cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A Coal ball is a permineralised life form that is full of calcium, magnesium and occasionally iron sulfide. They generally have a round shape. Coal balls are not made of coal, even though they have the name "coal ball".

In 1855, two English scientists, Joseph Dalton Hooker and Edward William Binney, found coal balls in England. Because of that, the initial research on coal balls was done in Europe. Coal balls were found and identified in North America in 1922. Since then, coal balls have been found in other countries and several theories on their formation have been proposed.

Marie Stopes and D.M.S. Watson also examined coal ball samples. They agreed that coal balls formed in situ. They also added that interaction with a marine environment was necessary for a coal ball to form.

Coal balls are in coal seams across North America and Eurasia. North American coal balls are in more places than in Europe. The oldest coal balls were found in Germany and former Czechoslovakia.

In 1962, Sergius Mamay and Ellis Yochelson found signs of marine animal remains in North American coal balls.

The quality of the preservation of organic material depends on the speed of the burial process and the degree of compression before undergoing permineralisation. Generally, coal balls resulting from remains that have a quick burial with little decay and pressure have a higher preservation degree. However, plant remains in most coal balls show various signs of decay and collapse.

Analysis
Thin sectioning was an early procedure used to analyse fossilised material contained in coal balls. The ball was cut into thin sections with a diamond saw. Then it was flattened and polished with an abrasive. Then it was examined under a  microscope. This is the procedure which was carried out by Hooker and Binney. The time needed, and the poor quality of samples produced, led to a more convenient method.

The new method, first used in 1928, is called the "liquid peel technique".

Related pages 
 Fossil
 Petrified wood

References 

Fossils
Geology
The reef knot (or square knot) is a knot that is often used to tie two ropes together.

Related pages
 List of knots

Binding knots
Joining knots
The sheet bend is a knot made to join two ends of rope together.

Related pages
 List of knots

Joining knots
Masala (; ) is a word used in South East Asia, mainly India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. It is used for  a style of Indian movies where there is a mix of various styles of movies in one movie. For example, a movie can show action, comedy, drama, and romance. This movie style is used very often in South Indian films as it helps make the movies appeal to more viewers. Famous masala directors include S. Shankar, Perarasu and K. S. Ravikumar.

Cinema of India
Cinema of Pakistan
Bangladeshi culture
Sharaf Khan Bidlisi (, 1543 1603), was a Kurdish prince and historian. In 1597 he wrote a book on Kurdish history, Sharafnama.

References

Kurdish people
1543 births
1603 deaths
Princes and princesses
Historians
The informal economy is that part of economy which is not reported in official statistics such as the gross domestic product of a country. The informal economy is not taxed, and includes the black market. In developing countries over 70% of the people work in this form of economy. They are self-employed, because it is difficult to find an employer to hire them. People working in this form of economy have no social benefits or social security, which are usually only given by the state to those who have made tax contributions. 

Usually, most people working in this form of economy are women; they work in the most erratic and corrupt segments of the job market.
Sixty percent of female workers in developing countries are employed by the informal sector. There are two main reasons why this is the case: First, the kind of employment that is available caters mostly to women. Secondly, most women either work from home, because they also have to take care of children, or they work as street vendors; both of these kinds of work are classified in the informal sector. 

What is more, most people at the top positions of the sector are men, and most people in the bottom positions are women.
For example, very few women are employers who hire others and more women are likely to be involved in smaller scale operations. Labor markets, household decisions, and states all propagate this gender inequality. The gender gap in terms of wage is even higher in the informal sector than the formal sector.

References

Labor
Economic markets
Feminism
A clove hitch is a knot that is tied around an object. It is a kind of hitch knot. When a clove hitch is tied around a rope, it forms a knot called Two half-hitches.

Related pages
 List of knots

Hitches
Mariner 3 was a NASA spacecraft. It was the third spacecraft in the Mariner program. It was designed to take photos of the planet Mars after an eight month journey studying interplanetary (between planet) space. However, the spacecraft lost power eight hours after launch, and it never achieved the correct Mars trajectory. It eventually entered a heliocentric (Sun-centred) orbit.

References

Other websites 

Mariner 03

de:Mariner#Mariner 3 und 4
Wade Belak (July 3, 1976 – August 31, 2011) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played a career total of 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted by the Quebec Nordiques with the 12th overall pick in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. Belak retired from the NHL on March 8, 2011 and remained with the Predators in an organizational role. On August 31, 2011, He was found dead in his condo at the One King Street West hotel in Toronto. His death was later treated as a suicide by Toronto police. Before his death he was preparing to take part in the upcoming season of Battle of the Blades.

References

Other websites

1976 births
2011 deaths
American Hockey League players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Colorado Avalanche players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Nashville Predators players
People from Saskatoon
Saskatoon Blades players
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides in Canada
Toronto Maple Leafs players
"About a Girl" by the grunge band Nirvana is the third song on Nirvana's first album Bleach. It was one of Kurt Cobain's less heavy songs of the ones he wrote for the band. Compared to "Blew" and "Downer" it is considered quite mild.

Nirvana songs
1989 songs
The Rescuers is a 1977 American animated comedy-drama adventure movie. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions. It was first released to movie theaters on June 22, 1977, by Buena Vista Distribution. It is the 23rd Disney animated movie. The movie is about the Rescue Aid Society, an international mouse organization in New York City and shadowing the United Nations. They are dedicated to helping abduction victims around the world at large. Two of these mice, shy janitor Bernard (Bob Newhart) and his co-agent, the elegant Miss Bianca (Eva Gabor), set out to rescue Penny (Michelle Stacy), an orphan girl who is being held prisoner in Devil's Bayou by treasure huntress Madame Medusa (Geraldine Page).

The movie is based on a series of books by Margery Sharp, mainly The Rescuers and Miss Bianca. The movie was very successful. Later Disney released a sequel called The Rescuers Down Under in 1990. This made this movie the first Disney animated movie to have a sequel.

Cast 
 Bob Newhart as Bernard
 Eva Gabor as Miss Bianca
 Geraldine Page as Madame Medusa
 Michelle Stacy as Penny
 Joe Flynn as Mr. Snoops
 Jim Jordan as Orville
 John McIntire as Rufus
 Jeanette Nolan as Ellie Mae and Pat Buttram as Luke
 James MacDonald as Evinrude
 Bernard Fox as Mr. Chairman
 George Lindsey as Deadeye
 Larry Clemmons as Gramps
 Dub Taylor as Digger
 John Fiedler as Deacon Owl
 Shelby Flint as Singer, Bottle
 Bill McMillian as T.V. Announcer

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1977 comedy movies
1977 drama movies
1970s animated movies
American animated movies
American buddy movies
American comedy-drama movies
American family movies
American musical movies
Disney animated movies
Movies based on books
Movies about animals
See also the Logan Medal of the Geological Association of Canada.
 
The Logan Medal of the Arts was an arts prize started in 1907. Art Institute of Chicago helped to award the prize.  From 1917 through 1940, 270 awards were given.  

The Medal was named for arts patron Frank Granger Logan. Logan founded the brokerage house of Logan & Bryan. He served over 50 years on the board of the Institute.  He and his wife, Josephine Hancock Logan, administered the award consistent with their support of the Society for Sanity in Art. They founded that Society in 1936. Josephine Logan also wrote a book in 1937 called Sanity in Art.  The Logans strongly opposed all forms of modern art, including cubism, surrealism, and abstract expressionism.

 Winners This is an incomplete list, please help us by updating it. 1907: Albin Polasek (first winner)
 1918: Walter Ufer
 1921: Frank V. Dudley
 1921: Cecilia Beaux
 1924: Eugene F. Savage
 1925: Albin Polasek
 1925: Archibald J. Motley
 1926: Charles Hopkinson
 1926: Bror Julius Olsson Nordfeldt
 1929: David Smith
 1930: Davenport Griffen
 1931: Morris Kantof
 1930: Theodore Roszak
 1933: Santiago Martínez Delgado
 1935: Doris Lee
 1938: Norman MacLeish 
 1939: Gladys Curtis Simpson
 1940: Lawrence Adams 
 1942: Abbott Lawrence Pattison
 1954: Naum Gabo
 1959: Richard Talaber
 1963: Isamu Noguchi
 1964: James Rosati
 1966: Al Held

George Bellows
Gutzon Borglum
James Brooks
Frank Tolles Chamberlin
Howard Norton Cook
Frederic Milton Grant
Emil Holzhauer
Edward Hopper
Rudolph Ingerle
Terrence Karpowicz
Willem de Kooning
Charles Wheeler Locke
Conrad Marca-Relli
Suzanne Martyl
Frank Moore
Louis Conrad Rosenberg
Carl E. Schwartz
Hannah Small
Heinz Warneke
Marguerite Zorach
William Zorach

References

Further reading
 Rudolph Ingerle (1879-1950): Paintings of the Ozarks, the Great Smoky Mountains and the 1933 Century of progress Exposition'' (Chicago: Aaron Galleries, 2000)

Other websites
 "Sanity & Mrs. Logan". Time Magazine (March 22, 1937).   Retrieved January 31, 2008

Art awards
Joseph-Louis Lagrange (born Giuseppe Lodovico [Luigi] Lagrangia, Turin, Piedmont, 25 January 1736 – Paris, 10 April 1813) was a mathematician and astronomer. According to one authority, he was "the greatest mathematician of the eighteenth century".

He lived part of his life in Prussia and part in France. He made significant contributions to mathematical analysis, from number theory, to classical and celestial mechanics. 

On the recommendation of Euler and d'Alembert, in 1766 Lagrange succeeded Euler as the director of mathematics at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. He stayed there for over twenty years, producing a large body of work and winning several prizes of the French Academy of Sciences. 

Lagrange's treatise on analytical mechanics, first published in 1788, was the best treatment of classical mechanics since Newton, and helped the development of mathematical physics in the nineteenth century.

Life 
Lagrange's parents were Italian, although he also had French ancestors on his father's side. In 1787, at age 51, he moved from Berlin to France and became a member of the French Academy, and he remained in France until the end of his life. Therefore, Lagrange is alternatively considered a French and an Italian scientist. 

Lagrange survived the French Revolution and became the first professor of analysis at the École Polytechnique upon its opening in 1794. Napoleon appointed Lagrange to the Legion of Honour and made him a Count of the Empire in 1808. Lagrange is buried in the Panthéon and his name appears as one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.

References

Related pages 
Lagrange point
Lagrange's theorem (group theory)

1736 births
1813 deaths
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
French mathematicians
Italian mathematicians
People from Turin
French theoretical physicists
The Homeless World Cup is an football competition for homeless people all over the world. Starting in 2003 in Graz, Austria, the competition brings together homeless people with the aim to end homelessness.

Rules

Anyone can play, male or female, as long as they are at least 16 years old. They must also have been homeless at some point after the previous year's World Cup, work as a street newspaper seller to earn money or be asylum seekers.

A team of 4 players play, with 3 outfield players and 1 goalkeeper. 4 substitution players are allowed. 

A team gets 3 points for a win. If a match ends in a draw, it is decided by penalty shootout and the winning team gets three points and the losing team gets one point. Games are 14 minutes long, in two seven-minute halves. The field is 22m (long) x 16m (wide).

History

Since 2003 the competition has taken place in:

 Graz, Austria - 2003 
 Gothenburg, Sweden - 2004
 Edinburgh, Scotland - 2005 
 Cape Town, South Africa - 2006
 Copenhagen, Denmark - 2007
 Melbourne, Australia - 2008
 Milan, Italy - 2009
 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - 2010
 Paris, France - 2011
 Mexico City, Mexico - 2012
 Poznań, Poland - 2013
 Santiago, Chile - 2014
 Amsterdam, Netherlands - 2015
 Glasgow, Scotland - 2016
Oslo, Norway - 2017
Mexico City, Mexico - 2018
Cardiff, Wales - 2019

Kicking It documentary
The 2006 Homeless World Cup was the filmed as part of a documentary called Kicking It. directed by Susan Koch and Jeff Werner focusing on the experiences of seven homeless people at the Homeless World Cup football (soccer) game. Residents of Afghanistan; Kenya; Dublin, Ireland; Charlotte, North Carolina; Madrid, Spain and St. Petersburg in Russia were in the documentary which was narrated by actor Colin Farrell. The movie was released in January, 2008 at the Sundance Film Festival and is being distributed by Liberation Entertainment, Netflix and ESPN.

References

Other websites 

Official website

Homelessness
Football competitions
Football in Austria
Graz
2003 establishments
The Founding Fathers refers to certain men who lived during the American Revolutionary War era.  These men signed the Declaration of Independence, either helped write the Constitution of the United States, or helped win the American Revolutionary War.  Many of these men were members of the Continental Congress at some point.  The term was first applied to these people in 1916.

There were many people who were Founding Fathers.  Some scholars like to limit them to a small number, such as seven: George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison.

Most of the Founding Fathers were large landowners or rich merchants.  The majority owned slaves.  After the Constitution, many of the Founding Fathers became leaders in the federal government.
CNDO is the short cut for Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap. It is both 1) a method for learning key facts about molecular orbitals as well as 2) the name of a particular set of computer programs. CNDO is based on quantum chemistry. It is one of the first semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods. It uses two approximations:
core approximation - only the outer valence electrons are explicitly included.
zero-differential overlap

CNDO builds a mathematical model of a molecule. CNDO starts with the position of the positively charged nuclei of the atoms and the negatively charged electron clouds surrounding them.  Quantum chemistry tells the model the probability distribution of electron locations based on atomic orbitals.  From this information, CNDO computes data about the resulting molecular orbitals.

CNDO/2 is the main version of CNDO. John Pople and coworkers first wrote CNDO/2.

References

Other websites
CNDO/2 Calculation (Pirika)
Molecular Modeling for Educators 
Density Functional Modelling of Point Defects in Semiconductors 

Semiempirical quantum chemistry methods
Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers (CAPIF) is a group that represents the music industry in Argentina.

Sales certification 
Singles:
 Gold: 50,000
 Platinum: 100,000

Long plays & cassettes (albums):
 Gold: 30,000
 Platinum: 60,000
 Diamond: 500,000

Compilation albums:
 Gold: 100,000
 Platinum: 200,000

The criteria for certification were changed as of January 1, 2001. CAPIF certification criteria for albums since that date are:

 Gold: 20,000 units
 Platinum: 40,000 units
 Diamond: 250,000 units

Non-album formats:

Argentina
Music industry
Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas (AMPROFON) is a group that represents the music industry in Mexico.

Sales certificates

References 

Mexican music
Music industry
Kalām (, literally "speech" or "words") is the Islamic discipline of seeking theological knowledge through dialectic (debate and argument). It also promotes prudence and logical reasoning. A practitioner of kalām is called a mutakallim (plural mutakallimiin).

References

Philosophy
Islamic theology
The Ohio State Senate is the upper house of the Ohio General Assembly. There are 33 State Senators. The state legislature meets in the Ohio Statehouse in Columbus, Ohio.  The President of the Senate presides over the body when in session. He is currently Matt Huffman. The Senate is currently controlled by the Republican Party.

Senators serve four year terms. The terms of the Senators are staggered so that about half the membership is elected every two years. The Senators representing the even-numbered districts are elected in years evenly divisible by four. The Senators from the odd-numbered districts are elected in even-numbered years not divisible by four. Senators are limited to two terms.

Each Senator represents approximately 330,000 Ohioans. Each Senate District covers three Ohio House districts.

Composition 
134th General Assembly (2021-2022)

Leadership

Other Officers

Clerk: According to the Rules of the Senate, the Clerk is elected by the members of the Senate and is tasked with maintaining records of all Senate bills and resolutions. The Clerk is also responsible for handling all documents received from other government departments.

Members of the 133rd Senate

References

Other websites
Ohio Senate official website
Project Vote Smart - State Senate of Ohio 
Map of Ohio Senate districts 
2006 Election Results from Ohio Secretary of State 
2004 Election Results from Ohio Secretary of State 
Reclaim Ohio - A Detailed Site About Ohio State House / Senate Election Results 

Government of Ohio
State upper houses in the United States
The snare drum or side drum is a percussion instrument. It has strands of snares made of curled metal wire, metal cable, plastic cable, or gut cords. They are stretched across the skin on the bottom of the drum. Pipe and tabor and some military snare drums can have a second set of snares on the bottom side of the top head. This is used to make a "brighter" sound. The snare drum is considered one of the most important drums of the drum kit.

The snare drum can make some special sounds:
A rimshot: When the drum is hit in a way that makes the side of the stick touch the rim. This makes it louder.
A cross-stick: The stick is laid down on the drum with its tip touching the head and the bottom end being used to hit the other side of the rim. This makes a loud "click" sound.

Sources
Beck, John (1995). Encyclopedia of percussion instruments. New York: Garland Publishing. . Google Books preview. Accessed 8 September 2009.

Other websites 

 Marching Snare Drum Heads - Description of types of marching snare drum heads.
 Royal Schools Sources Percussion Page  Sources for the prescribed music for the Royal Schools of Music practical exams
 Field Drums Blog Photos, information, critical commentary and analysis of field drums, focusing on drums of the American Civil War
 Snare Drums Online  Snare Drum reviews, Guides to choosing a snare drum, and buying guides
 How to Build a Snare Drum DRUM! Magazine shows the step-by-step process of building a snare drum.

Drums
Economic boom is a phase when the economy has a huge increase. It is a natural cycle.

The United States of America had an essential supply of natural resources such as timber, iron, coal, minerals, oil and land. Immigrants provided a plentiful and cheap work force to utilise these resources. This enabled America to become a huge economic power at the beginning of the 20th century. These resources were an important foundation for the economy.

Whilst European economies suffered during the First World War, the USA experienced significant growth. US banks loaned money to Europe and businesses sold much needed goods. The war also provided a stimulus for inventions in production, materials and advertising. Immediately after the war there was a small slump but from 1922 the USA experienced an unprecedented economic boom.

Electricity developed slowly before the war but during the 1920s the electricity industry experienced a huge boom. By 1929 the majority of houses in America had electricity and 70 per cent of them used it for lighting purposes. As a result of the development of factories to produce consumer goods for the American people, the demand for electricity doubled. Electrical power was introduced in factories to drive machinery, and thus it became possible to introduce mass production to a number of factories, e.g. refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners and radio sets.

The car industry is the best example of mass production during the period. Henry Ford was a pioneer with his idea of producing affordable cars for the people of America. He set about realising his dream by producing his early cars in small workshops. He had groups of men working for him and gradually the cars were built.

Henry Ford and his son posing in the model F Ford car in 1905.
Henry Ford and his son posing in the model F Ford car in 1905
Henry Ford's hard work bore fruit. As he produced more and more cars, he could reduce his prices. By 1925 the price of a car was around $290, which was much cheaper than the price of $850 in 1908. Henry Ford was of the opinion that it was better to sell more cars for a small profit, as that meant employing more workers.

By 1929 Americans owned 23 million cars. The workers earned good wages ($5 per day), thousands of jobs were created, roads were built, petrol stations were built, as were hotels and restaurants. Therefore, the entire economy was given a substantial boost due to the car industry.

In order to help American people to purchase the new goods that were available, systems of hire-purchase and credit were introduced. This meant that a person could buy something by paying for it on a monthly basis. As a result, the majority of Americans could afford expensive goods. In order to encourage Americans to take advantage of the scheme, advertisements were placed on roadsides, on the radio, in newspapers and in cinemas.

During the same period, chain stores appeared for the first time, e.g. J P Penney. Catalogue shopping also became fashionable as it was a convenient way of buying goods.

Economics
Tremors is an American science fiction comedy horror movie. It is set in Nevada and is directed by Ron Underwood. The screenplay was written by S.S. Wilson and Brent Maddock.

Plot
Valentine and Earl want to go to Bixby, Nevada and they leave the Perfection Valley. A subterranean animal kills five people. The Perfection Valley is in danger.

Cast
 Kevin Bacon: Valentine McKee
 Fred Ward: Earl Bassett
 Michael Gross: Burt Gummer
 Reba McEntire: Heather Gummer

Other websites 

1990 comedy movies
1990 horror movies
1990 science fiction movies
1990s science fiction horror movies
American comedy movies
American science fiction horror movies
Comedy horror movies
English-language movies
Monster movies
Movies set in Nevada
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Ron Underwood
The Ferrari F50 is a sports car made by Ferrari in 1995. It was created to celebrate the company's 50th anniversary. The car has two doors. It is a two-seated convertible with a removable hardtop. It has a 4.7 L V12 engine that was based on the 3.5 L V12 used in the 1992 Ferrari F92A Formula One car.

Only 349 Ferrari F50's were made. This was because Ferrari wanted it to be rare. The last F50 was produced in Maranello, Italy in July 1997.

The Ferrari F50 can travel at over 200 miles per hour.

Ferrari
A mass spectrum is an intensity versus m/z (mass-to-charge ratio) plot that represents a chemical analysis. The mass spectrum of a sample is a pattern representing the distribution of ions by mass (more correctly: mass-to-charge ratio) in a sample. It is a histogram usually made using an instrument called a mass spectrometer. Not all mass spectra of a given substance are the same. It can depend on the operating conditions of the instrument. For example, some mass spectrometers break the analyte molecules into many pieces; others observe the intact molecular masses with little fragmentation. A mass spectrum can represent many different types of information based on the type of mass spectrometer and the specific experiment; however, all plots of intensity vs. mass-to-charge are called "mass spectra".

Common fragmentation processes for organic molecules are the McLafferty rearrangement and alpha cleavage.

In the past, chemists with PhD degrees were needed to interpret mass spectra. Today, computer programs read the data and identify the compounds in a sample.

References

Other websites
 Interactive tutorial on mass spectra  National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
 Weighing Atoms: A layperson's introduction to mass spectrometry  National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
 What's in an Oil Drop: A layperson's introduction to Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance   National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
 Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (IUPAC green book)
 An introductory video on Mass Spectrometry The Royal Society of Chemistry

Spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry
SC Austria Lustenau is a football club from Lustenau, Vorarlberg. The club is playing in the Erste Liga, the second division in Austria.

History
The club was founded in June 1914 as football department of Turnerbund Lustenau and was named FA Turnerbund Lustenau. This name had the club till 1936. For not having a football assosiation in Vorarlberg the club only played friendly matches. During the time of  First World War there were no matches. In 1920 the club started in a regular championship. The first success was the Vorarlberg championship in the 1929/30 season. They were qualified for the Austrian Amateur Championship and reached the final versus Kremser SC. 

In 1936 the club left the Turnerbund Lustenau and became a club of its own. The were renamed to SC Austria Lustenau. In the following years they reached several titels.  In 1994 they won the Regionalliga West and were promoted to the First League, the second division in Austrian football. From 1997 to 2000 they played in the Bundesliga, the top division of Austrias football. Since the relegation 2 000 they played in the 2. Liga.

The biggest success so far was the Cup final in 2010/11. Austria Lustenau was the first club from Vorarlberg which ever reached a Cup final. The match was lost against SV Ried. In 2020 they reached again the Cup final but lost again versus FC Red Bull Salzburg.

Current squad 
Updated 17 December 2021.

Honours
Runner-up Austrian Amateur Championship: 1930 (FA Turnerbund)
Champion 2nd division: 1997
Champion Regionalliga West(3rd division): 1994
Champion Tyrol/Vorarlberg: 1977
Vorarlberger Champion: 1930 (FA Turnerbund), 1937, 1946, 1949, 1965, 1977, 1978, 1980 (Austria) , 2005 (Austria-Amateure)
 Vorarlberger Cup : 1936, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1980 (Austria) 1999 (Austria-Amateure)

References

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Vorarlberg
The Cradle of Humankind is a World Heritage Site. It was first named by UNESCO in 1999. The site is about 50 kilometres northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa in the Gauteng province, and occupies . 

The site's limestone caves, including the Sterkfontein Caves, were where fossils were found. A 2.3-million year-old fossil Australopithecus africanus (nicknamed 'Mrs. Ples') was found in 1947 by Robert Broom and John T. Robinson. The find followed the 1924 discovery of the juvenile Australopithecus africanus skull, 'Taung Child', by Raymond Dart, at Taung in the North West Province of South Africa, where excavations still continue.

The name Cradle of Humankind reflects the fact that the site has produced a large number, as well as some of the oldest, hominid fossils ever found, some dating back as far as 3.5 million years ago. Sterkfontein alone has produced more than a third of early hominid fossils ever found.

Recent work 
The remains of several partial skeletons of a previously unknown  Australopithecan species were found in 2008 near Johannesburg. They have been dated to about two million year ago (mya). A recent re-examination of two partial skeletons of Australopithecus sediba has led to its identification as close to the origin of the genus Homo. Not all palaeoanthropologists agree this is a new species.

A new analysis shows this species had a human-like pelvis, hands and teeth, and a chimpanzee-like foot. In six separate research reports, palaeontologists reported on the anatomy of a juvenile male skeleton, MH1, a female skeleton, known as MH2, and an isolated adult tibia or shinbone, known as MH4. The findings suggest that some species of australopithecine climbed trees, some walked on the ground, and some did both. 
"Its small heel resembles that of a chimpanzee more than it does a human. This suggests it likely walked with an inward rotation of the knee and hip, with its feet slightly twisted. This primitive way of walking might have been a compromise between upright walking and tree climbing, the researchers suggest, since A. sediba seems to have had more adaptations for tree-climbing than other australopithecines".

Colleagues in England  investigated the teeth. Like other parts of the skeleton, the teeth are a mosaic of primitive and human-like features.

References 

Geography of South Africa
Evolution
World Heritage Sites in Africa
Archaeological sites in Africa
History of South Africa
Prehistoric Africa
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl () is a Russian professional ice hockey team playing in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

2011 plane crash
The Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash occurred on Wednesday, September 7, 2011 at 16:02 local time, when a Yak-Service Yakolev Yak-42 airplane, with the professional ice hockey team and coaching staff of Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the Kontinental Hockey League, crashed near Yaroslavl, Russia. The team was going to Minsk, Belarus, to start the 2011-12 KHL season against Dinamo Minsk. 44 out of the 45 people on board were confirmed dead, one crew member survived.

Honours 
 Russian Open Championship winner (3): 1996–97, 2001–02, 2002–03
Runners-up of KHL (2): 2007–08, 2008–09
Bronze medal winner of Russian Open Championship and KHL (4): 1997–98, 1998–99, 2004-2005, 2010–11
Runners-up of IIHF Continental Cup : 2003
Bronze medal of Spengler Cup: 2003

Statistics in KHL 

Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime/Shootout Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against

References

Other websites
 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl official website
 Home arena, Statistics, History 

Sport in Russia
Ice hockey teams in Russia
Knot theory is the study of knots in mathematics.  In knot theory, the ends of the rope are attached so that there is no possible way for the knot to be untied.  Peter Guthrie Tait was the first person to make charts describing mathematical knots in the 1860s.

Related pages
 List of knots
 Topology

Further reading 
 Richard H. Crowell and Ralph Fox, Introduction to Knot Theory,  1977, 
 Gerhard Burde and Heiner Zieschang, Knots, De Gruyter Studies in Mathematics, 1985, Walter de Gruyter, 
 Louis H. Kauffman, On Knots, 1987, 

Knots
A Fabergé egg is one of the jewelled eggs made by Peter Carl Fabergé and his company between 1885 and 1917.

The most famous are those made for the Russian Tsars Alexander III and Nicholas II. They were Easter gifts for their wives and mothers, and are called the 'Imperial' Fabergé eggs. The House of Fabergé made about 52 imperial eggs, of which 46 have survived. Two more were planned for Easter 1918, but were not delivered, due to the Russian Revolution.

List of Fabergé Tsar Imperial Easter eggs 
Below is a list of the eggs made for the Russian imperial family.

List of the Kelch eggs
Faberge also made eggs for Alexander Kelch, a Siberian gold mine industrialist, as gifts for his wife Barbara (Varvara) Kelch-Bazanova.  Most are copies of other eggs.

Other Fabergé eggs

References 

History of Russia
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Jewelry
A primary care doctor (PCD) or primary care physician (PCP) is a doctor who provides general medical care. These doctors can answer health concerns and medical conditions a patient may have. They also can prescribe medicine for their patients, based on information gathered.

Health care
Anthology was a greatest hits album by Selena. The album included remixed songs from Selena's early music career. Two EPs were released as a promotion. The album sold over 1,200,000 copies.

Track listing
Always Mine
No Quiero Saber
Don't Throw Away My Love
La Bamba
I'm Getting Used To You (club remix)
Yo Fui Aquella
Captive Heart
Amame
Missing My Baby
Disco Medley (Full; Club Remix)

Mariachi
Ramalazo
Dame Tu Amor
Pa'Que Me Sirve La Vida
Differentes
Siempre Hace Frio
Que Creias
Quiero Estar Contigo
Rama Caida
Sabes
Tu Solo Tu

Cumbia
Yo Te Dare
La Puerta Se Cerro
Corazoncito
Enamorada de Ti
No Debes Jugar
Carino Mio
Salta La Ranita
Te Amo Solo A Ti
La Llamada
Baila Esta Cumbia

Promotional singles
Two EPs were released. Both of them contained five songs each.

Critical reception

Sales and certifications
Notes
Note that RIAA has launched its Oro y De Platino certification scheme for those albums the 50% of the content of which are in Spanish, initially, the award-levels for Oro y De Platino were: Gold=100,000 and Platinum=200,000. In February 2008, RIAA reduced the certification-award-levels for Oro y De Platino to Gold=50,000 and Platinum=100,000.

References

1998 albums
Selena albums
Greatest hits albums
All My Hits/Todos Mis Exitos Vol. 2 was the second series of the All My Hits collection. It was a greatest hits album by Selena. The album included a heart-necklace for fans. The album sold over 400,000 copies in the United States.

Track listing
Enamorada de Ti (Club Remix)
No Quiero Saber
Techno Cumbia (Radio Edit Version)
A Million to One (Medley)
Fotos Y Recuerdos
Si Una Ves
No Me Queda Mas (Astro 95 live)
Siempre Hace Frío
El Chico Del Apartamento 512
Muñequito De Trapo
Captive Heart
Tu Robaste Mi Corazón (with Pete Astudillo)
Bidi Bidi Bom Bom (Astro 95 Live)
Aunque No Salga El Sol (New Version)
Yo Fui Aquella (New Version)
Cien Años (Mirachi Version)

Certifications and sales 
Notes
Note that RIAA has launched its Oro y De Platino certification scheme for those albums the 50% of the content of which are in Spanish, initially, the award-levels for Oro y De Platino were: Gold=100,000 and Platinum=200,000.' In February 2008, RIAA reduced the certification-award-levels for Oro y De Platino to Gold=50,000 and Platinum=100,000.

References

Selena albums
2000 albums
Mirador de la Flor () is a life-sized statue that is in Corpus Christi, Texas. The statue is a memorial to American singer Selena. The statue was ordered by the Mayor of Corpus Christi as a tourist attraction in 1997. Hundreds of fans visit the statue weekly from all over the world. The statue faces Corpus Christi bay, where the gun that killed Selena was thrown. A second life-sized statue of Selena was made in Mexico in March 2011.

References 

Selena
Statues
Texas
Marie Joséphine of Savoy (Maria Giuseppina Luigia; 2 September 1753 – 13 November 1810) was the wife of the future Louis XVIII of France. She was a princess of Savoy by birth, became the titular Queen consort, and was known by her title: Her Royal Highness, Countess of Provence (comtesse de Provence).

Family

She was born at the Royal Palace of Turin on 2 September 1753 and was the third child and second daughter of Victor Amadeus and his wife the Spanish Infanta Maria Antonia of Spain. At the time of her birth her grandfather, Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, was the King of Sardinia.

Marriage

Maria Giuseppina was engaged to the French Prince Louis Stanislas of France. He was known as the Count of Provence. They were married on 16 April 1771 by proxy in the Turin. They were married in person on 14 May 1771 at the Palace of Versailles. A luxurious ball followed the wedding on 20 May. She was considered to be ugly. Louis Stanislas hated his wife. We know today that these rumors were created by those who supported Marie Antoinette as a rivalry soon emerged after the youngest brother 'comte d'Artois', married the Comtesse's sister, thereby bringing yet another Savoyard princess to Versailles and creating an Italian party at court. 

In France she was known as Marie Joséphine de Savoie. She had a high rank at court as her husband was a grandson of the reiging king. She was a cousin of the ill-fated Princess of Lamballe who was instrumental in the arrangement of the marriage. At the death of her husband’s grandfather Louis XV in 1774, her brother-in-law succeeded as Louis XVI. She became pregnant in 1774 and 1781, but both pregnancies ended in miscarriage. In 1791 Marie Joséphine went to Germany. During the period of exile, the Count and Countess fought constantly. Some historians have suggested Marie Joséphine's possible lesbian relationship with a lady-in-waiting as the primary cause for discord between the couple.

Marie Joséphine died of an edema at Hartwell House, English residence of the exiled French royal family. Marie Joséphine was laid to rest in the Lady Chapel of Westminster Abbey. Her body was removed a year later on Louis's orders and buried in the Kingdom of Sardinia; today in Cagliari Cathedral.

Other websites

1753 births
1810 deaths
House of Bourbon
House of Savoy
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Erich Probst (5 December 1927 – 16 March 1988) was an Austrian footballer.He played as striker for different teams in Vienna and also abroad.

Career
He started with Admira Wien being only 17 years old. After a year with Vienna he signed with SK Rapid Wien. In this time he won the Austrian Championship four times. In his first season with Rapid he scored 28 goals in 23 matches. Although he was always a top scorer he never shot the highest number of goals in the league.

After his time with Rapid he went to Wuppertaler SV in Germany. After the relegation of Wuppertal he went on to Switzerland playing for FC Zürich. In winter 1959 he came back to Austria to SV Austria Salzburg. The club paid 90 000 Austrian schillings, which was the highest till this time. He shot 15 goals and the team could stay in the top league. During his time with Salzburg he played his last match in the national football team. He was the first player of SV Austria Salzburg who ever played for the team.

In the 1960/61 season he was coach of SV Austria but not successful. So he went on to play as striker again. His last clubs were the SAK 1914 in Salzburg and First Vienna FC in Vienna. At all he scored 150 goals in Austrias top league.

International
He played 19 times for the Austrian national football team and scored 17 goals. His first match was on  27 May 1951 (4:0 versus Scotland)  In the qualification match for the FIFA World Cup 1954 versus Portugal he scored 5 goals for the 9:1 win. He was member of the 1954 FIFA World Cup squad which reached the third place. During the tournament he scored six goals and was together with Max Morlock of Germany and Josef Hügi of Switzerland second in the scorer list. During his time abroad he was not player of the team. But in 1960 he played his last match versus France (2:4) where he also scored his last goal for the team. So he was the first national football team player coming from SV Austria Salzburg.

Honours
Austrian Football Bundesliga (4):
 1951, 1952, 1954, 1956
Mitropa Cup (1):
 1951
 Member of the Austrian team for the 1954 FIFA World Cup

1927 births
1988 deaths
Austrian footballers
Austrian football managers
Players of the Austrian national football team
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
SK Rapid Wien players
Malcolm James McCormick (January 19, 1992 – September 7, 2018), known professionally as Mac Miller, was an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He was also a noted under the pseudonym Larry Fisherman.

In early 2010, Miller signed a record deal with Pittsburgh-based indie record label Rostrum Records. He subsequently began recording his debut studio album Blue Slide Park, and released it on November 8, 2011. The album went on to debut at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, making it the first independently distributed debut album to top the chart since Tha Dogg Pound's 1995 album, Dogg Food.

In early 2013, Miller launched REMember Music, his own record label imprint, named after a friend who died. Miller's second album, Watching Movies with the Sound Off, was released on June 18, 2013. In January 2014, Miller announced he was no longer signed to Rostrum Records. In October 2014, it was reported Miller signed a record deal for him and his label REMember, with Warner Bros. Records.

Miller died of an accidental drug overdose on September 7, 2018 at the age of 26. The cause of death was because Miller had mixed Fentanyl with Cocaine.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

Other websites

 
 Mac Miller on MTV

1992 births
2018 deaths
American hip hop musicians
American jazz singers
Rap musicians from Pennsylvania
American record producers
American television personalities
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Drug-related deaths
Jewish American musicians
Jewish businesspeople
Singers from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Warner Bros. Records artists
Crossfade is an American rock band from Columbia, South Carolina. Crossfade has three members in the band; the current band members are Ed Sloan, Les Hall, and Mitch James. Their best known song is "Cold" which was released on May 25, 2004 and reached #2 on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart and #3 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks.

Band members 

Current
Ed Sloan – vocals, guitar
Mitch James – bass guitar, vocals 
Les Hall – guitar, keyboard, backing vocals

Former
Brian Geiger - drums
Tony Byroads - vocals, turntables/sampling
James Branham - drums
Will Hunt - drums, percussion
 Mark Castillo – drums, goomba

Discography 
So far as of 2011, Crossfade has released 3 studio albums:

Albums
Crossfade (2004)
Falling Away (2006)
We All Bleed (2011)

References

Other websites 
Official website

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hard rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Post-grunge bands
Columbia, South Carolina
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in South Carolina
Yabasic (Yet Another BASIC) is an interpreter program for a version of BASIC. BASIC is a programming language. BASIC was designed by John George Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz, in 1964. However, Yabasic was born in 1995, 32 years later. Pedro Sá and Thomas Larsen are now developing version 3 of Yabasic. Yasbic is very compact at about 250 kilobytes total length.

How it works
To write something on the monitor, like Hello World, type print then "YOUR TEXT HERE".
 Print "Hello World"

Study this bit of code:
 10 beep
 20 wait 1
 30 goto 10
The result of this code is:
An audible beep is generated
The program waits for 1 second before going onto the next instruction
It then goes back to the start of the program creating an infinite loop.

This programming language can also be used to create rather complex programs such as one that calculates prime numbers

 print "This program will calculate the prime numbers below the limit"
 input "limit: " limit
 n=2
 do
   for i=2 to sqrt(n)
     if (frac(n/i)=0) then
       notprime=1
       break
     endif
   next i
   if notprime<>1 then
     print n
   endif
   notprime=0
   n=n+1
   if n>limit break
 loop

The "input" command asks the user to input a value which in this case is number that tells the program what number to stop finding prime numbers at.
The 
 do...loop
commands create a loop that can be repeated infinitely.
The
 for...next
commands hold instructions as to what the program is to do while in the loop. 
The
 if...endif
commands tell the program to look for something and if the thing it is looking for is there then it reports back that it is there.

Related pages
 List of programming languages

References

Other websites
 Official Yabasic website — downloads and documentation for Yabasic 2.763.
 Yabasic 3 website  - downloads and documentation for the Version 3 interpreter.
 Yabasic manual — documentation for the interpreter.
 YAB interpreter — BeOS/Haiku version of Yabasic.
 Yabsic PS2 — site about the PS2 version.
 Small collection of Yabasic programs .
 Official website of flyab.

Computer programming
Programming languages
The isolobal principle (also known as isolobal analogy) is way to predict bonding properties of organometallic compounds. In organometallic chemistry, it relates the structure of organic ligands that can bind to inorganic molecular fragments. Roald Hoffmann described molecular fragments as isolobal "if the number, symmetry properties, approximate energy and shape of the frontier orbitals and the number of electrons in them are similar – not identical, but similar." One can predict the bonding and reactivity of a lesser-known pieces from that of a better-known pieces if the two molecular fragments have similar frontier orbitals, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Isolobal compounds are analogs to isoelectronic compounds that share the same number of valence electrons and structure. A graphic representation of isolobal structures, with the isolobal pairs connected through a double-headed arrow with half an orbital below, is found in Figure 1.

For his work on the isolobal analogy, Hoffmann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1981, which he shared with Kenichi Fukui. In his Nobel Prize lecture, Hoffmann stressed that the isolobal analogy is a useful, yet simple, model. It does fail in certain instances.

References

Organometallic chemistry