cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Justus Liebig (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and worked on the organization of organic chemistry. 

Liebig was one of the greatest chemistry teachers of all time. 
At 21 he was appointed professor of chemistry at Giessen, recommended by Alexander von Humboldt. There he established the world's first major school of chemistry. He invented the chemical laboratory, and used it for teaching. He founded and edited the Annalen der Chemie, the leading German-language journal of chemistry.

Liebig invented new methods for the analysis of organic materials. He showed that, to grow, plants need (as well as water and sunlight) carbon dioxide, minerals and nitrogen compounds. He discovered that nitrogen was an essential plant nutrient, and invented the first nitrogen-based fertiliser. His Law of the Minimum stated that a plant's development is limited by the one essential mineral that is in the shortest supply. He described the effect of individual nutrients on crops. 

Where others thought that organic chemicals were entirely separate fron inorganic ones, Liebig thought diffferently:
"...the production of all organic substances no longer belongs just to the organism. It must be viewed as not only probable but as certain that we shall produce them in our laboratories. Sugar, salicin (aspirin), and morphine will be artificially produced". Liebig's textbooks were the standard for many years.

In 1835 he invented a process of silvering that greatly improved the quality of mirrors.

Liebig also developed a manufacturing process for beef extracts, and founded a company, Liebig Extract of Meat Company, that later trademarked the Oxo brand beef cube.

Liebig's work was closely followed in Britain, and he was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1840. His own country made him a Baron in 1845.

Related pages
List of science books#19th century

1803 births
1873 deaths
German academics
German chemists
People from Darmstadt
Spaceflight is when an object (or spacecraft) made by man flies into outer space. A spaceflight can occur with or without humans on board. 

The Russian Soyuz program, the American Space Shuttle and the International Space Station are examples of manned missions. (Manned means the spacecraft has humans on board.) On the other hand, examples of unmanned flights are space probes which fly into deeper space, and satellites which travel around and orbit the Earth or other planets. (Unmanned means the spacecraft does not have any people on board.) Space probes and satellites are both machines that work either by radio control from Earth or are fully automatic.

Spaceflight is used for space exploration such as manned missions to the Earth's moon or unmanned missions to other planets in the solar system. Spaceflight can also be used for tourism and satellite telecommunications. A spaceflight begins with a rocket launch, which provides enough energy to get out of Earth's atmosphere and to orbit the Earth. Once the rocket is in space, the activity of the rocket is watched and studied by scientists back on Earth. Some rockets may remain in space forever, some break apart when they re-enter Earth's atmosphere. Some spacecraft are made to land on other planets, and most manned spacecraft are made to land back on Earth, most of the time using a parachute to land safely. 
   
On October 3, 1942, a German V-2 missile crossed the Kármán line ( above the Earth) on October 3, 1942. This was the first spaceflight. The first man-made satellite to travel around Earth was the Russian Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957. 

Some examples of manned spacecraft are Soyuz, Starship, Starliner, Gemini, Apollo, Crew Dragon, Mercury (It is both the name of a spacecraft and a planet), the Space Shuttle, and Orion. 

Unmanned spacecraft include communications satellites, space telescopes, space probes and planet rovers.
A VGA connector is a type of computer plug. It is used to send analog video signal to an output device like a television screen or a computer monitor. Most VGA connectors have 15 pins; 3 rows of 5 pins. Some of them are a bit different, and have 18 pins; 3 rows of 6 pins.

21st century equipment more often uses digital plugs, mainly by High-Definition Multimedia Interface.

Electrical connectors
Computer hardware

ar:منظومة عرض مرئي
it:Video Graphics Array#Connettore VGA
A microbial cyst is a resting or dormant stage of a microorganism, usually a bacterium or a protist or rarely an invertebrate animal, that helps the organism to survive in unfavorable environmental conditions. It can be thought of as a state of suspended animation in which the metabolic processes of the cell are slowed down and the cell ceases all activities like feeding and locomotion. Encystment also helps the microbe to spread easily, from one host to another or to a better environment. When the encysted microbe reaches an environment good for its growth and survival, the cyst wall breaks down by a process known as excystation.

Unfavorable environmental conditions  trigger the making of a cyst. These include the lack of nutrients or oxygen, extreme temperatures, lack of moisture and presence of toxic chemicals, which are not good for the growth of the microbe.

Composition of the cyst wall
Different organisms have cyst walls made of different things. The cyst walls of bacteria are formed by the thickening of the normal cell wall with added peptidoglycan layers. The walls of protozoan cysts are made of chitin, a type of glycoprotein. Nematode cyst walls are made of chitin reinforced by collagen.

References

Microbiology
, also called Kitano Tenjin-jinja and Kitano Temmangū, is a Shinto shrine in Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto, Japan.

History
The shrine was built in 947, to appease the angry spirit of Sugawara no Michizane.  He had been wrongly sent into exile.

The shrine became the object of Imperial patronage during the early Heian period.  

The current buildings date from the early 17th century.

Timeline
 965 (Kōhō 2): Emperor Murakami ordered that Imperial messengers be sent to report important events to the guardian kami of Japan. These messenger, called heihaku, were initially presented to 16 shrines; 
 986 (Kanna 2):  Michizane was given the posthumous title of Tenjin (Heavenly Deity)
 991 (Shōryaku 2): Emperor Ichijō added three more shrines to Murakami's list — including Kitano.
 1444 (Bun'an 1, 4th month): Kitano Tenman-gū and much of western Kyoto was destroyed by fire.

From 1871 through 1946, the Kitano Tenman-gū was officially designated one of the , meaning that it stood in the second rank of government supported shrines.

References

Other websites 

 Kitano Tenman-gū Official web page  (In English)
 Kyoto Shimbun: Open-Air Tea Ceremony...  (in English)

History of Japan
10th-century establishments in Japan
Shinto shrines
947 establishments
Tommy "Hurricane" Jackson (1931-1982) was an American heavyweight boxer. He fought from 1951 until 1961. He had a total of 44 fights. His statistics were 34 wins (16 by knockout), 9 losses and 1 draw. In February 1956, he was rated behind Bob Baker for the heavyweight championship title.He fought Floyd Patterson in June 1956 to see who would be the heavyweight champion after Rocky Marciano retired and gave up the title. Jackson lost a very close controversial 12 round split decision. He fought Patterson again in July 1957, when Patterson was the champion. Patterson beat him at the end of 10 rounds when the referee ended the match.

Other websites
Photo 1 of Bob Baker vs Hurricane Jackson close fight
Photo 2 of Bob Baker vs Hurricane Jackson close fight
Story on Hurricane Jackson 

American boxers
1931 births
1982 deaths
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
A skeleton key (also master key or pass key) is a key that can open all of the locks in a set. 

For example, in an office building, each employee would have a key that only opens his/her office, and the manager or owner would have a key that opens all of the offices in that building. 

More complicated setups are also possible. For example, if there are cleaners in the office building, and each cleaner only cleans one floor, the cleaner for a each floor could have a sub-master key that opens only the offices on that floor, while each employee still has a key that opens only his/her office and the manager still has a key that opens all of the doors. The exterior doors might also be configured so that they can be opened by any employee key, cleaner key, or the manager's master key. The more complicated the setup, the more important it is to use locks that have a large number of key possibilities. Disc-detainer locks are especially suitable for master keying due to their large number of key possibilities.

Locks
A patent attorney is an attorney who has the specialized skills and training necessary for representing clients in obtaining patents and acting in all matters and procedures relating to patent law and practice. For example, the patent attorney can not only file an application for a new patent but he can also try to stop the patent office from giving the patent to somebody else. The term is used differently in different countries, and thus may or may not require the same legal qualifications as a general legal practitioner (i.e., a lawyer).

The titles patent agent and patent lawyer are also used in some jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions the terms are interchangeable. In other countries, a patent lawyer must also be qualified as a lawyer.

Regulation 
Each patent office regulates the people who make filings. Patent attorneys can do this, but the patent office will not accept filings from other attorneys.  Each patent office has its own rules about what a person has to do to become a patent attorney.

In Europe, requirements for practicing as patent attorney before national patent offices differ from those needed for practicing before the European Patent Office (EPO). On the national level, the requirements are not harmonized across the European Union, except that the EU makes sure that respective professional qualifications are mutually recognized to some degree.  In the United States, the patent attorney must pass a special examination to test his knowledge of patent office procedures. Some countries allow lawyers who are not citizens to practice.  Some countries will allow lawyers from a second country to make filings if the second country will do the same for lawyers from that first country.  Many times, a patent attorney from a foreign country will work with a local attorney to make sure that the patent application for that country is filed correctly and quickly.

Other websites
 Australia
 Patent & Trade Mark Attorneys  on IP Australia, the Australian Patent Office
 Australian Patent Attorney Directory , developed and maintained by the IDC (Industry Development Centre (Hunter) Ltd), a not-for-profit organisation established by the Australian Government
 Australian Patent Attorney Directory, free directory of patent attorney firms in Australia by capital city

 Europe
Institute of Professional Representatives before the European Patent Office or "European Patent Institute (epi)"
The Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys (CIPA) - United Kingdom
Deutsche Patentanwaltskammer - German Chamber of Patent Attorneys, in German
APTMA - Irish Association of Patent & Trade Mark Attorneys
 Institut national de la propriété industrielle in French
 Compagnie nationale des Conseils en Propriété Industrielle in French
 Centre d'Études Internationales de la Propriété Industrielle in French

 North America
USPTO database of patent attorneys and agents
USPTO Office of Enrollment and Discipline 

 New Zealand
 New Zealand patent office 
New Zealand patents 
New Zealand patent attorneys 

 Singapore
Intellectual Property Office of Singapore
Singapore Register of Patents 

 India
List of Registered Patent Agents in India as of April 2010 

Law occupations
A maxi single is a CD single that contains more than two tracks. The first maxi-single was released during the 1970s. There are also cassette maxi singles that began in the 1990s.

References 

Music
A refrain is a verse or group of verses that is repeated at intervals in a piece of music or poetry. In song, it is often called the chorus. The refrain is often very different to the verse in melody, rhythm and harmonics. It usually has a higher level of dynamics and activity, often with added instrumentation.

In music, a refrain has two parts: the lyrics of the song, and the melody. Sometimes refrains use slightly different words as they are repeated. Such lines are still able to be recognised as part of the refrain by the fact that it is always has the same tune or melody. The rhymes, if present, are also kept even if the words are sometimes different. In popular music, the chorus contrasts with the verse, which leads into it, while the bridge contrasts with and leads into both. Many popular songs from the middle of the 20th century consist only of a chorus.

The word comes from Vulgar Latin word refringere, and later from Old French refraindre, both of which mean "to repeat".

Related pages 

 Repetition
 Verse-chorus form

References 

Song forms
Musical terminology
Willimantic, Connecticut is a census-designated place and former city. It is in the town of Windham, Windham County. About 15,823 people lived there at the 2000 census. Eastern Connecticut State University and the Windham Textile and History Museum are in Willimantic.

Census-designated places in Connecticut
County seats in Connecticut
Windham is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. It contains the city of Willimantic and the villages of Windham Center,  North Windham, and South Windham. The city of Willimantic was made part of the town in 1983. The population was 23,733 in 2009 and 22,857 at the 2000 census.

References

Towns in Connecticut
County seats in Connecticut
1692 establishments
17th-century establishments in Connecticut
1690s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Windham County is a county in the northwest of the US state Connecticut.

Towns 

Windham
North Windham
South Windham
Willimantic
Ashford
Brooklyn
East Brooklyn
Canterbury
Chaplin
Eastford
Hampton
Killingly
Danielson
Plainfield
Central Village

Moosup
Plainfield Village
Wauregan
Pomfret
Putnam
Putnam District
Scotland
Sterling
Oneco
Thompson
North Grosvenor Dale
Quinebaug
Woodstock
South Woodstock

Connecticut counties
Ashford is a town in Windham County, Connecticut. The town had a population of 4,098 at the 2000 census. Ashford was founded in 1714. Eastford was a part of Ashford until 1848 or 1847. Eastford split into its own town. Ashford has the largest Boy scout camps in the US state of Connecticut.

Towns in Connecticut
1714 establishments
1710s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Connecticut
The Jadeite Cabbage (), or Jadeite Cabbage with Insects, is a Chinese sculpture. It is a piece of jadeite carved into the shape of a Chinese cabbage head. It also has a locust and a katydid hiding in the leaves.

The work is part of the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan.

Description
The Jadeite Cabbage is a small sculpture. It measures only . It is  think. It is "hardly larger than a human hand".

Jade is translucent: it  lets light pass through the sculpture.  The combination of several colors in the jade  gives the leaves the various colors of a real cabbage.  The sculpture was made from one piece of half-white, half-green jadeite. The piece of jade has many imperfections. These include cracks and patches of different colors. These were used as the veins in the cabbage's stalks and leaves.

The sculpture is seen as a symbol of female virtue. The white stalk is a symbol of purity, the leaves show fertility and  the locust and katydid symbolize children.

History
The sculptor of the Jadeite Cabbage is not known.  It was first shown in the Forbidden City's Yonghe Palace. This is the home of the Qing Empire's Guangxu Emperor's Consort Jin. She likely got the sculpture as part of her dowry for her wedding to Guangxu in 1889. After the end of the Qing Empire in the Chinese Revolution of 1911, the sculpture became part of the collection of the Palace Museum in the Forbidden City.  The piece survived the Second Sino-Japanese War (World War II) and the Chinese Civil War. It was finally made a part of Taiwan's National Palace Museum.

Notability
The Jadeite Cabbage has been called the "most famous masterpiece" of the entire National Palace Museum. It is said the be one of the "Three Treasures of the National Palace Museum". The other two are the Meat-shaped Stone and the Mao Gong Ding. It was picked by the public as the most important item in the museum's entire collection.  people thought it was a bad thing in 2009 when it was learned that souvenir copies of the sculpture were being made in China and not in Taiwan. These copies were being sold at the museum.

References

Other websites
Jadeite Cabbage with Insects  at the National Palace Museum website
Leslie Hook. "The Jade Cabbage" Wall Street Journal. 27 July 2007.

Sculptures
Taiwan
Brooklyn is a town in Windham County, Connecticut. The population was 7,173 at the 2000 census. East Brooklyn is listed as a census-designated place and is located on the east side of Brooklyn. The town was founded in 1786 and is known for being one of Windham's "fastest growing towns".

Towns in Connecticut
County seats in Connecticut
1780s establishments in Connecticut
1786 establishments in the United States
East Brooklyn is a census-designated place in Windham County, Connecticut. The population was 1,473 at the 2000 census. Danielson is located in East Brooklyn. East Brooklyn is the urban side of Brooklyn. The racial makeup of the city was 94.30% White, 2.04% African American, 0.81% Native American, 0.75% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 1.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.83% of the population. 

Census-designated places in Connecticut
Canterbury is a town in Windham County, Connecticut. The population was 5,132 at the 2010 census. The racial makeup of the town was 97.34% White, 0.36% African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races, and 1.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.07% of the population.

History 
The town was founded in the 1680s as Peagscomsuck until 1703. In 1832, Prudence Crandall, a school teacher, opened the first school for African American girls. The "Black Law" did not allow the education of black people. However, Crandall taught until she was sent to prison in 1832 for a short time. Angry mobs forced the school to close in 1834. Crandall later married and moved out of the state. Connecticut ended the "Black Law" in 1838. They also gave Crandall a small pension in 1886, four years before her death. The school is now the Prudence Crandall Museum.

Towns in Connecticut
1680s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in Connecticut
Apollo 4 was the first unmanned test flight mission of the Saturn V launch vehicle. This was the rocket used in the Apollo program to send the first men to the Moon. The rocket was launched on November 9, 1967 from the Kennedy Space Center. NASA said that the mission was a complete success, and it helped the Apollo program very much.

References

Apollo program
Alfred Henry Maurer (April 21, 1868 – August 4, 1932) was an American modernist painter. He exhibited his work in avant-garde circles during the early 20th century.

Maurer was born in New York City, the son of a German lithographer. At the age of sixteen, Maurer quit school to work at his father's lithographic firm. In 1897 Maurer left for Paris, where he stayed the next four years, joining a circle of American and French artists. At the time, Maurer's style was realist. 

Briefly returning to New York, he was determined to show his skeptical father that he could paint. Maurer painted what arguably is his most famous painting An Arrangement, using a woman next door as a model and completing the work (on a borrowed piece of cardboard) in a matter of hours. The painting received first prize at the 1901 Carnegie International Exhibition. Other awards received by Maurer included the Inness Jr. prize of the Salmagundi Club in 1900 and a bronze medal at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, New York in 1901. In 1905 he won the third medal at the Liège International Exposition and a gold medal at the International Exposition in Munich. 

At the age of thirty-six, in Paris, Maurer changed his methods sharply. From that point on he painted only in the cubist and fauvist manner. By 1909 he was an important American avant-garde painter. He had a two-man exhibition with John Marin in New York City at the 291 Gallery. Four of his paintings were included in the Armory Show of 1913.

Leaving Paris shortly before World War I, he returned to his father's house, but was denied support. For the next 17 years, Maurer painted in a garret in his father's house, and gained no critical acclaim. However, he took part in exhibitions at the Anderson Galleries and others. He exhibited regularly at the New York Society of Independent Artists and was elected their director in 1919. In 1924 the New York dealer Erhard Weyhe bought the contents of Maurer's studio and represented the artist for the remainder of his career.

American painters
People from New York
1868 births
1932 deaths
Barrington Somers Pheloung (born 1956 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian composer, now living in England. He is one of the most prolific television and movie composers in the UK, known for his wide range of compositional genres.

Best known for the theme and incidental music to the Inspector Morse, for which he was nominated for 'Best Original Television Music' at the British Academy Television Awards in 1991, the sequel  Lewis, and the prequel Endeavour. He has also composed for dance companies, such as the London Contemporary Dance Theatre, and for events, including the opening night of the Millennium Dome.. Pheloung also wrote the theme music for the BBC television series Dalziel & Pascoe.

His film work, includes Hillary and Jackie, based on the life of the cellist Jacqueline du Pré, for which he was nominated for the 'Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music' at the 52nd British Academy Film Awards.  Other works include A Previous Engagement, The Little Fugitive, Shopgirl, Touching Wild Horses, Twin Dragons, Shopping and The Mangler. He also made the music to Revolution Software's adventure games In Cold Blood and the first two Broken Swords.

Pheloung's other work includes music for the Sydney Opera House's Twentieth Birthday Celebrations and he contributed to the music for the movie, Truly, Madly, Deeply in which he also appeared. He composed the incidental music for the first series of Boon.

In 2009 he composed the music for 1983, the concluding episode of the acclaimed Channel 4 drama series Red Riding.

Discography 
 Red Riding, 2009
 Lewis, Music from Series 1 & 2, 2008
 And When Did You Last See Your Father? 2007
 Shopgirl, 2006
 The Magic of Inspector Morse, 2000
 Inspirations, 2001
 Hilary and Jackie, 1998
 The Passion of Morse, 1997
 The Essential Inspector Morse Collection, 1995
 Shopping, 1994
 Nostradamus, 1994
 Days of Majesty, 1993
 Inspector Morse Vol. 3, 1992
 Inspector Morse Vol. 2, 1992
 Inspector Morse Vol. 1, 1991

Credits 
 Endeavour, 2012
 Red Riding, 2009
 Incendiary, 2008
 And When Did You Last See Your Father? 2007
 Lewis, 2006 -
 Shopgirl, 2005
 Touching Wild Horses, 2002
 Hilary and Jackie, 1998
 Twin Dragons, 1996
 The Saint-Exupery Story, 1995
 The Mangler, 1994
 Nostradamus, 1994
 Truly Madly Deeply, 1991
 Friendships’s Death, 1987
 Inspector Morse, 1987 - 2000

References

Other websites 
 Official website

 http://www.inspectormorse.co.uk/ 
 http://www.itv.com/Drama/copsandcrime/Lewis/default.html 

Musicians from Sydney
Living people
1954 births
Movie score composers
Australian composers
Donald Virgil "Don" Bluth (born September 13, 1937) is an American animator and independent studio owner. He is best known for leaving The Walt Disney Company in 1979 and later directing of animated movies such as The Secret of NIMH (1982), An American Tail (1986), The Land Before Time (1988), All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989), Anastasia (1997), and Titan A.E. (2000), as well as his work on the laserdisc game Dragon's Lair. 

He is also often credited for providing competition to Disney, and making them improve from their streak of less-successful movie efforts to the movies that would make up the Disney Renaissance.

Filmography

Director
Pete's Dragon (1977, animation director)
The Small One (1978, short film)
Banjo the Woodpile Cat (1979, short film)
The Fox and the Hound (1981 film) (1981) (animator)
The Secret of NIMH (1982)
Dragon's Lair (1983, video game)
Space Ace (1984, video game)
An American Tail (1986, also storyboard)
The Land Before Time (1988, also co-storyboard and production designer)
All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989)
Dragon's Lair II: Time Warp (1991, video game)
Rock-a-Doodle (1991)
Thumbelina (1994)
A Troll in Central Park (1994)
The Pebble and the Penguin (1995, uncredited)
Anastasia (1997)
Bartok the Magnificent (1999, direct-to-video)
Titan A.E. (2000)

Other roles
Sleeping Beauty (1959, assistant animator, uncredited)
Fantastic Voyage (1968, TV series, layout artist)
Archie and His New Pals (1969, TV special, layout artist)
Will the Real Jerry Lewis Please Sit Down (1970, TV series, layout artist)
Sabrina and the Groovie Goolies (1970, TV series, layout artist)
Journey Back to Oz (1972, layout artist)
Robin Hood (1973, character animator)
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1974, short film, character animator)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977, character animator)
The Rescuers (1977, directing animator)
The Small One (1978, animator, uncredited)
Banjo the Woodpile Cat (1979, animator)
Xanadu (1980, animated sequence unit, animator)
The Fox and the Hound (1981, animator, uncredited)
The Secret of NIMH (1982, directing animator)
The Black Cauldron (1985, animator, uncredited)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986, animator, uncredited)
Oliver & Company (1988, animator, uncredited)
The Little Mermaid (1989, animator, uncredited)
Dragon's Lair 3D: Return to the Lair (2002, video game, animator)
"Mary" by the Scissor Sisters (2004, animated segments of music video)
Gift of the Hoopoe (2009, short film, storyboard artist only)
Tapper World Tour (2011, video game, animator)

References

1937 births
Living people
American animators
Pierre Guéry (born 1965) is a French writer, poet and performer.

Life and work

Born in Marseille (France), he studied music, drama and modern dance and gained a doctorate in literature and phonetics.

These various strands merge together in his poetic work. He is a performance poet, for whom very different places can be stages for his reading. Illness, madness and mourning are the main subjects of his sound poetry. He uses his voice in many different ways in his performances, from whispering to screaming, from sounds that are not words to formal reciting.

Since 2006 he has been taking part in various poetic and artistic events in France, Belgium, Canada, Germany and Lebanon.

In 2009 he translated the Poems of Guantanamo into French, and he has translated some work of important beat poets and spoken word artists such as Anne Waldman and Lawrence Ferlinghetti, from the American.

Works

Audio Recordings

 Kit to be hacked, electronic poems, L'Ovni Tendre/Bourbaki, 2000
 Slackness, electronic poems 2, L'Ovni Tendre/Bourbaki, 2002
 Alien-Nation, Plaine Page, 2008

Books

Author

 Alien-Nation (poetry), Bookleg, Maelström, 2006
 Bascule (poetry), Bookleg, Maelström, 2006
 Erotographie (poetry), Biliki, 2007
 En quel pays étrange (poetry), Compact, Maelström, 2009
 HP 1999 (novel), Sens&Tonka/L'une&l'autre, 2009
 Week-end avec Hellènes- Error in fabula (novel), Sens&Tonka/L'une&l'autre, 2010
 Poéstreet, des marches de poésie urbaine (poetry), Compact, Maelström, 2011
 La Rhétorique des culs (novel), Sens&Tonka/L'une&l'autre, 2011

Translator
 Fast Speaking Woman, Anne Waldman, Maelström, 2008
 Poems of Guantanamo- Poèmes de Guantanamo, Biliki, 2009
 Soldiering/ Soldatesque, Anne Waldman, Maelström, 2011

References

1965 births
Living people
French poets
Sol Myron Linowitz (December 7, 1913 – March 18, 2005) was an American diplomat, lawyer, and businessman born in Trenton, NJ.

He was a graduate of Trenton Central High School, Hamilton College and Cornell Law School. Early in his law career, he helped Xerox get patents on office copier inventions.

Linowitz helped negotiate the return of the Panama Canal to Panama under the direction of President Jimmy Carter.  Besides being a career diplomat, lawyer, and one time chairman of Xerox, he wrote two books, "The Making of a Public Man: A Memoir", and "The Betrayed Profession".
 
He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He served on the Cornell University Board of Trustees.

References 

1913 births
2005 deaths
Lawyers from New Jersey
American diplomats
Autobiographers
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Politicians from New Jersey
Businesspeople from New Jersey
People from Trenton, New Jersey
Teddy Stadium (, Itztadion Teddy) is a football stadium in Jerusalem, Israel. It is the home ground of Beitar Jerusalem F.C. and Hapoel Jerusalem F.C. It is named after the long time Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek. For Beitar the stadium was important. They played at the YMCA Stadium. That stadium was nicknamed "The Sandbox" because of its bad ground conditions.

Originally only the west and east sides of the stadium were built giving it a capacity of 13,000. In 1999 work was finished on a north side. Now the capacity is 34,000.

The stadium itself is one of the newest in Israel and meets all European standards. The stadium has 5,000 parking spots and is connected to the Malha Mall and its parking facilities by a pedestrian bridge. The stadium is located at the Begin Expressway and the Malha Train Station. So people can go to the stadium either by car or rail.

Teddy Stadium has hosted international football matches. It was also the place for the Maccabiah Games opening ceremony and other public events.

References 

Football stadiums
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Infinitesimals are quantities that are too small to measure.

Infinitesimal calculus 

Newton and Leibniz developed the calculus based on an intuitive notion of an infinitesimal. In 1870, Karl Weierstraß provided the first rigorous treatment of the calculus, using the limit method. But in 1960, Abraham Robinson found that infinitesimals also provide a rigorous basis for the calculus. Many calculus courses still begin with the difficult limit concept, but others now adopt the easier to understand infinitesimal concept.

In differential calculus, in both the limit and infinitesimal versions, the velocity of a particle is represented by , where s is the position of the particle and t the time at which the velocity is measured. In infinitesimal calculus, ds and dt are simply very small quantities. In general, the term  is called the differential of the variable .

Assume that s = t2, we have that at time t + dt, s + ds = (t + dt)2. From these equations, we can determine ds in terms of dt by using simple algebra as follows:

   
which means that:

   

Because dt is infinitesimal, one can just ignore it, so the instantanous velocity is v = 2t. One gets the same result using the limit version, with greater rigour. The infinitesimal derivation can also be made more rigorous.

Related pages 

 Derivative (mathematics)

References

Citations

Sources

 B. Crowell, "Calculus" (2003)
 J. Keisler, "Elementary Calculus" (2000) University of Wisconsin
 K. Stroyan "Foundations of Infinitesimal Calculus"  (1993)

Measurement
The Stadion der Stadt Linz (City of Linz Stadium) is the largest stadium in Upper Austria. It is also known as Gugl stadium after the hill it is situated on. It was built in 1952. It was renovated and adapted often since this year. At the moment there are adaption works. After this the stadium is for 20 000 people.

The stadium is owned by LIVA. The LIVA is the event agency of the City of Linz. The stadium is the homeground of LASK Linz and Blau Weiß Linz. Beetween 1988 and 2008 there was an annual  track and field athletics meeting.

Other websites 
 LIVA Stadion (German)

Football stadiums in Austria
Linz
The Second Battle of Ypres was a battle of the First World War. It was fought for control of the town of Ypres in western Belgium. It happened in the spring of 1915. It was the first time that Germany successfully used chemical weapons on a large scale on the Western Front. It was also the first time a former Colonial power defeated a major European power in European soil. The battle was the beginning of a new danger; gas, which will cost both sides thousands of casualties the rest of the war.

Prelude 
During the months of April and May 1915, the two sides fought over Hill 60. The allies captured the hill five days before the Second battle of Ypres began. Hill 60 was on the southeast edge of the Ypres Salient. It was an excellent Observation post to see the salient. Hill 60 would also be involved in the battle that followed. 

The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 had not allowed "projectiles" that carried poison gas. Before the second battle at Ypres, the Germans had placed 5,700 chlorine gas cylinders in front of their trenches. For weeks before the battle, the allied high command picked up intelligence the Germans intended to use poison gas. However, they didn't believe the Germans would do it.

Gas attacks 
The first casualties of the chlorine gas attack in World War One were the French (mostly Algerian soldiers). They were not trained for this kind of attack. When the first Chlorine gas was released into the air, the French began to retreat in massive numbers. This left the Canadians without any French support. It also left their center open to any German attack. But the Germans were unprepared for the results of the gas attack. Their reserves of manpower were low and they failed to take advantage of the French withdrawal.  Canadian and British troops quickly filled the gap in the lines to stop the Germans from attacking.

Some Germans were exposed to the gas as well.  By the end of the battle the Allies and Germans had suffered massive casualties.  The Canadians alone suffered over 6000 casualties.  Gas masks were rare at the time, and the Allied troops did not have them.  A Canadian ceramic maker was able to recognize the color of the gas.  He immediately told the soldiers to urinate on a towel and put it over their face. This isolated (separated) the gas components and stopped the gas from killing the Canadian soldiers.

This was actually the second time the Germans had used gas against enemy troops. The first attempt was at the Battle of Bolimov, Russia in February 1915. The freezing temperatures caused the gas to fall to the ground harmlessly.

References 

1915 in Europe
1910s in Belgium
Battles involving Canada
Battles involving France
Battles involving Germany
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Battles of the Western Front (World War I)
Flanders
West Flanders
The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is a working group of the European Union (EU). The agency offices are in Cologne, Germany. EASA which has been given regulatory and executive tasks in the field of civilian aviation safety. The current Head of the EASA is Patrick Ky.

History
EASA was created on 15 July 2002. The agency took over functions of the JAA (Joint Aviation Authorities) in 2008.

Functions
The Agency’s responsibility and jurisdiction include
 Rulemaking in the fields of air operations and pilot licensing
 Oversight of Third Country Operators
The EASA is the European point of reference in aviation safety. The agency has taken over functions of the National Aviation Authorities (NAAs). This is part of the process of standardisation across the EU. EASA assists the European Commission in international harmonisation agreements.

EASA is tasked by Article 15(4) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 February 2008 to provide a review of aviation safety each year. The Annual Safety Review presents statistics on European and worldwide civil aviation safety.

Related pages 
 Civil Aviation Authority
 ICAO

References

Other websites 
 EASA website
 EASA member states 
 European Strategic Safety Initiative

Aviation authorities
European Union
École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées, commonly named EPITA, is a French private, non-profit university. It is in Le Kremlin-Bicêtre (close to Paris), Rennes, Lyon, Strasbourg, Toulouse and La Défense, France. The school was created in 1984.
EPITA is specialized in the different fields of IT. The school is part of IONIS Education Group and Conférence des Grandes Écoles. Since 1997, the head is Joël Courtois.

Notable Alumni
 Nicolas Sadirac (1992), founder and former head of the École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies

Bibliography 
 De mémoire vive, Une histoire de l'aventure numérique, Philippe Dewost, Cédric Villani, Éditions Première Partie, 2022, 386p. .

References

Schools in France
1984 establishments in Europe
Lyon
Rennes
Strasbourg
Toulouse
1980s establishments in France
Institut Sup'Biotech de Paris, commonly named Sup'Biotech, is a French private, non-profit university establishment. It is in Villejuif (close to Paris), and in Lyon, France. The school was created in 2003. Sup'Biotech specialises in Biotechnology. The school is part of IONIS Education Group.

Bibliography 
 Biotechnologies. Les promesses du vivant., Villejuif, FYP Éditions, 2015, 256 p. ()

References

2003 establishments in Europe
Technical colleges and universities in France
2000s establishments in France
The North Downs are a group of hills in southeast England. The contain a large amount of chalk. The North Downs stretch from The White Cliffs of Dover in Kent to Farnham in Surrey.  There are many beautiful places in the area which are called Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs).

Geography of England
Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
Hills
A National Historic Landmark (NHL) is a building, site, structure, object, or district with historical importance. The United States government marks them as NHLs only if they have high historical significance. Out of more than 80,000 places on the National Register of Historic Places only about 2,430 are NHLs.

A National Historic Landmark District (NHLD) is a historic district that is recognized as an NHL.  It may include contributing properties that have buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties.

History
On October 9, 1960, Secretary of the Interior Fred Andrew Seaton announced 92 properties as NHLs.  The first of these was a political nomination, Sergeant Floyd Grave and Monument in Sioux City, Iowa as officially designated on June 30 of that year, but for various reasons the public announcement of the first several NHLs was delayed.

Criteria
NHLs are designated by the United States Secretary of the Interior because they are:
 Sites where events of national historical significance occurred;
 Places where prominent persons lived or worked;
 Icons (symbols) of ideals that shaped the nation;
 Outstanding examples of design or construction;
 Places characterizing a way of life; or
 Archeological sites able to yield information.

Overview of current NHLs
Of the 2,442 or so current NHLs, 3 states, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and New York account for nearly 25 percent of the nation's NHLs. In addition to these states, cities within these states, Boston, Philadelphia, and New York City (each separately) alone have more NHLs than 40 out of the 50 states. There are NHLs in all 50 states.  There are 74 in the District of Columbia, 15 in Puerto Rico and other U.S. commonwealths and territories, five in U.S.-associated states such as Micronesia, and one in Morocco.

There are 128 ships or shipwrecks that are NHLs.

Other
About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned. The National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. The National Historic Landmark Stewards Association is a friends' group of owners and managers who works to preserve, protect and promote National Historic Landmarks.

If not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs.

References

Other websites
 National Historic Landmarks Program Official website
 A History of the NHL Program
 List of NHLs
 National Historic Landmarks: Archaeological Properties

1960 establishments in the United States
McAfee, Inc. is a computer security company. Its headquarters are in Santa Clara, California, United States. It sells software and services to home users, businesses and the public sector. It was founded in 1987. Intel bought McAfee in 2010.

References 

John McAfee
1987 establishments in the United States
American software companies
Companies based in California
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Santa Clara, California
1980s establishments in California
or Geishū (芸州) was an old province in the area of Hiroshima Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Aki Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Itsukushima jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Aki.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hiroshima Prefecture
The Clay Mathematics Institute (CMI) is a private, non-profit foundation, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The institute is dedicated to increasing and disseminating mathematical knowledge. It gives out various awards and sponsorships to promising mathematicians. Boston businessman Landon T. Clay and his wife, Lavinia D. Clay started it in 1998. Harvard University mathematician Arthur Jaffe was the first president of CMI.

The institute is best known for its Millennium Prize Problems, a list of the seven most important unsolved mathematical questions. Of these, only the Poincaré conjecture has since been solved. The Clay Institute also does other things, including a postdoctoral program (ten Clay Research Fellows are supported each year) and an annual summer school, the proceedings of which are published jointly with the American Mathematical Society.

Mathematics
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Non-profit organizations of the United States
1998 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Massachusetts
was an old province of Japan in the area of Okayama Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Bitchū and Bingo Provinces, it was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Mimasaka, Harima, and Bitchū Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Okayama.

History

In 713 (Wadō era 6, 3rd month), the land of Bizen-no kuni was separated from Mimasaka Province (美作国).

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Bizen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Kitbitsuhiko jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Bizen.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Okayama Prefecture
713 establishments
710s establishments in Japan
Unknown disestablishments
Lauderhill is a town in south Florida. It is in Broward County, ten miles from the Atlantic Ocean.

In 2010, 66,887 people lived there. Nearly 60% of the population is black. Many are Jamaicans who immigrated in the last 30 years. Nearly 25% are white, mostly old people retired from New England.

Other websites 
 City of Lauderhill official website

Cities in Florida
A socialite is a wealthy person who takes part in social activities and spends a large amount of time entertaining and being entertained at upper-class events.

American socialites used to be listed in the Social Register. It was a list of names and addresses of the people who were thought to be more socially acceptable in the socially important families in the 19th century. In 1886, Louis Keller had the idea of combining these lists and selling them. Mr. Keller had great success. By 1918 there were 18 yearly volumes that covered 26 cities.

The term includes many people who are "famous because they are famous". These people are not famous because of something they have done. They are famous most often because of which family they are a member of and/or how they are talked about by the media.

Related pages

 Upper class

References
Thomas Schaaf (born 30 April 1961 in Mannheim) is a former German football player. Schaaf was a defender. He is now coach of SV Werder Bremen in the German Bundesliga.

Career
After the death of his father the Schaaf family went to Bremen. They lived near the Weser Stadion. And so Thomas Schaaf came to SV Werder. He spent all his active and manager time with SV Werder. In 1972 he came to Werder Bremen's youth academy. 1978 he turned professional. Till 1994 he played 281 matches for Werder Bremen. He was with Bremen two times German Champion (1988, 1993) and two times Cup winner (1991, 1994). He also won the UEFA Cup  in 1992. As player he played two times for the German U21 national team.

Schaaf began his coaching career during his active career. He was then coach of Werder's youth teams U17 (1987/88) and U19 (1988 - 1995). 1993 till 1995 he was assistance coach in the first team. After four years as coach with the second team he became coach of the first team in 1999. He is still coach. He is the longest serving coach in today's German Bundesliga. As coach of the first team he won the German Bundesliga in 2004 and was three times Cup winner (1999, 2004, 2009). From 2004 his team qualified 5 times for the  UEFA Champions League.

Thomas Schaaf is married and has a daughter. He is also engaged in social issues. He is ambassador for the "Zentrum für trauernde Kinder und Jugendliche " (center for mourning children and youths).

Other websites 
 Fansite Thomas Schaaf (German) 
 Profile Official Werder Homepage (German) 

1961 births
Living people
German football managers
German footballers
People from Mannheim
Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
SV Werder Bremen managers‎