cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
For the "Kashō" era which started in 1106 -- sometimes romanized as "Kajō", see Kashō (late Heian period).

 was a , also known as Kajō,  after Jōwa and before Ninju.  This period started in June 848 and ended in April 851.  During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the 9th century Kashō era

 18 February 848 (Kashō 1, 10th day of the 1st month): Fujiwara Yoshifusa (904-872) was given an important office in the court.  Yoshifusa's daughter became Emperor Montoku's wife and the mother of Emperor Seiwa.
 848 (Kashō 1, 6th month): A rare white tortoise was discovered in Bungo Province.  The tortoise was understood as a sign of good luck.
 849 (Kashō 2, 4th month): An ambassador from Baekje was received at court.
 849 (Kashō 2, 10th month): Nimmyo's his 40th birthday was an event.
 849 (Kashō 2, 11th month): The emperor toured the capital in a grand parade.
 850 (Kashō 3, 1st month): The emperor made an official visit to the home of his mother.
 May 6, 850 (Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month):  Emperor Ninmyō died at age 41. The succession (senso) was received by his eldest son.  Soon after, Emperor Montoku accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui). This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 850 (Kashō 3, 5th month): Tachibana no Kachiko died. She was the widow of Emperor Saga and the mother of Emperor Ninmyō and the grandmother of Emperor Montoku. She founded a  Buddhist temple called  which evolved into  which exists today.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
9th-century establishments in Japan
850s disestablishments in Japan
848 establishments
851 disestablishments
Pocahontas is a 1995 American animated musical romantic comedy-drama movie. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 33rd movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. It was produced during a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The movie made $141,579,773 in the United States and $346,079,773 worldwide. In 1998, a direct-to-video sequel was released called Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World.

Plot 
In 1607, Pocahontas, a Native American, likes to be adventurous with her friend, Nacoma, and her animal friends. When she arrives back to her tribe, Pocahontas' father Chief Powhatan tells her that she will marry Kocoum, a brave warrior. Pocahontas does not like Kocoum because he is very "serious". She later leaves off to see her Grandmother Willow, a spiritual willow tree who gives advise and wisdom. Grandmother Willow warns Pocahontas that British are coming. Governor Ratcliffe lands in the United States (New World) and names it James Town. He then tells the crew to dig for gold. Explorer John Smith goes out to explore the surroundings. He and Pocahontas meet and become interested in one another. Smith shares his knowledge of how his "people" live their lives. Pocahontas is offended when Smith calls her people "savages" because they do not have any modern buildings or a society ruled by a king. Pocahontas then shares her knowledge and shows Smith that family values, life and nature are the most important things then having a king and buildings ("Colors of The Wind").

After this, Pocahontas and Smith fall in love. Chief Powhatan warns Pocahontas to stay away from the British because of their weapons. After finding Pocahontas and Smith kissing, Kocoum fights Smith and tries to kill him. Thomas whiteness the fight and kills Kocoum with a gun. This results in a battle between the Native Americans and the British. Smith is kept captive by the Native Americans who wants to kill Smith. Pocahontas successfully saves Smith from being killed. While witnessing the whole situation, Ratcliffe tries to shot Chief Powhatan, though Smith takes the bullet to save him. In the end, Smith is forced to go back to London to get treatment with Pocahontas.

Cast

Other websites 
 

1995 movies
1990s biographical movies
1990s romance movies
American biographical movies
American romance movies
Disney animated movies
English-language movies
Fiction set in the past
Movies about interracial romance
Movies composed by Alan Menken
Movies composed by James Newton Howard
Movies set in Virginia
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Pocahontas (Disney)
The Kennelly–Heaviside layer, also known as the E-region, is part of the ionosphere.  It is a region which is between 90 km and 150 km from the earth’s surface.  It is named after the American engineer  Arthur Edwin Kennelly and the British scientist Oliver Heaviside.  These two scientists both predicted that this area existed, although it was not until some years later that it was proved.

In the Kennelly-Heaviside layer neutral molecules are split into electrons and positively charged molecules.  Radio waves can be bounced off the this region so that long-distance radio messages can be sent over long distances around the curved surface of the earth.  This was why Marconi had been able to send radio messages across the Atlantic in 1902, although it was not understood at the time.

References
The New Encyclopædia Britannica vol 4, 15th edition, 1986, 

Radio
Layers of Earth's atmosphere

ru:Ионосфера#Слой Е
Vicente Fox Quesada (born July 2, 1942) is a Mexican politician. He was 55th President of Mexico from December 1, 2000 to November 30, 2006. Fox is currently co-president of the Centrist Democrat International. It is an international organization of Christian democratic political parties.

President of Mexico (2000-2006)
Fox was elected President of Mexico in the 2000 presidential election, a historically important election that made him the first president elected from an opposition party since Francisco I. Madero in 1910. He was the first opposition party member in 71 years to defeat the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He won with 42 percent of the vote.

Personal life
After being President of Mexico for six years, President Fox returned to his home state of Guanajuato. He lives there with his wife and family. Since leaving the presidency, Vicente Fox has been involved in public speaking and the construction of the Vicente Fox Center of Studies, Library and Museum.

Criticisms of Donald Trump
Since the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Fox emerged as an outspoken critic of Republican President of the United States Donald Trump.

United States presidential election, 2020

In September 2017, Fox said that he will run for President of the United States in the 2020 United States presidential election as an Independent. Fox however cannot be President because he was not born in the United States and said that his candidacy is only satirical.

References

1942 births
Living people
Presidents of Mexico
Guanajuato (state)
The Atlantic League was a minor league baseball organization that operated between 1896 and 1900. Its teams were from the Northeastern United States.

Baseball leagues
1890s in the United States
1900 in the United States
In astronomy, a light curve is a graph that shows the brightness of light from a celestial object or region, over a certain amount of time.  The light is usually in a particular frequency interval or band. Light curves can be periodic, that is they repeat in a regular pattern. Examples are eclipsing binaries and cepheid variables. Light curves can also be aperiodic, that is they are irregular with no pattern. Examples include the light curve of a nova, a cataclysmic variable star, a supernova or a microlensing event. The study of the light curve, together with other observations, can give a lot of information about the physical process that produces it or constrain the physical theories about it.

Planetology
In the study of planets (planetology), a light curve can be used to work out the rotation period of a minor planet, moon, or comet nucleus. From the Earth many objects are so small that even the most powerful telescopes are unable to see objects clearly. Because of this astronomers measure the amount of light produced by the object over a period of time, its light curve. The time between the peaks on the graph gives the rotational period of the object. The difference between the maximum and minimum brightness, the amplitude of the light curve, can be caused by either the shape of the object, or bright and dark areas on the surface. For example, an odd shaped asteroid's light curve generally has more pronounced peaks, while a more spherical object's light curve will be flatter. When the light curve covers a long period of time, it is called a secular light curve.

Botany
In botany, a light curve shows the photosynthetic response of a leaf or algae to the brightness of a light. The shape of the curve shows the principle of limiting factors. In low light, the rate of photosynthesis is limited by the amount of chlorophyll and the efficiency of the light-dependent reactions. In higher light levels it is limited by the efficiency of RuBisCO (an enzyme) and the amount of carbon dioxide. The point on the graph where these two differing lines meet is called the light saturation point. This is where the light-dependent reactions are making more ATP and NADPH than can be used by the light-independent reactions.  Since photosynthesis is also limited by ambient carbon dioxide levels, light curves are often repeated at several different constant carbon dioxide concentrations.

References

Other websites 
The AAVSO online light curve generator  can plot light curves for thousands of variable stars
Lightcurves: An Introduction by NASA's Imagine the Universe

Astronomy
Botany
Jeong In-ji (, 1396 - 1478) was a Korean Joseon Dynasty politician, scholar, writer, historian. His nickname was Hakyeokjae ().

His son Jeong hyun-jo married Princess Uisuk, daughter of Joseon Dynasty 7th king Sejo of Joseon. Great granddaughter Grandlady Jeong, mother of 14th king Seonjo of Joseon.

book 
 Hunminjeongeunyehae(훈민정음예해, 訓民正音例解)
 Hakyukjaejip(학역재집)
 Yukdaeyukbeop(역대역법)
 Goryeosa(고려사)
 Goryeosajeolyo(고려사절요)
 Yukdaebyungyo(역대병요)
 Hunminjeongeum(훈민정음)
 Saryunohjip(사륜오집)
 Jachitonggamhunui(자치통감훈의, 資治通鑑訓義)
 Sejongsillok

Other websites 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=136736
 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=11837
 http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=690286

1396 births
1478 deaths
South Korean politicians
Autobiographers
Veszprém (ˈvɛspreːm; ) is one of the oldest urban areas in Hungary, and a city with county rights. The city is not far from Lake Balaton. about 15 km  (9 mi). It is the administrative center of the county (comitatus or 'megye') of the same name.

Location
Veszprém lies on both sides of the Séd creek, approximately  from Budapest (via the M7 highway and Road 8). It can also be reached from Győr via Road 82 and from Székesfehérvár via Road 8.

Population

1870: 14279
1880: 14726
1890: 14807
1900: 16223
1910: 16864
1920: 17513
1930: 19991
1941: 24025
1949: 20682
1960: 28222
1970: 40415
1980: 57249
1990: 63867
2001: 62851
2011: 64339

Ethnic groups (2001 census)
 Hungarians - 94.7%
 Germans - 1.7%
 Others - 1%
 No answer - 2.6%

Religions (2001 census)
 Roman Catholic - 57%
 Calvinist - 9.7%
 Lutheran - 3%
 Others - 1.3%
 Atheist - 19%
 No answer - 10%

Notable citizens
Marian Cozma
Tamás Kádár

Twin towns — Sister cities

Veszprém is twinned with:

  Bottrop, Germany
  Gladsaxe, Denmark
  Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
  Passau, Germany
  Rovaniemi, Finland
  Sfântu Gheorghe, Romania
  Tartu, Estonia
  Tirat Carmel, Israel
  Žamberk, Czech Republic
  Kursk, Russia

Gallery

Other websites 

 Official site
 English pages on official site
 Pannon University (formerly University of Veszprém)
 Aerial photography: Veszprém

References 

Cities in Hungary
Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo is a Chilean football club. They play in the Primera División. They are the top-flight football league in Chile. Their home ground is the Estadio Monumental David Arellano in the commune of Macul, Santiago. They are the most successful football club in their country.

Honours

Domestic
 Liga Central de Football / Asociación de Fútbol de Santiago: 4
1925, 1928, 1929, 1930

Primera División: 30
1937, 1939, 1941, 1944, 1947, 1953, 1956, 1960, 1963, 1970, 1972, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997 Clausura, 1998, 2002 Clausura, 2006 Apertura, 2006 Clausura, 2007 Apertura, 2007 Clausura, 2008 Clausura, 2009 Clausura, 2014 Clausura

Cups
Copa Chile: 10
1958, 1974, 1981, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1994, 1996

Continental
Copa LibertadoresWinners (1): 1991
Runner-up (1): 1973Copa SudamericanaRunner-up (1): 2006Copa Interamericana
Winners (1): 1991

Recopa SudamericanaWinners (1): 1992

InternationalIntercontinental Cup
''Runner-up (1): 1991

Other websites 
Official website
Colo Colo in FIFA.com 
Supporters' Site

1925 establishments
Chilean football clubs
Santiago de Chile
Club Deportivo Universidad Católica  is a football club in Santiago de Chile now playing in the Primera División.

It is one of the most successful and popular football clubs in Chile as one of the three "big teams". The most traditional rival is the Universidad de Chile, frequently called the Clásico Universitario.

Cups

Other websites 
 Official site 
 CDUCatolica.com
 Los Cruzados 
 Ceatolei 

1937 establishments
Universidad Catolica
Santiago de Chile
1930s establishments in Chile
Club Universidad de Chile is a football club in Santiago de Chile playing in the Chilean Primera División.

References

Other websites 
Official website
Universidad de Chile in FIFA.com 
Supporters' Site 

1927 establishments in Chile
Chilean football clubs
Santiago de Chile
Sir William Golding (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was an English writer. He was a novelist, poet, playwright and teacher. He is famous for his novel Lord of the Flies. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1983. In 2008, The Times ranked Golding third on its list of "The 50 Greatest British writers since 1945".

Life

Early life 
Golding was born in Newquay, Cornwall, England on 19 September 1911. He grew up in Marlborough, Wiltshire. His father, Alec Golding, was a schoolmaster at Marlborough Grammar School. Golding and his older brother, Joseph, went to their father's school. In 1930, Golding went to Brasenose College at the University of Oxford. He studied Natural science and then English literature there. Golding graduated with an MA in 1935.

Early career 
Golding then worked as an actor, producer and a writer. Then he became a teacher at Bishop Wordsworth's School, Salisbury. Golding joined the Royal Navy in 1940. When World War II ended, Golding continued teaching and writing. He left Bishop Wordsworth's School in 1961 and began writing full-time.

Writing career 
Golding's first published novel was Lord of the Flies. Golding used his experience of the Second World War and his teaching knowledge of children to write the book. Lord of the Flies is a story about a group of school boys who are trapped on a desert island. The children quickly become savages and begin to murder each other. The novel gained widespread interest because of its political message.

Golding went on to write many more books, including The Inheritors, Rites of Passage and many others. He had a rather pessimistic view of humanity. His novels are often set in closed communities, such as islands, villages, monasteries, groups of hunter-gatherers, ships at sea or a pharaoh's court.

Later life 
Golding was knighted for his work in 1988. He died five years later, on 19 June 1993, of heart failure in Cornwall.

Novels
Lord of the Flies (1954)
The Inheritors (1955)
Pincher Martin (1956)
Free Fall (1959)
The Spire (1964)
The Pyramid (1967)
The Scorpion God   (1971)
Darkness Visible (1979)
The Paper Men (1984)
To the Ends of the Earth (trilogy)
Rites of Passage (1980)
Close Quarters (1987)
Fire Down Below (1989)
The Double Tongue (posthumous) (1995)

Notes 

Alumni of the University of Oxford
Booker Prize winners
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from heart failure
English novelists
People from Cornwall
 
Writers from Wiltshire
1911 births
1993 deaths
Homesickness is a feeling of unhappiness a person may have when away from home or from familiar surroundings or people. It has a similar meaning to the word nostalgia.

Homesickness is not about how much you miss your home. It is about how much dependent you are on other people or your parents, how much pampered you are or how much difficult it is for you to be in a different place. People sometimes become homesick when they travel. They miss their own home and desperately want to go back. Children may often feel homesick, especially when they are away from their parents for the first time. Usually these feelings will go away as one gets used to the new environment, but sometimes homesickness can make a person depressed.

People may easily feel homesick if they travel to an environment in which the culture is very difficult to what they are used to, and especially if a foreign language is being spoken. Children who are sent away to boarding school will very often feel homesick.

A good way to help children overcome (or avoid) homesickness is to start with being away from home just for short periods, staying with people they know well, e.g. grandparents or good friends.

References 

Emotions
Children
Travel
George Crabbe (born Aldeburgh, Suffolk, 24 December 1754; died Trowbridge, Wiltshire, 3 February 1832) was an English poet and naturalist. His poem The Borough which describes life in a small town in Suffolk, inspired Benjamin Britten to compose his opera Peter Grimes.

Life
George Crabbe was born in Aldeburgh, Suffolk. His father was a tax collector. As a child he loved poetry. In 1768, he was apprenticed to a local doctor, but he did not learn much from him. In 1771 he changed masters and moved to Woodbridge. There he met Sarah Elmy, who was to become his wife. She had the patience to wait until he had finished his medical studies before marrying him. She encouraged him in his verse writing. In 1775 he published his first work: Inebriety. In 1780 he decided to give up being a doctor. He borrowed some money and went to London where he tried to become known as a poet. It took several years, during which time he became a clergyman. He became chaplain to the Duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire.

Crabbe became well-known when he wrote a poem called The Village (1783). It was a long poem which described life in the country as he had known it. In 1783, he married Sarah. In 1814, he became Rector of Trowbridge in Wiltshire, where he stayed. Now that he had a family he did not feel any more need to write poetry and so he wrote nothing for 22 years. He then wrote more poems about the village community, including The Borough (1810). By the time of his death, he was well known and a friend of William Wordsworth, Sir Walter Scott and other important literary figures of the time.

Crabbe also knew a lot about insects and made a detailed study of beetles.

Use in 20th century opera
Like George Crabbe, the composer Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) also came from Aldeburgh. When he was in America during World War II he read Crabbe's poem The Borough. It made him homesick and he decided to return to England. He wrote an opera Peter Grimes which was based on Crabbe's poem. It is one of the greatest operas of the 20th century.

References

1754 births
1832 deaths
English poets
English naturalists
Writers from Suffolk
A near-Earth object (NEO) is a Solar System object whose orbit brings it close to the Earth. 

Their least distance from the Sun, their perihelion, is less than 1.3 AU. NEOs include near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) and near-Earth comets.

They include more than ten thousand near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), near-Earth comets, some solar-orbiting spacecraft, and meteoroids large enough to be tracked in space before striking the Earth. Collisions in the past have had a significant role in shaping the geological and biological history of the planet.   

In some cases NEOs hit the Earth. Most of these meteors explode harmlessly in the upper atmosphere. But some NEOs are dangerous. We try to find out when one is going to hit Earth using impact prediction. On 30 June 1908, a meteorite of around 45 metres in diameter exploded over the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River. It released an energy of 10–15 megatons of TNT and destroyed roughly 2,000 square kilometres of forest. Such an explosion, similar to one of the biggest nuclear weapons, could have razed London about as far out as the M25 ring road. However, because the location was remote, no deaths were recorded. The Association of Space Explorers estimates that a Tunguksa-like event happens two or three times every thousand years on average. An asteroid roughly 10 km in diameter is thought to have hit Earth 66 million years ago and caused the K/T extinction event, including the extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs.

Related pages 
Near-Earth asteroidAsteroid impact predictionLate Heavy Bombardment

References 

Astronomical objects
Cyclopia (also called cyclocephaly or synophthalmia) is a birth defect. Cyclopia is characterized by a failure of the prosencephalon to separate the two orbits (eyes). This leads to the formation of a central deformed eye and an absence of a nasal cavity. It causes can be either genetic, or as a result of an exposure to poisons. The term "cyclopia" comes from Cyclops, a giant one-eyed creature the Greek Greek mythology.

References

Genetic disorders
Les nuits d'été (Summer Nights), Op. 7, is a song cycle by the French composer Hector Berlioz.  It is a setting of six poems by Théophile Gautier.  Berlioz finished composing the songs in 1841.   At first they were just for a singer with piano accompaniment.  The singer could be either baritone, contralto, or mezzo-soprano.  Later Berlioz changed the work, making the voice a soprano and arranging the accompaniment for orchestra.  The first song to be orchestrated was L'Absence.  He wrote this version for a singer called Marie Recio who went with him on a concert tour of Germany.   All six songs were published in their orchestral version in 1856.  That is how the work is nearly always performed nowadays.  The titles of the songs are:

 Villanelle (Villanelle)
 Le spectre de la rose (The spectre of the rose)
 Sur les lagunes (On the lagoons)
 Absence (Absence)
 Au cimetière (In the cemetery)
 L'île inconnue (The unknown island)

References
New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie (1980); 

Compositions by Hector Berlioz
Amethyst Amelia Kelly (born 7 June 1990), better known by her stage name Iggy Azalea, is an Australian rapper, singer, and songwriter. She was born in Sydney and raised in Mullumbimby, New South Wales. She started rapping at age 16 when she moved to the United States. In September 2011 she released her first mixtape Ignorant Art. It made two promotional songs, "My World" and "Pu$$y".

Azalea's first album, The New Classic, was going to be released in September 2013. It was later released in 2014.  The single "Fancy" from the album, which features British singer-songwriter Charli XCX, went on to reach number one in the United States and Canada, while becoming the fourth-best performing song of 2014 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The next single, "Black Widow", features British singer Rita Ora and reached the top three of the Billboard Hot 100.  The album was rereleased with the title Reclassified in late 2014 and featured the singles "Beg for It" featuring Danish recording artist MØ and "Trouble" featuring American R&B singer Jennifer Hudson.

Discography

Studio albums 
 The New Classic (2014)
 Reclassified (2014)
 Digital Distortion (2016)

Mixtapes 
 Ignorant Art (2011)
 "Glory" (2012)
 "Trap Gold" (2012)

Similar artists
 Cher Lloyd
 Miley Cyrus
 Katy Perry
 Lady Gaga
 Taylor Swift

References

Other websites 
 Official website

1990 births
Living people
Musicians from Sydney
Rap musicians
Singers from New South Wales
Australian pop musicians
was an old province of Japan in the area of Fukui Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Etchū and Echigo Provinces, it was sometimes called .

The ancient capital city of the province was at Echizen.

History

The boundaries of Echizen were formally established during the reigns of Empress Genshō and Empress Kōken.

Before the boundaries were established, this area including Etchū and Echigo were called Koshi.

In the Edo period, the daimyo of Fukui Domain lived at Fukui.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Echizen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Facilities
Echizen Provincial office was established in Nyū (丹生郡, Nyū-gun).

Kehi jingū was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Echizen.

Ōmushi jinja was estublished in Suishin emperor 7. It is written in “Engishiki Jinmyoutyou” and the old status of a Shinto shrine is prefectural shrine.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Fukui Prefecture
The Royal New Zealand Navy is the navy of New Zealand. It is the maritime arm of the New Zealand Defence Force. As of 2012 the Navy includes twelve ships. Five Naval helicopters are operated by the Royal New Zealand Air Force. The Navy was formed during World War II in 1942. Prior to that the Royal Navy had protected New Zealand.

History
WIP

Organisation
The Navy's fleet is grouped into four groups (also called forces).
 Naval Combat Force: The Navy's fighting ships (frigates).
 Naval Patrol Force: The Navy's patrol boats.
 Logistics Support Force: The Navy's support ships (e.g. tankers).
 Littoral Warfare Support Group: The Navy's coastal forces.
Air support uses the SH-2G Seasprite helicopter. They are operated by both the Navy and Air Force. They are part of No. 6 Squadron RNZAF. The helicopters mainly serve on HMNZS Canterbury, the frigates and the Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs).

Current Role
 Defence: "to secure New Zealand from external threat, to protect our sovereign interests, including in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and to be able to take action to meet likely contingencies in our strategic area of interest."
 International Participation: Supporting peace-keeping and other missions around the globe.
 Civilian Support: Helping Government agencies such as customs.

Bases
The Navy has one base in Auckland Harbour called the Devonport Naval Base. It is named after the naval base in Plymouth, Britain. The base includes harbour facilities for the whole fleet. It also includes a dry-dock, once the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere, and the Navy's school.

Personnel
On 1 July 2007 the RNZN had a total of 2,034 Regular Force personnel, 237 Naval Reserve personnel and 378 civilian employees, totalling 2,699. Around 1800 of that total are based at the Devonport Naval base in Auckland.

On 1 January 2011 the RNZN consisted of 2,135 Regular Force personnel, 332 Naval Reserve personnel and 375 civilian staff.

Vessels
This is not a complete list of all Royal Navy vessels. It is a simplified version of only the major units for simplicity.

Anzac Class Frigate
HMNZS Te Kaha (F77) is one of the navy's two frigates. She entered service in 1997. Her name means strength in Maori. She has served in the Persian Gulf and Solomon Islands.

HMNZS Te Mana (F111) is one of the navy's two frigates. She entered service in 1999. Her name means authority in Maori. She is regularly sent to the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman on patrol.

Canterbury Class MRV
HMNZS Canterbury (L421) is the navy's flagship. She entered service in 2007. She is named after one of the big cities in New Zealand, Canterbury. The last HMNZS Canterbury was a famous ship in the Navy. She can do a variety of roles to support the Navy and Army. She has responded to all of the major disasters in Australia and New Zealand since her commissioning.

References

New Zealand
New Zealand
1942 establishments
20th-century establishments in New Zealand
Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (also known as King Leka I; 5 April 193930 November 2011), was the only son of King Zog I of Albania. Leka was also called King Leka of Albania, but he was never the ruler of the country.

He was born in Tirana in 1939. Two days later, the family was forced to leave Albania after Italy invaded the country. When his father died in exile in 1961, Leka was crowned king in a hotel in Paris. He returned to Albania in 1993, but was not allowed to stay in the country. He made a second visit in 1997. The country held a vote to decide whether they wanted to go back to a monarchy or stay as a republic. The country voted for a republic, but Leka said the vote had been changed. His supporters created demonstrations against the government. Several people were killed in the demonstrations. Leka again had to leave Albania. 

In 2002, he made an agreement with the government and came back to Tirana.

Death
He died on 30 November 2011 in Mother Teresa Hospital, Tirana from heart and lung illnesss. He was buried next to his wife’s and mother’s grave at the public Sharra cemetery in a Tirana suburb. Later he was buried in the royal mausoleum.

Ancestors

Other sources

 Dedet, Joséphine "Géraldine, reine des Albanais". Paris: Belfond, 2016, published at the occasion of Prince Leka's wedding in Tirana, on October 8, 2016 (Leka being Geraldine's grand-son) ; former editions: Criterion, 1997  and Belfond, 2012, . Biography enriched by the Queen's testimony, by her personal archives and by a huge correspondence with the author, who has benefited of many unpublished sources.
 Dedet, Joséphine, Géraldine, Egy Magyar No Albania Tronjan, Budapest : Europa, 2015, , best-seller in Hungary, translation of Géraldine, reine des Albanais".
 Najbor, Patrice. "Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa Maison Royale" (5 volumes) - JePublie - Paris - 2008
 Rees, Neil. A Royal Exile – King Zog & Queen Geraldine of Albania including their wartime exile in the Thames Valley and Chilterns, 2010 ()

1939 births
2011 deaths
Albanian people
Princes and princesses
People from Tirana
The Prime Minister of Thailand (; ) is the head of government of Thailand. The Prime Minister is also the chair of the Cabinet of Thailand. The office was created after the Revolution of 1932. This was when the country became a constitutional monarchy. The current prime minister is Prayut Chan-o-cha.

Other websites
 Official Website, website for the Royal Thai Government
 History of Thai Prime Ministers , a detailed list of Prime Ministers
Toulouse Tech, also known as the Toulouse Institute of Technology is one of the collegiate universities in France. It was created in 2007. It gathers 16 of the best French schools, covering engineering science, management, architecture and veterinary, aiming to be of comparable status to the most famous universities of technology around the world.

Colleges and institutes

 École nationale de l'aviation civile
 École nationale supérieure de formation de l’enseignement agricole
 École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes
 École nationale de la météorologie
 École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse
 École nationale supérieure en génie des technologies industrielles
 École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux
 École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse
 École d'ingénieurs de Purpan
 Toulouse Business School
 Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
 École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse
 École nationale supérieure d'électrotechnique, d'électronique, d'informatique, d'hydraulique et des télécommunications
 École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques
 Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse
 Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace

Facts and Figures
From the official website:

850 teachers-researchers
14,000 students
22 millions of euros in research

References

Further reading 
 Toulouse Tech

Engineering schools
Technical colleges and universities in Toulouse
2007 establishments in France
Connie Victoria Elizabeth Talbot (born 20 November 2000) is an English singer. She became famous after competing in Britain's Got Talent. She lost at the finals.

In Britain's Got Talent, she sang Over the Rainbow. This led her to the semi-finals. She then competed in but was defeated at the finals. She currently attends a primary school.

After her success, Talbot began posting Youtube videos since 2008. Most of them were videos of her singing. Some gained over 10 million views.

Discography
Talbot released three albums, with the first one released in 2007, and the second and third ones in 2008 and 2009.

References

Other websites
 Connie Talbot's website

2000 births
Living people
Child singers
English pop singers
West Midlands (county)
The International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools (IAAPS) is an association of pilot training organizations created in 1995. IAAPS is recognized by national and international aviation authorities. IAAPS is part of the rulemaking group of the European Aviation Safety Agency. (EASA)

History
In 1990,  the so-called "Cyprus Agreement"  caused the European Joint Aviation Authority (JAA) to be established.

In 1995, the European Association of Airline Pilot Schools (EAAPS) was established.

The EAAPS was active in the pan-European project to define and standardize the depth and scope of flight training within the JAA.  One of the results was the "Joint Aviation Requirement Flight Crew Licensing code" (JAR-FCL).

In 2009, the EAAPS became a worldwide association. The name or the organization was changed changed to IAAPS.

Mission
As a global pilot shortage grows, IAAPS members work together to maintain and improve the quality standards of pilot training. Aviation training improves air safety standards.

IAAPS is recognized by the EASA as the representative of the training industry. IAAPS activities include 
 EASA Advisory Board (EAB)
 Safety Standards Consultative Committee (SSCC)
 Subject Expert Team (SET)
 Theoretical Knowledge Steering Group (TKStG)
 Human Factor Steering Group (HFStG)

IAAPS helped to develop "learning objectives" for aircraft and helicopters. These were published by the JAA and then by EASA.

Members 
The membership is comprised of aviation training organizations.  Each member organization is certified nationally.  The international membership is expanding.

Austria
 AeronautX Luftfahrtschule, Hoersching

Belgium
   Ben-Air Flight Academy (BAFA), Antwerp
 Sabena Flight Academy (SFA), Steenokkerzeel

Croatia
  Croatia Aviation Training Center, Lucko

Finland
  Finnish Aviation Academy, Pori

France
 Airbus Training, Blagnac
   École de Pilotage Amaury de la Grange , Merville
 École nationale de l'aviation civile (ÉNAC), Muret
   ESMA Aviation Academy, Mauguio
 Institut aéronautique Jean Mermoz, Rungis

Germany
 Haeusl 'air, Fürth
  IKON Gmbh , Erlangen
 Lufthansa Flight Training, Bremmen
  Verband Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule (VDV), Essen

Morocco
 École National des Pilotes de Ligne (ENPL), Benslimane

Netherlands
   Dutch Flight Academy  (DFA), Eelde
  EPST, Utrecht
   KLM Flight Academy, Paterswolde
   Nationale Luchtvaart School CAE- NLS, Hoofddorp
   Stella Aviation Academy, Teuge

Spain
   Asociación de Escuelas de Formación Aeronáutica (AEFA), Madrid
 Flight Training Europe Ltd (FTE), Cadiz

Sweden
  European Flight Training Academy (EFTA), Bromma
  Scandinavian aviation academy, Vasteras

Switzerland
  Swiss Aviation Training Ltd , Zurich

Turkey
  ER-AH Aviation Commerce Ltd Co. , Antalya
   Istanbul DUHA Aviation Flight School, Istanbul

United Kingdom
  Atlantic Flight Training Ltd , Coventry
  Bristol Flying Centre, Bristol
  Cabair College of Air Training, Bedford
  London Metropolitan University , London
 Oxford Aviation Academy  (OAA), Oxford

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Aviation
Super Bowl XXXVIII was the thirty-eighth Super Bowl. The teams in the game were the Carolina Panthers from the NFC and the New England Patriots from the AFC. New England won the game 32-29. The performers at the halftime show were Spirit of Houston, Janet Jackson, Justin Timberlake, OutKast, P. Diddy, Kid Rock, and Nelly. The halftime show created controversy when Janet Jackson's breast was shown by Justin Timberlake to everyone who was watching the show.

References 

038
Carolina Panthers
New England Patriots
2004 in sports
2000s in Houston, Texas
2004 in the United States
A rhythmite is layers of sediment or sedimentary rock laid down in a repeated pattern. This pattern may be varves, which are an annual pattern, or shorter or longer-term rhymites. Tides in some places have left rhythmites.

Longer-term rhythmites 
Rhythmites can show long-term prehistoric events, such as periodic floods, sea level changes, glaciation changes, earth's orbital variations, and other periodic climate changes.

Many rock formations show repeating patterns of strata. For example, clay layers may alternate with sandstone layers; or carbonate layers alternate with shales. This is usually caused by repeating cycles of climate. In warmer times the sea rises, and carbonate rocks are deposited in shallow subtropical seas. Later, ice builds up at the poles and the sea level drops. Then the same area is close to shore, and gets sand and mud washed down by rivers.

Deposits on land show patterns for similar reasons. A low-lying area will be a lake or a swamp during hot, wet periods, and maybe a desert or a mudflat during dry periods. Erosion takes place during the dry periods, and deposition takes place during the wet periods.

However, temperature and sea-level changes are not the only causes of rhythmites. In volcanic areas a pattern of deposition in lakes may be regularly interrupted by eruptions of volcanic ash, so that in the record of the rocks shales and mudstone alternates with tuff.

References 

Stratigraphy
was an island province of Japan until 1871 when it became a part of Niigata Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called  or .

History

Sado Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō. 

In 1221, Emperor Juntoku was sent into exile on Sado Island.  The former emperor is sometimes identified as  because his last years were spent at Sado.  Juntoku remained at Sado until his death in 1242.  

In the Edo period, Gold was discovered and mined.  The Sado mines were added to the tentative World Heritage List in 2010.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Sado Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Geography
Sado is an island in the Sea of Japan.  It was off the coast of Echigo Province.

Shrines and Temples
Watatsu-jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Sado.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Niigata Prefecture
Louise I. Shelley is a professor at George Mason University in Virginia. She is also founder and director of the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC).

She graduated from Cornell University cum laude in Penology and Russian literature in 1972. While there, she co-founded the Risley Residential College. She served on the Cornell Board of Trustees.  She got a M.A. from the University of Pennsylvania in  Criminology in 1973.  In 1973/74, she held a Columbia University, International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX) Fellowship used to study in the Sociology Department, Law School and the Russian Institute. In 1977, Shelley earned a Ph.D. in Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania.

She joined the American University as an Assistant Professor in 1977. She became a full professor in 1986. In 2007, she moved to George Mason University.  Shelley has studied at Moscow State University as a Fulbright-Hayes Fellow.

She studied the prison system of Russia and other nations. She studies how criminals make their money hard to trace (money laundering).

Books
 Human Security, Transnational Crime and Human Trafficking edited with Shiro Okubo New York and London, Routledge, 2011.
 Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
 Organised Crime and Corruption in Georgia edited with Erik R. Scott and Anthony Latta, London and New York: Routledge, 2007.
 Human Traffic and Transnational Crime: Eurasian and American Perspectives edited with Sally Stoecker Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004.
 Izucheniye organizovannoy prestupnosti: rossiisko-amerikanskii dialog, edited with Ninel Kuznetsova and Yu. G. Kozlov, Moscow: Olimp, 1997.
 Policing Soviet Society: The Evolution of State Control, London: Routledge, 1996.
 Social Changes, Crime and the Police, edited with Jozsef Vigh Reading: Harwood Press, 1995.
 Crime and Control in Comparative Perspective, edited with H.G. Heiland and H. Katoh. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1992.
 Crime and Development (edited special issue), International Annals of Criminology, 1986, Vol. 24, Nos. 1 and 2.
 Lawyers in Soviet Work Life, Law, Crime and Deviance Series, Rutgers University Press, 1984.
 Crime and Modernization, The Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization on Crime, Southern Illinois University Press, first printing, March 1981, second printing, March 1982. Translated into Chinese, published Bejing: Public Publishing House, 1987.
 Readings in Comparative Criminology, Southern Illinois University Press, 1981 (edited Collection).
 History Without Jews'', B'nai B'rith, 1977.

Other websites
Official webpage 
Bio at quarterly journal dispatches 

American sociologists
Writers from Virginia
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Robert James Gilbert Anderson (September 15, 1922–January 1, 2012) was an English athlete who represented Great Britain in the fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He choreographed the sword fights for many movies including Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.

He was born in Hampshire on September 15, 1922, and during World War II he was a member of the British Royal Marines. He used his sword fighting skills in many movies starting with The Master of Ballantrae, based on the book by Robert Louis Stevenson. During the filming he accidentally stabbed Errol Flynn in the leg. Anderson was the person dressed as Darth Vader in the sword fights in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. He also arranged the sword fights in all three of the Lord of the Rings movies. Other movie credits included the James Bond movies, From Russia With Love and Die Another Day, The Princess Bride, The Three Musketeers (1993 movie), The Mask of Zorro, and The Legend of Zorro.

References

1922 births
2012 deaths
English sportspeople
English movie actors
1952 Summer Olympics
Geli Raubal (June 4, 1908–September 18, 1931), sometimes known as Angela Raubal was Adolf Hitler's half-niece. She was born in Linz, Austria-Hungary. She shot herself dead in Hitler's apartment in Munich, Weimar Republic. She is buried in Zentralfriedhof, Vienna, Austria.

Family 
Father: Leo Raubal
Mother: Angela Raubal (Hitler's half-sister)
Boyfriend: Emil Maurice (Hitler's chauffeur)
Boyfriend: Adolf Hitler (rumored)

Sources
http://www.nndb.com/people/144/000087880/

1908 births
1931 deaths
Austrian people
Hitler family
People from Linz
Suicides by firearm in Germany
Tamara Toumanova ( March 2, 1919 – May 29, 1996) was an American ballerina and actress of Georgian descent. Toumanova is notable for ballet, and she also acted in several movies.

Tournova became an American citizen in 1943. She married her second husband, Casey Robinson, a Hollywood script writer and producer, in 1944.

Life 
Shortly after the Russian Revolution of 1917, Toumanova's mother, Eugenia Toumanova, left Georgia, Russia looking for her first husband, Konstantin Zakharov. She was pregnant at the time. She gave birth to Toumanova in Siberia. It has been verified that Toumanova is of Georgian ancestry.

Toumanova's parents became separated during the revolution. Toumanova was 18 months old before her parents were found each other. The family went from Russia to Shanghai, China. They lived there for a year. They then moved to Cairo. After living in refugee camps, the family moved to Paris. There was a large Russian émigré community there.

After moving to Paris, Toumanova was given piano lessons and studied ballet with Olga Preobrajenska. Toumanova said she was her "first and only permanent teacher" and an "immortal friend". She made her debut at the Paris Opera at the age of ten in the children's ballet L'Éventail de Jeanne. George Balanchine saw her in ballet class and hired her for de Basil's Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo as one of the three "baby ballerinas".

References

Other websites
 Australia Dancing — Lutte eternelle 
 Tamara Toumanova

Russian ballerinas
Actors from Georgia (country)
American dancers
1919 births
1996 deaths
Faizal Yusof (1979 - 1 January 2011) was a Malaysian actor. He acted in the popular television series Tiramisu and Manjalara. He died from heart failure, and was buried in the Batu Mudu Muslim Cemetery in Kuala Lumpur.

References

1978 births
2011 deaths
Malaysian actors
Television actors
Valery Ilyich Rozhdestvensky (February 13, 1939–August 31, 2011) was a USSR cosmonaut.

Rozhdestvensky was born in Leningrad and studied engineering at the Higher Military Engineering School of the Soviet Navy in Pushkin. From 1961 to 1965 he was commander of a deep sea diving unit in the Baltic Sea War Fleet. 

He was chosen to be a cosmonaut on October 23, 1965 and flew as Flight Engineer on Soyuz 23 in 1976. After his space flight he continued to work with the space program at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. He retired on June 24, 1986 and worked with Metropolis Industries.

References

1939 births
2011 deaths
Cosmonauts
Russian engineers
Soviet people
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Teapot Rock is a rock formation in Natrona County, Wyoming. A nearby oil field is named after the rock. The oil field was the focus of a bribery scandal during the administration of Warren G. Harding, the Teapot Dome scandal. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

The eroded sandstone formation is  tall and is about  in circumference.  It is a few hundred yards east of Wyoming Highway 259, about  north of Casper, Wyoming in the Powder River Basin near Teapot Creek. 

The outline of the rock once resembled a teapot and gave its name to several man-made and natural features, including a geologic structural uplift known as the Teapot Dome, and an oil field about  east.

In 1915, U.S. Navy was converting its ships to oil-fired boilers. The Navy bought the Teapot Dome Oil Field. It was called "Naval Petroleum Reserve Number Three" as part of a program to ensure that the  Navy would have sufficient fuel reserves in an emergency. It was one of several related fields in the area, the largest of which was the Salt Creek Oil Field. By comparison with the Salt Creek Field's  peak production of  of 1923, the Teapot Dome field had about 64 wells, with few producing more than 150 barrels per day (24 m3/d).

References

Other websites
Photographs of Teapot Rock  at the National Park Service's NRHP database
Teapot Rock  at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office
http://wiki.wyomingplaces.org/w/page/12716496/Teapot-Rock 

National Register of Historic Places
Geography of Wyoming
Landforms of the United States
Much Ado about Nothing is a comedy by William Shakespeare. It is set in Messina, Sicily (which is in Italy) and is a comedy/love story about two pairs of lovers, Hero and Claudio and Benedick and Beatrice. This story is one of William Shakespeare's more popular plays. 

The villain in this story is called Don John and he convinces Claudio that Hero is cheating on him and then he refuses to marry her whilst Benedick and Beatrice are tricked into confessing their true love for each other.  In the end the Constable accidentally sorts everything out and everyone celebrates both marriages.

Don John (the villain) can't bear anyone else to be happy.  He is an illegitimate child meaning his upbringing has been rocky and he is insecure, leading to his selfish behaviour getting the better of him throughout the play.  

Plays by William Shakespeare