cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
When talking about geography the elevation of a certain point is how high it is compared to some reference point. Very often, the reference point is mean sea level, the level of the ocean midway between high and low tide on an average day. Most land has a positive elevation, which means it is above sea level. A few desert places are below sea level, thus have negative elevation.

Sometimes elevation is measured against the center of the earth. The problem there is that the geoid, the shape of the earth, does not really look like a ball, it is slightly squashed (an oblate spheroid). This means, that while still at mean sea level (at the equator), some points are farther away from the center of the earth than others. That way the peak of Chimborazo, a volcano in Ecuador is farther away from the center of the earth than the peak of Mount Everest. Yet, Mount Everest is higher above sea level.

Related pages 
 Altitude

Geography
Bastila Shan is a character from the Star Wars universe.

Bastila Shan was born in the year 3,979 BBY. She is the daughter of Helena Shan and an unknown treasure hunter who joined the Jedi Order despite her protests. She became a valuable member to the Jedi Order despite her young age due to her mastery of Battle Meditation. During the Jedi Civil War, she was responsible for the capture of Darth Revan, with whom she fell in love. 

After the amnesic Darth Revan was given an entirely new identity, they worked together for a long time, searching for the Star Forge. 

After Revan learnt of his true identity she was captured and tortured by Darth Malak and turned to the dark side. During a confrontation, she tried to persuade the redeemed Revan to return to the dark side and reclaim his rightful place. After being rejected and forced to flee to the Star Forge, Bastila confronted Revan again and lost. She begged him to kill her, but he refused and used the power of their love to bring her back to the light and help the Republic in the Battle of Rakata Prime. 

She later married Revan and soon had a child called Vaner. When Revan left to stop a war he was sure was coming, she stayed behind to look after her child. She is also one of the surviving Jedi to survive the purge that followed it. She died of old age.

Star Wars characters
Darth Revan is a fictional character from the Star Wars universe and Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic.

Revan was a Jedi Knight and general who turned to the dark side in the Mandalorian Wars. After the death of Mandalore the Ultimate, Revan claimed the title of "Dark Lord of the Sith". He then founded a powerful new Sith Empire, and declared war on the Republic and the Jedi themselves. After defeating almost all of the Republic territories, Revan was captured by the Jedi due to the betrayal of his apprentice Darth Malak. He almost died (a small spark of the Force kept him alive) and was brought to the Council to have his mind replaced by a new identity that was loyal to the Republic. Even after discovering his former identity, he rejected the dark side. Revan ended the war he had begun by killing Malak. After the Jedi Civil War, Revan was given back his rank as Jedi Knight at age 26. 

He was the lover of Bastila Shan. A year later, all his memories returned. He later left to the Unknown Regions to face this new threat known as the "True Sith".

Star Wars characters
Video game characters
Soft drinks (also known as pop, soda, tonic, soda pop, fizzy drinks, or minerals ) are "fizzy" drinks made from concentrates and sugar. When they are made, carbon dioxide gas is added which makes them "fizzy". This process is called carbonation. Some soft drinks have flavors. Some popular types of soda are Sprite, Mountain Dew, 7 Up, Pepsi, Dr Pepper and Coca-Cola. Most soft drinks are sweetened with sugar, that is what makes them so unhealthy.

References
Toby Keith Covel (born July 8, 1961) is an American country music singer-songwriter, record producer and actor.

Albums
1993 - Toby Keith
1994 - Boomtown
1996 - Blue Moon1997 - Dream Walkin'1999 - How Do You Like Me Now?!2001 - Pull My Chain2002 - Unleashed2003 - Shock'n Y'all2005 - Honkytonk University2006 - White Trash with Money2007 - Big Dog Daddy2008 - That Don't Make Me a Bad Guy2009 - American Ride2010 - Bullets in the Gun2011 - Clancy's Tavern2012 - Hope on the Rocks2013 - Drinks After Work2015 - 35 MPH TownChristmas albums
 Christmas to Christmas (1995)
 A Classic Christmas'' (2007)

Related pages
List of country musicians from Oklahoma

Other websites
Toby Keith's official website

1961 births
Actors from Oklahoma
Country musicians from Oklahoma
American guitarists
American record producers
American singer-songwriters
Living people
Singers from Oklahoma
Redhead is a person with red or reddish-tinted hair. Approximately 1 to 2% of the world's population has red hair.

In iceland people that have red hair are called Anton Einar or short name for it lúði

Red hair is made by genes. The gene for red hair is recessive, meaning to be weaker than other genes, like the brown hair gene, for example. Because of this, in order to have natural red hair a person needs to have red-haired ancestors present on both the maternal (mother's) and paternal (father's) side of the family.

Red hair is said to be most common close to the Northern European coasts and islands of the Atlantic Ocean, like British Isles, and in particular among Celtic people.

In Ireland, the percentage of population with red hair is very high relative to the rest of the world at around 10%, with 46% carrying the gene. Parts of the United Kingdom such as Scotland also have very high percentages with around 6%. There was a misconception that red hair occurrence in Scotland ran at around 13%, due to this figure appearing in reliable media sources, however this figure was only an estimate and has since been disproved by research. Dr. Jim Wilson of Britain's DNA has carried out the only large scale genetic study of Red Hair using a sample of over 2,343 people; and has found red hair occurrence of 6% in Scotland, this is concurrent with the largest ever study of hair colour in Scotland which analysed over half a million people and found red hair prevalence of 5.3%. A 1956 study of hair color among British army recruits also found high levels of red hair in Wales and the English Border counties.

Depite all this, the US has the largest number of redheads living there in the world (up to 18 million compared to 650,000 redheads living in Scotland).

In some countries, particularly the British Isles, despite the high proportion of redheads there, redheads are sometimes given rude names such as "carrot-top" and "ginga", and are in some cases heavily ridiculed (made fun of) by their peers. In some extreme cases, people have been harassed (others have behaved threateningly towards them) for having red hair.

References

Hair
Frederick John Inman (28 June 1935 – 8 March 2007) was an English actor. He is best known for his role as Mr Humphries in the 1970s/early 1980s BBC comedy series, Are You Being Served?.

Other websites 

1935 births
2007 deaths
Actors from Lancashire
Deaths from hepatitis
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English LGBT people
Infectious disease deaths in England
LGBT actors
Edward Paul Abbey (January 29, 1927 – March 14, 1989) was an American nature writer. He is known for books including Desert Solitaire, Black Sun, The Journey Home, The Fool's Progress, and Hayduke Lives.

Early life and education 
He was born in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States in 1927. He grew up in Pennsylvania, in a small town in the mountains near the city of Pittsburgh. He later moved to the American Southwest and wrote several books. He spent most of his adult life in the states of New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. Most of his books are about the Southwest.

During World War II, he was in high school. He took a trip hitchhiking to see the American West. During his trip through Arizona and New Mexico, he fell in love with the Southwest. He enlisted near the end of World War II and was stationed in Italy as a military policeman. When he came back to the United States, he moved to New Mexico and got a college degree. Then he started writing books.

Writing works 
Abbey's first book was titled Jonathan Troy. It did not sell well and Abbey did not like it very much, and it was taken out of print. His second book was The Brave Cowboy. This book sold better and made him known as a writer of western fiction. It was also made into a movie called Lonely are the Brave. Fire on the Mountain was his third book. The Brave Cowboy and Fire on the Mountain are about cowboys who loved the old American West and did not like it becoming modernized.

He moved to New Jersey for a short time but did not like it, and moved back to the Southwest. He took a job as a park ranger in Utah. He wrote about his job as a park ranger in his fourth book, Desert Solitaire. Desert Solitaire became a bestseller and made him a popular nature writer. He also took other jobs in the Southwest. He worked as a fire lookout at the Grand Canyon in Arizona, and as a park ranger in other National Parks.

After Desert Solitaire became a bestseller, he wrote several books of nature essays. Some of these include The Journey Home, Abbey's Road, Down the River, Beyond the Wall, and One Life At a Time, Please. He also kept writing novels. His next novel was Black Sun, which is about a fire lookout at the Grand Canyon falling in love but then seeing his girlfriend disappear. His next novel after that was The Monkey Wrench Gang. This was his most controversial novel because it was about four people using sabotage to stop development in the Southwest. He also wrote a science fiction novel called Good News.

His last two novels were The Fool's Progress and Hayduke Lives. The Fool's Progress is a long novel that is based on Edward Abbey's own life. Hayduke Lives is a sequel to The Monkey Wrench Gang.

Abbey died in 1989 and was buried in the desert in Arizona.

Other websites 

 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Edward Abbey
 Pennsylvania state historical marker for Abbey at Home

1927 births
1989 deaths
American military people
Writers from Pennsylvania
Green thinkers
American anarchists
American environmentalists
American novelists
American philosophers
American political writers
Yale University alumni
This is a list of Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the House of Commons for the Fifty-Fourth Parliament of the United Kingdom at the 2005 general election, held on 5 May 2005. The list is arranged by constituency.

List of MPs elected in the general election
The following table is a list of MPs elected on 5 May, 2005, ordered by constituency. The previous MP and previous party column shows the MP and party holding the seat at dissolution on April 11, 2005.

Note that most Scottish constituency boundaries were considerably changed from the previous general election, due to a decrease in the number of Scottish seats from 72 to 59. In this case, the previous MPs cannot be shown, and the previous party column shows the notional winner of the new seat, based on analysis of the 2001 general election result.



M
United Kingdom-related lists
2005 in the United Kingdom
May 2005 events
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 26 states of Brazil. Its capital is the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Rio de Janeiro is in the Southeast Region of Brazil. It shares borders with Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and São Paulo as well as the Atlantic Ocean. Rio de Janeiro has an area of .

The state's largest cities are Rio de Janeiro, Nova Iguaçu, Niterói, Duque de Caxias, São Gonçalo, São João de Meriti, Campos dos Goytacazes, Petrópolis and Volta Redonda. Its main rivers are the Guandu River, the Piraí, the Paraíba do Sul, the Macaé and the Muriaé. Its climate is tropical.

Geography 
The state is made up of both mountains and plains. It is between the Mantiqueira Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. The bays of Guanabara, Sepetiba, and Ilha Grande are on the coastline of Rio de Janeiro.

Rio de Janeiro is the smallest state in the Southeast Region and one of the smallest in Brazil. Its coastline is , the third longest coastline in the country.

Ethnic groups 
 White - 54.7% (Mostly Portuguese, Italian and German)
 Mixed Race - 33.5% (mainly Mulattos and also some Mestizos)
 Black - 10.6% (Mostly Bantu and Yoruba ancestry)
 Amerindian - 0.3%
 Asian - 0.2%
 Undescribed - 0.7%

References

Other websites 
 
 Official homepage  

 
States of Brazil
Sampling could mean:

Sampling (signal processing), changing a continuous signal into a discrete signal
Sampling (music), re-using parts of sound recordings in a piece of music
Sample (statistics), selection of observations to get some knowledge of a statistical population
Sampling (case studies), selection of cases for single or multiple case studies
Sampling (for testing or analysis), taking a representative portion of a material or product to test (e.g. by phyisical measurements, chemical analysis, microbiological examination), typically for the purposes of identification, quality control, or regulatory assessment 

Specific types of sampling include:
Chorionic villus sampling, a method of detecting fetal abnormalities
Food sampling, the process of taking a representative portion of a food for analysis, usually to test for quality, safety or compositional compliance. (Not to be confused with Food, free samples, a method of promoting food items to consumers) 
Theoretical sampling, the process of selecting comparison cases or sites in qualitative research
Water sampling, the process of taking a portion of drinking water for analysis, e.g. to check that it complies with relevate water quality standards, or river water to check for pollutants, or bathing water to sheck that it is safe for bathing, or intrusive water in a building to identify its source.
The West Midlands is an official Region of England, covering the western half of the Midlands.

Geography 

The official region contains the large conurbation that includes Birmingham and Wolverhampton and includes also the mainly rural shire counties of Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Worcestershire.
(Unofficially the West Midlands region also spreads as far as Cheshire, Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire, but these are not part of the official region.) 

There is some confusion in the use of the term "West Midlands", as the name is also used for the much smaller West Midlands county, and is still used by various organisations within that area such as West Midlands Police and West Midlands Fire Service.

The highest point in the region is Black Mountain, at 703 metres.

Towns and cities 

Major towns and cities in the West Midlands region include:

 Birmingham, Bromsgrove, Burton upon Trent 
 Coventry
 Droitwich Spa, Dudley
 Evesham
 Hereford
 Kenilworth, Kidderminster
 Leamington Spa, Lichfield
 Newcastle-under-Lyme, Nuneaton
 Redditch, Rugby
 Shrewsbury, Stafford, Stoke-on-Trent, Stratford-upon-Avon, Solihull,Sutton Coldfield
 Tamworth, Telford
 Walsall, Warwick, West Bromwich, Wolverhampton, Worcester

Regional Assembly 

The official representative body of the region is the West Midlands Regional Assembly which has limited administrative functions such as regional planning and economic development. The assembly is not an elected body, but is made up of members appointed from local councils across the region, and members from regional interest groups such as business and environmental groups and trade unions.

Local government 

The official region consists of the following subdivisions:

Key: shire county = † | metropolitan county = *

Economy 
Coal mining used to be the main industry of the Black Country. Nationally famous companies in the West Midlands are Cadbury's in Bournville, Birmingham; the brewing companies such as Coors Brewers in Burton on Trent, as well as Marmite; JCB is based in Staffordshire.

Local media 
 The West Midlands region of the BBC is based at the Mailbox in Birmingham. From there, the regional programme Midlands Today is produced. ITV Central broadcasts from Birmingham, with its Central Tonight regional programme.
 BBC Radios WM, Coventry & Warwickshire, Stoke, Hereford & Worcester and Shropshire.
 Commercial radio stations: BRMB, Beacon Radio in Wolverhampton, Mercia FM in Coventry, Touch FM (Burton, Lichfield and Tamworth) in Tamworth, Touch FM (Coventry), Kerrang! 105.2 in Birmingham, Wyvern FM in Worcester, 100.7 Heart FM in Birmingham, and Signal 1 from Stoke.
 Newspapers - the Birmingham Post, Birmingham Mail, Express & Star in Wolverhampton, The Sentinel in Stoke-on-Trent and Coventry Evening Telegraph.

Other websites 
 Advantage West Midlands - Regional Development Agency
 Government Office for the West Midlands 
 West Midlands Regional Assembly 
 Government's list of councils in the West Midlands 
 MLA West Midlands - Museums, Libraries and Archives Regional Agency 
 West Midlands NO! - campaign against regional government in the West Midlands
Midlands could be in general the central region of any territory.  In Britain and Ireland, the term is reseved for the "middle" in the North-South ("vertical") direction (countries that are oriented more East-West use "Mid" with a "horizontal" meaning.)

In the United Kingdom, Scotland and England both have midland areas that are famous enough to be called the "Midlands" (as a name, not just as a description). In Wales the term for the central region is "Mid Wales" (not "The Welsh Midlands").

The rest of this article deals with the English Region known simply as The Midlands, which is more or less the territory of the early-medieval kingdom of Mercia.

The area lies between Southern England, Northern England, East Anglia and Wales, and  includes the counties of Derbyshire, Herefordshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, the West Midlands and Worcestershire.  The 2001 census also included Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire in the Midlands but these are not generally considered to be part of the Midlands but East Anglia.

There are two administrative regions of England in the Midlands: West Midlands and East Midlands. Taken together, these regions do not fully cover the traditional Midlands:
 Part of Northern Lincolnshire is now in Yorkshire and the Humber;
 Peterborough has been removed from Northamptonshire and included with Cambridgeshire in the East of England;
 Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire are now in the South West and South East respectively.
 Bedfordshire is now in the East of England.

The "midland" status of Cheshire is often debated.  South Cheshire has strong links with North Staffordshire (definitely in the Midlands), and North Cheshire with Merseyside and Manchester (both definitely in Northern England). Officially Cheshire is now part of the  North West region.

The largest Midlands conurbation, which includes the cities of Birmingham and Wolverhampton, is approximately covered by a metropolitan county (which also includes Coventry) also called the West Midlands.  Thus, there are two West Midlands, a Region and a (smaller) County.

Parts of the East Midlands are also densely populated, particularly the triangle formed by the cities of Leicester, Nottingham and Derby.

The South Midlands have an own government for development. They  include Northamptonshire and Bedfordshire with northern Buckinghamshire. In other context Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire are not considered part of the Midlands. They are in the administrative regions of the South East and the East of England.

Notable cities and towns

 Belper, Birmingham, Boston, Burton upon Trent, Buxton
 Chesterfield, Corby, Coventry
 Derby, Dudley
 Gainsborough, Gloucester, Grantham
 Hereford,
 Kettering, Kidderminster
 Leamington Spa, Leicester, Lichfield, Lincoln, Loughborough
 Mansfield, Matlock
 Newark, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Northampton, Nottingham, Nuneaton
 Redditch, Rugby
 Shrewsbury, Stafford, Stoke-on-Trent, Stratford-on-Avon, Solihull
 Tamworth, Telford
 Walsall, Warwick, Wolverhampton, Worcester,

References

Other websites 

Official map of the Midlands, ODPM 

Geography of England
Jaworzno is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 96 600 inhabitants and 152,2 km².

Cities in Poland
For the electric plug-in hybrid concept car, see Chevrolet Volt.
For the record label, see Volt Records
The volt (symbol: V) is the SI derived unit of electric potential difference or electromotive force (also known as voltage). It is named in honor of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), who invented the voltaic pile, the first chemical battery.

Definition 
The volt is defined as the potential difference across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power. Hence, it is the base SI representation m2 · kg · s−3 · A−1, which can be equally represented as one joule of energy per coulomb of charge, J/C.

Hydraulic analogy 
In the hydraulic analogy sometimes used to explain electric circuits by comparing them to water-filled pipes, voltage is like water pressure - it determines how fast the electrons will travel through the circuit. Current (in amperes), in the same analogy, is a measure of the volume of water that flows past a given point, the rate of which is determined by the voltage, and the total output measured in watts. The equation that brings all three components together is: volts × amperes = watts

Common voltages 

Nominal voltages of familiar sources:
 Nerve cell action potential: around 30 mV
 Single-cell, rechargeable NiMH or NiCd battery: 1.2 V
 Mercury battery 1.355 V
 Single-cell, non-rechargeable alkaline battery (e.g. AAA, AA, C and D cells): 1.5 V
 Lithium polymer rechargeable battery: 3.75 V
 Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) power supply: 5 V
 PP3 battery: 9 V
 Automobile electrical system: 12 V (nominal)
 Household mains electricity: 230 V RMS in Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa, 120 V RMS in North America, 100 V RMS in Japan (see List of countries with mains power plugs, voltages and frequencies)
 Rapid transit third rail: 600 to 700 V (see List of current systems for electric rail traction)
 High speed train overhead power lines: 25 kV RMS at 50 Hz, but see List of current systems for electric rail traction for exceptions.
 High voltage electric power transmission lines: 110 kV RMS and up (1150 kV RMS is the record as of 2005)
 Lightning: Varies greatly, often around 100 MV.

Note: Where 'RMS' (root mean square) is stated above, the peak voltage is  times greater than the RMS voltage for a sinusoidal signal.

History of the volt 
In 1800, as the result of a professional disagreement over the galvanic response advocated by Luigi Galvani, Alessandro Volta developed the so-called Voltaic pile, a forerunner of the battery, which produced a steady electric current. Volta had determined that the most effective pair of dissimilar metals to produce electricity was zinc and silver. In the 1880s, the International Electrical Congress, now the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), approved the volt for electromotive force. The volt was defined as the potential difference across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power.

Related pages
 SI for unit prefixes
 SI electromagnetism units
 Voltmeter
 Watt
 Ampere

References

Other websites 
 Volt -Citizendium 

Electricity
A music competition is an event in which people compete for prizes by performing music.  Music competitions can be for solo performers or for small or large groups such as orchestras, bands or choirs.  Some competitions are for young people who are starting to make a professional career in music.  Other music competitions may be for amateurs, which means that professional musicians are not allowed to compete. 

The person who decides who is the winner is called the adjudicator.  Some big festivals have a team of several adjudicators who decide together on the winner.

The British and International Federation of Music Festivals organizes music competitions for amateurs in many parts of the British Isles.  Children and adults can take part, competing in classes for music, speech and drama and dance.  Competitions like these are often called "festivals" because the main reason for taking part is to enjoy performing rather than just to win.

There are many big international competitions for some of the most talented musicians from all over the world.  Winning a big competition can help a young musician to start a successful career.  Some people think it can also be a bad thing to win a big competition, especially for musicians who are still very young.  It may make them a star for a short time but they still have to get better and mature as a musician and a person.

Some of the most famous international music competitions are:
Leeds International Pianoforte Competition held in Leeds, England
International Tchaikovsky Competition held in Moscow
BBC Young Musician of the Year held in England.
Super Girl in China

In popular music one of the great European events is the Eurovision Song Contest.
Criticism is a word used in two senses. Originally, it meant "a scholarly analysis and balanced judgement". Later (mid-20th century) it came to mean "a hostile attack" pointing out the bad features of the topic. 

Constructive criticism: criticism to evaluate and improve. This is an important activity, especially when dealing with young people. Parents and teachers often use this kind of criticism. In adult life it is widely used in literature, the arts and science.
Negative or destructive criticism: criticism as an attack on a person or idea. Negative criticism is often interpreted as an attack against a person (ad hominem), and appears often in debates between political opponents.

History of the word 
In ancient Greek kritos meant judge, and kritikos meant the critic. Related Greek terms are krinein (separating out, deciding), krei- (to sieve, discriminate, or distinguish). The word moved from Greek to Latin (Criticus, a judge) to French (critique) to English. The words "critic" and "critical" existed in the English language from the mid-16th century, and the word "criticism" first made its appearance in English in the early 17th century.

Related pages 
Art critic
Critic
Critical thinking
Textual criticism

References 

Words
Eduard Hanslick (born Prague September 11, 1825; died Baden, Austria, August 6, 1904) was a famous music critic.  He wrote about music that was being composed in his time.  He liked the music of composers like Brahms and Schumann but hated the music of Wagner and Liszt.  Their music sounded too modern for his taste.

He was born into a German-speaking family.  His father was a music teacher.  When he was 18 Hanslick went to study music with Tomášek, one of Prague's most important musicians. He also studied law at Prague University.  He did not study music at university but he knew a lot about music and played the piano very well.  He started writing music reviews (writing about concerts that had taken place).  For many years he wrote reviews in a paper called Neue freie Presse.  He became professor of history and music at the University of Vienna and was an adjudicator at lots of music festivals.  His most famous book was called Vom Musikalisch-Schönen (About Beauty in Music).

Hanslick's tastes were conservative (he did not like new ideas).  We remember him today for writing good things about Brahms and bad things about Wagner.  A lot of musicians took sides on this matter.  It is sometimes called: The War of the Romantics.  Musicians had long arguments in the music journals about which kind of music was better.

Although in some ways he was narrow-minded he had a lot of influence on music.  His books on music are very interesting showing great knowledge.  He knew most of the great musicians of his day.

Wagner made a caricature of Hanslick in his opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg in which the town clerk Beckmesser criticizes the young singer Walther who sings songs which break the traditional rules of composition.

1825 births
1904 deaths
Music critics
Czech people
The Invasion of Poland in 1939 was a military offensive in which Nazi Germany and, two weeks later, the Soviet Union, invaded Poland. The invasion was the start of World War II in Europe and took place from 1 September to 6 October 1939. The invasion of Poland caused the United Kingdom and France to declare war on Germany on 3 September. Both did little to affect the September Campaign. In the end, Poland lost and was divided by Germany and the Soviet Union according to a treaty that had been signed years before the war.

It is often called the first time that blitzkrieg was tried on the battlefield, but similar methods had been used earlier. The German surprise attack was successful and was very effective against the ineffective and demobilized Polish Army, whose tanks and airplanes were nearly broken and mostly old. They were outflanked, outmaneuvered, and outnumbered in September 1939 and easily destroyed by the Blitzkrieg. The Poles, if well prepared, could have had two million soldiers in the fight.

In the first few days of the German invasion, Poland proved to be more difficult than the Germans expected. In the battle of Mokra on September 2, the Poles repulsed an attack by a German Panzer division forcing their retreat. The German air force, unlike during the 7ü invasions of other countries, did not easily overcome the outnumbered Polish Air Force. However, despirr,their great superiority in numbers they gained air superiority after 5 to 6 days.

Surrounded by German territories north, west, and south of Poland, the Poles had little space for tactical retreat. The Germans reached Warsaw and attacked on September 7 but were repulsed. They had suffered heavy tank losses and so were forced to retreat. The Battle of Bzura, on September 9, was the largest attack by the Poles during the war. The Poles had great initial success by decimating 2 German divisions and taking 3500 German prisoners. Polish infantry fought well, but by September 19, overwhelming German reinforcements defeated the Poles.

The Poles realized the British and French were in a phoney war and had no intention of assisting Poland, and the Red Army invaded Poland from the east on September 17, the Polish high command ordered as many troops and equipment to the Romanian bridgehead to enter Romania with the intention to continue their resistance by moving as much of their army to France as possible. Most of the Polish Navy escaped to Britain. Polish cryptographers who had cracked the German Enigma (machine) went to France and then to Britain to continue their work.

Polish politicians set up a government-in-exile in France and later escaped to Britain. In 1945, when the Allied armies invaded Germany, forcing their surrender, the Polish army was the fourth largest allied army.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 World War 2 Online Newspaper Archives - The Invasion of Poland, 1939 
 The Campaign in Poland at WorldWar2 Database 
 Fall Weiß - The Fall of Poland 
 BBC portal dedicated to the start of WW II in Europe
 German Invasion of Poland -Citizendium

1939 in Europe
20th century in Poland
Invasions of World War II
The Winter War (30 November 1939 - 13 March 1940) was a conflict fought between the Soviet Union and Finland. It began when the Soviet Union tried to invade Finland soon after the Invasion of Poland. The Soviet military forces expected a victory over Finland in a few weeks, because the Soviet army had many more tanks and planes than the Finnish army.

However, the Finnish forces resisted both better and longer than expected. One reason the Finnish forces did better is because they had good winter clothes and they wore white coats which camouflaged them in the snow.  As well, the Finnish soldiers moved around on skis, which made it easy for them to sneak up on the Soviet soldiers.  The Soviet army did not have good winter clothes, and they wore dark green coats, which made them easy to see in the snow.

The defeated Finns had to give up 11% of their country. They tried to get it back in the Continuation War.

Related pages
World War II

Notes

References

Other websites

1939 in Europe
1940 in Europe
20th century in Finland
Wars involving the Soviet Union
World War II
Minas Gerais () is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It has the second highest number of people. It has the fourth largest area. The capital is the city of Belo Horizonte, near the center of the state. The name means "General mines". Minas Gerais was formed mainly by colonists searching for gold, gemstones and diamonds.

Location
Minas Gerais is in the west of the southeastern part of Brazil. That area also has the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo. Minas Gerais shares borders with Bahia and Goiás (north), Mato Grosso do Sul (far west), the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (south) and the state of Espírito Santo (east). It also shares a short border with the Brazilian Federal District.

Cities
Even though it is not the largest state in Brazil, Minas Gerais is the state with the most cities. Of the more than 5,500 municipalities in Brazil, Minas has more than 850 of them. The most important ones are the capital Belo Horizonte, Contagem, Betim, Ribeirão das Neves, Juiz de Fora, Montes Claros, Uberlândia and Ouro Preto.

References

Other websites 

 
States of Brazil
Ceará is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic coast. Ceará has many beaches, which brings a lot of tourism.

Geography 
Ceará has an area of 148,016 km². It shares borders on the east by the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba, on the south by Pernambuco state, and on the west by Piauí. Its northern border is the Atlantic Ocean. Its capital is Fortaleza.

References

Other websites 
 Official Government Site
 Tourism guide Ceará
 Fortaleza Tourism guide and maps 

 
 
States of Brazil
Espírito Santo is one of the states of southeastern Brazil. It is often referred to as "ES". The capital of ES is Vitória and its largest city is Vila Velha. Those who are born in the state are known as "Capixabas", but the more correct word is "Espiritossantenses". The name means "holy spirit" after the Holy Ghost of Christianity.

Location
This Brazilian state is in the southeastern subdivision of Brazil, which also contains the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (east), the state of Bahia (north), the state of Minas Gerais (north and west), and the state of Rio de Janeiro (south). Espírito Santo's other main cities are Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Colatina, Linhares, São Mateus and Aracruz.

Geography
At , it is about the size of Estonia. The state has many different types of habitats, for example coastal planes, lakes, mountain forest and mangroves.

The islands of Trindade and Martim Vaz,  east of Vitória in the Southern Atlantic Ocean, are also a part of Espirito Santo state.

References

 
States of Brazil
Goiás is a state of Brazil. It is in the central part of the country. It shares borders with Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Gerais, the Federal District, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso. The capital and largest city in the state is Goiânia. With an area of 341,289 km², Goiás is about the size of the Republic of the Congo; smaller than Germany and larger than Finland.

There are 246 municipalities in Goiás. The top 15 cities in order by number of people (est. 01/07/2005) are:

 Goiânia (1,201,006)
 Aparecida de Goiânia (435,234)
 Anápolis (313,412)
 Luziânia (180,227)
 Águas Lindas de Goiás (159,294)
 Rio Verde (133,231)
 Valparaíso de Goiás (119,493)
 Trindade (95,300)
 Planaltina de Goiás (94,717)
 Novo Gama (93,081)
 Formosa (90,247)
 Itumbiara (85,724)
 Jataí (76,100)
 Senador Canedo (71,399)
 Catalão (70,574)

References

 
States of Brazil
Maranhão is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the northeastern region of the country. To the north is the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Maranhão shares borders with Piauí, Tocantins and Pará. In the 19th century, the state used plantation slaves to produce cotton for Europe.

Major cities in the state besides the state capital São Luís are Imperatriz, Timon, and Caxias. The Alcantara spaceport is in the north of the state, not far from São Luís.

References

 
States of Brazil
Mato Grosso is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the western part of the country. Mato Grosso shares borders with the states of Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Tocantins, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul. It also borders the country Bolivia to the southwest. The name, Mato Grosso, means "thick jungle". 

Mato Grosso is the state in Brazil in which the most deforestation of Brazil's part of the Amazon Rainforest has happened. In 1977, the state was split into two halves. This created the new state Mato Grosso do Sul. The Bororo Indians live in the Mato Grosso area.

Cities 
There are few cities. The most important ones are:
 Alta Floresta
 Barra do Garças
 Cáceres
 Cuiabá, the capital
 Rondonópolis
 Sinop
 Várzea Grande

References

 
States of Brazil
Hassium is a very radioactive and unstable chemical element. It has the symbol Hs and it has the atomic number 108. It is a superheavy transuranium element. 

Hassium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made in a lab.

History 
Hassium was first made in 1984.  and eka-osmium. It was made at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. The element was named from the Latin name for the German state of Hessen.  Hessen is the state that the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung is in. Before it was named Hassium, scientists could not decide what the name should be and there was an element naming controversy. The temporary IUPAC systematic element name was unniloctium meaning "one-zero-eight-ium" refering to its atomic number. The symbol with the name was Uno. In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 108 be named hahnium. The name hassium was adopted internationally in 1997.

Chemistry 
Isotope 270 of Hassium was found in December 2006.  An international team of scientists led by the Technical University of Munich discovered it. It is a doubly magic isotope and it has a long half-life of 22 seconds. Scientists had thought that heavy and stable isotopes should exist.  Some theories said Hassium-270 may be part of an island of stability. Hassium can oxidise like osmium, the element above it in the periodic table, into hassium tetroxide. Chemists found that is less volatile than osmium tetroxide.

References

Other websites 

 WebElements.com - Hassium
 Apsidium - Hs

Chemical elements
Transition metals
Roraima is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the northern part of the country. It shares borders with the states of Pará and Amazonas, as well as the countries Venezuela and Guyana. Roraima is both the northernmost and least populated state of Brazil.

Geography 
The climate is tropical with an average temperature of 26 °C. Most of the state is in the Amazon rainforest. A small part of the state is a small strip of savanna to the east. The state has many mineral deposits - especially gold, diamonds, cassiterite, bauxite and copper. These create constant fights with the native people. The Yanomami are the most well-known of the native people, but they are greatly out-numbered by the Macuxi.

The Monte Roraima National Park is near one of the highest mountains of Brazil, the 9220 ft (2727 m) high table-top Mount Roraima.

History 
In 1943, the federal government separated the area from the state Amazonas. The territory was first named Rio Branco after the main river. In 1962, it was renamed "Roraima." In 1988, it became a state. The name of the state was taken from Monte Roraima, whose name comes from the Pemon words roroi (cyan) and ma (large).

References

Other websites 
 State government website

 
1988 establishments in Brazil
States of Brazil
Final Fantasy IV is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made in 1991 by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix. It was first played on the Super Famicom in Japan, and Super Nintendo in the United States. It was called Final Fantasy II when it was on the Super Nintendo. You can also play it on the Sony PlayStation, Wonderswan Color, Game Boy Advance, and Nintendo DS (with 3D graphics). 

The most important person in the game is Cecil. He is a Dark Knight for the Kingdom of Baron. You help Cecil beat Golbez, an evil person who steals strong crystals from the world. Many different people help Cecil out during the game.

Final Fantasy IV helped make later Final Fantasy games. This was the first game to use an Active Time Battle, where players and enemies take turns to fight instead of having all players fight at the same time. The player makes the character do actions in real time. This way of playing was also used in later Final Fantasy games.

Importance
Final Fantasy IV did quite a lot to impact role-playing video games. It introduced battles fought using Square-Enix's ATB system and had great graphics for the time.

References 

1991 video games
Cancelled Nintendo Entertainment System games
Final Fantasy games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Final Fantasy V is a medieval fantasy role-playing video game. It is developed and published by Square (now Square Enix). It was first made in 1992 as a part of the Final Fantasy series. The game first appeared only in Japan on Nintendo's Super Famicom. It has been remade with little differences to Sony's PlayStation and Nintendo's Game Boy Advance.

The original video animation produced in 1994 called Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals is a sequel to the game. It was released on the PlayStation Network on April 6, 2011 in Japan. The game was released for iPhone and iPad on March 28th, 2013.
A version of the game was created for the Nintendo Game Boy Advance in 2006. It has many weapons, items, armors and 22 jobs. Some jobs are secret and can only be unlocked in the GBA version.

The game begins when a wanderer named Bartz investigates a fallen meteor. He meets several characters. One tells him about the danger the four Crystals that control the world's elements. These Crystals act like a seal on Exdeath. Exdeath is an evil magician. Bartz and his friends have to keep the Crystals from being used by Exdeath.

Final Fantasy V has been praised for its character customization. This is possible because of the large Job System. The first Super Famicom version sold more than two million copies. The PlayStation version has earned "Greatest Hits" status. It has sold more than 350,000 copies.

References

Final Fantasy games
1992 video games
1998 video games
1999 video games
2006 video games
Final Fantasy VI (also known as Final Fantasy III for the US-SNES version)  is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix. In this game, the story is about a half human, half Esper named Terra who must stop an evil empire led by Emperor Gestahl.

The game allows you to control 14 playable characters, the most of any part of the Final Fantasy Main Series.

When Final Fantasy VI was released it was highly praised by critics. Meanwhile, it is seen as one of the landmark games in the role - play genre; ING even ranked it as number on RPG of all time.

It was available for Super Nintendo and Playstation and sold 3.48 million times as stand-alone game worldwide, in addition to 750,000 copies of the Japanese Final Fantasy Collection.

References 

Final Fantasy games
1994 video games
1999 video games
2007 video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Final Fantasy X is a fantasy role-playing video game made by Square Enix. It is the 10th game in the Final Fantasy video game series. The game was released in 2001, and is the first Final Fantasy game that was made for the Sony PlayStation 2 video game console.

Other websites 

Official Final Fantasy X website 
Final Fantasy X articles at Wikia

Final Fantasy games
2001 video games
PlayStation 2 games

pl:Beyond Final Fantasy
For use of the ditch as obstacles for horses, see ditch (obstacle)

A ditch is created to channel water and can be described as a small or moderate depression. A ditch can be used for drainage, to drain water from low-lying areas, alongside roadways or fields, or to channel water from a more distant source for plant irrigation. A trench can be defined as a long narrow ditch.

Ditches are commonly seen around farmland, especially in areas that have required drainage, such as The Fens in the UK and the pro-water management The Netherlands.

Roadside ditches can provide a hazard to motorists, especially in poor weather conditions.

Fortification 

In military engineering and fortification, a distinction is made between a ditch and a trench. A ditch is a barrier, designed to slow down or break up an attacking force, while a trench is a cover, intended to provide protection to the defenders. In Medieval fortification, a ditch was often constructed in front of a defensive wall. When filled with water, such a defensive ditch is called a moat. Today ditches are of no importance as an obstacle for persons, but are still often used as anti-vehicle obstacles.

Landforms
War
is a Japanese manga and anime series created by CLAMP.

Plot 
The story is mostly about the life of Hideki Motosuwa who did not make it into a university, and so is called a 'ronin', a repeat student. Hideki tries to get into a university by moving from his farm and studying at Seki, a cram school in Tokyo. He is not used to women, but likes to imagine that he is. He wants to have a girlfriend and a 'Persocom'. A Persocom is a kind of robot that looks like a person, but can be used like a computer, phone, and a "partner" in some cases. 

One evening when Hideki is walking home from the grocery store, he finds a unique Persocom on a curb. It is a beautiful young girl with long blonde hair, wrapped in white cloth, lying against a pile of trash bags. He takes the Persocom home. Hideki looks all over the Persocom's body for a switch to turn her on, and finds it between her legs. He turns her on and asks her questions, but all she can say is "chi", so Hideki names her Chi .

Anime 
The anime has 26 episodes and was broadcast across East Asia and Southeast Asia by the anime television network, Animax. Episodes 9, 18, and an extra 27th OVA episode are used as "recap" episodes, looking back on the events that happened previously. The episodes were given different numbers for the DVD release because the original recap episodes were not included as part of the main anime, instead being published together on the final DVD and re-numbered as 8.5, 16.5 and 24.5 making the series only 24 episodes.

There is a 6-minute special episode: "Sumomo and Kotoko on a Quest", or "Chibits", which is about Sumomo and Kotoko.

The series was supervised by Morio Asaka, and Hisashi Abe was the character designer and the animation director. The ending to the anime series is different from the manga. One thing that is different is that there is no allusion to Hideki never having Chi because of where her switch is, and the new part of Freya taking over Chi's body and asking her mother Chitose to shut them down, saying the Chobits series is a failure, and the activation of the program after all, although the effect on Persocons is not the same as in the manga.

References 

Manga
Anime
Master of Puppets is Metallica's third album. It was released by Elektra Records on February 21 1986. The album has 8 songs, which many feel made a permanent impact on heavy metal music. Several of its songs are still played on the radio. It is the last album to feature bassist Cliff Burton, who died in a bus accident on September 27, 1986 while touring in Sweden to promote the album. It is one of the best selling heavy metal albums.

Track listing

Credits 
 Don Brautigam - Illustrations
 Cliff Burton - Bass, Vocals (background), Lead Bass on "Orion"
 Rob Ellis - Photography
 Ross Halfin - Photography
 Kirk Hammett - Lead Guitar
 James Hetfield - Guitars, Arranger, Vocals
 George Marino - Remastering
 Metallica - Producer, Cover Art Concept
 Flemming Rasmussen - Producer, Engineer
 Lars Ulrich - Arranger, Drums
 Michael Wagener - Mixing

References

Metallica albums
1986 albums
Heavy metal albums