cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Battle of Garfagnana () was known to the Germans as Operation Winter Storm (Unternehmen Wintergewitter) and nicknamed the "Christmas Offensive" (Italian: Offensiva di Natale).

It was an attack of Axis forces on the western sector of the Gothic Line during World War II. It happened in December 1944 in the north Tuscan Apennines, near Massa and Lucca.

In late December 1944 the German 14th Army under General Kurt von Tippelskirch attacked the left side of the U.S. Fifth Army in the Serchio valley. He wanted to make the U.S. forces stay there.

The Allies had ordered two brigades from Indian 8th Infantry Division to be moved to help the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division. By the time they had arrived the Germans and Italians had captured Barga. U.S. soldiers had intended to retreat to Lucca. The German / Italian force stopped the attack and withdrew.

Barga was recaptured one week later by the New Year. The western Gothic Line remained in place until late March 1945.

Historical background

Benito Mussolini and his Defense Minister, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, wanted to create an Italian Army. They did not want this army to be under German control. They wanted some of the newly created Italian Divisions to attack the Allies in the Italian peninsula.

They planned an attack in Garfagnana for two of their new Divisions. There would be 40,000 men and airplanes. Their goal was recapturing Lucca, Pisa and Livorno in Tuscany from the Allies. But the Italians lacked arms, tanks and airplanes.

The Germans created their own attack,
With 9,000 soldiers (mostly Italians), they attacked in Garfagnana a small area of the Gothic Line. They wanted to move the Allies back .

Groups from the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division moved near Garfagnana sector in November 1944. They did not
capture Castelnuovo di Garfagnana.

The battle
Following the Ardennes Offensive in mid-December, the Allies thought the Axis might try an attack in Northern Italy.
The 19th and 21st Brigades of the Indian 8th Infantry Division were moved to help the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division in front of Lucca.

On 26 December, several RSI military did the "Operation Winter Storm" (Wintergewitter) attacks with three German battalions. This was a German and Italian attack against the American 92nd Infantry Division. A total of 9,100 Axis troops (of which 66% were Italians), with 100 artillery pieces but no tanks attacked. There were 18,000 Allied troops with 140 artillery batteries and 120 tanks.

Their goal was to capture the small towns of Barga, Sommocolonia, Vergemoli, Treppignana, Coreglia, Fornaci di Barga, Promiana, Castelvecchio and Calomini. These were all north-west of Lucca. By 27 December the attack was over. In the morning, the German troops entered Pian di Coreglia.

The next morning, the Axis troops occupied Piano di Coreglia. The Axis troops got more than 25 kilometres inside the Allies lines.

References

European battles of World War II
1944 in Italy
December events
Nadir Afonso, GOSE (December 4, 1920 – December 11, 2013) was a Portuguese geometric painter. He painted abstract art. He wanted to be in architecture, which he practiced early in his career with Le Corbusier and Oscar Niemeyer. Afonso later studied painting in Paris and became one of the experts in Kinetic art. He worked alongside Victor Vasarely, Fernand Léger, Auguste Herbin, and André Bloc.

References

Other websites 

 
Nadir Afonso Foundation website

1920 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Portuguese painters
Architects
Dorothy Renée Ascherson (19 May 1915 – 30 October 2014), known professionally as Renée Asherson, was an English actress. Much of her theatrical career was spent in Shakespearean plays, appearing at such venues as the Old Vic, the Liverpool Playhouse, and the Westminster Theatre. Her first stage appearance was on 17 October 1935, aged 20, and her first major film appearance was in The Way Ahead (1944). Her last film appearance was in The Others (2001).

Her first stage appearance was in 1935. Her first feature movie was the 1944 movie The Way Ahead. Her most recent motion picture was in 2001's The Others.

Asherson was married to fellow actor Robert Donat from 1953 until his death in 1958. His severe asthma led to their separation, although a reconciliation had seemed possible just before the end of his life. Although Donat had three children from his previous marriage, they had no children together.

She never remarried. She died on 30 October 2014, aged 99. Among her surviving relatives is her nephew, the journalist Neal Ascherson.

References

Other websites

1915 births
2014 deaths
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Actors from London
John Lowry Dobson (September 14, 1915 – January 15, 2014) was an American astronomer. He known for creating a design for a popular Newtonian telescope, named after him, the Dobsonian telescope.

Dobson died at Burbank, California on January 15, 2014. He was 98.

References

Other websites
 Sidewalk Astronomers – This website includes John Dobson's official schedule.
 The San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers
 John Dobson of The Sidewalk Astronomers – Papers and articles written by John Dobson
 Dobson Space Telescope
 A Sidewalk Astronomer A film about Astronomy, Cosmology and John Dobson

1915 births
2014 deaths
American astronomers
Monks
People from Beijing
Nasi goreng is a traditional dish from Indonesia, a place in South East Asia. It is a style of fried rice. The name is Malay; nasi means "rice" and goreng means "fried or to fry". It is also popular for late-night supper sold from street vendors. It can be found almost anywhere in Indonesia. It is also popular in Malaysia and Singapore.

In 2011, CNN International announced that nasi goreng is the number two of their "World's 50 Most Delicious Foods" list.

Ingredients
There is no single recipe for nasi goreng, as there are various types. The basic ingredients generally include: cooked rice, kecap manis (sweet soy sauce), salt, garlic, chilli pepper, fried onions, carrot, egg and chicken. Slices of cucumber, tomato, and lettuce are included for garnishing. Eggs can be either mixed into fried rice in the beginning as scrambled eggs or served separately as fried eggs. In general, acar – pickle made from vinegar preserved cucumber, carrot, shallots, and small chilli pepper – and krupuk – deep fried prawn crackers – are provided as side dishs.

The flavor of nasi goreng can vary depending on the region. There are some variations, such as nasi goreng Bali which is cooked in Bali; nasi goreng seafood which includes shrimp, fish and squid, or nasi goreng satay which includes satay (seasoned and grilled skewered meat chunks with peanut sauce). When cooking it, one may put anything that can harmonize with the taste.

Even though any ingredient can be added in nasi goreng, what cannot be taken out is the kecap manis. Kecap manis is very crucial in the dish which gives the flavor to the nasi goreng. It is what makes the taste of nasi goreng different from other Asian styles of fried rice. Other sauces such as ikan asin (salted dried fish) and saus tiram (oyster sauce) can be added as well. The spiciness of nasi goreng is decided by the amount of sambal (chilli sauce). The sambal can be added during the cooking process or added individually while eating, depending on the preference.

References

Rice dishes
Asian foods
Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin () (Abul-Qaid Johar Mohammed Burhanuddin) (6 March 1915 – 17 January 2014) was an Indian Islamic religious leader. He is the 52nd Dai of the Dawoodi Bohras. The Dawoodi Bohras are a sub group within the Mustaali, Ismaili Shia branch of Islam.

Burhanuddin died on 17 January 2014 at the age of 98 due to a heart attack in Mumbai.

References

1915 births
2014 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in India
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Gujarat
Indian religious leaders
Muslims
People of British India
Major John Freeman (19 February 1915 – 20 December 2014) was a British politician, diplomat and broadcaster. He was the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Watford from 1945 to 1955. 

Following the death of Morgan Morgan-Giles on 4 May 2013, Freeman was the oldest surviving former MP. He was the last survivor of those elected to Parliament in 1945, and the former MP with the earliest date of first election.

Freeman died on 20 December 2014 in London, aged 99.

References

Other websites
Entry in the Dictionary of Labour Biography 
John Freeman: Face to face with an enigma, The New Statesman, 7 March 2013

1915 births
2014 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British academics
British diplomats
British military personnel of World War II
English television presenters
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Majors
People educated at Westminster School, London
Politicians from London
Television personalities from London
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom
A choco pie is a small snack cake made up of two small round layers of cake with marshmallow filling and a chocolate covering.

History 

The origin of Choco Pie goes back to 1917 in the American South. Chattanooga Bakery in Chattanooga, Tennessee created the Moon pie with Graham crackers and marshmallow filling which is similar to the Choco Pie of nowadays.

Tongyang R&D, the snack company of South Korea, began selling a similar type of chocolate cake with marshmallow filling named 'Orion Choco Pie' in 1974. A member of the company was inspired by a chocolate-coated cake in a restaurant in a hotel in the U.S. state of Georgia on a business trip. After he got back to Korea, he made many experiment to make that kind of chocolate cake. Finally, he created the Choco Pie as it is known to Koreans now. Later, Tongyang R&D changed its name to Orion Confectionery because of the success of 'Orion Choco Pie'. In addition, similar versions of Choco Pie were produced by Lotte Confectionary and Crown Confectionery.

Export 
From the 2000s, Orin Choco Pie has been exported all over the world. A third of Orion’s profits is from outside Korea. Orion has four major share markets- South Korea, China, Vietnam, and Russia. Also it is exported to North Korea, and it is sometimes used as bonuses for North Korean workers.

Legal controversy 
Although Orion firstly began to produce 'Choco Pie', Lotte Confectionary also named its product with the same name 'Choco Pie'. Orion filed a lawsuit claiming ‘Choco Pie’ is its property, but it failed. The court had them allow 'Choco Pie' as a common noun. So there are three types of 'Choco Pie' from different companies, Orion, Lotte, and Crown.

Snack foods
American food
Robert Evans (June 29, 1930 – October 26, 2019) was an American movie producer and studio executive. He was best known for his work on Rosemary's Baby, Love Story, The Godfather, and Chinatown.

Evans died on October 26, 2019 at his home in Beverly Hills, California from stroke-related problems at the age of 89.

References

Other websites

 
 Robert Evans web show on JumpBoxTV
 Life Magazine profile on Robert Evans, published March 7, 1969
 Robert Evans Official Site  The official site of legendary Hollywood producer Robert Evans

1930 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Movie producers from New York
Businesspeople from New York City
Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ (26 May 1908 – 1976) was a Vietnamese politician. He was the first Prime Minister of South Vietnam, serving from November 1963 to late January 1964.

References

Other websites

1908 births
1976 deaths
Vietnamese people
Prime ministers
Ronald Lee "Ron" Hunter ( – December 3, 2013) was an American actor. He appeared in many movies and television shows. He is known for appearing on The Big Bang Theory and Law & Order.

Ronald Hunter died of heart and kidney failure on December 3, 2013, aged 70, at the Woodland Hills Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. He was survived by his three children, two grandchildren, and sister.

References

Other websites

1943 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from renal failure
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
Hastings Kamuzu Banda (15 February 1898 – 25 November 1997), was the leader of Malawi from 1961 to 1994.

Education

Banda attended school in the United States.  In 1928 he graduated from the school that is now Central State University in Ohio.  Next he attended Indiana University as a premedical student. After four semesters he transferred to the University of Chicago.  He graduated in 1931.  Banda then studied medicine at Meharry Medical College in Tennessee.

Banda was required to get a second medical degree in order to practice medicine in the British Empire. He attended the University of Edinburgh. Between 1941 and 1945, he worked as a doctor in North Shields.

Malawi
In 1946 he represented the Nyasaland African Congress at the fifth Pan African Congress in Manchester.  He began to take more interest in home country.

Banda was against the efforts of Sir Roy Welensky.  Welensky wanted to form a federation between Southern and Northern Rhodesia with Nyasaland (Malawi).

In 1951 he moved to the Gold Coast in West Africa. Banda finally returned to Nyasaland on 6 July 1958.  In August he was named as the leader of the Congress.  He spoke against colonialism and for independence. In 1963, he was formally made Nyasaland’s prime minister.   On 6 July 1964, Nyasaland became the independent Commonwealth of Malawi. When he swept to power as the first President of Malawi in 1966 he called himself "Ngwazi", which means conqueror, and after a few years declared himself "Life President".

Malawi became a one-party state under the Malawi Congress Party (MCP). In 1970, the MCP made him the party’s President for Life. In 1971, he became President for Life of Malawi itself.

References

1898 births
1997 deaths
Presidents of Malawi
Prime ministers
Lee Si-yeon (, born July 24, 1980, is a South Korean model and actress.  Lee Si-yeon is transgender, meaning she was raised as a boy but later decided to live as a woman.

Lee's birth name was Lee Dae-hak ().  She changed it to Lee Si-yeon when she did gender transition to live as a woman.  In 2007, Lee decided to use sexual reassignment surgery to change her body to be more like other women's bodies and less like men's bodies. Her uncle is Seo Jae-hyok, a member of the South Korean musical band Buhwal.

In 1999, Lee participated in the Anti-Miss Korea competition.(안티 미스코리아 대회) In 2010 she did her first performance as a singer.

Related pages 
 Transgender
 Harisu
 Hong Seok-cheon
 Jin Xing

References

Other websites 
 이시연 싸이월드 미니홈피 
 이시연 "남자로 산 27년, 행동과 표정 모두 거짓"(인터뷰) 
 트랜스젠더 가수 이시연, 부활 서재혁과 5촌 당숙지간 스포츠투데이 2011.04.21 
 트렌스젠더 배우 이시연 가수 변신···“난 여자가 됐어” 강원일보 2010.04.13 
  [거꾸로 사는 사람들] '트랜스젠더' 하리수와 이시연 스포츠조선 2009.07.06 
  트랜스젠더 이시연 가수 데뷔 '여자가 됐어 뉴시스 2010.05.06 

1979 births
Living people
South Korean models
South Korean actors
Transgender and transsexual people
Robert Lee "Bob" Backlund (born August 14, 1949) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for working for the World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation from 1977 to 1984. He is known for holding the record for the second longest reign as WWE Champion in history which is ahead of Hulk Hogan's first reign and behind Bruno Sammartino's first. Signature move known as the cross face chicken wing was said to be inescapable once fully applied.

Before becoming a professional wrestler, Backlund started as an accomplished amateur wrestler and wrestled for the North Dakota State University Bison during the late 1960s to early 1970s. He also ran for a Connecticut seat in Congress on a Republican ticket in 2000 but was unsuccessful. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Maria Menounos on April 6, 2013.

Championships
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Steve Keirn)

Georgia Championship Wrestling
NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jerry Brisco)

NWA Western States Sports
NWA Western States Heavyweight Championship (three times)

Northeast Wrestling Federation
NEWF Heavyweight Championship (one time, first)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Match of the Year (1978) (vs. Billy Graham on February 20)
PWI Match of the Year (1982) (vs. Jimmy Snuka in a cage match on June 28)
PWI Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (1994)
PWI Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year (1977)
PWI Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year (1981)
PWI Rookie of the Year (1976)
PWI Wrestler of the Year (1980)
PWI Wrestler of the Year (1982)
He was ranked him #7 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003.

Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
Modern Era (Class of 2008)

St. Louis Wrestling Club
NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship (one time)

World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation/WWE
WWF Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Pedro Morales)
WWWF/WWF Championship (two time)
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2013)Wrestle Association RWAR World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Scott Putski and The Warlord)Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards'''
Best Technical Wrestler (1980)
Match of the Year (1980) (vs. Ken Patera in a Texas Death match on May 19 in New York City, New York)
Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic (1982) (Being WWF Champion)
Most Overrated Wrestler (1983)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2004)

References

Other websites
WWE profile

1949 births
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Minnesota
WWE Hall of Fame
Michael is an archangel in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic teachings. Roman Catholics, the Eastern Orthodox, Anglicans, and Lutherans call him "Saint Michael the Archangel" or simply "Saint Michael". Orthodox Christians call him the "Taxiarch Archangel Michael" or simply "Archangel Michael".

In Hebrew, Michael means "who is like God?". The Book of Daniel speaks of Michael three times. One time, it says he is a "great prince who stands up for the children of your people". Jews saw Michael as their supporter. They are normally not allowed to appeal to angels as a link between God and his people. However, Michael became important in Jewish liturgy.

In the New Testament Michael leads God's armies against Satan's forces in the Book of Revelation. During the war in heaven he defeats (wins against) Satan. In the Epistle of Jude Michael is called "the archangel Michael". Christian sanctuaries to Michael appeared in the 4th century. He was first seen as a healing angel. Later, Christians saw him as a protector (someone who defends and helps) and the leader of the army of God against the forces of evil. By the 6th century, devotions to Archangel Michael were common both in the Eastern and Western Churches. Over time, teachings on Michael began to change among Christians.

References

Angels
Biblical people
Christian saints
Quran
Harisu (, born February 17, 1975) is a South Korean model, actor, and entertainer. Harisu (or Ha Ri-soo) is her stage name. Her real name is Lee Kyung-eun ().

She was born male, as Lee Kyung-yeop (). She had a sex change operation in Japan in 1999. She is South Korea's first transgender entertainer.

On May 19, 2007, Harisu married Micky Chung, a Korean singer.

Related pages 
 Lee Si-yeon
 Hong Seok-cheon

References

Other websites 
 Harisu at HanCinema 
 Harisu  
 Harisu discography  at FormulaRecordings 
 Facebook Fan Page

1975 births
Living people
South Korean models
South Korean singers
South Korean actors
Transgender and transsexual people
K-pop singers
The Couesnon River () is a river. It starts in the département of Mayenne in north-western France. It forms an estuary at Mont-Saint-Michel. Its last stretch is the border between the historical duchies of Normandy and Brittany. In the past, its course changed often between two beds. They are on the north and south of the Mont Saint-Michel. In the end, it settled to the south bed. This created (made) the saying "The Couesnon's madness placed Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy" (in french, "le couesnon en sa folie mit le Mont en Normandie"), as the mount is just to the Norman side of the river's mouth, now.  However, the administrative boundary which separates the two regions does not depend on the course of the river. The border is about six kilometres west of the mount.

Geography 
The Couesnon, the Sée and the Sélune form part of the complex water system of the bay of Mont Saint-Michel. On one side, the tide brings lots of sediment. This causes large sandbars within the river. On the other side, the three rivers bring the sediment back to sea.

In the 20th century, the Couesnon was made into a canal. This to reduced the erosion of its banks. In 1969, a dam was built. These changes, and the causeway linking Mont Saint-Michel to the mainland, have made mudflats. The French built a bridge to replace the causeway. It was finished in 2013. This helped to remove the silt.

During spring tides, a tidal bore — a wave caused by the tide rising — can be seen going up the river.

The Couesnon flows through the following departments and towns:
Ille-et-Vilaine: Fougères, Antrain
Manche: Pontorson

Hydrology and water quality
In the summer, the water flow is typically in the range of . The pH has been measured at 8.26 (Hogan, 2006). The temperature of the water is 19 degrees Celsius in summer, in the area of the mouth.  Water turbidity is moderate with a Secchi disc reading of 14 centimetres.  Electrical conductivity at the mouth is high.

Gallery

References
 Hogan, C Michael, Water quality of freshwater bodies in France, Lumina Tech. Press, Aberdeen (2006)
http://www.geoportail.fr
The Couesnon at the Sandre database

Other websites 
 The public works project
 The Couesnon on the site sandre.eaufrance.fr

Rivers of France
Pays de la Loire
Brittany
Nuufolau Joel "Joe" Seanoa (born March 17, 1979) is an American professional wrestler. He currently works for WWE on the Raw brand under the ring name, Samoa Joe.

He also wrestled for Ring of Honor (ROH) 2002 to 2007. During his time in ROH, he held the ROH World Championship for a record 21 months.

Championships
Ballpark Brawl
Natural Heavyweight Championship (1 time)1

Extreme Wrestling Federation
Xtreme 8 Tournament (2006)

Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South
Revolution Strong Style Tournament (2004)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #4 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2006.
He was ranked #4 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2008.
PWI Feud of the Year (2007) (vs. Kurt Angle)
PWI Most Popular Wrestler of the Year (2006)

Pro Wrestling Noah
GHC Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Magnus)

Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max
NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (one time)2 (with Keiji Sakoda)

Pure Wrestling Association
PWA Pure Wrestling Championship (one time)

Ring of Honor
ROH Pure Championship (one time)
ROH World Championship (one time)

SoCal Uncensored
Rookie of the Year (2000)

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
TNA Television Championship (one time)
TNA World Tag Team Championship (two times) (by himself (one),3 with Magnus (one))
TNA X Division Championship (four times)
King of the Mountain (2008)
Maximum Impact Tournament (2011)
Super X Cup (2005)
Turkey Bowl (2007)
Feast or Fired (2009 – TNA World Heavyweight Championship contract)
Wild Card Tournament (2011) (with Magnus)
Third TNA Grand Slam Champion (one time)
Third TNA Triple Crown Champion (one time)
Mr. TNA (2006)
Mr. X Division (2006)
Feud of the Year (2006–2007) (with Kurt Angle)
Finisher of the Year (2007) (Muscle Buster)

Twin Wrestling Entertainment
TWE Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Ultimate Pro Wrestling
UPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
UPW No Hold Barred Championship (two times)

United Independent Wrestling Alliance
UIWA Tag Team Championship (two times)

Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
5 Star Match (2004) (vs. CM Punk at ROH Joe vs. Punk II on October 16)
5 Star Match (2005) (vs. AJ Styles and Christopher Daniels at TNA Unbreakable on September 11)
5 Star Match (2005) (vs. Kenta Kobashi at ROH Joe vs. Kobashi on October 1)
Best Brawler (2006)
Match of the Year (2005) (vs. Kenta Kobashi, ROH Joe vs. Kobashi, October 1)
Most Outstanding Wrestler (2005)

1After he was stripped of the title, his reign was stricken from the promotion's records and the title returned to the opponent that he beat, Eddie Osbourne.

2After the title was vacated, Joe and Sakoda's reign was stricken from the promotion's records.

2He held the title by himself during his first reign.

References

Other websites
TNA profile 

1979 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from California
The Schwarzschild radius, or gravitational radius is the radius of a sphere that has certain properties: if all the mass of an object is compressed within this sphere, the escape speed from the surface of the sphere would equal the speed of light. An example of an object smaller than its Schwarzschild radius is a black hole. Once a stellar remnant collapses below this radius, light can no longer escape and the object is no longer visible. It is a characteristic radius associated with every quantity of mass. The Schwarzschild radius was named after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild who calculated this exact solution for the theory of general relativity in 1916. 

This radius can be calculated using the equation:

where the gravitational constant G is  N⋅m2/kg2, M is the mass of the object, and c is the speed of light which is 299,792,458 m/s.

Derivation 
The Schwarzschild radius is found within the Schwarzschild metric, and originally was used to describe the gravitational field around a black hole, given the assumptions that it is spherical, non-rotating, without a magnetic field, and that the cosmological constant is zero; (it describes the path of a particle moving through this spacetime) however, this radius can be calculated for any object.

References

Relativity
Astrophysics
Hong Seok-cheon (, born February 3, 1971) is a South Korean model and movie actor. In 1994, he was a reporter of KBS broadcast.

in 1994, he was a repoter of KBS broadcast, next years he was enter a 1995 student's gag contest, prize third-class and debut actor. In September 2000, he was public coming out, that times he was more broadcasters and drama, film casting.

so assault of more Koeran mass communication, but in 2002, he was comebacks success.

Related pages 
 Lee Si-yeon
 Harisu

Other websites 
 The Chosun Ilbo
 The Chosun Ilbo
 Cineseoul profile 
  Korea.net News
 The Korea Herald 
 Hong Suk-chun talks about coming out of the closet The Korea Herald-2013.02.04.

References 

1971 births
Living people
South Korean models
South Korean actors
Pokémon Rumble is a Pokémon video game for the Wii. It was released for the Wii's WiiWare service. It is a spin-off game in the Pokémon series. It was released in Japan on June 16, 2009, in North America on November 16, 2009, and in Europe on November 20, 2009.

Gameplay
The player controls Pokémon, battling other Pokémon in a series of dungeons and closed arenas. The player starts off with a low-level Pokémon that has only one attack. As the player battles other Pokémon, the player can collect coins which can be used to buy new attacks and get new Pokémon. When the player gets a Pokémon of a high enough level, the Battle Royale room opens, where the player battles many Pokémon at a time in a closed arena. The player has to beat all of the Pokémon to get a higher rank. As the player gets higher ranks, they can battle stronger Pokémon, including Legendary Pokémon.

The player controls the game by holding the Wii Remote sideways. Up to four players can play the game at once. There is a password system which allows the player to get certain Pokémon.

Sequels
Two sequels to the game have been released: Pokémon Rumble Blast, which was released for the Nintendo 3DS on August 11, 2011, and Pokémon Rumble U, which was released for the Wii U in 2013.

References

Other websites
Official website

2009 video games
Wii games
Pokémon RPGs
The University of al-Karaouine (or al-Qarawiyyin, ) is a university in Fes, Morocco. The mosque was founded by Fatima al-Fihri in 859. It had a school, or madrasa, that taught students about Islam. It later became one of the most important centres of learning in the Muslim world. It was made a part of Morocco's modern university system in 1963. It is the oldest continually operating school in the world. It is sometimes also called the oldest university

References 

Buildings and structures in Morocco
Karaouine
Islamic organizations
Mosques
859 establishments
Establishments in Morocco
The Battle of Troina was a battle that happened between 31 July and 6 August 1943. It was part of the Allied invasion of Sicily during World War II. Forces of the United States II Corps, part of the U.S. Seventh Army, had violent battles around the town of Troina. It is in the central portion of Sicily along the Caronie Mountains.

The battle was in the hills and mountains surrounding Troina. The Germans had fortified positions. They hid in these positions and fired weapons at the Allies

Background
On 29 July 1943, after 20 days of fighting in Sicily, the Germans realized that the Allies would capture Sicily. The Germans also realized that 80,000-100,000 American and British troops would break through the Etna Line.

The U.S. 7th Army commander, Lieutenant General George S. Patton Jr, had ordered the U.S. 1st and 9th Infantry Divisions to attack the city of Troina. Troina was one of the main parts of the Etna Line. It was defended by the 15th Panzer Grenadier Division commanded by Generalleutnant Eberhard Rodt.

It was also defended by four battalions of General di Divisione Giacomo Romano's 28 Infantry Division Aosta. The Axis forces were in deep trenches.

The battle
The Battle of Troina began on 31 July, when the 39th Infantry Regiment advanced towards the Germans. The Germans fought off the attack. The Allies planned a bigger attack. The 1st Infantry Division was put with troops from the 9th Division and a French Moroccan infantry battalion. The Allies used 165 artillery pieces and Allied aircraft.

Over six days, the important hilltops were captured by the Allies, then recaptured by the Axis troops. The 26th Infantry Regiment was ordered to capture Monte Basilio two miles north of the town. From here, the regiment could stop the Axis troops from retreating. For the next two days the men on Monte Basilio had to hide from Axis artillery fire.

The Germans left Troina later that night. General Hube withdrew the damaged 15th Panzer Grenadier Division to Randazzo.

Afterwards
The Allies had broken through the Etna Line. But the roads were filled with mines, so it was hard for the Allies to advance. General Hube withdrew his XIV Panzer Corps toward Messina.

Patton tried to attack the 29th Panzer Grenadier Division again on 11 August. He ordered Colonel Bernard to land his troops by sea at Brolo. Bernard's men surprised the Germans. However, Bernard did not have enough troops to beat the Germans. Most of the 29th Panzer Grenadier Division escaped.

References

Troina
1943 in Italy
Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson (July 26, 1928 – June 27, 2018) was an American talent manager. He was the father of the Jackson family of musicians. His most famous son was Michael Jackson. His most famous daughter was Janet Jackson.

Early life
Joseph Walter Jackson was born in Fountain Hill, Arkansas. He was the eldest son and child of Samuel Jackson (1893-1993), a schoolteacher, and Crystal Lee King (1907-1999). Samuel was the son of Israel Nero Jackson (1838-1934), a slave. Isreal was the son of Jack July Jackson (1803-1908), an indigenous choctaw of the Plantation of Gale. He was raised in East Chicago, Indiana and in Gary, Indiana. Jackson married Katherine Jackson in 1949.

Career
In 1963, Jackie, Tito and Jermaine started a band called The Jackson Brothers. Joe was their manager. The band changed their name to The Jackson 5 and they became su
Michael fired Jackson as his manager in 1979. The rest of the brothers did the same in 1983. In 2002, Jackson was given a place in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for being the Best Entertainment Manager of All Time.

Personal life
In 2003, Joe told Louis Theroux that he whipped Michael when he was a child. Michael Jackson died in 2009. He did not put Joe in his will.

In November 2012, he had a stroke.

Jackson told Piers Morgan in 2013 that "There's no such thing as beating a kid".

Children
Ten children were born to Katherine and Joe Jackson.
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson (born May 29, 1950)
Sigmund Esco "Jackie" Jackson (born May 4, 1951)
Toriano Adaryll "Tito" Jackson (born October 15, 1953)
Jermaine La Jaune Jackson (born December 11, 1954)
La Toya Yvonne Jackson (born May 29, 1956)
Marlon David Jackson (born March 12, 1957)
Brandon Jackson (March 12, 1957 – March 12, 1957)
Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009)
Steven Randall "Randy" Jackson (born October 29, 1961)
Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966)

Jackson also has a daughter with Cheryl Terrell. Terrell is a woman that Jackson had an affair with for 25 years. The daughter, Johvonnie, was born 1974.

Illness
In July 2015, Jackson was rushed into hospital after suffering a stroke and heart arrhythmia while celebrating his birthday in Brazil. The stroke reportedly left him temporarily blind.

On June 23, 2018, it was reported that Jackson was hospitalized in Las Vegas in the final stages of terminal pancreatic cancer. He died of the disease on June 27 at the age of 89.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1928 births
2018 deaths
African-American people
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Disease-related deaths in Nevada
Jackson family
People from Gary, Indiana
People from East Chicago, Indiana
The Battle of Cisterna was a battle during World War II. It happened on 30 January-2 February 1944 near Cisterna, Italy. It was part of the battle of Anzio that followed Operation Shingle.

The battle was a clear German victory. It really affected the US Rangers.
During this battle, many US Ranger groups were ordered to support an attack by the 3rd Infantry Division on Cisterna. The 3rd Infantry Division  had tried to capture Cisterna on 25–27 January.

The 3rd Division's attack was part of a large attack by the U.S. VI Corps to move out of the Anzio beach. The US VI Corps wanted to get off the Anzio beaches before new German troops could arrive and attack.

Background
On 22 January 1944, the Allies launched Operation Shingle. This was a sea landing of 
U.S. and British troops near Anzio and Nettuno. They wanted to attack the  German Gustav Line defences  to the southeast.

The Allies had been attacking from the south since 16 January in the first Battle of Monte Cassino. Following the landings, the Allies built up their forces on the beach. This also gave the Germans to strengthen their defensive positions. By 29 January, there were 69,000 men in the beach. The Germans had 71,500 troops to stop them.

On 30 January, the Allies attacked, going northeast toward Campoleone and the Alban Hills. A Ranger force tried to sneak into Cisterna.

The Rangers expected to encounter few German troops. In fact, they were moving towards a large enemy force.

The Rangers had had many dead and wounded. New troops sent to replace the dead and wounded did not have experience or much training.

Battle
Many Ranger troops and the 3rd Battalion, 15th Infantry tried to sneak behind German lines into the town of Cisterna. They wanted to attack and capture the town until the main attack came.

As the two battalions tried to sneak into German territory, they were attacked by strong German forces. They included the 715th Motorized Infantry Division and Herman Göring Panzer Division, including seventeen German Panzer IV tanks.

The 1st Battalion commander—Major Dobson—attacked one tank by shooting the commander with his pistol, and dropping a white phosphorus grenade into the tank. Two other tanks were captured by Rangers.

In the end, the Germans won. About 803 Allied troops did not return. About 400 Rangers became POWs. The Germans also had many losses.

Attempted relief of the Rangers
The main attack tried to rescue the trapped battalions. The Allies captured some territory, but they could not get past the Germans and capture Cisterna. Cisterna remained held by the German until May 1944.

German attacks on 1–2 February did not recapture any of the ground from the Allies. The Germans had heavy losses in these attacks.

Afterwards
Using the lightly armed Rangers to lead the attack was criticized. The weakened Ranger forces within Italy stopped operating. Ranger units continued to fight in northern Europe (leading D-Day) and in the Pacific War.

Footnotes

References

European battles of World War II
1944 in Italy
January events
February events
Barbara Branden (born Barbara Weidman, 14 May 1929 – 11 December 2013) was a Canadian writer, editor, and lecturer. She was known for her relationship and subsequent break with novelist-philosopher Ayn Rand.

References

Other websites

1929 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
Canadian writers
People from Winnipeg
Robert Schwarz Strauss (October 19, 1918 – March 19, 2014) was an American politician and diplomat. He served as the Chairman of the Democratic National Committee between 1972 and 1977 and served under President Jimmy Carter as the U.S. Trade Representative and special envoy to the Middle East.

Strauss was selected by President George H. W. Bush to be the U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union in 1991 and after the USSR's collapse, he served as the U.S. ambassador to Russia from 1991 until 1993.  Strauss has advised and represented U.S. presidents over three administrations and for both major U.S. political parties.

Strauss died from natural causes in Washington, D.C., aged 95.

References

Other websites

 Strauss profile and bio at the Academy of Achievement 
 Strauss bio at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld, LLP 
 Strauss bio at Answers.com
 Strauss bio at U.S.-Russia Business Council
 McGarr, Kathryn J. The Whole Damn Deal: Robert Strauss and the Art of Politics. PublicAffairs, 2011. 

1918 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes in the United States
Politicians from Texas
United States Trade Representatives
US Democratic Party politicians
Ambassadors of the United States to Russia
The Face Reader is South Korean movie released on September 11, 2013.  It was made by director Han Jae-rim and actor Song Kang-ho (who has also acted in the movie Snowpiercer) appears in the title role of the movie. It won six awards at the 50th Grand Bell Awards, including Best Film, Best Director for Han Jae-rim, and Best Actor for Song Kang-ho. Also, at The 33rd annual Korean Association of Film Critics Awards held on November 29, The Face Reader also won three awards for Best Male Actor, Best New Actor, and Best Music Score.

Historic background 
King Munjong (1414–1452), the fifth King of the Joseon Dynasty, succeeded King Sejong in 1450 as the first son of him. However, two years later because of disease he died and was followed by his young son King Danjong. King Danjong ascend the thrown at the age of 12 and was forced to abdicate by his uncle, Grand Prince Suyang who became Sejo of Joseon, and exiled to Yeongwol County. Sejo produced a coup d'état and became the seventh king himself in 1455

Plot 
The main character, Nae-gyeong, could not run for public office as the son of a disgraced yangban live in seclusion and works as a physiognomist. He is able to assess the personality, mental state and habits of a person by looking at his or her face. One day, Yeon- hong who is a famous gisaeng in Joseon dynasty visits him to suggest a partnership that reading the faces of Yeon-hong’s guest and receiving money. As becoming famous at hanyang, a capital city of Joseon dynasty, he was called from the royal courts where he seeks out the talented person who can do work well. Meanwhile, King Munjong who has feeling of danger as his condition gets worse orders Nae-gyeong to identify the potential traitors who threaten his reign. After the death of Munjong, Nae-gyeong tries to keep his loyalty to the late King and help Kim Jongseo protect the young King which forces him into the biggest power struggle in the history of the Joseon dynasty.

References 
http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/article/2328/critics-awards-snowpiercer-face-reader-both-win-3-awards-korean-film-critics-awards 
http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/films/index/filmsMore.jsp?strMenuId=010401&movieCd=20126091

South Korean movies
2013 movies
The Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship was a treaty between Morocco and the United States. It was signed in 1786. By signing it, King Mohammed III began diplomatic relations with the newly independent United States.

The treaty agreed that free Moors of North Africa would remain free and not be classified as Negroes, blacks, or slaves.

References

Other websites 
English text of the treaty from Yale University's Lillian Goldman Law Library

18th-century treaties
History of Morocco
Politics of the United States
1786 in the United States
One Fine Day is a picture book by Nonny Hogrogian. It was published by Macmillan in 1971. It was awarded the Caldecott Medal for the most distinguished picture book in 1972. The pictures have bright colors to express main character's personality. Also, it is simple story for young children (aged 0–8) to read. The red fox steals an old woman's milk and has his tail cut off. He starts to find his tail again. This is a short and humorous retelling of a favorite American folktale.

Summary 
There is a red fox that is very thirsty in the great forest. He wants to drink, so he steals an old woman's milk. She gets upset and cuts off his tail. To get back his tail, he tries to find some milk from a cow. The cow wants grass for him to give milk. He finds a grass but the grass wants some water. Again, he runs to stream to beg some water but the stream asks him to get a jug. Like this pattern, the red fox goes travel to find milk. Finally he meets kind miller and cries. The good miller gives him the grain and he brings it to a hen to get an egg. The egg is given for a peddler to get a bead. After all paying is done, he can get some milk for the old woman so she carefully sews his tail again.

Main character 
The main character is the fox that walks around the great forest. He cares about his looks, so he doesn't want to go back to his friends without his tail. He thinks that his friends will laugh at him. Also, he is sensitive. He cries a few times when the old woman gets angry or he meets a kind miller. It can be seen from the illustration, as his eyes always look pitiful to describe these personalities.

Children's books
1971 books
Gumi is the second largest city in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. It is in the mid central part of Gyeongsangbuk-do. The Nakdong River runs through the city. Gumi is well known for its National Industrial Complex which was built in the 1970s. Manufacturing is the major industry of Gumi now, but agriculture was the main one before the Complex was built.

Tourist attractions 
Gumi is famous because Geumo Mountain (Geumo San) is there.  Geumo San, designated as a provincial park in 1970, is 976 meters above sea level. It attracts many tourists because of its beautiful scenery; such as oddly formed rocks and strangely shaped stones, forests, and valleys. The mountain is best known for its own unique shape.  Seeing  the mountain from a distance, it resembles the profile of a giant lying on the ground. It has become one of the favorite sites among photographers because it looks most spectacular at sunset. There are a variety of post cards with pictures of its side face of a giant.

People 
Park Chung-hee is one of the former presidents of South Korea and he was born in Gumi in 1917. Gumi became prosperous during his presidential term.  The Gyeongbu Expressway and Gyeongbu Line railway, which are the principal traffic routes of the country, were built to pass through the city. The routes could have been connected directly from Daejeon to Daegu. The rapid economical growth of Gumi resulted from the president’s care for his hometown.

Other websites 
Gumi

Cities in South Korea
E-mart is the first discount store of South Korea. The first store opened in November, 1993 by Shinsegae. Also, E-mart is the largest retailer in South Korea. There are 146 hypermarkets and 127 supermarkets called ‘E-mart everyday’ across the country. E-mart is the first Korean retailer to advance into China. There are 16 hypermarkets and the first branch opened at Shanghai in February,1997.

There are 4 business areas of E-mart. First, there are hypermarkets and supermarkets. Second, there are E-mart Traders. E-mart Traders is a hypermarket warehouse store. There are 7 locations in Korea: Guseong, Songlim, Weolpyeong, Seomyeon, Busan, Ansan and Cheonan-Asan. Third, there are specialty stores. E-mart operates specialized stores to address specific lifestyle needs. Lastly, there is E-mart Mall. It is an on-line shopping mall that utilizes E-mart stores as logistics centres to offer E-mart products. E-mart stores also provide home delivery service.

E-mart stores offer general home products, electronics, sporting goods and clothing.

References 
Official site  
 Official English site 

Companies of South Korea
1993 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in South Korea
{{Infobox album
| name = Beyoncé
| type = Studio
| artist = Beyoncé
| cover = 
| alt = .
| released = 
| recorded = 2012–2013
| studio = 
| genre = 
| length = 
| label = 
| producer = 
| prev_title = 4: The Remix(2012)
é(2013)
| next_title = Beyoncé: Platinum Edition(2014)
| misc = }}Beyoncé''' is the self-titled fifth album by Beyoncé. It was released on iTunes on December 13, 2013. 
The release of the album made the iTunes website stop working. This happened because there were so many people on the website at once for the album. Timbaland, Justin Timberlake, and Pharrell Williams are producers of songs on the album. The album got good reviews. "XO" was released as the first single from the album. On December 21, 2013 the album will be released on CD and DVD in the United States. Billboard chose the album as the best of 2013.

SongsBeyoncé starts with "Pretty Hurts". The third track "Drunk in Love" was released as one of the album's two lead singles. Jay-Z, Knowles' husband, raps in it. The song is about how much Knowles likes having sex with Jay-Z.  "Partition" is about having sex in a limousine. In "Mine", Drake raps. The song "Superpower" has Frank Ocean singing in it. "XO" was released as a lead single to the album.

Feminism
The album has a feminist theme. "Flawless", the eleventh song on the album, samples "Why We Should All Be Feminists", a TED talk by the Nigerian writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. In New Statesman Laurie Penny described "Blow" as being about how Knowles likes being given cunnilingus. She compared it to Prince. In the song "Drunk in Love" Jay-Z raps about domestic violence. The lyric was criticized for making violence against women seem like a good thing.

Sales
The album sold 80,000 copies in the first three hours after it was released. In slightly under a day it sold 430,000 copies. In its first three days the album sold 828,773 copies. It sold over a million copies in less than a week. The album sold more quickly than any other album on iTunes ever. It went straight to number one in the Billboard'' 200. This made it her fifth number one album. It also entered the Canadian Albums Chart at number one. and the UK Albums Chart at number five

Track listing

References

2013 albums
Beyoncé albums
Electronica albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums