cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Hallé is an orchestra based in Manchester, England. It is the UK's oldest symphony orchestra and the fourth oldest in the world.  Since 1996 its home is in the Bridgewater Hall, Manchester.

History
.

The orchestra gave its first concert on 30 January 1858.  It had been started by Hallé  the year before to play at an exhibition.  The orchestra gave its concerts in the Free Trade Hall.

One of the most famous conductors the orchestra had was Hans Richter who was music director from 1899 to 1911.  During this time the orchestra gave the first performance of  Symphony No. 1 by Sir Edward Elgar.

The orchestra suffered during the economic crisis of the 1930s and when World War II started.  At that time it was sharing many of its players with the BBC.  There were only 30 players left.  A new conductor was appointed in 1943: John Barbirolli.  He was the musical director for 27 years.  During this time the orchestra rose to international fame.  

Kent Nagano was principal conductor of the orchestra from 1992 to 1999.  The orchestra moved from the Free Trade Hall to the Bridgewater Hall in 1996.  Nagano was criticized for putting on concerts that cost a lot of money, and charging high fees for himself.  The orchestra started to be in financial problems and nearly went bankrupt.  Then changes were made and the orchestra were more secure financially.

The Hallé today

In September 2000, Mark Elder took over as musical director.  He has made the orchestra into an excellent orchestra again.

In 2006 a new job of guest conductor was given to Cristian Mandeal.  From 2009 the guest conductor will be Markus Stenz.  The leader of the orchestra is Lyn Fletcher.

The Hallé also has a choir which was started in 1858 by Sir Charles Hallé.  They give about twenty concerts a year.  Their conductor is James Burton who also conducts the Hallé Youth Choir.   There is a Hallé Youth Orchestra which is conducted by Ewa Strusinska.  There is now also a Hallé Children’s Choir, conducted by Shirley Court.  The Hallé  also have their own CD label since 2008.

Principal conductors

1858–1895 Sir Charles Hallé
1895–1899 Sir Frederic Cowen
1899–1911 Hans Richter
1912–1914 Michael Balling
1915–1920 Sir Thomas Beecham (musical adviser)
1920–1934 Sir Hamilton Harty

1939–1942 Sir Malcolm Sargent (conductor-in-chief)
1943–1970 Sir John Barbirolli
1972–1983 James Loughran
1983–1992 Stanisław Skrowaczewski
1992–1999 Kent Nagano
2000–present Sir Mark Elder

Other websites
  The Hallé official website

British orchestras
Manchester
1858 establishments in the United Kingdom
1850s establishments in England
The Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti) is a species of hamster closely related to the Syrian hamster. It is used as a laboratory animal in scientific research, but is not widely available on the pet market.

References 

Hamsters
The Romanian hamster (Mesocricetus newtoni) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found in Bulgaria and Romania.

Hamsters
The Kam dwarf hamster (Cricetulus kamensis) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found only in China.

Hamsters
The Samaritans are a group of people who live in the Levant. Samaritans believe in the same one God of Judaism, but use only the Torah as text.

There are more than 800 Samaritans. Most of them live in Holon and Nablus.

Related pages 
 The Samaritan Museum

References 
Archived. https://web.archive.org/web/20080512075303/http://www.jtsa.edu/prebuilt/exhib/scrips/index.shtml

https://archive.is/ApcAY

Abrahamic religions
Ethnic groups in Israel
Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Palestine
Religion in Israel
Indian religions or Indic religions or Dharmic religions are religions those originated from the Indian subcontinent. Dharma is an idea common to these religions.

List of Indic religions 
Ayyavazhi
Buddhism
Hinduism
Jainism
Sanamahism
Sikhism
Lembit Oll (23 April 1966 – Tallinn, 17 May 1999) was an Estonian chess grandmaster. He was already successful as a junior, becoming champion of Estonia in 1982 and junior champion of the Soviet Union in 1984. He also won multiple European and World junior championships. The FIDE awarded him the IM-title in 1983 and the GM-title in 1992. From that moment, he regularly played for Estonia during Chess Olympiads and European teamchampionships. Early 1998 he reached his highest rating on the FIDE rating list: 2655.
He played his last tournament in 1999 in Nova Gorica reaching a shared 2nd position.

Oll, who was married, fell into severe depressions after he divorced. He jumped out of the window of his house on the fifth floor and did not survive. Despite his personal problems, he still held the 42nd place on the world ranking list at that time. He was buried in Tallinn. His grave is not far from that of Paul Keres, another famous chess player.

List of victories
1989: Espoo, Tallinn (zonal tournament), Helsinki.
1990: Terrassa.
1991: Sydney, Helsinki.
1992: Sevilla.
1993: Vilnius, The Hague, Antwerp.
1994: New York Open (shared 1st with Jaan Ehlvest).
1995: Helsinki, Riga (zonal tournament).
1996: Saint Petersburg.
1997: Køge, Szeged (shared 1st), Hoogeveen (shared 1st).

1966 births
1999 deaths
Chess grandmasters
Estonian sportspeople
Suicides by jumping
Novak Djokovic (Born 22 May 1987). Is a Serbian professional tennis player.

Djokovic has won 20 Grand Slam singles titles: the 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2020 and 2021 Australian Open, the 2016 and 2021 French Open, the 2011, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2019, and 2021 Wimbledon Championships as well as the 2011, 2015, and 2018 US Open. He is the first player since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at the same time. He is the third player after Roy Emerson and Rod Laver to win each Grand Slam tournament at least two times.

Djokovic was ranked No. 1 in the world for the first time on 4 July 2011. His longest streak at No. 1 was 122 weeks, from 7 July 2014 until 6 November 2016. On 8 March 2021 he reached 311 total weeks at No. 1, which broke the ATP record by Roger Federer.

He won the ATP World Tour Finals in 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015, and helped Serbia win the Davis Cup in 2010. He won a bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics. He has won a record 37 Masters 1000 series titles, and a single season record six Masters 1000 titles in 2015.

Several tennis critics and former and current players consider Djokovic to be among the greatest tennis players of all time. Djokovic was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year in 2012, 2015, 2016 and 2019.

Grand slam record 
This table shows Djokovic's performance in each Grand Slam tournament in singles.

References

Other websites

 Djokovic's official site 
 Djokovic at ATP site

1987 births
Living people
Australian Open champions
Male tennis players
Olympic bronze medalists
Serbian tennis players
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
On the 6 is the first album by Jennifer Lopez. The album's title refers to a time when Jennifer lived in the Bronx. The label released five singles to promote the album.

Track listing

Charts

Sales and shipments

Notes 

Jennifer Lopez albums
1999 albums
Debut albums
Pop albums
Latin music albums
R&B albums
J.Lo is the second studio album by American singer and actress Jennifer Lopez. It was released on January 22, 1969 by Epic Records and became her best-selling album. Epic Records released 4 singles to promote the album.

The album was re-released in July 2001. It contained three bonus tracks. Due to usage of slurs such as "nigga", "bitch" and "fuck" in "I'm Real (Murder Remix)", the re-edition has been released with 'Parental Advisory' sticker. Also the album has been released without label, despite strong language and sexual content.

Track listing 
 "Love Don't Cost a Thing" (Damon Sharpe, Greg Lawson, Georgette Franklin, Jeremy Monroe, Amille Harris) – 3:42
 "I'm Real" (Jennifer Lopez, Troy Oliver, Cory Rooney, L.E.S) – 4:57
 "Play" (Anders Bagge, Arnthor Birgisson, Christina Milian, Rooney) – 3:32
 "Walking on Sunshine" (Lopez, Sean "Puffy" Combs, Mario Winans, Jack Knight, Michael "Lo" Jones) – 3:46
 "Ain't It Funny" (Lopez, Rooney) – 4:06
 "Cariño" (Lopez, Rooney, Manny Benito, Neal Creque, Jose Sanchez, Frank Rodriguez, Guillermo Edghill, Jr.) – 4:15
 "Come Over" (Combs, Winans, Michelle Bell, Kip Collins) – 4:53
 "We Gotta Talk" (Lopez, Rooney, Oliver, Tina Morrison, Steve Estiverne, Joe Kelly) – 4:07
 "That's Not Me" (Combs, Winans, Kandice Love) – 4:33
 "Dance with Me" (Combs, Winans, Knight, Jones) – 3:54
 "Secretly" (Lopez, Rooney, Oliver, Khalilah Shakir) – 4:25
 "I'm Gonna Be Alright" (Lopez, Oliver, Rooney, Cheryl Lorraine Cook, Clifon Nathaniel Chase, O'Brien Anth, Sylvia Robinson) – 3:44
 "That's the Way" (Rodney Jerkins, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, Nora Payne) – 3:53
 "Dame" (with Chayanne) (R. Jerkins, F. Jerkins, Daniels, Benito) – 4:25
 "Si Ya Se Acabó" (Benito, Greco, Contreras) – 3:37

Latin American edition 
 "Amor Se Paga con Amor" (Sharpe, Lawson, Franklin, Monroe, Harris, Benito) – 3:44
 "Cariño" (Spanish) (Lopez, Rooney, Benito, Creque, Sanchez, Rodriguez, Edghill) – 4:17
 "Que Ironia (Ain't It Funny)" (Lopez, Rooney, Benito, Tommy Mottola) – 4:07

Japanese edition 
Released January 24, 2001
  "I'm Waiting" – 3:11

Special edition 
Released July 24, 2001
 "I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule) (Lopez, Oliver, Rooney, L.E.S., Jeffrey Atkins, Irving Lorenzo, Rick James) – 4:22

UK, Australian, and Portuguese edition 
Released October 16, 2001 (AUS) / November 5, 2001 (UK)
 "Pleasure Is Mine" – 4:19
 "I'm Waiting" – 3:11
 "I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule) – 4:22

Charts

Sales and certifications

References 

|- style="text-align: center;"

|-

|-

|-

|-

Jennifer Lopez albums
2001 albums
Dance-pop albums
Latin music albums
R&B albums
FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs) is the world chess organisation. All national federations are members. It decides matters like World Championships and changes in rules of the game.

FIDE was founded on 20 July 1924 in Paris, France. However, it had little influence until the end of World War II. The reigning world champion at that time, Alexander Alekhine, did not want to have anything to do with it. He regarded the world title as his personal property. This only changed when he died with the title, in 1946 (no other champion has ever died while holding the title). It was obvious that some method was needed to find a new champion. FIDE stepped in and, with Russian backing, put forward a solution. The strong Soviet Chess Federation only joined FIDE in 1946. It had a great influence, with resources and many young strong players.

After WW II 
In 1948 a tournament was organized to determine which of the world top players was entitled to call himself World Champion. The death of Alekhine had left a vacuum. Two previous champions, Emanuel Lasker and José Raúl Capablanca had died in the late 1930s. It was clear that a new champion would come from the younger players.

The six players chosen by FIDE were:
 Mikhail Botvinnik, Paul Keres and Vassily Smyslov from the Soviet Union.
 Samuel Reshevsky and Reuben Fine from the United States.
 Max Euwe from the Netherlands.
In the end, Reuben Fine dropped out, and the other five contested the event. Mikhail Botvinnik won the tournament and became the new world champion.

In 1950 the FIDE awarded its first IM (International Master) and GM (International Grandmaster) titles. However it was not until 1957 that FIDE formulated clear criteria to award these titles. In 1970 a new ranking system, the Elo-rating, was introduced.

Later years 
With the collapse of the Soviet Union FIDE lost a powerful partner. This resulted in a long period of trouble. In 1993 worldchampion Gary Kasparov and his challenger Nigel Short left FIDE. They founded their own organisation for professional top players, the PCA (Professional Chess Association). So now there were two worldchampions: one from FIDE and one from the PCA. 

It was not until 2006 that the dust settled down and a re-unification match between Vladimir Kramnik and Veselin Topalov took place. In 1999 FIDE was recognised by the International Olympic Committee. In 2001 FIDE played by anti-doping rules, trying to make chess for like a candidate for the Olympic Games.

List of FIDE presidents 
 1924-1949 Alexander Rueb, Netherlands
 1949-1970 Folke Rogard, Sweden
 1970-1978 Max Euwe, Netherlands
 1978-1982 Friðrik Ólafsson, Iceland
 1982-1995 Florencio Campomanes, Philippines
 1995-.... Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, Kalmykia, Russia

1924 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in France
Chess
Pungmul is a Korean traditional music. It includes drumming, dancing, and singing. Most performances are outside, with tens of players, all in constant motion. Pungmul is rooted in the dure farming culture. It was originally played as part of farm work, on rural holidays, at other village community-building events, and in shamanistic and Buddhistic rituals. Pungmul performers wear very gorgeous costumes. A flowery version of the Buddhist kkokkal is the most common headdress. Advanced performers sometimes wear sangmo, which are hats with long ribbons attached to them that players can spin and flip in intricate patterns by moving their heads.

Drumming is the most important element of Pungmul. Each group is led by a kkwaenggwari (small handheld gong) player, and includes at least one person playing janggu (hourglass drum), buk (barrel drum), and jing (gong). Wind instruments (t'aepyongso and nabal) are sometimes played along with the drummers. Following the drummers are dancers, who often play the sogo (a small drum that makes almost no sound) and tend to have more elaborate choreography. Finally, japsaek (actors) dressed as caricatures of traditional village roles wander around to engage spectators, blurring the boundary between performers and audience. Minyo (Korean traditional chants) are performed in Pungmul sometimes, and audience members enthusiastically sing and dance along. Most Minyo are set to drum beats in one of a few jangdan (rhythmic patterns) that are common to Pungmul, Sanjo, P'ansori, and other traditional Korean musical genres.

Korean music
The afro is a type of hairstyle that is noted for its large size. The hair is curled out, forming a ball shape. For some people, this is how their hair grows because it is naturally curly. Not all beauty salons can offer this hairstyle, though.

It is called the afro because most people who can grow an afro naturally have ancestors from Africa.  The afro became popular among Civil Rights activists in the 1960s in the United States.  They were tired of white people's hair and bodies being called beautiful and black people's hair and bodies being called ugly.  So they grew their hair into afros on purpose.  The afro became less popular in the middle of the 1970s through the late 1990s.  Then it came back with the natural hair movement.  In the 1960s, wearing an afro was seen as a political choice, but in the 21st century it can also be just a style choice.  Some people wear an afro only because they do not want to straighten their hair with hot tools or chemicals.

An afro can be any length, short or long, but it is different for everyone, especially depending on the person's race and ethnicity. Europeans and Asians will tend to have wavier, looser curls, so they usually cannot grow natural afros.  Some people say it is in poor taste or bad manners for a white person to call their hairstyle an "afro" because that cuts the afro off from its history as a way black people showed their hair could be beautiful even when white-majority cultures said it wasn't. Some Jewish people also can naturally grow afros, because of their curly hair. These hairstyles are often called "Jewfros."

The afro needs care. In a 2015 interview in Glamour, Dr. Rolanda Wilkerson of Pantene said people with afros should wash their hair once a week instead of every day, air-dry instead of using a hair dryer, and moisturize.

References

Hairstyles
The unconscious mind is thought to be a deeper part of a person's mind that works without that person knowing it. Feelings, thoughts, desires or emotions appear to come out of nowhere, leaving the person to question where they came from.

The unconscious mind is a term coined by the 18th century German romantic philosopher Friedrich Schelling and later introduced into English by the poet and essayist Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It is, however, an ancient idea which has been noticed in many civilisations and cultures. Also, whether other mammals have similar mental mechanisms to man is also a question with a considerable history.

Freud's views 

The unconscious mind plays a large role in Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. He discussed the importance of the unconscious mind in understanding conscious thought and behaviour.

However, the unconscious was not discovered by Freud. Historian of psychology Mark Altschule concluded, "It is difficult—or perhaps impossible—to find a nineteenth-century psychologist or psychiatrist who did not recognize unconscious thought as not only real but of the highest importance".

Freud's advance was not to uncover the unconscious but to devise a method for systematically studying it. However, his method is controversial, and so are the rest of his ideas. Freud called dreams the "royal road to the unconscious". He developed his idea in The Interpretation of Dreams (1899). The preconscious was described as a layer between conscious and unconscious thought; its contents could be accessed with a little effort. A key feature of the unconscious is what he called 'repression'. Freud believed that many people repress painful memories deep into their unconscious mind.

Adaptive unconscious 

The adaptive unconscious is a set of unconscious mental processes influencing judgment and decision making. It is different from conscious processing: it is faster, effortless, more focused on the present, but less flexible.

In other theories of the mind, the unconscious is limited to "low-level" activity, such as carrying out goals which have been decided consciously. In contrast, the adaptive unconscious is thought to be involved in "high-level" cognition such as goal-setting as well.

The term 'adaptive unconscious' suggests it has survival value and hence is an adaptation which was strongly selected in the past. Indeed, for much of vertebrate evolution, all mental activity was unconscious. No-one supposes that fish have consciousness. Thus our consciousness is added to an already-existing set of mechanisms which operate but whose operation is normally not felt by us.p23

References 

Cognition
Consciousness
Andrew Rivkin (born May 31, 1969) is a Canadian entrepreneur. He co-founded Cryptologic Inc
, which was one of the first online gambling software companies. He also co-founded Fun Technologies which is one of the largest online skill gaming provider worldwide. Andrew is an avid polo player, member of the Toronto Polo Club. He is also listed as a donor to the Mount Sinai Hospital of Toronto.

References

Canadian businesspeople
Living people
People from Toronto
1969 births
Roborovski hamsters (Phodopus roborovskii) are the smallest of all hamsters commonly kept as pets. Roborovski hamsters live in the wild around the Gobi Desert, throughout Mongolia's desert steppe and parts of northern China. Robo hamsters, as they are commonly called, are also extremly fast. Because of their size wired cages are not suitable for them

Hamsters
The Palmengarten is one of two botanical gardens in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.  It is in the city area Westend-Nord.

The garden was privately paid for and built by the architect Heinrich Siesmayer.  Work was done in 1871 and the garden opened to the public. One special visit was from the American entertainer Buffalo Bill.  Buffalo Bill performed his Western show at the garden in 1890. In 1931, it was placed in the care of the city of Frankfurt.  Control of the  garden was later moved to the American occupation authorities after World War II.  When the Palmengarten was returned to the city's control in the 1960s, a major rebuilding started. The halls that were destroyed in the war were redeveloped and expanded. In 1992, the reconstruction finished and the Palmengarten showed in its new form.

Next to the area of the Palmengarten is the Frankfurt Botanical Garden, which belongs to the biology department of Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt.

The botanical exhibits are placed according to their start in free-air or climate controlled greenhouses, which also contain many tropical and subtropical plants.

With , it is the biggest garden of its kind in Germany.

Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

Botanical gardens in Europe
Frankfurt
Las Cruces is the second largest city in the American state of New Mexico. The current population is about 90,000. The city is known for it large Urban Renewal Project that tore down much of its historic Main Street area.

The main campus of New Mexico State University is in Las Cruces.

References

Other websites
 City of Las Cruces "People Helping People"

Cities in New Mexico
County seats in New Mexico
1840s establishments in North America
Ha Seung-Jin (; Hanja 河昇鎮, born 4 August 1985) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as a basketball player. He has played in the NBA for the Portland Trail Blazers. He was the first Korean to play basketball in the NBA.

Ha was born in Seoul. His father was a member of the national basketball team and his older sister is a member of the national basketball team. His height was 2.18 m in middle school when he won the championship. Lots of universities wanted Seung-Jin to sign with their school. He decided to play for Yonsei University and won the university championship with them. He decided to go pro and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers in 2004.

His NBA career was short due to his low basic skills. So he decided to go back to Korea and enter the Korean Basketball League in 2008.

References

1985 births
Living people
South Korean sportspeople
Basketball players
Portland Trail Blazers players
People from Seoul
{{Infobox Album
| name = J to tha L-O!: The Remixes
| type = remix
| Longtype        =
| artist = Jennifer Lopez
| cover =
| released = February 5, 2002 (U.S.)March 18, 2002 (Europe)
| recorded = 1999–2001Crackhouse StudiosThe Hit FactorySony Music Studios(New York City, New York)  Metrophonic Studios(Ripley, Surrey, England)  The Record Plant(Hollywood, Los Angeles, California)  Sony Pictures Studios(Culver City, California)
| genre = 
| length = 1:05:39
| language = English/Spanish
| label = Epic Records
| producer = 
| Reviews         = *Allmusic  link
 NME (6/10) link
 Yahoo! Music UK  link
| Compiler        =
| prev_title = J.Lo(2001)
!: The Remixes(2002)
| next_title = This Is Me... Then  (2002)
| misc = 
}}J to tha L-O!: The Remixes''''' is third album by Jennifer Lopez. It's her first remix album. It was the first remix album to debut at the top of Billboard 200. It was one of the best-selling remix albums of all the time. Album sold more than three million copies.

Track listing 
 "Love Don't Cost a Thing" (RJ Schoolyard Mix featuring Fat Joe) (Damon Sharpe, Greg Lawson, Georgette Franklin, Jeremy Monroe, Amille Harris, Joe Cartagena) – 4:18
 "Ain't It Funny" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah) (Jennifer Lopez, Cory Rooney, Irv Gotti, 7 Aurelius, Ja Rule, Caddillac Tah) – 3:49
 "I'm Gonna Be Alright" (Track Masters Remix) 1 (Lopez, Oliver, Rooney, Samuel Barnes, Jean-Claude Olivier, Cheryl Lorraine Cook, Ronald LaPread) – 3:53
 "I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule) (Lopez, Oliver, Rooney, L.E.S., Jeffrey Atkins, Irving Lorenzo, Rick James) – 4:18
 "Walking on Sunshine" (Metro Remix) (Lopez, Sean "Puffy" Combs, Mario Winans, Jack Knight, Michael "Lo" Jones, Adonis Shropshire, Karen Anderson, Mechalie Jamison) – 5:50
 "If You Had My Love" (Darkchild Master Mix) (Rodney Jerkins, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, Rooney) – 4:11
 "Feelin' So Good" (Bad Boy Remix featuring P. Diddy and G. Dep) (Rooney, Lopez, Christopher Rios, Cartagena, Combs, Steven Standard, George Logios) – 4:27
 "Let's Get Loud" (Pablo Flores Remix) (Gloria Estefan, Kike Santander) – 5:29
 "Play" (Sack International Remix) (Anders Bagge, Arnthor Birgisson, Christina Milian, Rooney) – 4:18
 "Waiting for Tonight" (Hex's Momentous Radio Mix) (Maria Christensen, Michael Garvin, Phil Temple) – 4:32
 "Alive" (Album Version) (Lopez, Cris Judd, Rooney) – 4:40

European edition 
  "Si Ya Se Acabó" (Radio Remix) (Manny Benito, Jimmy Greco, Ray Contreras) – 3:33
 "Que Ironia (Ain't It Funny)" (Tropical Dance Remix) (Lopez, Rooney, Benito) – 3:48
 "Una Noche Más" 2 (Christensen, Garvin, Temple, Benito) – 4:05
 "No Me Ames" (Tropical Remix with Marc Anthony) (Giancarlo Bigazzi, Marco Falagiani, Ignacio Ballesteros, Aleandro Baldi) – 5:34
 1 The European edition includes the no-rap version of "I'm Gonna Be Alright" (Track Masters Remix)
 2 Misprinted as being the Pablo's Miami Mix Radio Edit

Charts

Certifications

References 

Jennifer Lopez albums
2002 albums
Remix albums
Electronica albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
This Is Me... Then is the third (fourth overall) studio album by Jennifer Lopez. It was released in November 2002. The album debuted at number six on Billboard 200. t has sold 2.5 million copies in the United States and over five million copies worldwide.

Track listing 

Notes
"Still" contains elements of "Set Me Free", as written by LeRoy Bell and Casey James and performed by Teddy Pendergrass.
"Loving You" contains:
a portion of "Juicy Fruit", as written by James Mtume and performed by Mtume.
an interpolation of "Never Give Up on a Good Thing", as written by Michael Garvin and Tom C. Shapiro and performed by George Benson.
"I'm Glad" contains a sample of "P.S.K. What Does It Mean?", as written and performed by Jesse "Schoolly D" Weaver Jr.
"The One" and "The One (Version 2)" contain an interpolation of "You Are Everything", as written by Thom Bell and Linda Creed and performed by The Stylistics.
"All I Have" contains a sample of "Very Special", as written by Lisa Peters and William Jeffrey and performed by Debra Laws.
"Jenny from the Block" contains:
an interpolation of "Hi-Jack" (1975), as written by Jose Fernando Arbex Miro.
a portion of "South Bronx" (1987), as written by Lawrence Parker and Scott Sterling.
portions of "Heaven and Hell Is on Earth" (1975), as written by Michael Oliver.
"You Belong to Me" contains a sample of "Catch the Beat", as written by G. Andrews, K. Nix, Brad Osborne, T. Ski Valley and performed by T. Ski Valley.
"Baby I Love U!" contains an interpolation of "Midnight Cowboy" (1969), as written and performed by John Barry.

Charts

Certifications

References 

Jennifer Lopez albums
2002 albums
Hip hop albums
Soul albums
R&B albums
Como Ama una Mujer () is the first full-length Spanish-language studio album, and fifth studio album overall released by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez. The album was mainly produced by Colombian composers Julio Reyes and Estéfano.

Background 
In 2004 Lopez worked on a song with her husband Marc Anthony called "Escapémonos". She enjoyed working on the song so much that she decided to record a full-length Spanish album; something she had wanted to do for years.

Reviews

Track listing

Personnel 
 Vic Anesini – Mastering
 Marc Anthony – Arranger, Vocals (bckgr), Producer, Executive Producer
 Eduardo Avena – Percussion
 Odisa Beltrán – Production Coordination
 Andres Bermudez – Mixing
 Marco Britti – Drums
 Jorge Calandrelli – String Arrangements
 César Castillo – Quena, Sikus
 José Garcia De La Rosa – Engineer
 Sebastian DePeyrecave – Guitar, Assistant Engineer
 Nailton Bispo "Meia Noiche" Dos Santos – Percussion
 Tony Duran – Photography
 Vicky Echeverri – Vocals (bckgr)
 Estéfano – Vocals (bckgr), Producer
 Mauricio Gasca – Programming
 Armando Gola – Bass
 Mario Guini – Guitar (Acoustic), Guitar, Guitar (Electric)
 Anthony Kilhoffer – Engineer
 Jadi Leesley – Stylist
 The London Symphony Orchestra – Strings
 Jennifer Lopez – Executive Producer
 Juan José "Chaqueño" Martínez – Percussion
 Pedro Namerow – Assistant Engineer
 José Luis Pagán – Guitar (Acoustic), Guitar, Arranger, Guitar (Electric), Keyboards, Programming, Engineer
 José Luis Pagani – Arranger, Programming
 Ricardo Tiki Pasillas – Percussion, Drums, Vocals (bckgr)
 Ken Paves – Hair Stylist
 Julian Peploe – Art Direction, Design
 Erben Perez – Bass
 Gustavo Pichon Dal Pont – Engineer
 Julio C. Reyes – Piano, Accordion, Arranger, Conductor, Keyboards, Programming, Producer, Engineer, String Arrangements, Mixing
 Claudia Salgado – Production Coordination
 Bruce Swedien – Engineer, Mixing
 Guillermo Vadala – Bass
 Matthew Vanleeuwen – Make-Up
 Peter Wade – Engineer, Mixing

Charts

Sales and certifications

Year-end charts

Awards and nominations
 Billboard Latin Music Awards – won Latin Pop Album Of The Year, Female. 3 nominations for Latin Album Of The Year, Latin Pop Airplay Song Of The Year, Female and Latin Dance Club Play Track Of The Year (Que Hiciste)

References

Other websites
 Como Ama una Mujer – Spanish Content 
 e-card "Como ama una mujer" 

Jennifer Lopez albums
2007 albums
Latin music albums
R&B albums
Spanish-language albums
El Cantante () is the soundtrack to the motion picture of the same name by American recording artists Marc Anthony and Jennifer Lopez and was released on July 24, 2007 by Sony BMG. The entire album, with the exception of the last track "Toma de Mí", is a cover album of songs originally written and recorded by the famous Puerto Rican salsa icon Héctor Lavoe.

Track listing 
 "El Cantante" (Rubén Blades) — 6:47
 "Mi Gente" (Johnny Pacheco) — 3:52
 "Escándalo" (Rafael Cárdenas Crespo; Rubén Fuentes) — 3:58
 "Aguanile" (Willie Colón; Héctor Lavoe) — 5:15
 "Che Che Colé" (Willie Colón) — 3:26
 "El Día de Mi Suerte" (Willie Colón; Héctor Lavoe) — 5:19
 "Qué Lío" (Willie Colón; Joe Cuba; Héctor Lavoe) — 4:24
 "Quítate Tú Pa' Ponerme Yo" (Johnny Pacheco; Bobby Valentín) — 4:24
 "Todo Tiene Su Final" (Willie Colón) — 4:56
 "Toma de Mí" (Performed by Jennifer Lopez) (Nelly Furtado; Julio Reyes Copello) — 4:29

Charts
Album charts

Year-end charts

Credits and personnel

Performance credits

Yomo Toro – Cuatro
Milton Cardona – Vocals, coro
Tito Allen – Vocals, Coro
Bobby Allende – Conga
Renaldo Jorge – Trombone
Myung Hi Kim – Violin
Ozzie Melendez – Trombone
Suzanne Ornstein – Violin
Ricardo Tiki Pasillas – Percussion
Marc Quiñones – Timbales
Laura Seaton – Violin
Gene Moye – Cello
Sergio George – Piano
Ray Colon – Bongos, bells
Raul Agraz – Trumpet
Luis Quintero – Percussion, timbales
William Castro – Arpa
William Duval – Vocals
Sarah Seiver – Cello
José Tabares – Bass
Peter Winograd – Violin
Ramon B. Sanchez – Conductor
Robert Rinehart – Viola
Daniel Panner – Viola
Elizabeth Dyson – Cello
Jenny Strenger – Violin
Wilson Cifuentes – Flute, gaita
Katherine Fong – Violin
Duoming Ba – Violin
Minyoung Chang – Violin
Sarah OBoyle – Violin
Wen Qian – Violin
Sein Ryu – Violin
Mario Guini – Electric guitar
Julio Reyes Copello – Piano
Jose Mangual – Vocals, Coro
Daniel Caro – Bandola
Oriol Caro – Tiple
Angélica Gámez – Violin
Laura Ospina – Cello
Urian Sarmiento – Percussion

Technical credits

Marc Anthony – Producer, executive producer
Sergio George – Producer
Héctor Ivan Rosa – Engineer
Jim Caruana – Engineer
Luisito Quintero – Percussion overdubs
David Kutch – Mastering
Vlado Meller – Mastering
Peter Wade Keusch – Engineer
Bigram Zayas – Producer
Alysia Oakley – Assistant music supervisor
Maria Paula Marulanda – Art direction
Matt Havron – Assistant Music supervisor
Julio Reyes Copello – Arranger, programming, producer

References

Other websites
 Official El Cantante home page 

2007 albums
Jennifer Lopez albums
Latin music albums
Latin pop albums
R&B albums
Latin Grammy Award-winning albums
The Reel Me is the third DVD by American singer Jennifer Lopez, released in November 2003.

Track listing

DVD 
"If You Had My Love"
"No Me Ames" (duet with Marc Anthony)
"Waiting for Tonight" (Hex Hector Remix)
"Feelin' So Good" (featuring Big Pun and Fat Joe)
"Love Don't Cost a Thing"
"Play"
"I'm Real"
"I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule)
"Ain't It Funny"
"Alive"
"Ain't It Funny" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah)
"I'm Gonna Be Alright" (Track Masters Remix featuring Nas)
"Jenny from the Block" (featuring Styles P and Jadakiss)
"All I Have" (featuring LL Cool J)
"I'm Glad"
"Baby I Love U!"
"Outro"

Bonus CD
"Baby I Love U!" – 4:29
"Jenny from the Block" (Seismic Crew's Latin Disco Trip) – 6:41
"All I Have" (Ignorants Mix featuring LL Cool J) – 4:03
"I'm Glad" (Paul Oakenfold Perfecto Remix) – 5:47
"The One" (Bastone & Burnz Club Mix) – 7:40
"Baby I Love U!" (R. Kelly Remix) – 4:11

2003 albums
Jennifer Lopez albums
Jennifer Lopez DVDs
The Jennifer Lopez produced dramatic mini-series "Como Ama Una Mujer" is Jennifer Lopez's first Spanish-Language TV Project. The five-part dramatic mini-series will debut on the Univision Television Network this fall.

The five episodes was released as a 2-Disc DVD set on December 18, 2007.

Jennifer Lopez expressed:

Summary 
An original production filmed in Mexico, "Como Ama Una Mujer" (How a Woman Loves) is inspired by the lyrics of Jennifer's first Spanish-language album of the same name released  in 2007. At the end of each episode, Jennifer herself will perform the theme song that inspired that episode. The five part mini-series tells the story of a woman's journey to find her true soul-mate, but with her glamorous life and professional success come heartbreak.

Characters 
 Leonor Varela (Blade II, The Tailor of Panama) portrays the lead character of Sofia, a famous singer/actress.
 Raul Mendez (Los Justos, Un Mundo Maravilloso, Matando Cabos, The Legend of Zorro) plays Diego.
 Cristián de la Fuente (Soñar No Cuesta Nada, Driven, Vampires: Los Muertos) - Andres.
 Gabriela de la Garza (Ángel, Las Alas de Amor, Belinda) plays Laura.
 Rebecca Jones (Cuna de Lobos, Dos Vidas, and Huracan) - Barbara.
 Rocío Verdejo (Los Justos, Corazón Marchito) plays Adriana.
 Martin Altomaro (Un Mundo Maravilloso, Demasiado Amor) - Paco.
 Josefo Rodríguez (Sombra del Otro, Miroslava) plays Fernando.
 Karoll Marquez (La Verdad, Cotidiano) plays Sofia's brother Nicolas.
 Luis Fernando Padilla (Destruir Dice, Mujer, Casos de la Vida Real) plays Felipe, Andres' best friend and soccer teammate.

Jennifer Lopez DVDs
Gravitational lensing is caused by a massive body between a distant object and ourselves. It can create the appearance of two or more objects where there is really only one. The light from the object gets bent round the massive body in between.

The massive body, such as a galaxy or black hole, creates a very strong gravitational field in space. The exact nature of the effect depends on:
relative distance and position between observer, lens and lightsource
size of the lens
mass inside the lens

Einstein 

Albert Einstein predicted the possibility of gravitational lensing. The discovery that our Sun bends the light of distant objects when their light passes close to it was evidence that the general theory of relativity was correct.

Types of lensing
There are three types of lensing:
strong lensing
weak lensing
microlensing

Strong lensing
Strong lensing betrays itself by producing multiple images from the same object. A well-known example is Einstein's Cross (Q2237+0305) at a distance of 8 billion lightyears. Here, the gravitational lens produces four images from the same object (a quasar), although it is only one object. The light of the quasar does not travel in a straight line to earth. Instead, it is bent along the gravitational field of a galaxy in front of it. This galaxy is at a distance of 400 million lightyears.

The first discovery of this kind (except the Sun) happened in 1979. Two quasars were close to each other. They both had the same spectrum and proved to be two images of the same quasar (Q0957+651). In 1980 scientists found out which group of galaxies functioned as the lens.

Weak lensing

Weak lensing does not produce multiple images of the same object. Instead it produces a highly deformed or stretched image from an object far beyond the lens. In 1986 this was discovered in cluster Abell 370. Later it was understood that this was a greatly deformed image of a galaxy far beyond the cluster. 

The object can appear larger or smaller, as is shown in the table. Weak lenses allow us to observe very distant galaxies, which we would be unable to observe without such lens. By bending the light, the amount of light (magnitude) from the source increases. This way a very distant and faint galaxy can become visible, while we normally would not be able to observe it.

Microlensing
In cases of microlensing, there is no distortion in shape. However, the amount of light visible from an object changes periodically. This can be used to detect exoplanets. Light from a distant star is bent and enhanced by the gravitational field of a closer star. The presence of an exo-planet rotating around that closer star bends the light of the star farther away periodically. Object OGLE-2005-BLG-390-Lb, discovered 25 January 2006, is the first exoplanet detected by using microlensing.

Astrophysics
Relativity
Basic physics ideas
Galaxies
Gravitation
Lasse Lindh (born 27 March 1974) is a Swedish indie pop musician. His first album, Bra, came out on EMI in 1998. It had three singles which made the charts in Sweden. Lindh began singing in English for his second album, You Wake Up at Sea Tac . The title is a reference to a line in Fight Club. The album  was released in 2002. Lindh's relationship with South Korea dates back to 2006. His songs "The Stuff" and "C'mon Through" were used in the MBC TV series Soulmate. In 2014, his song "Run to You" was used in the SBS drama Angel Eyes. In 2016-2017, his song "Hush" was used in the Korean drama Guardian: The Lonely and Great God. His most recent album is in  Swedish. Lindh has sang on the recordings of Club 8.

His most recent album is Sparks. It was released in 2009.

Albums
 Bra (1998) 
 You Wake Up at Sea Tac (2002) 
 Lasse Lindh (2005) 
 Attica EP (2006) 
 Jag Tyckte Jag Var Glad (2007) 
 When You Grow Old... Your Heart Dies (2007)
 Pool (2008)
 Sparks (2009)

Singles 
 Svenska hjärtan (2005)
 Sommarens sista smak   (2005)
 Radion spelar aldrig våran sång (2006)
 Du skär (2006)
 Varje litet steg (2007) 
 Ingen vind kan blåsa omkull oss nu (2007) 
 Du behöver aldrig mer vara rädd  (2008)
 Kom kampsång (with Timo Räisänen) (2008)

References

Other websites
 
 MySpace.com Blog

Pop musicians
1974 births
Living people
Swedish musicians
The Ciscaucasian hamster (Mesocricetus raddei) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found only in Russia and some areas of Devon.

Hamsters
The  were riots where many of the citizens of Japan became upset and rebelled against the government. This happened between July 1918 to September 1918. They caused the ending of the Terauchi Masatake government.

Causes 
A very large rise in the price of rice caused very bad economic (money) problems, especially in rural areas (outside of cities) where rice was the main food of daily life for the people. Farmers, became angry at the government (who set the amount of money the farmer's made) and the rice merchants when they learned that they were making much less money for growing the rice than it was being sold for to the public. They blamed the government and the merchants for letting the price of rice rise so high. The rise in the price of rice happened just at the worst point in the rapid rise in prices in many things such as food and rents that was happening just after World War I. This caused problems for the people of Japan. The Siberian Intervention made things worse because the government themselves bought lots of rice to feed their soldiers who were outside of Japan. This made the price of rice rise even more. The government did not do anything to stop it, and it spread to the towns and cities.

The riots 
The Rice Riots were the biggest, most violent and widespread in modern Japanese history. The first protest happened in the small fishing town of Uozu in Toyama Prefecture, on 23 July 1918. Starting with peaceful petitioning, the protest quickly grew into riots, strikes, looting, incendiary bombings of police stations and government offices and into armed fights. By mid-September 1918, over 623 protests and or riots had happened in 38 cities, 153 towns and 177 villages, with over 2 million people taking part in them. 25,000 people were arrested, and 8200 were convicted of crimes. Punishments were given including minor fines and up to the death penalty.

Prime Minister Terauchi said he and his cabinet were to blame for the riots, and they all ended their jobs on 29 September 1918.

People studying this part of Japanese history think that the riots and so the need for rice in some way may have caused the Japanese to grow their occupation of other countries. Evidence of this is thought to be the increase in rice production in Taiwan and Korea.

References

Notes 

1918
20th century in Japan
20th century riots
Hinduism is the second largest religious affiliation in Bangladesh, covering over at least 8.5% of the population. In terms of population, the independent nation-state of Bangladesh is the third-largest Hindu state of the world after the Republic of India and Nepali states, and hosts the world's largest minority population of Hindus of Bengali ethnic origin.

In nature, Bangladeshi Hinduism closely resembles the forms and customs of Hinduism practiced in the neighboring Indian state of West Bengal, with which Bangladesh (at one time known as East Bengal) was united with that country until the Partition of India in 1947. The river Ganges is a sacred holy river that flows into the country from Bharat.

Demography
Bangladesh population is 149,772,364 of which, hindu population according to 2011 census of Bangladesh is 12,730,651 constituting 8.54% of the country's population.

However, at certain times different leaders and the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics have given different numbers estimation based on their research.

 Note: This was just their claim based on their estimation research and is not related to any government census authority.

References

Further reading
Blood, Archer K. (2005). The cruel birth of Bangladesh: Memoirs of an American diplomat. Dhaka: University Press.
Benkin, Richard L. (2014). A quiet case of ethnic cleansing: The murder of Bangladesh's Hindus. New Delhi: Akshaya Prakashan.
Dastidar, S. G. (2008). Empire's last casualty: Indian subcontinent's vanishing Hindu and other minorities. Kolkata: Firma KLM.
Kamra, A. J. (2000). The prolonged partition and its pogroms: Testimonies on violence against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64.
Taslima Nasrin (2014). Lajja. Gurgaon, Haryana, India: Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd, 2014.
Rosser, Yvette Claire. (2004) Indoctrinating Minds: Politics of Education in Bangladesh, New Delhi: Rupa & Co. .
Mukherji, S. (2000). Subjects, citizens, and refugees: Tragedy in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, 1947-1998. New Delhi: Indian Centre for the Study of Forced Migration.
Sarkar, Bidyut (1993). Bangladesh 1992: This is our home: Sample Document of the Plight of our Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, and Tribal Minorities in our Islamized Homeland: Pogroms 1987-1992. Bangladesh Minority Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, (and Tribal) Unity Council of North America.

Bangladeshi culture
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Kacchu is a Japanese traditional armor. Japanese swords and scabbards are higher quality than swords from other countries. Therefore, Kacchu also needed to develop to protect the body from attack. Kacchu was also made to be worn by horses. It was made of leather, bronze and iron.

Today 
Among the samurai it was used only for protection. Kacchu is now often used in feasts, entertainment and festivals. It has become colorful, simple and luxurious. Because Japanese people are becoming interested in the samurai, kacchu is becoming more popular. Kacchu has a high popularity among couples on the birth of the boy. In marriage, a bridegroom wears a tuxedo or hakama but, recently there have been more men wearing Kacchu. Kanetsugu Naoe’s (直江 兼続) Kacchu is especially popular. He was a strategist in the Warring State Period in Japan. He is also called the general Kanetsugu Naoe of Uesugi. Kanetsugu Naoe only loved one woman, Osen(お船) and did not have another wife in time of polygamy. Therefore, couples think they swear to love forever by wearing his Kacchu. In fact, the Kanji for "love"(愛)　sticks out from his helmet. This Kanji has four different meanings: “personal grace of love”(仁徳愛), “people of love”(民衆愛), “Aizenmyouou”(愛染明王), and “Atagoshinkou”(愛宕信仰). “Aizenmyouou” means the hero who realizes sexual desires and “Atagoshinkou” means the religion of gods from Atago temple. 

When a boy is born, Kacchu is decorated on “Tango no sekku”(端午の節句), called “Children’s day”, is the festival which celebrates boy’s growing and children’s health. As charms, Kacchu and Katana(刀) are decorated on the inside with symbols which are meant to protect a boy’s body and soul.

References
 Naoe-kanetsugu.com(直江兼続.com).　Yonezawa city. Retrieved on 3 May 2009
 General Kanetsugu Naoe of Uesugi(上杉の智将　直江兼続). Yonezawa city. Retrieved on 1 June 2009
 Kyoto National Museum (1987).

Armour
History of Japan
Japanese clothing
Samurai
Calligraphy is the art of writing. The word is from the Greek language and means "beautiful writing". In the west, this was an interest in decorating words on the page. Calligraphy in the Western world was always considered a minor art.

East Asian calligraphy was a "high art" form before the Tang Dynasty. It continues to have a high status among the arts. It is practiced today by many people including school children.

References 

Writing
Mad cow disease is the common name of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. It's a disease that affects a cow's nervous system and their physical state. It comes from the chemistry structure of prion protein. When cattle get this disease, they have holes forming in their brains. The brain becomes spongy and begins to waste away. The cattle become very violent and show signs of mental disorder and have trouble when they move. It has a long incubation period, about 4~5 years. Cattle that are 4~5 years old can get the disease very easily.

It was not a common disease, but in 1996 the Minister of Health and Welfare in England said that it could be contracted by humans. Mad cow disease has damaged the cattle industry. Some food was made from cattle that had the disease. In England, the nation that was worst affected, more than 179,000 cattle were infected and 4.4 million were killed in an attempt to get rid of the disease.

Korea 
In 2012, Korean President Lee's negotiations about the import of beef from the USA made the public angry. Many people went to the square in front of city hall and protested. It caused a lot of trouble, and the approval rating of the president sharply decreased.

India 

Only Indian (Desi Cow) cows were able to survive from the disease. Researchers are still trying to figure out why only the Desi Cows can resist succumbing to the disorder. Other countries have started importing Indian cow breeds to their countries.

Related pages
 Prion disease
 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ("mad cow disease" in humans)

Infectious diseases
Galen of Pergamum (AD 129 – 199/217) was a prominent Roman physician and philosopher from Pergamon, a Greek city in western Asia Minor. He was an important medical researcher during the time of the Roman Empire. His theories influenced Western medical science for over a thousand years.

He came up with the 'Theory of Opposites' based upon Hippocrates' Four Humours' theory, which helped develop medicine in the Roman and again in the Middle Ages to include more natural based medicine (rather that just religious medicine).

Some of his observations in his books were wrong, as he could only dissect animals (mostly pigs and apes) and compare them to humans, because he was not allowed to dissect human corpses. Later on in the Renaissance period people, such as Andreas Vesalius wrote books showing that some of what Galen said was wrong.

Galen was vital in the beginnings of natural medicine, and is often known as the 'Father of Anatomy'.

Greek physicians
Philosophers