital city of the prefecture. It is about  southeast of the center of Tokyo near the Tokyo Bay.

It has been recognized as a city designated by government ordinance since 1992.

Weather
Chiba has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). It is  very hot i summer, and cool until mild winter. There is a lot of precipitation throughout the year, but there is less precipitation in winter.

People
As of February 2016, Chiba had an estimated 972,861 people living there. It had a population density of 3,580 persons per km². The total area of Chiba is . There were 19,135 registered foreign residents in Chiba as of March 31, 2007. Foreigners are about 2% of the total number of people. It has the 14th most amount of people in Japan.

Transportation

Airports
There is no commercial airport in Chiba. Narita International Airport and Tokyo International Airport (Haneda) are the closest major airports.

Highways
 Higashi-Kantō Expressway to Tokyo, Narita and Kashima
 Tateyama Expressway to Kisarazu
 Keiyō Road
 Chiba-Tōgane Road (Japan National Route 126
 Japan National Route 14
 Japan National Route 16
 Japan National Route 51
 Japan National Route 128
 Japan National Route 357

Education

Colleges and universities
 Chiba University
 Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences
 Kanda University of International Studies
 Tokyo Dental College
 Shukutoku University
 Keiai University
 Chiba Keizai University
 Tokyo University of Information Sciences
 The Open University of Japan
 Uekusa University
 Teikyo Heisei University (Chiba campus)
 Chiba Meitoku College
 Japan Christian Junior College

High schools
Chiba has 20 public high schools. They are controlled by the Chiba Prefectural Board of Education. Two public high schools are controlled by the Chiba City Board of Education. This includes Inage Senior High School. There are also nine private high schools. They include the Makuhari Junior and Senior High School.

Elementary and middle schools
Chiba has 114 public elementary schools. It also has one private elementary school. There are 59 public middle schools. It also has one private middle school.

International schools
Chiba Korean Primary and Junior High School

Hospitals and clinics
 Chiba Kaihin Hospital (Mihama-ku)
 Chiba University Hospital (Chuo-ku)
 Kashiwado Hospital (Chuo-ku)
 Tokyo Dental College Chiba Hospital (Mihama-ku)
 Koizumi Clinic (Hanamigawa-ku)
 Mizuno Clinic (Hanamigawa-ku)
 Hirayama Hospital (Hanamigawa-ku)

Sister cities

Chiba is twinned with:
 North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, since January 1, 1970
 Asunción, Paraguay, since January 1, 1970
 Houston, Texas, United States, since October 24, 1972
 Quezon City, Philippines,  since November 9, 1972
 Tianjin, China,  since May 7, 1986
 Montreux, Switzerland,  since May 28, 1996
 Wujiang, China,  since October 10, 1996

References

Cities in Chiba Prefecture
Nordjyllands Trafikselskab (English: North Jutland's Transport Company) is a Danish company who makes the routes of regional buses in Northern Jutland.

Bus transport
Transport in Denmark
Transport companies of Europe
Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an Italian-American gangster. He grew up in Brooklyn and moved to Chicago where he led a crime syndicate in the Prohibition-era that was known as the "Capones".  The Capones were known for smuggling, bootlegging liquor and prostitution in Chicago, Illinois from around the 1920s until 1931.  Capone's organized crime reign ended in 1931, when he was put on trial for federal income tax evasion.  Found guilty, Capone was sentenced to 11 years in prison.

Capone was released from his sentence in 1939, suffering from an advanced case of syphilis.  Capone died in 1947 after he suffered a stroke.  He regained consciousness and caught pneumonia and later had a fatal cardiac arrest.  On January 25, 1947 Al Capone died in his home, surrounded by his family.  Michael Jackson made a song called "Al Capone" for his 1987 album Bad.  It was not put on the album.  The song was released on the second disc of the 25th Anniversary re-release of Bad.

References

 2.“Al Capone.” World of Criminal Justice. Gale, (2002). Biography in Context.Web. 10-June 2014

Other websites

Mario Gomes' site on everything related to Al Capone
South Beach Magazine The Un-Welcomed Visitor: Al Capone in Miami. (with photos)
Complete FBI files on Al Capone
Little Chicago: Capone in Johnson City, Tennessee 
Al Capone at the Crime Library

American gangsters
American Roman Catholics
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Florida
Burials at Mount Carmel Cemetery (Hillside)
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Criminals from New York City
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Businesspeople from New York City
Businesspeople from Chicago
1899 births
1947 deaths
Lee Ann Womack (born August 19, 1966)  is an American country music singer and songwriter. Womack has won a number of music awards for her music and singing.

Her 2000 single, "I Hope You Dance" was a major crossover music hit.  It reached #1 on the Billboard Country Chart.  It made the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100.

Discography
Studio album
1997: Lee Ann Womack
1998; Some Things I Know
2000: I Hope You Dance
2002: Something Worth Leaving Behind
2002: The Season for Romance
2005: There's More Where That Came From
2008: Call Me Crazy
2014: The Way I'm Livin'
2017: The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone

Compilation albums
2004: Greatest Hits
2011: Icon

Awards

References

1966 births
Living people
Country musicians
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Sheena Easton  (born Sheena Shirley Orr; 27 April 1959), is a Scottish singer. She was very popular during the 1980s and the 1990s. She has won several Grammy Awards. She had many charting singles and albums including "Morning Train," "For Your Eyes Only" and "Sugar Walls."  Easton was born in Bellshill, Scotland.

References

Other websites 

1959 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Scottish pop singers
Scottish singer-songwriters
Scottish television actors
Scottish voice actors
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the name given to a number of motor problems (trouble moving the body).  CP is usually caused by damage done to the brain during early childhood. It is called "cerebral palsy" because the part of the brain that is damaged is the cerebrum. CP cannot be cured. It is treated with therapies. 

CP was first identified by an English surgeon called William Little in 1860.

There are several types of cerebral palsy. The most common type is spastic cerebral palsy. 

Today, 1 in every 400 children in the UK has cerebral palsy.

Symptoms 
People with CP often have trouble standing or walking.  They may also be partly paralysed. 

While the main problem of cerebral palsy is problems with moving, difficulties with having thoughts, learning, feeling, talking and behaviour often come with cerebral palsy.

Of children with cerebral palsy, 3 out of 4 children have pain, 1 out of 2 have intellectual disability, 1 out of 3 children cannot walk, 1 in 3 have a hip displacement, 1 in 4 cannot talk, 1 out of 4 children have epilepsy, 1 in 4 have behaviour disorders, 1 out of 4 children have trouble controlling their bladder, 1 in 5 have trouble with sleep (sleeping too much or not enough), 1 out of 5 children dribble, 1 out of 10 are blind, 1 out of 15 need to be fed through a tube, and 1 in 25 are deaf.

Most people with cerebral palsy live for as long as people without CP.  5-10% of children with CP die before growing up.

Treatment 
Over time, the way to take care of cerebral palsy has changed from fixing a person's physical problems such as spasticity in one leg or arm.  Now, the way to take care of cerebral palsy is about making therapies for the body part of a larger purpose of making the person's quality of life better, helping them have choice and make their own decisions about looking after themselves, and helping them be part of society. Much of children's therapy is about helping them walk better. Roughly 60% of people with CP are able to walk by themselves or with mobility aids when they become grown up.

Mobility aids may help people with CP move around more easily.

References

Disability
Neurology
Nathanael Greene (August 7, 1742-June 19, 1786) was a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolution.  He was from Rhode Island and was a Quaker. Before the war, he was a blacksmith and a delegate to the Rhode Island General Assembly. During the war, he commanded a fort in Boston and a part of Washington's army during the New York, New Jersey and Philadelphia campaigns.  Late in the war, Greene commanded an army in the South. After the war, he moved to Georgia, where he died of sunstroke.

1742 births
1786 deaths
American esotericists
American generals
American Protestants
Freemasons
People from Warwick, Rhode Island
People from Providence, Rhode Island
Quakers
Belgian United Nations Contingent (BUNC) was the name for the Belgian and Luxembourger soldiers who volunteered to fight in the Korean War (1950–1953).

References

1950 establishments in Europe
1950 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Belgium
20th-century establishments in South Korea
1955 disestablishments
1950s disestablishments in Europe
1950s disestablishments in Asia
Disestablishments in South Korea
"Sleigh Ride" is an extremely popular song which is played in the holiday season of each year. The song was composed by Leroy Anderson. Sleigh Ride never mentions any holiday, except in certain versions. It has been performed by many musicians, including though not limited to The Carpenters, Johnny Mathis, Amy Grant, Air Supply, Unavailable, The Ronettes and Ray Conniff Singers throughout the years.

Christmas music
Mark Rutte (born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician. He has been Prime Minister of The Netherlands since 14 October 2010. He is leader of the conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He is also a part time teacher at a high school in The Hague

In 2010, Rutte won the elections with his party. He did not gain a majority in parliament, he won 31 out of 150 seats. Before he could form his government, there were four weeks of negotiations with the Christian-democratic CDA and the right-wing PVV of Geert Wilders. Wilders was not in the government, but he was supporting the government on several issues. These issues were discussed in those four weeks. When he was sworn in on 14 October 2010, he became the first liberal Prime Minister in the Netherlands in 92 years.

The First Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, CDA, and PVV, lasted from 2010 to 2012. The Second Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD and PvdA, lasted from 2012 to 2017. The Third Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, D66, CDA, and CU, lasted from 2017 to 2022.

On 15 January 2021, Rutte announced his resignation and that of his government because of a child welfare scandal.

Rutte has been leading the Fourth Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, D66, CDA, and CU, since 10 January 2022.

Mark Rutte is single and lives in The Hague. He frequently uses his bike for government duties at the Binnenhof and the Catshuis.

References

Other websites 
 Bio at Parlement.com
 Bio at Government.nl

1967 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Deputy government ministers of the Netherlands
Dutch Calvinists
Dutch teachers
Leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians
Politicians from The Hague
Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Peter Clay Carroll (born September 15, 1951, in San Francisco, California) is the head coach and of the Seattle Seahawks, a National Football League team. He used to coach for the New York Jets, New England Patriots and the University of Southern California football team.

In his time at USC, the Trojans went to two BCS Bowl games, winning the National Championship in 2004 and winning the Pacific-10 Conference football title seven  years in a row from 2002 to 2008. The 2004 BCS title was taken away from the team in 2010, but USC kept its 2003 and 2004 AP National Championships.

Early life
Carroll went to Redwood High School in  Larkspur, California. Carroll played in three sports: football (playing quarterback, wide receiver and defensive back), basketball and baseball. Carroll won the school's Athlete of the Year award in 1969.

College
After high school, Carroll went to junior college (a two-year college) at College of Marin, where he played football for two years before changing schools to the University of the Pacific. At Pacific, Carroll played the free safety position for two years.

After graduation, Carroll tried out for the Honolulu Hawaiians of the World Football League, but did not make the team because of shoulder problems. To make money, he found a job selling roofing materials in the Bay Area, but he found he was not good at it and soon moved on; it would be his only non-football-related job.

Head coaching record

National Football League

References

Other websites

 
 USC profile 

National Football League coaches
Sportspeople from San Francisco
1951 births
Living people
San Francisco 49ers
College football coaches
Polychlorinated biphenyls (often shortened to PCBs) are organic chemical compounds that contain chlorine atoms. They were used in industrial chemistry, and to make certain transformers, capacitors, and cooling fluids. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants declared them to be among the worst chemical pollutants. Their use has been banned worldwide, since 2001. The mode of action of these substances is similar to that of dioxin. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls were widely used, and they can be found in the atmosphere, the soil, and the bodies of water anywhere on the earth. In the short term, these substances are not very toxic, but they accumulate in the body. They are teratogens, and may cause cancer. 

Organic compounds
In a group of hills or mountains, a pass is a path for crossing a mountain. It is usually a saddle point between two higher areas. Many of the world's mountain ranges have always made travel difficult so passes have been important throughout history in trade, war and migration.

A pass has the general form of a saddle between two mountains. They are often found just above the source of a river, making a sort of "bridge" over to the headwaters of another river. Passes may be very short, with steep slopes to the top of the pass, or valleys of many kilometers.

Roads and railways have been built through passes. Some high and rugged passes may have tunnels dug underneath to let traffic move faster.

The top of a pass is often the only flat ground in the area so it is often a good site for buildings. For countries whose borders lie on a mountain range, the pass is often part of the border. As well as making travel easy between valleys, passes also provide a route between two mountain tops so it is common for tracks to meet at a pass; this often makes them good routes even when travelling between a summit and the valley floor.

Some of the best known passes are Great St. Bernard Pass at  in the Alps, the Khyber Pass at  between Afghanistan and Pakistan, and the Khardong La Pass at  in Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Related pages
 Ranges, Peaks and passes of the Alps

Other websites

References
ATI Technologies Inc. was a Canadian company known for making graphics processing units and motherboard chipsets. It was founded in 1985 as Array Technology Inc. In 2006, ATI was bought by AMD.

Other websites
 ATI official site

1985 establishments in North America
1980s establishments in Canada
Technology companies of Canada
Aromatherapy is a type of alternative medicine that uses the part of plants known as essential oils. Some people think that aromatherapy helps to change a person's mind, mood or health but this has not been proven scientifically.

Some essential oils like tea tree do have an anti-microbial effect, so they may be useful for the treatment of infections. Evidence that aromatherapy works in treating disease and other conditions is poor.

Ways of using aromatherapy

The ways of using aromatherapy oils include:

 Putting on the skin
In the bath
In a diffuser

References

Further reading
 Burke, L., & Chambers, P. (1995). The very essence: A guide to aromatherapy. Silver Link.  
 Lis-Balchin, Maria (2006). Aromatherapy science: A guide for healthcare professionals. London: Pharmaceutical Press. 
 Schnaubelt, Kurt (1998). Advanced aromatherapy: The science of essential oil therapy. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. 
 Schnaubelt, Kurt (1999). Medical aromatherapy: Healing with essential oils. Berkeley, CA: Frog. 
 Valnet, Jean; & Tisserand, Robert (1990). The practice of aromatherapy: A classic compendium of plant medicines & their healing properties. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. 
 
 Wanjek, Christopher (2003). Bad medicine: Misconceptions and misuses revealed, from distance healing to vitamin O. New York: J. Wiley. 
 Valnet, Jean; & Tisserand, Robert (1982). The practice of aromatherapy. Saffron Walden: Daniel.

Other websites 

 The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy
 International Federation of Aromatherapy
 What Does the Research Say About Essential Oils? 
 Antiviral and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils
 The Aromatherapy Global Online Research Archives

Journals
 International Journal of Aromatherapy
 International Journal of Clinical Aromatherapy 
Criticism
 Aromatherapy - does it work? Smell Research by Tim Jacob
 Aromatherapy: Making Dollars out of Scents

Pseudoscience
Perfumery