cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Year 1613 (MDCXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar.

Events 
 January – Galileo observes Neptune, but mistakes it for a star and so is not credited with its discovery.
 February 7 – An Assembly of the Russian Empire elects Mikhail Romanov to be Tsar of Russia, and establishes the Romanov Dynasty.
 June 29 – Fire destroys London's Globe Theatre
 Francesco Andreini's L'Adamo is published.
 King James I of England successfully mediates the Peace of Knäred treaty between Denmark and Sweden.
 The New River was opened, to supply London with drinking water from Hertfordshire
 Adriaen Block's ship Tyger is destroyed by fire, forcing him and his crew to spend the winter on Manhattan
 James I of England comdemns duels in his proclamation Against Private Challenges and Combats
 Ottoman Empire invades Hungary
 Locust swarm destroys La Camarque, France
 Sultan Agung takes the throne of the kingdom of Mataram on Java.
 December 6 death of Anton Praetorius
Events 
 March 18 – Sissinios formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia
 May 14 – Protestant Union founded in Auhausen.
 July 3 – Quebec City founded by Samuel de Champlain.
 August 24 – The first official English representative to India lands at Surat.
 October 2 – Dutch lensmaker Hans Lippershey demonstrates the first telescope in the Dutch parliament
 Swedish troops enter Moscow
 First cheques come to use in Netherlands
 Quebec city is founded by Samuel De Champlain
Events 
 The invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell. 
 The light bulb was invented.
 The phonograph is invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison.
 Ludwig Boltzmann's statistical definition of thermodynamic entropy
 Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) results in the collapse of the Second French Empire and in the formation of both the French Third Republic and the German Empire
 Continuing expansion of the British Empire; beginning of the New Imperialism
 Bulgaria and Romania declare independence following the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
 In the United States, continuation of post-Civil War reconstruction until its conclusion under President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877

World leaders 
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
 Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie (Canada)
 Tongzhi Emperor (China)
 Guangxu Emperor (China)
 Emperor Wilhelm I (German Empire)
 Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (German Empire)
 King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
 King Umberto I (Italy)
 Emperor Meiji (Japan)
 Pope Pius IX
 Pope Leo XIII
 Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
 King Alfonso XII (Spain)
 Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (United Kingdom)
 President Ulysses S. Grant (United States)
 President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
 Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
Jon Voight (born December 29, 1938) is an American actor.

Early life and family
His mother was of German ancestry; his father was of Slovak ancestry. Voight is the middle of three brothers: volcanologist Barry Voight was born in 1937; musician Chip Taylor was born in 1940.

Voight's son James Haven and daughter Angelina Jolie are actors.

References

Other websites

1938 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from New York
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Movie producers from New York
Screenwriters from New York
People from Yonkers, New York
Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American former professional bodybuilder, actor, film producer, screenwriter, and director. He was the governor of the American state of California from 2003-2011. He currently lives in Los Angeles, California.

After serving in the army, Schwarzenegger moved to Munich, where he often slept in a gym because he did not have anywhere else to live.

Schwarzenegger then moved to the United States in 1968 and eventually became an actor. He has been in several big budget Hollywood movies including The Terminator series. He eventually stopped acting in order to run for governor of California in 2003. In 2003, Governor Gray Davis was removed as governor and Schwarzenegger was elected. His term ended in early January 2011, and he was replaced by Jerry Brown.

Before becoming an actor, Schwarzenegger was also a bodybuilder and had won both the Mr. Olympia and Mr. Universe titles over 7 consecutive times. Schwarzenegger has also set up his own official competition, Arnold Classic.

In 1971, Schwarzenegger's younger maternal half-brother Meinhard died in a car accident due to driving while drunk.

In 1986, Schwarzenegger married Maria Shriver, but they separated and divorced in 2011. They have 2 daughters, Katherine and Christina, and also 2 sons, Patrick and Christopher. Schwarzenegger also has a son with another woman. Some people think that Arnold had cheated on his wife but, such statements have not been proven.

In 2013, Schwarzenegger returned to acting with a role in the movie Escape Plan.

Film

Television

Commercials

Music videos

Soundtrack appearances

Video games

References

Other websites 
 
 Schwarzenegger.com - official website
 Arnold Schwarzenegger Workout
 Schwarzenegger bodybuilding 
 

1947 births
Living people
People from Styria
Naturalized citizens of the United States
US Republican Party politicians
Governors of California
Actors from Los Angeles
American television actors
American movie actors
American movie producers
Austrian movie actors
Austrian television actors
Austrian voice actors
Austrian stage actors
Kennedy family
Bodybuilders
WWE Hall of Fame
21st-century American politicians
The Holy Spirit, or Holy Ghost, is a part of the triune godhead (three in one God) of Christianity.

According to the Bible
The Holy Spirit was there from the beginning. Genesis 1:2 says that the Holy Spirit helped create the Earth.

It was by the Holy Spirit that Jesus was conceived in Mary (Matthew 1:18,19).

When Jesus had finished his ministry on Earth, he told his followers that he would provide "another Comforter" (helper), who would lead them, into truth (John 14:16), and would be their teacher to tell them things that Jesus had not told them, but that they needed to know to continue to live for God.
The second chapter of the book of Acts tells how on the 50th day after Passover (called Pentecost), and 10 days after Jesus ascended to Heaven, Jesus' followers were gathered at the feast. While they were praying, the Holy Spirit came upon them. They began to speak in other languages (tongues).

Holy Spirit baptism
While most Christians believe that the Holy Spirit is in them from the time they become born again, in Pentecostal denominations, such as the Assemblies of God, it is believed that speaking in unknown languages can still be an expression of the Holy Spirit, and that it is proof that a person has received the baptism of the Holy Spirit.

References

Christian theology
Events 
 Production of steel revolutionised by invention of the Bessemer process
 Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time
 First transatlantic telegraph cable laid
 First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis
 Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution by natural selection
 Epidemiology begins when John Snow traces the source of an outbreak of cholera in London to a contaminated water pump.
 Discovery of Neandertal fossils in Neanderthal, Germany
 Solar flares discovered by Richard Christopher Carrington
 Crimean War (1854–1856) fought between Imperial Russia and an alliance consisting of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire. The majority of the conflict takes place around Crimea, on the northern coasts of the Black Sea.
 The Indian Mutiny: revolt against the East India Company's British rule in India
 Dissolution of the Mughal Empire by the British.
 156 are killed in Paris in a failed assassination attempt on Napoleon III, Emperor of France
 Moldavia and Wallachia are unified and form Romania.
 Gideon T. Stewart attempts to create a Prohibition Party.

World leaders 
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 Emperor Napoleon III (Second French Empire)
 King Frederick William IV (Germany)
 Pope Pius IX
 Queen Maria II (Portugal)
 King Peter V (Portugal)
 Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
 Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
 Queen Isabella II (Spain)
 Queen Victoria, (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Lord John Russell (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Lord Aberdeen (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Lord Palmerston (United Kingdom)
 President Millard Fillmore (United States)
 President Franklin Pierce (United States)
 President James Buchanan (United States)
 Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
Events 
 January 20 – Ferdinand II becomes king of Aragon and rules together with his wife Isabella, queen of Castile over most of the Iberian peninsula. Together they take over Granada in 1492, ending 800 years of Moorish rule.
 January 25 – Treaty of Istanbul between Ottoman Empire and Republic of Venice, in which Venice agrees to give land to the Ottomans and pay them 10,000 ducats a year.
 August 7 – Battle of Guinegate – A French army sent to invade the Netherlands is defeated by Maximilian of Austria.
 September 4 – Treaty of Alcáçovas ends War of Castilian Succession.
 October 13 – Battle of Kenyérmező – The Hungarian army led by Pál Kinizsi and István Báthori defeats the Ottoman Turk army in Transsylvania, Hungary.
 Christopher Columbus, a sailor and trader in the Genoese community in Portugal, marries Felipa Perestrelo Moniz and receives as dowry her dead father's maps and papers charting the seas and winds around the Madeira Islands and other Portuguese island colonies.
(known simply as Akihito) is the former emperor of Japan from 1989 to 2019, He was the 125th emperor of his line according to Japan's traditional order of succession.  He is head of the Imperial House of Japan. 

Akihito became emperor after the death of his father in 1989, who was Emperor Shōwa. The current emperor's official reign name is Heisei (establishing peace).

The Japanese government announced in December 2017 that Akihito would abdicate on 30 April 2019. He then did so in a brief ceremony on that date.

What the emperor does
The emperor has many duties and responsibilities.  For example, he regularly
 takes part in affairs of according to the Constitution of Japan.
 attends various events and ceremonies held at the Imperial Palace.
 attends ceremonies in Tokyo.
 makes appearances at a variety of ceremonies in various parts in Japan
 visits welfare facilities.
 visits regions where disasters hit
 visits other countries
 helps transmit the traditional culture of Japan

As a personal interest, Akihito studies fish.

Television broadcast
Akihito directly addressed his subjects in a television broadcast after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.  This was the first time any emperor used television in this way.

Titles and styles

 23 December 1933 – 10 November 1952: His Imperial Highness The Prince Tsugu
 10 November 1952 – 7 January 1989: His Imperial Highness The Crown Prince of Japan
 7 January 1989 – 30 April 2019: His Majesty The Emperor of Japan
 1 May 2019 – present: His Majesty The Emperor Emeritus

Honors
 Order of the Chrysanthemum, Japan
 Order of the Rising Sun, Japan
 Order of the Sacred Treasure, Japan
 Order of Culture, Japan
 Order of the Garter, UK

Related pages
Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
Imperial Household Agency

References

Other websites

 Imperial Household Agency (English); (Japanese)
 "Do Not Lose Hope" Address to the Nation, 2011 transcript and audio mp3 and video
  KidsWebJapan,  "Emperor's Role"
天皇制を廃止すべき29の理由
コロナ禍機に君主制廃止検討を

1933 births
People from Tokyo
Living people
Emperors of Japan
Japanese imperial family
Crown Princes and Princesses of Japan
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
The Canadian Museum of Flight is an aircraft museum at the Langley Airport in Langley, British Columbia, Canada. The museum has about 20 peace-time and war-time motor airplanes, gliders, and helicopters to see, six of which can still fly.

Aircraft
List of aircraft displayed :

 Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck Mk.3B
 Beechcraft 3NMT Expeditor (C-45)
 Bowlus Bumblebee BB1
 Canadair (Lockheed) T-33AN Silver Star
 Canadair CT-114 Tutor (used by the Snowbirds)
 Canadian Quickie 1 (Homebuilt)
 Conair Firecat
 Douglas DC-3 "CF-PWH" "Spirit of the Skeena"
 de Havilland DH100 Vampire Mk3 
 de Havilland DH82C Tiger Moth (Flying condition)
 Fleet 16B Finch MkII  (Flying condition)
 Handley Page Hampden
 Lockheed CF-104D Starfighter
 North American Harvard Mk IIB (Flying condition)
 Mignet "Pou du Ciel"
 Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a (7/8 Replica) (Flying condition)
 Sikorsky S-55
 Sopwith Camel (Duplicate)
 Struchen Ultralight Helicopter
 Waco AQC-6 (Flying condition)
 Waco INF (Flying condition)
 Westland Lysander Mk III

Other websites 
Canadian Museum of Flight
Canadian Museum of Flight website

References

Aircraft museums
Museums in Canada
British Columbia
Newfoundland and Labrador () is a province on the East Coast of Canada, and is the farthest east of all Canadian provinces and territories. The capital of Newfoundland and Labrador is St. John's. In 2016, 519,716 people lived in Newfoundland and Labrador.

Newfoundland is an island, while Labrador is within the mainland of Canada and on a border with Quebec.

History
The province of Newfoundland and Labrador was originally called Newfoundland and joined Canada in 1949, becoming the newest province of Canada, after being a colony of the United Kingdom. Until an agreement was reached in 1927, Quebec also claimed Labrador. 

In 2001, the name of Newfoundland changed to its new official name, Newfoundland and Labrador, while the postal code abbreviation changed from NF to NL.  The island of Newfoundland, and part of Labrador, are in a time zone that is a half hour off from any other part of North America.

References

 
1949 establishments in Canada
Provinces and territories of Canada
The greenfinch (Chloris chloris), also known as the European greenfinch, is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae.

This bird is widespread throughout Europe, north Africa and southwest Asia. It is mainly resident, but some northernmost populations migrate further south. The Greenfinch has also been introduced into both Australia and New Zealand.

Woodland edges, farmland hedges and gardens with relatively thick vegetation are favoured for breeding. It nests in trees or bushes, laying 38 eggs. This species can form large flocks outside the breeding season, sometimes mixing with other finches and buntings. They feed largely on seeds, but also take berries.

Finches
A nest is place animals build to hold their eggs or provide a place to raise their babies. They are most typical of birds, but many other vertebrates do make nests.

Nests may be composed of organic material such as twigs, grass, and leaves. They may be a simple depression in the ground, or a hole in a rock, tree, or building. Nests can be found in all types of habitat.

Other 

 
 Bird nest
 Habitat

Animals
An egg results from fertilization of an ovum. The egg is a container for the zygote. It protects the zygote, and feeds the embryo. 

The animal embryo develops until it can survive on its own, at which point the egg hatches. Most fish, amphibians, reptiles, dinosaurs, birds, monotremes, arthropods and molluscs lay eggs outside the mother's body. They are always in some kind of container, a shell or covering. 

Reptiles, birds and monotremes lay cleidoic eggs:  bird eggs are an example. These are a special kind of egg with a good supply of food and water. They have an outside covering which lets through gases so that carbon dioxide can get out, and oxygen can get in it.

Fish, amphibia, insects and arachnids lay simpler eggs in greater numbers, but with much less protection and nourishment.

Live birth 
Some animals, mostly mammals, keep the zygote inside their body where the embryo grows until it is ready to be born. These are also cleidoic eggs, but all the development is done inside the mother's body, as with humans. 

Most mammals, and a number of marine reptiles, give live birth. Also, there are some invertebrates, such as scorpions, where the eggs develops inside the mother. They also give birth to live young.

Largest egg 
The ostrich has the largest eggs of all living animals. Eggs, mostly bird eggs, are often eaten as food. The shell of an egg is a hard calcareous (CaCO3) material. The shell of an ostrich egg can support the weight of a fully grown human.

Related pages 
 Ovum
 Cleidoic egg

Biological reproduction
The Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) is 1 of 3 extinct types of tigers. It lived on the island of Java in Indonesia. It became extinct in the 1970s-1990s. The last known sighting of one was in 1972. 

It was small when compared with the subspecies from the Asian mainland. However, it was larger than the Bali tiger and around the size of the Sumatran tiger. It had numerous long, thin stripes.

Related pages
Bali tiger
Caspian tiger

Tigers
Mammals of Asia
Events 
 April 22 – Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas.
 March 7 or 9 – At the Battle of Shimbra Kure, Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, with 200 men armed with matchlocks, defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia.
 May 10 – The Turkish army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople to once again invade Hungary.
 August 5 – Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor sign the Treaty of Cambrai
 September 8 – Recapture of Buda by the invading Turkish forces.
 September 8 – The city of Maracaibo in Venezuela is founded by Ambrosius Ehinger.
 September 23 – Vienna is besieged by Turkish forces.
 October 15 – With the season growing late, Suleiman abandons the siege.
 Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France sign the Treaty of Cambrai, or the "Ladies' Peace". Francis abandons his claims in Italy, but is allowed to retain Burgundy.
 Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York, fails to bring about the divorce and annulment Henry VIII had sought and is forced to resign.
 Aylesbury is granted the county town of Buckinghamshire in England by King Henry VIII.
 Stephen Báthory becomes governor of Transylvania.
 Boromrajathira IV succeeds Rama Thibodi II as king of Ayutthaya.
 Fluorine is first described by Georg Agricola.
 Giorgio Vasari visits Rome.
 Pietro Bembo becomes historiographer of Venice.
 Heinrich Bullinger becomes pastor of Bremgarten.
 Diet of Speyer takes place.
An abacus is an old tool used for arithmetic. It is still used in some parts of the world, and it is well suited for use in shops and street markets. Sometimes blind people use an abacus, because they can feel the numbers easily. The most common abacuses work by moving beads on rods.

Abacuses can do addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. They can be used to find the square root of whole numbers. Expert abacus users can sometimes do math faster than basic calculators. 

There is a common Chinese abacus. This abacus is split into two kinds of basic rows, the top is for the "5"s, and the bottom is for the "ones". There are one or two beads in the top rows, and four or five beads in the bottom ones. For example, 8 is one bead on top and 3 below, because 5 + 3 = 8. Every column represents a different digit.

Etymology
The use of the word abacus dates from before 1387 AD, when the word was got from Latin to describe a sandboard abacus. The Latin word came from ancient Greek  (abax) which means something without base, or (improperly) any piece of rectangular board or plank.

Both abacuses' and abaci are used as plurals. The user of an abacus is called an abacist (soft or hard 'c').

Japan 
There is a Japanese version of the abacus called the 'soroban'. It works in essentially the same way.

Other websites

General and historical articles 
 Abacus Photos and Images 
 Abacus
 Roman abacus

Tutorials 

 Manual de uso del Abaco Japonés Soroban 
 Min Multimedia
 Suan Pan 
 Abacus: Mystery of the Bead - an Abacus Manual

Abacus curiosities 
 Abacus in various number systems 
 Java applet of Chinese, Japanese and Russian abaci 
 An atomic-scale abacus

References 

Arithmetics
Mathematical tools
Events

Births 
 January 10 – Simon Marius, German astronomer (died 1624)
 April 17 – Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (died 1651)
April 26 – Marie de' Medici, queen of Henry IV of France (d. 1642)
 July 15 – Inigo Jones, English architect (died 1652)
 July 25 – Christoph Scheiner, German astronomer and Jesuit (died 1650)
 September 28 – Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Italian artist (died 1610)
 October 6 – Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, English patron of the theater (died 1624)
 October 7 – William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1645)
 Ambrosius Bosschaert, Dutch painter (died 1621)
 Pietro Carrera, Sicilian chess player, priest and painter (died 1647)
 Robert Catesby, English leader of the Gunpowder Plot (died 1605)
 Odoardo Farnese, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in Italy (died 1626)
 Ukita Hideie, Japanese daimyo (died 1655)
 Richard Johnson, English romance writer (died 1659)
 Johannes Junius, Burgomeister of Bamberg (died 1628)
 John Kendrick, English merchant (died 1624)
 Oeyo, wife of Tokugawa Hidetada
 Juan Pujol, Catalan composer and organist (died 1626)
 Charles de Valois, Duke of Angoulême, natural son of Charles IX of France (died 1650)

Deaths
Births 
 February 12 – John Winthrop, the Younger, Governor of Connecticut (died 1676)
 March 3 – Edmund Waller, English poet (died 1687)
 May 23 – Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Spanish writer (d. 1682)
 May 25 – Saint Charles Garnier, Jesuit missionary (died 1649)
 June 6 – Pierre Corneille, French writer (died 1684)
 June 16 – Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, Irish soldier (died 1675)
 June 19 – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman (died 1649)
 July 15 – Rembrandt, Dutch painter (died 1669)
 September 22 – Li Zicheng, Chinese rebel (died 1645)
 November 12 – Jeanne Mance, French settler in Montreal (died 1673)
 Richard Busby, English clergyman (died 1695)
 Leonard Calvert, governor of Baltimore (died 1647)
 Edmund Castell, English orientalist (died 1685)
 William Davenant, English poet and playwright (died 1668)
 Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester (died 1680)
 Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi, Italian architect and painter (died 1680)
 Thomas Harrison, English puritan soldier and Fifth Monarchist (died 1660)
 Thomas Herbert, English traveller and historian (died 1682)
 John Robartes, 1st Earl of Radnor (died 1685)
 Pierre du Ryer, French dramatist (died 1658)
 Joachim von Sandrart, German art-historian and painter (died 1688)
 Tokugawa Tadanaga, Japanese nobleman (died 1633)
 Thomas Washbourne, English clergyman and poet (died 1687)
An accordion is a musical instrument that has keys similar to a piano, but is small enough for a person to hold. It makes sounds using air pushed and pulled through reeds using a bellows. The accordion can also have buttons instead of keys. The 6-plus-6-system with three rows has the same fingering in all twelve scales.

The accordion was first patented in 1829 in Austria by Cyrill Demain.

Related pages
 Bandoneon

References

Keyboard instruments
The year 1781 is .

Events 
 March 13 – Uranus.
 End of the American Revolutionary War

Births 
 January 26 – Achim von Arnim, German writer (d. 1831)
 January 30 – Adelbert von Chamisso, German writer (d. 1838)
 February 17 – Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec, French physician and inventor (d. 1826)
 March 4 – Rebecca Gratz, American educator and philanthropist (d. 1869)
 March 13 – Karl Friedrich Schinkel, German architect and painter (d. 1841)
 June 9–  George Stephenson, English engineer (d. 1848)
 June 21 – Siméon-Denis Poisson, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1840)
 July 6 – Thomas Stamford Raffles, English founder of Singapore (d. 1826)
  July 6   – John D. Sloat, American naval officer (d. 1867)
 July 27 – Mauro Giuliani, Italian composer (d. 1828)
 September 3 – Eugène de Beauharnais, French nobleman, son of Napoleon's wife Josephine (d. 1824)
September 6 – Anton Diabelli, Austrian music publisher, editor, and composer (d. 1858)
October 1 – James Lawrence, U.S. Navy officer (d. 1813)
November 6 – Lucy Aikin, English writer (d. 1864)
November 20 – Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, German jurist (d. 1854)
November 29 – Andrés Bello, Venezuelan poet, lawmaked, teacher, philosopher and sociologist (d. 1865)
November 30 – Alexander Berry, Scottish adventurer and Australian pioneer (d. 1873)
 December 11 – Sir David Brewster, Scottish physicist (d. 1868)
William Williams of Wern, minister (d. 1840)
Events

Births 
 March 8 – Carlo Gesualdo, Italian composer and murderer (died 1613)
 May 26 – Mehmed III, Ottoman Emperor (died 1603)
 June 19 – King James VI of Scotland/James I of England and Ireland (died 1625)
June 20 (O.S.) – King Sigismund III of Poland (d. 1632)
 August 12 – Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (d. 1633)
 September 1 – Edward Alleyn, English actor (died 1626)
 September 18 – King Sigismund III of Poland/Sigismund I of Sweden (died 1632)
 October 13 – Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician (died 1643)
 November 10 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English politician (died 1601)
 December 11 – (baptised) – Manuel Cardoso, Portuguese composer (died 1650)
 December 20 – Edward Wightman, English Baptist martyr (died 1612)
 Pietro Cerone, Italian music theorist (died 1625)
 Giovanni Baglione, Italian painter and historian of art (died 1643)
 Jan Jesenius, Slovak physician (died 1621)
 Michal Sedziwój, Polish alchemist (died 1636)
 James Sempill, Scottish theologian (died 1626)

Deaths
Events 
 George I becomes king of Great Britain

Births 
 January 1 – Kristijonas Donelaitis, Lithuanian poet (d. 1780)
 January 6 – Percivall Pott, English surgeon (d. 1788)
 January 26 – Jean-Baptiste Pigalle, French sculptor (d. 1785)
 February 2 – Gottfried August Homilius, German composer (d. 1785)
 February 22 – Louis-Georges de Bréquigny, French historian (d. 1795)
 February 25 – René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France (d. 1792)
 February 25 – Hyde Parker, British admiral (d. 1782)
 February 26 – James Hervey, English clergyman and writer (d. 1758)
 March 8 – Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, German composer (d. 1788)
 March 27 – Francesco Antonio Zaccaria, Italian theologian and historian (d. 1795)
 April 14 – Adam Gib, Scottish religious leader (d. 1788)
 June 6 – King Joseph I of Portugal (d. 1777)
 June 17 – Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, German philosopher (d. 1762)
 June 17 – César-François Cassini de Thury, French astronomer (d. 1784)
 July 2 – Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer (d. 1787)
 July 16 – Marc René, marquis de Montalembert, French military engineer and writer (d. 1800)
 August 1 – Richard Wilson, Welsh painter (d. 1782)
 August 14 – Claude Joseph Vernet, French painter (d. 1789)
 August 28 – Anthony Ulrich II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1774)
 September 10 – Niccolò Jommelli, Italian composer (d. 1774)
 September 19 – Charles Humphreys, American delegate to the Continental Congress (d. 1786)
 October 13 – Pieter Burmann the Younger, Dutch philologist (d. 1778)
 October 16 – Giovanni Arduino, Italian geologist (d. 1795)
 November 13 – William Shenstone, English poet (d. 1763)
 November 25 – Yoriyuki Arima, Japanese mathematician (d. 1783)
 December 16 – George Whitefield, English-born Methodist leader (d. 1770)
 December 19 – John Winthrop, American astronomer (d. 1779)
 December 21 – John Bradstreet, Canadian-born soldier (d. 1774)

Deaths
Georg or Georgius Agricola (1494-1555) was a German scholar and scientist. He was one of the first people to study mining and minerals (stones and gems), that is the father of mineralogy.

German scientists
1494 births
1555 deaths
Births 
 May 3 – Pedro González de Mendoza, Spanish cardinal and statesman (died 1495)
 September 21 – Jingtai Emperor of China (died 1457)
 Donato Acciaiuoli, Italian scholar (died 1478)
 Abulkhair Khan, Uzbek leader (died 1468)
 Didrik Pining, German explorer (approximate date)
 Leonor of Viseu, Princess and later Queen of Portugal (died 1525)
 Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, English kingmaker (died 1471)
Year 1617 (MDCXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar.

Events

January–June 
 February 27 – The Treaty of Stolbovo ends the Ingrian War between Sweden and Russia. Sweden gains Ingria and Kexholm.

July–December 
 November 17 – A naval battle between the Sicilians and Venetians ends inconclusively.
 November 22 – Mustafa I succeeds Ahmed I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

Date unknown 
 At least seven women are sentenced to death by burning for witchcraft at the Finspång witch trial in Sweden.
 Giambattista Andreini's play The Penitent Magdalene is published in Mantua.
Births
 January 6 – Thomas Fincke, Danish mathematician and physicist (died 1656)
 January 22 – Sir Francis Bacon, English philosopher, scientist, and statesman (died 1626)
 July 11 – Luís de Góngora y Argote, Spanish poet (died 1627)
 August 20 – Jacopo Peri, Italian composer (died 1633)
 August 24 – Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (died 1626)
 August 25 – Philippe van Lansberge, Dutch astronomer (died 1632)
 September 29 – Adriaan van Roomen, Belgian mathematician (died 1615)
December 7 – Kikkawa Hiroie, Japanese politician (d. 1625)
 December 9 – Edwin Sandys, English founder of the colony of Virginia (died 1629)
 Jacopo Corsi, Italian composer (died 1602)
 John Harington, English writer (died 1612)
 Samuel Harsnett, Archbishop of York (died 1631)
New Year's Day is a holiday in many countries. It was created to welcome the new year. In most countries, New Year Day is celebrated on 1 January. This holiday has been the most celebration with over 200 countries and territories in the world.

The new year is an event that happens when a culture celebrates the end of one year and the beginning of the next. Cultures that measure yearly calendars all have new year celebrations.

Modern new year celebrations

Historical dates for the new year

Early Christmas 
In Christmas Style dating, the new year started on 25 December. This was used in Germany and England until the thirteenth century, and in Spain from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century.

In Annunciation Style dating the new year started on 25 March, the feast of the Annunciation. This was used in many parts of Europe in the Middle Ages. The style was started by Dionysius Exiguus in AD 525. Annunciation Style was used in England until 1 January 1752, and in Scotland until 1 January 1600, when the kingdom of Scotland changed to Circumcision Style. England, the kingdom of Ireland, and the Thirteen Colonies changed to Circumcision Style on 1 January, after the United Kingdom of Great Britain changed from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar on 3/14 September 1752. This happened because the Parliament of Great Britain made an act of parliament, the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750.

References

Other websites
 New Year's Around the World   – slideshow by Life magazine
 

January events
A coagulation, also known as clot is a semi-solid substance that blood forms, especially when it is in air. When a person bleeds, the blood turns into a clot at the injury.

A blood clot is also called a thrombus. The process is called coagulation.

If a person gets a cut on their body, that person may bleed. To stop the bleeding, the human body does several things. First, the brain orders the liver to produce chemicals that will help the clot to form. When the chemicals released by the liver arrive at the injury, the coagulation begins. In the mean time, the brain also lessens the blood flow near the injury (by tightening the veins and arteries in that area), so that not as much blood is lost. 

There is a limit to how quickly a clot can form. If the cut is very deep and the person bleeds too much, a clot may not be able to form and a lot of blood may be lost.

The details 

Coagulation begins almost instantly after an injury to the blood vessel has damaged the endothelium lining the vessel. When blood is exposed to proteins such as tissue factor it starts changes to blood platelets and the plasma protein fibrinogen, which is a clotting factor. Platelets immediately form a plug at the site of injury. Proteins in the blood plasma, called coagulation factors or clotting factors, respond in a complex cascade to form fibrin strands. These strengthen the platelet plug.

Coagulation is highly conserved throughout biology; that means its genetics is almost the same in all mammal species. In all mammals, coagulation involves both a cellular (platelet) and a protein (coagulation factor) component. The system in humans has been the most extensively researched and is the best understood.

Fibrin 
Fibrin is a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots. it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets.

Vitamin K 
Vitamin K is an essential factor in blood clotting. Then, vitamin K is oxidized. Another enzyme, Vitamin K epoxide reductase, (VKORC) reduces vitamin K back to its active form. This reactivation is important as a target of anticoagulant drug warfarin. Vitamin K can be found in green vegetables, such as spinach, lettuce, broccoli or cabbage.

References 

Blood
Events
 January 6 – Joseph, son of Emperor Leopold I becomes King of the Romans
 January 14 – The clarinet is invented in Nuremberg, Germany
 May 20 – England passes Act of Grace, forgiving followers of James II
 July 1 – The Battle of the Boyne, in Ireland
 October 6-12 – Massachusetts Puritans led by Sir William Phips besiege the city of Quebec. The siege ends in failure.
 December 29 – earthquake in Anconer in Papal States, Italy

 Earliest recorded sighting of the planet Uranus, by John Flamsteed, who mistakenly catalogues it as the star 34 Tauri
 Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiter's atmosphere.
 The French invade the small town of Teignmouth in Southwest England, in their last attack on England.

Births 
 January 22 – Nicolas Lancret, French painter (d. 1743)
 February 1 – Francesco Maria Veracini, Italian composer (d. 1768)
 February 3 – Richard Rawlinson, English minister and antiquarian (d. 1755)
 March 18 – Christian Goldbach Prussian mathematician (d. 1764)
 April 22 – John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, English statesman (d. 1763)
 September 12 – Peter Dens, Belgian Catholic theologian (d. 1775)
 October 29 – Martin Folkes, English antiquarian (d. 1754)
 November 24 – Charles Theodore Pachelbel, German composer (d. 1750)
 November 29 – Christian Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst, father of Catherine II of Russia (d. 1747)
 December 1 – Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke, Lord Chancellor of England (d. 1764)
Events 
 The sovereignty of prince Svatopluk I in Bohemia is confirmed.
 First ceremonial visit by a Welsh king (Anarawd, King of Gwynedd) to an English court (that of Alfred the Great).
 Founding of Kirby Muxloe. (approximate date)
Progressive rock is a type of rock music with complicated musical technique and composition. This means that the tempo, time signature, and style can change many times in a single song.

Most normal rock songs follow a very simple pattern in the way they are arranged. This pattern is a verse followed by a chorus, then a different verse, and then the same chorus. Progressive rock is more complicated than this, and can require more skill to play.

Origins 
Progressive rock was first made in the late 1960s, but became most popular in the 1970s. It continues to be popular today, too. Progressive rock began in England and spread throughout Europe. It remains most popular in Europe, but there are several notable American and Canadian progressive rock bands. This genre was influenced by classical music and jazz fusion. Over the years, different sub-genres of progressive rock have been created, such as symphonic rock, art rock, math rock, and progressive metal.

Progressive rock artists wished to create music that was not limited to the structures of common popular rock and pop music. They wanted to make rock music that "progressed" to the complexity of jazz and classical music by creating a more serious, complex and sophisticated type of rock music. Progressive rock bands may have influences from psychedelic rock, folk music, traditional music, world music, and jazz or jazz fusion. It is also referred to as "prog rock" as an abbreviation, or as "Hobbit rock" because of frequent medieval or fantasy themes in the lyrics.

Progressive rock bands write and play songs that have many changes during each song. Regular rock songs have verses and a chorus, but progressive songs can have many different sections. For example, instead of having verses and choruses, progressive rock songs may have many different musical themes, solos, and musical moods. A typical progressive song might have a form such as: Introduction-Verse-Chorus-instrumental section-New verse-New chorus-Instrumental section-Ending.
Because of their depth and complexity, progressive rock songs are not played on pop music radio very often.

Bands 
Some of the important progressive rock bands from the late 1960s and early 1970s include The Moody Blues, Jethro Tull; Yes, Genesis; Pink Floyd; Emerson; Lake & Palmer; Rush; Gentle Giant; Happy The Man; Van der Graaf Generator, and King Crimson.

Characteristics of progressive rock 
Progressive rock is difficult to define, because progressive rock bands often play different types of progressive rock music which sound different. There are some common elements that are in most progressive rock band music, such as long, complex songs, unusual time signatures, unusual instruments or ways of using them, and use of improvisation, which means making up or inventing music while playing on stage.

Albums by progressive rock groups are often concept albums. In a concept album, the songs have a common theme, are arranged in a certain order and often tell a story or represent a larger concept.

References 

 

Music genres
San Juan is the capital and largest city of Puerto Rico. The city's population is 433,733. It is the 42nd-largest city and the oldest European settlement in United States territory. Today, San Juan is Puerto Rico's most important seaport.

History 
San Juan was founded in 1521. It was named after San Juan Bautista, or St. John the Baptist (name given by Christopher Columbus). San Juan is also known as "La Ciudad Amurallada". This means the "walled city". San Juan has many old buildings still standing today. Many Spanish explorers came during the Age of Discovery and built forts, churches, and other historical buildings. An example of a very old fort is "La Fortaleza". It is also known as "Palacio de Santa Catalina". In the sixteenth century, it was a Spanish fortress against Caribs. These were the people native to the Caribbean islands and Central America. Another old building is the oldest residence in Old San Juan, Casas de los Contrasfuertes (House of Buttresses).

References 

Cities in Puerto Rico
Municipalities of Puerto Rico
United States capital cities
1521 establishments
1520s establishments in North America
Establishments in Puerto Rico
Rural areas are areas which are not towns or cities. They are often farming or agricultural areas. These areas are sometimes called "the country" or "countryside". People who live "in the country" often live in small villages, but they might also live somewhere where there are no other houses nearby.

Rural is the opposite of urban, which means places such as cities where buildings and places where people work and live are all close together.

Many people who live in cities like to go to the country to relax. They go there for recreation, often for their holidays, or to read.

In the U.S. and Angola the term "rural area" technically describes a place that has less than 500 inhabitants per square mile.

Human geography

oc:Campagne
The Lawrence's goldfinch (Carduelis lawrencei) is a small songbird of North America. Bigger than the Lesser Goldfinch, and smaller than the American Goldfinch, with less yellow markings than either.

It lives from central California and its southern coast in the United States, to Baja California in Mexico. Females have less yellow and do not have the black cap and chin of the males.

This bird is named after the American ornithologist (bird expert), George Newbold Lawrence.

References

Finches
Cinnamon is a spice from the inner bark of Cinnamomum verum. 

The spice is used in both sweet and savoury foods. It is aromatic. People usually put cinnamon in sweet baked goods (such as cinnamon rolls), hot wine or liquors. 

Cinnamon was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages. In India, cinnamon is commonly used in making flavoured tea. It is either directly added as small pieces or put in powdered form during the preparation of tea. It is known as "Daal-Cheeni" in Hindi.

The Sinhalese name is kurundu. Cinnamon is grown as an export crop in Sri Lanka.

Cinnamon as a herbal remedy 
There is a literature which suggests that cinnamon spice may have positive effects on diabetes type II. This is not the view of the U.S, National Institutes of Health.

References

Lauraceae
Spices
Events 
 May 1 – Battle of Cresson – Saladin defeats the crusaders
 July 4 – Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin.
 September 20 – October 2 – Siege of Jerusalem – Saladin captures Jerusalem.
 October 29 – Pope Gregory VIII issues the bull Audita tremendi, proposing the Third Crusade.
 Alexis Branas attempts to seize Constantinople in defiance of his master Isaac II Angelus.
 Cathedral of St. Jacob consecrated in Szczecin, Pomerania
 Destruction of Sigtuna – archbishop is killed
 Knut Eriksson builds a castle in the island of Stockholm
 Compass in Europe
 The Toltecs are deposed at Chichen Itza
 Zen Buddhism comes to Japan
 King of Ankor Vat, Jayavarman VII defeats Cham conquerors
 Ghorin Muhammed conquers Punjab
 Genoa takes Bonifacio (in Corsica) from Pisa

Births 
 September 5 — King Louis VIII of France (d. 1226)
 Arthur I, Duke of Brittany (d. 1203)
 Vladimir III Rurikovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1239)

Deaths 
 July 4 — Raynald of Chatillon, Prince of Antioch (executed, b. c. 1125)
 October 19 — Pope Urban III
 November 9 — Emperor Gaozong of China (b. 1107)
 December 17 — Pope Gregory VIII (b. c. 1100)
 Gerard of Cremona, Italian translator of scientific works (b. c. 1114)
 Roger de Moulins, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller
 Count Raymond III of Tripoli (b. 1140)

1187
Events 
 Saladin unsuccessfully besieges the Hospitaller fortress of Krak des Chevaliers in modern Syria.
 Newgate Prison is built.
 Richard Lionheart allies with Philip II of France against his father, Henry II of England.
 Giraldus Cambrensis and Baldwin of Exeter travel through Wales attempting to recruit men for the Third Crusade.
 The "Saladin tithe" is levied in England.
 Alfonso IX of Castile becomes king of Leon.
 Queen Tamar of Georgia marries David Soslan.
Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor,  philosopher, writer and Catholic theologian. He was born in Clermont-Ferrand, France. His mother died when he was three years old. His father's name was Étienne. He had two sisters, Jaqueline and Gilberte. Pascal was completely educated by his father.His father was a tax collector. Pascal was considered a child prodigy. Though best known for his works in mathematics, including the creation of Pascal's Triangle, which is named after him, and developments in the field of probability, Pascal was also a scientist. He wrote in support of the scientific method and also contributed to physics. Later he wrote two books about Christianity. Also, the Pascal unit was named after him.

Pascal died in Paris, France at 39. He had several illnesses; it is not known which of them caused his death.

Pascal invented a form of counting machine which helped inventors create the calculator in the 20th century.

1623 births
1662 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Paris
French mathematicians
French physicists
Scientists from Paris
People from Clermont-Ferrand
1
 1   1
 1   2   1
 1   3   3   1
 1   4   6   4   1
 1   5  10  10   5   1
 
The first six rows of Pascal's triangle
Pascal's Triangle is a mathematical triangular array. It is named after French mathematician Blaise Pascal, but it was used in China 3 centuries before his time.

Pascal's triangle can be made as follows. On the first row, write only the number 1. Then, to get the numbers of following rows, add the number that can be seen above and to the left (if any) and the number above and to the right (if any) to find the new value. For example, the numbers 1 and 3 in the fourth row are added to make 4 in the fifth row.

The triangle displays the coefficients that occur when the binomial  is raised to the  power:

The same triangle can also be expressed using combinations:

, 

where

Uses of Pascal's triangle 
The triangle has many uses in probability. It can also be used in binomial expansions. For example,

(x + 1)2 = 1x2 + 2x + 12.

Notice the coefficients are the third row of Pascal's triangle: 1, 2, 1.
In general, when a binomial is raised to a positive integer power we have:

(x + y)n = a0xn + a1xn−1y + a2xn−2y2 + … + an−1xyn−1 + anyn,

where the coefficients ai in this expansion are precisely the numbers on row n + 1 of Pascal's triangle; in other words,

Pascal's rule 
Formally speaking, the way of making the Pascal's Triangle uses Pascal's rule, which states that

for non-negative integers n and k where n ≥ k and with the initial condition

Complicated structures based on Pascal's triangle 
Pascal's triangle generalizes readily into higher dimensions. The three-dimensional version is called Pascal's pyramid or Pascal's tetrahedron. A higher-dimensional analogue is generically called a "Pascal's simplex"*. See also pyramid, tetrahedron, and simplex.

Properties of Pascal's Triangle 
The first and last number in each row is always 1.

The second number in each row is the row number. In a binomial expansion, this second number is equal to the power. (This makes the 'first' row, 1, actually the zero row).

The rows always read the same forward and backward.

The sum of the numbers in each row is double the sum of the numbers in the row before. The sum of each row is 2n.
     The zero row, 1, has a sum of 1.
          

     The first row, 1,1 has a sum of 2.
          

     The second row, 1,2,1 has a sum of 4.
          

     The third row, (1,3,3,1) has a sum of 8.
         

     The sum of the nth row is

Other websites 

 Higher Dimensional Pascal's Triange - Like Structures 

Mathematics