cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The president of Pakistan (, Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the head of state of Pakistan. Pakistan has a parliamentary form of government. According to the Constitution, the President is chosen by the Electoral College to serve a five-year term. The electoral college is made up of the Senate, National Assembly, and the provincial assemblies.

The position of president in Pakistan has usually been one of a figurehead. That is with real power being given to the Prime Minister. However the power of the president has changed over the years, due to the military changing the role.

History 
In 1947, Pakistan became a dominion and part of the British Commonwealth with the British Monarch as head of state, represented by the Governor-General of Pakistan. In 1956 Pakistan established its first constitution and became a Republic, and the Queen and Governor-General were replaced by the president.

Pakistan's first president was Iskander Mirza, who was also the last Governor General. In 1958, he removed the constitution and declared martial law. A few weeks later, he was overthrown by General Ayub Khan, who then declared himself president. The constitution was changed and the president became the ruler of Pakistan. The constitution also said that the president be elected by the people. Elections were held in 1963, and Khan defeated Fatima Jinnah, sister of founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

List of presidents of Pakistan

List of presidents of Pakistan

Living former presidents

Present holder of the post 
The President is now Arif Alvi, a former dentist. He has been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan since August 2018. Before, he was a member of the National Assembly from June 2013 to May 2018. He is a member of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, a moderate Party with democratic ideals.

Notes

References

Other websites
 President of Pakistan: Official Website
Ratodero is the capital of Ratodero Taluka a sub-division of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located some 30 km away from the district capital Larkana.

Administration
Ratodero Taluka is administratively subdivided into 9 Union Councils two of which form the town of Ratodero these are:

Ratodero-I
Ratodero-II

Famous People
There have been many people from Ratodero including two former Prime Ministers - Zulfikar and Benazir Bhutto.

References

Settlements in Sindh
Larkana District
English is the official language of Pakistan. Urdu is the national language. It is also known as Lashkari Zaban or just Lashkari. It is believed to have started in Punjab with Lahore as it's capital during Ghaznavid rule. There are also provincial languages, Balochi language, Pashto, Saraiki, Sindhi and Punjabi, and one semi-provincial language Koshur (Kashmiri language).

Pakistan is heir to one of the most ancient civilizations in the world along with Iraq and Egypt, which also had ancient indigenous languages before being replaced by their present-day languages. These primary languages have not been used in the domains of power because the rulers of these regions were generally foreigners. But the foreigners, whether the Persians, ancient Greeks, Arabs, Turco-Mongols as well as the British, have all enriched the indigenous languages so that their vocabulary is multilingual and varied. As the people of these areas converted to Islam, Arabic and Persian words influenced and became part of their identity, and remain so. In a sense, it is their very presence, as well as the Arabic-based scripts of all 75 Pakistani languages, which gave them a cultural unity. Linguistically, Pakistan is almost entirely Indo-Iranic as it's languages belong to the Indo-Iranic family of languages. Its scripture and vocabulary owe very much so to Arabic and based on Farsi (which also derived it's own script from Arabic). For example; the national anthem is a highly Persianized form of Urdu.

Other languages

Other languages include Burushaski, Balti, Domaaki , Gawar-bati , Erina , Wakhi, Shina and Brahvi.

References

Languages of Pakistan
Empedocles  was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a person who lived in  Agrigentum, a Greek colony in Sicily. 

Empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the origin of the cosmogenic theory of the four classical elements in the Western world. He also proposed powers called Love and Strife which would act as forces to bring about the mixture and separation of the elements. These physical speculations were part of a history of the universe which also dealt with the origin and development of life. 

Influenced by the Pythagoreans, he supported the doctrine of reincarnation. Empedocles is generally considered the last Greek philosopher to record his ideas in verse. Some of his work still survives today, more so than in the case of any other Presocratic philosopher. Empedocles' death was mythologized by ancient writers, and has been the subject of a number of literary treatments.

References 

Presocratic philosophers
Tajja(타짜 in Korean) means a professional gambler in Korea. Tajja is a comic book drew by the Korean best cartoonist "Heo Young-Man", written by the author "Kim Se-Young". This novel was once serialized in the newspaper 'Donga-ilbo'. Tajja was made in a book on 2006 september 28th. Tajja has made a 'Tajja syndrome' right away the publication among the adult readers. Recently, although this comic book is a adult-comic, every ages and sex is watching this comic book. Tajja has shown the human's desire in the front.

To do so, cartoonist "Heo Young-Man" based on a thorough collection of data by himself. He went everywhere if you could gather a information about his comic.
Tajja won high praises without stint through its production that perfectly penetrated the material and a reality which it makes us an illusion like we are watching a movie.
Because Heo Young-Man is the cartoonist who Korean likes the best, the reader can feel Heo Young-Man's value through Tajja.

The story is about a guy who is born in South Korea, Busan. He was a normal child as others.
But one day he went to a gambling house by coincidence. That was the problem, he lost all of his money, and brought his sisters money which must be used in a marriage of her sister.
Of course he lost all of his money again. So the story starts from now on to be a professional gambler and gather lots of money.

Comic books
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best thing you give up whenever you make a decision. It is "the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen". 

The idea of an opportunity cost was first begun by John Stuart Mill. The utility has to be more than the opportunity cost for it to be a good choice in economics.

For example, opportunity cost is how much leisure time we give up to work. Because leisure and income are both valued, we have to decide whether to work, or do what we want. Going to work implies more income but less leisure. Staying at home is more leisure yet less income.

Another example is deciding to stop work to go back to university. By choosing to go to university, your opportunity cost is losing your job and your pay check. Even though going back to university has a big opportunity cost, many people think it is a good decision because increased education gives you more job opportunities.

And in the other words Opportunity Cost can be termed as cost of forgone alternatives or cost of shifting from one opportunity to the other.

References 

Economics
Virgin Killer is the fourth album by the German heavy metal band Scorpions. It was released in 1976, and it helped the Scorpions gain fans outside Europe. The album's cover has caused controversy, as it features a naked young girl. Some of the band members have said that the cover is okay, but others have said that they feel bad about releasing it. Some magazines and websites, such as Cracked and Gigwise.com, have called it one of the worst album covers of all time.

In 2008, the English Wikipedia page for Virgin Killer was put on a blacklist (a list of bad content) by the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF), a UK organization. Because of this, many major Internet service providers (ISPs) in the UK were banned from seeing the page. The IWF called the cover "indecent".

References

1976 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
BBC HD was a high-definition television channel provided by the BBC. The service was initially run as a trial from 15 May 2006 until becoming a full service on 1 December 2007. The first HD originated program to be shown on the channel was Planet Earth, shown on 27 May 2006.

BBC HD closed early on 26 March 2013. BBC Two HD replaced it.

References

Other websites

BBC HD International
BBC HD Australia

BBC HD at TV Ark 
BBC Trust Public Value Test Final Conclusions document 

BBC television channels
The Book of Baruch, sometimes called 1 Baruch, is a deuterocanonical or apocryphal book of the Bible, meaning it is considered part of the Bible by Catholics and members of the Orthodox Church but generally not by Protestants.  Even though it is not in the Hebrew Bible, it is in the Septuagint and in the Vulgate Bible, and also in Theodotion's version of the Bible. The Book claims to be have been written by the secretary of the prophet Jeremiah called Baruch in the sixth century BC, which might be true, but the Book was likely only completed in the first century BC. A manuscript of Baruch was found at the Caves of Qumran. The Book of Baruch contains prayer, a request for forgiveness, a recommendation to learn wisdom, a call to be hopeful in the face of Jerusalem's destruction, as well as a reminder to avoid worshiping idols.

Catholic Bibles also add the Letter of Jeremiah to the Book of Baruch as a sixth chapter.

References

Other websites 
Jewish Encyclopedia: Baruch
 
N.A.B. Introduction to Baruch 
Prophecy of Baruch  Full Text by chapter
Latin Vulgate with Douay-Rheims freeware with bookmarking, search, and other features
The Book of Baruch Full text from http://St-Takla.org (also available in Arabic)
World Wide Study Bible: Baruch
Encyclopedia Britannica: Baruch

Books of the Bible
The Korea baseball organization (KBO) manages and administrates Korean professional baseball League. In addition, KBO works on many things about baseball. First of all, KBO collects and keeps baseball records. Second, KBO supports amateur baseball. Third, KBO works for international exchange or activities such as Olympic game and World Baseball Classic(WBC) and so on. Fourth, KBO supplies and develops baseball skills. KBO was established with Korean professional baseball league in 1982. KBO’s main office is located in 946-16, Do-kok dong (), Kang-nam ku (), Seoul (), South Korea. In Korean league, there are 10 teams which are Lotte Giants, Samsung Lions, SK Wyverns, LG Twins, Doosan Bears, Hanwha Eagles, KIA Tigers, Nexen Heroes, NC Dinos, and KT Wiz.

Korean league
Each team plays totally 133 games per one year. These 133 games are called the pennant race. After the pennant race, top four teams go to tournament. Firstly, semi-final game is called semi-play off. In this Semi-playoff, two teams (3rd and 4th in the pennant race) play the game and a team which wins 3 games of total 5 games goes to the next stage. The next stage is called playoff. And this is also 3 out of 5(A team wins 3 games first, then that team can go to next stage.). In playoff, a team which is a winner of semi-playoff plays with 2nd team in the pennant race. A winner of playoff plays with 1st team in the pennant race. This is called Korean series. This is 4 out of 7. (If a team wins 4 games first, that team becomes the team of that year.) In Korean league, there is also all star game like major league baseball(MLB)in America. KBO manages all of these games.

Organizaion
The president of KBO is Gu boneneung in 2011. KBO consists of many groups such as an executive office, KBOP, an umpire committee, a record committee and an education committee. As not permanent committees, there are a prizes and penalties committee, a rules committee and an advisory committee.

Other websites
 KBO history page
 BaseballGuru.com

Baseball leagues
Scorpions are a heavy metal/hard rock band from Hanover, Germany, probably best known for their 1980s rock anthem "Rock You Like a Hurricane" and their singles "No One Like You", "Still Loving You", and "Wind of Change". The band has sold over 100 million albums worldwide  and were ranked #46 on VH1's Greatest Artists of Hard Rock program.

Band members

Current members 
 Klaus Meine - lead vocals, rhythm guitar, percussion, tambourine, backing vocals (1970-present)
 Matthias Jabs - lead & rhythm guitars (1978-present)
 Rudolf Schenker - rhythm & lead guitars, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Hey You" (1965-present)
 Paweł Mąciwoda - bass, backing vocals (2003-present)
 mikkey Dee - drums, percussion, backing vocals (1996-present)

Former members 
 Lothar Heimberg - bass, backing vocals (1965-1973)
 Wolfgang Dziony - drums, percussion (1965-1973)
 Michael Schenker - lead & rhythm guitars (1970-1973, 1979)
 Ulrich Roth - lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Drifting Sun", "Fly to the Rainbow", "Dark Lady", "Sun in My Hand", "Hell Cat", "Polar Nights" (1973-1978)
 Francis Buchholz - bass, backing vocals (1973-1983, 1984-1992, 1994)
 Achim Kirschning - keyboards (1973-1974)
 Joe Wyman - drums, percussion (1973)
 Jürgen Rosenthal - drums, percussion (1973-1975)
 Rudy Lenners - drums, percussion (1975-1977)
 Herman Rarebell - drums, percussion (1977-1983, 1984-1995)
 Don Dokken - lead vocals, backing vocals (1981)
 Jimmy Bain - bass (1983-1984)
 Neil Murray - bass (1983-1984)
 Bobby Rondinelli - drums, percussion (1983-1984)
 Ralph Rieckermann - bass (1993-2000, 2000-2003)
 Curt Cress - drums, percussion (1996)
 Ken Taylor - bass (2000)
 Barry Sparks - bass (2004)
 Ingo Powitzer - bass (2004)

Manager 
 Stewart Young (1995-Present)

Discography

Albums 
 Lonesome Crow (1972)
 Fly to the Rainbow (1974)
 In Trance (1975)
 Virgin Killer (1976)
 Taken by Force (1977)
 Tokyo Tapes (1978, live)
 Lovedrive (1979)
 Animal Magnetism (1980)
 Blackout (1982)
 Love at First Sting (1984)
 World Wide Live (1985, live)
 Savage Amusement (1988)
 Crazy World (1990)
 Face the Heat (1993)
 Live Bites (1995, live)
 Pure Instinct (1996)
 Eye II Eye (1999)
 Moment of Glory (with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, 2000)
 Acoustica (2001, acoustic)
 Unbreakable (2004)
 Humanity: Hour I (2007)
 Sting in the Tail (2010)
 Return to Forever (2015)
 Rock Believer (2022)

References

Other websites 

 Official Website 

German heavy metal bands
Hanover
Hard rock bands
Shakargarh is a city in the north-east of Pakistan in Narowal District of Punjab province. It is the headquarters of Shakargarh Tehsil. The city is at 32°16'0N 75°10'0E and is on the west bank of the Ravi River.

History 
In old times Shakargarh was used as a route for the Mughals to enter Gurdaspur and going to Delhi. During British rule (before the independence of Pakistan), Shakargarh became the capital of Shakargarh Tehsil.

In 1947 when the British were leaving, they divided British India between Pakistan and the modern republic of India. The border between the two countries was known as the Radcliffe Line (this was named after Cyril John Radcliffe who drew the borders). The line divided Shakargarh from the rest of Gurdaspur district (which then became part of India). Shakargarh then became part of Sialkot District, however when Narowal District was created in 1991, Shakargarh became part of that district.

References 

Cities in Pakistan
British Telecommunications Group plc which trades as BT, (sometimes known as British Telecom and still occasionally referred to by that name) is the privatised  UK state telecommunications operator.

BT Group is the largest communications service provider in the United Kingdom.

1981 establishments in the United Kingdom
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Internet service providers
London
Virgin Media Inc. (formerly known as ntl:Telewest, after a merger of NTL Incorporated with Telewest Global, Inc.), became in 2006 the first "quadruple-play" media company in the United Kingdom, bringing together a service consisting of television, Internet, mobile phone and fixed-line telephone services.

Internet service providers
Virgin Group
Companies based in New York City
Be Unlimited, or simply "Be", is a growing UK Internet service provider. Be Unlimited and Be are trading names of Be Un Limited.

References 

Internet service providers
2004 establishments in the United Kingdom
Demon Internet is a British Internet Service Provider ("ISP") founded in 1992. It was one of the earliest ISPs, targeting the "dial-up" audience. The company was started on June 1st, 1992, from an idea posted on CIX by Cliff Stanford of Demon Systems Ltd.

Currently, Demon Internet is operating as a brand of Vodafone.

References 

Internet service providers
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the top position in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. As the leader of the only legal political party, the General Secretary served as both the head of government and head of state, although the actual head of government was the Premier. Before Stalin turned the position of General Secretary into the most powerful in the Soviet Union, the Premier was the leader of the country. Lenin led the nation as Premier.

The office was called First Secretary from 1953–1966.

List of General Secretaries

Politics of the Soviet Union
Lists of heads of state
1922 establishments in the Soviet Union
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
A nativity scene is a three-dimensional depiction of the Nativity of Jesus. It is also called a crib, manger or crèche. Typically, a large scale scene includes: the Holy Family, the angels, the Magi, the ox and the donkey, and an assortment of shepherds, villagers, servants and others.

There are two types of scenes: static representations of figures made of clay or other material and living scenes. Static scenes are often displayed on a table top in the home. In living scenes, humans and animals portray the characters in the scene.  

St. Francis of Assisi is said to have created the first nativity scene in 1223 (a "living" one) near Greccio, Italy. It was a "hit". The scene's popularity inspired communities throughout Catholic countries to stage similar scenes.

In the modern world, nativity scenes have provoked controversy. Animals are said to be abused in living scenes and objections have been placed against static scenes displayed on public lands. In addition, outdoor scenes are often the target of vandals. Theft or destruction of outdoor figures is not uncommon.

References

Other websites 

Roman presepi
The message of the child — Original Nativity scenes made with natural stones
The Neapolitan Crib (Presepe)
International crèche school - History of Nativities and instructions for building them 
 Nativiti scene - Florece,FaQ - Video details 

Christmas
Depictions of Mary (mother of Jesus)
Underwater diving is going underwater to do things. There are different reasons to do this:
Recreational diving is done for fun. It is sometimes called sport diving. It can be done using air from cylinders carried by the diver. This is called scuba diving. It can also be done for shorter dives by holding your breath. This is called freediving or skindiving.
Military diving is diving for a military purpose.
Commercial diving is diving to do underwater work. This is done as part of a project where the work must be done under water.
Scientific diving is diving done to find things out for scientific purposes. It may be part of the job for a scientist, or done by volunteer for a citizen science project.
Public safety diving is diving done by a public service organisation like the police of a fire department to rescue people or to find and bring back bodies or evidence.

There are also different ways to dive:
Surface supplied diving gets air for breathing through a hose from a pump above the surface of the water.
Scuba diving is done with metal cylinders carried by the diver to hold the breathing air. In open-circuit scuba the air comes out of the mouthpiece when the diver breathes in, and goes into the water when the diver breathes out. When a rebreather is used, some of the same air is breathed many times, and the machine puts oxygen into the air to make up for the oxygen that is used up, and takes out the carbon dioxide by using a chemical to absorb it. A rebreather lets the diver use less air, but it can go wrong in more different ways.
Saturation diving is diving where the divers stay in pressurised rooms between dives and go to the underwater workplace and return in a sealed diving bell, so they stay at the same pressure for days or weeks at a time before the pressure is reduced to normal air pressure when they finish the contract. The breathing gas is supplied from the surface through a hose so this is also a kind of surface supplied diving.
Freediving is diving underwater without an air supply. The diver must hold their breath until they get back to the surface.

Diving
Dagens Næringsliv is one of Norway's main newspapers. It was founded in 1889.

Dagens Næringsliv is owned by media conglomerate Norges Handels og Sjøfartstidende (NHST Media Group).

History

The newspaper was first named Norges Sjøfartstidende.

On 5 September 2013, the newspaper said that it is one of 17 international partners cooperating with Wikileaks about the Spy Files 3 project that spotlights the international surveillance industry. 

In July 2015, one former journalist said that he had done plagiarism, in several articles he wrote for the newspaper, said the website of the trade union, Norsk Journalistlag.

References

Other websites
 Official site

Newspapers
Companies of Norway
1889 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Norway
FSK (Forsvarets spesialkommando) is the name of the special forces of Norway's Ministry of Defence.  They were established in 1981.

Special Forces
Norway
1981 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Norway
Modular arithmetic, sometimes also called clock arithmetic, is a way of doing arithmetic with integers. Much like hours on a clock, which repeat every twelve hours, once the numbers reach a certain value, called the modulus, they go back to zero.

In general, given a modulus , we can do addition, subtraction and multiplication on the set  in a way that "wrap around" . This set is sometimes represented by the symbol , and called the set of integers modulo .

People talked about modular arithmetic in many ancient cultures. For instance, the Chinese remainder theorem is many centuries old. The modern notation and exact definition of modular arithmetic were first described by Carl Friedrich Gauss.

Congruence
Modular arithmetic can be used to show the idea of congruence. In general, given a positive integer n, two integers a and b are congruent modulo n, if they have the same remainder when both are divided by n. Congruence can be written this way:

The number n is called the modulus. Another definition of congruence, that means the same thing but is sometimes more useful, is that the two integers are congruent modulo n if the difference (a - b) is an integer multiple of n. That is, if n is a factor of (a - b), then a and b are congruent mod n.

For example:

The remainder when 32 is divided by 7 is 4, and the remainder when 11 is divided by 7 is also 4. This tells us that they are congruent—when the modulus is 7.

We can use this example with the other definition too. The difference, (a - b), is 32 - 11 = 21. This shows the two numbers are congruent, because 21 = 3 × 7 and 7 is a factor of 21.

Uses
Modular arithmetic is useful in many fields, and its applications include RSA algorithm in cryptography, primality testing in computer science, and 12-tone arithmetic in music. It is often used in calculating checksums and check digits.

Related pages 
 Modulo operation
 Primitive root modulo n

References

Arithmetics
Live – Friday the 13th is a live album released on Sept. 20th, 2005. The album was released as a live CD/DVD album featuring all 12 original songs from Pop band Maroon 5's hit debut called Songs About Jane. This album has been released with the Copy Control protection system in some regions. The CD has the length of 77:58.

Performance
Maroon 5 performed in Santa Barbara, California on Friday, May 13th of 2005.

Songs
The songs from the hit debut album by Maroon 5 called Songs About Jane were all featured performed live on this album. Two songs are performed called Hello by band Oasis (cover), and Ain't No Sunshine (cover).

Track listing
"Shiver" – 4:49
"Through with You" – 3:19
"Tangled" – 3:37
"Harder to Breathe" – 2:59
"The Sun" – 7:52
"Wasted Years" – 5:23
"Secret" / "Ain't No Sunshine" – 7:11
"Not Coming Home" – 4:28
"This Love" – 5:14
"Must Get Out" – 4:08
"Sunday Morning" – 6:37
"Sweetest Goodbye" – 9:38
"Hello" (Oasis cover) – 3:52
"She Will Be Loved" – 8:51

Live CD
2005 albums
Maroon 5 albums
Tropicana Field is a domed baseball stadium that serves as the home field for the Tampa Bay Rays since 1998. The stadium was opened in 1990 in hopes of snatching a team away from another city. Two teams almost moved to Tampa to call Tropicana Field home; they were the Chicago White Sox and the San Francisco Giants. They stadium also served as the former home for the NHL team, Tampa Bay Lightning and the former home for the AFL's Tampa Bay Storm. Current Rays manager, Joe Maddon, has nicknamed the stadium "The Pit". While the fans nicknamed it "The Trop". The former name of the stadium was the Florida Suncoast Dome. It has also been called the Thunderdome.

Other websites 

Ballpark Digest review of Tropicana Field 
Official website of Tropicana Field 

 

Tampa Bay Rays
Sports buildings in Florida
St. Petersburg, Florida
1990 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Florida
Two International Finance Centre (abbr. 2 IFC, branded as "ifc") is a skyscraper in Hong Kong.  It is 415 meters (1362 feet) tall and has 88 floors.  It was built in 2003 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Photo Gallery

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the world

References

Other websites 

 Emporis.com - Two International Finance Centre
 SkycraperPage.com – Two International Finance Centre

Skyscrapers in China
Buildings and structures in Hong Kong
The gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) is a species of penguin easily recognized by the white stripe across its head. They are the largest penguins of the stiff-tailed family, which also makes them the largest penguin except the two giant penguins, the emperor penguin and the king penguin.

Appearance 
The gentoo penguin is, on average, 5 kilograms in weight and 80 centimeters in height, but can range from 8.5 kg to 4.5 kg and 51 to 91 cm. They have very large male reproductive organs, and are also the fastest at swimming underwater among the penguins, reaching speeds of 36 kilometers per hour.

Life 
Gentoo penguins generally live on Antarctic islands, with their largest colony on the Falkland Islands. There are approximately 320,000 breeding pairs of gentoo penguins.

These penguins nest on the ground, making nests of stones, sticks, grass, feathers, and various other materials. They usually lay two eggs by mid-October, which hatch in about 34 days, and put equal care into caring for either chick. Young chicks remain in the nest for 3 to 4 weeks until their second down feathers grow in, during which their parents hunt for food in order to feed them. Afterward, they leave the nest but remain in the colony in groups of chicks, called creches that free their parents to hunt for food for them.

Gentoo penguin pairs often stay together for a long period of time.

Gentoo penguins usually eat crustaceans, such as krill, but genrally eat what is easiest to get. At sea, they may be under attack from sea lions, leopard seals, and orcas. While on land they have no natural predators, but skua, gulls, and other birds of prey have been known to attack and eat young chicks and eggs.

Other websites 

 Gentoo penguins from the International Penguin Conservation Web Site
 www.pinguins.info : information about all species of penguins
 Gentoo Penguin images
 Gentoo penguin webcam from the Antarctic – worldwide first webcam with wild penguins; photo quality

References 

Penguins
Animals of Antarctica
The Flag of Libya has three horizontal stripes of red, black, and green, with a white crescent and star in the center of the black stripe.  It has been the official flag of Libya since 3 August 2011.

Overview 
The flag is the same as the flag of the earlier Kingdom of Libya, used from 1951 to 1969.  During the dictatorship of Muammar al-Gaddafi the flag was changed twice and it was just a plain field of green. It was unique for being the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, emblems, coat of arms, or any other details. It was adopted on 11 November 1977.

Related pages
Flag of Libya (1977–2011)

References 

Libya
Libya
1951 establishments
1969 disestablishments
2011 establishments
Chambar, or Chamber, is a town of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the capital Chamber Taluka (a subdivision of the district). The town itself is subdivided into two Union Councils.

References

Settlements in Sindh
Tando Allahyar District
Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim (Modern Gaelic: Donnchadh mac Mhaoil Chaluim) renamed as Duncan II (before c. 1060 – 12 November 1094) was king of Scots. He was son of Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) and his first wife Ingibiorg Finnsdottir, widow of Thorfinn Sigurdsson.

References

Kings and Queens of Scotland
11th-century births
1094 deaths
Salesforce Tower is a skyscraper in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States.  It is 247 meters (811 feet) tall and has 49 floors and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.  It was built in 1990 and was named Bank One Tower.  In 2004 its name was changed to Chase Tower because Chase Bank bought Bank One Corporation. In 2017 its name was changed again, to Salesforce Tower because Salesforce bought the naming rights.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the world

References

Other websites
 Chase Tower Website 
 Emporis.com - Chase Tower
 SkycraperPage.com – Chase Tower

Skyscrapers in the United States
Buildings and structures in Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
1990 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Indiana
Harald V (born 21 February 1937) is the King of Norway. His father was Olav V of Norway. He became king in 1991. Harald was born in Skaugum, Akershus, Norway.

In 1968, he married Sonja Haraldsen. They had two children: Princess Märtha Louise and Prince Haakon.

References

1937 births
Living people
Kings and Queens of Norway
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Current national leaders
The gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) is a baleen whale (a filter feeder) that has a layer of blubber up to 10 inches (25 cm) thick. Because a mother gray whale would defend her calf so fiercely it would actually attack whalers and overturn their boats, whalers often called the gray whale a devilfish. 

The gray whale migrates from cold waters to the tropics each year in pods. Gray whales are very agile swimmers. They can dive for up to 30 minutes and go 500 feet (155 m) deep. Gray whales make grunts, clicks, and whistling sounds which may be used to communicate with other gray whales.

Diet 
This giant cetacean eats small fish, crustaceans, squid, and other tiny organisms that it finds on the sea floor. It sieves its food through its comb-like plates of baleen.

Description 
Compared to most baleen whales, gray whales are rather small, growing to be only about 45 feet long. They are easy to see with their gray mottled color, which is actually more charcoal black than it is gray. Gray whales have barnacles and lice on their skin. 

Whales prefer one fin over the other, just like humans are right-handed or left-handed. It is possible to see whether a gray whale is left-fineed or right-finned. The fin that has least barnacles is the fin it uses most. This is because the whale likes to dive down to the ocean floor to scoop up huge amounts of sand from the bottom, filtering out small prey animals that live in it. When the whale does this, many of the barnacles on the side that rubbed along the bottom are scraped off. So, whichever side has fewest barnacles is the side the whale prefers to use when it digs up sand.

Migration 
Gray whales migrate on both sides of the Americas. One route is a really long migration from the Arctic Ocean (northwest of Alaska) to the coast of Mexico, and back each year. They travel about 20,000 km (~12,500 miles) each year, staying near the coast. They feed in the cold Arctic waters and calve and mate in the warm, protected tropical lagoons of the Pacific Ocean off Mexico.

Traveling night and day, the gray whale averages approximately  per day at an average speed of . This round trip of  is believed to be the longest annual migration of any mammal.
As they migrate, they may be preyed upon by pods of killer whales (Orca). This has been recorded in the cold current running down west of California.

References 

Baleen whales
Chamber Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city of Chambar is the capital.

References

Talukas of Sindh
Tando Allahyar District
The modern Malay alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet. It is used to write Malay.

It contains the same letters as the English language alphabet. Q, V, and X are not used in native Malay words. The Malay alphabet contains 26 letters:

Letter names and pronunciations
{| class="wikitable"
! Letter
! Name
! IPA
! Notes
|-
| align=center| Aa || e ||  or  ||
|-
| align=center|  Bb || bi ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Cc || si ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Dd || di ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Ee || e || ,  ||
|-
| align=center|  Ff || ef ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Gg || ji ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Hh || ec ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Ii  || i ||   ||
|-
| align=center|  Jj   || jey ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Kk  || key ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Ll  || el ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Mm  || em ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Nn  || en || | 
|-
| align=center|  Oo  || o ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Pp  || pi ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Qq  || kiu ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Rr  || ar ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Ss  || es ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Tt  || ti ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Uu  || u ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Vv  || vi ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Ww  || dabaliu ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Xx  || eks ||  /  ||
|-
| align=center|  Yy  || wai ||  ||
|-
| align=center|  Zz  || zed ||  ||
|}

Diphthongs

Consonant combinations

Usage
Actual written examples of the Malay language:

Good day Apa khabar

What is your name? Siape name awak?

Do you speak Malay? Awak boleh cakap bahase Melayu ke?

Related pages
 Malay language

Other websites
 Malay alphabet
 Omniglot
 Coba-coba(Cuba-cuba) Bahasa Indonesia ＆ Bahasa Melayu 
 Sistem Ejaan Bahasa Melayu 
 Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Melayu 

Alphabets
The fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) is a huge baleen whale. It is the second largest animal on Earth (the blue whale is the biggest). This whale is sometimes called the "greyhound of the sea" because of its fast swimming speed; it can swim up to 23 mph (37 km/hr) in short bursts. The fin whale is also called the finback, finner, razorback, common rorqual, and herring whale.

Description 
The fin whale is a streamlined whale that is found worldwide; it is most common in the North Atlantic. There are three separate populations of fin whales, one in the North Pacific, one in the North Atlantic, and one in the Southern Hemisphere; they do not interbreed. Many groups of fin whales migrate between feeding grounds and breeding grounds. This whale usually swims in pods of 3-7 whales but larger groups (up to 300 animals) may form at rich feeding grounds.

Diet and baleen 
Fin whales are filter feeders that eat plankton (tiny crustaceans like krill and copepods) and small fish from the water. They have very fine grey-black baleen that traps very small particles of food. Each side of the upper jaw has 270-470 baleen plates.

References

Baleen whales
James Skinner CB (1778 – December 4, 1841) was an Anglo-Indian military adventurer in India.

Skinner was born in India, son of Lieutenant-Colonel Hercules Skinner and a Rajput lady. Because of his Indian heritage, Skinner was unable to serve as an officer in the East India Company army and, at the age of eighteen, he entered the Mahratta army under Benoît de Boigne, where he soon showed military talent. He remained in the same service under Pierre Cuillier-Perron until 1803, when, on the outbreak of the second Anglo-Maratha War all Anglo-Indians were dismissed from Mahratta service.

References

1778 births
1841 deaths
Indian people
People of British India
Lincoln is a city in Talladega County, Alabama, United States. At the 2012 census the population was 6,337.

Cities in Alabama
Linden is a city in and the county seat of Marengo County, Alabama, United States. The population was 2,424 at the 2000 census.

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Lineville is a city in Clay County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,401.

Cities in Alabama
Lipscomb is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,458.

Cities in Alabama
Livingston is a city in Sumter County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 3,297. The city is the county seat of Sumter County.

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Luverne is a city in Crenshaw County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,635. The city is the county seat of Crenshaw County.

Media
Radio station
WHLW 104.3 FM (Gospel)
Newspaper
Luverne Journal (weekly)

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Live at Wembley '86 is a set of two discs recorded by English rock band Queen.

It was recorded live on Saturday July 12, 1986 during the Magic Tour at Wembley Stadium in London, England and was released on May 26, 1992.

A DVD was released in June 2003. The album was re-sold in a new CD with bonus tracks in August 2003 in the United States as Live at Wembley Stadium after the DVD.

1992 albums
Queen albums
Lincoln City F.C. is an English football team currently playing in Football League Two (the fourth tier of the English football league system).

The team play at the 10,127 capacity Sincil Bank in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, and are nicknamed the Imps after the legend of the Lincoln Imp. More recently, they have also been known as the Red Imps. Traditionally they play in red and white striped shirts with black shorts and red and white socks.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
1884 establishments in England
Neamţ () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historic region of Moldavia, with the county seat at Piatra Neamţ.

Demographics 
In 2002, it had a population of 557,000 and a population density of 99/km².

Romanians - 98.66%
Hungarians - 0.05%
Rromas - 1.08
Lipovans - 0.07%, and others

References

Other websites 

 www.piatra-neamt.net - Neamt info portal 
 prefecturaneamt.ro - The Neamt Prefecture
 judetulneamt.ro - Neamt county map 
 neamt.ro - a website about Neamt county 
 monitorulneamt.ro - biggest newspaper in Neamt

Counties of Romania
The Retezat Mountains (, ) are one of the highest massifs in Romania. They are part of the Southern Carpathians. The highest peak is Peleaga (Vârful Peleaga), at an altitude of . Other important peaks are Păpuşa (Varful Păpuşa) and Retezat Peak (Vârful Retezat).

The Retezat Mountains have many glacial lakes. The largest glacial lake in Romania, Bucura Lake (lacul Bucura) is in these mountains. It covers  and is located at an altitude of  metres. The area also contains the Retezat National Park, Romania's first national park.

Other websites

Retezat page on SummitPost
Website of Retezat National Park
Maps of the Retezat
Jiu Valley Portal - Romania's principal coalmining region and a gateway to the Retezat National Park
Retezat - photographs + information in Czech 
Alpinet

Mountain ranges of the Carpathians
Mountains of Romania
Swainsona formosa, commonly called Sturt's Desert Pea, is the floral emblem of South Australia It was named after explorer Charles Sturt.

This plant is a part of the pea family, Fabaceae. It is only found in Australia. It grows in the drier areas of the country except in Victoria. Explorer William Dampier was the first European to collect a sample of the plant. He found it growing in what is now called the Dampier Archipelago in Western Australia in 1699.

Other websites
 Download a line drawing of the plant

References

Plants of Australia
Gossypium sturtianum, commonly called Sturt's Desert Rose, is the floral emblem of the Northern Territory. It was named after explorer Charles Sturt who found the plant in creeks near the site of Broken Hill, New South Wales in 1844. He collected the seeds and brought them back for Robert Brown (1773-1858), a Scottish botanist, to study.

A stylized drawing of the flower is used on the Northern Territory's flag.

References

Plants of Australia
Hurricane Dog was the strongest hurricane in the 1950 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the fourth named storm of the season. Dog began on August 30 to the east of Antigua. After passing through the northern Lesser Antilles, the storm turned to the north and became a Category 5 hurricane. Dog reached its highest strength of 185 mph (295 km/h) winds over the ocean. The hurricane weakened and passed within 200 miles (320 km) of Cape Cod before becoming extratropical on September 12.

Hurricane Dog caused high damage to the Leeward Islands, and was said to be the strongest hurricane on record in Antigua. Many buildings were destroyed or damaged on the island. In the United States, the hurricane caused damage along the coast. It damaged several boats and caused 11 people to drown. Strong winds caused large power outages across southeastern New England. Damage along Hurricane Dog's track totaled to about $3 million (1950 USD, $25.7 million 2007 USD).

Other websites
 1950 Monthly Weather Review

Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Hurricanes in the United States
1950 in the United States
Antigua and Barbuda
Württemberg [], formerly known as Wirtemberg, is an area and a former state in southwestern Germany, including parts of the regions Swabia and Franconia. It was originally a Duchy but was raised to a Kingdom in 1806. 

Former states in Germany
States of the Holy Roman Empire
11th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Germany
1918 disestablishments in Germany
Sukhumi or Sokhumi () is the capital and largest city of the breakaway independent  Republic of Abkhazia.

Sokhumi was a multi-ethnic city. The people were Georgians, Abkhazians (Apsuans), Russians, Turks, Armenians and Greeks during Soviet Rule. During the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict Georgians in Abkhazia were forced to leave. Most Greeks have also left.

References

Abkhazia
Settlements in Georgia (country)
Funchal is the capital city of Madeira, part of Portugal.  It is also the largest city of Madeira with 111,892 people.

Funchal is in a valley.  It has even temperatures all year round.  There is a rainier and slightly cooler season from October through March.  A drier and warmer season lasts from April through September.

Transportation
The harbor of Funchal used to be the only major port in Madeira. In 2007 cargo trade was moved to the port of Caniçal, 12 miles to the east. Funchal still serves cruise ships, ferries, and other tourist-related boats and yachts. 

A highway to Câmara de Lobos and Ribeira Brava is to the west. Santa Cruz, Machico and Caniçal can be reached to the east.

Madeira Airport is east of the city, in the municipality of Santa Cruz.

Cities in Portugal
Municipalities of Portugal
Madeira Islands
1424 establishments
Establishments in Portugal
1420s establishments in Europe
Simferopol () was the capital city of Crimea, Ukraine. It became the capital city of the Republic of Crimea on March 11, 2014.

Republic of Crimea
Chess boxing is a mixed sport which puts together the sport of boxing with games of chess in every other round. Chess boxing fights have been done since early 2003. The sport was started when Dutch artist Iepe Rubingh, given the idea by a similar sport in the writing of Enki Bilal, started actual matches. The sport has become more well known since then. To do well at chess boxing, players must be both good chess players and good boxers.

Structure and rules
A match between two players is made up of up to 11 rounds of boxing and chess sessions, starting with a four-minute chess round followed by two minutes of boxing and so on. Between rounds there is a one-minute pause, during which the players change their gear. The form of chess played is rapid chess in which each player has a total of twelve minutes for the whole game. Players may win by knocking out the other player, checkmate, a judge's choice, or if the other player runs out of chess time. If a player does not make a move in the round of chess, he will be given a warning by the referee and he must then make a move in the next 10 seconds.

History

The idea was started in 1992 by cartoonist Enki Bilal, and a match of chess boxing was a big story part of his graphic novel Froid Équateur. Iepe Rubingh, a Dutch artist, was took the idea from Bilal's book and started the sport in the spring of 2001. Rubingh decided that the method of play in the book, a boxing match with a chess match after, was not very good. Rubingh made the rules so a round of chess would come after a round of boxing.

The World Chess Boxing Organisation (WCBO), keeps control of the sport. The first world championship was in Amsterdam in 2003 and was won by Iepe Rubingh, the starter of the sport. The First European Chess Boxing Championship took place in Berlin on October 1, 2005 when Tihomir Atanassov Dovramadjiev of Bulgaria beat Andreas D'Schneider of Germany after D'Schneider gave up in the seventh round.

In April 2008, the World Chess Federation, FIDE, posted a video on its website in which its president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov played a friendly chess boxing match in Elista. Also in April 2008 the UK's first Chess Boxing club was started in London by Great Britain Chess Boxing Organisation founder Tim Woolgar. In July 2008 in Berlin, a 19-year old Russian mathematics student Nikolai Sazhin won the title of "World Champion" in chess boxing by beating Frank Stoldt. Stoldt resigned in the 5th round after losing his queen.

Notes

Chess
Beth Groundwater is an American author who has written two novels in the Claire Hanover gift basket designer mystery series, A Real Basket Case and To Hell in a Handbasket. The first, published in March, 2007, was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007.  The sequel, To Hell in a Handbasket was published in May, 2009.  She writes in the Mystery genre, and has also written several short stories.

Writing career
Groundwater first began writing fiction in the fifth grade, and in high school took an outside study in English.  She went to the College of William and Mary and got a degree in Psychology and Computer Science in 1978.  She worked in another job until 1999, then she chose to become a writer.

After going to a few writers' meetings, she began writing short stories.  Seven were published before she met a literary agent who agreed to publish her first novel, A Real Basket Case.  It was published in 2007, and was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007.  Of her short stories, eight have been published and one was written in Farsi.  Another of Groundwater's short stories has been made into a live play.

Awards
Groundwater's writings have won several awards.  Her first novel was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007.  Groundwater's short stories have won awards also. Her short story "New Zealand" won first place in the 2003 PPW Paul Gillette Memorial Writing Contest, and was the winner of the Rocky Mountain Fiction Writers Short Story Anthology Contest.  "Flamingo Fatality" won the Great Manhattan Mysteries Conclave Short Story Anthology Contest in 2005, and her 2005 short story "Lucky Bear" was first in the Storyteller Magazine Flash Fiction Contest.

Notes

Writers from Virginia
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people