cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A submachine gun is a type of gun that shoots many bullets, usually pistol bullets, when one holds down the trigger. A submachine gun is smaller than a machine gun and can easily be carried by one person. They are often used where people need to defend themselves in small areas, or people need to fire many bullets quickly. The first submachine guns were invented in the early 1900s. They are often used by the police and counter-terrorism units .

History
In the early 20th century, experiments were made by converting  pistols from semi to fully automatic firearms. Stocked (with handle) automatic weapons firing pistol rounds were developed around the same time during World War I, by Italy, Germany, and the United States. The first dedicated designs were developed in the latter stages of World War I both as improvements on earlier stocked pistols, and to offer an advantage in trench warfare.

They were popularized in the 1920s and '30s as weapon of choice of American gangsters and police, in the form of the famous Thompson submachine gun, commonly referred to as the "Tommy Gun". Submachine guns rose to prominence as a frontline close-quarters combat weapon and commando firearm during World War II. They are now widely used by police SWAT, military commando, paramilitary, and counter-terror team members for a variety of situations. 

Submachine guns are highly effective in close quarters; their lower-powered pistol cartridges make them generally more controllable in fully-automatic fire compared to assault rifles, while their small size and light weight grant maneuverability.  However, pistol bullets often are stopped by body armor or cover, and are short-ranged compared to intermediate and rifle cartridges.

World War II developments 
World War II developments were many and interesting. In Germany the development of machine carbines (Maschinenkarabiner) was notable.  From 1939 onwards the German Army analyzed combat conditions and developed new tactics and equipment requirements. The existing 7.92x57mm rifle cartridge was more powerful and long ranged than needed. Most combat took place at ranges less than 400 m (440 yards). A less powerful round (bullet) could be used. This meant a soldier could carry more ammunition, the weapon could be shorter, lighter and with less recoil. The gun could be an automatic.

Achieving this took time. Work in 1941 and 1942 led at last to a reliable weapon, the StG 44 (Sturmgewehr 44) "assault rifle 44". This was then produced in large numbers (over 600,000). It came too late to effect the Second World War, but was later adapted as the Soviet AK 47.

References

Other websites 
 WW2-era Small Arms
The Socialist Reich Party of Germany (German: Sozialistische Reichspartei Deutschlands) was a political party in West Germany. It was formed in 1949.

It was openly Neo-Nazi and admired Hitler. It split from the German Empire Party. Leaders included Otto Ernst Remer, a former Major General, and Fritz Dorls.

The SRP claimed West Germany's first Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer only did what the United States told, and that Karl Dönitz was the last legal of Germany.

The SRP also said that the Holocaust never happened, and that the ovens of the Dachau concentration camp were built by the United States after 1945. The SRP also wanted Europe to be led by a reunited German Reich, and that it would not be capitalist or communist.

The SRP never criticised the Soviet Union because the Russians funded the SRP because it was anti-American. The only other party modern in postwar Germany was the Communist Party of Germany. It did not get Soviet funds because the Russians thought it was useless. SRP leader Remer once said that if the USSR ever did invade Germany, he would "show the Russians the way to the Rhine".

The SRP had its own paramilitary organisation, the Reichsfront.

The SRP had about ten thousand members and it won 16 seats in the Lower Saxony Landtag election, and 8 seats Bremen.

It was banned in 1952 by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, the only court with the power to do so.

Notes

Other websites 
 Germany's New Nazis 1951 pamphlet about the SRP and other neo--nazi groups

Former political parties in Germany
Neo-Nazism
West Germany
1949 establishments in Germany
1950s disestablishments in Germany
The International Fight League was an American mixed martial arts (MMA) league and is the world's first MMA league. It was founded on January 7, 2006 and closed on July 31, 2008.

Instead of the established norm for MMA events, where matchups are strictly one-on-one affairs, each IFL card was a showdown between two teams of five fighters, each fighter fighting one match against another on the opposing team. The IFL was shown in the United States on Fox Sports Net and MyNetworkTV.

Other websites 
IFL - Official Website

Mixed martial arts
2006 establishments in the United States
2008 disestablishments in the United States
Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative ( or WASG) was a German political party founded in 2005 by people who did not like the Social Democratic–Green government.

On 16 June 2007, it merged with The Left Party.PDS to form the a party The Left (Die Linke) party. At the time of its merger with The Left Party.PDS about 11,600 people were members.

2005 establishments in Europe
2007 disestablishments in Europe
Former political parties in Germany
The Left (Germany)
2000s establishments in Germany
2000s disestablishments in Germany
The Deutsche Reichspartei (DRP) (German Reich Party, German Imperial Party or German Empire Party) was a nationalist political party in West Germany. It was a merger of the German Conservative Party - Deutsche Right Party (DKP-DRP) and the old Hessian Nationaldemokratischen Partei (NDP).

Some of the DRP's founders were: Alexander Andrae, Oskar Lutz, Hans Bernd von Grünberg, Wilhelm Meinberg, Otto Heß, Hans Schikora, Heinrich Kunstmann, Adolf von Thadden.

In 1949 the Sozialistische Reichspartei (SRP) split from the DRP. This was because the Empire Party was not neo-Nazi, and did not want to be associated with Adolf Hitler.  Instead the party preferred to say how good the Second German Empire (1870-1919) was. 

The Deutsche Reichspartei did become more national socialist after 1952. This is when the Sozialistische Reichspartei was banned by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany and a lot of its members re-joined the Empire Party.

The party was not very successful in the 1950s, but seemed to be getting more popular after the state elections of 1959. But the success did not last, and the party held its final conference in 1964 when it was dissolved. It was quickly replaced by the new Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands.

Other websites 
 Germany's New Nazis 1951 pamphlet about the DRP and other neo--nazi groups

Former political parties in Germany
Neo-Nazism
West Germany
1964 disestablishments
is a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan on the island of Kyūshū. The capital city is Fukuoka.

History 
The area of Fukuoka Prefecture includes the old provinces of Chikugo, Chikuzen, and Buzen.

Timeline
 November 19, 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month): Battle of Bun'ei
 August 15, 1281 (Kōan 4, 30th day of the 7th month): Battle of Kōan

Geography 
Fukuoka Prefecture faces the sea on three sides.  The prefecture borders Saga, Ōita, and Kumamoto prefectures.  Fukuoka is near Yamaguchi Prefecture across the Kanmon Straits.

Fukuoka includes the two largest cities on Kyūshū, Fukuoka and Kitakyūshū. Small islands are near the north coast of the prefecture.

Cities
There are 28 cities in the prefecture:

Towns and villages
These are the towns and villages in each district of the prefecture

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 18% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Kōra taisha, Sumiyoshi-jinja, Hakosagi-gū and Usa-jinjū are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Kyushu National Museum
 Giravanz Kitakyushu
 Fukuoka Art Museum
 Kyushu National Museum
 Dazaifu

References

Other websites 

 Fukuoka Prefecture website ;  
 http://www.kyushu.com/fukuoka/ 
 http://diddlefinger.com/m/fukuokaken/
Alice in Chains is a popular alternative rock band that formed in Seattle, Washington in 1987. They have sold an estimated 15 million albums in the US alone. Alice in Chains is sometimes thought of as a heavy metal band, but is mostly considered a grunge band.

The band's first lead singer, Layne Staley, became addicted to drugs. He often wrote about drug addiction in his lyrics. He died in Seattle in April 2002 after a fatal drug overdose. William DuVall took over as the lead singer in 2006.

Band members

Current members
 William DuVall - lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2006-present)
 Jerry Cantrell - lead & rhythm guitars, vocals (1987-2002, 2005-present)
 Mike Inez - bass, backing vocals (1993-2002, 2005-present)
 Sean Kinney - drums, percussion (1987-2002, 2005-present)

Former members
 Layne Staley - lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1987-2002)
 Mike Starr - bass, backing vocals (1987-1993)

Touring musicians
 Patrick Lachman - lead vocals (2005-2006)
 Scott Olson - acoustic guitar, bass (1996)

Discography
 Facelift (1990)
 Dirt (1992)
 Alice in Chains (1995)
 Black Gives Way to Blue (2009)
 The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here (2013)
 Rainier Fog (2018)

References

Other websites 

 Alice in Chains Official Site
 Jerry Cantrell Official Site
 Alice in Chains Equipment/Gear
 Alice in Chains Concert Chronology, discography, and session history

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Grunge bands
American hard rock bands
Alternative metal bands
Musical groups from Seattle, Washington
Musical groups established in 1987
1987 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
2002 disestablishments in the United States
2006 establishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 2006
2000s establishments in Washington (state)
2000s disestablishments in Washington (state)
Johann Ludwig "Lutz" Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (22 August 1887 – 4 March 1977) was a German politician.

Early life 
Johann Ludwig von Krosigk was born in Rathmannsdorf, in the Kingdom of Saxony. His father was from a noble family in Anhalt, his mother was a daughter of one of the Counts ("Graf") von Schwerin. He studied law and politics in Halle, in Lausanne and, as a Rhodes Scholar, at the University of Oxford.

He became a Lieutenant in the German Army during World War I, and he won the Iron Cross. In 1918, Krosigk married Baroness Ehrengard von Plettenberg. They had four sons and five daughters.

Nazi years

Pre-World War II 
Schwerin von Krosigkut was a conservative, but not a member of any political party when was appointed Minister of Finance by Franz von Papen in 1932. President Paul von Hindenburg asked him to stay in office under Kurt von Schleicher. Hitler kept him as finance minister throughout the period of Nazi Party rule, even though several members of his family took part in attempts to kill Hitler.

World War II 
On 1 May 1945, Schwerin von Krosigk was asked to be the Chancellor (Reichskanzler) of the Acting Government by new President (Reichspräsident) Karl Dönitz.

On 7 May 1945, Dönitz allowed the German Army to surrender at Rheims before General Eisenhower.

Winston Churchill  recognised the Flensburg Government de facto because he said the surrender was allowed by "Grand Admiral Dönitz the designated Head of State". The government was dissolved when its members were captured by British forces on 23 May 1945, at Flensburg.

Schwerin von Krosigk was tried at Ministries Trial at Nuremberg along with other leading members of the Nazi Government. Schwerin von Krosigk was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment but was released during an amnesty in 1951.

After World War II 
In later years Schwerin von Krosigk wrote several books about economics policy and two versions of his memoirs.

He was one of the first to talk about an "Iron Curtain" coming down across Europe, in a broadcast to the German people on 2 May 1945, a phrase which he had picked up from an article by Joseph Goebbels, and later used by Winston Churchill in a speech that made the phrase famous.

Schwerin von Krosigk died in 1977 in the town of Essen, Germany, aged 89.

Works 
 Es geschah in Deutschland, 1951
 Die große Zeit des Feuers - Der Weg der deutschen Industrie, 3 volumes, 1959
 Alles auf Wagnis - der Kaufmann gestern, heute und morgen, 1963
 Persönliche Erinnerungen, memoirs, 3 volumes, 1974
 Staatsbankrott (Studie über die deutsche Finanzpolitik von 1920 bis 1945), 1975
 Memoiren (short version of Persönliche Erinnerungen), 1977

References

Other websites 

 Biography (Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin)

1887 births
1977 deaths
Chancellors of Nazi Germany
German military personnel of World War I
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Government ministers of the Weimar Republic
Politicians from Saxony
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Rhodes scholars
The Kingdom of Sophene (Armenian: Ծոփքի Թագավորութուն) was an ancient Armenian kingdom. Found sometime around the 3rd century B.C. the kingdom stayed independent until 90's B.C. when Tigranes the great conquered these territories as part of his empire.

Origin 
The first records show that it was part of Urartu, later it became a province of the Armenian Kingdom around 600 BC.

Related pages
Armenian Empire
Kingdom of Armenia
Sophene

References 

History of Armenia
3rd-century BC establishments
1st-century BC disestablishments
Establishments in Armenia
Lady Katherine Grey (25 August 1540 – 26 January 1568) was the sister to Lady Jane Grey and Lady Mary Grey. Her mother was Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey, who were Marquess and Marchioness of Dorset and later Duke and Duchess of Suffolk.

Life 
Katherine (also spelled Catherine) was born in 1540 to Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey. Her parents were disappointed that she was a girl. However, Frances treated Katherine better than she treated her sister, Lady Jane Grey. Little is known about Katherine's early life before 1550.
Katherine was married at the age of twelve to Henry Herbert in May of 1553. It was the same day her elder sister, Jane, was married to Guildford Dudley. Katherine's sister Jane was queen of England for nine days before Mary became Queen. Because of this, Katherine's marriage to Herbert was annulled (or divorce).

Appearance and personality 
Katherine was considered even more beautiful than her sister Jane. She was a little short, but she had a delicate appearance. She had shining red-gold hair and her grandmother Mary Tudor's blue eyes. She also had white skin and no freckles, unlike her sister Jane.
Unlike her sister Jane, Katherine was not as smart and did not like her studies as much. She preferred playing with her pet dogs and birds.

Later life 
Katherine said that her life at Queen Mary's court was the best time of her life. She met her future husband during these years and received money from Mary every year. Mary's sister, Elizabeth, did not like Katherine much. She distrusted her and did not wish to see her married. Katherine had other plans. 

In December 1560, she married Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford without Elizabeth I's permission. They planned to keep it a secret for a long time. However, Katherine became pregnant quickly and by July of the next year, she could not hold her secret any longer. She first tried to get help from Bess of Hardwick, but Bess screamed at Katherine and made her go away. Then she went to see Elizabeth's great favorite, Robert Dudley. He listened to Katherine but promised nothing. The next day he told Elizabeth everything. Elizabeth was angry with this and put both Edward and Katherine in prison. She gave birth to a son in the Tower of London. The child's name was Edward. 

Later, she gave birth to another son, also in the Tower of London. This made Elizabeth even more angry since Katherine was not supposed to see Edward. The couple would not see each other again after the birth. Katherine soon got tuberculosis, and died in January 1568. She is buried in Cockfield Chapel.

1539 births
1568 deaths

English nobility
Conjunction is a word used in astronomy and astrology. It means that, as seen from some place (usually the Earth), two celestial bodies appear near one another in the sky. The event is also sometimes known as an appulse.

The astronomical and astrological symbol of conjunction is ☌(in Unicode x260c) and handwritten:

Other websites 
 Occultations of Saturn by Jupiter 
 Image of 2001 occultation of Saturn by the Moon 
 Planets conjunctions and mutual occultations 1000BC to 3000AD
 Conjunctions of planets with the main asteroids

Astrology
Astronomical phenomena
George Boleyn (1504? - May 17 1536) was the brother of his famous sister Anne Boleyn and his other sister Mary Boleyn. His parents were Thomas Boleyn and Elizabeth Howard.

Biography
George was born in 1504, probably in Blickling, although it is unsure. George Boleyn was well known for serving the King (Henry VIII ), he was most favored by him. His sister, Anne, became queen because of the help of his Uncle (The Duke of Norfolk) and his Father (Thomas Boleyn). His two sisters, Anne Boleyn (Second wife of Henry VIII), and Mary Boleyn (Mistress of the King) were his only two friends. They spent much time together. He married Jane Parker, also known as Lady Jane Rochford. He was not happy with his marriage, he was only engaged to her by their Uncle. As a Boleyn/Howard (Howard, Mothers maiden name) he had to obey. His obedience towards his family made him unhappy. He refused to sleep with his wife, so instead spent many nights with his sisters in Anne's rooms. Mary would be there, for she was Anne's lady in waiting. All three of the Boleyns were very close.

Downfall
George Boleyn had a very close relationship with his sister Anne. He was also close with his other sister, but Mary focused more on her family with her husband (William Stafford). George and Anne's downfall happened when Henry VIII accused them of incest. Mary Boleyn was not with them at the time of their exile. She chose to hide because of her children. If she had not hidden herself, she too would have been killed. It was likely a false charge by Henry VIII so he could get rid of Anne Boleyn. George's wife claimed that George and Anne had an affair. At her own execution, Lady Jane Rochford claimed that "God has permitted me to suffer this shameful doom as punishment for having contributed to my husband's death. I falsely accused him of loving in an incestuous manner, his sister, Queen Anne Boleyn. For this I deserve to die."

1500s births
1536 deaths

People from Norfolk
Mary Boleyn (about 1499 – 19 July 1543) was the older sister of Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII. They had a brother named George Boleyn.  There have been many stories and books about Mary Boleyn, so historians are not sure what is true about her.

Early Life 
Mary was born some time between 1500 and 1507 at Blickling Hall in Norfolk.  Her parents were Sir Thomas Boleyn and Lady Elizabeth Howard. While her parents had her sister Anne educated at the court of Margaret of Austria, Mary was probably educated at home.  She had a well-rounded education for a woman in the 1500s.  Among Mary's other skills, she could speak French.

In 1514, Mary's father got her a job as maid of honor to Mary Tudor, the sister of King Henry VIII. Mary Tudor was going to be married to King Louis XII of France.  Mary and the other maids traveled with Mary Tudor to France, where Mary Tudor was married.  Only a few months after the wedding, however, King Louis died and Francis I became king. Mary Tudor went back to England but Mary Boleyn stayed in France.

There were rumours that Mary Boleyn became King Francis's mistress, but some historians think the rumours may not be true.  They think the rumours may have been about trying to make the Boleyn family look bad so Henry VIII could divorce Anne Boleyn.

Marriage and mistress 
In 1519, Mary went back to England to marry William Carey.  Soon, she became King Henry VIII's mistress. Some historians think that King Henry was the father of Mary's two children, Catherine Carey and Henry Carey, but it is also possible that her husband William Carey was their father. Mary was Henry VIII's mistress for years, possibly until as late as 1526.

Widowhood 
After Mary's husband died, she had money problems.  Her sister Anne took Mary's son Henry as her ward and paid for his education.

In 1526, Mary married again.  She married a soldier named William Stafford without her family's permission.  Anne and the rest of Mary's family were angry with her.  Mary and Stafford had one child, but historians do not know what happened to him or her.

After Anne and George Boleyn were executed, Mary's parents began to speak to her again.  After her father and grandmother died, they left Mary half the Boleyn property.  But Mary Boleyn had to fight for it in law court.  Mary died in Rochford Hall in 1543.

References

1499 births
1543 deaths
People from Kent
A cubic centimetre (symbol cm³ or cc) (U.S. spelling: cubic centimeter) is a commonly used unit of volume extending the derived SI-unit cubic metre and corresponds to the volume of a cube measuring 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm. One cubic centimetre corresponds to a volume of  of a cubic metre, or  of a litre; therefore, 1 cm³ = 1 mL. In many scientific fields, the use of cubic centimetres has been replaced by the millilitre. The medical and automotive fields are two of the few fields wherein the term cubic centimetre was never discontinued in the United States. In the United Kingdom millilitres are used in preference to cubic centimetres in the medical field.

One cubic centimetre of water is equal to 1 gram.

Units of volume

sv:Liter#Milliliter
"Welcome to the Black Parade" is the first single and fifth track from My Chemical Romance's third studio album, The Black Parade. It was released on September 11, 2006 on iTunes and October 9, 2006 on CD. It is the band's ninth single. The studio version was available on MySpace on September 2, 2006. The song became the group's first number one in the UK on October 15, 2006, and later rose to number one on the Modern Rock Tracks on October 26, 2006, where it would stay for seven weeks. It was originally intended to be called "The Five Of Us Are Dying."

The song ranked at #17 on Rolling Stone's "The 100 Best Songs of 2006".

References

Other websites 
 "Welcome to the Black Parade" sound track at The Black Parade official website

2006 songs
My Chemical Romance
Remembrance Day (in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom) is a day to remember people who fought and died in wars. It is on November 11. On that day in 1918 came the end of World War I with Armistice with Germany.

Remembrance Day was started in 1919 by King George V of the United Kingdom.  On the same day, other countries also have days to remember war and soldiers.  There is Veteran's Day in the United States,  and Armistice Day in France, Belgium, New Zealand and other countries.

Traditions 

There are some things that people do on Remembrance Day at 11:00 AM. That is when World War I ended. At a ceremony for Remembrance Day, a tune called "The Last Post" is played on a bugle (or sometimes a trumpet). Then there are two minutes of silence. At the end of the silence, the bugle plays a tune called "Reveille".

In many countries, many people wear a poppy on Remembrance Day, and for a few days before. The remembrance poppy is an artificial flower to commemorate those who died in war. People bring wreaths made of poppies to Remembrance Day ceremonies. The poppy is a symbol to show they remember the wars and the soldiers who fought in them. Poppies were chosen as a symbol because they often grew in battlefields after the soldiers stopped fighting.

Related pages
Veterans Day

Holidays
Australia
Canada
Anniversary days in the United Kingdom
Leona Lewis (born 3 April 1985) is a British actress and singer-songwriter. 

Lewis first became famous when she won a television talent contest in Britain called The X Factor. When she won The X Factor in 2006, Lewis got a £1 million contract to make more music. She then released a song, as part of The X Factor contract, called A Moment Like This which was the number 1 song in the charts at Christmas after selling 571,253 copies in the shops and on download. 

Lewis then released her second song on 22 October 2007 called Bleeding Love which was the number 1 song again in Britain, and also reached number 1 in the United States. It sold 218,805 copies in the first week of release. She released her first album called Spirit in November 2007. Her second album is Echo, which was released 9 November 2009.

Her first concert tour called The Labyrinth was in 2010. 

Her songs include Better in Time and Bleeding Love.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 
 Official MySpace

Leona Lewis
1985 births
Black British musicians
British R&B musicians
English pop singers
Singer-songwriters from London
The X Factor winners
Trinny Woodall (born Sarah-Jane Woodall on 8 February 1964) is an English expert in fashion, author, television presenter and journalist.

Trinny Woodall first became famous when she presented a reality show called What Not to Wear with Susannah Constantine on the BBC. She then was on The Oprah Winfrey Show in 2004 and helped American people with their clothes and appearance. She then presented Trinny & Susannah Undress on ITV in 2006 and Trinny & Susannah Undress The Nation in 2007.

She has also written lots of fashion books with Constantine in Britain and America which have been made into many languages. Their first major book, What Not to Wear, sold 670,000 copies and won a British Book Award.

List of books
Ready 2 Dress: How to Have Style Without Following Fashion, Weidenfeld Nicolson (February 14, 2000) ()
What Not to Wear, Weidenfeld Nicolson (September 5, 2002) ()
What Not to Wear: The Rules, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) ()
What Not to Wear: For Every Occasion, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) ()
What You Wear Can Change Your Life, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 17, 2004) ()
What Your Clothes Say About You, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 29, 2005) ()
Trinny and Susannah: The Survival Guide, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, (September 20,  2006) ()
Trinny & Susannah Take on America: What Your Clothes Say about You, HarperCollins Publishers (October 2006) ()
The Body Shape Bible, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 18,  2007) ()

References

Other websites
Trinny and Susannah's official website

1965 births
Living people
English television presenters
English journalists
Susannah Caroline Constantine (born June 3, 1962) is an English television presenter, fashion expert, author and journalist. In her early career, Constantine worked with famous fashion designers like John Galliano. She met Trinny Woodall in 1994 at a party and wrote about fashion in a newspaper called The Telegraph. Susannah Constantine also dated the member of the British royal family, David, Viscount Linley, in the 1980s.

Constantine and Woodall became famous when they presented a reality show in Britain called What Not to Wear. In 2002, they won a Royal Television Award for being the best presenters. In 2006 Constantine hosted another fashion show on ITV called Trinny & Susannah Undress. She has also been on The Oprah Winfrey Show with Trinny Woodall, and helped women with their clothes. They have made many fashion books which have been successful in America and Britain, and have been translated into many languages. It is thought that the books have sold 2.5 million copies around the world.

List of books
Ready 2 Dress: How to Have Style Without Following Fashion, Weidenfeld Nicolson (February 14, 2000) ()
What Not to Wear, Weidenfeld Nicolson (September 5, 2002) () 
What Not to Wear: The Rules, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) () 
What Not to Wear: For Every Occasion, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) () 
What You Wear Can Change Your Life, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 17, 2004) ()
What Your Clothes Say About You, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 29, 2005) () 
Trinny and Susannah: The Survival Guide, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, (September 20,  2006) () 
Trinny & Susannah Take on America: What Your Clothes Say about You, HarperCollins Publishers (October 2006) () 
The Body Shape Bible, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 18,  2007) ()

Other websites
Trinny and Susannah's official website

Trinny & Susannah Undress  at itv.com

1962 births
Living people
English television presenters
Dame Anna Wintour DBE (born 3 November 1949) is the English editor-in-chief of American Vogue, a position she has held since 1988.

Life
Anna Wintour stopped going to school at 16 and started her career in fashion. She worked on magazines in America called New York and Home & Garden. She then went back to Britain and worked on a British magazine known as Vogue. She later worked on the American version, making them both more popular and successful. Wintour supports young fashion designers and is sometimes called "Nuclear Wintour" because of her demanding personality.

Media

The Devil Wears Prada
It is thought that Anna Wintour was the inspiration behind the demanding editor, Miranda Priestly, in the novel The Devil Wears Prada. The author of the book, Lauren Weisberger, had worked as the personal assistant of Anna Wintour at Vogue. It has been suggested that the setting and Priestly were based on Vogue and Wintour, but Weisberger denies this, and says that Wintour is given her own appearance near the end of the book.

The similarities between Priestly and Wintour are:
 They both have two children
 They both serve on the board of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Miranda Priestly is a mean person who makes impossible demands of the people who work for her, and Wintour is also a very strict boss.

Before the book started selling, Wintour told the New York Times, "I always enjoy a great piece of fiction. I haven't decided whether I am going to read it or not."

Ugly Betty
It is also said that a character in the TV series of Ugly Betty is based on Wintour. The character Fey Sommers, is very similar to Anna Wintour:
 They both have a bob haircut
 They both wear sunglasses indoors
 Their surnames are both homophones for seasons (Sommers=Summer, Wintour=Winter)
 They were both targeted by animal rights activists for using fur in their fashion
 Both Sommers and Wintour were involved in some way with fashion magazines. (Sommers with MODE, Wintour with Vogue).

Wintour is also mentioned in Ugly Betty when Wilhelmina Slater is going to get a better job at MODE (the magazine) after Bradford Meade is arrested. She does not accept a lunch invitation from Anna Wintour, saying she should have called back in 1998, not 2007.

Personal life

Politics
Wintour has been a supporter of the Democratic Party going back to Hillary Clinton's 2000 Senate run and John Kerry's 2004 presidential run and serving Barack Obama's 2008 and 2012 presidential runs as a lot of contributions. In 2008 and 2012, she co-hosted fundraisers with Sarah Jessica Parker, the latter being a 50-person, $40,000-a-plate dinner at Parker's West Village town house with Meryl Streep, Michael Kors, and Trey Laird, an advertising executive, among the attendees. She has also teamed with Calvin Klein and Harvey Weinstein on fundraisers during Obama's first term and Donna Karan has been amongst the attendees.

References

Other websites
 

1949 births
Living people
Journalists from London
The Kingdom of Saxony (), existed from 1806 until 1918.  

From 1871 it was part of the German Empire, and after World War I it became part of the Weimar Republic. Its capital was the city of Dresden, and its modern successor state is the Free State of Saxony.

Before 1806 Saxony was the Electorate of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire.  This meant that the princes who ruled Saxony were prince-elector and could help elect a new Holy Roman Emperor.

When Emperor Francis II was defeated by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz and the empire was dissolved  the electorate became an independent kingdom. The last elector of Saxony became King Frederick Augustus I. 

After the Battle of Jena in 1806, Saxony joined the Confederation of the Rhine, and remained within the Confederation until it broke up in 1813 when Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Leipzig. 

The Catholic ruler of Saxony was one of the few German leaders to support the French.  Saxony was put under Russian occupation and 40% of the Kingdom, including the historically significant Wittenberg, home of the Protestant Reformation, was taken by Prussia, but Frederick Augustus was allowed back to rule the remainder of his kingdom, which still included the major cities of Dresden and Leipzig.  The Kingdom also joined the German Confederation, the new organization of the German states to replace the Holy Roman Empire.

The Austro-Prussian War and the German Empire

During the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, Saxony sided with Austria.  The Saxon army was the only large army to help Austria.  At the peace talks Austria said Saxony should not be punished.  The  other states in north Germany including the large Kingdom of Hanover were annexed (taken over) by Prussia after the war.  These states had promised help to Austria but did little, so Austria did not try to help them at the peace talks.  

Saxony joined the Prussian-led North German Confederation the next year in 1867. When Prussia beat  France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the Confederation was turned into the German Empire by Otto von Bismarck, with Wilhelm I as its Emperor. 

John I, as Saxony's king, was below the Emperor, although he, like the other German princes, kept some of the rights of a sovereign ruler, including sending ambassadors  other states.

The end of the kingdom 
Wilhelm I's grandson Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated in 1918 after  Germany's defeat in the First World War. King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony followed him into abdication and the Kingdom of Saxony became the Free State of Saxony inside the newly-formed Weimar Republic.  The Kingdom of Saxony had lasted only 112 years.

Related pages
 Saxony

1800s establishments in Germany
1918 disestablishments in Germany
Former states in Germany
Saxony
1806 establishments in Europe
The Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen was one of the Ernestine duchies.

The dukes were never very important in forming the history of Europe, and unlike their relative in the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha never set out to form a long lasting dynasty.

Like all of the German monarchies the duchy became part of the Weimar Republic after World War I.

In the reshuffle of Ernestine territories after the death of the Saxe-Gothaducal line in 1825, Saxe-Meiningen got the territories of Hildburghausen and Saalfeld. The state of Saxe-Meiningen was merged into the new state of Thuringia in 1920.

The capital of Saxe-Meiningen was Meiningen; it had an area of 2,468 km² and a population of 269,000 (1905). The summer residence was Altenstein.

The present head of Head of the Ducal House of Saxe-Meiningen is Prince Frederick Konrad (born 1952).

Dukes of Saxe-Meiningen 
 Bernhard I (1675 – 1706)
 Ernst Ludwig I (1706 – 24), son of Bernhard I
 Ernst Ludwig II (1724 – 29), son of Ernst Ludwig I
 Karl Frederick (1729 – 43), son of Ernst Ludwig I
 Frederick Wilhelm (1743 – 1746), son of Bernhard I
 Anton Ulrich (1746 – 63), Son of Bernhard I
 Karl Wilhelm (1763 – 82), son of Anton Ulrich
 Georg I (1782 – 1803), son of Anton Ulrich
 Bernhard II (1803 – 66), son of Georg I
 Georg II (1866 – 1914), son of Bernhard II
 Bernhard III (1914 – 18), son of Georg II

Dukedom abolished in 1918

Heads of the Ducal House of Saxe-Meiningen, post monarchy 
 Bernhard III (1918-1928)
 Prince Georg (1928 – 46)
 Prince Bernhard (1946 – 84)
 Prince Frederick Konrad (1984 – present)

Related pages
 Ernestine duchies

Other websites 
 

States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the German Confederation
States of the German Empire
States of the Holy Roman Empire
States of the North German Confederation
States of the Weimar Republic
Thuringia
1675 establishments
1670s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in Germany
1920 disestablishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in Germany
The Misfits were a punk rock band from New Jersey. They are usually classified as a hardcore punk or horror punk band. They often played in theatrical makeup to look spooky. They had themes mostly from old movies, especially horror movies. The lead singer was Glenn Danzig. Danzig later formed Samhain and then Danzig. Other members went on to form a new version of the Misfits in the late 2000s. That version eventually included members of the Ramones and Black Flag.

The Misfits had many of their records released in limited collectible versions. Sometimes they were released through their fan club called The Fiend Club. They had a huge influence on everything from the way punk is marketed (the Misfits rival Kiss in marketing of their skull logo) to the many celebrities wearing their T shirts.

1970s American music groups
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2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
American heavy metal bands
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Musical groups from New Jersey
Musical groups established in 1977
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Musical groups established in 1995
1977 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in New Jersey
1983 disestablishments in the United States
1980s disestablishments in New Jersey
1995 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in New Jersey
The Vistula (Polish: Wisła) is the longest river in Poland. It is 1,047 km (678 miles) long.

How it flows

Tributaries 
The following is the list of right and left tributaries and the name of a city close by, listed from source to mouth:
Right tributaries 
 Brennica – Skoczów
 Iłownica
 Biała – Czechowice-Dziedzice
 Soła
 Skawa – Zator
 Skawinka – Skawina
 Wilga – Kraków
 Drwinka
 Raba
 Gróbka
 Uszwica
 Kisielina
 Dunajec
 Breń
 Brnik
 Wisłoka
 Babulówka – Baranów Sandomierski
 Trzesniówka – Sandomierz
 Łęg – Sandomierz
 San
 Sanna – Annopol
 Wyżnica – Józefów
 Chodelka
 Bystra – Kazimierz Dolny
 Kurówka – Puławy
 Wieprz – Dęblin
 Okrzejka
 Promnik
 Wilga – Wilga
 Świder – Otwock, Józefów
 Kanał Żerański – Warsaw
 Narew – Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki
 Mołtawa
 Słupianka – Płock
 Rosica – Płock
 Brzeźnica – Płock
 Skrwa Prawa – Płock
 Mień – Nieszawa
 Drwęca – Toruń
 Bacha – Toruń
 Struga
 Osa – Grudziądz
 Liwa

Left tributaries
 Krajka – Strumień
 Pszczynka
 Gostynia
 Przemsza – Chełmek
 Chech
 Rudno
 Sanka – Kraków
 Rudawa – Kraków
 Prądnik – Kraków
 Dłubnia – Kraków
 Roporek – Nowe Brzesko
 Szreniawa
 Nidzica
 Nida – Nowy Korczyn
 Strumień
 Czarna – Połaniec
 Koprzywianka – Sandomierz
 Opatówka
 Kamienna
 Krępianka – Solec nad Wisłą
 Iłżanka
 Zwoleńka
 Plewka – Janowiec
 Zagożdzonka – Kozienice
 Radomka
 Pilica – Warka
 Czarna – Góra Kalwaria
 Jeziorka – Konstancin-Jeziorna
 Bzura – Wyszogród
 Skrwa Lewa – Płock
 Zgłowiączka – Włocławek
 Tążyna
 Zielona
 Brda – Bydgoszcz
 Wda – Świecie
 Wierzyca – Gniew
 Motława – Gdańsk
 Radunia – Gdańsk

Rivers of Poland
The word Sunnah (Arabic: سنة) is an Arabic word meaning "tradition" or "way."  For Muslims, Sunnah means "the way of the prophet".  Sunnites try to follow his words, actions and teachings.  

Muslim scholars learn about the Sunnah by studying thousands of stories about Muhammad, his family, and his first followers.  These stories are called Hadith.

Related pages 
 Sunni Islam
 Quranism

Islam
Arabic words and phrases
Religious terminology
Al-Aqsa Mosque ("The Farthest Mosque") is a mosque, or a place where Muslims go to worship, and it is in East Jerusalem/Baitulmaqdis.

History
Abdul Malik ibn Marwan asked for the mosque to be built, but he died before they finished building it, and it was finished by his son Al-Walid I in 705 AD. The Al-Aqsa Mosque is a part of the Al-Haram al-Qudsi al-Sharif, or "The Noble Sanctuary". This area is known as the Temple Mount by Jews, and it is believed to be the location where the Jewish Temple was built. The mosque is the 3rd most important place in Islam. Muslims believe that Muhammad went from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to the Al-Aqsa Mosque in the story of the "Night Journey". Also, some Islamic traditions say Muhammad led prayers there before his ascension.

Attacks
People have planned to attack the mosque, and some people have actually attacked it. In 1969 Michael Dennis Rohan set the mosque on fire, destroying a lot of the mosque. Some members of the Gush Emunim Underground planned to blow up the mosque, but they never blew it up.

In September of 2000 Ariel Sharon visited Al-Aqsa, and Palestinians who were at the mosque threw objects at the police force that was with Sharon. In return the police shot rubber bullets at the group of Palestinians. Palestinians said Sharon visited the mosque to make people angry, but Sharon said he had gone there with a message of peace. This visit is what some believe caused the Second Intifada.

Name 

"Al-Aqsa Masjid" means "the farthest Mosque". The masjid's name comes from a story in the Quran called "The Night Journey". In the story Muhammad goes from Makkah to East Jerusalem, where the Al-Aqsa Masjid is. Then he went up to Heaven (Jannah).

History 

The mosque was first built in 705 AD. The first mosque was destroyed in an earthquake in 748 AD and had to be built again. We do not know when it was built again, but it was probably in 771 AD, and this mosque was destroyed soon after they finished building it. The third mosque was built around 780 AD. In 1033 AD there was another earthquake, and the mosque had to be built again.

East Jerusalem was taken over by the Crusaders in 1099. Instead of taking down the mosque, the crusaders used the mosque as a palace. In 1119 it was changed into the headquarters for the Templar Knights.

References 

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Mosques
Religion in Israel
Balkh () is a province in the northern part of Afghanistan. Its capital is Mazar-i-Sharif. Most of its people are Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks.

Related pages 
 Balkh

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Dwight Hicks was born April 5, 1956 in Mount Holly, New Jersey. He was a professional American football player. He played the defensive back position for the Toronto Argonauts in 1978. He also played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers from 1979 to 1985 and for the Indianapolis Colts in 1986. Before that, Dwight Hicks played for the University of Michigan. He is a four-time Pro Bowl selection from 1981 to 1984. He helped the 49ers to win 2 NFL Championships in Super Bowl XVI and Super Bowl XIX.

Hicks led the NFL in interceptions in the 1981 season, and return yards. He went on to be very important in the Super Bowl. After the 49ers lost a fumble on the opening kickoff, the Cincinnati Bengals got the football to San Francisco 5-yard line. Hicks made an interception and stopped the Bengals from scoring.

In Hicks eight NFL seasons, he had 32 interceptions, 602 interception return yards, 14 fumble recoveries, 112 fumble return yards, and 4 touchdowns. 

Hicks went on to become a popular character actor in movies such as The Rock, Jack, Armageddon, and In the Mix after his football career. He also made appearances on many television programs. Some shows that he appeared on include Nash Bridges, The Pretender, The Practice, The X-Files, ER and The O.C.

Indianapolis Colts players
San Francisco 49ers players
American movie actors
Actors from New Jersey
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1956 births
Living people
In astronomy, a rotation period is the time an astronomical object takes to complete one revolution around its rotation axis relative to the background stars. For the Earth this is a sidereal day. It is different from a solar day, which is measured by the passage of the Sun across the local meridian.

Other websites
 

Celestial mechanics
The albedo of an object is the extent to which it reflects light, defined as
the ratio of reflected to incident electromagnetic radiation. It is a unitless measure indicative of a surface's or body's diffuse reflectivity. The word is derived from albus, a Latin word for "white".

Other websites 
 Albedo - Encyclopedia of Earth
 NASA MODIS Terra BRDF/albedo product site 
 NASA MODIS BRDF/albedo product site 
 A discussion of Lunar albedos

Optics
Robin Olds (born July 14, 1922, died June 14, 2007) was a member of the United States Air Force. He was one of the first jet fighter pilots. In World War II, he flew a P-38 Lightning and a P-51 Mustang. In the Vietnam War, he was a commander and was angry about lack of dogfight training. He flew an F-4 Phantom II. In 1973, he retired from the Air Force at the rank of brigadier general. He had made 16 kills (12 in World War II, 4 in Vietnam). He had prostate cancer and died of heart failure.

1922 births
2007 deaths

American military people
Military people from Hawaii
American aviators
Lady Mary Grey (1545- 20 April 1578) was the sister of Lady Jane Grey and Lady Katherine Grey. Her parents were Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey.

Life
Mary Grey's parents were disappointed with her birth, because she was a girl and a hunchback. She was described as "four foot tall and hunchbacked". 

Mary's life was not as exciting as her sisters, Jane and Katherine Grey. But after their death she was the last surviving grandchild of Mary Tudor, and therefore some people thought she might be heiress to the English throne. She married the royal gatekeeper Thomas Keyes in 1565 but this was without Queen Elizabeth's permission. But like her sister Katherine's marriage to Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, Queen Elizabeth was angry. Elizabeth claimed that she wanted "no bastard Keyes". Elizabeth put Mary under house arrest. She was released after the death of her husband in 1572 and was permitted to attend Court occasionally.

She died childless at age 33.

Other websites
Britannia.com 
Life in Elizabethan England 

1545 births
1578 deaths
Grey, Lady Mary
English nobility
The Balkan mountain range (Bulgarian and Serbian: Стара планина, Stara planina, "Old Mountain") is an extension of the Carpathian mountain range, separated from it by the Danube River.

The Balkan range runs 560 km from eastern Serbia eastward through central Bulgaria to Cape Emine on the Black Sea.

The highest peak on the Balkan peninsula is Musala in the Rila mountains near Sofia (Rila range), with 2,925 m, closely followed by Mount Olympus in Greece and Vihren (Pirin range).

The highest peaks of the Stara planina itself are in central Bulgaria. The highest peak is Botev (2,376 m), in the Central Balkan National Park (established 1991).

Passes 
There are paved roads crossing Stara Planina at the following passes (listed from west to east):
 Petrohan Pass: Sofia–Montana
 Iskar Gorge (Iskarski prolom ): Sofia–Vratsa (also railroad)
 Vitinya Pass: Hemus motorway (A2), Sofia–Botevgrad
Beklemeto Pass: Troyan–Karnare
 Shipka Pass: Gabrovo–Kazanlak (also railroad)
 Pass of the Republic (Prohod na republikata): Veliko Tarnovo – Gurkovo
 Vratnik Pass: Elena–Sliven
 Kotel Pass (Kotlenski prohod): Kotel–Petolachka (Pentagram) crossroads
 Varbitsa Pass (Varbishki prohod): Shumen–Petolachka crossroads
 Rish Pass (Rishki prohod): Shumen–Karnobat
 Luda Kamchiya Gorge (Ludokamchiyski prolom): Dalgopol–Karnobat (also railroad)
 Dyulino Pass (Dyulinski prohod): Varna–Aitos
 Obzor Pass (Obzorski prohod): Varna–Burgas, future Cherno More motorway (A3)

Peaks 
 Midžor 2,169 m is the highest peak in Central Serbia
 Botev Peak 2,376 m (named after Hristo Botev)
 Vezhen
 Kom
 Buzludzha
 Levski (named after Vasil Levski)

Related pages
 Balkans

Other websites 

 Regional tourist association 
 Stara Planina