cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Chinon is a French commune. It is in the west of the Indre-et-Loire department in the Centre-Val de Loire region, to the southwest of Paris, and is a subprefecture in the department. It is also the capital of the arrrondissement of Chinon and the administrative centre of the Chinon canton.

Chinon is in the valley of the Loire river, registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.

History
The historic town of Chinon is on the banks of the Vienne river about  from where it joins the Loire.

Geography
The city of Chinon is along the Vienne river, near the confluence with the Loire river. The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The distances from Chinon to other cities are:
 Paris, the national capital - ;
 Tours, the departmental capital - ;
 Strasbourg - ;
 Reims - ;
 Bordeaux - ;
 Toulouse - ;
 Montpellier - ;
 Lyon - ;
 Nantes - ;
 Marseille - .

The commune of Chinon is surrounded by the communes:

Climate
The climate of Chinon, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Chinon are known, in French, as Chinonais (women: Chinonaises).

With a population of 8,073, Chinon has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Chinon

Administration 
Chinon is a subprefecture of the Indre-et-Loire department, the capital of the arrondissement of Chinon and the administrative centre () of the canton of Chinon, with 34,893 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Chinon, Vienne et Loire ().

Gallery

References

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Indre-et-Loire department
 Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department

Other websites

 Ville de Chinon - Official website 

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Indre-et-Loire
The Pacific Ring of Fire is an arc around the Pacific Ocean where many volcanoes and earthquakes are formed. The area is also called the Pacific Rim, a term which refers to the coastal areas of the countries round the Pacific.

About three quarters of the world's dormant volcanos and active volcanos are here. The ring is 40,000km long, and there are 452 volcanoes.

About 90% of the world's earthquakes and 81% of the world's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire. The next most seismic region (5–6% of earthquakes and 17% of the world's largest earthquakes) is the Alpide belt, which extends from Java to Sumatra through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and out into the Atlantic. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the third most prominent earthquake belt. 

The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics and the movement and collisions of crustal plates.

Volcanoes 
 Avachinsky-Koryaksky in Russia
 Barren Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India
 Bogoslof island in Alaska
 Chimborazo in Ecuador
 Cotopaxi in Ecuador
 Galeras in Colombia
 Glacier Peak in the US (Washington) 
 Irazu in Costa Rica
 Kelut in Indonesia
 Kilauea in the US (Hawaii)
 Krakatoa in Indonesia
 Lō'ihi Seamount in the US (Hawai'i)
 Mount Adams in US (Washington)
 Mount Baker in the US (Washington)
 Mount Fuji in Japan
 Mount Hood in the US (Oregon)
 Mount Lassen in the US (California)
 Mount Mayon in Albay in the Philippines
 Mount Merapi in Indonesia
 Mount Olympus in US (Washington)
 Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines
 Mount Rainier (Tahoma) in the US (Washington)
 Mount Slamet in Central Java, Indonesia
 Mount St Helens in US Washington
 Mauna Kea in US (Hawaii)
 Mauna Hualalai in US (Hawaii)
 Mauna Loa in the US (Hawaii)
 Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia
 Pacaya in Guatemala
 Parícutin in Mexico
 Popocatepetl in Mexico
 Redoubt in US (Alaska)
 Sakurajima in Japan
 Sinabung in Indonesia
 Taal in the Philippines
 Tambora in Indonesia
 Ulawun in Papua New Guinea
 Mount Unzen in Japan

References 

Pacific Ocean
Palenque (Bàak' in Modern Maya) is a Maya archeological site near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas. It is a medium-sized site, much smaller than large sites like Tikal or Copán. It does, however, contain good examples of architecture, sculpture, roof comb and bas-relief carvings of the Maya time.

References 

  (2005) The Inscriptions from Temple XIX at Palenque. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute.

Other websites 

 Maya Explorations Center.
 Unaahil B'aak: The Temples of Palenque (Wesleyan University)   - Contains a learning objects program, panoramas, 3D models, and glyphs and translations.
 Mesoweb's Palenque resources
 The Tablet Of The 96 Hieroglyphs
 The Ruins of Palenque: bilingual essay with audio
 Drawings of the Palenque site from the Antonio del Rio 1784 expedition
 Estimating Palenque's population on Mesoweb (PDF)

Maya civilization
World Heritage Sites in Mexico
Archaeological sites in Mexico
Chiapas
Jack Frasure Hyles (September 25, 1926 in Texas - February 6, 2001 in Indiana) was a important person in the independent Baptist movement. He was the pastor of the First Baptist Church of Hammond in Hammond, Indiana from 1959 until his death in 2001.

Other websites 

The Jack Hyles Home Page -- books, sermons, & links
Hyles Publications -- a publisher of books and bibles including many by Jack Hyles
JackHyles.net -- An unofficial Jack Hyles site with archival copies of books and sermons
Biblical Discernment Ministeries  -- criticism of Hyles

1926 births
2001 deaths
American Baptists
Christian ministers
People from Indiana
People from Texas
There is also a regularly-erupting geyser named Old Faithful near Calistoga, California.

Old Faithful is a cone geyser in Wyoming, in Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Old Faithful was named in 1870 during the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition and was the first geyser in the park to get a name.

Eruptions 

Eruptions can shoot 3,700 to 8,400 U.S. gallons (14–32 kL) of boiling water to a height of 106–184 feet (30–55 m) lasting from 1.5 to 5 minutes. The average height of an eruption is 145 feet (44 m).
Eruptions often occur about 90 minutes away from each other, but this difference in time can range from 45 to 125 minutes on occasion.
More than 137,000 eruptions have been recorded. Harry M. Woodward first described a mathematical relationship between the duration and intervals of the eruptions (1938).  Old Faithful is not the highest or biggest geyser in the park; that title belongs to the less predictable Steamboat Geyser.

Increasing interval 

Over the years, the length of the difference of time has increased, which may be the result of earthquakes changing underground water levels. These disruptions have made the earlier mathematical relationship inaccurate, but have in fact made Old Faithful more predictable. With an error of 10 minutes, Old Faithful will erupt 65 minutes after an eruption lasting less than 2.5 minutes or 92 minutes after an eruption lasting more than 2.5 minutes. The reliability of Old Faithful can be attributed to the fact that it is not connected to any other thermal features of the Upper Geyser Basin.

Measurement 

Between 1983 and 1994, four probes containing temperature and pressure measurement devices and video equipment were lowered into Old Faithful. The probes were lowered as deep as 72 feet (22 m). Temperature measurements of the water at this depth was 244 °F (118 °C), the same as was measured in 1942. The video probes were lowered to a maximum depth of 42 feet (13 m) to observe the conduit formation and the processes that took place in the conduit. Some of the processes observed include fog formation from the interaction of cool air from above mixing with heated air from below, the recharge processes of water entering into the conduit and expanding from below, and entry of superheated steam measuring as high as 265 °F (129 °C) into the conduit.

References

Other websites 
 Old Faithful Geyser Webcam
 Time Lapse movie of Old Faithful Geyser Webcam 
 
 Old Faithful information at the All Yellowstone site.
 Video Of Old Faithful  at Nationalgeographic.com
 Old Faithful Widget Dashboard / Konfabulator widget for Mac or Windows.
 

Wyoming
Geysers
The Odyssey is an ancient Greek epic poem by Homer.

Odyssey could also mean:

Literature 
 Odyssey (fictional town), the setting of the radio series Adventures in Odyssey
 Odyssey Writing Workshop, an annual workshop for writers
 The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel, an epic poem by Nikos Kazantzakis
 A book in the Isaac Asimov's Robot City series of novels

Gaming 
 Magnavox Odyssey, a video game console released in 1972
 Magnavox Odyssey², a video game console released in 1978
 Odyssey: The Compleat Apventure, a role-playing computer game released in 1980
 Odyssey (Magic: The Gathering), a card game expansion
 Odyssey: The Legend of Nemesis, a computer game based on the engine of Minotaur: The Labyrinths of Crete

Music 
 Odyssey (band)
 ARP Odyssey, an electronic music synthesizer

Albums 
 Odyssey (album), an album by Yngwie J. Malmsteen
 Odyssey (Fischerspooner album), an album by Fischerspooner
 Odyssey (Westenra album), an album by Hayley Westenra
 Odyssey: The Definitive Collection, an album by Vangelis
 The Odyssey (album), an album by Symphony X

Songs 
 "The Odyssey" (Incubus song)
 A song by Orgy on the album Vapor Transmission
 A song by KISS on the album Music from "The Elder"

Television

Channels 
 Odyssey (TV channel), a Canadian Greek-language television network
 Odyssey Channel, a defunct Australian television channel
 Hallmark Channel, a television network formerly known as the Odyssey Channel

Programming 
 The Odyssey (TV series), a 1992-1995 Canadian television series
 The Odyssey (TV miniseries), a 1997 American miniseries
 Odyssey 5, a science-fiction series premiering in 2002
 A season 8 episode of the TV series Lassie

Fictional spacecraft 
 A fictional spaceship in the Stargate universe
 A fictional starship in the Star Trek universe
 A fictional spaceship in the Ulysses 31 universe

Other meanings 
 Adventures in Odyssey, a Christian kids radio and video program
 Odyssey (Belfast), a sports and entertainment centre
 Odyssey (WBEZ), a radio talk show
 The Odyssey (apartment complex)
 2001 Mars Odyssey, an American spacecraft orbiting the planet Mars
 Honda Odyssey, a minivan
 Honda Odyssey (ATV), an all-terrain vehicle
 Star Trek: Odyssey, a Star Trek fan production
 Windows Odyssey, an unreleased version of the Microsoft Windows operating system
 The Command Module of the Apollo 13 space mission
The Province of Pesaro and Urbino () is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Pesaro.

The province is also known as "Riviera of Hills". It is mostly covered by hills and is popular for its beaches.

Geography

Pesaro and Urbino has an area of , the second largest province of the Marche after the Macerata province. The province is surrounded by the state of San Marino and Emilia-Romagna in the north, Umbria and Tuscany in the west, Ancona in the south and the Adriatic Sea on the east.

The main rivers in the province, from north to south, are (all of them flow to the east into the Adriatic Sea)ː
Conca - 47 km long; its mouth is between Cattolica and Misano Adriatico.
Foglia - 90 km long; its mouth is in Pesaro.
Metauro 121 km long; its mouth is in Fano.
Cesano - 62 km long; it forms partially the limit with the province of Ancona and its mouth is near Senigallia.

The highest mountain in the province is Monte Catria,() in the Apennines; it is  high.

Population
There are 360,711 persons living in the province (1 January 2017), for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population

Municipalities 
There are 54 municipalities (or comuni) in the province; they are:

 Acqualagna
 Apecchio
 Auditore
 Belforte all'Isauro
 Borgo Pace
 Cagli
 Cantiano
 Carpegna
 Cartoceto
 Colli al Metauro
 Fano
 Fermignano
 Fossombrone
 Fratte Rosa
 Frontino
 Frontone
 Gabicce Mare
 Gradara	
 Isola del Piano
 Lunano
 Macerata Feltria
 Mercatello sul Metauro
 Mercatino Conca
 Mombaroccio
 Mondavio
 Mondolfo
 Monte Cerignone
 Monte Grimano Terme
 Monte Porzio
 Montecalvo in Foglia
 Monteciccardo
 Montecopiolo
 Montefelcino
 Montelabbate
 Peglio
 Pergola	
 Pesaro
 Petriano
 Piandimeleto
 Pietrarubbia
 Piobbico
 San Costanzo
 San Lorenzo in Campo
 Sant'Angelo in Vado
 Sant'Ippolito
 Sassocorvaro
 Sassofeltrio
 Serra Sant'Abbondio
 Tavoleto
 Tavullia
 Terre Roveresche
 Urbania
 Urbino
 Vallefoglia

The largest comune is Urbino, with  and the smallest is Gabicce Mare, with . The comune with fewest people living in it is Frontino with 293 inhabitants.

Main comuni
The following table shows the 10 comuni with more inhabitants with their population, and their area and altitude.

Twinned and partner towns
The province of Pesaro and Urbino is twinned with:
 Wolfsburg, Germany

Gallery

Related pages
List of comuni of the Province of Pesaro and Urbino

References

Pesaro
Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall  (Camilla Rosemary; née Shand; formerly Parker Bowles; born 17 July 1947) is the second wife of Charles, Prince of Wales.

Early life 
She was born Camilla Rosemary Shand in King's College Hospital, London. She grew up in Sussex. She has a sister, Annabel Elliot (born 1949) and had a brother, Mark Shand (1951-2014).

From 1973 to 1995, she was married to Andrew Parker Bowles. They had two children.

Marriage to Prince Charles 
Prince Charles and Camilla married each other on 9 April 2005, and she started to be called Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall. When their engagement was announced, it was also said that she would not be known as The Princess of Wales. This was because Prince Charles' extremely popular first wife, Diana, Princess of Wales, held that title from 1981 until her death in 1997. The relationship between Camilla and Prince Charles began when they met at a polo match in 1970. Camilla was seen to be an unsuitable match for the future king. 

The Duchess now makes many visits, mostly in Great Britain — often with Prince Charles, but sometimes on her own. She lives at Clarence House, which is a part of St James's Palace in London (very close to Buckingham Palace). She lives there with Prince Charles and his sons, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry.

Family 
Camilla was married once before, to Andrew Parker Bowles — from 1973 until they divorced in 1995. The couple had a son, Tom and a daughter, Laura. Tom is married to Sara, and they have a daughter, Lola, born in 2007 and a son, Freddy, born in 2010. Laura is married to Harry Lopes, and has a daughter, Eliza, born in 2008 and two sons, Gus and Louis, born in 2009.

Titles 
 1947–1973: Miss Camilla Rosemary Shand
 1973–1995: Mrs Andrew Parker Bowles
 1995–2005: Mrs Camilla Parker Bowles
 2005–present: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall
 in Scotland: 2005–present: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Rothesay

She will not automatically become queen consort without approval of parliament.

References

House of Windsor
People from Sussex
Royalty from London
1947 births
Living people
Clarence House is the home of Charles, Prince of Wales in London. It is part of St James's Palace, and is on The Mall, close to Buckingham Palace (The Queen's home).

The Prince of Wales lives with his wife, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall there. The Prince of Wales' offices and staff are also based at Clarence House, and any announcements made by his staff are attributed to "Clarence House" as an entity, just like announcements from The Queen are said to be made by "Buckingham Palace".

Prince Charles has lived at Clarence House since 2003. The Queen Mother lived at Clarence House from 1953 (the year after the death of her husband (King George VI)) until 2002, when she died.

Buildings and structures in London
Royal residences in the United Kingdom
Heal's ("Heal and Sons Ltd") is a British department store furniture and furnishing store chain with six stores. The stores sell an upmarket range of furniture, lighting, accessories, home and garden-wares.

It was founded in 1810 by John Harris Heal and his son.  At first the company made beds.

The work of Sir Ambrose Heal made the company famous.  He worked there for 60 years, from 1893 to 1953.  Ambrose Heal was one of the group of designers, industrialists and business people who founded the Design and Industries Association in 1915.  Their slogan was "Nothing Need Be Ugly".

Other websites
 Heals website

References

Companies of the United Kingdom
1810 establishments in Europe
1810s establishments in the United Kingdom
Chain stores are retail stores which share a brand and central management, usually with standardized business methods and practices. They may all have the same owners or may be franchised. Many restaurants are also chains.

Related pages

 List of supermarkets, contains a number of chain stores

Business
Jefferson Parish is a parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Most of the suburbs of New Orleans are in this parish. Because of this Jefferson parish has the most population in the state.

Other websites 
Official website
Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office
Jefferson Parish Convention and Visitors Bureau - Tourism
Jefferson Parish Clerk of Court's Office
Jefferson Historical Society of Louisiana
East Jefferson Online Community  - current events, history and organizational information.

 
1825 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Louisiana
King's Lynn is a town and port in Norfolk, England. Over the years, the town has been known variously as Bishop's Lynn and Lynn Regis, while it is occasionally referred to by locals as simply Lynn—the Celtic word for lake. 

King's Lynn is the third largest settlement in Norfolk after the city of Norwich and the town of Great Yarmouth. Sandringham House, the Norfolk residence of the British Royal Family, is  north-east of King's Lynn.

Towns in Norfolk

Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Peterhof (or Petergof), meaning "Peter's Court" is a town in Saint Petersburg on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland. It has a population of about 65,000. It hosts one of two campuses of Saint Petersburg State University. A series of palaces and gardens, laid out on the orders of Peter the Great, and sometimes called the "Russian Versailles", is also there. The palace-ensemble along with the city center is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

In the time of Peter the Great, the sea floor just north of the Petergof site and to the east toward St. Petersburg was too shallow for commercial ships or warships. But to the west of Petergof, the sea floor dropped off to be deep enough for sea vessels. Accordingly, when Peter the Great decided to build St. Petersburg at the eastern end of the Gulf of Finland, he built the commercial harbor for St. Petersburg and the Kronstadt fort across the 20 kilometers (12 miles) of shallow sea to supply and defend his Navy.

Towns in Russia
Haltern am See (Haltern at the lake, before December 2001 only Haltern) is a town and a municipality in the district of Recklinghausen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is next to the Lippe River and the Wesel-Datteln Canal, approx. 15 km north of Recklinghausen.

Twin towns 
  Rochford, Essex, England
  Roost-Warendin, France
  Sankt Veit an der Glan, Austria

References

Other websites 
 Livius.org: Roman fortress Haltern 

Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia
Recklinghausen Rural District
Rapides Parish () is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 131,613. The parish seat is Alexandria. Rapides is the French spelling of "rapids" and is pronounced ra-PEEDS (I.P.A. [ɹæ.pid͜z]). 

The parish was created in 1807 after the United States bought this territory in the Louisiana Purchase.

References

Louisiana parishes
1807 establishments in the Territory of Orleans
Carl Frederick Tandberg (March 22, 1910 – August 26, 1988), was a bass fiddle musician who recorded with Glen Campbell and Frankie Ortega.

Biography
He was born in 1910 in Boston where his father, Thorvald Martin Tandberg I (1874-1970), managed a restaurant. Thorvald was born in Portland, Maine. Carl's mother was Alvilde Marie Naess (1875-1933) of Oslo, Norway. Carl married Alice Nazian Gonyer (1909-1992) of Orono, Maine in 1929 and they lived in Queens, New York. He worked with Shep Fields (1910-1981) and His Rippling Rhythm Orchestra; and The Jerry Blaine (1910-1973) Orchestra in 1937. While working at a music publishing company he met Glen Campbell and collaborated on several recordings. He worked with the Frankie Ortega Trio in Las Vegas and at the Balboa Bay Club in Newport Beach for 11 years. He moved to Burbank, California in the 1940s and worked as a musician in Alhambra, California at Dick White's Rickey's Lounge, starting in 1957 with Paul Peters and Stan Seltzer. He later became the maître d' at their restaurant.  After he retired from music he worked for a private security company at KTTV studios. He later worked as the gate security guard at the home of Bob Hope. He died in Los Angeles in 1988 of a heart attack, and was buried in Eternal Valley Memorial Park. His maternal uncle was Alfred Næss, the Norwegian speedskater.

Discography
Glen Campbell; The Legacy, 1961-2002 (rereleased 2003) 
Frankie Ortega and His Group; Imperial IR 9025 (c1950)

References

1910 births
1988 deaths
Personification is a figure of speech where non-living objects are described to seem like people.

In the arts, personification means representing a non-human thing as if it were human. Personification gives human traits and qualities, such as emotions, desires, sensations, gestures and speech, often by way of a metaphor.

Personification is much used in visual arts. Examples in writing are "the leaves waved in the wind", "the ocean heaved a sigh" or "the Sun smiled at us". In easy language personification is just giving an example of a living being for a non-living thing. "The wind shouted". In these examples, the nonhuman subjects are given human characteristics.

Another commonly used personification is found in stories where animals and legendary creatures are attributed labels for recognition. This is called anthropomorphism.

Related pages
 Anthropomorphism
Death (personification)
Helios

Other websites
 Examples of personification in poetry

Prose
Metaphors
Marianne Curley, (born 20 May 1959) is an Australian writer of young-adult novels. She is the author of several fantasy books, including Old Magic and the three novels in the Guardians of Time series. She is most popular outside of Australia, and her books have been translated into several languages, including Spanish, Portuguese, German and Dutch.

Early life
Marianne was born in Windsor, in New South Wales. She is the youngest child of Joseph Michael and Mary Violet Mizzi. She spent her early childhood living in a house along the Hawkesbury River. When a flood destroyed the property, the family moved to a small farm on the edges of Sydney. Marianne developed a love for reading at an early age, and became a school librarian at the age of nine. She went to high school in western Sydney. The first novel that had an influence on her was Oliver Twist.

When she was nineteen, Marianne met John Curley and married him a few months later. The couple moved to Coffs Harbour and had three children. In 1991, Curley took courses at the local TAFE college and got a certificate in word processing. In the same year, she also got a certificate in teaching from Sydney Open College. Between 1991 and 1997, she worked several part-time jobs as a teacher.

Curley's first attempt at writing was a romance novel. After this was finished, she took several writing courses, but struggled to decide what she wanted to write about. She began writing young-adult novels after a conversation with her two teenaged daughters. They encouraged Curley to write something for their age group. According to Curley, it took many attempts before my writing was good enough to be published. She was rejected by publishers many times. While learning to write she taught computer studies at the TAFE college in Coffs Harbour.

Writing
Curley's first fantasy novel, Old Magic, was sold to the London-based Bloomsbury publishers in 2001. It is about a boy with supernatural powers and a girl who helps him to control them. The first book in her Guardians of Time Trilogy was published in 2002. It was called The Named, about a group of teenagers who travel through time to stop the Order of Chaos from changing the course of history. The book received positive reviews from several critics. Curley signed a 12-month contract with Warner Bros. with the idea of making a television series based on the books. They hired a producer, director and paid for a script of the first episode to be written. However, the WB eventually cancelled the deal. The second and third books, The Dark and The Key, were published in 2003 and 2004. Both received mixed reviews.

Between 2004 and 2012, Curley took a long break from writing due to bad health. She published Hidden in 2013, and began a new series called the Avena Trilogy.

Books written
Old Magic
Guardians of Time Trilogy
The Named
The Dark
The Key
Hidden

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Marianne Curley at AustLit
 Profile  at Bloomsbury Publishing
 Marianne Curley at the National Library of Australia

1959 births
Living people
Writers from New South Wales
Ender's Game (1985) is one of the most famous books written by Orson Scott Card. It takes place in Earth's future where mankind has barely survived two attacks by the "buggers", a species of alien, and the International Fleet is getting ready for war. In order to find and train a leader for the next invasion, the world's smartest children, including Ender Wiggin, are taken into a place called Battle School at a very young age. The book takes place around the year 2135, and its sequels Speaker for the Dead, Xenocide, Children of the Mind, A War of Gifts, and Ender in Exile: Ganges follow Ender to different planets as he travels far into the future.

The book was first a novelette that came out in the August 1977 issue of Analog Science Fiction and Fact. Card later made the novel longer and wrote sequels to create the Ender's Game series.

A new version was released in 1991 to keep facts accurate (such as the end of the Soviet Union).

Awards
Ender's Game won the Hugo Award for best novel in 1986 and the Nebula Award for best novel in 1985.  The next year, the sequel Speaker for the Dead also won both awards; Card is the only writer to have won both awards two years in a row.

In 2008, it got the Margaret Edwards award for its long term effect on science fiction.

Translations
  ("Ender's Game"), 2003.
  ("Ender's Game"), 2007.
  ("Ender's Game").
  ("Ender's Strategy"), 1990.
  ("Ender's Tactic").
  ("Ender's Game"), 2000.
  ("Ender"), 1990.
  ("The Ender Strategy"), 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001.
  ("The Big Game"), 1986, 2005.
  ("Ender's Game").
  ("Endgame"), 1991.
  ("Ender's Game").
  ("Ender's Game"), 1992, 2000 (two editions).
  ("Ender's Game"), 1987.
  ("Ender's Game"), 1999.
  ("Ender's Game"), 1994.
  ("The exterminator's game") (Brasil).
  ("The final game") (Portugal).
  ("Ender's Game").
  ("Ender's Game"), 1995, 1996, 2002, 2003 (two editions).
  ("Ender's Game").
  ("Ender's Game"), 1991, 1998.
  ("Ender's Game"), 1988.
  ("The game that change the world"), 2007.
  ("Ender's Game").

References

Other websites
 About the novel Ender's Game from Card's website 
 The original short story from Card's website
 Intergalactic Medicine Show: Online science fiction magazine published by Orson Scott Card. Features a new Ender's world story in every issue.
 Marvel Entertainment's press release regarding the Ender's Game Comic Book Series

1985 books
Books by Orson Scott Card
Hugo Award winning books
American novels
English-language novels
Nebula Awards
Science fiction books
Genius Squad is a book that was written by Catherine Jinks in 2008.  It was published by Allen & Unwin, Australia. It is the second book in a series that follows the main character Cadel Piggot.

References

2008 books
Fantasy books
Science fiction books
Evil Genius is a book written by Catherine Jinks in 2005.  It was published by Allen & Unwin, Australia. The book is the first in a series that follows the story of Cadel Piggot.

Other websites
The Axis Institute website
Evil Genius series blog

2005 books
Fantasy books
Science fiction books
Catherine Jinks (born 1963 in Brisbane, Queensland) is an Australian writer. She has written over thirty books and has won many awards, including the Children's Book Council Of Australia Book of the Year Award three times, the Victorian Premier's Literary Award, the Aurealis Award for Science Fiction, the Australian Ibby Award, and the Davitt Award for Crime Fiction.

Books written

Children's books

The Secret of Hermitage Isle (1997)
The Horrible Holiday (1998)
The Stinking Great Lie (1999)
You'll Wake the Baby, illustrated by Andrew McLean (2000)
Daryl's Dinner (2002)
Kaite and Cleo Movie In, illustrated by Andrew McLean (2007)

Allie's Ghost Hunters series
Eglantine (2002)
Eustace (2003)
Eloise (2004)
Elysium (2007)

Young Adult books

This Way Out (1991)
The Future Trap (1993)
Witch Bank (1995)
Eye to Eye (1998)
Piggy in the Middle (1998)
What's Hector McKerrow Doing These Days? (2000)
The Rapture (2001)
Living Hell (2007)

Pagan Chronicles
Pagan's Crusade (1992)
Pagan in Exile (1994)
Pagan's Vows (1995)
Pagan's Scribe (1995)
Pagan's Daughter (2006)

Evil Genius series
Evil Genius (2005)
Genius Squad (2008)

Adult books

An Evening with the Messiah (1996)
Little White Secrets (1997)
The Inquisitor (1999)
The Notary (2000)
Bella Vista (2001)
The Gentlemen's Garden (2002)
Spinning Around (2004)
The Road (2004)
The Secret Familiar (2006)
The Deck  Free E-novel (2007)

References

Other websites
Catherine Jinks

1963 births
Living people
Australian children's writers
Australian science fiction writers
Australian novelists
Writers from Brisbane
Public speaking is speaking to a group of people in an organized way: to give information, influence or persuade, or to entertain the listeners. 

In public speaking there are five important questions, which are often expressed as "who is saying what to whom, using which medium, with what effects?" 

The Ancient Greeks called public speaking rhetoric; the Romans called it oratory. Until the late 20th century it was also called forensic speaking, or forensics.  Propaganda is an another name for speech for or against some point of view.  In George Orwell's words propaganda is a reflection of prejudices and beliefs that colors people's [or societies] aesthetic judgements. Often they are simply fallacies or conjectures.

Methods and techniques 
Professional public speakers may use storytelling techniques or humor as a communication tool. A public speaker who is strong at using comedy might have more success adding a joke into a speech than one who is weak in that area. 

A speaker's guideline is given in TED Talks: The Official TED Guide to Public Speaking.
Their information includes:
 Try to make eye contact right from the start.
 Include humor to disarm the tension within the audience towards the subject. But no offensive jokes or corny puns.
 Drinking water avoids mouth getting dry from adrenalin and avoiding an empty stomach reduces anxiety.
 Keep a backup plan (notes or scripts) to use if the presentation technology goes wrong.
 It is better to avoid attempts to get applause. It is not about the speaker, but the idea the speaker is passionate about. 

Other guidelines exist.

Models
Models in public speaking.

The 6 I model of credibility for public speaking are:

AIDA Model 
The AIDA model is about designing the message and delivering it effectively to the target audience. It says the speaker should first get attention, hold the interest level of the audience, arouse desire for the solution or the objective (appeal, theme, etc.) desired to communicate, and finally obtain  action or actionable commitment from the audience.

Related pages 
Rhetoric

References

Further reading
 
Werlich, Egon 1976. A text grammar of Eglish. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.

Language
Michigan State University (or "MSU" for short) is a public university in East Lansing, Michigan.

Athletics 
The Michigan State Spartans are the athletic team of the university. The school's athletic program includes 23 varsity sports teams. The school colors are green and white. They play in NCAA Division I, with almost all of their teams playing in the Big Ten Conference.  In 2010, the MSU football team won a share of the Big 10 title, and played in the Capital One Bowl in Orlando, Florida. The men's ice hockey team plays in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, but will leave that conference in July 2013 when the Big Ten starts a men's hockey league.

School Facts 
Established in 1855, MSU was originally an agricultural college.  Students were known as "Aggies," but are now known as the "Spartans."  Currently, Michigan State University has the largest single campus student body of any university in the state of Michigan, and is one of the largest universities in the country.

Mascot 
The mascot of the university is called "Sparty". He is mostly shown as a muscular male Spartan warrior/athlete dressed in a stylish Greek costume.

References

Other websites 

Michigan State University website
Michigan State Spartans website 
 

Association of American Universities
Big Ten Conference
Central Collegiate Hockey Association
Colleges and universities in Michigan
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
1855 establishments in Michigan
The Gallic group is a dynamical grouping of the prograde irregular satellites of Saturn following similar orbits. Their semi-major axes range between 16 and 19 Gm, their inclinations between 35° and 40°, and their eccentricities around 0.53.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names taken from Gallic mythology for these moons.

Similar mean orbital elements led the discoverers to postulate a common origin for the group in a break up of a larger body.

The diagram illustrates the Gallic group in relation to other irregular satellites of Saturn. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the yellow segments (extending from the pericentre to the apocentre) with the inclination represented on Y axis.

The four members of the group are (in order of increasing distance from Saturn):
Albiorix
Bebhionn
Erriapo
Tarvos

The group was later found to be physically homogenous, all satellites displaying light-red colour (colour indices B − V = 0.91 and V − R = 0.48)
and similar infrared indices   

Remarkably, recent observations revealed that the largest member of the group, Albiorix, displays actually two different colours: one compatible with Eriapo and Tarvos, and another less red. Instead of the common progenitor, it was postulated that Tarvos and Erriapus could be fragments of Albiorix, leaving a large, less red crater.
Such an impact would require a body with the diameter in excess of 1 km and relative velocity close to 5 km/s, resulting in a large crater with the radius of 12 km. Numerous, very large craters observed on Phoebe, prove the existence of such collisions in the Saturnian system's past.

Other websites
David Jewitt pages
Scott Sheppard pages

References

Ephemeris from IAU
Mean orbital parameters from JPL

Saturn's moons
Flores is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, an island arc. Its area is about . It goes east from the island of Java. There are about 1.5 million people in Flores. The largest town is Maumere.

Flores is east of Sumbawa and Komodo. It is west of Lembata and the Alor Archipelago. To the southeast is Timor. To the south is the Sumba strait. The Flores Sea is to the north.

On December 12 1992, an earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale occurred. It killed 2,000 people in the town of Maumere.

References 

Islands of Indonesia
Lesser Sunda Islands
Australasia
Sumbawa is an Indonesian island in the middle of the Lesser Sunda Islands chain. It has Lombok to the west, Flores to the east, and Sumba farther to the southeast. It is in the province of West Nusa Tenggara. 
 
Sumbawa is 15,448 km² (three times the size of Lombok). About 1.5 million people live there. It marks the boundary between the islands to the west, which were influenced by religion and culture spreading from India, and the region to the east that was not so influenced.

Volcanoes 
Sumbawa is inside the Pacific Ring of Fire. It is a volcanic island, including Mount Tambora (8°14’41”S, 117°59’35”E) which exploded in 1815, the most destructive volcanic eruption in modern history (roughly four times larger than the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, between Java and Sumatra, in terms of volume of magma ejected). The eruption killed as many as 92,000. It also apparently destroyed a small culture of Southeast Asian affinity, known to archaeologists as the Tamboran kingdom. It launched 100 cubic kilometers of ash into the upper atmosphere, which caused 1816 to be the "year without a summer." 

Islands of Indonesia
Lesser Sunda Islands
Australasia
Clothing in Ancient Rome is most commonly known by the toga and stola. 
The cloth was made from wool, linen or hemp. Cotton and silk were also used, more rarely. Leather was also used. The kind of clothing showed status.

Types 

 The toga was an important item and was worn by only Roman citizens, and after the second century BC, only by men. After that, the only females to wear togas were prostitutes.  The colors of togas had meaning.  A toga could be edged with purple (high rank), or be all dark for mourning.  Only emperors could wear entirely purple togas. In other words, clothing reflected status as well as practical needs.  A red lined Toga often showed shame and disgrace, often worn when banished or before an execution.

 The palla was a mantle or headcloth worn by women with the stola. It draped over the shoulders and round the body.

 The Stola was a floor-length dress with long sleeves. It was worn over a tunic. The Stola was a symbol of marriage in ancient Rome times. Girls wore a simple tunic, except when going to an evening event, when ankle-length tunics were worn.

 Slaves wore simple woolen tunics. Tunics of cotton could by worn by any class as under-garments.

 The paludamentum was a cloak or cape fastened at one shoulder, worn by military commanders. The paludamentum was generally crimson, scarlet, or purple in colour.

Other websites

Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome
The tibia, also known as the shinbone, or shankbone, is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates. It connects the knee with the ankle bones and is parallel to the fibula. Additionally it is the second largest bone in the body as its supports a significantly large portion of the human bodyweight. The tibia is essential to everyday movement such as standing and walking as well as jumping and running.

 

Bones
William Penn Adair “Will” Rogers (November 4, 1879 – August 15, 1935) was a Cherokee-American cowboy, comedian, humorist, social commentator, vaudeville performer and actor.

Known as Oklahoma's favorite son, Rogers was born to a well off Indian Territory family and learned to ride horses and use a lariat so well that he was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for throwing three ropes at once—one around the neck of a horse, another around the horse's rider, and a third around all four legs of the horse. During his life he traveled around the world three times, made 71 movies (50 silent films and 21 "talkies"), wrote more than 4,000 nationally-syndicated newspaper columns, making him a world-famous figure.

By the mid-1930s, Rogers was loved by the American people, and was the highest-paid movie star in Hollywood at the time. During an around-the-world trip with pilot Wiley Post, Rogers died when their small airplane crashed near Barrow, Alaska Territory in 1935.

Citations 

1879 births
1935 deaths
Aviation deaths
American silent movie actors
American radio personalities
comedians from Oklahoma
Actors from Oklahoma
Vaudeville performers
In organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.  The simplest alkenes, with only one double bond, no rings, and no other functional groups, are hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n.

Aromatic compounds are often drawn as cyclic alkenes, but their structure and properties are different and they are not considered to be alkenes.

The double bond in the middle makes them more reactive because the molecule is not saturated. An alkene's unsaturation means that it will take the color out of bromine. The names of alkenes always end with -ene.

List of Alkenes 
The following is a list of the first 9 alkenes:
 Ethene (C2H4)
 Propene (C3H6)
 Butene (C4H8)
 Pentene (C5H10)
 Hexene (C6H12)
 Heptene (C7H14)
 Octene (C8H16)
 Nonene (C9H18)
 Decene (C10H20)

Physical properties
The physical properties of alkenes are comparable with those of alkanes. The main differences between the two are that the acidity levels of alkenes are much higher than the ones in alkanes. The physical state depends on molecular mass (gases from ethene to butene - liquids from pentene onwards). The simplest alkenes, ethene, propene and butene are gases. Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids, and higher alkenes are waxy solids.

Fuel 
Alkenes are not used as fuels because:
 They are scarce in nature. They are made from other hydrocarbons to make plastics, anti–freeze and many other useful compounds.
 They burn with a smoky flame due to less efficient, and more polluting incomplete combustion, so the heat energy release is lower than for alkanes.

References

Functional groups
Afrodisiac is the fourth studio album by American R&B/pop singer Brandy Norwood, released by Atlantic Records on June 28, 2004 outside North America and on June 29, 2004 (see 2004 in music) in Canada and the United States. It was mostly produced by Timbaland, with more production from Warryn Campbell, Organized Noise, Walter Millsap, Ron Feemster, Big Chuck, and Kanye West. A lot of critics liked the album, but it did not sell a lot of copies. It has sold less copies than any other album she has made so far.

2004 albums
Brandy albums
A boy is a young male, usually human, or may refer to a man regardless of age.

Boy, Boys, The Boy, or The Boys may also mean:

Music

Songs
 "Boy (I Need You)", by Mariah Carey
 "Boy" (Erasure song)
 "Boys" (Britney Spears song)
 "Boys" (The Shirelles song), notably covered by The Beatles
 "Boys" (Robots in Disguise song)
 "Boys (Summertime Love)", by Sabrina
 "Boyz" (song), by M.I.A.
 "Boy", by Book of Love
 "B.O.Y.", by Jessica Simpson from A Public Affair
 "Boys", by Bauhaus, the B-side of the single "Bela Lugosi's Dead"
 "Boys", by Band Ohne Namen
 "Boys", by Ashlee Simpson from Bittersweet World
 "The Boys" (song), a song by The Shadows, a number-one single in Australia in 1963

Albums
 Boy (album), by U2
 Boy (compilation album), by Lena Philipsson

Performers
 Boy (1980s band), a 1980s American rock group
 BOY, a Canadian indie pop group
 Boy'z, a Hong Kong Cantopop duo now known as Sun Boy'z
 The Boys (band), an American band
 The Boys (UK band), a punk rock band
 The Boys (60s band), an English band, later became The Action

Literature
 Boy (book), an autobiography by Roald Dahl
 The Boys (comic book), a comic book for mature readers by Garth Ennis and Darick Robertson
 Boyz (magazine), a British weekly LGBT magazine
 The Boy (US title: The Beautiful Boy), a 2003 book by Germaine Greer
 The Boys, a 1996 book by Martin Gilbert

People
 Werner Boy, German mathematician
 David Boys, Canadian Scrabble player
 Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński, Polish poet
 Roy Brindley, nicknamed "The Boy", English professional poker player

Places
 Boy River, Minnesota, US
 Boys Hill, a village in Dorset, England

Film
 Boy (movie) (Japanese: Shōnen), a 1969 Japanese film
 Boys (movie), a 2003 Tamil film
 Boys (1996 movie), a movie starring Winona Ryder
 The Boys (movie), a 1998 Australian film
 The Boys (1991 movie), an American television movie starring John Lithgow
 The Boys (1962 movie), a British movie starring Richard Todd
 "Boy", the adopted son of Tarzan in the movies based on Edgar Rice Burroughs's character

Television
 The Boy (TV series), a Canadian animated television series
 The Boys (TV series), a 1993 American sitcom featuring Christopher Meloni

Theatre
 The Boy (musical), a 1917 London hit musical comedy

Other uses
 Boy Seaman, a rating in the British Royal Navy
 Boys anti-tank rifle, a British anti-tank weapon
 The Boys (Wild West Gang), a gang who participated in the late-1870s Lincoln County War
 The Boys Markets, a chain of Los Angeles-area supermarkets, sold to Ralphs in 1995
 The Boy, Eustace Boyce, a character in the webcomic Scary Go Round

Distinguish from
 buoy, a floating device or marker
 Boise, Idaho
 Theydon Bois

Related pages
List of all pages beginning with Boy
List of all pages beginning with The Boy
Boi
Bois
Boise
Speaker for the Dead (1986) is a science fiction book by Orson Scott Card.  It is a sequel to the novel Ender's Game, and takes place around the year 5135, some 3,000 years after the events in Ender's Game. Because of space travel, the main character Ender is only about 35 years old.

Like Ender's Game, the book won the Hugo Award (1987) and Nebula Award (1986) for outstanding science fiction novel, making Card the first writer to win both of these awards two times in a row. Speaker for the Dead was updated in 1991. It was followed by Xenocide and Children of the Mind.

Other websites
 About the book Speaker for the Dead from Card's website 

1986 books
Books by Orson Scott Card
Hugo Award winning books
American novels
Nebula Awards
Science fiction
Xenocide (1991) is a science fiction book that is third in the Ender's Game series.  It was written by Orson Scott Card and was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1992.  It was followed by Children of the Mind.

Other websites
 About the novel Xenocide from Card's website 

1991 books
Books by Orson Scott Card
Children of the Mind (1996) is the fourth, and currently the last, book of Orson Scott Card's popular Ender's Game series, a series of science fiction novels that focus on the character Ender Wiggin. Although Card has written some additional novels that take place with in the Ender Saga, they take place in the middle of the storyline and therefore are not sequals to Children of The Mind.

Other websites
 About the book Children of the Mind from Card's website 

1996 books
Books by Orson Scott Card
Ender's Shadow (1999) is a science fiction book that was written by Orson Scott Card.  It is a parallel novel, which means it has a story that has some of the events in Ender's Game from the point of view of another character named Bean. This book was first titled Urchin, but it was changed before release.  Ender's Shadow is the first of a series that includes Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow Puppets, and Shadow of the Giant.

Other websites
 About the novel Ender's Shadow from Card's website 

1999 books
Books by Orson Scott Card
American novels
Shadow of the Hegemon (2001) is the second book in the Ender's Shadow series (also called the Bean Quartet) by Orson Scott Card.  It is also the sixth book in the Ender's Game series. It is told mostly from the point of view of Bean, a mostly minor character in the first novel Ender's Game.

Other webs
 About the novel Shadow of the Hegemon from Card's website 

Books by Orson Scott Card
2001 books