cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lisa Donovan (born June 11, 1980) is an American actress, YouTuber, writer and comedian. She does sketches and impersonations of Lindsay Lohan, lonleygirl15 (another YouTuber) and many other. She is best known for her work on YouTube and the television program MadTV.

1980 births
Living people
Writers from New York City
Actors from New York City
Writers from Los Angeles
American television actors
Internet celebrities
Comedians from New York City
An amethyst is a  mineral gemstone that comes from quartz. It is usually transparent and best known for its violet colour. Even though it is a form of quartz, it has more iron oxide (Fe2O3) than any other kind of quartz. Because of this, some experts think that its color comes from the iron in it. 

Heating the amethyst either takes away its color or changes it to a yellow hue. Amethysts are found in Brazil, Uruguay, Canada (Ontario) and America (North Carolina). The rock amethyst is the birthstone of the month February. In the Mohs scale, it has a hardness of seven.

Meaning and superstition 
Many people believe amethysts protect one from poison, evil, and getting drunk. This is where the name of this rock came from, The Greek word amethustos, means "without being drunken". 

Also they are thought to be good for healing, recovering from headaches, good dreams, and more. Some Catholic popes also wear a rosary of amethyst around their necks. Some Roman women thought gems could keep their husbands faithful to them.

Amethysts are also worn because it is believed that it makes them look gentle. The “powers” of an amethyst also include healing, peace, love, more spirituality, courage,  protection from robbers, and happiness.

In the Book of Revelations the amethyst was one of the twelve foundation stones of New Jerusalem.

There are many stories and myths about amethysts. One of them tells how amethysts were supposedly created. According to the story, Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and partying, was angry because of something against him and wanted to get revenge. He ordered that the first person who was mortal to come across his path would be eaten by tigers. 

Just at that moment a beautiful maiden named Amethyst came, on her way to worship the goddess Diana. Diana saw what was going to happen and she quickly made Amethyst into a stone to save her from the tigers. When Bacchus saw this, he repented and poured wine over the stone, making its color purple.

Decoration 
The amethyst is worn and used for fashion in a number of different ways. It is polished and shaped for rings, earrings, and cufflinks. It may be also used for brooches, sometimes being carved into a cluster of grapes. People like the way amethysts look, especially when they are put in gold and diamonds.

The amethyst is worn by royalty and nobility. This is because its royal color was purple. When it was found in the Minoan period in Greece (c. 2500 B.C.), it was polished and shaped into cabochons (dome-shaped stones). Then, it was set in gold. 

During the 15th century, the French fleur-de-lis brooch could only be worn by the Royal family on special times. The fleur-de-lis design on it is put in with sapphires and amethysts.

References 

Gemstones
Birthstones
Ralph Macchio (born November 4, 1961 in Huntington, New York) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in My Cousin Vinny, The Karate Kid, The Karate Kid II, and The Karate Kid III. He was also in the movie The Outsiders as Johnny.

Other websites 

1961 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York
Vahan M. Kurkjian (; Aleppo, 1863 – New York City, 1961) was an Armenian writer, historian, teacher, and community leader.

Other websites 
History of Armenia by Vahan M. Kurkjian, full text of the book.

Armenian historians
Armenian writers
1863 births
1961 deaths
Aleppo
The Yalta Conference (sometimes called the Crimea Conference) was held from 4 to 11 February 1945, a few months before the end of the Second World War in Europe. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Winston Churchill), the President of the United States (Franklin D. Roosevelt) and the Premier of the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) met in Crimea and talked about what to do with Germany. The Yalta Conference was important in European history.

Agreements 

The allies agreed at Yalta :
 Germany would be completely disarmed.
 A new world organisation would be set up, the United Nations.
 Stalin would join the war against Japan three months after the defeat of Germany.
 Germany would be split up into four different pieces (occupation zones), one occupied by France, one by the Soviet Union, one by the United States, and one by the United Kingdom.
 Berlin would also be split up into four different areas
 Germans who committed war crimes would be judged and sentenced.
 A Soviet-dominated government would be set up in Poland
 Eastern Europe would be under Soviet influence.
 Free elections would be held in countries free from German rule.
 Planning would start on war reparations by Germany and how much money it would owe the other countries.

Related pages
 Potsdam Conference

Other websites
 A revision site for IGCSE students
 The Yalta Betrayal 
 In Depth information on Yalta, not recommended for Simple Wikipedia Users 
 The Aims of The Allies at the Yalta Conference in depth

World War II
The Potsdam Conference was a meeting of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States in Potsdam, Germany from July 17 to August 2, 1945. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Clement Attlee), the President of the United States (Harry S. Truman) and the dictator of the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) met to talk about Germany on July 1945 and to discuss what should happen to it now that the Second World War was over.

The first conference was held at Yalta, but the Allies did not agree on anything very important. However, a lot had happened since the Yalta Conference. Firstly, the United States had a new president, Truman, who was much tougher on communism than the previous president, Franklin Roosevelt, had been, which was a problem for Stalin. Also, Winston Churchill had been voted out in the United Kingdom and replaced by Clement Attlee. Stalin saw himself as far more experienced than the new leaders and also caused trouble, as some of what the allies agreed on at Yalta was that Poland should have a neutral government. Stalin had killed the neutral government leaders and replaced them others, who did what he wanted. That caused many problems at Potsdam since other countries no longer trusted the Soviets.

The agreements 

The allies talked about and agreed:
 Germany would be temporarily split into four pieces (occupation zones), one occupied by France, one by the Soviet Union, one by the United States, and one by the United Kingdom.
A large piece of eastern Germany would become Polish, and the Germans in it would be expelled.
 Nazi criminals would be judged and sentenced.
 Germany would be demilitarised.

The disagreements 
The allies talked about but did not agree on the following:
 How to separate Germany
 How much money Germany would pay to the winners of the war
 How Stalin was treating Poland
 How much land Poland would have

Related pages
 Potsdam Declaration
 Yalta Conference

Other websites
 A revision site for IGCSE students
 The Aims of The Allies in depth - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
 The events of Potsdam in depth  - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
 A CNN webpage on Potsdam, very in depth  - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users

1945 in Germany
Potsdam
World War II
The Palatinate (germ.:Pfalz), historically also Rhenish Palatinate (lat.: palatinatum Renensis; germ.: Rheinpfalz), is a region in south-western Germany. It occupies more than a quarter of the German federal state (Bundesland) of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz).

Geography
The western and northern part of the Palatinate is densely forested and mountainous. The highest point is the Donnersberg () near Kirchheimbolanden. The Palatinate forest (Pfälzerwald) covers more than a third of the region and is the largest uninterrupted forest in Germany. The eastern part is lower, and is a well known wine region, the Palatinate wine region through which passes the German wine road (Deutsche Weinstrasse). Most of the cities of the Palatinate (Ludwigshafen, Speyer, Landau, Frankenthal, Neustadt) lie in the Rhineplain in the east.

Traditionally, the Palatinate is divided into the regions of Anterior Palatinate (Vorderpfalz), West Palatinate (Westpfalz), North Palatinate (Nordpfalz), and South Palatinate (Südpfalz).

Administratively, the following districts and independent cities are part of the Palatinate:

Independent cities:
Frankenthal
Kaiserslautern
Landau
Ludwigshafen
Neustadt an der Weinstraße
Pirmasens
Speyer
Zweibrücken

Districts:
Bad Dürkheim
Donnersbergkreis
Germersheim
Kaiserslautern (district)
Kusel
Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis
Südliche Weinstraße
Südwestpfalz

Other websites
Bayern-Pfalz-Stifung 
The royal palace in Edenkoben 
Rhenish Palatinate - Catholic Encyclopedia article

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Regions of Germany
The Antonov An-225 Mriya  was a Ukrainian cargo aircraft and the largest airplane in the world. It has 6 engines. It was manufactured by a company called Antonov. Three of them were built to carry the Soviet Space Shuttle Buran. Since the shuttle was never finished, the planes have been used to carry very large items that cannot be transported another way. However, there is only one in service today. It was modelled from the Antonov An-124 Ruslan. This plane is big enough to carry a Boeing 747's fuselage. 

It was destroyed during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 An-225 - buran-energia.com
 Payloads

Civil aircraft
Soviet & Russian aircraft
Edmund Burke (12 January 1729-9 July 1797) was an important Irish politician, and writer. He became a member of the British Parliament with the Whigs in 1765.

Burke supported the American Revolution. He opposed the French Revolution for killing Catholics and other dissenters. His most famous book was Reflections on the Revolution in France, which created many of the ideas in conservatism.

Other websites 

  (including his collected works in 12 volumes)

1729 births
1797 deaths
Irish philosophers
Irish politicians
British politicians
People from Dublin
Guys and Dolls is a 1950 Broadway musical. The music and lyrics were written by Frank Loesser, and the speaking parts were written by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows. The story of Guys and Dolls is based on short stories written by Damon Runyon. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical.

What happens 

Nathan Detroit, a gambler in 1920's New York City, needs a place to hold his illegal dice game where he will not be caught by the police. He finds a place, but the person who owns it wants one thousand dollars to rent it for the night. Nathan thinks he is out of luck, until he hears that the famous gambler Sky Masterson is in town. He bets Sky one thousand dollars that he cannot get Sarah Brown, a missionary, to go to Havana, Cuba with him. Because Sarah is very religious and moralistic, Nathan thinks she will never agree to go with him.

Nathan has another problem. He has been engaged to a woman named Adelaide for fourteen years, but they still are not married. Adelaide is so frustrated with him that she comes down with a cold. She tells him that if he does not marry her, she will leave him. Nathan promises to marry her, but then realizes that the night he said he would meet her is the same night as the dice game. He does not marry her, and Adelaide is extremely angry with him. She tells him she never wants to see him again.

Meanwhile, Sarah's mission is about to be closed down unless she can have it filled for a midnight prayer meeting later that week. Sky hears about this and makes a deal with her. If she goes to Havana with him, he will persuade the men he knows to go to the prayer meeting. Because Sarah is desperate, she accepts his offer. At first Sky is only taking her to Havana to win the bet, and Sarah is only going with him to save her mission, but while they are in Havana they fall in love. As Sky is saying goodbye to her, Nathan and the other gamblers run out of the mission, where they had been holding the dice game. Sarah thinks he only took her to Havana to get her away from the mission so Nathan could have the game there, and she is very angry with him.

Sky is still in love with Sarah, so he decides to keep his part of the deal. He makes a bet with all the gamblers. If he loses, he will give each of the gamblers a thousand dollars. If he wins, they will have to go to the prayer meeting. Sky wins the bet, and Sarah's mission is saved. Sarah realizes that he really does care about her.

Later, Sarah meets Adelaide. They talk about Nathan and Sky and realize that they are both in love. Sarah decides to marry Sky, and Adelaide decides to marry Nathan.

Broadway musicals
1950s musicals
, real name  (born January 7, 1948 in Tokyo), is a Japanese singer, composer, voice actor and actor.  He is best known for his anime and tokusatsu such as Mazinger Z, Great Mazinger, Kamen Rider and Metal Hero series.

Ichiro Mizuki began his solo career in 1968, although his first single "Kimi ni sasageru Boku no Uta" was released as this song was composed by Kanae Wada. Later, he starts to sing his theme song during the 1970s. His first anime song called Genshi Shounen Ryuu was released in 1971 as the opening theme from the animated television series Genshi Shounen Ryuu. Then he released many other anime and tokusatsu songs from Super Robot, Science Fiction, Sports, Kamen Rider, Metal Hero and Super Sentai series. Ichiro Mizuki has been sang more than 1000 songs since his anison debut.

From August 30 to August 31, 1999, he held a 1000-song concert in duration of 24 hours. Also the success of his 1000-song concert has become a legend in Japan.

On July 19, 2000, he joined as a part-time member of the supergroup JAM Project with other members - Hironobu Kageyama, Masaaki Endoh, Eizo Sakamoto, and Rica Matsumoto.

Meanwhile, Ichiro Mizuki has also act the tokusatsu TV series such as Jikuu Senshi Spielvan, Voicelugger and also the voice actor for anime such as Koraru no Tanken and Dangaioh (OVA).

Other websites

 Ichirou Mizuki Official Site
 Ichiro Mizuki Official English Language Website 
 Ichiro Mizuki at the Anison Database
 Ichiro Mizuki at the Anime News Network
 Ichiro Mizuki  at the Henshin Hall of Fame
 

Actors from Tokyo
Singers from Tokyo
Japanese songwriters
Japanese voice actors
1948 births
Living people
Kesha Wizzart (22 October 1988 – 12 July 2007) was an English singer. She was a contestant on the television programme Stars In Their Eyes. She was born in Manchester.

Wizzart was murdered on 12 July 2007, along with her mother Beverley and brother Fred. It happened in their home in Manchester. The investigators found injuries to their heads. The next day, a search for the suspect Pierre Williams was started. He was arrested on 14 July, convicted and received three life sentences.

References

Other websites 
TV show teenager is victim of triple murder – Retrieved from Sky News

1988 births
2007 crimes
2007 deaths
Black English musicians
British child singers
English murder victims
Musicians from Manchester
People murdered in England
Naming very small numbers is the same as naming very big numbers, but with one important difference. There is a minus sign over what the 10 in the formula is raised to. So if one wanted to write 0.007 in shorthand form, they would write it 7 x 10−3 since 7 is the third digit after the decimal point (the zero in front of the decimal point does not count). Naming a very small number with lots of different numbers inside it is the same as doing it with a very big number, but again with that one difference of the minus sign. So 0.0000452 would become 4.52 x 10−5 (0.0000452 --> 4.52 x 0.00001 --> 4.52 x 10−5).

Some examples

Names for small numbers

Related pages
Names for large numbers

Other websites 
Names of large and small numbers 

Numbers
The Military of ancient Rome (known to the Romans as the militia) means all military forces of Ancient Rome from the founding of the city of Rome to the end of the Western Roman Empire. Originally there was only the Roman army, but a small navy was added during the Second Samnite War, around 320 BC.

The Roman military was an important part of the Roman state. Josephus describes the Roman people as "as if born ready armed". It has a history of more than 1300 years. Roman armies fought in Parthia as well as in Africa, and in - what was in that time the far north - the British Isles.

After a series of reforms, the army became highly trained, and was well equipped in the middle of the Roman Imperial period. The Romans also had a powerful navy that ruled the Mediterranean and the European Atlantic coast. In the late Imperial period the military's numbers were significantly increased to cover the borders and keep internal peace. The circumstances of the Empire had changed; the Western Roman Empire now relied heavily on units of mostly Germanic tribes living within the borders, who fought in the name of Rome during the Migration Period.

References

Other sources 
Primary sources 
Livy, The Rise of Rome, Oxford University Press, 1998
Polybius, History, Book 6
Tacitus, The Histories, Book V

Secondary sources 
Gibbon E., The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Penguin, 1985
Goldsorthy A., In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire, Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2003
Grant, M., The History of Rome, Faber and Faber, 1993
Heather, P., The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History, MacMillan, 2005
Jones, The Later Roman Empire,Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964
Lane Fox, Robin, The Classical World, Penguin, 2005 
Luttwak, E., The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, Johns Hopkins
Matyszak, P., The Enemies of Rome, Thames and Hudson, 2004
Santosuosso, A., Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire, Westview Press, 2001

Other websites
UNRV's Roman Military
Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
 Military Resources 
 Armamentarium bibliography 
 The Ancient Warfare Articles of Smith's Dictionary, Bill Thayer's Lacus Curtius site.

Ancient Rome
.

An alpha helix (α-helix) is a twisted part of a protein. It is one of the two most common parts of the secondary structure, or shape, of a protein. The other is the beta sheet. An alpha helix is created by alternating groups of atoms. There is a carbonyl group, created by a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom, and an amine group, created by a nitrogen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. Each section containing one of each of these groups is called a residue, a general term for a small part of a molecule. Each amine group forms a hydrogen bond with the carbonyl group four residues earlier. A prion is a protein that causes disease by changing the shape of another protein. It does this by changing some of the alpha helices, which are more common in normal cells, to beta sheets, which are more common in prions. The alpha helix consists of 3.6 residues per turn. All hydrogen bonds face in the same direction. If two or more alpha helices come together, they become a tertiary structure. (Ex. Five alpha helices arranged into a barrel shape)

Biochemistry
Topaz is a silicate mineral. Along with silicate, it includes the chemical elements aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F,OH)2.

Color and varieties
Pure topaz is colorless and transparent but they usually have colors made by small impurities. The typical topaz is wine, yellow, pale gray, reddish-orange, or blue brown. It can also be made white, pale green, blue, gold, or pink (rare).

Orange topaz, also known as precious topaz, is the traditional November birthstone, the symbol of friendship, and the state gemstone for the US state of Utah.

Imperial topaz is yellow, pink (rare, if natural) or pink-orange. Some imperial topaz stones can fade if they are exposed too much in the sunlight.

Blue topaz is the US state Texas' gemstone.

Mystic topaz is colorless topaz which has been artificially coated, making it rainbow-colored.

Gallery

Related pages
List of birthstones

References

Other websites

Pink Topaz, Biblical Topaz References Farlang – gem information and full text historical references
Topaz and other minerals found at Topaz Mountain, Juab County , Utah Geological Survey

Gemstones
Birthstones
The fundamental theorem of algebra is a proven fact about polynomials, sums of multiples of integer powers of one variable. It is based on mathematical analysis, the study of real numbers and limits. It was first proven by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. It says that for any polynomial  with the degree , where , the polynomial equation  must have at least one root , and not more than  roots altogether.

Some remarks: 
 the degree  of a polynomial is the highest power of  that occurs in it 
 some of the roots may be complex numbers
 it is possible to 'count' a root  twice, if  is still a root of the polynomial ; if you will 'count' the roots in this way, then the polynomial  with degree  has exactly  roots 
 it is not a theorem of pure algebra. It is not possible to prove this theorem without an element of analysis. This element has been reduced to the observation that, firstly, for polynomial functions  of odd degree the pair of values  and  has opposite positive and negative signs when  is large enough. And secondly, that any polynomial function  on the real line that takes positive and negative values for  has to cross  axis.

Related pages
Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Mathematical theorems
If something is finite, it means it will end. The opposite is infinite. There are many uses of this word, for example:

 A finite number is a number which is not equal to ; all real numbers are finite.
 A finite set is a set that has a certain number of elements.
 A finite verb is a term from linguistics that means that a verb is of a form that tells person and tense.

fr:Fini
it:Finito
Lake Champlain is a natural freshwater lake in North America along the borders of New York and Vermont and partially across the United States-Canada border in the province of Quebec. The lake was named for the French explorer Samuel de Champlain, who came there in 1609.

A region of large freshwater lakes
Lake Champlain is one of a large number of large lakes spread in an arc from Labrador through the northern United States and into the Northwest Territories of Canada.  Although it is much smaller than the Great Lakes of Ontario, Erie, Huron, Superior, or Michigan, Lake Champlain is a large body of fresh water. The lake is about  in area. It is about  long. At its widest point, it is about  wide. The maximum depth is about . It contains about 80 islands, including an the entire country of Grand Isle County in Vermont.

Colonial America and the Revolutionary War
 
In the colonial times, Lake Champlain gave an easily blocked water (or, in winter, ice) passage between the Saint Lawrence and the Hudson Valleys.  Boats and sledges were usually preferable to the unpaved and frequently mud-bound roads of the time.  The northern tip of the lake at Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec (St. John in colonial times) is a short distance from Montreal.  The southern tip at Whitehall (Skenesborough in colonial times) is a short distance from Saratoga, Glens Falls, and Albany, New York.

Forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point (Fort St. Frederic) controlled passage of the lake in colonial times.  Important battles were fought at Ticonderoga in 1758 and 1777.  A important naval battle was fought in 1776 at Valcour Island: in the Battle of Valcour Island, Benedict Arnold delayed British ships enough to prevent the fall of these forts until the following year, allowing the Continental Army to grow stronger and allowing the later victory at Saratoga.

Other websites

Lakes of the United States
Lakes of Canada
Geography of Vermont
Geography of New York
Geography of Quebec
Biosphere reserves
is a Japanese athlete.  She is best known as a figure skater. She is a five-times Japanese National Champion, three-times World Championships medalist, and 2003-2004's Grand Prix Final Champion.

Profile 
Suguri is expressive, her program is called "Suguri World". Her younger sister Chika Suguri is figure skater likewise, too.

She was first Japanese skater to win the ISU Grand Prix Final in 2003, and got more Four Continents Championships titles in 2005, and got more World Championships medals than other Japanese figure skater in 2006.

Records

References

Other websites 

  
 

Japanese figure skaters
1980 births
Living people
People from Kanagawa Prefecture
The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. It was created by Congress under the Occupational Safety and Health Act and was signed by President Richard M. Nixon, on December 29, 1970. Its mission is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by making and enforcing rules (called standards) for workplace safety and health.  As of March 2006, the agency is headed by Assistant Secretary of Labor Edwin Foulke.

Related pages
Occupational Safety and Health

References and suggested reading 
American National Standards Institute (1996); “Workshop on International Standardization of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems: Is there a Need?” Workshop proceedings. Rosemont, Illinois, May 7-8, 1996. 
American National Standards Institute (2005): “American National Standard – Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems.” Draft document. 
Adams, E. (1976) "Accident Causation and the Management System" in Professional Safety, October, pp 26-29.
Anton, T. (1979) Occupational Safety and Health Management, McGraw Hill, New York.

Other websites 
  OSHA website and public contact website.
 Full text of the OSH Act 
 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
 OSHA Office of Education and Training 
 Current 29 CFR Books in Digital Format

United States government agencies
United States Department of Labor
Medical and health organizations in the United States
1970 establishments in the United States
Arsenio Hall (born February 12, 1956) is an American actor and comedian. He hosted his own television talk show, The Arsenio Hall Show, from 1989 to 1994 on the Fox network. He also had his own sitcom on ABC titled, Arsenio.

Hall co-starred with Eddie Murphy in the movies Coming to America and Harlem Nights. After his own television series ended, Hall sometimes guest-starred on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.

Hall was born in Cleveland, Ohio.

Other websites 

Actors from Cleveland, Ohio
African American actors
African American comedians
African American television personalities
American movie actors
American television actors
Comedians from Cleveland, Ohio
Television personalities from Ohio
1956 births
Living people
Bezenye is a village in the north-west of Hungary.  It is very close to the border with Slovakia and only 9 km from the Slovakian capital city Bratislava. The population is about 1600.

Archaeologists  have found things under the ground which show that the first people to lived there were Old Germanic tribes.  Later, Hungarian (Magyar) people lived there.  Then troops from Turkey destroyed a lot of the village and the people fled.  New people came to live in the area: Croatians and Germans.  The Croatians called the village "Bizonja" and the Germans called it "Palersdorf".  "Bezenye" is the Hungarian name.  It comes from a Slav word "baza" meaning an elderberry tree.

After World War II many of the poorer Germans had to go and live in Germany.  New Hungarian families from Slovakia came to live in Bezenye.

Today Bezenye is not a typical Hungarian village.  The people speak a mixture of Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak and German.  The Roman Catholic church of the Blessed Virgin Mary has services in Hungarian and Croatian.

References
 "The Slovak-Austrian-Hungarian Danubeland", compiled by Daniel Kollár;

Other websites 
 Bezenye.hu
 Street map (Hungarian)

Villages in Hungary
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III after Great Britain gained French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. The purpose of the Proclamation was to organize Britain's large North American empire, and to make relations with Native Americans better and more stable by controlling trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. Parliament also wished to gain trust from the natives so they could place forts there.  

The Proclamation stated that Americans could not settle or buy land west of a line along the Appalachian Mountains. This angered colonists Tempted by great farm land, settlers continued to flow into the Ohio River Valley and Great Britain was unable to provide adequate protection for those colonists. Also, the Proclamation gave Great Britain a monopoly in land bought from Native Americans. The later Quebec Act, 1774 extended the rights of French Catholics, thus further angering English Protestant settlers.

Opposition to the Proclamation

French 
 Boundaries of Québec were very limited.
 Catholics not permitted to run for office.
 Did not think the proposed assembly would represent the views of the population. 
 Were concerned about the future of the Roman Catholic Church.
 Could not fur trade outside the proclaimed boundaries.

British 
 Did not like the restrictions placed on fur trade.
 Colonists wanted to continue going west. Many veterans of the war against France had been given land beyond the line, and the Proclamation took it away. 
 Were not satisfied by the proposal for an elected assembly.
They did not have a say in it.

References 

1760s in the Thirteen Colonies
1763
Resistance to the British Empire
1760s in the Kingdom of Great Britain
Inkscape is a vector graphics (pictures made from lines instead of dots) drawing program published under the GNU General Public License. Its stated goal is to become a really good drawing tool while being able to fit in with standards for SVG graphics.
Inkscape was first made for Linux, but now it is cross-platform and runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like operating systems. As of 2007, Inkscape is actively being made better, and new features are added all the time.

History 
Inkscape began in 2003 as a fork (break-off) of the Sodipodi project. Sodipodi, developed since 1999, was itself based on Raph Levien's Gill (Gnome Illustration Application).

Bibliography

Sources 

Free software
Graphics software
Pope Leo XIII (; , March 2, 1810—July 20, 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 257th Pope from 1878 until his death.

Monsignore
Pope Gregory XVI granted Pecci the title Monsignore. In 1903, there were Golden Jubilee celebrations which recalled the 50 years since he was named a cardinal.

In 1846, he visited London where he had an audience with Queen Victoria.

Bishop
Pecci was Bishop of Perugia for thirty-two years, from 1846 to 1878.

Cardinal
Pope Pius IX raised him to the rank of cardinal in 1853.

Pope
In 1878, Cardinal Pecci was elected Pope.

After his election, Pope Leo never went outside the gates of the Vatican.

Pope Leo was in office until the age of 93. He was the oldest pope and had the second longest papal reign before Pope John Paul II. He is known as the "Pope of the Working Man."

Age age 93, the pope died from pneumonia and old age.

After his death 
The pope lay in State in St. Peter's Basilica.  His final resting place is the Basilica of St. John Lateran, which is the official seat of the Bishop of Rome.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites

  "Pope Leo XIII" in Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913
  "Leo XIII" in Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Vatican webpage,  Leo XIII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Gioacchino Cardinal Pecci 
  Catholic Encyclopedia,  "List of Popes"

1810 births
1903 deaths
Italian popes
Konzum is Croatia's biggest supermarket chain. Konzum was opened in Zagreb in 1957, and today has 230 stores open in Croatia. Lately, Konzum's popularity has grown a lot in Croatia. In 1994,  Konzum joined the Agrokor group. Konzum supermarkets can also be found in Croatia's neighbouring country, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Konzum has relations with the Bosnian company, Velpro.

Sources

Other websites
 

Companies of Croatia
Supermarkets of Europe
Establishments in Croatia
1957 establishments in Europe
Mother Teresa (26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), was a Roman Catholic nun who started the Missionaries of Charity and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her work with people. For over forty years, she took care of needs of those without money, those who were sick, those without parents, and those dying in Calcutta (Kolkata), guided in part by the ideals of Saint Francis of Assisi. She was born in Skopje, Macedonia, and died in Calcutta.

As the Missionaries of Charity grew under Mother's leadership, they expanded their ministry to other countries. By the 1970s she had become internationally well known as an advocate for the poor and helpless, due in part to a movie and book, Something Beautiful for God by Malcolm Muggeridge. She did not think women had the right to have abortions and said "The greatest destroyer of peace is abortion because if a mother can kill her own child, what is left for me to kill you and you to kill me?".

Following her death she was beatified (the first stage of sainthood) by Pope John Paul II and given the title Blessed Teresa of Calcutta. she is best social service woman. One day the vision Jesus Curiest asked help poor people and she hear this voice in train while going to join the meeting in church 
Mother Teresa left his best luxurious Rolls-Royce car and sell and made asram for poor people. 
Mother Teresa called Saint on 4 September 2016 by his Holiness Pope at Saint Peter, Vactain. Mother Teresa got many award like bharat ratna in 1980 and Nobel prize in 1979 etc. She is known as Surving the humanity

Criticism

Mother Teresa received criticism over the years, especially in recent years as debate about sex and abortion grew. Christopher Hitchens says that, instead of trying to help the poor, she encouraged them to endure pain and continue to suffer. Hitchens also thinks she was against ending poverty and raising the social status of women. Hitchens wrote a book on Teresa called The Missionary Position. In an article for Slate, Hitchens writes "MT was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of poverty. She said that suffering was a gift from God".

References

Other websites 
 Mother Teresa of Kolkata information  
 Speech On Mother Teresa In English : Nobel Peace Prize Speech

1910 births
1997 deaths
Albanian people
Beatified people
Cardiovascular disease deaths in India
Deaths from heart failure
Nuns
Order of Merit
People from Skopje
Roman Catholics
Joanna Noëlle Levesque (born December 20, 1990 ), known by her stage name JoJo, is an American actress and singer. She was born in Brattleboro, Vermont and raised in Keene, New Hampshire and Foxborough, Massachusetts. She is a pop and R&B singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. She released her first album, JoJo, in June 2004. The album's first single "Leave (Get Out)" was No.1 of the US Billboard Pop Chart.

Filmography

Other websites 
 Official U.S. website
 
 
 MTV interview

References

1990 births
Living people
People from Brattleboro, Vermont
American child actors
American child singers
American movie actors
American pop musicians
American R&B singers
American television actors
Musicians from New Hampshire
Musicians from Massachusetts
Musicians from Vermont
Singers from Massachusetts
Singers from Vermont
Singers from New Hampshire
Angela Aames (27 February 27, 1956 in Pierre, South Dakota – November 27, 1988 in West Hills, California) was an American actress. She was famous for her role in the movie ’’Bachelor Party’’. She died of heart problems at the age of 32.

Other websites
 

1956 births
1988 deaths
American movie actors
Actors from South Dakota
People from Pierre, South Dakota
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
William Alexander “Bud” Abbott (October 2, 1895 – April 24, 1974) was an American actor, producer and comedian born in Asbury Park, New Jersey. He is famous for his role as the "straight man" of the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, with Lou Costello.

Other websites 

 

1895 births
1974 deaths
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
Comedians from New Jersey
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (born Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr. on April 16, 1947) is an American former professional basketball player and current assistant coach. He was known as Lew Alcindor before changing his name in the fall of 1971, several years after converting to Islam. He is considered one of the greatest players of all time. He has also had numerous television and movie appearances.

Early life
Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr., was born in Harlem, New York City, on April 16, 1947. His family was not poor: His father was a graduate of the famed Juilliard School of Music in virtuoso trombone. He attended Power Memorial High School in New York.

College
Alcindor went to college at UCLA. When he played on the freshman team, it beat the UCLA varsity team that had won two national championships. When he played on the varsity team, it won three national championships. When Alcindor was at UCLA, the NCAA did not allow the dunk, so he developed a hook shot called the skyhook. Alcindor also got a degree in history.

Professional basketball career 

Alcindor was drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1969 NBA Draft. He lead the league in scoring twice with the Bucks. He also won three MVP awards with them. In 1975, Abdul-Jabbar was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers. He won three more MVP awards with them, as well as five championships. Abdul-Jabbar played in the NBA until 1989. When he left, he had scored 38,387 points, which is more than any other player has. He was also one of the ten most accurate players, and blocked the third-most shots. Abdul-Jabbar was placed in the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1995.

Outside of basketball
Abdul-Jabbar studied martial arts with Bruce Lee, and appears in the Lee movie The Game of Death. He is also in the movie Airplane!. Abdul-Jabbar has written several books. Some of them are on basketball, but he has also written a book about the Harlem Renaissance. His book was later made into a documentary movie. Abdul-Jabbar has also been an assistant coach for several NBA teams. Usually, he has helped tall players play better. Abdul-Jabbar has had leukemia since 2009. He accepted Islam after the game. He became an assistant coach after he retired.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 Kareem's complete bio at NBA.com
 Kareem's page at the Basketball Hall of Fame 
 1967-68 Oscar Robertson Trophy  USBWA College Player of the Year

1947 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
African-American basketball players
American movie actors
American Muslims
Sportspeople from New York City
Los Angeles Lakers players
Milwaukee Bucks players
People with cancer
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
American basketball players
Jacob Allen "Jake" Abel (born November 18, 1987 in Canton, Ohio) is an American actor.

He is best known for his roles in movie Go Figure as Spencer, and in Threshold. He also played Kirk in an episode of The Suite Life of Zack and Cody.

References

Other websites 
 

1987 births
Living people
American television actors
People from Canton, Ohio
Actors from Ohio
American movie actors
American child actors
American models
Singers from Ohio
Hayden Lesley Panettiere (born August 21, 1989) is an American actress, singer and a Grammy Award nominee.

She first appeared on TV as a baby in commercials, and had her first role at the age of four in the TV show One Life To Live. She is also well known for her work in trying to stop whaling. In January 2008, Panettiere spoke at an anti-whaling meeting in Washington D.C., and later spoke to representatives from Norway, Iceland and Japan.

Her brother is actor Jansen Panettiere (born 1994).

Some of her acting roles 
1994–97: One Life To Live (soap opera)
1998: A Bug's Life (the voice of Dot)
2000: Remember the Titans 
2001: Joe Somebody 
2004: Raising Helen 
2005: Racing Stripes (voice)
2006–10: Heroes 
2010: Alpha and Omega (movie) (voice of Kate)
2011: Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy (as Amanda Knox)
2011: Scream 4
2012–2018: Nashville
2014-2015: Alpha and Omega 2 (movie) (voice of Kate)

References 

Actors from New York
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Singers from New York
1989 births
Living people
Blessthefall is an American post-hardcore band from Phoenix, Arizona. The band was formed in 2004 and released the first album His Last Walk in April 2007. The lead vocalist, Craig Mabbitt leaves the band in November 2007, the bassist Jared Warth was lead vocalist/bassist, replacing the Mabbitt place touring. Mabbitt joined Escape the Fate in mid-2008. Beau Bokan joined to the band in September 2008. With Bokan, the band released the second studio album, Witness in October 6, 2009, with Fearless Records. The third studio album, Awakening will released in October 4, 2011.

Members
 Current members
 Beau Bokan - lead vocals/screams, keyboard (since 2008)
 Eric Lambert - lead guitar, backing vocals (since 2004)
 Jared Warth - bass/screams (since 2004), lead vocals (2004, 2007-2008)
 Matt Traynor - drums (since 2004)
 Elliott Gruenberg - rhythm guitar (since 2011)

 Former members
 Mike Frisby - rhythm guitar (2004-2011)
 Craig Mabbit - lead vocals (2004-2007)
 Miles Bergsma - lead guitar (2004-2005)
 Aiden Louis - bass, backing vocals (2008, Touring member only)

Discography 
 Black Rose Dying EP (2005)
 Blessthefall EP (2006)
 His Last Walk (2007)
 Black On Black Tour EP (2007)
 Witness (2009)
 Awakening (2011)

American punk bands
Emo bands
Post-hardcore bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups from Arizona
Musicians from Phoenix, Arizona
Musical groups established in 2004
2004 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Arizona
Resin is a hydrocarbon secreted by many plants, especially coniferous trees.

Plants evolved many complex chemicals as  defences against herbivores. That may be the origin of these resins, which are certainly not good to eat. Plants secrete resins for their protective benefits in response to injury. 

The resin protects the plant from insects and pathogens. Resins confound a wide range of herbivores, insects, and pathogens. The volatile phenolic compounds may attract benefactors, that is, parasitoids or predators of the herbivores which attack the plant.

Humans also value resins for their many uses. They are used in varnishes, adhesives, as raw materials for organic synthesis, or for incense and perfume. Fossilized resins are the source of amber. The term is also used for synthetic substances with similar properties.

Resins are chemicals composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.  Synthetic resins are used in laminates, adhesives, flooring, linings, etc.

Rosin 
Rosin, (also called 'colophony' or 'Greek pitch') is a solid form of resin. It is got from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers. Heating fresh liquid resin vaporizes light volatiles like terpenes. 

Rosin is semi-transparent and yellow to black in colour. The term "colophony" comes from colophonia resina or "resin from the pine trees of Colophon", an ancient Ionic city.

Uses 
Rosin has hundreds of uses, of which only a few can be mentioned here. These uses fall into  groups, such as:
Resisting slippages (increasing friction): used on stringed instruments, dancers' shoes, in gymnastics, in rock climbing, and on hands of various types of games players.
In manufacturing soap, inks, some paints, paper, varnish, glue, soldering fluxes, and sealing wax.
Pharmaceutical products: tablet film and enteric coating, microcapsules and nanoparticles.
Copal and amber are natural rosins: the lighter components of tree resin evaporated and left a hardened rosin.

References 

Natural materials
Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials. Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a solvent.

Resin 
Most resin or "gum" varnishes are made of a natural substance dissolved in a solvent. The two main types of natural varnishes are spirit varnish (which uses alcohol as a solvent) and turpentine or petroleum-based varnish. Some resins are soluble in both alcohol and turpentine.

Shellac is a very widely used single component resin varnish that is dissolved in alcohol. It is not used outdoors or where it will touch water several times, such as around a sink or bathtub. insects in South Asia make it.

References 
 Bob Flexner (1993). Understanding Wood Finishing: How to Select and Apply the Right Finish. Rodale Press: Emmaus, PA.

Other websites 
 The 17th century varnish of Lorenz Mizler
Tung and Linseed Oils  by Steven D. Russel

Materials
Ali ibn Abi Talib (‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib) () (Approximately March 17, 599- January 28, 661) was an early Islamic leader. He was the fourth Sunni caliph and the first Shia imam.

Since Ali stated that his body should remain a secret, his followers tied his body on a white camel, and went towards northern Afghanistan. Before being assassinated, Ali had reportedly given instructions to bury his body at the spot where the camel would die. At this location in Balkh, the white camel expired and Ali was buried secretly. In the 15th century, Abd al-Ghafur Lari is believed to discover Ali's tomb.

Other websites

Sunni biography 
 Biography from USC's MSA website

Shi'a biography 
 Brief Biography 
 Ali's Birth in the Kaaba 
 Website devoted to the Life of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib
 Sayings of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib
 Imam Ali Quotes on various topics
 Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib 
 Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib  The Commander of the Faithfull
 Imam Ali foundation
 Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Nahjul Balagha
 Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib's status
 Imam Ali
 Last will

References 

599 births
661 deaths
Caliphs
Imams
Shia Islam
A vortex mixer is small machine used in laboratories to mix small beakers of liquids.

What is inside? 
Inside, a vortex mixer has an electric motor which turns a pipe facing upwards. This pipe is attached to a small rubber bowl where one can put a beaker of liquid to be mixed up. The rubber bowl turns quickly and creates a vortex or a spiral flow inside any liquid which is placed on it and is therefore mixed up. Most vortex mixers have controls which let the user control how fast or slow they want the mixer to turn and can also set it to turn continuously for a certain length of time.

Where they are used 
Vortex mixers are used in bioscience laboratories to mix two different chemicals for a desired effect or to dilute an acid or an alkali by mixing them with water.

Other websites
 IKA – A vortex mixer manufacturer
 VELP – A vortex mixer manufacturer 
  In depth information on the VSM-3 Vortex Mixer
 Talboy – A vortex mixer manufacturer 
 In-depth article on vortex mixers 
 In-depth article on the structure of a vortex mixer

Laboratory equipment
A Niqab is a piece of clothing. It is for Muslim women. Women who wear niqab in public are called Niqabi. There are many Niqabis in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar,Yemen and Egypt. Niqab covers all the woman's body including the face.

Niqab around the world

In France, Italy, Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, Latvia, Bulgaria, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Tunisia, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands wearing a niqab (and the burqa) in public is illegal. And in more countries, it is illegal to enter a government building, public building, public transport, schools, or to drive a vehicle with a niqab (or a burqa).

Related pages
 Hijab
 Burqa

Islamic dress
Hira is a cave. It is on the Arabian Peninsula. Prophet Mohammad lived in this cave for forty days. Muslims believed that God spoke to Mohammad in Hira through angel Gabriel.

Other websites 
Story about Hira

Islam
Hakim Abu Mansur Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Daqiqi Balkhi (935/942-976/980) (Persian: حكیم ابومنصور محمد بن احمد دقیقی بلخی) or Daqiqi was a Persian poet. He was a Zoroastrian. His slave killed him. He wrote the Goshtaspnama.

10th-century births
10th-century deaths
Persian poets