cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A mountain range (mountain chain, mountain belt) is a geographic area with many mountains.  A 'mountain system' or 'system of mountain ranges' includes geological features that are in the same region as a mountain range.

Mountain ranges usually include highlands or mountain passes and valleys. Individual mountains in the same range do not always have the same geology or petrology. They may be a mix of different orogenic expressions and terrains, for example thrust sheets, uplifted blocks, fold mountains, and volcanic landforms. This results in a variety of rock types.

Major ranges 
Most geologically young mountain ranges on the Earth's land surface are associated with either in the Pacific Ring of Fire or the Alpide Belt. The Pacific Ring of Fire includes the Andes of South America, extends through the North American Cordillera along the Pacific Coast, the Aleutian Range, on through Kamchatka, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, to New Zealand. The Andes is  long and is often described as the world's longest mountain system.

The Alpide belt includes Indonesia and southeast Asia, through the Himalayas, and ends in the Alps. The belt also includes other European and Asian mountain ranges. The Himalayas contain the highest mountains in the world, including Mount Everest, at  of elevation.

Mountain ranges outside of these two systems include the Arctic Cordillera, the world's northernmost mountain system. If the definition of a mountain range includes underwater mountains, then the ocean ridges form the longest continuous mountain system on Earth, with a length of .

Divisions and categories 
Many mountain ranges have sub-ranges within them. It can be thought of as a parent-child relationship. For example, the Appalachian Mountains range is the parent of its own ranges, two of which are the White Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains. The White Mountains are a child of the Appalachians, and there are also children of the Whites, like the Sandwich Range and the Presidential Range.

Climate 

The position of mountains influences climate, such as rain or snow. When air masses move up and over mountains, the air cools producing  precipitation (rain or snow). As the air descends on the leeward side, it warms again and is drier, having been stripped of much of its moisture. Often, a rain shadow will occur on the leeward side of a range.

Erosion 
Mountain ranges are always being eroded. Erosion is at work while the mountains are being uplifted and long after until the mountains are reduced to low hills and plains. The basins next to an eroding mountain range are filled with sediments which are buried and turned into sedimentary rock.

The early Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado are an example. As the uplift was occurring some  of mostly Mesozoic sedimentary strata were removed by erosion and spread as sand and clays across the Great Plains to the east. This mass of rock was removed as the range was actively undergoing uplift.

References

Other websites 

 Peakbagger Ranges Home Page
 Bivouac.com
Straight edge (Often called sXe) is a lifestyle without drugs, tobacco, or alcohol. Some followers of straight edge also abstain from illegal or casual sex.

For some, no drug use includes caffeine which is a stimulant drug. Some will accept drugs such as codeine or morphine for medical reasons.
Some followers of straight edge will not use Ny-Quil or Day-Quil because they contain alcohol.
Those straight edgers who quit casual or illegal sex would not have one-night stands and will wait until they are in a committed relationship to have sex.

Some cities have associated straight edge as gang affiliation, but advocates call it a way of life such as being a vegetarian.

References

Society
Lifestyles
Rouen is a commune. It is the prefecture of Upper Normandy and the Seine-Maritime department.

First settlements in that region were from the 6th century before Christ.
The Romans founded Rotomagus about 100 A.D..
Since 384 Rouen is the seat of a bishop.
In 841 the Vikings conquered Rouen. It became the capitol of the Duchy of Normandy.
In 1204 the Frensh king reconquered Rouen. 
In 1419 the English crown (Henry IV. of England) conquered the city in the 100-year War between France and England. On May, 30th of 1431 Jeanne D'Arc (the Virgin of Orleans) was burned in Rouen.
In 1494 the French got the city back.
In 1834 the railway connection Paris-Rouen was opened.
Rouen was occupied by the Germans in the Franco-German War of 1870 to 1873 and in both World Wars. In the World War II many buildings were destroyed.

Rouen has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification). It has a great marine harbor 60 km from the city. Tourism, transportation, the colleges and the university are most important economic factors.

The university of Rouen has about 40,000 students.

Museums 
 The Musée des beaux-arts is the museum of art of the city
 The Musée maritime fluvial et portuaire is a museum about the history of the port of the city and the navigation

Education 
 NEOMA Business School

Departmental capitals in France
Regional capitals in France
Microcode is the name for a number of instructions or data structures which are involved in implementing higher-level machine language in many processors, especially microprogrammed ones. Microcode is on memory that is very fast to access. When a machine level instruction needs to be executed, microcode tells the processor what electronic circuits should be used. When a new processor is designed, an engineer also writes the microcode for the instructions of machine language. This is called Microprogramming, the resulting code is called a microprogram. 

In early processors, each instruction was hard-wired. This has several drawbacks, the most obvious is that correcting an error in processor design means that the processor needs to be replaced.

Example
A processor should add two values, which are in registers A and B.

 Configure the ALU for addition
 Put the value of register A on one input of the ALU
 Put the value of register B on one input of the ALU
 After waiting a short time, to allow for the addition, the result needs to be copied into a register, which has not been used yet
 The value of that register needs to be copied to register A
 The next instruction needs to be fetched from memory

Items 1-3, as well as  5-6, can be coded as one instruction. It is also possible to hard-wire the logic needed for this operation. This has the benefit of being faster, but the drawback that it no longer allows changes that might be needed later on.  

The concept of microprogramming was developed by Maurice Wilkes in 1951, using diode matrices for the memory element.

References

Microprocessor design

de:Mikroprogrammsteuerwerk
Computational complexity theory is a part of computer science. It looks at algorithms, and tries to say how many steps or how much memory a certain algorithm takes for a computer to do. Very often, algorithms that use fewer steps use more memory (or the other way round: if there is less memory available, it takes more steps to do). Many interesting algorithms take a number of steps that is dependent on the size of the problem.

Different classes of complexity

Constant Complexity 
Complexity theory also looks at how a problem changes if it is done for more elements. A problem of constant complexity class is the only class in which this is not true. A problem with constant complexity takes the same number of steps to complete no matter the size of the input or the number of elements it is computed on. Broadcasting a message can be thought of as a problem of constant complexity. No matter how many people need to receive a message, all can listen on to one single broadcast with no extra broadcasts needed.

Linear complexity 
Mowing the lawn can be thought of as a problem with linear complexity. Mowing an area that is double the size of the original takes twice as long.

Quadratic complexity 
Suppose you want to know which of your friends know each other. You have to ask each pair of friends whether they know each other. If you have twice as many friends as someone else, you have to ask four times as many questions to figure out who everyone knows. Problems that take four times as long when the size of the problem doubles are said to have quadratic complexity.

Logarithmic complexity 
This is often the complexity for problems that involve looking things up, like finding a word in a dictionary. If the dictionary is twice as big, it contains twice as many words as the original to compare to. Looking something up will take only one step more. The algorithm to do lookups is simple. The word in the middle of the dictionary will be either before or after the term that needs to be looked up, if the words do not match. If it is before, the term needs to be in the second half of the dictionary. If it is after the word, it needs to be in the first half. That way, the problem space is halved with every step, until the word or definition is found. This is generally known as logarithmic complexity

Exponential complexity 
There are problems that grow very fast. One such problem is known as the Travelling salesman problem. A salesman needs to take a tour of a certain number of cities. Each city should only be visited once, the distance (or cost) of the travelling should be minimal, and the salesman should end up where he started. This problem has exponential complexity. There are n factorial possibilities to consider. Adding one city (from n to n+1) will multiply the number of possibilities by (n+1). Most of the interesting problems have this complexity.

Theoretical computer science
An average is the "normal" number of a group of numbers made by mixing the group of numbers.

In math, an average is called a mean. It can be found by adding the numbers, then dividing the answer by the number of numbers there were. There are other kinds of mean, and other things that are sometimes thought of as "average" such as median or mode (statistics).

Sport 

In some sports, such as cricket and baseball, averages are used to tell how good a player is (such as batting average). Sporting averages have special rules for how to find them.

Mathematics
Fluminense Football Club () or Fluminense, is a football club in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Current Squad

Notable Players 

  Ademir Menezes
  Assis
  Branco
  Carlos Alberto Torres
  Castilho
  Conca
  Delei
  Denílson
  Didi
  Edinho
  Félix
  Flávio
  Gérson
  Henry Welfare
  Lula
  Manfrini
  Marco Antônio
  Marcos Carneiro de Mendonça

  Orlando
  Oswaldo Gomes
  Paulo César Caju
  Pintinho
  Preguinho
  Renato Gaúcho
  Ricardo Gomes
  Rivelino
  Romerito
  Romeu
  Samarone
  Telê
  Thiago Silva
  Tim
  Valdo
  Washington

Trophies

International
 Copa Rio Internacional: 1
 1952
 Olympic Cup: 1
 1949

National
 Série A: 4
 1970, 1984, 2010,2012
 Brazil Cup: 1
 2007
 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C: 1
 1999

Regional
 Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 2
 1957, 1960
 Taça Ioduran: 1
 1919
 Zona Sul da Taça Brasil: 1
 1960

State
 Campeonato Carioca: 31
 1906/1907/1908/1909, 1911, 1917/1918/1919, 1924, 1936/1937/1938, 1940/1941, 1946, 1951, 1959, 1964, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975/1976, 1980, 1983/1984/1985, 1995, 2002, 2005, 2012
 Taça Guanabara: 8
 1966, 1969, 1971, 1975, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1993, 2012
 Taça Rio: 2
 1990, 2005
 Torneio Início: 9
 1916, 1924, 1925, 1940/1941, 1943, 1954, 1956, 1965

Other websites 
 Official Website
 Best Attendances 
 Ranking Carioca League 
 Matches 1902/2005 
 Canal Fluminense - Fluminense´s Daily News
 Torcida Tricolor

References

Football clubs in Rio de Janeiro
1902 establishments
1900s establishments in Brazil
Romanization, or Latinization, is how words and languages that normally do not use the Latin alphabet are converted into Latin letters. That allows people who do not know the original writing system to read the sounds of the language. Romanization is one way to show the pronunciation of the language's words.

There are often several standards for romanizing one language. For the Russian language ,the Soviet Union invented several systems, and the United Nations and the International Organization for Standardization invented two of the others. Methods for Arabic, Japanese, and Chinese are similarly diverse. Some romanization systems are based on transcription, some are based on transliteration, and some are based on both.

Transcription occurs when the effect at the end is that both the original and the transcribed version sound the same, whether or not each letter alone in one text matches the corresponding letter in the other one.

Transliteration occurs when the effect at the end is for the letters to match one to one, whether or not the sound is the same.

Related pages 
 Romanization of Bulgarian
 Romanization of Japanese

Other websites 
 UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems
 U.S. Library of Congress Romanization Tables in PDF format
 Java romanization app
 One of the few books with lists of romanizations is ALA-LC Romanization Tables, Randall Barry (ed.), U.S. Library of Congress, 1997, .
 Microsoft Transliteration Utility – A free tool for making and using transliteration systems from any alphabet to any other alphabet.
 G. Gerych. Transliteration of Cyrillic Alphabets. Ottawa University, April 1965. 126 pp.

Romanization
Culture
Diaspora (, literally, "a scattering or sowing of seeds") is used (without capitals) to refer to any people or racial group living outside their traditional homelands, emigrating and being scattered in distant places and making a new community. It was first used in the Septuagint to mean the scattering of Jews after the capture of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 586 BC.

Migration
Angers is a city in the west of France. Around 160,000 inhabitants live inside the city and 300,000 live in the metropolitan area.

It is the capital of the historical province called Anjou. Today, the name of Anjou is Maine-et-Loire. The inhabitants of Angers and of Anjou are called 'angevins'.

The city existed before the Roman Empire. After the Roman conquest, the city was called Juliomagus. Angers was an important French city during the Middle-Ages. There is one of the bigger castles of Europe in the city.

It is now the 16th city of France (for its population). It is an economic center, a touristic and cultural town. Many festivals happen every year in the city (film festival 'Premiers plans', street festivals 'Tours de scène' and the famous 'Accroches-coeurs'). It has many museums. The museum of Beaux-Arts (a famous Art museum) and "Apocalypse Tapestry" (the oldest and largest collection of medieval tapestries in the world) are very famous.

There are two universities. More than 17,000 students go to the 'Université d'Angers' (a state university) and 12,000 go to the 'Université Catholique de l'Ouest' (a private catholic university). The 'École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers' is one of the most prestigious business school in France.

Transport
 Road: Motorway A11 to Paris ~295 km and to Nantes ~90 km
 Railway: TGV (very quick train) from Angers-St Laud station to Paris in 92 minutes only
 International Airports: Angers-Marcé, Nantes-Atlantique

Sister cities
Angers is twinned with:
  Haarlem, Netherlands, since 1964
  Osnabrück, Germany, since 1964
  Bamako, Mali, since 1974
  Pisa, Italy, since 1982
  Wigan, United Kingdom, since 1988
  Södertälje, Sweden, since 1998
  Seville, Spain, since 2000
  Yantai, China, since 2006

Cities in France
Communes in Maine-et-Loire
Departmental capitals in France
Toulon is a city in the south of France. It has about 170,000 people. Toulon is the prefecture of Var. Toulon is the third biggest city of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur after Marseille and Nice. It is the main base of the Mediterranean Sea fleet of the French Navy. It is  from the Italian border.

Education 
 Kedge Business School

More reading 
 Le Chevallier à découvert, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Laurens Ed., 1998.

Other websites 

 
Departmental capitals in France
Grenoble is a French commune in the Alpine foothills. It is the prefecture of the Isère department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.

It has an oceanic climate  (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

It is an important centre for scientific research in France.

Education 
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation academy) is in Grenoble. Grenoble School of Management is also in the city, as well as the Université Grenoble-Alpes.

Transport 
 Grenoble-Isère Airport

Twin towers — Sister buildings
Grenoble is twinned with:

Other websites

Grenoble
Departmental capitals in France
Olympic cities
Aix-en-Provence is a city in the south of France. About 150,000 people live there.

Famous people from Aix-en-Provence

Paul Cézanne (d. 1906), painter

References

Attribution

Other websites

Aix en Provence Tourist office website 
Official site of the town Aix-en-Provence 

 
Subprefectures in France
Amiens is a city in Somme in the former province of Picardy in northern France. About 145,000 people live there. The Treaty of Amiens was signed there.

Other websites 
 This town at the Historical Association for Joan of Arc Studies

 
Departmental capitals in France
Former regional capitals in France
Le Mans is a commune. It is found in the Pays de la Loire region in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Le Mans is a city in France. It has about 143,000 inhabitants. It takes about one hour to go to Paris by TGV.

Sport
 Le Mans is the start of the seventh stage of the 2011 Tour de France.
 The city is well known for the 24-hour car race of Le Mans.

Sister cities
Le Mans is twinned with:
  Bolton, England, United Kingdom
  Haouza, Western Sahara
  Paderborn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
  Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast, Russia
  Suzuka, Japan
  Volos, Greece
  Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
  Alexandria, Egypt

References

 
Departmental capitals in France
Tours is a city on the Loire River in the centre of France. It has about 143,000 inhabitants. This is the prefecture of the department of Indre-et-Loire and is one of the 22 french metropolis.

Notable natives and residents 
 Honoré de Balzac 1799-1850, novelist
 René Descartes 1596-1650, scientist, mathematican and philosopher

Sister cities
 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, since 1962
 Segovia, Spain, since 1972
 Parma, Italy, since 1976
 Luoyang, People's Republic of China, since 1982
 Springfield, USA, since 1984
 Trois-Rivières, Canada, since 1987
 Takamatsu, Japan, since 1988
 Braşov, Romania, since 1990
 Minneapolis, USA, since 1991

Related pages 
 Capital of France

Capital of France
Cities in France
Communes in Indre-et-Loire
Former national capitals
Departmental capitals in France
Limoges ( or Limòtges) is a city and commune, the capital (prefecture) of the Haute-Vienne department and the historical capital of the old Limousin region in west-central France. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of the same name.

Limoges is known for its medieval and Renaissance enamels on copper, for its 19th-century porcelain and for its oak barrels which are used for Cognac and Bordeaux production.

Geography
The city of Limoges is near the western limits of the Massif Central, in the centre of the Haute-Vienne department. The Vienne river flows through the city.

Limoges is at about  from Paris,  from Toulouse,  from Bordeaux and  from Marseille.

The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Limoges is surrounded by the communes:

Climate
The climate of Limoges, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Limoges is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Limoges is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Population
The inhabitants of Limoges are known, in French, as  Limougeauds (women: Limougeaudes).

With a population of 134,577, Limoges has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Limoges

Limoges forms, together with other 8 communes, the urban area of Limoges with a population of 183,860 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Limoges, formed by 96 communes, with a population of 283,050 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration 
Limoges is the prefecture of the Haute-Vienne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Limoges and the administrative centre () of 9 cantons

 Limoges-1, with 18,316 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-2, with 15,794 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-3, with 16,872 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-4, with 17,434 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-5, with 18,550 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-6, with 18,413 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-7, with 14,833 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-8, with 16,149 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-9, with 16,316 inhabitants (2014)

It is part of the intercommunality Limoges Métropole ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Limoges is twinned with:

 Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
 Fürth, Germany
 Grodno, Belarus
 Seto, Japan
 Icheon, South Korea
 Plzeň, Czech Republic

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Limoges
 Communes of the Haute-Vienne department

References

Other websites

 City Council website 
 Limoges Métropole 

 
Departmental capitals in France
Former regional capitals in France
Villeurbanne is a city in France. About 130,000 people live there.

References

Other websites

  

Cities in France
Communes in Rhône
Exile On Main St. was one of The Rolling Stones'  albums. It was released in 1972 and includes the hit songs "Happy" and "Tumbling Dice".

The Rolling Stones
1972 albums
Rock and roll albums
R&B albums
Blues albums
Soul albums
Country albums
Blues rock albums
OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) is a programming interface for 3D graphics which helps computer programmers make their 3D graphics perform better and faster by running parts of their programs on a video card (GPU) rather than just the central processor (CPU). Programming interfaces like OpenGL are usually called an "API," which stands for "Application Programming Interface".

OpenGL is often compared to Direct3D, an API for 3D graphics on Windows. Programming for Direct3D is different in some ways because the APIs use different naming schemes for talking to a computer's graphics driver, which means that programmers need to write different code for OpenGL and Direct3D to do the same things.

OpenGL is owned by the Khronos Group, and is an example of open source software. This means that all of OpenGL's programming, and the explanations for how the programming all works, can be viewed, copied, revised, and re-released by anyone.

References

Further reading

Other websites

 GLFW -- Library for creating OpenGL contexts.
 GLEW -- Extension wrangler library for newer OpenGL features.

 
 OpenGL Overview and OpenGL.org's Wiki with more information on OpenGL Language bindings
 SGI's OpenGL website
 
 Khronos Group, Inc.
 

Free software
Graphics software
Movie criticism is the evaluation of a movie. People who write their opinions about movies in newspapers and magazines or talk about movies on television, the Internet or on radio shows are called movie critics. Some movie critics also write books about movies and the history of movies.

Training
Some movie critics studied movie or movie history in a university before becoming a movie critic. Other movie critics are people who have experience making movies, for example as a movie director or screenwriter. Some movie critics studied other subjects in university that are related to movie, such as English Literature or theatre.

Related occupations
 Movie theorists study the way stories are told in movies, and examine how movie directors, screenwriters, and cinematographers use images and sounds on the movie screen. Movie theorists usually work in universities, in movie studies or media departments. Some movie theorists, such as Francois Truffaut are also involved in other movie-related jobs, such as being a movie critic and a director.
 Movie historians study the history of different aspects of movie production and distribution.
 Television critics write their opinions about television shows in newspapers and magazines or talk about television shows on television or on radio shows. Some television critics also write books about television and the history of television shows. Movie critics Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel once hosted a successful movie review show called At the Movies. 
 Television scholars study the impact of television shows on culture.

Awards
Roger Ebert became the first movie critic to win a Pulitzer Prize. After his win, many other critics were awarded with this honor.

Notable movie critics

 Roger Ebert
 Gene Siskel
 Gene Shalit
 A. O. Scott
 Kenneth Turan
 Steven Rea
 Anthony Lane
 Peter Travers
 David Denby 
 Rex Reed
 Joe Morgenstern
 Joe Siegel
 Andrew Sarris 
 Vincent Canby
 Michael Phillips
 Jonathan Rosenbaum
 Colin Covert
 Leonard Maltin
 Richard Roeper

 
Movie occupations
McCarthyism is the term describing a period of intense anti-Communist suspicion in the United States which began during the start of the Cold War, that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the mid to late 1950s. The term gets its name from U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, a Republican of Wisconsin. The period of McCarthyism is also referred to as the Second Red Scare (The First Red Scare happened after the Bolshevik October Revolution of 1917, that lasted from the late 1910s to the late 1920s). It happened at the same times as increased fears of Communist influence on American institutions, espionage by Soviet agents such as the Rosenbergs, heightened tension from Soviet control over Central and Eastern Europe, the success of the Chinese Communist Revolution (1949) and the Korean War (1950-1953). There is a play called 'The Crucible' which is about the beginning of the Salem Witch Trials, but also about McCarthyism.

20th century in the United States
Political movements
Cichlids (pronounced 'sick-lids') are fishes from the Cichlidae family, in the order Perciformes.

It is a very large family of fish made up of more than 2500 species.
Cichlids come in many different sizes, from 2.5 centimeters to almost a meter long. All cichlids have some form of parental care for their eggs and fry. That parental care may come in the form of guarding the eggs and fry or it may come in the form of mouthbrooding.

Cichlids are famous for their speciation in East African lakes.

References 

Perciformes
The Asiatic peafowl is a kind of bird.  They are the genus Pavo from the Phasianidae family. They originate from Southeast Asia.

 Genus Pavo
 Blue peafowl or Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus): originally from India, and Pakistan. In Pakistan, it is the provincial/regional bird of the province of the Punjab
 Green peafowl (Pavo muticus): was very widespread in southeast Asia, including northern Myanmar and southern China, Laos, Thailand,  Vietnam, Cambodia, peninsular Malaysia and the islands of Java. Habitat destruction and hunting have reduced its range.

The male is called a peacock, the female a peahen.

The males are very colorful, and they have very long train feathers (or tail feathers), which they can move up like a fan. Females are less colorful, and do not have the long train-feathers. Both the male and the female have a little "crown" of feathers on their head.
Males show their train feathers to court a female peafowl, or to scare other animals away by making them afraid.

Peafowl are omnivorous and eat plant parts, flower petals, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates, like reptiles and amphibians.

Phasianidae
Birds of Asia
Galliformes
Reading (pronounced: "Redding") is a large town in Berkshire in England. It is the largest settlement in Berkshire. It is home to about 230,000 people. Reading is found in South East England, between London and Bristol. The River Thames goes through the town. Reading replaced Abingdon as the county town of Berkshire in 1867.

History 
There is a large statue of a lion in Forbury Gardens, and local legend has it that the sculptor killed himself by jumping off the top because he had sculpted the legs wrong. The lion is a memorial to soldiers from Berkshire who were killed in Maiwand, (Afghanistan) in a war in 1880.

Reading is the home of a school which used to be a Hospital in World War I and World War II. It is named Redlands Primary School. 

Madejski stadium is home to the Reading Football Club whose nickname is "The Royals". They are also known as the "Biscuit Men". The stadium was opened on 22 August 1998. 

Reading is the largest town in England. Of course, there are larger cities in England but Reading has not been granted city status and it doesn't have a cathedral. Also, Reading is home to the Oracle, a huge shopping centre and a large university named University of Reading.  

Reading began life as a Saxon Settlement. Reading was originally called Reada Ingas, which means people of Reada. Reada was a Saxon leader in the area with his tribe in the 6th century.    

The Normans built a  wooden castle in Reading. It was later replaced by a stone castle. The king then demolished the castle in 1152 fearing it might come into the hands of his enemies.    

Reading was an important centre in the medieval period, as the site of Reading Abbey, a monastery with strong royal connections    

The Huntley and Palmer's biscuit factory was the biggest in the world in 1914 and one factory was built on Kings Road by George Palmer in 1846.  

"The Blade" in central Reading is the tallest building in Reading. It is 86 metres tall. It is visible from many places in the town.  

Palmer Park was founded by George Palmer and it has a statue of George Palmer in it. Palmer Park was built for his workers to rest and people still enjoy using the park today.   

There is a very famous hospital called The Royal Berkshire Hospital. It was opened in 1839.  

Lots of schools in Reading took part in "Beat The Street" in 2015.

Notable people 
TV presenter Chris Tarrant (Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?) and comedian Ricky Gervais are from Reading, and also actress Kate Winslet, who has a road named after her. Musician Mike Oldfield is also from Reading. Tony Sullivan (local legend) is also a resident in the town. The town has two universities and is famous for its rock festival. Reading is home to Championship football and rugby teams.

Related pages
 Reading railway station
 Great Western Railway

References

Other websites

County towns in England
Towns in Berkshire
Unitary authorities
The European sprat is a kind of fish. It is related to the herring. It lives in the ocean, all around Europe. It has about 12% fat in its flesh. It is a source of many vitamins. It is an important fish for commercial fishing, and can be found in many cans in shops. It can also be salted, to preserve it better.

Teleosts
"The Little Mermaid" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1837 in the third volume of Fairy Tales Told for Children with "The Emperor's New Clothes".  The tale glorifies suffering and self-denial. There is a statue of The Little Mermaid in the harbor of Copenhagen. The story has been adapted to opera and animated movies.

Story 
A mermaid princess swims to the surface of the sea. As it happens, she sees a human prince and falls in love with him. She wants to meet him again; however, she is a mermaid, and her father, who is the king of the sea, would not let her do so. She wants to find a way to win the prince's love, so she goes to the sea witch's cave. She will get an immortal soul if she wins the love of a human. She sacrifices her voice and her tail to the sea witch for two human legs. The prince becomes her companion. But, he falls in love with another person. The mermaid has the chance to return to the sea. She must kill the prince to go back, and so she refuses. She dies, and is transformed into a daughter of the air. She will receive an immortal soul if she does good deeds for three hundred years.

Adaptations 
In 1957, Germaine Tailleferre wrote a three act opera with the subject. In 1968, there was a Soviet animated movie. In 1976, a co-production of the Soviet Union and Bulgaria resulted in a live-action movie. In 1989, The Walt Disney Company also made an animated movie. In 2008, Studio Ghibli made a movie inspired by the story called Ponyo.

Notes

References 
 Zipes, Jack. 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP.

Other websites 

 Den lille Havfrue Original text in Danish from the Danish Royal Library website.
 The Annotated Little Mermaid  by Heidi Anne Heiner, Paull's translation, with scholarly annotations, scans from six illustrated editions, bibliography.

Fairy tales
Works by Hans Christian Andersen
Hans Christian Andersen (2 April 1805 – 4 August 1875) was a Danish writer. 

Andersen was born in Odense, Denmark. His father was a shoemaker, and his mother washed clothes for customers. The family was poor. When Andersen was 11, his father died. At 14, Andersen left his mother and his home. He moved to Copenhagen. 

The king helped Andersen finish his education. Andersen wanted to be an actor or dancer. He did not have the talent for either. He started to write novels, plays, poems, short stories, and travel books. In 1835, he published four fairy tales that were liked by the readers. After this success, he wanted to write more fairy tales. 

Andersen's stories were popular all over Europe. He was invited into the homes of rich and powerful people. He fell in love with several men and women. He was in love with singer Jenny Lind. He also fell in love with ballet dancer Harald Scharff. 

Andersen was a happy and carefree man. He travelled all over Europe. He wanted to see the sights. He hoped travelling would make him even happier. He always carried a rope with him. He planned to use this rope as a fire escape if needed. In the spring of 1872, Andersen fell off of his bed and suffered major injuries. He never recovered fully. Soon after that, Andersen showed signs of liver cancer. He died on 4 August 1875 from liver cancer.

Works  
 The Princess and the Pea (1835)
 The Tinderbox (1835)
 Thumbelina (1835) 
 The Little Mermaid (1837)
 The Emperor's New Clothes (1837)
 The Steadfast Tin Soldier (1838)
 The Wild Swans (1838)
 Ole Lukøje (1841)
 The Swineherd (1841)
 The Angel (1843)
 The Nightingale (1843)
 The Ugly Duckling (1843)
 The Little Match Girl (1845)
 The Red Shoes (1845)
 The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep (1845)
 The Snow Queen (1845)
 The Fir Tree (1845)
 The Shadow (1847)
 The Story of a Mother (1847)

Related pages
List of Danish writers

References

1805 births
1875 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Bisexual people
Children's writers
Danish poets
Deaths from liver cancer
Disease-related deaths in Denmark
LGBT writers
Novelists
Odense
The Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium is a football stadium in Istanbul in Turkey. It is home to the club Fenerbahce.

Other websites 
 Fenerbahçe SK Stadium Link

 Satellite Photo of Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium

Football stadiums in Turkey
Istanbul
The Atlantic herring is a kind of herring, a fish. It can be found on both sides of the Atlantic. It can grow up to 45cm in length, weighing more than half a kilogram. It is a swarm fish, meaning many fish come together and form a school (or swarm) of fish. Swarms of up to 4 cubic kilometers in size have been measured of atlantic herring, with an eastimated 4 billion individual fish. Like with so many other fishes though, commercial overfishing is posing a problem. Stocks of herring have been collapsing. 

Their natural predators are seals, cod, other large fish as well as some kinds of whales. 
The current reason for the overfishing is the need of the Omega Fatty Acid, which helps increase memory, and brain functions.

Baltic herring 
The herrings that occurs in the Baltic Sea is much smaller. Some people consider it a dstinct subspecies. They call it Baltic herring, C. harengus membras.

Clupeiformes
The Pelagie Islands are three islands in the Mediterranean. They are Lampedusa, Linosa and Lampione. They are between Malta and Tunisia. They are part of the African continent but belong to Italy.

Because of deforestation, the islands are very barren. In the past they lived on agriculture, but nowadays they live on fishing and tourism. 

Archipelagos
Islands of Africa
Islands of Italy
Lampedusa is the largest of the Pelagie Islands. Sicily is 205 km to the north, Tunisia is 113 km to the south. There are no sources of freshwater on the island, so those living there collect rainwater. Fauna and Flora, as well as the climate is similar to what can be found in North Africa. 

There is a NATO base on the island. It is also a popular destination for refugees who try to enter the European Union that way.

Islands of Italy
Islands of Africa
Muscat () is the capital and largest city of The Sultanate of Oman. It is the largest city in the mintaqah (governorate) of Muscat. The city of Muscat has a population of 1.28 million people (2015). The official language is Arabic and English is used as an additional language for many purposes, including business and tourism purposes. Muscat is located on the north east coast of Oman.  The city is 3,500 km2  in size.

History 
People started living in the Muscat area about 2300 years ago but the first writings of the city are about 1900 years old in the 1st century CE.  Muscat developed into an important city in the 9th century CE because of business and trade at the port.  Portugal, Persian (Iran) and Turkey had many wars for control over Muscat from the 1500s to the 1700s.  The Al Bu Sa 'id tribe has ruled Muscat since then.

Climate and weather 
Muscat is a hot and dry city.  The average daytime temperature in summer can be as high as 40 °C.  The winter is cooler and the average daytime temperature is between 19 °C and 22 °C.  There is very little rain with only 10 cm per year.

Tourism 
Muscat has several tourist sites including seven museums, a fort, an old palace and a new opera house.  The city has beaches with hotel resorts.  People can do many water-sports including dolphin tours in the city's harbour.  In 2016, 2.5 million tourists visited Muscat.  According to an article in Times Of Oman, almost 500,000 people visited in February alone for the popular Muscat Festival.

Capital cities in Asia
Oman
The Ukrainian language (Ukrainian: українська (мова), transliteration: ukrajins'ka mova) is an Eastern Slavic language. This language is a part of the Indo-European language family.

Ukrainian is the second most spoken Slavic language. It is the official language of Ukraine. There are 37 million speakers in Ukraine. Most of them are native speakers. All over the world there are more than 50 million speakers.

The Ukrainian language is written with Cyrillic letters.

Some words are similar to the Polish language.

Alphabet 
The Ukrainian alphabet with transliteration and German transcription:

Notes 
1only before o
2only after consonants; a capital letter does not exist; the soft sign ь is not a letter representing a sound, but modifies the sound of the preceding letter, indicating palatalisation ('softening').
3an apostrophe (’) is used to mark de-palatalization of the preceding consonant.

References

Slavic languages
Languages of Europe
A native speaker is someone who learned to speak a language as part of their childhood development. A native speaker's language is usually the language their parents speak and/or the language of their country of origin. It is the only language of a monolingual person, and likely the first language of a multilingual person which is acquired naturally in their native environment. It may serve as the basis for their sociolinguistic identity. 

A native speaker of a language has the following traits: 
 The speaker learnt the language in childhood,
 mastery of idiomatic forms of the language,
 comprehension of regional and social variance,
 fluent, spontaneous production and comprehension of discourse.
 Mastery of the grammar and vocabulary of the language tacitly.

Many people who hire language teachers prefer native speakers.

Further reading 
 Davies, A. (2004). The native speaker in applied linguistics. In A.Davies & C. Elder (Eds.), The handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 431-450). Oxford, UK: Blackwell

References

Language
is a series of video games made by Arc System Works and Sammy Studios.
The first series has been release on PlayStation, Atlus
is the Publishers of the North America regional. The second game, Guilty Gear X release for PlayStation 2 home console. Release in 2001 in Japan and North America. The third installment (Guilty Gear X2) releases on PlayStation 2 in 2003.

 
Video game series
Apocalypse Now is a 1979 American epic drama movie directed by Francis Ford Coppola.

It tells a fictional story which takes place in the 1960s during the Vietnam War. It tells the story of an Army Captain who is sent on a boat deep into the Cambodian jungle to capture a Special Forces colonel who, it is suggested, has gone insane. It was partly based on Joseph Conrad's novel about a journey down the Congo River, Heart of Darkness.

It is now thought to be a great movie, but in the making it ran into problems. Its key star Martin Sheen, is on the screen for almost all the movie. He had a breakdown, and a heart attack. Editing the mile plus of film took years. It was unfinished when it was shown in the Cannes Film Festival.

Apocalypse Now is today considered to be one of the greatest films ever made. It was nominated for eight Academy Awards at the 52nd Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director (Coppola), and Best Supporting Actor for Robert Duvall. It went on to win for Best Cinematography and Best Sound. It ranked #14 in Sight & Sounds greatest films poll in 2012, and #6 in the Director's Poll of greatest films of all time.

The film as now shown on streaming channels is the Director's "Final Cut". This was first shown in 2019 at the Tribeca Film Festival. It runs for 3 hours, 3 minutes.

Awards and honors 

American Film Institute lists
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – No. 28
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
 "I love the smell of napalm in the morning." – No. 12
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 30

References

Other websites
 

1979 drama movies
1970s war movies
American drama movies
American epic movies
American war movies
Cambodia
English-language movies
French-language movies
Jungle movies
Movies set in the 1960s
United States National Film Registry movies
Vietnam War movies
Movies directed by Francis Ford Coppola
Events 
 The Sixth Crusade is launched by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, after delays due to sickness and an excommunication from Pope Gregory IX.
 Conrad IV of Germany becomes titular King of Jerusalem, with Frederick II as regent.
 Baldwin II becomes emperor of the Latin Empire in Constantinople, with John of Brienne as regent.
 Amadeus IV becomes count of Savoy.
 Francis of Assisi founder of the Franciscan order Canonized by Pope Gregory IX
 Sukaphaa, the first Ahom king, establishes his rule in Assam. The Ahom kings reigned for close to 600 years.
 First mention of the Transylvanian town of Reghin, in a charter of Andrew II of Hungary.
Events 
 January 25 – Edward III becomes King of England.
 Beginning of reign of Alfonso IV of Aragon.
 April 6 – Petrarch sees a woman he names Laura in the church of Sainte-Claire d'Avignon, which awakes in him a lasting passion. He writes a series of poems dedicated to her, which are collected into his Canzoniere ("Song Book").
Events 
 October 28 – Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine I defeats Maxentius and becomes the only Roman Emperor in the West.
 Construction of the Arch of Constantine in Rome begun.
Events 
 January 10 - Abraham Darby I makes cast iron using coke fuel at his Coalbrookdale blast furnace in Shropshire, England.
 February - In America, Mardi Gras is celebrated one more time with Masque de la Mobile in the capital of French Louisianne, Mobile (Alabama), before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43 km) down the Mobile River to Mobile Bay in 1711.
 February 2 - Alexander Selkirk is rescued from shipwreck on a desert island, inspiring the book Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe.

 July 8 (New Style) - Battle of Poltava: In the Ukraine, Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at Poltava (see above).
 August 8 - The hot air balloon of Bartolomeu de Gusmão flies in Portugal.
 September 11 - Battle of Malplaquet: Great Britain, the Netherlands and Austria defeat France.
 October 12 - The City of Chihuahua, México is founded.
 December 25 - In London, 10 ships leave for the New York colony, carrying over 4,000 people.

Births
 February 24 – Jacques de Vaucanson, French inventor (d. 1782)
 March 10 – Georg Steller, German naturalist (d. 1746)
 August 7 – Jean-Jacques Lefranc, marquis de Pompignan, French poet (d. 1784)
 August 8 – Tokugawa Ietsugu, 7th Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan (d. 1716)
 September 18 – Samuel Johnson, English writer and lexicographer (d. 1784)
 November 2 – Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, (d. 1759)
 December 18 – Elizabeth of Russia, reigning Empress of Russia (d. 1762)
 John Cleland, English novelist (d. 1789)
 Charles Collé, French dramatist (d. 1783)

References
Births 
 April 14 – Emperor Go-Kogon of Japan (died 1374)
 July 25 – Albert, Count of Holland (d. 1404)
 King Albert of Sweden (died 1412)
 Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow (died 1406)
 Pope Gregory XI (died 1378)
 Pope Innocent VII (died 1406)
 Gao Qi, Chinese poet (died 1374)
 Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Empire (died 1405)
Deaths 
 March 12 – Emperor Go-Kogon of Japan (born 1336)
 July 19 – Petrarch, Italian poet (born 1304)
 November 25 – Prince Philip II of Taranto
 King Gongmin of Goryeo
 Joanna of Flanders, Duchess of Brittany (born 1295)
 Gao Qi, Chinese poet (born 1336)
 William Whittlesey, Archbishop of Canterbury
Events 
 Mongol leader Ghazan Khan is converted to Islam, ending a line of Tantric Buddhist leaders.
 Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII begin having disagreements.
 Jayavarman VIII of the Khmer Empire in Cambodia abdicates.
 Marco Polo returns to Italy from his travels to China.
 Edward I summons the Model Parliament.

Births 
 September 16 – Elizabeth de Clare, English noblewoman (died 1360)
 John IV, Duke of Brittany (died 1345)
 Eudes IV, Duke of Burgundy (died 1350)
 Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham (died 1361)
 Joanna of Flanders, military leader in the Breton War of Succession (approximate date; died 1374)
 Nicephorus Gregoras, Byzantine historian (approximate date; died 1360)
 Al-Nasr Muhammad, sultan of Egypt (died 1341)
 Saint Roch (approximate date; died 1327)

Deaths 
 April 25 – King Sancho IV of Castile (born 1257)
 August 12 – Charles Martel d'Anjou (born 1271)
 December 7 – Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford, English politician (b. 1243)
 December 21 – Marguerite Berenger of Provence, queen of Louis IX of France (born c. 1221)
 Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol (born 1238)