cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pavlova is a meringue-based dessert named after the Russian ballet dancer Anna Pavlova. It is  a cake with a crispy crust and soft, light inside. 

People believe the dessert was made to celebrate one of the dancer's tours to Australia and New Zealand in the 1920s. The two countries have argued for a long time over where it was created.

The dessert is very popular in both countries and often eaten on special occasions. It is usually served with cream and fruit.

History
Research shows that the pavlova was first made in New Zealand. Keith Money wrote that a New Zealand chef in a hotel in Wellington, New Zealand, created the dish when Pavlova visited as part of her world tour in 1926.

Professor Helen Leach, who studies the history of food at the University of Otago in New Zealand, collected 667 pavlova recipes.  Her book, The Pavlova Story: A Slice of New Zealand’s Culinary History, says that the first Australian pavlova recipe  was made in 1935, and the recipe in the rural magazine NZ Dairy Exporter Annual was made in 1929. 

The Australian website "Australian Flavour" gives an even earlier date, 1926, when Home Cookery for New Zealand by E Futter had a recipe for “Meringue with Fruit Filling.” The recipe was almost the same as a pavlova.

References

Desserts
Ice cream
A meringue () is a type of dessert made from whipping egg whites and sugar. Some meringue recipes also ask for cream of tartar or cornstarch to hold it together. Meringues are often flavoured with vanilla and a small amount of almond or coconut extract. They are light, airy and sweet.

History 

People do not agree whether meringue was invented in the Swiss town of Meiringen by an Italian chef named Gasparini. They are more sure that the name meringue was first seen in 1692, in a cookbook by François Massialot. The word meringue was first used in English in 1706 in an English translation of Massialot's book. There are two English recipe books that have a recipe for meringue, but it is called "white biskit bread" in the book of recipes started in 1604 by Lady Elinor Fettiplace, or called "pets" in the manuscript of collected recipes written by Lady Rachel Fane.

Type of meringue 
There are many types of meringue. The usual type is dry and crisp.

One type is the half-cooked type on queen of puddings, key lime pie, and lemon meringue pie. There are also uncooked meringues, and other types of meringues cooked in different ways.

Cooked meringue cannot be refrigerated or it will become soggy. They will keep for at least a week if stored in an airtight container.

Meringue is also used as a topping on other desserts, such as angel food cake, pavlova, and baked Alaska.

Notes

Desserts
French food
Egg dishes
Faggot (or fag) is a derogatory term for a homosexual human. It is usually used to refer to gay men, but may also be used for lesbian women. Many people, especially homosexuals, see it as hate speech. Typically, they prefer the term gay, or sometimes queer; queer having been reclamed by the LGBTQ+ community despite the term's pre-existing negative connotation.

Younger generations (including by LGBT people) often use the term "gay", "fag" and "faggot" as an insult towards people that annoy them without actually linking the word to homosexuals.

References

LGBT
Pejoratives
English profanity
Gay slang
Homophobia
Slurs
A sawfly is an insect belonging to suborder Symphyta of the order Hymenoptera. The sawflies are a group of largely plant-eating (herbivorous) insects. The group is less specialised than the ants, bees and wasps.

Sawflies differ from most other Hymenoptera by their broad connection between the abdomen and the thorax, and by their caterpillar-like larvae. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay their eggs. Large populations of certain sawfly species may cause  economic damage to forests and cultivated plants. 

As of 2013, the Symphyta are treated as nine superfamilies (one extinct) and 25 families. Most sawflies belong to the Tenthredinoidea superfamily, with about 7,000 species worldwide. Tenthredinoidea has six families, of which Tenthredinidae is by far the largest with some 5,500 species.

Xyelidae 
The Xyelidae is a small family of sawflies known from fewer than 50 living species in five genera, with an extensive fossil record. They are the oldest fossil Hymenoptera, dating back to the Triassic, some 200 million years ago. 

Most species occur in the Northern hemisphere, especially in boreal regions, though there are a few neotropical species. Most are associated with conifers (esp. Pinus and Abies), where the larvae feed on pollen or within buds, though larvae of a few species feed on the leaves of deciduous trees.

References 

Hymenoptera
Captain Planet and the Planeteers is an American animated environmentalist television program, based on an idea by Ted Turner and produced by Andy Heyward, Robby London, Barbara Pyle and Nicholas Boxer. The series was developed and co-produced by Turner Program Services along with the partnership of DiC Entertainment and ran new episodes from September 10, 1990 until December 5, 1992. A second series, The New Adventures of Captain Planet, ran for three seasons and was produced by Turner Broadcasting and then-corporate sibling Hanna-Barbera Productions. Both programs continue today in syndication.

Related pages
Captain Planet

Animated television series
1990 television series debuts
1992 television series endings
English-language television programs
Protectionism means that a country has laws or other rules that make it easier for their own products and brands to sell by making goods from foreign countries more expensive or harder to get.

The idea of protectionism is to stop imports (when people buy goods from other countries instead of from their own). Mercantilism is one kind of protectionism.

For example, if farmers from Argentina are selling wheat at a lower price than French farmers are, French people would buy more wheat from Argentine farmers than from French farmers, and French farmers would not get so much money.

The benefits to protectionism is that some people in a country would make more money because they would be able to sell things at higher prices, but on the other hand, other people would lose money because they wouldn't be able to buy the things from other countries that sell them cheaper.

Many protectionists (people who believe in protectionism) support big tariffs (taxes on a trade involving a foreign country) because the government can get a lot of money from the tariffs.

When a country raises a tariff on another country, usually the other country raises their tariffs on that country to get even.  This is called a trade war.

Tariffs were popular in the United States during the 1800s, but when the United States made the Hawley-Smoot Tariff a law in 1930, it raised tariffs very high on Europe.  In response, Europe raised its tariffs on the United States, which resulted in a trade war.  Many economists and historians believe that the tariffs made the Great Depression worse.

Protectionism is no longer popular now.  Instead, people support free trade (the opposite of protectionism where the government makes it easier for the country to trade with other countries).

Related pages 
 Developmentalism

Other websites 
 What is protectionism? at wisegeek.com

Economic history
Early Christianity is known as the Christianity of around the three centuries (1st, 2nd, 3rd, early 4th) between the time of the Crucifixion of Jesus (c.26-36) and  the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

Since the 19th century, historians have learned more about the early Christian community. Books written early in the time period, such as the Didache (in second-millennium copies) and the Gospel of Thomas (in two manuscripts dated as early as about 200 and 340) as well as parts from the Jewish-Christian Gospels have been found again in the last 200 years

History
At the beginning of Christian history, the church was in Jerusalem, in an "upper room" perhaps where the Cenacle is today, and leaders included James, Peter, and John. The major source for the Apostolic Age (c.30-c.100) is the Acts of the Apostles. Following the Great Commission, the missionary actions of the Apostles, including Paul of Tarsus who said the title of "Apostle to the Gentiles", spread Christianity to cities in the Hellenistic world, such as Alexandria and Antioch, and also to Rome and even beyond the Roman Empire. The term "Christian" was first applied to members of the church at Antioch according to . The New Testament includes letters written by Paul to churches, such as those in Thessalonica and Corinth, during the years 50-62, see also Seven Churches of Asia. Early Christians continued the Jewish practice of respect for the Jewish Scriptures, using the Septuagint translation of Hellenistic Judaism that was in general use among Greek-speakers, or the Targums in use among Aramaic-speakers, but added to it their own writings.

References
Priscilla Ahn (born 1984) is an American singer-songwriter. 

In 2008, Blue Note Reco.rds released her first full-length album, A Good Day.  Ahn went on a national tour that June.  Ahn has toured with Willie Nelson, Amos Lee, Ray LaMontagne, Devotchka and Joshua Radin.  Ahn's songs have been on television shows and movies.  She has made appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Dancing with the Stars and NPR.

Discography

Albums 
A Good Day, Blue Note Records, June 10, 2008.
When You Grow Up, Blue Note Records, May 3, 2011
Natural Colors, EMI Music Japan, June 27, 2012
Home ~ My Song Diary, EMI Music Japan, October 31, 2012
This Is Where We Are (Korean Version), Universal Music, July 25, 2013

EPs
Priscilla Ahn (2007, self-released)
Live Session, (2008, iTunes)
Sweet Hearts, (2012, With Charlie Wadhams)

Singles
"Dream" (2008, Blue Note)
"I'll Never Smile Again" (2009)
"I Am Strong" Tiesto feat. Priscilla Ahn (2009)

Music videos
"Dream"
“Red Cape”
“Vibe So Hot”
“I Don't Have Time To Love”
“When You Grow Up”
“Torch Song”

References

Other websites
 
 

1984 births
Living people
Singer-songwriters from California
Singers from Los Angeles
Musicians from Los Angeles
The Swastika is a cross with its arms bent at right angles, in either left-facing or right-facing forms. It is a widely-used religious symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The symbol was also used in pre-Christian Europe. The word "Swastika" became part of the English language in the nineteenth century with the British conquest of India. In the 1920s, the Nazi party chose the swastika as its symbol and it is for this association that it is best known in the Western world.

Religious use

The Swastika is a sacred symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. It is also a sign of spiritual purity. The swastika was a letter in the ancient Sanskrit language. It meant luck or  well being. It is also found on Byzantine buildings, Ancient Greek coinage and in Native American burial sites.

In Nazi Germany 
The swastika was a symbol used by the Nazi Party in Germany, and later by the Third Reich.  Adolf Hitler chose it as the symbol of the German Workers Party after he joined.  Before Hitler, members had already worn swastika armbands. (They believed they were adopting an ancient European symbol; they were seemingly unaware of its continued use in the East.)  Hitler was responsible for its red, white and black coloring.  From 1935 – 1945 it was used on the German flag.  The symbol became stigmatized because of its association with Nazi war crimes.

Since shortly after World War II, it has been illegal in Germany and Austria to display the swastika and other Nazi symbols. The swastikas on Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples are exempt from this law, because religious symbols cannot be banned in Germany.

Naming dispute
Since at least the early 2000s, Hindus, Buddhists and Jains have become more and more upset and annoyed to see their holy symbol being used as a badge of hatred by racists and neo-Nazis. One way that they have tried to reestablish their symbol as one of peace and good fortune is to try to encourage use its name in German, Hakenkreuz (hooked cross), when writing about the Nazis' version of it. (Although the Asian religions usually show the symbol in vertical/horizontal orientation and the Nazis usually showed it diagonally, neither group (especially the Nazis) did so consistently.) As of 2022, it does not seems that this campaign has achieved success yet: the Western media continue to use the name "swastika" when writing about neo-Nazi use of it.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 The History of the Swastika

Symbols
Religious symbols
Hinduism
Nazism
Nazi Germany
The Winnipeg Jets are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. The team plays in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada at Canada Life Centre. They were founded in 2011 when the Atlanta Thrashers were bought by Winnipeg-based company, True North Sports and Entertainment and were moved back to Winnipeg. The team announced the Winnipeg Jets as their name when they selected 7th in the first round of the 2011 NHL Entry Draft on June 25, 2011. Kevin Cheveldayoff was named its first General Manager on June 8, 2011 and Claude Noel was named the new head coach of the Jets on June 23, 2011.

The first Winnipeg Jets played in the NHL from 1972 to 1996. This team is now known as the Arizona Coyotes.

References

Other websites
Official website

Ice hockey teams in Canada
Sport in Manitoba
The Easter Bunny (or Easter Hare) is a character depicted as an anthropomorphic rabbit. In old stories, the creature brings baskets filled with colored eggs, candy and toys to the homes of children on the night before Easter. The Easter Bunny will either put the baskets in a certain place or hide them somewhere in the house for the children to find when they wake up in the morning.

The Easter Bunny is similar to Christmas's Santa Claus, as they both bring gifts to good children on the night before the holidays they are related to.

One theory of the Easter Bunny's origins is that it stemmed from early pagan celebrations around the vernal equinox. Pagans celebrated the springtime renewal of life as well as the goddess of dawn and fertility, Eostre, who was often represented by the hare or an egg. As Christianity spread throughout Europe, the celebrations around the vernal equinox may have merged with the observance of Christ's resurrection, since they both occurred around the same time. Missionaries were said to blend pagan traditions with Christian holidays to make the transition smoother, so it is possible that the celebrations of Eostre and the resurrection of Christ became one.

The first Easter Bunny legend was documented in the 1500s. Around 1680, the first story about a rabbit laying eggs and hiding them in a garden was published. These legends were brought to the United States in the 1700s, when German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania Dutch country, according to the Center for Children's Literature and Culture.

The tradition of making nests for the rabbit to lay its eggs in soon followed. Eventually, nests became decorated baskets and colorful eggs were swapped for candy, treats and other small gifts.

References 
Easter traditions
Alberto Núñez Feijoo (born September 10, 1961) is a Spanish politician. He is the 7th and current President of the Regional Government of Galicia since 2009. He is the leader of the Galician PP, the main conservative political party which defeated the socialists in the elections of 2009 and again in the elections of 2012. Feijoo is a strong admirer of Manuel Fraga, although he does not govern Galicia in the same manner.

Núñez Feijoo studied law in Santiago de Compostela. He is married to the journalist Carmen Gámir.

1961 births
Living people
Presidents of the Regional Government of Galicia
Lincoln Logs is the name of a children's toy.  They are small logs made for children to build with. They were invented in Chicago, Illinois by John Lloyd Wright, son of the architect Frank Lloyd Wright.

Lincoln Logs were added into the United States National Toy Hall of Fame in 1999.

Toys
Chicago, Illinois
History of Chicago
Led Zeppelin II is the second album by the American rock band Led Zeppelin. It was released on October 22, 1969, it was recorded in 1969 in many different studios. The album sounds a lot like the first album with a few hard rock songs and blues covers, but they also did some new things with the love song "Thank You" and the drum solo "Moby Dick". The most famous song from the album is "Whole Lotta Love", the riff is one of the most well known in the rock genre. Guitarist and producer Jimmy Page worked with engineer Eddie Kramer to create many unusual sounds, for example, on "Whole Lotta Love", they used a technique known as backward echoing.

Song listing

Sources 
Jimmy Page's recording techniques

Other websites 
Official website 

Led Zeppelin albums
1969 albums
Hard rock albums
Blues rock albums
Heavy metal albums
"Avalon" is a popular song. It was written by Al Jolson, Buddy DeSylva and Vincent Rose in 1920. It was first recorded by Jolson and used in the musicals Sinbad and Bombo. Jolson's version became #2 on the American singles chart. It is possible that Rose wrote the song alone, and that Jolson's name was used in the credits because he was a popular artist and helped make the song popular. At first only Rose and Jolson were marked as the writers, and DeSylva's name was added later.

Many jazz artists have recorded the song, for example Cab Calloway (1934), Coleman Hawkins (1935) and Eddie Durham (1936). Benny Goodman played the song in his concert in Carnegie Hall in 1938. The song was also played in the films The Jolson Story (1946) and The Benny Goodman Story (1956).

The melody at the beginning of the song was taken from Giacomo Puccini's opera Tosca, and Rose changed it only a little. Because of this, a court later decided that Jolson and Rose had to pay Puccini's publishers $25,000 and all later profits from the song.

Versions 

Red Nichols and His Five Pennies (27 February 1928)
George Monkhouse and his Cambridge University Quinquaginta Ramblers (12 March 1930)
Spike Hughes and his Dance Orchestra (23 May 1930)
Joel Shaw and his Orchestra (August 1932)
Billy Cotton and his Band (21 July 1933)
Casa Loma Orchestra (16 August 1934)
Cab Calloway and his Orchestra (4 September 1934)
Scott Wood and his Six Swingers (18 December 1934; 1 September 1936)
Joe Venuti and his Orchestra (26 December 1934)
KXYZ Novelty Band (29 January 1935)
Coleman Hawkins (2 March 1935)
Quintette of the Hot Club of France (July 1935)
Jimmie Lunceford and his Orchestra (30 September 1935)
Harry Roy and his Orchestra (8 November 1935)
Val Rosing and his Swing Stars (18 November 1935)
Ballyhooligans (7 July 1936)
Benny Goodman Quartet (29 June 1937; 28 September 1937; 16 January 1938)
Joe Daniels and his Hotshots (28 September 1937)
Alix Combelle et son Orchestre (4 October 1937)
Harry James and his Orchestra (13 July 1939; 8 November 1939)
Willie Lewis and his Negro Band (27 June 1941)

Notes

1920s songs
1920
The Phoney War was a name for the eight months during World War II from Poland being defeated in September 1939 to France being invaded in May 1940. 

During this time, there were no important military operations in Europe. The British and French declared war and blockade against Germany.  Germany did likewise, beginning the Battle of the Atlantic, and German submarines destroyed many Allied ships.  The Royal  Air Force dropped propaganda leaflets on Germany, and Canadian troops began to arrive in Britain. 

In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway.  Both sides began to fight each other again.  Britain and France needed many weapons quickly and so they began to buy them from American weapon companies.  The American government remained neutral but helped Britain and France by selling weapons cheaply and then by Lend-Lease of military equipment and supplies.

1939 in Europe
1940 in Europe
1940s in France
World War II
Radiolaria are amoeboid protists which produce mineral skeletons. The skeletons, usually of silica (SiO2), have a central capsule. This divides the cell into inner and outer portions, called endoplasm and ectoplasm. 

Radiolaria are found as zooplankton throughout the ocean, and their skeletal remains cover large portions of the ocean floor as radiolarian ooze. Radiolaria have existed since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era. They take their name from the radial symmetry of most species. They are valuable markers or diagnostic fossils, because they have a rapid turn-over of species. This helps to identify strata, and to correlate strata at different sites.

Radiolaria are heterotrophs (eat other things), but also may include protist algae as endosymbionts.

Structure 
The skeletons of radiolarians are generally organized around spicules, or spines, which extend from the main skeletal mass. Formed from the fusion of many of these spines is the outermost skeleton, the shell or test. Connecting this shell to the many concentrically organized inner shells are bars or beams, which strengthen and support the structure.

The nuclei and most other organelles are in the endoplasm, while the ectoplasm is filled with frothy vacuoles and lipid droplets, keeping them buoyant. Often it also contains symbiotic algae which provide much of the cell's energy. Not much is known about the living amoebae because they cannot be cultured in the laboratory.

Other websites 
 NHM rotating glass model

References 

Protista
Led Zeppelin IV is the fourth album from the rock band Led Zeppelin, the real title of the album is , but since it's impossible to say these symbols, it is normal just to say Led Zeppelin IV. Some people also say The fourth album, 'Zoso', Symbols or simply call it Untitled. It was released on November 8, 1971 and recorded at a big house called Headley Grange in 1971. The album is the band's most famous and most successful album, and also has their best known song, "Stairway to Heaven". For this album, the band used many different genres and recording techniques, they had rock and roll songs, acoustic songs and heavy blues songs. Many fans and critics think that "Stairway to Heaven" is one of the best songs of all time, if not the greatest, as well as the album itself. There are also many other notable songs on the album, "Rock and Roll" was played in almost every concert the band did after the release of the album, while songs such as "Black Dog and "Going to California" were played for most of the shows. All of the songs have become regulars on American rock radio.

The four symbols 
For this album, the band chose to not have a normal name for their album, so that people would just listen to the music without caring about the title and get wrong expectations. Jimmy Page got the idea that each member of the band should choose their own symbol to represent them on the album title. Each band member have been closely associated with their symbol during and after the career of Led Zeppelin, and they have all used them after the release of the album. For example, John Bonham used to have the three rings on his bass drum and Jimmy Page has used the Zoso symbol on his amplifier as recent as the reunion concert in 2007 at the London 02 Arena.

Other websites 
Official website

Sources 
Jimmy Page on Led Zeppelin IV

Led Zeppelin albums
1971 albums
Heavy metal albums
Folk albums
Walnut Hills High School is a high school in Cincinnati, Ohio. According to Newsweek, Walnut Hills is the best school in Ohio. It helps prepare you for college. The school colors are blue and gold. The motto is "Sursum ad summum", which is Latin for "Rise to the Highest". The mascot is the eagle, and the sports teams are known as "The Eagles". They have a newspaper that comes out every month and have a magazine that comes out every year.

Cincinnati, Ohio
Schools in Ohio
Wrongful life is a legal action in which someone is sued for not stopping the birth of a severely disabled child.  In this type of lawsuit a child and the parents will sue a doctor or a hospital.  The doctor or hospital is sued for not giving information about the disability during the pregnancy.  The doctor or hospital may have not provided all the information on a genetic case before the pregnancy.  The parents argue that if the mother had known this information, she would have had an abortion, or chosen not to become pregnant at all.

In the past, only parents could sue for their own damages the occurred as a result of the birth of a disabled child (e.g., the mother's own pregnancy medical bills and cost of psychiatric treatment for both parents' emotional  resulting from becoming aware that their child was disabled).  This cause of action is known as wrongful birth.  But the child could not sue for his or her own damages, which were often much more in terms of money and harm.

In four U.S. states, the child is allowed to start a wrongful life cause of action for damages.  In 1982, the Supreme Court of California was the first state supreme court to permit the child's right to sue for wrongful life, but in the same decision, limited the child's recovery to special damages.  

Most other jurisdictions, including England and Ontario, have not allowed the wrongful life cause of action.

Related pages
Wrongful birth
Wrongful abortion
Bioethics

References

Further reading 
 Appel, Jacob M.   Physicians, Wrongful Life and the Constitution, Medicine & Health, Rhode Island Volume 87, Number 2.  February 2004.  Retrieved October 28, 2008.

Other websites 
Sydney Morning Herald article from May 2004
Article on wrongful life in the Cornell Law Review.

Abortion
In Physics, intensity can usually be understood as the strength of something like a beam of light. To figure out (i.e., compute) the exact intensity of a beam of light or a fire hose spraying water, we need to know how many units of light or water are coming to some area in some period of time. A factory might have an "intensity" of 100 cars per day delivered to the loading dock. A fire hose might have an intensity of 100 buckets of water per minute per open window of a certain size in a burning building. 

Usually, when talking about intensity, you are talking about the amount of energy of particles or radiation per unit area. Since each particle spreads out from the source in a sphere, the area is measured as the surface area of this sphere, or , where  is the distance from the source to the observer. 

Physical quantity
Everett is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States. The population is 1,850 as of the July 2008.

Writer Dean Koontz was born here.

Cities in Pennsylvania
Anna Henrietta Bergendahl (born December 11, 1991) in Katrineholm, Sweden is a singer and former Idol 2008 contestant. Bergendahl won Melodifestivalen 2010 and represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo. Her song This Is My Life is currently at number one on the Swedish single chart. In Idol 2008 she finished in fifth place.

References

Other websites 

1991 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Eugene T. "Gene" McEver (September 15, 1908 - July 12, 1985) was a Hall of Fame college football player for the University of Tennessee.  He was born in Bristol, Virginia in 1908.

Playing career 
McEver was the first ever All American for the Tennessee Volunteers football team.  He played for them in 1928, 1929, and 1931 for coach Robert Neyland.  McEver missed the 1930 season with a knee injury.  McEver scored 130 points for the Volunteers in 1929, helping them to a 9-0-1 record. The total led the NCAA in scoring that year. That total is still the record for most points in one year at Tennessee.  McEver also holds the record for career scoring at Tennessee among non-kickers.

McEver finished his career with 44 touchdowns and 12 points after touchdown for 276 points. He was named to the All-Southern team in 1928, 1929, and 1931, with teammates Bobby Dodd and Herman Hickman. McEver was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954.

Coaching career 
McEver coached at Davidson College in North Carolina from 1937 through 1943. His record there was 16-43-4. McEver also coached the University of North Carolina to a 1-7-1 record in 1944. He was an assistant coach at Virginia Tech from 1944 to 47.

Sources 

 College Football Hall of Fame Bio 
 2006 University of Tennessee Football Media Guide

American football running backs
Sportspeople from Birmingham, Alabama
1908 births
1985 deaths
The United States Football League was a football league in the 1980's. The spring and summer is when the USFL would play football. Entrepreneur Donald Trump owned some parts of the league. John Bassett was the late owner of the Tampa Bay Bandits, of the USFL.

Other websites 
 History

American football
The Bundeswehr (German for "Federal Defence Force"; ) are the German Armed Forces. The German armed forces are for the unified Germany itself and do not have several parts for the States of Germany.

There are five sections: three bigger ones: Heer (Army), Marine (Navy) and Luftwaffe (Air Force) form one unified force, not three separate fighting forces. And two smaller ones: Joint Support Service (Streitkräftebasis) and Central Medical Services (Zentraler Sanitätsdienst).

In peace-time the commander-in-chief is the Federal Minister of Defence, and in wartime the Chancellor of Germany. This is unlike most countries where the head of state is commander in chief.

In March 2012, there were about 207,000 soldiers serving in the Bundeswehr; there are another 200,000 in reserve. Conscription for the Bundeswehr has been abolished in July 2011.

Related pages
 NATO
 Luftwaffe
 Wehrmacht

Sources 

Military of Germany
The Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award is college football award given every year to the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision head coach whose team does well on the field, in the classroom, and in the community.  The award is named for Bobby Dodd.  Dodd was head football coach at Georgia Tech.  The award was made in 1976 to honor the values that Dodd held.  Coaches who win the award are chosen by a committee of college football experts and all previous winners.  The winner is announced during half-time of the Chick-fil-A Bowl on December 31 in Atlanta, Georgia.   A formal presentation is held later, usually on the university campus of the winner.

Winners
Only Joe Paterno of Penn State has received the award twice, in 1981 and in 2005.  Four schools have had two different coaches given the award: Michigan with Bo Schembechler in 1977 and Lloyd Carr in 2007; Air Force with Ken Hatfield in 1983 and Fisher DeBerry in 1985, Georgia Tech with Bobby Ross in 1990 and George O'Leary in 2000 and TCU with Jim Wacker in 1984 and Gary Patterson in 2009.

Other websites
 Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Foundation official website

College football coaches
Sports trophies and awards
Shane Andre Mosley (born September 7, 1971) is a retired American professional boxer from Pomona, California. Mosley has held world titles in three weight divisions.  He held the IBF Lightweight Championship, WBC & WBA (Super) Welterweight Championships and WBC, WBA (Super) & The Ring Light Middleweight Championships.

References 
 official website
 Sugar Shane Mosley record 

American boxers
Living people
1971 births
People from Pomona, California
The University of Mississippi (also called Ole Miss) is a university in Oxford, Mississippi.  The college was founded in 1848.  Its sports teams, called the Rebels, play in the Southeastern Conference.

History
In September 1962, James Meredith won a lawsuit to secure admission to the previously segregated University of Mississippi. He attempted to enter campus on September 20, on September 25, and again on September 26.  He was blocked by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett, who said, "[N]o school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your Governor."  The Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals held Barnett and Lieutenant Governor Paul B. Johnson, Jr. in contempt, with fines of more than $10,000 for each day they refused to allow Meredith to enroll.

Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent U.S. Marshals. On September 30, 1962, Meredith entered the campus under their escort. Students and other whites began rioting that evening, throwing rocks and then shooting guns at the U.S. Marshals guarding Meredith. Two people were killed; 28 marshals suffered gunshot wounds; and 160 others were injured. After the Mississippi Highway Patrol withdrew from the campus, President John F. Kennedy sent regular US Army forces to the campus to quell the riot.  Meredith began classes the day after the troops arrived.

References

Other websites
 Ole Miss website

Southeastern Conference
Colleges and universities in Mississippi
1848 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Mississippi
Targovishte is a town in the northeastern part of Bulgaria. It is a capital of Targovishte Province. It is 125 km to the west of the Black Sea. About 37,000 people live in the town.

Towns in Europe
Settlements in Bulgaria
The Gits was a punk rock band that formed in Seattle, Washington in 1986 and disbanded in 1993 after the mysterious murder of their lead singer Mia Zapata. Joan Jett who is a long time fan of The Gits wrote a song entitled "Go Home" which was inspired by the death of Mia Zapata.

The band's original name was "Snivelling Little Rat Faced Gits" which was named after a Monty Python skit but they later shortened it to The Gits.

Discography
 Frenching the Bully (C/Z Records) (1992). 
 (Reissued on Broken Rekids), (2003) 
 Enter: The Conquering Chicken (C/Z Records) (1993). 
 (Reissued on Broken Rekids), (2003) 
 Kings & Queens (Broken Rekids) (1996) 
 Seafish Louisville (Broken Rekids) (2000) 
 Best of The Gits (Liberation) (2008)

Other websites 
The Gits Official Site
The Gits Site (Spanish)

American punk bands
Musical groups from Seattle, Washington
Musical groups established in 1986
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
1986 establishments in the United States
1993 disestablishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
1990s disestablishments in Washington (state)
A penalty shootout in association football is a way of deciding who wins match if both teams have scored the same number of goals.

If the score is a draw after 90 minutes, usually the teams will play an extra 30 minutes of extra time. If the score is still equal, then a penalty shootout takes place. Usually each team takes five penalties each, and the team who scores the most wins. If both teams are equal after these penalties, then each team will take one more penalty until one team is ahead.

Penalty shootouts are normally only used in cup matches, and not league matches. If nobody wins in a league match, both teams get one point for the draw. In a cup match often a winner in needed to go to the next round.

Many famous cup finals have been won by penalty shootouts, like the 2006 World Cup final, the 2005 UEFA Champions League final and the 1994 World Cup final.

Sources 
FIFA laws of the game 

Association football
Jersey Shore is an MTV reality series that features eight housemates who spend their summers in New Jersey and partying in their beach house and working at a store. Season 1 was shot in Seaside Heights, New Jersey and season 2 was shot in Miami, Florida. The cast later returned to Seaside Heights for Season 3 with a new cast member Deena. MTV has later reported that Season 4 of Jersey Shore will be filmed in Italy during spring and summer 2011. Also, cast members Snooki and JWoww have a spinoff show. The show has brought a lot of controversy about its use of the slang word "guido/guidette" and how they portray Italian American stereotypes. Despite this, the show has brought record high ratings for MTV, making it the network's most viewed reality show ever. MTV announced that they were going to cancel the series after 6 seasons.

Cast members
 Angelina "Jolie" Pivarnick (Season 1–2), a New York City bartender
 Jenni "JWoww" Farley (Season 1–6), graphic designer and club promoter from Franklin Square, New York
 Michael "The Situation" Sorrentino (Season 1–6), assistant manager of a fitness center in Staten Island, New York
 Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi (Season 1–6), aspiring veterinary technician from Marlboro, New York
 Paul "DJ Pauly D" DelVecchio (Season 1–6), disc jockey from Johnston, Rhode Island
 Ronnie Ortiz-Magro (Season 1–6), tries not to fall in love at the Jersey Shore
 Sammi "Sweetheart" Giancola (Season 1–6), entered for the sole intent of having fun
 Vinny Guadagnino (Season 1–6), entered to enjoy his first summer as a 21-year-old
 Deena Nicole Cortese (Season 3–6), a friend of Polizzi's from New Egypt, New Jersey, who auditioned for Season 1, but did not make it until Season 3.

References

Other websites
Jersey Shore's Official MTV website

2009 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American reality television series
Television series set in New Jersey
English-language television programs
The Bloodhound Gang is a comedy rock band from Pennsylvania. Many of their songs have humorous rap and sexual innuendo. They are best known for their hit singles "Fire Water Burn" and "The Bad Touch". Formed in 1992, their music style slowly changed from rap to alternative rock. The Bloodhound Gang has sold more than 6 million albums.

Members

Current members 

Jimmy Pop – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, songwriter (1991-present)

Evil Jared Hasselhoff – bass guitar (1995-present)

Q-Ball – turntables, keyboard, backing vocals (1995-present)

The Yin – drums, percussion (2006-present)

Daniel P. Carter - lead guitar (2009-present)

Former members 

Foof – vocals (1992)

Bubba K. Love – Drums (1992-1993)

Daddy Long Legs – vocals, bass guitar (1992-1995)

M.S.G. – turntables (1993-1995)

Skip O'Pot2Mus – drums (1993-1995)

Tard-E-Tard – turntables (1995)

Spanky G – drums (1995-1998)

Lupus Thunder - lead guitar (1994-2008)

Willie The New Guy – drums (1999-2006)

Discography
Studio albums
 Use Your Fingers (1995)
 One Fierce Beer Coaster (1996)
 Hooray for Boobies (2000)
 Hefty Fine (2005)
 Hard-Off (2015)

1991 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American comedy bands
American punk bands
American rock bands
Hip hop bands
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups from Pennsylvania
1990s establishments in Pennsylvania
Savior is a hit single from the American punk rock band Rise Against's 2008 fifth studio album Appeal to Reason. It was released as the album's third single on June 3, 2009, and it peaked at number three on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart, better than the peak set by the same album's first single, Re-Education (Through Labor), and at number seven on the Rock Songs chart. It became the band's second single to reach the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, peaking at number 16.  It is also Rise Against's highest charting single on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles, peaking at number 2.

The song is downloadable, plus content for the Rock Band series along with "Prayer of the Refugee" and "Re-Education (Through Labor)". Also, in the trailer for the PC game The Sims 3: Ambitions the song plays in the background in Simlish.

References

Rise Against
The Unraveling is the debut album by the American punk rock band Rise Against. Released on April 24, 2001 and produced by punk producer Mass Giorgini. It is the only Rise Against studio album where frontman Tim McIlrath does only lead vocals and does not play guitar. Two songs, "My Life Inside Your Heart" and "The Art of Losing" were used for the unreleased Dreamcast game Propeller Arena.

Track listing 
 "Alive and Well" – 2:06
 "My Life Inside Your Heart" – 3:02
 "Great Awakening" – 1:35
 "Six Ways 'Till Sunday" – 2:36
 "401 Kill" – 3:19
 "The Art of Losing" – 1:50
 "Remains of Summer Memories" – 1:17
 "The Unraveling" – 3:12
 "Reception Fades" – 2:10
 "Stained Glass and Marble" – 1:36
 "Everchanging" – 3:47
 "Sometimes Selling Out Is Giving Up" – 1:09
 "3 Day Weekend" – 1:03
 "1000 Good Intentions" – 3:07
 "Weight of Time" – 2:00
 "Faint Resemblance" – 2:51

Bonus tracks 
 "Join the Ranks"* – 1:26
 "Gethsemane"* – 2:30

Rise Against
2001 albums
Debut albums
Punk albums
David Lange (4 August 1942—13 August 2005) was the Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1984 to 1989.

Early life
Lange was born in Otahuhu, Auckland. In 1954, he went to a political meeting which made him want to go into politics. After his father was charged with indecent assault, he decided that he would become a solicitor. After finishing school at Otahuhu College, he went to Auckland University to study law in 1960, and graduated in 1966.

In 1967, he was working as a barrister and solicitor in New Zealand. He took over a legal practice in Kaikohe in 1968. He married Naomi Crampton in 1968. He completed his Master of Laws with Honours in 1970.

Politics
Lange became active in politics when he joined the Labour Party in 1963, while he was still at university. He first tried to get elected to the Auckland City Council in 1974, but did not get enough votes. In 1975, he tried to get a seat in Parliament, but again was unsuccessful. A third attempt in 1977 was successful and he won the seat of Mangere. He held this seat until he left politics in 1996. His first speech in the parliament was very successful and he was seen as a possible leader of the Labor Party. In 1979 he was made the Deputy Leader, and in 1982 Lange was made the leader. When the Labor Party won the elections in 1984, David Lange became Prime Minister of New Zealand.

While he was prime minister, Lange passed a policy in 1985 to not let nuclear-armed ships into New Zealand waters.

He resigned in 1989. He and his wife Naomi separated in the same year after 21 years of marriage. Lange married Margret Pope in 1992.

References

Further reading
My Life by David Lange, 2005, Viking, Auckland NZ, 
 David Lange Memorial Trust Website

Prime Ministers of New Zealand
1942 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from amyloidosis
Deaths from renal failure
People from Auckland
The Asian emerald cuckoo  is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family.

It lives in Southeast Asia, in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The Asian emerald cuckoo is a protected animal in Malaysia.  
Its scientific name is Chrysococcyx maculatus.

This bird is not in the Cuculinae subfamily, and so it is not a nest parasite. They raise their own young, like most birds.  Emerald cuckoos lay eggs in a nest built by the parents.

Other websites
 Google search

Birds
The molecular clock is the figurative term for a technique which estimates when two taxa diverged in evolution. It is based on comparing the detailed structure of key molecules. The method may be done for species, or any high data used for such calculations is often nucleotide sequences in genome analysis, or amino acid sequences for proteins such as haemoglobin. It is sometimes called a gene clock or evolutionary clock.

Issues 
The key assumption behind the technique is that, in the long run, changes in molecular structure happen at a steady rate.
Researchers such as Ayala have challenged this assumption. According to Ayala, these factors combine to limit the application of molecular clock models:

Changing generation times: a mutation generally becomes fixed only from one generation to another. The shorter this timespan is, the more mutations can become fixed.
Population size: apart from effects of small population size, genetic diversity will "bottom out" as populations become larger, and the fitness advantage of any one mutation becomes smaller.
Species-specific differences due to differing metabolism, ecology, evolutionary history, etc.

Nevertheless, the method is now used widely in taxonomy and phylogeny.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Paleontology
A strawberry is a short plant in the wild strawberry genus of the rose family. The name is also used for its very common sweet edible "fruit" and for flavors that taste like it. The real fruit of the plant are the tiny "seeds" around the "fruit", which is actually a sweet swelling of the plant's stem around the fruit,the plant grown today is a mix of two other species of wild strawberries and was first grown in the 1750s.

Name
The Latin name of the strawberry used in science is × .  is the name of the genus of "strawberry-like" plants. The × mark means that it is a hybrid, a mix of two other species. The Latin name  says the hybrid is "pineapple-like". The strawberry is sometimes called the "gardenstrawberry" so that people don't mix it up with the other wild strawberries of the genus .

The name is a bit misleading and is special to English. The other Germanic languages do not have a name like it. No one is really sure where the name came from. The plant is not a kind of straw, and its fruit is not really a berry.

History
People have eaten different kinds of wild strawberries for thousands of years. Today's bigger strawberry was first made around Brest in Brittany (northwest France) in the 1750s. It was made by joining the Virginia strawberry from eastern North America to the European Hautbois and the Chilean strawberry from western South America.

Farming
Most strawberries are grown on farms. Strawberry farmers often have special bees that they take care of, so that the bees can help the strawberry plants grow their "fruit".

Strawberry stems are called runners. They grow above ground. They are a type of stolon.

Fruit
The real fruit of the strawberries are the achenes, which people usually think of as the little seeds around the outside of the larger red "fruit". What people think is the "fruit" is really the swollen stems between these fruit. This kind of fruit, where different ovaries grow into a single larger "fruit", is called an "aggregate fruit". 

Strawberries are rich in vitamin C and manganese.

Related pages
 Wild strawberry

References
Molecular evolution is the process of evolution in DNA, RNA, and proteins. 

Molecular evolution emerged as a scientific field in the 1960s as researchers from molecular biology, evolutionary biology and population genetics sought to understand the structure and function of nucleic acids and protein. Some of the key topics have been the evolution of enzyme function, the use of nucleic acid changes as a molecular clock to study species divergence, and the origin of non-functional or junk DNA. 

Recent advances in genomics, including whole-genome sequencing, and bioinformatics have led to a dramatic increase in studies on the topic. In the 2000s, the role of gene duplication, the extent of adaptive molecular evolution versus neutral genetic drift, and the identification of molecular changes responsible for various human characteristics especially those pertaining to infection, disease, and cognition.

Molecular study of phylogeny  
Molecular systematics is the process of using data on the DNA, RNA, or proteins to resolve questions in phylogeny and taxonomy. The idea is to place groups in their correct position on the evolutionary tree. This corrects their biological classification from the point of view of evolution. The technique has already led to major changes in the taxonomy of living things, including the names for higher categories, which had been stable for well over a century.

Molecular systematics has been made possible by techniques for sequence analysis. This gives the exact sequence of nucleotides or bases in either DNA or RNA. At present it is still expensive to sequence the entire genome of an organism, but it has been done for over 100 species.

References 

Taxonomy
Evolutionary biology
Molecular biology
A fedora is a hat.  The name of the hat comes from a play called Fédora by Victorien Sardou, named after the main character. Popular in the early 20th century, it has become a stereotype for gangsters or private investigators (PIs).

They mainly come in black, sometimes with a band of coloured fabric around the rim.

Some people, such as Jack Abramoff and Richard W. Lariviere, become known for wearing fedoras.

References

Headgear
The black francolin (Francolinus francolinus) is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

Birds of Asia
Birds of Kashmir
Galliformes