cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Ringstraße (also known as Ring) is a street in Austria's capital Vienna. It goes around the first district in almost the shape of a circle. The street is 5.2 km long and is divided into nine sections. It is one of the main sights in Vienna.

History

On December 20th, 1857, emperor Franz Joseph I. ordered to destroy the old city walls and to build a street which should show the glory of the Habsburg Empire. The old walls were a traffic block because in 1850, the suburbs became part of the city as districts II. till IX. The order of the emperor outlined the exact size of the boulevard, as well as the geographical positions and functions of the new buildings. The only building which was erected by the city was the Town Hall.

During the following years, a large number of important public and private buildings were erected. Nobility and  bourgeoisie began to build mansions along the street. Most of them were built in the Ringstraßenstyle, which mainly quotes older styles.

Sections of the Ringstraße

The Ringstraße has several sections. It surrounds the central area of Vienna on all sides, except for the northeast, where its place is taken by the Franz-Josephs-Kai, the street going along the Donaukanal (a branch of the Danube). Starting from the Ringturm at the northern end of the Franz-Josephs-Kai, the sections are:
 Schottenring (named after the Schottenstift)
 Dr.-Karl-Lueger-Ring (Karl Lueger)
 Dr.-Karl-Renner-Ring (Karl Renner)
 Burgring (Hofburg)
 Opernring (Vienna State Opera)
 Kärntner Ring (Carinthia)
 Schubertring (Franz Schubert)
 Parkring (Wiener Stadtpark)
 Stubenring (named after the Stubenbastei, part of the viennese citywall since 1156)

Buildings along the Ringstraße
 The K.u.K. Hofoper (now Vienna State Opera), in neo-romantic style by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Nüll,
 the Akademie der bildenden Künste (Academy of Fine Arts),
 the Justizpalast (now Federal Ministry of Justice),
 the Parliament building, in neo-attic style (a reference to the democracy of ancient Athens) by Theophil Freiherr von Hansen,
 the Rathaus (Town Hall) in Flemish-Gothic style by Friedrich Schmidt,
 the K.u.K. Hofburgtheater (now Burgtheater) by Karl Freiherr von Hasenauer, 
 the University Building, in neo-renaissance style (a reference to the beginnings of the university system in northern Italy,
 the Votivkirche, in neo-gothic style (a reference to the gothic Cathedrals of France) by Heinrich Freiherr von Ferstel,
 the Börse (Stock Exchange),
 the Ringturm, modern 1950s style,
 the Urania observatory,
 the Kriegsministerium (now Regierungsgebäude), in neo-baroque style by Ludwig Baumann,
 the Postsparkasse (Postal Savings Bank), in Jugendstil by Otto Wagner,
 the Museum für Angewandte Kunst (Museum of Applied Arts) in neo-renaissance style by Heinrich Freiherr von Ferstel,
 the Palais Württemberg (now Hotel Imperial),

Gallery

Other websites 

 suf.at - Vienna Ringstraße
 Die Ringstraße - ein Juwel unter den Straßen der Welt
 viennatouristguide.at - Sights along the Ringstraße

Vienna
Otto Koloman Wagner (13 July 1841 – 11 April 1918) was an Austrian architect and urban planner. He influenced the development of his hometown Vienna at the turn from the 19th to the 20th century. He also was the architect of important landmarks.

Life
Otto Wagner was born in the Penzing district of Vienna. He studied in Berlin and Vienna. After work as brick layer he started as architect. His first buildings were in the  historism style. In the late 1880s he became a proponent of the realism style. In 1890 he designed a city plan for Vienna but only the railway netwerk Wiener Stadtbahn was built. In 1894 he became Professor of Architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna.In 1896 he published a textbook entitled Modern Architecture in which he wrote down his ideas about the role of the architect, it based on his first lecture in the Academy. He called for an architecture based on modern materials and modern construction methods. In 1897, he joined Gustav Klimt, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser shortly after they founded the "Vienna Secession" artistic group. He died in 1918 in Vienna.

Works of Otto Wagner

Other websites 

Otto Wagner Museum in Vienna 
Great Buildings Online
Images of several Wagner buildings
Otto Wagner at WOKA (de/en) 
Majolica House in Vienna by Otto Wagner  (with drawings and photos)
AEIOU - Das österreichische Kulturinformationssystem
Digitized books from the architecture collection of AMS Historica, the digital library of the University of Bologna. 
  Einige skizzen 1, Wien, 1905.
  Einige skizzen 2, Wien, 1905.
  Einige skizzen 3, Wien, 1905.

1841 births
1918 deaths
Austrian architects
People from Vienna
Urban planners
Dame Ninette de Valois OM CH DBE FRAD FISTD (6 June 1898 – 8 March 2001) was an Irish-born British dancer, teacher, choreographer and director of classical ballet.

Most notably, she danced professionally with Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, reaching the rank of soloist. After Diaghilev's death she established what became The Royal Ballet. This became one of the foremost ballet companies of the 20th century and one of the leading ballet companies in the world today. She also established the Birmingham Royal Ballet and the Royal Ballet School. She is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of ballet and as the 'godmother' of English ballet.

Career 
Before de Valois there had been no permanent ballet company in London, though there were a few quality dance schools which offered shows from time to time. The company which became the Royal Ballet started as the Vic-Wells Ballet, founded by de Valois in 1931. It had Anton Dolin as its Guest dancer. In 1933 the company was joined by Alicia Markova, who was appointed prima ballerina. At this point de Valois retired as a stage performer, and continued as Director. Her reputation was now made as an organiser and teacher. She was also a choreographer, with a number of ballets to her credit. Her ballet Checkmate is still danced today.

'Madame', as she was called by everyone, attracted great talents to the company. She engaged Frederick Ashton as Principal Choreographer and Constant Lambert as Musical Director, in 1935. Tamara Karsavina was a dance advisor. Eventually the company included many of the most famous ballet dancers in the world, including Margot Fonteyn, Svetlana Beriosova, and, most sensationally, Rudolf Nureyev.

As a manager, she had a fearsome reputation. She would stand for no misbehaviour, or for anything which stood in the way of the dance. One younger dancer said:
"She could be absolutely terrifying and I count it as one of the blessings of my life that I never saw that side of her... The dragon manner was business. Outside of that she was the most witty, delightful, intelligent and informed of companions".

The Vic-Wells was given a Royal Charter in 1956, and became the Royal Ballet. Madame was its first Director. She retired from the Royal Ballet in 1963, but was a big influence for years. She was appointed a Companion of Honour, and awarded the Order of Merit. Madame died at the age of 102 in 2001.

References 

1898 births
2001 deaths
Ballerinas
British centenarians
Choreographers
British dancers
Alexandre Rosell i Feli or Sandro Rosell (born March 6, 1964 in Barcelona) is the current chairman of FC Barcelona. He was the vice-president from 2003 to 2005.

1964 births
Living people
Spanish sportspeople
Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was a comet. It broke apart and crashed into Jupiter, in July 1994. The event was special because people could see, for the first time, how objects in the Solar System, outside Earth, collided. It caused a large amount of coverage in the media. The comet was carefully watched by astronomers worldwide. The crash gave new information about Jupiter. It also showed up its role in reducing space debris in the inner Solar System. The name came out of the discovers' last names.

Discovery of this comet 

The comet was discovered by astronomers Carolyn and Eugene M. Shoemaker and David Levy on March 24, 1993. It was found in a picture taken by the  Schmidt telescope at the Palomar Observatory, in California. When it was discovered, it was orbiting Jupiter. It was the first comet seen to be orbiting a planet. Scientists think that it had been orbiting the planet for 20 - 30 years before its discovery.

Crash 

Calculations showed that its unusual broken up form was due to a previous closer approach to Jupiter in July 1992. At that time, the orbit of Shoemaker-Levy 9 passed within Jupiter's Roche limit. Jupiter's tidal forces had acted to pull the comet apart. The comet was later observed as a series of pieces up to  in diameter. These fragments collided with Jupiter's southern hemisphere between July 16 and July 22, 1994. The pieces were moving at a speed of approximately 60 km/s. The impact scars were more easily seen than the Great Red Spot and they stayed for many months.

References

Comets
Impact events
The International League (IL) is a minor league baseball league based in the Eastern United States. Like the Pacific Coast League and the Mexican League, the International League plays at the Triple-A level. It was so-named because it had teams in both the United States, Canada, and Cuba. However, all of the league's teams are now based in the U.S.

Other websites
The International League's official website
The International League's symbol

Baseball leagues
Cigerxwîn or Cegerxwîn (born Sheikhmous Hasan; 1903 – October 22, 1984) was a Kurdish polymath, and nationalist.

1903 births
1984 deaths
Kurdish people
In mathematics, division by two is when a number is divided by two. Some cultures, like the ancient Egyptians, thought this was a different operation than division. Some mathematicians up until the 16th century (1500-1599) thought this too. Today division by two is handled specially in modern computer programming.

Division by two is also called halving, mediation, and dimidiation.

Binary 

In a binary number system, there are only two digits: 0 and 1. All other numbers are represented with those two digits. For example, "one" is 1, "two" is 10, "three" is 11, "four" is 100, and so on. Most of the time people use a number system with ten digits (the numbers 0 through 9.) This is called the decimal number system.

Division by two in binary is very easy. It is done by dropping the last digit on the right of the number. This is called a "bit shift operation." For example, if we performed a bit shift operation on the binary number 100, we'd get 10. Since binary 100 is decimal 4, and binary 10 is decimal 2, this makes sense.

Another example is performing a bit shift operation on 1101. This would leave us with 110, but we dropped a 1 from the end, not a zero. This also makes sense because 1101 in binary is 13 in decimal. If we divide 13 by 2, we get 6 with a remainder of 1 (we have 1 left over.)

Computers 

Computers use the binary number system to store information. Information is broken up into tiny pieces called bits. Each bit is either a 0 or a 1. Because of this, the fastest and easiest way for a computer to do division is by a bit shift operations -- division by two. Replacing regular division with bit shifts is a way to do program optimization. (Program optimization is trying to make a program faster and more efficient.)

In computer programming, the symbol >> is sometimes used to show a bit shift operation. In Java, we can ask the computer to do the problem  by writing 19 >> 2. This is the same as writing 19/2. Both of these versions will give us the answer 9. There is a problem when trying to do something a problem like . In Java, if we write -3/2, the computer will tell us the answer is -1. But if we try to do -3 >> 2, the computer will say the answer is -2. This will happen every time we try to do a bit shift operation with one negative number. The reason for this is complicated, and has to do with the way negative binary numbers are saved by the computer.

Even though it is fastest for computers to do division using bit shift operations, most computer code does not do it this way. This is because programmers want their programs to be portable and readable. Portable means that a program can be run on many different kinds of computers and operating systems. Readable means that the source code is easy to read and understand. Most of the time, the compiler (a program that changes source code into 0's and 1's that the computer can understand) will change the division into bit shifts automatically.

References 

Arithmetics
Mahmud Bayazidi (Kurdish: Mehmûdê Bazîdî), 1797–1859, was a Kurdish philosopher and polymath  from Bayazid in the Ottoman Empire. Bayazid is now Doğubeyazıt in Ağrı Province, Turkey.

1797 births
1859 deaths
Kurdish people
John Stephen Goodman (born June 20, 1952) is an American actor. He was best known for being on Roseanne, for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in 1993.

He married Annabeth Herzog in 1989. They have a daughter.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

Other websites
 

1952 births
Living people
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from St. Louis, Missouri
People from Springfield, Missouri
People's Choice Award winners
Imprinting is a term used in ethology and psychology to describe a special type of automatic learning.

It usually occurs early in life, during a critical period. That is why the textbooks call it phase-sensitive learning. It is learning which happens at a particular age or a particular life stage. The animal fixes on a particular signal (sound or sight), which is said to be 'imprinted' onto the subject. The process of imprinting is caused by an inherited instinct.

The best-known form of imprinting is the imprinting of the newly-hatched (or born) on one or both parent. Its function is to keep the young near their parent(s) during the early learning period. It is most obvious in birds, such as ducks and geese, after the fledglings have left the nest. They imprint on their parents and then follow them around, often in a long line, on land and on water.

It was first reported in domestic chickens, by the 19th-century amateur biologist Douglas Spalding. It was rediscovered by the early ethologist Oskar Heinroth, and studied extensively and popularised by his disciple Konrad Lorenz, and by Niko Tinbergen.

Lorenz showed how incubator-hatched geese would imprint on the first suitable moving stimulus they saw within what a 'critical period' of 13–16 hours after hatching. For example, the goslings would imprint on Lorenz himself (to be more specific, on his wading boots). He is often shown in photographs being followed by a gaggle of geese who had imprinted on him.

In child development, the term is used to refer to the process by which a baby learns who its mother and father are. The process is recognised as beginning in the womb, when the unborn baby starts to recognise its parents' voices.

The filial imprinting of birds was a primary technique used to create the movie Winged Migration (Le Peuple Migrateur), which contains footage of migratory birds in flight. The birds imprinted on handlers, who wore yellow jackets and honked horns constantly. The birds were then trained to fly along with a variety of aircraft, usually ultralights.

References 

Learning
Ethology

sk:Reflex#Podmienený reflex
The Vienna Secession (also known as the Union of Austrian Artists, or Vereinigung Bildender Künstler Österreichs) was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists who left the Association of Austrian Artists, housed in the Vienna Künstlerhaus due to its  conservatism. This movement included painters, sculptors, and architects. The first president of the Secession was Gustav Klimt, and Rudolf von Alt was made honorary president.

It was founded on  3 April 1897 by artists Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil, and others. Although the architect Otto Wagner is one of the most important members he was not a founding member. The first exhibition was held in 1898. In 1898, the group's exhibition house was built near Karlsplatz. It was designed by Joseph Maria Olbrich, the exhibition building soon became known simply as "the Secession" (die Sezession). Their work was also published in a magazin called "Ver sacrum".

1903 Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser founded the Wiener Werkstätten, a union of artists who wanted to reform  the applied arts (arts and crafts). 1905 Klimt and other artists left the group due to different opinions about art.
 Other Secession artists
 Julius Exter
 Richard Gerstl
Max Fabiani
Oskar Kokoschka
 Jože Plečnik
 Carl Moll
 Koloman Moser
 Egon Schiele
 Malva Schalek
 Othmar Schimkowitz
Joseph Maria Olbrich

Other websites 
Homepage Secession

Arts
Art movements
Vienna
1897
19th century in Austria
1890s in Europe
Curtin University (formerly known as Curtin University of Technology) is the largest university in Australia. Its main campus is in Bentley, Western Australia.

History
Curtin University was first called the Western Australian Institute of Technology (WAIT), which opened in 1966. But the name was changed to the Curtin University of Technology. In 2010, 'of Technology' was dropped and it is now known just as Curtin University.

In 2005, both Curtin and Murdoch University considered merging together, but this was later cancelled.

Facilities
Curtin is split into four faculties, the Centre for Aboriginal studies, Curtin Business school, Humanities, and Science and Engineering.

Transport
Curtin has its own bus port, which has many routes run through it, including services from Canning Bridge railway station.

References

Other websites

 

Colleges and universities in Australia
1966 establishments in Oceania
1960s establishments in Australia
The time period "00:00 - 00:01" is midnight. On computer clocks, the day changes to the next day the minute(s) after midnight.

Midnight is the opposite of solar noon, which is when the Sun is highest in the sky.

Start and end of day 
In the world, midnight is the start of one day and the end of the last day. It's the dividing point between two days.

In the United States and Canada, digital clocks and computers usually show 12 a.m. right at midnight. However, people have to remember that any time is actually an instant. The "a.m." shown on clock displays means the 12-hour period after the instant of midnight. So when a clock says "12:00 a.m.", midnight has already passed and a new day has started. In other words, 11:59 p.m. shows until midnight; at the instant of midnight, it changes to 12:00. At the same time, the p.m. changes to a.m., but a.m. does not mean the instant of midnight which separates p.m. and a.m.

At 24-hour system 
Midnight is also 0 o'clock but
0 o'clock in 24-hour system

23:59 24:00 00:00

Parts of a day
Rottnest Island (also known as Rotto or just Rottnest) is 18 kilometres from the mainland of Western Australia. It is called Wadjemup by the Noongar tribe, which means land across the water. Rottnest is a popular tourist attaction.

History
Aboriginal people originally occupied Rottnest around 30,000  years ago. The island was originally connected to the mainland, but it eventually became separated with the Indian Ocean, and so it became an island. As Aboriginal people did not have boats, the island had no one living on it until the Europeans arrived.  Dutch sailor Willem de Vlamingh named the island Rattenest, meaning Rat's nest. The 'rats' he was referring to was actually a Quokka, a native animal on the island. 

After the Swan River Colony was established in 1830, Robert Thomson settled on the island with his family. He made a living selling salt, which is naturally found on the island. Before refrigeration, salt was very important, as it kept food fresh.

The island became a prison for Aboriginals, during the periods of 1838-1849 and 1855-1931. Around 3,700 Aboriginal men and boys were imprisoned for crimes such as spearing livestock, burning the bush and digging vegetables.

Rottnest Island was also used during World War I and II.

Animals

Rottnest is home to the Quokka, and is one of the few places in the world where they live.

Tourism

Rottnest Island is now a very popular tourist destination, due to its beaches, wildlife and natural environment. Nearly 500,000 people visit the island each year, mostly by ferry but others by aircraft (Rottnest has its own airport). The island is looked after by the Rottnest Island Authority (RIA). A fee is charged when people enter the island, which goes to help maintain it.
Motor vehicles are prohibited on the island, except for use by the RIA, Police or other emergency services. Additionally, only certain individuals are allowed to permanently live on the island.

References

Other websites
 Rottnest Island Website

Islands of Australia
Geography of Western Australia
The Czech Extraliga () is the highest-level ice hockey league in the Czech Republic. As of 2009, it is ranked by the IIHF as the third strongest league in Europe.

Name 
The name of the league is leased a general sponsor and changes frequently.
 In 1999-2000 season – Staropramen Extraliga
 In 2001-2002 season – Český Telecom Extraliga
 From 2003 to 2006 – Tipsport Extraliga
 From 2007 to 2010 – O2 Extraliga
 From 2010 – Tipsport Extraliga

2010-11 teams
Note: The names of most teams are leased to general sponsors and change frequently.

Champions

Year By Year
 1994 HC Olomouc
 1995 HC Dadák Vsetín
 1996 HC Petra Vsetín
 1997 HC Petra Vsetín
 1998 HC Slovnaft Vsetín
 1999 HC Slovnaft Vsetín
 2000 HC Sparta Praha
 2001 HC Vsetín
 2002 HC Sparta Praha
 2003 HC Slavia Praha
 2004 HC Hamé Zlín
 2005 HC Moeller Pardubice
 2006 HC Sparta Praha
 2007 HC Sparta Praha
 2008 HC Slavia Praha
 2009 HC Energie Karlovy Vary
 2010 HC Pardubice
 2011 HC Oceláři Třinec
 2012 HC ČSOB Pojišťovna Pardubice
 2013 HC Škoda Plzeň
 2014 PSG Zlín
 2015 HC Verva Litvínov
 2016 Bílí Tygři Liberec
 2017 HC Kometa Brno
 2018 HC Kometa Brno

References

Other websites

 Hokej.cz
 Hokej iDNES.cz

Ice hockey in the Czech Republic
Ice hockey leagues
The Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) () is an international professional ice hockey league in Eurasia founded in 2008.

Teams in 2014–15

References

Ice hockey leagues
2008 establishments
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (October 22, 1783 – September 18, 1840) was a nineteenth-century polymath. He contributed to botany, zoology, the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America and Mesoamerican ancient linguistics.

Rafinesque was eccentric. People often say he was an "erratic genius". He was an autodidact. He was  successful in many things. He was good as a zoologist, botanist, writer and polyglot. He wrote prolifically on such diverse topics as anthropology, biology, geology, and linguistics. Today, scholars say that he was far ahead of his time in many of these fields.

References

French botanists
French zoologists
French writers
1783 births
1840 deaths
Linguists
Ostreidae are the true oysters. The family includes most species eaten under the name oyster. Pearl oysters are not true oysters because they belong to a different order, the Pterioida.

Like scallops, true oysters have a central adductor muscle. This causes a scar in the middle of the shell. It is the point of attachment. The shell is often irregular because oysters attach to substrates.

Bivalves

be:Вустрыцы
Sachertorte  (Sacher cake) is a  chocolate cake with a chocolate icing and a apricot jam filling. It is a typical sweet from Vienna. It is named after Franz Sacher, who invented the recipe.

History
The first cake was made by Franz Sacher in 1832 when Klemens Fürst Metternich ordered the kitchen to create a new sweet for his evening guests. The chef was ill so Sacher, who was apprentice in his second year, invented the first Sachertorte. After this the cake was nearly forgotten. Sacher worked in Budapest and Presburg and opened in 1848 a  high-class delicatessen and winery in Vienna. His son Eduard Sacher, who learned in the  Demel bakery which supplyed the court, brought the recipe in the form we know today. First the cake was sold by Demel, but after Eduard bought the Hotel Sacher also there.

In the 20th century there was a legal battle between the Sacher and the Demel about selling the "Original Sacher Torte". In 1963 the both parties agree, that the Hotel Sacher is allowed to use the name "Original Sacher Torte". The Demel could now sell a "Eduard Sacher Torte".

The Sachertorte consists of a chocolate sponge cake with a thin layer of apricot jam in the middle and dark chocolate icing on the top and sides. The main difference between the cake from the Hotel Sacher and from the Demel bakery is that the Original Sacher Torte has a layer of apricot jam under the icing and in the middle of the cake. The cake from Demel has only jam under the icing.

Most of the time the cake is served with whipped cream without sugar.

Other websites

Homepage Hotel Sacher-Die Sacher Torte(German)
 "Sachertorte" - A recipe by Delia Smith 
 BBC News|Happy Birthday, cake
 Is Sachertorte the Ultimate Devotion? 

Cakes
Dishes named after people
Austrian food
Kurt Alois Josef Johann Schuschnigg (1897–1977, until 1919, Edler von Schuschnigg) was the 15th Chancellor of Austria. He was in office between the assassination of his predecessor, Engelbert Dollfuss in 1934, and the annexation of Austria in 1938. The time of Dollfuss' and Schuschnigg's reign is known as Austrofascism today. He survived the war as a prisoner. After the war, he took US citizenship, and became a professor for  state law in the United States. In 1968, he returned to Austria, where he died in 1977. 

Schuschnigg studied law in Freiburg im Breisgau and Innsbruck. The nazi Otto Planetta killed Dollfuss, in 1934, in an event that is known as July putsch today. During the war, the NSDAP saw Planetta as a hero. Schuschnigg became the next Chancellor, and at age 36, is the youngest person to become chanellor to this date. 

Schuschnigg was a conservative and an Austrian nationalist. He also supported the idea of Austria as a catholic nation. During his time in office, he was opposed to the idea of Austria becoming a part of Germany. Adolf Hitler began to make show aggression towards Austria in the later 1930s. Schuschnigg planned a referendum on the issue, and this was strongly opposed by the Nazis. In his last major speech, he gave an emotional appeal to Austrian independence and nationalism, finishing with the line "Red White Red, until we're dead!" (referring to the colors of the Austrian flag). Schuschnigg was forced to step down on 11th March 1938, and to hand power to Dr. Arthur Seyß-Inquart. One day later, Austria was annexed to Germany. 

Schuschnigg was arrested by the Gestapo soon after this. He was sent to the infamous Dachau Concentration Camp, where he spent most of the war. After Dachau was liberated by allied armed forces he moved to the United States. He wrote books on his political career and worked in academia in the US. In 1968 he retired from being a professor and retired to Austria, where he died of natural causes in 1977. 

1897 births
1977 deaths
American academics
American political scientists
Austrian people of World War II
Chancellors of Austria
Government ministers of Austria
Holocaust survivors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Diario Frontera is a Venezuelan regional newspaper, headquartered in Ejido, in the state of Mérida. Founded in 1978, its slogan is "El diario del occidente del país" (The Daily of the occident of the country).

Features 
The newspaper is distributed as standard colored format. It contains regional, national, and international news. It has two supplements, issued every Sunday: Aquí entre Nos magazine, and a supplement for children, Chipilín. It has special editions for occasions like Feria del Sol and Día del Trabajador.

History 
Diario Frontera was founded by José Benedicto Monsalve, along with the writer Rafael Ángel Gallegos, who was the first director, on 12 August 1978. At the beginning, it was printed in black and white using a rotary owned by Diario Critica.

In the eighties, Diario Frontera became a generalist newspaper, printed in black and white, and with 20 pages. Since 1989, it has printed a page or a section dedicated to the University of the Andes, due to the great number of students and the importance of the University in the life of the city.

In June 2005, it printed an inquiry about a student of the university killed by the police. Diario wrote that the student had been hit by the policemen, but also revealed his belonging to an armed political group. The headquarter of the newspaper was attacked by groups of students; it was the beginning of riots that then spread all over the city. The pleas of Reporters Without Borders remained unheard.

In 2008, on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary, Diario has revamped graphics (logo, typeface).

Directors 
 Rafael Ángel Gallegos
 Alcides Monsalve

References

Related pages
 List of Venezuelan newspapers
 Mérida, Venezuela

Other websites
 Diario Frontera website 

1978 establishments
Newspapers in South America
Mérida (state)
Charles Doolittle Walcott (March 31, 1850 – February 9, 1927) was an American geologist and invertebrate paleontologist. He became known for his discovery in 1909 of well-preserved fossils in the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada.

Walcott became Director of the U.S. Geological Survey 1894–1907, and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1907–1927. He discovered a number of important fossil sites. At the Walcott Quarry, the lowest (earliest) of the Burgess Shale deposits, Walcott collected 65,000 specimens between 1910 and 1924. The site dates to the Middle Cambrian, and is in the Canadian Rockies.

The Walcott-Rust quarry is near Russia, New York. This site has produced some of the best preserved trilobites ever found, including enrolled specimens with soft body parts.

References 

 

1850 births
1927 deaths
American paleontologists
American geologists
Scientists from New York
Estado Mérida () is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Mérida. Mérida State covers a total surface area of 11,300 km² and, in 2007, had an estimated population of 843,800.

Municipalities and municipal seats

Geography

Hydrography

Rivers
Hydrography is divided into two basins of the Orinoco River (Atlantic) and Lake Maracaibo (Caribbean Sea): In the Orinoco River basin major rivers are: Santo Domingo, Canaguá, Escagüey, Ticopoto, Bumbúm and Carapo; in the In the Lake Maracaibo basin major rivers are: Chama, Motatán, Mucujepe, Capaz, Torondoy, Mocotíes and Nuestra Señora.

Lagons
 
In the state there are a lot of gaps between them are: La Mucuy, Los Patos, Negra, Mucubaji, Santo Cristo, El Arco, Los Anteojos, Suero, Encierro, La Sangre, El Gallo, Don Pedro, Laguna Grande, campanario, La Honda, La Negra, Fría y La Carbonera. Other gaps: Laguna Brava, Los Lirios and Urao

National parks
 
 Sierra Nevada National Park
 Paramo Batallon – La Negra National Park
 Sierra de la Culata National Park
 Tapo-Caparo National Park

Natural monuments
 Chorrera de La González
 Laguna de Urao
 Meseta la Galera

Other sites of interest
 

 Aguas termales de Chiguara.
 Aguas termales de Jají.
 Aguas termales de Tabay.
 Aguas termales Valle de la Quebrada de las Tapias.
 El Velo de la Novia.
 Parque Natural Cascada De La India Carú
 Parque Natural Cascada El Guayabal
 Laguna de Mucubají o Laguna Grande.
 Laguna Negra.
 Kiubofibo "Inside my mind".
 Collado del Cóndor (Pico El Águila).
 Pico El Gavilán.
 Pico Espejo.
 Pico Mucuñuque.
 Aguas termales de Santa Apolonia
 Balneario de Palmarito

Climate and Vegetation

The climate is cold but in the relatively small area of Mérida state, there are usually several dramatic climatic changes that occur daily. The climate in Mérida city is between 19 °C and 20 °C, temperatures between 5 °C and 9 °C  at El Bolivar Peak, or below zero  when it snows and 28 °C in the El Vigía area. Its rains almost every late afternoon in January–February that is the coldest months an August–September and in August and September it often rains at night. The vegetation is exuberant and there are many lakes and rivers, a great number of which are well stocked with trout, one of the delicacies of Mérida. The most important river in the state is the "Chama" because a large part of the water resources of Venezuela originates in the Mérida mountains. The state tree is the "Bucare" and the state flower is the "Frailejón" and in the "Coloradito" is found the tree at the highest altitude in the world. In this mountains habitat the "Oso Frontino" bear and the majestic Condor flies through the skies of the páramos and in the lagoons there are many trout.

References

Other websites 

 Government of Mérida State 

1864 establishments
 
Establishments in Venezuela
19th-century establishments in South America
States of Venezuela
Microsoft Agent is the technology created by Microsoft which uses animated characters Text to speech engines, and Speech recognition software to improve interaction with computer users. It comes pre-installed with Windows 2000 through to Windows Vista but not on Windows 7.

Technology
Microsoft Agent characters are stored in files of the .ACS file format, and can be stored in a number of compressed .ACF files for better World Wide Web distribution. Microsoft Office 97 and Microsoft Bob Actor characters are stored in files of the .ACT format.

The speech engine itself is driven by the Microsoft Speech API (SAPI), version 4 and above. Microsoft SAPI provides a control panel for easily installing and switching between various available Text to Speech and Speech to Text engines, as well as voice training and scoring systems to improve the quality and accuracy of both engines.

Microsoft provides four agent characters for free, which can be downloaded from the Microsoft Agent website. These are called Peedy, Merlin, Genie, and Robby. Some characters also shipped with Microsoft Office up to version 2003 as the Office Assistants and with Windows XP as search assistants. New Agent characters can also be created using Microsoft's development tools, including the Agent Character Editor. Agents can be embedded in software with Visual Basic for Applications and in web pages with VBScript, and automated tools for the purpose of simplifying this exist. However, web page agents are only compatible with Internet Explorer, since alternative browsers like Opera or Mozilla Firefox do not support ActiveX. Additionally, users of Windows Me,  Windows 2000, Windows XP, and above or owners of Microsoft Office 2000 and up are the only ones who have Agent software pre-loaded on their computers; others have to download the software and install it manually.

References

Microsoft
Keble College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Its main buildings are on Parks Road, opposite the University Museum and the University Parks.  Keble is one of the larger colleges, with 435 undergraduates and 245 graduate students. The head of the college is the Warden (currently Sir Jonathan Phillips) and senior academic members are Fellows.

Keble was founded in 1870, having been built as a monument to John Keble, a leading member of the Oxford Movement. As originally constituted it was for men only and the fellows were mostly bachelors resident in the college. In the period after the second World War the trends were towards scientific courses (the major area devoted to science east of the University Museum influenced this) and eventually co-education for men and women from 1979 onwards.

It remains distinctive for its once-controversial neo-gothic red-brick buildings designed by William Butterfield. During the 20th century the college has been extended several times by new buildings.

References

Colleges of the University of Oxford
1870 establishments in Europe
1870s establishments in England
This article is about the Formula One racing team. For other uses of the term arrow, see Arrow.

Arrows Grand Prix International was a Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002. The team was also known as Footwork.

Origins
The Arrows Grand Prix International team was founded in 1977, by Italian financier (someone who handles lots of money) Franco Ambrosio, Alan Rees, Jackie Oliver, Dave Wass and Tony Southgate when Rees, Oliver, Wass and Southgate left the Shadow team. They named the team after the first letter of each person's last name in order, spelling out AROWS. The name was then changed to the correct spelling of Arrows.

History

Arrows Grand Prix International
The team earned their first podium at the 1978 Swedish Grand Prix, with future Williams driver Riccardo Patrese earning second. The rest of the season consisted of him earning points occasionally. Arrows fielded Patrese until 1981. In 1984 the team used BMW M12 turbo engines, and later Megatron turbos, and results improved as the turbo era moved along, going at its peak in 1988 when the team finished fifth in the constructors' championship. In between 1984 and 1988 the team had gotten two podium positions. Eventually when turbo engines were banned from the regulations, making them illegal to run in a race, Arrows' performance dropped, despite a third place podium finish at the 1989 USA Grand Prix in Phoenix.

Footwork Arrows
The team was renamed Footwork in 1991 until being changed back to Arrows after the 1996 season. Arrows' performance dropped with the usage of the Porsche engines. Footwork eventually changed to Mugen Honda engines. The team also ran Ford and Hart engines as well.

Tom Walkenshaw's Arrows
In 1997, Tom Walkenshaw bought a part of Arrows, and hired 1996 Drivers' Champion Damon Hill and Pedro Diniz. Diniz was very rich and helped pay for Hill's salary, placing Diniz as the role of a pay driver. Hill nearly won the Hungarian Grand Prix but a component failure meant that Hill had slowed down and fell to second place, where Hill would finish. In the next few years Walkenshaw would buy out what Jackie Oliver had owned.

As the seasons went on Arrows started to go in debt. In 2002 at times the two drivers, Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Enrique Bernoldi deliberately failed to qualify for a couple of races in an attempt to save some money. The team could not finish the season and went into liquidation and folded at the end of the season. However, Phoenix Finance purchased the team's assets and tried to enter in the 2003 season but was not allowed. 

Formula One
François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French politician who was the President of the French Republic from 21 May 1981 until 17 May 1995. He was born in Jarnac in the Charente department. He was a member of the Socialist Party. Before being elected president, he had held several positions in the French Cabinet. As President of France, he was also one of the Co-Princes of Andorra. Jacques Chirac was President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra after him. Mitterrand died of prostate cancer in Paris. He was laid to rest in his birthplace Jarnac.

From 1959 to 1981, Mitterrand was also mayor of Château-Chinon (Ville), a municipality in the Nièvre department.

References

1916 births
1996 deaths
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from prostate cancer
French lawyers
French mayors
Presidents of France
Princes of Andorra
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Coniston Water (usually called just Coniston) is a lake in Cumbria. It is the third largest lake in the Lake District. It is  long and  wide. The lake has an elevation of 143 feet (44 m) above sea level. It drains to the sea via the River Crake.

Waterspeed record 

In the 20th century Coniston was the scene of many attempts to break the world water speed record. On August 19, 1939 Sir Malcolm Campbell set the record at 141.74 miles per hour (228.108 km/h) in Bluebird K4. Between 1956 and 1959 Sir Malcolm's son Donald Campbell set four successive records on the lake in Bluebird K7, a hydroplane.

In 1966 Donald Campbell decided that he needed to get over 300 miles per hour (483 km/h) to keep the record. On January 4, 1967 he achieved a top speed of over 320 miles per hour (515 km/h) in Bluebird K7 on the return leg of a record-breaking attempt. He then lost control of Bluebird, which somersaulted and crashed, sinking rapidly. Campbell was killed instantly on impact. The attempt could not be counted as a record-breaking run because the second leg was not completed.

Lady in the Lake 
In recent times, Coniston Water has become known for a controversial murder case. Mrs Carol Park was dubbed the "Lady in the Lake" after the Raymond Chandler novel of the same name.

References 

Lakes of the United Kingdom
Cumbria
Geography of England
Brian Edward Cox OBE FRS (born 3 March 1968) is a British particle physicist. He is also a professor at the University of Manchester and a Royal Society University Research Fellow. He works on the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Cox presents some BBC science television programmes the most notable being Stargazing Live and Wonders of Universe. He also presented some episodes of Horizon.

Early life
Cox was born in 1968 in Chadderton, Oldham, Lancashire. His parents worked for Yorkshire Bank, his mother as a cashier and his father as a middle-manager in the same branch. He used to be a keyboard player for pop band D:Ream in the 1990s.

References

Other websites
 
 
Personal website 

1968 births
Living people
English pop musicians
English physicists
Musicians from Lancashire
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
How to Win Friends and Influence People is a self-help book. It was written by Dale Carnegie and first published in 1936. It is one of the best selling self-help books ever published. Since 1936, over 15 million copies have been sold worldwide.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1936 books
Non-fiction books
Aaron Steven Haddad (born August 3, 1982) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in the WWE where he competed under the ring name, Damien Sandow.

He won the 2013 Money in the Bank for a World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank opportunity but became the first wrestler to outright lose his cash-in title match when he was defeated by John Cena on the October 28 episode of Raw.

Championships
Chaotic Wrestling
Chaotic Wrestling Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Chaotic Wrestling Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Edward G. Xtasy)
Florida Championship Wrestling
FCW 15 Championship (one time)
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Titus O'Neil)
International Wrestling Association
IWA Hardcore Championship (one time)
Ohio Valley Wrestling
OVW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Nova)
OVW Television Championship (one time)
Third OVW Triple Crown Champion
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #50 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013.
World Wrestling Council
WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (one time)
WWC World Tag Team Championship (five times) (with Shawn Spears (one), Chicano (one), King Tonga Jr. (two) and Abbad (one))
WWE
Money in the Bank (2013)
WWE United States Champion (one time)

References

Other websites

1981 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
People from Worcester, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
WWE wrestlers
Ulf Svante von Euler (7 February 1905 – 9 March 1983) was a Swedish physiologist and pharmacologist. He won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970 for his work on neurotransmitters.

1905 births
1983 deaths
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Swedish biologists
Thaddeus Bullard (born April 29, 1977 in Boynton Beach, Florida) better known under the ring name Titus O'Neil, is an American professional wrestler and former American football player currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).

He is one half of the Prime Time Players along with Darren Young. He competed on the second season of NXT where he finished 5th and also competed on the fifth season of NXT called NXT Redemption. He played professional football in the Arena Football League for the Utah Blaze, Tampa Bay Storm, Las Vegas Gladiators and Carolina Cobras.

Championships
Florida Championship Wrestling
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Damien Sandow
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 82 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013
Rolling Stone
Most Deserved Push (2015) 
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Worst Feud of the Year (2016) 
WWE
WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Darren Young
WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time, inaugural)
WWE Year-End Award (1 time)
Funniest Moment of the Year (2018) –

References

Other websites
Titus O'Neil at WWE.com

American professional wrestlers
1977 births
American football players
Sportspeople from Florida
Living people
William Alvin "bill" Moody (10 March 1947 - 5 March 2013) better known by his ring name “The Father of Destruction” and “The Fat Man (or Fatman)” Paul Bearer as well as Percival Pringle III, was an American professional wrestling manager and professional wrestler. He was best known for managing both The Undertaker as well as his on-screen brother, Kane in the WWF/WWE.

Moody was born on 10 April 1947 in Mobile, Alabama. He died on 5 March 2013 in Mobile, Alabama from a heart attack. Club board member of Cauliflower Alley Club "Cowboy" Bob Kelly said that during a reunion on 2 March, Moody was having trouble breathing and was also coughing. Moody said that he was going to be treated for respiratory problems and Kelly said that Moody was treated for a blood clot after the reunion.

References

Other websites

Paul Bearer at WWE.com

1954 births
2013 deaths
American professional wrestlers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from blood clot
People from Mobile, Alabama
Sportspeople from Alabama
WWE Hall of Fame
Maurice Richard "Maury" Povich (born January 17, 1939) is an American television talk show host.  He hosts the tabloid talk show Maury.

Education and career 
Povich graduated from the Landon School in 1957. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1962 with a degree in television journalism. He hosted the 2000 revival of the television game show Twenty One.

Personal life 
Povich is married to former news anchor Connie Chung.

References

Living people
1939 births
American television talk show hosts
American game show hosts
Darwinopterus (meaning "Darwin's wing") is a genus of pterosaur, discovered in China and named after Charles Darwin. It is the first known pterosaur to display features of both long-tailed (rhamphorhynchoid) and short-tailed (pterodactyloid) pterosaurs. Darwinopterus is a transitional fossil between the two groups. 

Between 30 and 40 fossil specimens have been found, all collected from the Tiaojishan Formation, which dates to the Middle Jurassic, 160 million years ago (mya). The type species, D. modularis, was described in February 2010. 

Two additional species, D. linglongtaensis and D. robustodens, were described from the same fossil beds in December 2010 and June 2011, respectively.

The specimens showed sexual dimorphism: the males had crests on their heads, and narrower hips than the females.

Mosaic features 
This genus, and its near relatives, show a combination of 'primitive' (basal) and 'advanced' (derived) pterosaurian features. This is characteristic of transitional fossils ('missing links'), and is called modular evolution or mosaic evolution.

Darwinopterus had long tails and other features of rhamphorhynchoids, they also had distinct pterodactyloid features, such as long vertebrae in the neck and a single skull opening in front of the eyes.

Eggs 
The specimen preserved along with an egg gave information on the reproductive strategies of Darwinopterus and pterosaurs in general. 

Like the eggs of later pterosaurs and modern reptiles, the eggs of Darwinopterus had a parchment-like, soft shell. In modern birds, the eggshell is hardened with calcium carbonate, completely shielding the embryo from the outside environment. Soft-shelled eggs are permeable to water, and allow significant amounts to be absorbed into the egg during development. Eggs of this type are more vulnerable to the elements and are typically buried in soil. 

David Unwin, a co-author of the paper, suggested that Darwinopterus probably laid many small eggs at a time and buried them. Juveniles could fly upon hatching, and required little to no parental care. 

These results imply that reproduction in pterosaurs was more like that in modern reptiles and significantly differed from reproduction in birds.

References 

Pterosaurs