cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A quadruped is a vertebrate which walks on four legs. This is the basic locomotion of amphibia, reptiles and mammals. Those which walk on two legs or those which fly have evolved from the basic pattern. The scientific term for quadrupeds is Tetrapoda.

Tetrapods
Pope Alexander III (; c. 1100 – 30 August 1181), born Orlando Bandinelli, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the 171st Pope. He was Pope from 1159 to 1181.

Early life
He was born in Siena.  He was a member of the Bandinelli family.

Cardinal
In 1150, Pope Eugene III made Bandinelli a  Cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Bandinelli was elected pope on September 7, 1159; and he chose the name Alexander III.  His papacy was disputed by Antipope Victor IV, Antipope Paschal III, Antipope Calixtus III and Antipope Innocent III.

Pope Alexander was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Alexander's support for Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, did not resolve conflicts with the Henry II of England.  After Becket was murdered, Alexander canonized him.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
 GCatholic, Pope Alexander III
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Bandinelli

Italian popes
People from Siena
1100s births
1181 deaths
Suzanne Somers (born October 16, 1946) is an American actress, singer and business woman. She was born in San Bruno, California.

She is notable for starring in many television series. Somers is best known for playing the part of Chrissy Snow on the first five seasons of Three's Company, she left due to a contract dispute with ABC. She later made her comeback with the shows "She's the Sheriff" (which was syndicated) and "Step by Step" (which aired on ABC). She has written many bestselling books.

Somers was diagnosed with stage 1 breast cancer in 2000. She had a lumpectomy and has recovered. She been criticized for her strong views about medical subjects. Her promotions of alternative cancer treatments have been subject to criticism from American Cancer Society.

In 1977, she married Canadian producer Alan Hamel.

Other websites 

Actors from San Mateo County, California
Businesspeople from California
American television actors
Breast cancer survivors
American movie actors
American voice actors
Singers from California
1946 births
Living people
Cape Mendocino is a geographic feature of the northern Californian coastline.  It is the westernmost point of the coast of California in Humboldt County.

The cape was named in the 1540s.  The name honors Antonio de Mendoza. He was the Viceroy of New Spain.

History
This It has been known as a landmark since the 16th century. Spanish ships crossed the Pacific Ocean by following the Pacific trade winds. The North Equatorial Current brought them to the North American coastline.  After landfall, the Manila galleons would sail down the coast to Acapulco in Mexico.

Francis Drake sighted Cape Mendocino in 1576.

Hasekura Tsunenaga's sailed from Japan to Cape Mendocino in 1613.  Hasekura was on a diplomatic mission.  He was traveling to the courts of Philip II of Spain and Pope Paul V.

Geology
The Cape Mendocino region is an active earthquake zone. In April 1992, three big earthquakes were centered near the cape.

The Mendocino Triple Junction is to the west of Cape Mendocino under the Pacific Ocean. It is a geologic triple junction where three tectonic plates come together. The San Andreas Fault, a transform boundary, runs south from the junction, separating the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. To the north is the Cascadia subduction zone, where the Gorda Plate is being subducted under the edge of the North American plate.  Running west from the triple junction is the Mendocino Fracture Zone, the transform boundary between the Gorda Plate and the Pacific Plate.

References

Other websites
 United States Geological Survey (USGS), M7.2 – Cape Mendocino, 1992
 Bruke Museum, Cascadia tectonic history with map

Landforms of California
Capes of the United States
Humboldt County, California
Gower is a peninsula in Wales. It is near Swansea. It has many scenic sights like caves.

Geography of Wales
Peninsulas
David William Heath (born February 16, 1969) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for competing with the World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment under the ring name, Gangrel. 

As Gangrel, he was known for forming the professional wrestling stable, The Brood. He portrayed a vampire gimmick and would wear fangs, come down to the ring with a goblet of blood and drink from it and gave other wrestlers blood baths.

Championships
All Pro Wrestling
APW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Billy Blade)

All Star Wrestling
ASW Trans-Canada Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Atlantic Wrestling Council
AWC Heavyweight Championship (one time)

European Wrestling Promotion
EWP World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
EWP Ironman Title Hardcore Knockout Tournament (2003)

International Pro Wrestling Association
IPWA Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Rusty Brooks)

Legends Pro Wrestling
Inducted into the LPW Hall of Fame (January 23, 2010)

Maximum Pro Wrestling
MXPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)

NWA Florida
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Tom Nash)

National Wrestling League
NWL Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was awarded the PWI Rookie of the Year award in 1993.

Pro Wrestling Revolution
PWR Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Stampede Wrestling
Stampede International Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Tom Nash)

Tri-State Wrestling Alliance
TWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Blackheart Destruction)

United States Wrestling Association
USWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Other websites
Gangrel  on Online World of Wrestling

American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Florida
People from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
1969 births
Living people
Raven's Nest (also known as Raven's Flock) was a professional wrestling stable that was active in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) from 1995 to 1997 which was led by Raven. The stable was also active in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).

Championships
Extreme Championship Wrestling
ECW World Tag Team Championship (two times) (Raven and Stevie Richards)
ECW World Heavyweight Championship (two times) (Raven)

World Championship Wrestling
WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (one time) (Raven)
WCW World Television Championship (one time) (Saturn)
WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (Raven and Saturn)
WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (Vampiro and Muta)

Professional wrestlers
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Duluth is a city in northeast Minnesota next to Lake Superior and next to Superior, Wisconsin. It is the westernmost U.S. city on the Great Lakes. The harbor at Duluth is accessible to ocean-going vessels from the Atlantic Ocean  away via the Great Lakes and  Saint Lawrence Seaway.

Duluth is the county seat of Saint Louis County. It is the fourth largest city in Minnesota. At the 2010 census, Duluth had 86,265 people. Duluth is the second largest city on Lake Superior after Thunder Bay, Ontario. It has the largest metropolitan area on Lake Superior.  The Duluth MSA had 279,771 people in 2010.

Bob Dylan was born in Duluth.

Duluth forms a metropolitan area with Superior, Wisconsin called the "Twin Ports".  These two cities share the Duluth–Superior harbor and together are the Great Lakes' largest port transporting coal, iron ore (taconite),  and grain.

As a tourist destination for the Midwest, Duluth has America's only all-freshwater aquarium, the Great Lakes Aquarium. Duluth is known for the Aerial Lift Bridge, which spans the Duluth Ship Canal into the Duluth-Superior Harbor. People also visit Minnesota Point (known as Park Point locally), one of the world's longest freshwater sand spits, that is  long.  People come to the city to start vehicle trips along Minnesota's famous North Shore. Each year, 16,000 people come to Duluth to run the "Grandma's Marathon". The 610' long William A Irvin is a museum ship that used to be the flagship of the United States Steel ore carrier fleet.

The city is named after Daniel Greysolon, Le Sieur du Luth, the first known European explorer of the area.

References

Other websites

 
City of Duluth – Official Website
Vintage Pictures of Duluth

 
County seats in Minnesota
1857 establishments in the United States
The Partridge Family was an American situation comedy. It was about a widowed mother and five children who become involved in music. The series was shown from September 25, 1970 to August 31, 1974 on ABC Network. It was produced by Paul Junger Witt.

Cast
 Shirley Jones as Shirley Partridge
 David Cassidy as Keith Partridge
 Susan Dey as Laurie Partridge
 Danny Bonaduce as Danny Partridge
 Jeremy Gelbwaks as Chris Partridge (season 1)
 Brian Forster as Chris Partridge (seasons 2-4)
 Suzanne Crough as Tracy Partridge
 Dave Madden as Reuben Kincaid
 Ricky Segall as Ricky Stevens

1970s television series
1970 television series debuts
1974 television series endings
ABC network shows
American sitcoms
Fictional families
Television series about families
English-language television programs
This is a list of national capital cities in alphabetical order. It includes territories and dependencies, non-sovereign states including associated states, and entities whose sovereignty is disputed. Sovereign states are shown in bold text.

Notes
a.  That is, the State of Brunei Darussalam.
b.  See also List of historical capitals of China.
c.  Unrecognized, self-declared country.
d.  See Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
e.  The Spanish name is "México D.F." or just "D.F." (for "Distrito Federal").
f.  Plymouth was abandoned after the eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano in 1997. Government offices since then have been moved to Brades Estate, which is in the northwestern part of Montserrat.
g.  Also known as "Kotte". Until the 1980s, the capital was Colombo, where many important governmental institutions still remain and which is still designated as the commercial capital of Sri Lanka.
h.  Also known as the "Holy See" for diplomatic and religious purposes.
i.  See Positions on Jerusalem.
j.   Kosovo proclaimed independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 by temporary governing institutions. That independence is against the current UNSC's resolution regarding Kosovo (1244).

References

Lists of settlements
Lists of cities
In psychology, frustration is a common emotional way to act when things go wrong. It is a feeling of being angry and sad when something one wants or wishes for does not happen.  

In physics, frustration (or geometrical frustration) is a property of water molecules in ice when a freezing crystal is formed. The presence of random or conflicting atoms stop the ice from being completely frozen. It is called "water ice".

Psychology
Physics

ar:إحباط
The AVR microcontroller architecture was developed by Atmel in 1996. It is based on the Harvard microcontroller architecture. The AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-chip flash memory for program storage, as opposed to one-time programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other microcontrollers at the time.

Many people think that AVR stands for Alf (Egil Bogen) and Vegard (Wollan)'s Risc processor".

This architecture replaces older MCS-51 architecture. One machine cycle of MCS-51 takes 12 clock cycles and most of  instructions are executed in one machine cycle.

AVR microcontrollers (MCUs) can execute most of instructions in single machine cycle too, but one machine cycle takes only one clock cycle. Performance per clock cycle is 12 times higher with AVR.

The core has 32 general purpose registers directly connected to ALU. It allowing two independent
registers to be accessed and instruction with them executed in one machine cycle.

Basic families 
tinyAVR
0,5-8 kB program memory
up to 0,5 kB SRAM
up to 0,5 kB EEPROM
up to 20 MHz
6-32 pin package

megaAVR
4-256 kB program memory
0,5-16kB SRAM
0,5-4 kB EEPROM
up to 20 MHz
20-100 pin package

XMEGA
16-384kB program memory
2-32 kB SRAM
external Bus Interface for up to 16M bytes SRAM of SDRAM
1-4 kB EEPROM
up to 32 MHz
44-100 pin package

Features 
Every AVR has some input/output ports. The port has up to 8 physical pins on its package. Every pin can be configured as input or output. If a pin is used for input, it can turn on built-in pull-up resistors through register PORTx. If a pin is configured as output, it can handleup to 40mA of load per pin and max 100mA for all pins on the port.

A/D converter
10-bit (tinyAVR, megaAVR) with multiplex up to 8 channels
12-bit (XMEGA) with multiplex up to 16 channels

Timers/counters (8-bit or 16-bit)
Users can configure it asi PWM, counter or timer.
In simple PWM mode, the counting register runs without stopping and is compared to another register. If the counting register is higher than second register pin Ocx is set to „1“. In other time is pin Ocx set to „0“.
Counter have some external source like photo sensor and can count amount of people which pass photo sensor.
Timer gives pulses in exact time. It is used for programing clock applications.

TWI – Two Wire Interface
This uses the same protocol as I2C and can be used as I2C interface

UART/USART
The UART can be used for RS232/RS485 communication.

SPI - Serial Peripheral Interface
very fast serial bus which is used for data transfer of communication with devices
you can burn/read program into/from program memory or EEPROM through this bus

USI - Universal Serial Interface
used for two or three wire synchronous data transfer

JTAG
interface for online debugging

D/A converter
12-bit (only XMEGA) with multiplex up to 2 channels

Related pages
 Arduino

References

Other websites

Primary Sources
 Atmel AVR homepage
 AVR Freaks community
 Atmel AVR Serial Port Programmer
 Atmel AVR USBasp USB Port Programmer
 Arduino community
 , numerous AVR links
 Why you need a clock source for the AVR?
 AVR Basics - AVR guide for beginners

Computers
The Vienna Circle (in German: der Wiener Kreis) was the name of a group of philosophers who began meeting around the University of Vienna in 1922.

Many famous philosophers were members. Some of its members were:

 Gustav Bergmann,
 Alex Robinson
 Rudolf Carnap, 
 Herbert Feigl, 
 Philipp Frank, 
 Kurt Gödel, 
 Hans Hahn, 
 Tscha Hung, 
 Victor Kraft, 
 Karl Menger,
 Richard von Mises, 
 Marcel Natkin, 
 Otto Neurath, 
 Olga Hahn-Neurath, 
 Theodor Radakovic, 
 Rose Rand, 
 Moritz Schlick (chairman),
 Friedrich Waismann
 Ludwig Wittgenstein. 

Most followed the philosophy that came to be known as logical positivism.

Ludwig Wittgenstein's, 1921 book Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus formed the basis for the group's ideas. Wittgenstein himself insisted that they did not understand him correctly and took to quietly reading poetry to himself during their meetings. 

The Vienna Circle was broken up when the Nazi party came to power in Germany in 1933, many of its members moved to the USA, where they became teachers in several universities. 

The Vienna Circle's influence on 20th century philosophy was very large.

References

Philosophers
The University of Vienna (German: Universität Wien) is a public university in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is the oldest university in the German-speaking world. It is the largest university in Austria and one of the largest in Europe.

Colleges and universities in Europe
Vienna
1365 establishments
14th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Austria
Pope Alexander IV (;  c. 1185 – 25 May 1261), born Rinaldo Conti di Segni, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church.  He was the 182nd Pope from 1254 until his death.

Early life
Rinaldo Conti di Segni was born into the family of the counts of Segni.  His relations included Pope Innocent III  and Pope Gregory IX.

Cardinal
In 1227, Gregory IX made Conti a cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Conti was elected pope on December 12, 1254. He chose to be called Alexander IV.

Pope Alexander was involved in Italian and European political disputes.  The pope tried and failed to affect politics in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Conti family

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
 GCatholic,  Pope Alexander IV
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Conti di Segni

Italian popes
1180s births
1261 deaths
was a  after Bunroku and before Genna.  This period started in October 1596 and ended in July 1615. During this time, the emperors were  and .

The nengō Keichō means "Eternal Jubilance" or "Eternal Jubilance".

Events of the Keichō era

 1596 (Keichō 1): Japanese invasion of Korea (also known as the Imjin War).
 18 September 1598 (Keichō 3, 18th day of the 8th month): Toyotomi Hideyoshi died at the age of 63.
 21 October 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month): Battle of Sekigahara, which was known as . 
 1603 (Keichō 8): Tokugawa Ieyasu was named Shogun.
 1605 (Keichō 10): The first major map of Japan was ordered by the shogunate.
 1609 (Keichō 12): Satsuma invades Kingdom of Ryukyu; King Shō Nei travels to Edo. 
 20 May 1610 (Keichō 15, the 27th day of the 3rd month):  Toyotomi Hideyori came to Kyoto to visit the former-Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu; and the same day, the emperor announces his intention to resign in favor of his son Masahito.
 9 May 1611 (Keichō 16): Go-Yōzei abdicated; and his son received the succession (senso); and soon after, Emperor Go-Mizunoo's role as monarch is confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 1612 (Keichō 17): The oldest clock in Japan was received by Tokugawa Ieyasu as a gift from Philip III of Spain. 
 1613 (Keichō 18): Hasekura Tsunenaga headed a diplomatic mission to the Americas and Europe.  
 1614 (Keichō 19): Siege of Osaka.
 18 October 1614 (Keichō 19, 25th day of the 10th month): A strong earthquake shook Kyoto.
 1615 (Keichō 20): Osaka Summer Battle

Related pages 
 Momoyama period
 Edo period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 Okinawa Prefectural Archives, http://www.archives.pref.okinawa.jp/publication/2009/04/post-168.html 

 

Japanese eras
1596 establishments
16th-century establishments in Japan
1615 disestablishments
17th-century disestablishments in Japan
The Senedd (), also called the National Assembly building, contains the debating chamber and 3 committee rooms for the National Assembly for Wales in Cardiff. The building is 5,308 square meters (57,100 sq ft) large.

History 
After 2 selection processes were held, it was decided a new debating chamber for Wales was to built on a new site, Site 1E, at Capital Waterside in Cardiff Bay.

Design 
Richard Rogers, an architect who had won the Pritzker Prize, won the international competition to design the building. It was designed to be sustainable, with renewable technologies, and to be energy efficient. The building was awarded an "Excellent" certification by the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method, the highest ever certification to be awarded in Wales, and was nominated for the 2006 Stirling Prize. The Senedd is now a symbol of Cardiff, and Wales.

Building the Senedd 
The Senedd was constructed in two phases, the first in 2001 and the second starting in August 2003, until it was handed over to the National Assembly in February 2006.

Between the phases, the National Assembly changed contractors and the management structure of the project, but kept Rogers as architect.

Once finished, the building cost almost 6 times more than expected, and was finished 4 years and 10 months late (compared to estimates in 1997).

The cost grew because of the extra security that had to be added after the September 11 attacks, and because the National Assembly did not have an independent estimate of the project's cost until December 2000, three years after the original estimate. The costs of the second phase grew by less than 6% over budget, and was 6 months late, because of ICT problems.

It was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 1 March 2006 and it cost £69.6 million, which included £49.7 million in construction costs. The Senedd is part of the land owned by the National Assembly that includes Tŷ Hywel and the Pierhead Building.

References

Politics of Wales
2006 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s establishments in Wales
Pall Mall is a street in the  City of Westminster, London. It is parallel to The Mall. Pall Mall East leads into Trafalgar Square.

The street's name is taken from a game called 'pall mall'. The game was a mallet-and-ball game played in the early 17th century.

Pall Mall is probably best known for its many gentlemen's clubs.

Related pages 
Westminster
London

Other websites 
Introductory page from the Survey of London
Pall Mall on TourUK 
Panoramic photograph of Pall Mall 
19th Century Gentleman's Clubs on Pall Mall (including photographs)
The Institute of Directors' 116 Pall Mall

Roads in London
Seneca may mean many different things:

People
Seneca the Elder
Seneca the Younger

Places
Seneca Gardens, Kentucky
Jo Stafford, (November 12, 1917 - July 16, 2008) was an American singer for traditional pop (or called standard pop) and for jazz standards. She was born in Coalinga, California. Her career began during the late 1930s and lasted until the early 1960s. Stafford was strongly admired for the purity of her voice; she was one of the most versatile singers (or vocalists) of that era. In 1961 she won Grammy Awards for Best Comedy Album. She died of congestive heart failure in Century City, Los Angeles.

Other websites 

Jo Stafford - record album "Jo + Jazz" at YouTube

1917 births
2008 deaths
Actors from Fresno County, California
American television actors
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Singers from California
Hilaire Belloc (27 July 1870–1953) was a French-born English writer, poet, satirist and politician . He wrote many different poems which he put into the book Cautionary Tales for Children. That book included the famous Matilda. This poem was about a girl who told lies and was burned to death. Belloc was one of the most poductive writers in 1902.

Belloc was a politician as well as a writer. He was a Member of Parliament from 1906 until 1910. While he many things in addition to writing, he is best known for his writing. These poems included characters such as Jim, who ran away from his nurse and was eaten by a lion and Matilda who told lies and was burnt to death. Belloc was also well known as a speaker, man of letters and political activist

References

1870 births
1953 deaths
English writers
English poets
French writers
French poets
British politicians
FC Dinamo Tbilisi is a football club from Tbilisi, Georgia. The club was one of the best in the Soviet Top League, but after the Soviet Union broke up, the club joined the newly created league, the Umaglesi Liga. The team won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, Soviet Top League, Soviet Cup, Umaglesi Liga, Georgian Cup, Georgian Super Cup and the CIS Cup.

Honours 

 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1
1981
 Soviet Top League: 2
1964, 1978
 Soviet Cup: 2
1976, 1979
 Georgian League: 13
1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2008
 Georgian Cup: 9
1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2004, 2009
 Georgian Super Cup: 5
1996, 1997, 1999, 2005, 2008
 CIS Cup winner: 1
2004

References

Football clubs
Sport in Georgia (country)
Tbilisi
1911 establishments
Alejandro García Casañas (born on 14 January 1970 in Barcelona, Spain) is a Spanish retired professional footballer and a current coach. He played as a defender. As a player, he only got 278 appearances for his 13 years of clubs. He currently coaches FC Dinamo Tbilisi.

Career statistics 

Spanish football managers
Sportspeople from Barcelona
Spanish footballers
1970 births
Living people
Harley-Davidson, or H-D for short, is an American motorcycle maker that started making motorcycles in Milwaukee in 1903. The company makes heavyweight motorcycles that are designed for cruising on the highway; they're called Harleys. Harley-Davidson is one of two big U.S. companies that made motorcycles that was still in business after the Great Depression; the other closed down in 1953.

Harleys have a special look and sound.  Most new Harleys, except the V-Rods, are made to look like old Harleys. Harley-Davidson made small motorcycles in the US and in Italy, but they didn't sell well enough. They stopped making small motorcycles in the US in 1966 and in Italy in 1978.

Harley-Davidson and their motorcycles have many fans.  The fans can join clubs and go to events or to Harley-Davidson's museum.  Apart from selling motorcycles, Harley-Davidson also charges fees for companies to put Harley-Davidson's logos on the things they make. Less than one-hundredth of the money Harley-Davidson made in 2010 came from these fees.

Labor Hall of Fame

William S. Harley, Arthur Davidson, William A. Davidson and Walter Davidson, Sr. were inducted into the Labor Hall of Honor. They were given the award for their good work for the H-D company and its workforce.

References 

1903 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Eduard "Edi" Kainberger (born 20 November 1911 in Salzburg, died 7 March 1974) was an Austrian football player. He played as goalkeeper for SAK 1914 and the Austrian amateur footballteam. With this team he won the silver medal at the 1936 Olympic football tournament.

Career
Together with his younger brother Karl he played for Salzburger AK 1914 in the Salzburger football league. He won several titles with the club and played for the first time in the national team in 1933 versus Hungary. At the 1936 Olympic games he won with the Austrian squad the silver medal and played 4 matches during the tournament. In 1938 he went to TSV 1860 München. Till his 42th year he played 1200 times as goalkeeper.

Honours
1936 Olympic games:silver medal
Austrian amateur championship-runner-up:: 1934, 1935, 1937

Austrian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
1911 births
1974 deaths
People from Salzburg
Ultralight materials are very light substances. They include silica aerogels, carbon nanotube aerogels, metallic foams, polymeric foams, and metallic microlattices. The density of air is about 1.275 mg/cm3, which means that the air in the pores greatly lowers the density of the material.

The lightest material ever made was invented in 2011. It is made out of a microscopic micro-lattice of hollow tubes – a criss-cross diagonal pattern with open spaces between the tubes. The researchers say the material is 100 times lighter than Styrofoam and is very strong. The material is low density: it has a density of 0.9 milligrams per cubic centimetre. Silica aerogels, the world's lightest solid materials, are only as low as 1.0 mg per cubic cm. The metallic micro-lattices are 99.99% air and only 0.01% solid. The metal used is nickel.

"The trick is to fabricate [make] a lattice of interconnected hollow tubes with a wall thickness of 100 nanometers, 1,000 times thinner than a human hair", said Tobias Schaedler.

The material is not just light: it has some elastic properties. When it is squashed, the little tubes are also squashed, but when the pressure is removed, they rebound. A sample squashed to half its height rebounds 98% when the pressure is lifted. That makes the material similar in some ways to elastomers: they are materials used to cushion against shock.

References

Materials
The Venona project was a long time secret plan which started in February 1943 by the United States Army Signal Intelligence Service. The project was transferred to the National Security Agency and had many names. However, VENONA was the last name that was used. The word VENONA is usually in capital letters (VENONA) but some writings use lowercase letters (Venona). VENONA was made to decrypt secret communications of Soviet intelligence agencies including NKVD, KGB and GRU. Decryption was possible because the encrypting one-time pads were reused.

The Venona project was most famous for the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg case known as LIBERAL and it ended in both of them being executed. VENONA exposed other spies including Klaus Fuchs and Alger Hiss. 

In July 1995, the first six documents were shown which included had 49 messages about the Soviets trying to get information on the United States atomic bomb and the Manhattan Project. In the next five more years, about 3,000 VENONA messages were made public.

Related pages
 Cryptanalysis
 KGB
 Cold War
 McCarthyism

References 

20th century in the United States
The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a NASA mission to land and control a rover named Curiosity on the surface of the planet Mars. The MSL was launched on November 26, 2011. The MSL successfully did the first-ever precision landing on Mars. It landed on Mars at Gale Crater on August 5, 2012 and began exploring the surface.

The goal of the Curiosity rover is to study the history of Mars. It was to see whether Mars has, or ever had, an environment able to support microbial life.  It indeed did that, finding evidence that 3 Billion years ago there was once water and an environment that could support life.  This means it found that life could have existed, but not that it certainly did.  It will also carefully look at samples scooped up from the soil and drilled powders from rocks.

Curiosity is five times as heavy as the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit or Opportunity and carries more than ten times their mass of scientific instruments . It was launched by an Atlas V 541 rocket. Curiosity will be expected to work for at least 1 Martian year (668 Martian sols/686 Earth days), but may live a lot longer than that. It will explore Mars with greater range than any other rover.

Mars Science Laboratory mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program. The program is a long-term mission of robotic exploration of Mars. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology manages the program for NASA. The total cost of the MSL project is about US$2.3 billion.

References

More reading

Other websites

 MSL Home Page
MSL - Mission Summary - Animated/Extended Video (11:20)
MSL - Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL) - Animated Video (02:00)
MSL - Gale Crater Landing Site - Animated/Narrated Video (02:37)
MSL - NASA/JPL News Channel Videos
MSL - NASA/JPL Virtual Tour - Rover 
MSL - Construction - Recorded Video
 Send Your Name To Mars
 MSL - Demo , reported by The Planetary Society.
 MSL - Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL) - Description.  (PDF)
 ChemCam Mounted with LIBS for Classifying Carbonate Minerals on Mars  (PDF)
 MSL Press Kit

NASA spacecraft
Mars
Mayfair (first called The May Fair) is an area in central London. It is in the city of Westminster.

History
Mayfair is named after the annual fortnight-long May Fair that happened in a place that is Shepherd Market today (from 1686 until it was banned at that place in 1764). Until 1686, the May Fair was held in Haymarket, and after 1764, it moved to Fair Field in Bow.

Mayfair was bordered by Hyde Park to the west, Oxford Street to the north, Piccadilly to the south and Bond Street to the east, although the eastern boundary has been made longer recently, so now it goes all the way to Regent Street. Most of the area was first made between the mid 17th century and the mid 18th century.

The district is mostly commercial now. It has many offices in houses and new buildings. The price of rents in Mayfair are some of the highest in London and the world. There is still a large number of houses as well as some exclusive shopping and London's largest number of luxury hotels and many restaurants. Some buildings in Mayfair are:
 The Canadian High Commission and the United States embassy in Grosvenor Square
 The Royal Academy of Arts
 The Handel House Museum,
 The Grosvenor House Hotel
 Claridge's
 The Dorchester.

Education 
The City of Westminster uses the Mayfair Library as a local library.

St. Nicholas College of London has lessons in English and other languages for people who live in and visit Mayfair.

References

Related pages 
Westminster
London

Other websites 
The Site of the original May-fair 
BBC News story: Reviving the Mayfair May Fair
History of Mayfair 
St. Nicholas College of London

Areas of London
City of Westminster
Walla Walla is a town in Washington. It is known for its wine vineyards. It is near the Oregon state line. It is also the home to Whitman College and a state prison.

Towns in Washington
County seats in Washington
This is about the mental disorder, the studio album is at Folie à Deux (album)
Folie à deux is the name for a condition where an otherwise sane person develops the symptoms and delusions of a person suffering from psychosis. If more than two people share the symptoms or delusions, people speak about folie à trois (3), folie à quatre (4), folie à plusieurs, or folie en famille. Officially, the condition is known as induced delusional disorder or shared psychotic disorder today, but many publications still use the original terms, which were developed in France in the 19th century.
Today, there are two main forms of the condition:
Folie imposée: A person forms a delusion, and passes it on to other people. If the people get separated, the delusions in those people who did not develop them first will usually disappear quickly.
Folie simultanée: Two people suffering from delusions influence each other so that their delusions become very similar. 
Newer studies seem to indicate that this classification may not be sufficient to fully describe 'folie à deux'. There may be more symptoms than are usually described in the cases above. Also, in many cases, separating the two patients may not be enough to make the condition go  away in one of them. Also, the person described as "sane" before developing the folie à deux may already be suffering from a psychiatric illness, or may develop one. 

The condition was first described in an article pubilshed by Ernest-Charles Lasègue and Jules Farlet in 1877.

Mass hysteria can be seen as a form of folie à deux.

References
 

Psychosis
Small nuclear RNA (snRNP, or 'snurps'), joins with proteins to form spliceosomes. The spliceosomes govern alternative splicing.

The background to this is that, in eukaryotes, most genes code for a protein in separated strings of DNA. This is because, of a total gene, coding bits (exons) are separated by non-coding bits (introns). The process called alternative splicing can produce many possible proteins from the gene parts because the proteins are put together in different ways. Alternative splicing produces alternative messenger RNAs, and these produce different proteins. Spliceosomes control the details of the splicing.

The two essential components of snRNPs are protein molecules and RNA. The RNA found within each snRNP particle is known as small nuclear RNA, or snRNA, and is usually about 150 nucleotides in length. The snRNA component of the snurp is specific to individual introns because it 'recognises' the sequences of critical signals at the ends and branch sites of introns. The snRNA in snurps is similar to ribosomal RNA: it acts both as an enzyme (catalyst) and builds structure.

SnRNPs were discovered by Michael Lerner and Joan Steitz.
Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman also played a role in the discovery, winning the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1989 for their independent discoveries that RNA can act as a catalyst in cell development.

References 

RNA
Molecular biology
The Joan Gamper Trophy (also known as Joan Gamper Cup) is a yearly friendly football competition before the start of FC Barcelona's season. The tournament is named after a player, and president, of FC Barcelona whose name was Joan Gamper. The tournament is always hosted by FC Barcelona at the Camp Nou. The trophy is pure silver and gold.

Football competitions in Europe
Barcelona
Camp Nou
20th-century establishments in Spain
1966 establishments in Europe
Alfred Riedl (2 November 1949 – 8 September 2020) was an Austrian football player. He played as striker in Austria and Belgium. He was also a football coach.

Career

as player
He played for FK Austria Wien until his 22nd year. Then he went to Belgium and played there 8 seasons for  Sint-Truiden, Royal Antwerp and  Standard Liège. After he came back to Austria he played for KK Austria, Grazer AK, Wiener Sportclub and VfB Admira Wacker Mödling. He was two times top scorer in the Belgian league.

From 1974-1978 he played four matches for the Austrian national football team.

as coach
As a manager, Riedl has coached Olympique Khouribga (Morocco, 1993–94), Al-Zamalek (Egypt, 1994–95), Al Salmiya (Kuwait, 2001–03), and many national teams, including Austria (1990–92), Liechtenstein (1997–98), Palestine (2004–05), Vietnam (1998–2001, 2003–04, 2005–2007), and Laos.

Death
Riedl died on 8 September 2020 of cancer in Vienna at the age of 70.

Honours (as a player)

Club honours
Austrian Football Bundesliga (2):
 1969, 1970
Austrian Cup (2):
 1971, 1981

Honours (as a manager)

Indonesia
ASEAN Football Championship
Runners-up (1): 2010

Individual honours
Austrian Bundesliga Top Goalscorer (1):
 1972
Belgian First Division top scorer (2):
 1973, 1975

References

Other websites 
Official page
Profile - Austria Archive
Career stats - National Football Teams

Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Austrian football managers
Austria national football team managers
1949 births
2020 deaths
Cancer deaths in Austria
BigBang is V.I.P (also known as Second Single or La La La) is the second single of South Korean boy band, Big Bang. Released under YG Entertainment, this single released after a month with First Single.

Track listing

 La La La
 Ma Girl (Taeyang Solo)
 V.I.P
 La La La (Instrumental)

Released singles
 La La La
 Ma Girl (Taeyang Solo)

Other versions
La La La
 La La La (Korean Version)
 La La La (English Version)
 La La La (Instrumental)

Ma Girl (Taeyang Solo)
 Ma Girl (Taeyang Solo)(Korean Version)
 My Girl (Japanese / English Version)
 Taeyang - My Girl (Part 2)(ft. Israel, G-Dragon, & T.O.P)

V.I.P
 V.I.P (Korean Version)
 V.I.P (Intro)(English Version)

Chart performance

References

Other websites 
Official Site
YG Entertainment
Big Bang Japan Official Site

2006 songs
The Memory of the World Programme is a part of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It is part of a strategy for preserving history.  The programme focuses on archives and libraries.

The UNESCO programme began in 1992.  It promote the importance of historical documents.

International Advisory Committee
The program is administered by a body known as the International Advisory Committee (IAC).  There are 14 members. Each is appointed by the UNESCO Director-General.

Memory of the World Register
Select additions to the World Register are chosen at biannual meetings of the IAC.

 Bayeux Tapestry
 Biblioteca Malatestiana
 Gero-Codex
 Jikji
 Magna Carta
 Matenadaran
 Shahnameh
 Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)
 Tabula Peutingeriana
 The Communist Manifesto
 The Diary of a Young Girl
 Treaty of Tordesillas
 Vienna Dioscurides
 Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty

Jikji Prize

The Jikji Prize was established with the South Korean government.  The $30,000 prize and all costs associated with the prize are funded by South Korea.

Recipients
 2005: Czech National Library (Prague)
 2007: Austrian Academy of Sciences, Phonogrammarchiv (Vienna)
 2009: National Archives of Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur)
 2011: National Archives of Australia, Canberra.

References

Other websites

 Memory of the World Programme official website

UNESCO
Documents
Libraries
Nelson Aldrich (1841-1915) was a liberal Republican United States Senator from Rhode Island. He was the leader of his party in the Senate during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. He was the maternal grandfather of Nelson Rockefeller. He was a freemason. He sponsored the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill. 

1841 births
1915 deaths
American esotericists
Freemasons
United States senators from Rhode Island
US Republican Party politicians
Highway to Hell is a popular song by the rock group, AC/DC. It was released as the first single from the band's album Highway to Hell. It is the first song on the album.

1979 songs
AC/DC
The Regions of Japan are traditional subdivisions of the nation.  The regional divisions are used in many ways. These include maps, geography and weather reports.  Regions are used as a basic framework for description and comparison.

Culture
In Japan, the traditional regions are cultural makers.  For example, according to Kunio Kishida in 1940, "The correct tradition of Japanese culture exists today not within the culture of the center, which has developed under the influence of foreign culture; but rather within regional culture."

Japan's multi-decade "Comprehensive National Development Plan" emphasizes regions in serial studies of patterns of land use and regional society.

The names of many businesses incorporate a regional name.

List of regions
From north to south, the traditional regions include:
 Hokkaidō region: It covers the entire northern island of Hokkaidō. The largest city is Sapporo.
 Tōhoku region, The region is in the northern part of Honshū island. The largest city is Sendai.
 Kantō region:,. It is in eastern Honshū. The  largest city is Tokyo.
 Chūbu region: It is in central Honshū.  Mount Fuji is in this region. The  largest city is Nagoya.
 Hokuriku region is in northwestern Chūbu. The largest city in the region is Kanazawa.
 Kōshin'etsu region is in northeastern Chūbu. Its largest city is Niigata.
 Tōkai region is in southern Chūbu. Nagoya is its largest city.
 Kansai region: or Kinki region It is in west-central Honshū. The largest city is Osaka.
 Chūgoku region: The region is in western Honshū. The largest city is Hiroshima.
 Shikoku region. The region covers all of the island of Shikoku. Matsuyama is the largest city in the region.
 Kyūshū region: It covers all of the island of Kyūshū. The largest city is Fukuoka.
 Ryukyu Islands: The  largest city is Naha.
 Okinawa

Related pages 
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Gokishichidō

References

Further reading
 

 
 
Japan-related lists
Paroxetine also known as Paxil is a medicine for depression. It has many side effects including possible insomnia and tremors.

References

Drugs used in psychiatry
Bradley Ralph (born October 17, 1980) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger and is the head coach of the Florida Everblades of the ECHL. He played in one National Hockey League game for the Phoenix Coyotes during the 2000–01 NHL season.

Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Phoenix Coyotes players
1980 births
Living people
American Hockey League players
ECHL players
Ontario Hockey League players
Black Veil Brides is an rock band that formed in Cincinnati, Ohio in 2006. They won a Billboard award in 2010 for their album, We Stitch These Wounds. They made number #1 on the top independent artists in 2010. The lead singer, Andy Biersack, created the band.

Discography 
Studio albums
We Stitch These Wounds (2009)
Set The World On Fire (2010)
Wretched and Divine: The Story of the Wild Ones (2013)
Black Veil Brides (2014)
Vale (2018)

Other websites 
AllMusic chart awards for Black Veil Brides
Biography
Official website

American hard rock bands
Glam metal bands
Post-hardcore bands
Musical groups established in 2006
Musicians from Cincinnati, Ohio
Musical groups from Ohio
Musical groups from Los Angeles
2006 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Ohio
Ebola Syndrome is a Chinese horror movie that came out in 1996. This movie is for mature audiences as it has rape scenes in it and graphic violence. It is directed by Herman Yau and is 98 minutes long.

1996 horror movies
Chinese movies
Hong Kong movies
Herbie: Fully Loaded is a car racing family movie starring Lindsay Lohan, and Michael Keaton. It is rated G and lasts 101 minutes. It was directed by Angela Robinson. It came out on June 22, 2005. It is a Walt Disney movie.

Other websites 
Information 

2005 movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
Modern Family is an American sitcom on ABC. Ed O'Neill,  Sofía Vergara, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Eric Stonestreet, Julie Bowen, Ty Burrell, Sarah Hyland, Nolan Gould, Ariel Winter, Rico Rodriguez and Aubrey Anderson-Emmons are some of the actors on the show. It was nominated for 4 Golden Globe Awards. There are three different nuclear families, who are all part of one well-off, middle-class extended family. They all live in suburban Los Angeles. Jay is the father of Claire and Mitchell and his second wife Gloria has a son from her first marriage called Manny, and a son with Jay called Joe. Claire and her husband Phil have three children, Haley, Alex and Luke. Mitchell and his husband Cameron have a daughter called Lily, whom they adopted from Vietnam.

Other websites 

2009 American television series debuts
2020 television series endings
2000s American sitcoms
2000s LGBT television series
2010s American sitcoms
2010s LGBT television series
American LGBT television programs
Emmy Award winning programs
Fiction about suburbia
Golden Globe Award winning programs
LGBT comedy television series
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Television series about marriage
Television series about siblings
Television series about suburbia
Television series set in Los Angeles
English-language television programs
The 2011–12 PFC CSKA Moscow season was the 20th season the club, PFC CSKA Moscow, played in the Russian Premier League.

Squad 
As of March 18, 2011

League Table

Results 

 Russian Premier League : To Be Determined
 Russian Cup : Round of 32
 Russian Super Cup : To Be Determined

Related pages

PFC CSKA Moscow
Russian Premier League

2011 in association football
2012 in association football
Football seasons
PFC CSKA Moscow
21st century in Moscow
2011 in Russia
2012 in Russia
2010s in Russian sport
Fußball Club Südburgenland is an Austrian women's football club from Olbendorf in the south of the federal state Burgenland. This is the reason for the name of the team.

History
The club was founded in 2002. It has played in the ÖFB-Frauenliga since the 2003–04 season. In their first season they reached the fourth position and played in the national cup's final. The team spent the next seasons in the in the bottom half of the table, but it was never relegated. 2011 Südburgenland was the championship's runner-up and in 2012 it was fourth. It has also reached the cup's semifinals in three of the last fourth seasons as of 2012.

2021–222 squad

Competition record

Honours

League
FC HOCO Südburgenland
 ÖFB-Frauenliga: 1x runner-up(2010/11);
 2. Division Ost: 1x Meister (2002/03)

Cup 
 ÖFB-Frauencup: 1x runner-up(2004), 2x Semifinal(2009, 2011), 3x Quarterfinals(2007, 2008, 2010)
  Burgenland-Womencup:: 1x Cupsieg (2010)

Other honours
 1x "Team of the year" Burgenland (2010)
 3x nomination "Team of the year" Burgenland (2004, 2009, 2010)
 1x Bruno as "Women team of the season 2010/11"
 Nomination  Jennifer Pöltl "Bruno 2010" best player season 2009/10

References

Women's football in Austria
Austrian football clubs
2002 establishments in Europe