cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Apicomplexa are a large group of protists (protozoa) which are parasitic. They have developed some extraordinary adaptations which fit them in their parasitic life. They are all single-celled, they are all parasites of animals, and they all form spores.

They have a unique organelle, a plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure which gets them into a host's cell. They do not have structures such as flagella or pseudopods except in certain gamete stages. Body movement is by flexing or gliding.

The group were once called the Sporozoa, but this name is now discouraged.

Apicomplexans have complex life cycles, and there is much variation among different apicomplexan groups. Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur. Cell nuclei are haploid.

This is a diverse group including organisms such as coccidia, gregarines, piroplasms, haemogregarines, and malarias. Diseases caused by apicomplexan organisms include:

 Babesiosis (Babesia)
 Malaria (Plasmodium)
 Coccidian diseases including:
 Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium parvum)
 Cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora cayetanensis)
 Isosporiasis (Isospora belli)
 Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)

Life cycle 

Most members have a complex life-cycle, with both asexual and sexual reproduction. A host is infected by an active invasion by the parasites. The parasites divide to produce sporozoites which enter its cells.  Eventually, the cells burst, releasing merozoites, which infect new cells.  Eventually, gametes are produced, and they fuse to create new cysts.  There are many variations on this basic pattern, however, and many Apicomplexa have more than one host.

The apical complex includes vesicles which open at the front of the cell. They secrete enzymes that allow the parasite to enter other cells. The tip is surrounded by a band of microtubules, called the polar ring, and among the Conoidasida there is also a funnel of tubulin proteins called the conoid.

The presence of alveoli and other traits place the Apicomplexa among a group called the alveolates.  Several related flagellates, such as Perkinsus and Colpodella, have structures similar to the polar ring and were formerly included here, but most appear to be closer relatives of the dinoflagellates.  They are probably similar to the common ancestor of the two groups.

Another similarity is that many apicomplexan cells contain a single plastid, called the apicoplast, surrounded by either 3 or four membranes. Its functions are thought to include tasks such as lipid and haem biosynthesis. It appears to be necessary for survival. The plastids are thought to have a common origin with the chloroplasts of dinoflagellates, and evidence points to an origin from red algae rather than green.

References
Raja Dahir ( b. 679, d. 712) was a Sindhi Hindu ruler. He was the last Sindi Hindu in Sindh and parts of Punjab in what is Pakistan today. In the early part of the Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent, Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi took control of Dahir's kingdom for the Umayyad Caliphate.

Related pages
 Cheema

Sources 
 Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg: The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest. Translated by from the Persian by, Commissioners Press 1900  
 Thakur Deshraj: Jat Itihas, Delhi, 1934
 R.C. Majumdar, H.C. Roychandra and Kalikinkar Ditta. : An Advanced History of India, Part II,
 Tareekh-Sind, By Mavlana Syed Abu Zafar Nadvi
 

Indian leaders
History of India
History of Pakistan
679 births
712 deaths
Schelte John "Bobby" Bus (born in 1956) is an astronomer at the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy.

Bus has found or co-found over 1,000 asteroids as well as the comet 87P/Bus. 3254 Bus was named after him by Edward L. G. Bowell when he found it in 1982.

References

Other websites 
 Bus' Personal Home Page

1956 births
Living people

Asteroid discoverers
American astronomers
David L. Rosenhan (1929 – February 6, 2012) was an American psychologist. He was best known for the Rosenhan experiment. This was a study which looked at how valid psychiatry diagnoses were.

Rosenhan got his Bachelor of Arts degree from Yeshiva University. At Columbia University in 1953 he earned his master's degree. Five years later, he earned a Ph.D in psychology. Rosenhan was an expert on psychology and law. 

In 1973 Rosenhan published "On Being Sane in Insane Places". This was one of the most-read pieces of writing in psychology. The article talks about the Rosenhan experiment. The experiment was that eight people with no history of psychopathology would try to get into twelve psychiatric hospitals. All of these people were allowed in, and were diagnosed with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Psychiatrists then tried to cure the people using psychiatric medicines. All eight were allowed to leave within 7 to 52 days, but only when they had said that they accepted the illness they had been diagnosed with. Later in the study, a research and teaching hospital challenged Rosenhan to run a similar experiment with its own diagnoses and rules for letting people in to the hospital. Psychiatric staff were warned that at least one pseudo-patient might be sent to their hospital. At least one staff member thought that 83 out of the 193 new patients were actors. In fact, Rosenhan sent no actors. The study showed that the ways diagnosis was done was very inaccurate in telling people with mental disorders and people without mental disorders apart. The paper made a lot of controversy. Some people are not sure of how valid and credible the study was, but say that psychiatric diagnoses need to be improved.

Professor Rosenhan worked with the Stanford University Department of Psychology. Later, he became professor emeritus at Stanford University. He died on February 6, 2012, aged 82.

References

Other websites

American psychologists
1929 births
2012 deaths
Scientists from New Jersey
Leniniana is a topic for collecting postage stamps that tell about the life and story of Lenin (1870–1924) or people, places, etc. connected with him.  The topic was common in the Soviet Union.

Related pages 
 All-Russian Society of Philatelists
 First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition
 Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
 Philatelic International
 Soviet Philatelic Association
 Soviet Philatelist
 Vladimir Lenin

Further reading 
  Archived from the original and another source on 2015-05-15.

Other websites 

 Leniniana – philatelic collection
 Lenin: USSR (Soviet Union) Postage Stamps 1924–1991
 Leniniana Collection – Ryerson University Archives Special Collections 

Philately of the Soviet Union
Soviet politicians
Postage stamps
Pseudomonas is a genus of gammaproteobacteria. They are in the family of pseudomonads. Pseudomonas bacteria can be found in many different environments, such as soil, water, and plant and animal tissue.

There are many Pseudomonas species. Some are parasitic and invade animal tissues. In humans, pathogenic Pseudomonas thrive, especially after antibiotic treatment: once they are able to multiply rapidly they can be harmful.

Gram-negative bacteria
Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a very small magnetic effect found in thin layers of iron and other materials. It is used to read and write information in hard drives.

The GMR effect can be measured when a magnet is used to change the flow of electricity. The 2007 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for the discovery of GMR.

Discovery 
GMR was discovered in layers iron, chrome and ferrite by Peter Grünbergs research team of the Jülich Research Centre (Germany) in 1988. Peter Grünberg owns a patent for the technology. It was also discovered by Albert Ferts research group of the University of Paris-Sud (France) in layers ferrite and chrome. The Fert group were first to see what they thought of as a large effect which is why they gave the name "Giant". The Fert group were also first to explain the correct physics of GMR. The discovery was the beginning of the science spintronics. Grünberg and Fert have been given prizes and awards, including the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics, for this discovery and other spintronics work.

Types of GMR

Multilayer GMR 
In multilayer GMR, two or more magnetic layers are separated by a very thin (about 1 nm) non-magnetic (insulating) layer. Ferrite, a form of iron, is a magnetic layer and chrome is an insulating layer. At certain thickness, the strength of magnetism between the layers becomes easy to measure and adjust. The strength of electrical current between the layers can change by up to 10%.

The GMR effect was first observed in stacks of 10 or more layers.

Spin valve GMR 
In spin valve GMR, two magnetic layers are separated by a thin (~3 nm) non-magnetic (insulating) layer. It is possible to measure and adjust the strength of magnetism between these layers.

It is hoped that research into spinning electrons will improve spin valves. 

Materials used in spin valves are copper and an alloy of nickel and iron. 

Spin valve GMR is the most useful sort for hard drives and is tested carefully to meet industry standards.

Granular GMR 
Granular GMR is an effect found in copper containing grains of cobalt. It is not possible to control the strength of granular GMR in the same manner as Multilayer GMR.

Use of GMR 
GMR is used in modern hard drives and magnetic sensors. Another use of the GMR effect is in magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM). GMR has begun a new science of electronics called spintronics.

Related pages
 Hard disk
 Magnet
 Quantum mechanics

References

Other websites
 Giant Magnetoresistance: The Really Big Idea Behind a Very Tiny Tool  National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
Presentation of GMR-technique (IBM Research) 
Nobel prize in physics 2007 - Scientific background
Scientific background

Physics
Electronics
Hard drives
Quantum mechanics
Grigoris Georgatos (born 31 October 1972) is a former Greek football player. He has played for Greece national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="5"|Panachaiki||rowspan="3"|Alpha Ethniki||30||4
|-
|1992/93||26||3
|-
|1993/94||28||5
|-
|1994/95||Beta Ethniki||26||7
|-
|1995/96||Alpha Ethniki||10||3
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="4"|Olympiacos||rowspan="4"|Alpha Ethniki||17||2
|-
|1996/97||33||6
|-
|1997/98||30||2
|-
|1998/99||26||12

|-
|1999/00||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||28||2

|-
|2000/01||Olympiacos||Alpha Ethniki||20||5

|-
|2001/02||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||10||1

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|AEK Athens||rowspan="2"|Alpha Ethniki||23||1
|-
|2003/04||6||5
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="4"|Olympiacos||rowspan="3"|Alpha Ethniki||13||1
|-
|2004/05||25||3
|-
|2005/06||22||1
|-
|2006/07||Super League||8||0
343||61
38||3
381||64
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1995||4||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||6||0
|-
|1998||5||0
|-
|1999||11||3
|-
|2000||7||0
|-
|2001||2||0
|-
!Total||35||3
|}

References

1972 births
Living people
Greek footballers
Angelos Charisteas (born 9 February 1980) is a Greek football player. He plays for Nürnberg and Greece national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Aris Thessaloniki||rowspan="2"|Alpha Ethniki||9||2
|-
|1998/99||12||4
|-
|1998/99||Athinaikos||Beta Ethniki||7||1
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Aris Thessaloniki||rowspan="3"|Alpha Ethniki||19||1
|-
|2000/01||28||8
|-
|2001/02||19||4

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||31||9
|-
|2003/04||24||4
|-
|2004/05||11||5

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Ajax||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||13||4
|-
|2005/06||17||8
|-
|2006/07||1||0
|-
|2006/07||Feyenoord Rotterdam||Eredivisie||28||9

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Nürnberg||Bundesliga||22||6
|-
|2008/09||2. Bundesliga||14||1
|-
|2008/09||Bayer Leverkusen||Bundesliga||13||1
|-
|2009/10||Nürnberg||Bundesliga||||
94||20
95||20
59||21
248||61
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2001||7||4
|-
|2002||6||0
|-
|2003||10||3
|-
|2004||15||6
|-
|2005||10||1
|-
|2006||7||1
|-
|2007||6||2
|-
|2008||12||6
|-
|2009||8||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||81||23
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Greek footballers
Bogdan Stelea (born 5 December 1967) is a former Romanian football player. He has played for Romania national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="6"|Dinamo Bucureşti||rowspan="6"|Divizia A||1||0
|-
|1987/88||9||0
|-
|1988/89||29||0
|-
|1989/90||22||0
|-
|1990/91||26||0
|-
|1991/92||11||0

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="2"|Mallorca||La Liga||27||0
|-
|1992/93||Segunda División||25||0

|-
|1993/94||Standard Liège||First Division||3||0

|-
|1993/94||Rapid Bucureşti||Divizia A||13||0

|-
|1994/95||Samsunspor||First League||31||0

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Steaua Bucureşti||rowspan="2"|Divizia A||25||0
|-
|1996/97||32||0

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="5"|Salamanca||rowspan="2"|La Liga||30||0
|-
|1998/99||33||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Segunda División||28||0
|-
|2000/01||14||0
|-
|2001/02||3||0

|-
|2001/02||Rapid Bucureşti||Divizia A||10||0

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Salamanca||rowspan="2"|Segunda División||36||0
|-
|2003/04||38||0

|-
|2004/05||Dinamo Bucureşti||Divizia A||13||0

|-
|2005/06||Akratitos||Alpha Ethniki||14||0

|-
|2005/06||Oţelul Galaţi||Divizia A||0||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Unirea Voluntari Urziceni||rowspan="2"|Liga I||9||0
|-
|2007/08||28||0
|-
|2008/09||Braşov||Liga I||23||0
251||0
234||0
3||0
31||0
14||0
533||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1988||1||0
|-
|1989||1||0
|-
|1990||4||0
|-
|1991||1||0
|-
|1992||6||0
|-
|1993||1||0
|-
|1994||11||0
|-
|1995||6||0
|-
|1996||6||0
|-
|1997||7||0
|-
|1998||12||0
|-
|1999||7||0
|-
|2000||9||0
|-
|2001||8||0
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||2||0
|-
|2004||4||0
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
!Total||91||0
|}

References

1967 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
Sportspeople from Bucharest
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He managed for Japan women's national team.

Biography
Suzuki was born in Saitama on April 29, 1947. After graduating from Rikkyo University, he played for Nissan Motors from 1972 to 1974.

From 1975, Suzuki became coach for Nissan Motors. He managed for Nissan Motors (1985) and Nissan FC Ladies (1987–1989).

In 1989, he became manager for Japan women's national team. He managed 3 world tournament, 1991, 1995 World Cup and 1996 Summer Olympics. In Asia, Japan won the 2nd place 4 times, AFC Women's Championship (1991, 1995) and Asian Games (1990, 1994). He resigned after 1996 Summer Olympics and Satoshi Miyauchi became a new manager.

In August 1996, he became manager for Nikko Securities Dream Ladies and won the Nadeshiko League champions for 3 years in a row to 1998. However the club was disbanded due to financial strain end of 1998 season.

In June 1999, Japan under manager Miyauchi was defeated in group stage at 1999 World Cup and failure to qualify for 2000 Summer Olympics. After 1999 World Cup, Suzuki became a manager for Japan national team again and managed Japan at 1999 AFC Women's Championship in November. Japan finished at the 4th place and he resigned end of the championship.

References

Other websites

1947 births
Living people
Footballers from Saitama Prefecture
Japanese football managers
Yokohama F. Marinos players
Japan women's national football team managers
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team. He also managed Japan women's national team.

Biography
Ikeda was born in Shizuoka Prefecture on January 5, 1962. After graduating from Shizuoka Gakuen High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nissan Motors in 1980. The club won the 1983 and 1985 Emperor's Cup. From 1988 to 1990, the club won all three major titles in Japan: the Japan Soccer League, the JSL Cup, and the Emperor's Cup, for two years in a row. The club also won the 1989 Emperor's Cup. He moved to Matsushita Electric in 1990. The club won the 1990 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1992.

On June 4, 1985, Ikeda debuted for the Japan national team against Malaysia.

After retirement, Ikeda started coaching career at Gamba Osaka (former Matsushita Electric) in 1992. In 1998, he became a manager for Nadeshiko League club Matsushita Electric Panasonic Bambina and managed until 1999. In 2000, he became a manager for Japan women's national team. He managed at 2001 AFC Women's Championship and Japan won the 2nd place. He managed until April 2002. He also managed Japan U-20 women's national team for 2002 U-19 Women's World Championship. After that, he managed Gunma FC Horikoshi (2003-2004) and Zweigen Kanazawa (2007-2008).

Statistics

|-
|1980||rowspan="10"|Nissan Motors||JSL Division 1||0||0
|-
|1981||JSL Division 2||||
|-
|1982||rowspan="8"|JSL Division 1||1||0
|-
|1983||11||0
|-
|1984||16||0
|-
|1985/86||14||0
|-
|1986/87||11||0
|-
|1987/88||15||0
|-
|1988/89||1||0
|-
|1989/90||0||0
|-
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|Matsushita Electric||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||3||0
|-
|1991/92||0||0
72+||0+
72+||0+
|}

|-
|1985||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

Other websites

1962 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
Yokohama F. Marinos players
Gamba Osaka players
Japan women's national football team managers
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team. He also managed Japan women's national team.

Biography
Miyauchi was born in Tokyo Metropolis on November 26, 1959. After graduating from Teikyo High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric in 1978. Initially, he could not play in many games for injury. In 1982, the club won JSL Cup. From 1983, he played as regular player and the club won 1985/86 Japan Soccer League and 1986 JSL Cup. He was also selected Best Eleven in 1985/86 and 1986/87. In Asia, the club won 1986 Asian Club Championship. This is first Asian champions as Japanese club. He retired in 1988. He played 114 games and scored 6 goals in the league.

In August 1979, Miyauchi was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1979 World Youth Championship. But he did not play in the match. On September 30, 1984, he debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea. He played at 1986 World Cup qualification, 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics qualification. He played 20 games for Japan until 1987.

After retirement, in 1989, Miyauchi became a manager for Nadeshiko League club Prima Ham FC Kunoichi. The club won 1994 Empress's Cup, 1995 Nadeshiko League and 1997 Nadeshiko League Cup. He resigned in 1997. In 1997, he also became a manager for Japan women's national team. He managed at 1997 AFC Women's Championship and 1998 Asian Games. Japan won the 3rd place at both tournament. In 1999, he managed at 1999 World Cup. However Japan was defeated in group stage and failure to qualify for 2000 Summer Olympics. This helped to cause with economic stagnation the withdrawal of a series of teams from the Nadeshiko League. Japanese women's football was on the verge of decline. He resigned after 1999 World Cup.

Statistics

|-
|1978||rowspan="10"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="10"|JSL Division 1||1||0
|-
|1979||10||1
|-
|1980||3||1
|-
|1981||3||0
|-
|1982||4||1
|-
|1983||16||2
|-
|1984||18||1
|-
|1985/86||21||0
|-
|1986/87||18||0
|-
|1987/88||20||0
114||6
114||6
|}

|-
|1984||1||0
|-
|1985||8||0
|-
|1986||6||0
|-
|1987||5||0
|-
!Total||20||0
|}

References

Other websites

1959 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japanese football managers
Japan Soccer League players
JEF United Chiba players
Japan women's national football team managers
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Nishizawa was born in Shizuoka on June 18, 1976. After graduating from Shimizu Higashi High School, he joined J1 League club Cerezo Osaka in 1995. He moved to Spanish club Espanyol in December 2000. In July 2001, he moved to English club Bolton Wanderers. During his brief spell playing Bolton Wanderers, he is best remembered for scoring a dramatic late equaliser against Walsall in the League Cup. In 2002, he returned to Cerezo Osaka was relegated to J2 League from 2002. The club won the 2nd place in 2002 and was promoted to J1 League. In 2006, the club was relegated to J2 League. He moved to his local club Shimizu S-Pulse in 2007. He returned to Cerezo Osaka in 2009 and he retired end of 2009 season.

On May 21, 1997, he debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea. Although he played 4 games and scored 2 goals at 1998 World Cup qualification in 1997, he was not selected Japan for 1998 World Cup. In 2000, he played for Japan for the first time in 3 years. At 2000 Asian Cup in October, he played all 6 games and scored 5 goals. Japan won the champions. At 2001 Confederations Cup, he also played 4 games and scored 1 goals. Japan won the 2nd place. He was selected Japan for 2002 World Cup and played 1 game. This match was his last game for Japan. He played 29 games and scored 10 goals for Japan until 2002.

Statistics

|-
|1995||Cerezo Osaka||J1 League||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0

|-
|1995/96||Volendam||Eerste Divisie||0||0||||||||||0||0

|-
|1996||rowspan="5"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="5"|J1 League||14||3||2||0||11||5||17||8
|-
|1997||19||7||2||1||2||2||23||10
|-
|1998||32||7||1||0||4||1||37||8
|-
|1999||30||11||2||4||3||2||35||17
|-
|2000||29||15||0||0||3||2||32||17

|-
|2000/01||Espanyol||La Liga||6||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0

|-
|2001||Cerezo Osaka||J1 League||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

|-
|2001/02||Bolton Wanderers||Premier League||0||0||0||0||3||1||3||1

|-
|2002||rowspan="5"|Cerezo Osaka||J2 League||34||8||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||8
|-
|2003||rowspan="4"|J1 League||24||7||5||1||4||1||33||9
|-
|2004||29||8||1||0||5||1||35||9
|-
|2005||28||10||2||0||8||4||38||14
|-
|2006||33||8||1||0||6||4||40||12
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="2"|J1 League||22||0||3||2||6||1||31||3
|-
|2008||21||5||0||0||8||2||29||7
|-
|2009||Cerezo Osaka||J2 League||18||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||1
333||90||20||8||60||25||413||123
0||0||||||||||0||0
6||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
0||0||0||0||3||1||3||1
339||90||22||8||63||26||424||124
|}

|-
|1997||5||2
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||11||6
|-
|2001||8||1
|-
|2002||5||1
|-
!Total||29||10
|}

References

Other websites

1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Cerezo Osaka players
Shimizu S-Pulse players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2001 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2000 AFC Asian Cup players
AFC Asian Cup-winning players
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Ozaki was born in Tokyo Metropolis on March 7, 1960. After graduating from Nihon University High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors in 1978. In 1978, the club won all three major title in Japan; Japan Soccer League, JSL Cup and Emperor's Cup. The club also won 1980 Emperor's Cup, 1981 JSL Cup and 1982 Japan Soccer League. He was also selected "Japanese Footballer of the Year awards" in 1982.

In July 1983, Ozaki moved to Germany and joined Arminia Bielefeld. He was the second Japanese to play in the Bundesliga after Yasuhiko Okudera. In 1985, Arminia Bielefeld was relegated to 2. Bundesliga. From 1988, he played at St. Pauli (1988–89) and Düsseldorf (1989–90).

In 1990, Ozaki returned to Japan and joined Mitsubishi Motors (later Urawa Reds). He moved to Verdy Kawasaki in 1993. He retired in 1994.

In August 1979, Ozaki was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1979 World Youth Championship. He played in 3 matches as captain. On February 8, 1981, he debuted for the Japan national team against Malaysia. He played at 1982 Asian Games. He played 17 games and scored 3 goals for Japan until 1983. After he moved to Germany in 1983, he was not selected Japan.

Statistics

|-
|1978||rowspan="6"|Mitsubishi Motors||rowspan="6"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1979||||||||||||||||
|-
|1980||||||||||||||||
|-
|1981||10||5||||||||||10||5
|-
|1982||18||8||2||2||2||3||22||13
|-
|1983||10||4||0||0||0||0||10||4

|-
|1983/84||rowspan="5"|Arminia Bielefeld||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||33||5||2||1||colspan="2"|-||35||6
|-
|1984/85||23||4||1||1||colspan="2"|-||24||5
|-
|1985/86||rowspan="3"|2. Bundesliga||28||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||29||3
|-
|1986/87||13||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||14||3
|-
|1987/88||16||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||17||3
|-
|1988/89||St. Pauli||Bundesliga||6||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|1989/90||Düsseldorf||||||||||||||||||

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|Mitsubishi Motors||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||6||1||2||3||0||0||8||4
|-
|1991/92||9||1||||||1||0||10||1
|-
|1992||Urawa Reds||J1 League||colspan="2"|-||2||0||4||1||6||1
|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="2"|J1 League||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|1994||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
80||20||6||5||7||4||93||29
119||18||6||2||colspan="2"|-||125||20
199||38||12||7||7||4||218||49
|}

|-
|1981||9||2
|-
|1982||7||1
|-
|1983||1||0
|-
!Total||17||3
|}

References

Other websites

1960 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
Japan Soccer League players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
Tokyo Verdy players
Dario Šimić (born 21 November 1975) is a retired Croatian football player. He played for Monaco.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="7"|Croatia Zagreb||rowspan="7"|Prva HNL||6||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|1993/94||19||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||19||2
|-
|1994/95||22||1||colspan="2"|-||1||0||23||1
|-
|1995/96||26||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||26||2
|-
|1996/97||25||6||colspan="2"|-||4||1||29||7
|-
|1997/98||29||2||colspan="2"|-||9||1||38||3
|-
|1998/99||13||1||colspan="2"|-||8||0||21||1

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="4"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="4"|Serie A||15||2||6||0||6||0||27||2
|-
|1999/00||19||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||22||1
|-
|2000/01||18||0||2||0||4||1||24||1
|-
|2001/02||12||0||1||0||8||0||21||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="6"|Milan||rowspan="6"|Serie A||29||1||3||0||13||0||45||1
|-
|2003/04||10||0||6||0||2||0||18||0
|-
|2004/05||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2005/06||15||0||4||0||2||0||21||0
|-
|2006/07||22||0||6||0||6||0||34||0
|-
|2007/08||4||0||2||0||1||0||7||0

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Monaco||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||27||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||30||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
140||14||colspan="2"|-||22||2||162||16
146||4||34||0||42||1||222||5
27||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||30||0
313||18||37||0||64||3||414||21
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1996||5||0
|-
|1997||8||0
|-
|1998||13||1
|-
|1999||7||0
|-
|2000||5||0
|-
|2001||8||0
|-
|2002||6||0
|-
|2003||10||1
|-
|2004||8||0
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||11||1
|-
|2007||9||0
|-
|2008||5||0
|-
!Total||100||3
|}

References

1975 births
Living people
Croatian footballers
Sportspeople from Zagreb
Gabriela Montero (born 10 May 1970) is a Venezuelan classical pianist.

Life
Gabriela Montero was born in Caracas, Venezuela.  She first played the piano in public when she was five.  When she was eight she played with the Venezuelan Youth Orchestra conducted by José Antonio Abreu.  She was given a scholarship from the Venezuelan government to study in the USA.  When she was twelve she won the Baldwin National Competition and AMSA Young Artist International Piano Competition, performing Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No.1 with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra.

She studied at the Royal Academy of Music in London. Gabriela has won international prizes including the Bronze Medal at the 13th International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw in 1995.
     
Gabriela has played in recitals all over the world.  She is also a very good improviser.

Gabriela played at Barack Obama's presidential inauguration on 20 January 2009 together with the cellist Yo-Yo Ma, the violinist Itzhak Perlman, and clarinetist Anthony McGill.  Together they performed "Air and Simple Gifts," a new arrangement by John Williams based on the Shaker hymn Simple Gifts.

Other websites
 Gabriela Montero official website

References

1970 births
Venezuelan entertainers
Pianists
Living people
People from Caracas
Anthony McGill is an American clarinetist. He is the principal clarinetist for the Metropolitan Opera.

Early life and education 
McGill grew up in Chicago, Illinois. He went to the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He teaches at the Peabody Institute at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.

Career 
Together with Itzhak Perlman (violin), Yo-Yo Ma (cello), and Gabriela Montero (piano), he recorded and performed "Air and Simple Gifts" by John Williams, for Barack Obama's inauguration ceremony on January 20, 2009.

References

Other websites
Anthony McGill biography  at the Peabody Institute

American clarinetists
Musicians from Chicago
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
The State Anthem of the Russian Federation (), sometimes just called the Anthem of Russia (), is the name of the national anthem of Russia. First used in 2001, its music is the same as that of the former national anthem of the Soviet Union, which was written by Alexander Alexandrov in 1938. The words were newly written by Sergey Mikhalkov in 2000, who also wrote the words for the Soviet national anthem back in 1943.

History of Russian anthems 
What is today the Russian Federation has had several different anthems over the years. The earliest of these, called Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble! () was used in the late 18th to early 19th century. In 1816, the Russian Empire adopted The Prayer of the Russians (), whose melody was that of the British anthem God Save the King. This anthem was used until 1833, when a new composition called God Save the Tsar! () was chosen by Nicholas I, but did not became popular until 1837. Its melody became used in classical music such as Beethoven's Wellington's Victory and Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture.

God Save the Tsar! continued to be the national anthem until the February Revolution in March 1917, when an adaptation of the French national anthem, known as the Worker's Marseillaise (), was used for a short time. Later that year, when the October Revolution happened, the Bolsheviks adopted a Russian translation of The Internationale, which became the national anthem of the Soviet Union when it was founded in 1922. This was replaced by the State Anthem of the Soviet Union with Alexandrov's music and Mikhalkov's lyrics in 1944. The lyrics were removed in 1953 after the death of Joseph Stalin, but a new set of lyrics were added in 1977.

While the republics of the Soviet Union had their own anthems during this time, the Russian SFSR did not, instead using the Soviet national anthem. However, in 1990, the Russian SFSR adopted a composition by Mikhail Glinka, known as Patrioticheskaya Pesnya (), as its state anthem. There were never any official words to this song. After the Soviet Union broke down in 1991, the president of the newly-formed Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, continued to use Patrioticheskaya Pesnya as the country's national anthem. When he was replaced by Vladimir Putin in 2000, the new president began to push for the melody of the old Soviet anthem to be brought back. Finally, in December of that year, the State Duma voted in favour of the music of the Soviet anthem, together with new lyrics by Mikhalkov, to be adopted as the national anthem, and the new anthem was performed for the first time during a ceremony at the Great Kremlin Palace just before the New Year.

Official lyrics

Russian words

Meaning in English

References

Russia
National anthems
Newton's universal law of gravitation is a physical law that describes the attraction between two objects with mass. It is talked about in Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. The law is part of classical mechanics. 

The formula is

In this equation:
  is the total gravitational force between the two objects.
  is the gravitational constant.
  is the mass of the first object.
  is the mass of the second object.
  is the distance between the centers of the objects.

In SI units,  is measured in newtons (N),  and  in kilograms (kg),  in metres (m), and the constant  is approximately equal to .

References 

Mechanics
Campagna is a small town in the region of Campania in Italy.

The town, located in a mountainous district, gradually lost importance in the 20th century. All its district offices have been moved to other cities since the 1930s, and the Diocese of Campagna merged with the Archdiocese of Salerno in 1973.

During World War II, Campagna was the site of an internment camp. The Bishop Giuseppe Maria Palatucci turned the camp into a shelter for Italian and foreign Jews, many of them sent there for protection by his nephew Giovanni Palatucci; Giovanni was later honored as a Righteous Among the Nations by the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial.

References

Towns in Italy
Settlements in Campania
A Denial-of-Service attack (DoS) is when someone arranges for multiple computers to open a website. This then stops the ability for everyone else to access the website as there is too much traffic flowing to it. People who have slower internet connections, such as dial-up, are affected more by attacks.

Types
There are different kinds of DoS attacks:
 Flood attack - This is when a system gets too much internet traffic (people trying to connect to it). The traffic uses bandwidth and the internet servers slow down and eventually stop.
 Logic and software attacks - Internet packets are sent that are supposed to use bugs in the software or system. These attacks are easier to defend against because firewall or software patches usually correct the problem.
 Distributed Denial-of-Service attack - This type of attack uses either flood attacks or logic attacks, but it uses many different computers under the attacker's control (see Botnet). This type of attack is one of the most often used, and usually against company websites. This type of attack is often the hardest to prevent, track, and stop.

History
In the 1990s and early 2000s, many web companies were hit by DoS attacks. For example, Microsoft was affected by DoS attacks in early 2001. Many users were unable to access the Microsoft website and many Microsoft services. On June 10, 2014, Evernote was targeted by a DDoS attack for 24 hours.

References

Malware
Patrick Layton "Pat" Paulsen (July 6, 1927 – April 24, 1997) was an American comedian and actor. His longest-running role was as a frequent "candidate" for President of the United States.

Paulsen was born in South Bend, Washington. Paulsen had served in the United States Marines during World War II. After the war, he went to college, and worked a variety of jobs (as a salesman, an , a truck driver, and others) before starting a comedy  with his brother. After the troupe broke up, Paulsen started performing on his own. He played at many of the same  as the Smothers Brothers, before they became famous.

After the Smothers Brothers began a television variety show (The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour) in 1967, they invited Paulsen to join their regular cast. He wrote  for the show, and also appeared on camera in different roles. He began a series of mock editorials, that became very popular, by both poking fun at extremist opinions, and giving people reasons to think and talk about important issues (the First Amendment, gun control, drugs, and other matters). Hundreds of viewers wrote to CBS, who broadcast the Comedy Hour, to ask for copies of the editorials.

During 1968 (an election year in the United States), Paulsen began a pretend "campaign" for President, and used the campaign to show the humor and irony in American politics. He did many of the things a real candidate would do, making public appearances, giving speeches, granting media interviews, and making his "stand on the issues" well known. When Election Day came, people in many places around the United States really did vote for Paulsen, as a  candidate, because they were not satisfied with what the real candidates (Republican Richard M. Nixon, Democrat Hubert Humphrey, Alabama governor George Wallace, and others) promised to do as President.

After The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour ended in 1969, Paulsen continued to work as a comedian and actor. Instead of just making people laugh, he often drew their attention to problems in American society, such as pollution, prejudice, and poor government. During the 1970s, he bought the Cherry County Playhouse, a theater in Traverse City, Michigan that showed .

Paulsen sometimes reunited with the Smothers Brothers, and usually staged another pretend campaign every election year. In 1992 he chose singer Tiny Tim as his , to become his Vice President. Paulsen died on April 24, 1997 from pneumonia from complications of brain and colon cancer, during medical treatment in Tajuana, Mexico, he was 69 years old. He is survived by his wife Noma Paulsen.

Other websites

1927 births
1997 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from brain cancer
Deaths from colorectal cancer 
American movie actors
1992 United States presidential candidates
Comedians from Washington
American television actors
Actors from Washington
Laugh-In was an American television series, which ran on NBC from 1968 until 1974. Its hosts were comedians Dan Rowan and Dick Martin. The show's name came from a trend of naming public events with an "-In", such as the Human Be-In of 1967.

Begun as a one-time television , the first Laugh-In was so popular that it became a regular show in 1968. Hosts Rowan and Martin dressed in tuxedos, and played  to the other performers on the show. Radio host Gary Owens played the show's . Producers George Schlatter and Ed Friendly worked behind the scenes, and did not appear on camera.

Laugh-In featured " humor", with most of its comedy based on current events. The show mocked contemporary trends and fashions, and imitated popular styles of the time. Regular features were "the Party", where performers told  about current issues in a party setting, "Laugh-In Looks at the News", a mock news broadcast, and the "Joke Wall", where the cast ran from door to door in a specially-built wall, and told old jokes. The show also used , including "Sock it to me!", "You bet your bippy!" and "Look that up in your !"

The show featured a large cast of performers, including many who were new to television. These included Goldie Hawn, Arte Johnson, Lily Tomlin, Henry Gibson, Ruth Buzzi, Dave Madden, Joanne Worley, Alan Sues, Chelsea Brown, Judy Carne and others. Several of the performers went on to longtime comedy and acting careers. British actor Jeremy Lloyd and Hogan's Heroes cast members Richard Dawson and Larry Hovis also appeared on the show for a time.

Guests on Laugh-In included Tiny Tim, The Monkees, Ringo Starr, and other famous singers and actors. Some were veterans of , while others were newly famous, or became famous partly through appearing on the show. Dewey "Pigmeat" Markham, an African-American comedian not known to white audiences, was first imitated on the show by Sammy Davis, Jr., then appeared himself, becoming a surprise hit with the same Judge routine he had played for years on the "chitlin' circuit". ("Here come the Judge!" became another show catchphrase.) Richard M. Nixon appeared in a short segment on the show, when he was campaigning for President of the United States, and some people believed this helped him get elected.

The series became less popular as time went on, and ended in 1974, with the show's producers explaining that they had "run out of things to parody" (make fun of). A reunion special in 1979 led to a short revival of the show as a "summer replacement" series, featuring guests like Robin Williams.

1960s television series
Comedy
NBC network shows
English-language television programs
Red algae are members of the phylum Rhodophyta. This is a large group of aquatic algae with about 6000 species. The red algae have reddish phycobilin pigments—phycoerythrin and phycocyanin. 

The red algae form a distinct group. They have eukaryotic cells without flagella and centrioles. Their chloroplasts  lack external endoplasmic reticulum. These chloroplasts have unstacked (stroma) thylakoids. Phycobiliproteins are accessory pigments, which give them their red color. What these pigments do is the same as what chlorophyll does: absorb sunlight as energy, which is then used to fuel the building of organic compounds.

Red algae store sugars as a type of starch  outside their plastids. 

Most red algae are also multicellular, macroscopic, marine, and reproduce sexually. The red algal life history is typically an alternation of generations that may have three generations rather than two.

Chloroplasts evolved following an endosymbiotic event between an ancestral, photosynthetic cyanobacterium and an early eukarytoic phagotroph.

Most species grow near tropical and subtropical shores below the low-tide mark. A few are found in fresh water. Red algae is used to make the food Nori.

References 

Algae
Gilan is a small province in Iran. It covers about 1% of the total area of Iran (14711 kms). Guilan has a population of 2,410,523 and the population density is 172 people per square kilometer. There are many cities in Guilan, including Rasht (at its center), Lahidjan, Anzali, and Rudsar. The Caspian Sea borders the North of Guilan.

Foods 
 Rice
 Orange
 Roe

Castles 
 Bandebon Castle
 Rudkhan Castle

References

Other websites
The 2005 Azores subtropical storm was a type of tropical cyclone in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm was not named by the National Hurricane Center, because it was not found until after the season ended. The storm formed in the Atlantic Ocean, and it became a "subtropical cyclone" on October 4. The storm did not last a long time. It passed over the Azores, and it stopped being a subtropical cyclone on October 5. What was left of the storm went on to become Hurricane Vince. After the hurricane season ended, the National Hurricane Center checked to make sure they did not miss any storms during the year. Some forecasters found this storm, which was not noticed while it was active.

Meteorological history

The system formed from a weather system to the west of the Canary Islands on September 28. The weather system gained strength over the next few days. On October 3, it became a type of low pressure system. Thunderstorms around the storm began to become more active, and it then became a type of cyclone that is called a "subtropical depression".
At about the same time, the depression turned towards the northeast and gained strength. It became a subtropical storm, which is stronger than a subtropical depression. The storm gained a bit more strength later that day. It then moved across the Azores, and began to weaken. The storm weakened slightly as it moved to the north-northeast. The storm died out on October 5. What was left of the storm later became Subtropical Storm Vince.

Effects and records
High winds were reported in parts of the Azores because of the storm. The strongest winds were on Santa Maria Island,  where there was a gust of  59 mph (94 km/h). Ponta Delgada also saw 52 mph (85 km/h) wind gusts. There was no damage and there were no deaths. The storm was not said to be a subtropical storm until the National Hurricane Center found it on April 10, 2006. Every year, the National Hurricane Center checks to make sure they did not miss any storms during the past tropical storm season. If the storm was found when it was active, it would have been named "Tammy".

Related pages
Atlantic hurricane
2005 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites
 NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on the storm

Subtropical cyclones
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
October 2005 events
KH Abdurrahman Wahid (September 7, 1940 — December 30, 2009), called  Gus Dur, was the president of Indonesia from October 20, 1999 to July 23, 2001. He was the first elected president after the end of the Suharto government. He was removed from office in 2001 on charges of being corrupt.

He was buried in Jombang, East Java, where a crowd of about 5,000 people went to the funeral. He had been very ill for a long time and was blind.

Early life
Wahid was born in Jombang, East Java, in 1940. His grandfather started Indonesia's biggest Muslim organization, the Nahdlatul Ulama, or NU. His father was the first Indonesian minister of religious affairs. The family moved to Jakarta in 1944. In 1959 he went back to Jombang, where he became a teacher and later a school principal. In 1963 he won a scholarship to go to Egypt and study at al-Azhar University in Cairo. He later studied in Baghdad and in the Netherlands. He returned to Indonesia in 1971 and worked as a journalist.

References

1940 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Deaths from coronary artery disease
Deaths from kidney disease
Muslims
Presidents of Indonesia
Short Ee (Й, й) is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [j]. It is an И with a breve on top.

It is used in the Russian alphabet, where it is called И краткое (I kratkoye or "short I"), in the Ukrainian alphabet, where it is called Йот, (Yot) or Ий (Yi, sounded like [y]), in the Bulgarian alphabet, where it is called И кратко (I kratko or "short I"), and in the Belarusian alphabet.

In Serbian, Macedonian and Azeri, Ј is used instead of Й.

Related pages
 I (Cyrillic)
 Je (Cyrillic)
Robert Prosinečki (born 12 January 1969) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for Yugoslavia national team and Croatia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1986/87||Dinamo Zagreb||First League||2||1
|-
|1987/88||rowspan="4"|Red Star Belgrade||rowspan="4"|First League||23||4
|-
|1988/89||33||4
|-
|1989/90||32||5
|-
|1990/91||29||11

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="3"|Real Madrid||rowspan="3"|La Liga||3||1
|-
|1992/93||29||3
|-
|1993/94||23||6
|-
|1994/95||Real Oviedo||La Liga||30||5
|-
|1995/96||Barcelona||La Liga||19||2
|-
|1996/97||Sevilla||La Liga||20||4

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Croatia Zagreb||rowspan="2"|Prva HNL||16||5
|-
|1998/99||15||4
|-
|1999/00||Dinamo Zagreb||Prva HNL||19||5
|-
|2000/01||Hrvatski dragovoljac||Prva HNL||4||1

|-
|2000/01||Standard Liège||First Division||20||4

|-
|2001/02||Portsmouth||First Division||33||9

|-
|2002/03||Olimpija Ljubljana||Slovenian PrvaLiga||23||3

|-
|2003/04||Zagreb||Prva HNL||26||5
119||25
124||21
80||20
20||4
33||9
23||3
399||57
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1989||5||1
|-
|1990||7||2
|-
|1991||3||1
|-
!Total||15||4
|}

|-
|1994||5||1
|-
|1995||5||2
|-
|1996||9||0
|-
|1997||7||1
|-
|1998||8||4
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||8||2
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
!Total||49||10
|}

References

1969 births
Living people
Croatian footballers
An Yong-Hak (; Hanja 安英學,  born 25 October 1978) is a North Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||39||3||2||2||colspan="2"|-||41||5
|-
|2003||29||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||1
|-
|2004||J. League 1||26||3||1||0||4||0||31||3
|-
|2005||Nagoya Grampus Eight||J. League 1||21||0||2||0||0||0||23||0

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Busan I'Park||rowspan="2"|K-League||17||2||1||0||12||1||30||3
|-
|2007||22||3||3||0||8||1||33||4
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="2"|K-League||4||0||1||0||5||0||10||0
|-
|2009||14||2||3||0||0||0||17||2

|-
|2010||Omiya Ardija||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
115||7||5||2||4||0||124||9
57||7||8||0||25||2||90||9
172||14||13||2||29||2||214||18
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||2||2
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||12||0
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||22||2
|}

References 

1978 births
Living people
North Korean footballers