cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Paradise (or often called heaven) is an idea in religion. It is a place where everything is good.

Theology
Afterlife

zh:天堂
Heaven's Gate was the name of a UFO group led by Marshall Applewhite and Bonnie Nettles, until their deaths.

The group ended with the appearance of Comet Hale-Bopp, in the United States in the year 1997. Applewhite convinced 38 followers to kill themselves so that their souls could ride on a spaceship they believed was hiding behind the comet. Beliefs such as this led some people to call this a "UFO Religion". This belief was made up of UFO, New Age and Christian ideas.

Other websites
Official website

UFOs
Cults
A positive number is a number that is bigger than zero. The set of all positive integers is written as . 

A positive number can be written with a "+" symbol in front of it, or just as a number. For example, the numbers "+3" and "3" stand for the same numbers.  

Positive numbers are written to the right of zero on a number line:

In the above line, the positive numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are shown.

Related pages 
 Negative number

References

Other websites 
 Math league website discussion of positive numbers

Number theory
Thionville (Luxembourgish: Diddenuewen, German: Diedenhofen) is a city in the northeast of France, close to the Luxembourgian and German border. It is situated on the left side of the Moselle River. About 41,000 people were living there in 2014.

History
Till 1659 Thionville made part of the Holy Roman Empire (as a part of Luxembourg till 1462). From 1871 to 1919 it made part of the German Empire, and from 1940to 1944 of Nazi Germany.

Other websites 
 
 Thionville Website

Cities in France
Communes in Moselle
Subprefectures in France
Metz is a city in France, the prefecture of the Lorraine region and the Moselle department.

History
There was once a city in Roman times, called Divodurum. It was the capital of a Celtic tribe called Mediomatrici.  They were called the "Mettis" for short, which is where the name "Metz" comes from. The Romans controlled this city for a long time as an important center in Gallia, but it was captured by Attila the Hun in 451. It was shortly after taken over by the Franks. 

Metz remained a very important city, and as the borders changed over the years, it became the capital of Austrasia (from 561 to 751) and of Lotharingia (from 843 to 925), before becoming part of the Holy Roman Empire (from 925). The city was handed to the King of France in 1552. In 1633, it became the capital of a French province called the "Three Bishoprics". The Prussians captured the town in 1870 and Metz once again became part of Germany, until 1918 when it was won back by France. The Germans captured it once more in1940 but France regained it in 1944.

Monuments 
In this city, there are a lot of monuments like :

 The Opéra-théâtre, XVIII°s, the oldest theatre of France, it is on an island.

 The Place Saint-Louis, XIV°s, it is triangular, with arcaded houses typical of the architecture of Metz.

 The Cathédrale Saint-Etienne (St. Stephen's Cathedral), X°s, gothic style, with 6000m² of stained glass.

 The Jardin botanique de Metz (Botanical garden of Metz), 1866, there are 490.000 flowers every years and there is a greenhouse.

Climate 
Metz has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
 CentraleSupélec
 Supélec

Twin towns – sister cities 

Metz is twinned with:

References

Communes in Moselle
Cities in France
Departmental capitals in France
Former regional capitals in France
The Saar () is a river in northeastern France (Grand Est) and western Germany (Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate). It is a right tributary of the Moselle River. It rises in the Vosges Mountains in Grand Est and flows northwards into the Moselle near Trier.

The first written mention of the Saar, in Latin language as Saravus, is found in the poem Mosella by the Roman poet Decimus Magnus Ausonius.

Geography

With a length of , it is the largest tributary of the Moselle river. Its drainage basin has an area of approximately .

Course
The Saar river is born at the foot of Mont Donon, the highest peak of the northern Vosges Mountains. It flows first for about  through the French region of Grand Est. The Saar marks the border between France and Germany for about  from its confluence with the Blies, between the towns of Sarreguemines and Saarbrücken and goes into German territory.

Then the river flows about  through the Saarland, and about  through the Rhineland-Palatinate and, finally, flows into the Moselle at Konz between Trier and the Luxembourg border.

Upper Saar
The Sarre Rouge (Red Saar) and Sarre Blanche (White Saar) are considered as the two source rivers of the Saar.

The Red and the White Saar have their sources on Donon, less than  distance apart. The source of the White Saar is near the town of Grandfontaine (Bas-Rhin department), and the source of the Red Saar is near the town of Abreschviller, (Moselle department). The confluence of the two rivers is near Hermelange (), south of Sarrebourg.

The Saar river, and its two source rivers, flow first through the Moselle department, in the Lorraine region; then, for a short distance, flow through the Bas-Rhin department, in the Grand Est region. From Sarrealbe to Sarreguemines, the Saar flows along the border with Germany. At Sarreguemines, the Blies river, the largest tributary of the Saar, flows into the Saar and its discharge rises from 20.9 m³/s to 41.5 m³/s.

Middle and lower Saar
From Sarreguemines, the Saar is navigable (it is deep, wide and slow enough for a ship to pass). Then the Saar gets into German territory forming a narrow valley through the western Rhenish Massif. At its beginning in this region, it forms the famous Saar loop (German: Saarschleife) at Mettlach.

After 246 km (129 km in France, and 117 km in Germany) the Saar flows into the Moselle river at Konz (Rhineland-Palatinate) between Trier and the Luxembourg border.

Grapes, to produce wine, are grown along the lower Saar, mainly between Serrig and Konz.

Tributaries of the Saar
Some of the important tributaries of the Saar are:

Towns along the river

Some towns and cities found along the river are:

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France
 List of rivers of Germany
 Mosel-Saar-Ruwer

Notes

References

Other websites

 MULEWF Rheinland-Pfalz: Saar  

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Geography of Saarland
Rivers of France
Rivers of Germany
Grand Est
Saar has several meanings:

Places 
 Saar, Bahrain, a town in Bahrain
 Saarland, a federal state of Germany
 Saar River, a river running through the borderlands of France and Germany
 Saar (protectorate), a French protectorate (1947–1956)
 Saargebiet, the League of Nations governed Territory of the Saar Basin (1920–1935)
 Sarre (département), a French département (1798–1814)

People 
 Ain Saar, an Ugaunian partisan leader
 Alison Saar (born 1956), an American artist
 Betye Saar (born 1926), an American artist
 Johann Jacob Saar, a 17th-century German explorer from Nuremberg
 Ferdinand von Saar, an 19th-century Austrian writer

Other 
 A Sanskrit word from India, means "Extract".
 A male name in Hebrew derived from one of two words: Se'ara (storm) or Sahar (crescent). When derived from the word 'Sahar' it is usually spelled as Sahar.
 Several classes of Israeli missile boats:
 Saar 3 class missile boat
 Saar 4 class missile boat
 Saar 4.5 class missile boat
 Saar 5 class missile boat

SAAR may refer to:
 Seasonally Adjusted Annual sales Rate, also Industry SAAR.
 Standard Annual Average Rainfall, a hydrological term used in the Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH).
Max might refer to:

Given name

Fictional characters
Max Asher, a character in the television series Max & Shred
Max Rockatansky
Max Tennyson, a character from Ben 10 
Max Goof, son of Disney character Goofy 
Max Headroom, a character from the television series Max Headroom 
Max, a fictional character in the Pokémon anime 
 Max, a character in stories about Max and Moritz
 Max, a fictional character in the television series Max and Ruby

Other
 Max (book series), the main character in a book series by Barbro Lindgren
 Max Payne, a video game
 Max Dugan Returns, American comedy-drama movie
Simple living means to choose a lifestyle where you own fewer things and focus on what you need instead of what you want. People choose this lifestyle for many different reasons, often based on their views on health, economy, or philosophy, or because they want to protect the environment. Some people do it simply because it suits them better.

Some famous people who chose the simple living lifestyle are Francis of Assisi, Leo Tolstoy, Rabindranath Tagore, Albert Schweitzer, Mohandas Gandhi, and Henry David Thoreau. The Amish live simply by using only things that are described in the Bible.

Other page 
Asceticism
Vegetarianism

Lifestyles
Meteor burst communication uses radio waves which bounce off the ionized trails made by meteors as they enter the earth’s atmosphere.  It is also called Meteor scatter communication.

Meteors are lumps of rock which are floating about in space.  There are always meteors which are entering the earth’s atmosphere.  They normally burn up in the atmosphere.  A few very large ones that hit the earth are called 'meteorites'.  Most meteors are only tiny specks of dust.  As they enter the atmosphere the heat made by air friction rips off electrons.  This produces an ionized trail.  This trail can reflect radio waves in the same way that a wire would.

The meteors that are used for meteor burst communication are between one thousandth and one hundredth of a gram.  Meteors which are smaller than this are too weak to be used.  Larger ones are not frequent enough.

The ionized trail can last for several seconds.  During this time messages can be sent between two radio communication stations.  The messages will be transmitted very fast: about 200 times as fast as with ordinary shortwave radio communication.  A teletypewriter may type several lines of text during a meteor burst. The two stations that want to communicate will have to be ready all the time as they never know when the next burst of communication will come.  They may have to use several meteor bursts before the whole message is received.  The transmitters are often put on buoys in the sea.

Meteor burst communication was first widely used in the 1950s.  It was particularly useful for military communications, because a receiver could not tell exactly which direction the message had come from.  This was because the message was reflected on the way, so it did not travel in a straight line (i.e. in a simple great circle round the earth’s curve).

The use of communications satellites in the late 20th century has made meteor burst communication rare.

Radio technology
Meteorites
A hole is an empty space in a solid object, which can be flat.

It can also mean other things:

In golf, it is a special place on a golf course. All players want to put their ball in the holes, in as few strikes as possible.
In Literature, Holes is the name of Louis Sachar's book. Its following book is Small Steps.
Hole (band) was an American rock band. Their singer was Courtney Love.
Hole, a municipality in Norway - in Buskerud county.
Spyware is a category of software for computers. Spyware is malware that collects some data, usually without the computer users' knowledge. Very often, this data is then sent over the internet to someone else.  Very often, this is used for marketing.  Spyware can also be used to steal data from computers.  One kind is a keylogger which can see whatever you are typing.  Keyloggers can steal important information like passwords that you type. 

The best protection is to get a program that protects against spyware. However, many websites that claim to have them are actually spyware, not something to protect against it. This method of installing spyware is called a Trojan horse which looks like a normal program, but when it runs, it collects information to use against you. Spyware tracks your computer and uses some of the things on it. This includes your files, your downloads, and usernames/passwords for websites and programs. With this, the trojan operator can log into your accounts. 

There are spyware applications that are designed to enable users to spy on themselves rather than others. This is called myware. The term myware has mainly been applied to software applications in three areas: social networking, marketing and time tracking.

Related pages 
 Malware 
 Phishing
 Spyware removal software

References

Other websites 
 What Is Spyware? from Microsoft

Need a blog to remove Santivirus 
 Remove the Spyware?
A vector space is a collection of mathematical objects called vectors, along with some operations you can do on them. Two operations are defined in a vector space: addition of two vectors and multiplication of a vector with a scalar. These operations can change the size of a vector and the direction it points to. The most important thing to understand is that after you do the addition or multiplication, the result is still in the vector space; you have not changed the vector in a way that makes it not a vector anymore. A vector space is often represented using symbols such as ,  and .

More formally, a vector space is a special combination of a group and a field. The elements of the group are called vectors, and the elements of the field are called scalars. Vector spaces are important in an area of mathematics called linear algebra, an area which deals with linear functions (functions of straight lines, not curves). 

A vector can be represented graphically with an arrow that has a tail and a head. To add two vectors, you place the end of one vector at the head of the other one (see figure). The sum is the vector that goes from the tail of the first vector to the head of the second. 

Scalar multiplication means that one vector is made bigger or smaller (it is "scaled"). Scalars are just numbers: if you multiply a vector by 2, you make it twice as long. If you multiply it by 1/2, you make it half as long.

The "vectors" don't have to be vectors in the sense of things that have magnitude and direction. For example, they could be functions, matrices or simply numbers. If they obey the axioms of a vector space (a list of properties a vector space needs to satisfy), you can think of them as vectors and the theorems of linear algebra will still apply to them.

There are some combinations of vectors that are special. A minimum set of vectors that—through some combination of addition and multiplication—can reach any point in the vector space is called a basis (of that vector space). It is true that every vector space has a basis. It is also true that all bases of any one vector space have the same number of vectors in them. This is called the dimension theorem. We can then define the dimension of a vector space to be the size of its basis.

Related pages
 Abstract algebra
 Dimension
 Linear independence
 Unit vector
 Vector subspace

References 

Linear algebra
Vectors
In linear algebra, a basis is a set of vectors in a given vector space with certain properties:

 One can get any vector in the vector space by multiplying each of the basis vectors by different numbers, and then adding them up.
 If any vector is removed from the basis, the property above is no longer satisfied. 

The dimension of a given vector space is the number of elements of the basis.

Example
If  is the vector space then:

 is a basis of .

It's easy to see that for any element of  it can be represented as a combination of the above basis.
Let  be any element of  and let .

Since  and  are elements of  then they can be written as  and so on.

Then the combination  equals the element .

This shows that the set  is a basis of .

Linear algebra
Jackson's chameleon (Trioceros jacksonii), also known as the horned chameleon, Jackson's horned chameleon, or Kikuyu three-horned chameleon, is a species of chameleon found in the forests of Kenya and Tanzania. They have been introduced to the United States and Hawaii.

Characteristics

Males 
Males are easily recognized, they have two horns above their eyes and one horn on their nose. If males are kept together in a cage, they get stressed, and eventually die.

Females 
Females do not have horns, or if they do they are very small.  Their biggest size is 15 inches.  This species gives birth to live young with a gestation period of about 5-10 months.

References

Chameleons
The aubergine (also called eggplant) is a plant. It is actually a fruit, but it is used like a vegetable. The plant is in the nightshade family of plants. It is related to the potato and tomato. Originally, it comes from India and Sri Lanka. The Latin/French term aubergine comes from the historical city of Vergina (Βεργίνα) in Greece. The aubergine eggplant is estimated to have been brought to Greece around 325 BC after the death of Alexander the Great in Babylon. Discovering this new vegetable during his conquest, Alexander the Great wanted to bring it back to his country on his return. After his death, members of his army brought aubergine seeds with them to Greece and specifically to the city of Vergina (Βεργίνα). The Latin/French term aubergine  (au·ber·gine) (\ˈō-bər-ˌzhēn\) is estimated around 1505 AD and is coined to Franco-Catalan gastronomist Sergius Rosario Silvestri, co-traveller and close friend to Amerigo Vespucci. Upon arrival to the historical site of Vergina (Βεργινα) and wanting to try the local delicacies, Silvestri came across the plant of aubergine. Not knowing its name, he referred to it as aubergine  (au Bergine or au Vergine) which in French means at Vergina or found at Vergina.

Vegetables
Fruits
Solanum
Pernambuco is a state of Brazil. The capital city of the state is Recife. About 8 million people live in Pernambuco with 1.5 million of those living in Recife. The economy is largely based on agriculture, its main exports are sugar cane and manioc. It has a mainly tropical climate.

References

 
States of Brazil
Manioc (or Cassava, or Yuca, especially in Latin America) is a shrub. It belongs to the Spurge family of plants and it grows in tropical climates. It is cultivated for its edible root. The manioc must be cooked properly to detoxify it before it is eaten and can be used in dumplings, soups, stews and gravies.

Related pages
 Kinako

Malpighiales
Root vegetables
Life cycle means the stages a living thing goes through during its life.

In some cases the process is slow, and the changes are gradual. Humans have various stages of growth during their lives, such as zygote, embryo, child and adult. The change from a child to an adult is slow and continuous. In many societies it is marked by ceremonies at puberty.

In most insects the transition is sharp and well-defined: egg > larva > pupa > imago (adult).

Different generations have different forms 
In some animals, the parent generation looks different from the child. The most common case is that there are two different forms. One form will have sexual reproduction, the others might not reproduce, or might reproduce asexually.

Some plants and a few other organisms have a system called alternation of generations which is not quite the same because one form is haploid and the other is dipoid.

Parasites 
Parasites are organisms that benefit from harming  other organisms. The organism they profit from is usually called host. Many parasites have complex life cycles, where they need different hosts for different stages of their development. As an example, the cycle egg > snail host > mammal host is common for parasites of herbivorous mammals. Malaria is caused by single-celled parasites. These parasites go through two stages in their development. One stage is in the blood of mosquitoes, the other in the blood of humans.

Cnidaria 
Examples of this can also be found in the Cnidaria. These animals live in the sea or in freshwater and the structure of most is relatively simple. Some live as single animals, others form colonies. In a colony, many animals live together. Often, each animal in a colony is specialized, and needs the other animals of the colony to survive.

Complete cycle 
A well-known example where different generations have different forms is the jellyfish. It has two:  
 One is called medusa: it reproduces sexually, and is what most people associate with the word jellyfish.Very ofen the medusa is free-floating.  
 The other form is called polyp. It does not reproduce sexually, and is usually sessile. Polyps are generally attached to the sea floor or another hard surface in the water. Coral reefs are colonies of polyps.   
In a complete cycle, the offspring of a medusa will develop into a polyp, and the offspring of a polyp will be a medusa.

Incomplete cycle and variations 
Sometimes the cycle is modified or incomplete. Anthozoa is a group of the Cnidaria which contains sea anemones and corals. In the anthozoa, there is only a polyp stage, and no medusa stage.

The  box jellyfish form another small group in the Cnidaria.  In the box jellyfish, the polyp transforms into the medusa. In some cases, only part of the polyp transforms, the part that is left regenerates to form a new polyp. People have also talked about the box jellyfish because many of them produce poison that is very effective, and that can be dangerous to humans.

In the stalked jellyfish, there is only one form, which has been interpreted as a sessile medusa.

Related pages 
Metamorphosis
Parasitism
Life cycle (computing)
Alternation of generations

Biology
Herbs are plants that are grown either as a food (usually as a condiment), or because they have some use in treating diseases (or making them better), or for spiritual reasons (for example, their smell). Some herbs may act as an aphrodisiac.

The word herb comes from the Latin word herba, meaning grass, green stalks, or blades.  Botanists use the word to mean any plant with soft, succulent tissues.  But many people use the word to mean only herbs with some economic value.

Herbs are small plants that have a fleshy or juicy stem when they are young.  The stems of some herbs develop hard, woody tissue when they grow old.

Most herbs are perennials.  This means that the top of each plant die each growing season, but the roots remain alive and produce new plants year after year.

Some herbs are annuals.  They live for only one growing season and must be raised from seed each year.

Uses 
The leaves, stems, or seeds of herbs can be used fresh, or they can be dried for later use.  Dried herbs can be pounded to a fine powder, placed in airtight containers, and then stored.

Some herbs are used in cooking to flavor foods.  Others give scents to perfumes.  Still others are used for medicines.  Some herbs, such as balm and sage, are valued for their leaves.  Saffron is picked for its buds and flowers.  Fennel seeds are valuable in relishes and seasoning.  Vanilla fruit pods yield vanilla flavoring.  Ginseng is valued for its aromatic roots.

Growing herbs 
People often grow herbs in their gardens.  Some people grow herb gardens for the patterned beds that they can create with these plants.  Many other gardeners grow herbs for the flavor that the fresh or dried plants add to food.

Herb seeds and seedlings are inexpensive, and the plants grow easily. People who do not have enough outdoor space for herb beds can grow most kinds of herbs in containers.

Many kinds of herbs can also be grown indoors.  The plants grow well with little care.  Gardeners plant herbs in good soil that has been well-cultivated.  They choose a sunny spot near a window.

Related pages
List of herbs

Other websites 

 Herb Information Resources
Podcasting is a way to share information as digital audio files.  People often  subscribe, download, and share podcasts using a computer and listen to them on an MP3 player.

Many podcasts are similar to broadcast radio news or discussion programs.  Some use other formats such as a continuing story, comedy show, lecture, or audiobook.

Different types 
Podcasts can be found for almost anything. Radio shows, do it yourself projects, special interest groups, religious sermons, comedy sketches, cartoons, and just about anything else can be found. Once a podcast is found, it can be subscribed to like a magazine or newspaper and then downloaded. Once it is downloaded, it can be stored on an MP3 player to be listened to.

Podcasting has become so popular that many people who write for magazines or report news on television have also been putting out their own podcasts. Anyone can start a podcast and share their knowledge with the world with the help of different platforms that are currently available online.

Other websites 
 Podcasting News Directory
Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. His father Hugh, died at 59 when Alexander was only seven. He is best known for discovering the antibiotic substance penicillin in 1928. He shared  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 for this discovery with Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. His accidental finding of penicillin in the year 1928 marked the start of today's antibiotics.

Fleming was a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I. He saw many soldiers die of infection after being wounded, and after the war did research in bacteriology. After accidentally finding penicillin he studied ways to use it. 

Fleming died of a heart attack in London. He was buried in St. Paul's cathedral. 

.

Related pages
List of biologists

1881 births
1955 deaths
British biologists
British Nobel Prize winners
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Knights Bachelor
Pharmacologists
Scottish scientists
A litter box (sometimes called a sand box, a litter tray or a litter pan) is a place for cats and some other pets to use as a toilet. Litter boxes usually need to be cleaned regularly. Cats, for example, wish to have their box cleaned every two to three days. Some cats create litterboxes in places like playgrounds and sandpits. Litterboxes usually produce bad smells, which can be avoided by special litter. Many people buy a special kind of clay to fill the box, for this reason.

Pets

fr:Litière
sv:Kattlåda
[[File:PhishingTrustedBank.png|right|thumbnail|300px|An example of a phishing email, disguised as an official email from a (fictional) bank. The sender is attempting to trick the recipient into revealing secure information by "confirming" it at the ''phishers website.]]Phishing''' is a way that criminals get sensitive information (like usernames or passwords). It is a method of social engineering. Very often, phishing is done by electronic mail. This mail appears to come from a bank or other service provider. It usually says that because of some change in the system, the users need to re-enter their usernames/passwords to confirm them. The emails usually have a link to a page that looks almost like that of the real bank. 

Phishing allows criminals to get access to bank accounts, or other accounts like shopping, auction or gaming accounts. It can also be used for identity theft.

Phishing has changed surprisingly little over the lifetime of the Internet, however certain phishing tactics have gotten much more sophisticated. For example, many phishing techniques via email involve spoofing the email address and creating emails that are designed to look just like emails sent from the real company. Not all phishing attempts do this, however. 

Phishing can also be done over text, via instant messaging apps such as Facebook Messenger or WhatsApp, or even through snail mail. If you receive a text from an unknown number that tells you to visit a specific website for any reason, it might be a phishing link.

Phishing grew by 42% in January of 2005: 8,829 E-mails with phishing were sent in December of 2004 but that grew to 12,845 by end of January 2005.

The number of web pages with phishing grew from 1,740 to 2,560 in the same period.

Filter evasion  
Some people who do this started using pictures of text to make it harder for anti-phishing filters to see it. This sometimes works because the filters look for words often used in phishing emails/messages. However, people have invented better filters that can still read the text using OCR (optical character recognition).

Some anti-phishing filters can even read cursive, hand-written, upside-down, distorted (for example, wavy or stretched) text, as well as writing on colored backgrounds.

Other websites 
 E-scams and Warnings Update  – Federal Bureau of Investigation
 Bank Safe Online – Advice to UK consumers

Internet security
One Magic Christmas is a 1985 Christmas movie released by Walt Disney Pictures, starring Harry Dean Stanton and Mary Steenburgen. The other cast is Gany Basaraba, Elisabeth Harnois, Arthur Hill, Wayne Robson, Elias Koteas, Michelle Meyrink, Sarah Polley.
The genre of this movie is family, drama, fantasy movie. The director is Phillip Borsos.

1985 movies
Disney movies
Christmas movies
English-language movies
Kidney failure (also called renal failure) is a term used to describe when a person's kidneys stop working properly, or fail. Kidney failure can be divided into two categories: chronic renal failure, and acute renal failure.

Chronic renal failure 
Chronic renal failure develops slowly, and there are not many noticeable symptoms at first. 

Chronic renal failure can be a sign of other diseases, like IgA nephritis, glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, and urinary retention. 

Chronic renal failure will eventually develop into end-stage renal failure if it is left untreated. End-stage renal failure can only be treated with dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Acute renal failure 
Acute renal failure develops in a short time, and symptoms are more noticeable. Symptoms include:
 Urinating less than usual
 Changes in the amount of water in the body
 Electrolyte levels that are not normal
The cause of acute renal failure needs to be found quickly. Dialysis is often needed to prevent permanent damage to the body while the cause is being found.

Acute-on-chronic renal failure 
It is possible to have acute renal failure on top of chronic renal failure. This is called "acute-on-chronic renal failure."

References

Organ failure
An Overdose is  when someone takes too much of a certain drug. This may be done voluntarily (as an attempt of suicide) or  involuntarily. The drug may be a drug taken to treat some medical condition, or it may be a drug taken for recreation. Overdoses are considered to be poisoning, usually. They may lead to death, depending on the drug used.

What to do with people who had an overdose
If someone is thought to have had an overdose it is important to get them to a doctor, or hospital. It can be very hard to see what kind of drug was taken. Therefore, it can be hard for the doctor to find an antidote to give. For this reason, a packet (even if it is empty) of the drug should be taken. 
 Act as described in medical emergency, call an ambulance.
 In addition, the person who has taken the overdose needs to be kept from the effects of the drug. In the case of pills that act like sleeping pills, he or she must be kept from falling asleep or unconscious. In the case of pills that act like stimulants, he or she must be calmed down, moved to a calm environment.

References

Drugs
A person is in shock when blood is not sufficient to bring oxygen to the brain. The shock is progressive and can be deadly if it is not quickly made well.

The normal first aid action is the Trendelenburg position, the person is lying face upward, with his legs lifted. The blood is forced to flow to the brain.

Health problems
David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor,  (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was the British Prime Minister during the last half of World War I. He was Prime Minister for six years, between 1916 and 1922.

Early life 
Lloyd George was born in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, Lancashire, England to Welsh parents. His father, who died before Lloyd George was two-years old, was a teacher and a farmer. When he was young, he lived with his mother and his brother. When he was 21, Lloyd George became a lawyer and opened an office in the back of his brother's house.

Political career 
Lloyd George's law practice was a success. Shortly after opening it, Lloyd George became interested in politics. He began working with the Liberal Party. He was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) on 13 April 1890. Lloyd George would serve as an MP until 1945. In the House of Commons, Lloyd George worked to promote Welsh issues, fought against the Second Boer War and campaigned for education reform.

In 1905, Lloyd George was selected to become a cabinet minister. He served as President of the Board of Trade (1905–1908) and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1908–1915). After World War I started, he held the positions of Minister of Munitions (1915) and War Secretary (1916).

By the end of 1916, the war was going badly for Great Britain. Lloyd George gathered together a coalition (a type of political team) of Liberal and Conservative MPs to form a new government. On 5 December 1916, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith resigned, and Lloyd George took his place. Lloyd George's government introduced conscription (forcing men to join the armed forces) and rationing (placing limits on the amount of food someone can buy) by the end of the war.

After the war, Lloyd George represented Britain at the Versailles Peace Conference and helped create the Irish Free State. By 1922, Lloyd George's coalition was breaking apart. In October 1922, the Conservative Party led by Andrew Bonar Law won the election. Lloyd George remained an MP, however, until 1945.

In 1945, he was given the titles Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor and Viscount Gwynedd. He was to take a seat in the House of Lords, but he died before he could do so.

References

Notes

1863 births
1945 deaths
Baptists
British lawyers
British people of World War I
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Former members of the British House of Commons for Welsh constituencies
Leaders of the Liberal Party (UK)
Legion of Honour
Liberal Party MPs (UK)
Members of the House of Lords
Order of Merit
Politicians from Lancashire
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
United Kingdom Earls
Welsh Christians
Welsh politicians
Zionists
Big Ben is the nickname of a bell that hangs in the clock tower at the northern end of the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, London, England. Officially, the tower itself is called Elizabeth Tower. It was previously known as just the Clock Tower, but was renamed in September 2012 as a tribute to the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. However, most people, including those that live in London, call the tower "Big Ben" because it is very large.

Designed by Edmund Beckett Denison, the clock took 13 years to build and it was completed in 1859. It has worked continuously since then except for a few months in 1976 when it broke down and had to be fixed.

Big Ben is one of England’s best-known landmarks. Some believe it got its name from Sir Benjamin Hall. The Elizabeth Tower which it is located in has become one of the most prominent symbols of the United Kingdom and is often in the establishing shot of films set in London.

Since August 2017, repair work is being done on the clock, which will take four years. For the safety of those doing this work, Big Ben no longer rings out every hour. It will still be heard on special occasions, such as the New Year and Remembrance Day.

Description 

The Elizabeth Tower is over  high and the turret clock mechanism that drives the clock alone weighs about 5 tons (5.08 tonnes). The clock on it has four faces that are  in diameter, making it one of the largest in the world for a clock that chimes and strikes every hour. The figures on the clock face are about  long and the minute spaces are  long. There are, however, clocks with much bigger faces that Big Ben. One of these is the Abraj Al Bait, a hotel in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Its faces are more than ten times bigger than Big Ben.

The bell known as Big Ben weighs 13 tons and is the biggest of the five bells in the Elizabeth Tower. Big Ben only sounds at the top of every hour, and at that time it rings once for every hour (for example, it rings three times at 3 o'clock). The other four bells in the tower are smaller and play a short melody every 15 minutes. This melody, which is broadcasted live on BBC Radio 4 at 6 pm and midnight every day, can be heard in many other clocks around the world and is called the Westminster Chimes.

The bells are struck by hammers that are connected to the clock mechanism, which is powered by large weights that are wound three times a week. It does not use any electricity except for winding and to light the faces so that the clock could be seen when it is dark.

 The Big Ben was built in 1859.

References

Buildings and structures in London
Bells
Strontium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Sr. It has the atomic number 38. It is a metal. The colour of the metal is silver-white or yellow-silver. The metal is soft, and highly reactive chemically. 

In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the alkaline earth metals. Strontium has a high chemical reactivity. The metal turns yellow when exposed to air. Strontium has properties similar to those of its two vertical neighbours in the periodic table, calcium and barium. 

It is found naturally in the minerals celestite and strontianite. The 90Sr isotope is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28.9 years.

Strontium forms salts which make a red flame when they burn. They are used in flares for signalling the position of survivors or shipwrecks and to make the red colour in fireworks.
It is named after the village of Strontian, Scotland.  

Chemical elements
Metals
Alkaline earth metals
The alkaline earth metals are the second group of metals on the periodic table. They are related to the Alkali metals, but they do not react as much because they need more energy to remove their two electrons, so they do not have to be stored in petrol. As ions they have a charge of +2a. The alkaline earth metals are mostly silver colored, soft metals, which react readily with halogens and water to form salts, though not as rapidly as some of the alkali metals, to form alkaline hydroxides. Many prokatates and hantates can be found in the crust of  these metals.

The alkaline earth metals are: Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). 

Beryllium is very brittle metal that is used in gemstones.

Magnesium is used in making steel alloys.

Calcium can be used in dairy products like milk.

Strontium is used for making glass for TVs and to make fireworks red.

Barium is used in fireworks to turn them green.

Radium is a very radioactive metal used in glowing watches.

Alkaline earth metals
Periodic table
Dag Hammarskjold (Swedish: Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld) (29 July 1905 – 18 September 1961) was a Swedish diplomat and the second Secretary-General of the United Nations. He served as Secretary-General from April 1953 until his death in a plane crash in what is now Zambia, on 18 September 1961. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize after his death in 1961.

Note

Aviation deaths
Swedish diplomats
1905 births
1961 deaths
My Biełarusy (written as "Мы, беларусы" in Belarusian and Russian Cyrillic; meaning 'We Belarusians') is the national anthem of Belarus. It uses the same tune (music) as the previous anthem when the country was part of the Soviet Union. That anthem's lyrics (words for music) were written by Michaś Klimkovič and set to music by Nieścier Sakałowski, and it was originally adopted in 1955. After the Soviet Union was gone, new lyrics (words) written by Klimković and Uładzimir Karyzna were adopted in 2002.

Lyrics

Belarusian lyrics

Russian translation
Because Russian is a second state language of Belarus, a translation is provided below. This version is a literal, verbatim (word for word) translation of the original; note the similarities of the two East Slavic languages.

English translation
We, Belarusians, are peaceful people,
Wholeheartedly devoted to our Motherland.
We are faithful friends, growing up
Living in a hardworking and independent family.

Chorus:
Glory to the blessed name of our land,
Glory to the brotherly union of peoples!
𝄆 Our dearly beloved Motherland, 
May you live long and prosper, Belarus! 𝄇

Together with our brothers, we for centuries
Courageously defended our home's threshold.
In battles for freedom, and battles for our lot
We have won our banners of victory!

Chorus

Friendship of peoples is the strength of peoples
And it is our sacred sunlit path.
Proudly we fly in the clear blue skies,
The banner of victory, the sunshine's flag!

Chorus

Trivia
This anthem uses the same melody as the Anthem of the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
The anthem is typically played in an F major key.

References

National anthems
Belarus
Extraterrestrial life is life that is not from the planet Earth. It is alien life. The word 'Terra' in Latin refers to our planet - Earth. Thus, Extraterrestrial Life refers to the life forms not originating on or from the planet Earth.

It is reasonable to say that planets rather like ours exist, and that life might evolve there also. So far none has been found, though it is possible that life once existed on Mars.

Searches have been made for signals from extraterrestrial life-forms. No signals have been received.

It is not a new idea. Quite a few philosophers have speculated on the existence of other planets like ours, with the idea that what happened here could also happen there. One thing we do know is that many other star systems do have exoplanets.

Related pages

 Abiogenesis
 Astrobiology
 Earliest known life forms
 Extraterrestrial sky
 Panspermia

References

Other websites 
Actual Aliens : Extraterrestrial News and Current Events
PBS: Exploring Space - The Quest for Life by Scott Pearson
ufoskeptic.org by Bernard Haisch
"What Aliens Might Look Like" from National Geographic
Top stars picked in alien search
The American University of Beirut (AUB; ) is the first American university to be built in Beirut, Lebanon. Its old name was the Syrian Protestant College, and it was built in the year 1866. The name was changed to American University of Beirut on November 18, 1920.

References

Colleges and universities in Asia
Beirut
1866 establishments
In Arabic, caliph means "a successor to the prophet". This is what leaders of the Islamic faith came to be called. Their rule is called a caliphate.

Some of the early leaders of the Muslim community following Muhammad's (570–632) death called themselves "Khalifat Allah", meaning representative of God. But the other title of "Khalifat rasul Allah", meaning the successor to the prophet of God, became the common title. Some academics write the term as Khalīf.

Caliphs were often also called Amīr al-Mu'minīn (), leader of the Muslims. This title has since been shortened to "emir". It is also found as a personal name in some countries.

After the first four caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib), the title was used by the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the Ottomans, as well as by other dynasties in Southern Pakistan, Spain, Northern Africa, and Egypt. Most historical Muslim rulers simply titled themselves sultans or emirs, and the caliph himself often had very little real authority. The title was not used after the Republic of Turkey abolished the Ottoman caliphate in 1924.

Related pages 
Caliphate
Emirate
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Shah
Shaykh al-Islam
Bensheim is a city in Hesse, Germany. It is at the edge of the Odenwald and near to the river Rhine. It had 39,642 inhabitants in 2005 and is the biggest city of the Bergstraße district.

Industry
Economically it is in an area where wine grapes are grown. Many small businesses in the areas such as electronics, software development or services can be found.

The city has also factories/offices of Sirona  former known as Siemens, Tyco International, Akzo Nobel , Suzuki and SAP SI .

Bensheim-Auerbach - Fürstenlager State Park
The ”Fürstenlager” near Bensheim-Auerbach are simple buildings built like a village around the Good Well in the middle of a landscaped park. Its owners sought the peace of a rural idyll far removed from the court.

Neighbouring communities and areas
To the West, Bensheim borders Lorsch and Einhausen; to the North Zwingenberg; to the East Lautertal; and to the South Heppenheim.

It is also known for its good traffic connections to other nearby cities. In the North Darmstadt and Frankfurt am Main; in the East Worms; and in the South Heidelberg, Mannheim and Ludwigshafen are all within an hour's drive.

References

Other websites 
 www.bensheim.de
 Fürstenlager Auerbach 
 NITYA SEVA

Bergstraße (district)
A false prophet is a person who claims to be a true prophet but really is not. A false prophet is also someone who uses prophecy to do evil.

The term is also used outside religion to describe someone who fervently promotes a theory which the speaker thinks is false.

Christianity
In Christianity, false prophets are thought of as being inspired by Satan, or the Devil. False prophets are the opposite of prophets. False prophets try to deceive people and bring them away from god. They use false information to lead people away from god. There are many false prophets in the Bible.

References

Religion
Phrases
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM (August 8, 1902 in Bristol – October 20, 1984 in Tallahassee) was an English physicist.

Dirac's father came from the French-speaking part of Switzerland.

Dirac worked out a formulation of quantum mechanics, which includes Erwin Schrödinger's wave mechanics and Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics in 1926. In 1928 he found the Dirac equation and he found out that spin in quantum mechanics is an effect of relativity. The Dirac equation allowed Dirac to predict the existence of antimatter, which is the opposite of matter.

In 1933 he won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Dirac was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics chair at Cambridge University from 1932 until his retirement in 1969. He was Professor of Physics at Florida State University from 1972 until his death in 1984.

References

Related pages 
Dirac delta function

Other websites 

 Dirac Medal  of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics
 Dirac Medal of the World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists (WATOC)
 Photographs of Dirac 
 The Paul Dirac Collection at Florida State University
 The Paul A. M. Dirac Collection Finding Aid at Florida State University 
 Photocopies of Dirac's papers from the Florida State University collection, held under Dirac's name in the Archive Centre of Churchill College, Cambridge, UK
 Letters from Dirac (1932-36) and other papers, held in the Personal Papers archives of St John's College, Cambridge, UK
 Annotated bibliography for Paul Dirac from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 

1902 births
1984 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British Nobel Prize winners
English physicists
Order of Merit
People from Bristol
British theoretical physicists
A pipe is a tool that people use to smoke tobacco and other drugs. Pipe smokers do not usually breathe in the smoke. They let it go into their mouths and then exhale it. Pipe smoking is not a healthy alternative to cigarette smoking.

Types of pipes 
Tobacco pipes are used to smoke tobacco. In some Middle Eastern countries, people smoke tobacco with water pipes, which cool the smoke in water. Different types of pipes are also used to smoke marijuana, hashish, and crack cocaine. Some people who smoke marijuana or hashish use a special water pipe called a bong.

Native American tobacco pipes had two parts: a stone bowl and a wooden stem. Japanese "kiseru" pipes have a metal bowl and mouth piece with a wooden stem. Arabian "midwakh" pipes may be made from different materials. European tobacco pipes have been made from clay, tree root wood, meerschaum stone or even maize cobs.

Pipes to smoke opium may have clay or metal bowls with a wooden stem. Pipes for marijuana or hashish may be metal, wood or glass. Pipes to smoke other drugs may also be made of glass.

History 
Pipes were first used by Native Americans in religious ceremonies. When the English came to North America, they tried pipe smoking and liked it. They sent tobacco back to England.

Drug paraphernalia