cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The American crocodile is a species of crocodile that lives in the Americas. They usually move from the southern United States to the northern South America. Its scientific name, Crocodylus acutus, means "Pointy-snouted crocodile". It is because of the shape of its snout.

Characteristics

The American crocodile is a species of a crocodile with a high adult survival rate. The American crocodiles can live for a long time. Like all crocodiles, the American crocodile has four short legs; a long, powerful tail; and scaly skin.

The nostrils, eyes, and ears are on the top of its head, so the rest of the body can be hidden underwater for surprise attacks  Camouflage also helps it catch food. The snout is longer and narrower than that of the American alligator. American crocodiles are paler and more grayish than the dark-hued American alligator. The American crocodile crawls on its belly. It can also "high walk". Big ones can run as fast as nearly 16 km/h (10 mph). They can swim at as fast as 32 km/h (20 mph).

The average length for adult in the continental rivers can be 2.9 to 4 m (9 ft 6 in to 13 ft 1 in) long. Males weigh up to 382 kg (842 lb). Females can be 2.5 to 3 m (8 ft 2 in to 9 ft 10 in) and weigh up to 173 kg (381 lb).

Biology and behavior
American crocodiles are more vulnerable to cold weather than American alligators. While an American crocodile cannot survive in water temperatures of 7.2 °C (45.0 °F) and below. American crocodiles will lose consciousness and drown due to hypothermia in that temperature. American crocodiles have a faster growth rate than alligators.

Feeding
American crocodiles feed mostly on fish, but big ones may prey on bigger animals, such as deer.

American crocodiles are a somewhat aggressive crocodile species and have been known to attack humans. Attacks on humans are rare, but happen more often in Mexico.

Distribution
The American crocodile's range in southern Florida overlaps with that of the closely related American alligator. However, while the American alligator's range stretches as far north as Virginia, the American crocodile's range in the United States is confined to southern Florida.  

This is because alligators are much better at tolerating cold weather than crocodiles. The body temperature of alligators has been known to drop to 38 degrees Fahrenheit without any harm at all to the alligator. However, the American crocodile is better at tolerating saltwater than the alligator. American crocodiles have regularly been sighted 140 miles away from shore in the Caribbean Sea.

References 

Reptiles of North America
Crocodilia
Jason Matthew Jaspers (born April 8, 1981 in Thunder Bay, Ontario), is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who is currently playing for Kölner Haie (the Cologne Sharks) of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.

Playin career
Jaspers was drafted 71st overall by the Phoenix Coyotes in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. He was drafted from the Sudbury Wolves of the Ontario Hockey League.  Jaspers made his professional start in the 2001–02 season with the Coyotes affiliate the Springfield Falcons of the American Hockey League. Jaspers made his National Hockey League (NHL) start in the same season, after he received his first NHL assignment on January 20, 2002.

Jaspers then spent the next four years primarily with the Falcons of the American Hockey League. Unable to make the NHL regularly he was traded by the Coyotes to the Tampa Bay Lightning for Jarrod Skalde on July 25, 2005. Jason however, never played a game with the Lightning, playing for their affiliate coincidentally still the Springfield Falcons.

Jaspers finally left the Falcons, ranking second in all-time appearances, in the 2006–07 season when he signed with German team Adler Mannheim, on July 6, 2006. After three years with Adler Mannheim signed on 6 April 2009 with Kölner Haie.

Personal life 
In July 2008 Jason married his highschool sweetheart, Morgan McKee. Morgan is from Sudbury, Ontario where Jason played junior hockey for the Sudbury Wolves. Currently they have no children and live in Germany.

Awards and achievements
1999–00 OHL  Plus/minus Award
1999–00 OHL  Second All-Star Team

Career statistics

References

Other websites

1981 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Phoenix Coyotes players
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Sir Jacob Epstein KBE (10 November 1880 – 19 August 1959) was an American-born British sculptor, a pioneer of modern sculpture. He was born in the United States, and moved to Europe in 1902, becoming a British citizen in 1911. He often produced controversial works which challenged taboos on what was appropriate subject matter. His portrait heads were traditional, but much of his other work was modernist. He also made paintings and drawings, and often exhibited his work.

The sculptures Ecce Homo (Old Coventry Cathedral) and Rock Drill (1913–1914, Museum of Modern Art, New York City), are famous and important, but we have no images of them. On view in the Strand, London near Trafalgar Square, are his sculptures for Zimbabwe House. There are a number of his busts (sculptures of heads) in the National Portrait Gallery, also near Trafalgar Square.

References 

 Gilboa, Raquel 2009. ...And there was sculpture; Epstein's formative years (1880-1930), Lonodn, 2009
 Silber, Evelyn 1984. The sculpture of Epstein, London, 1984

1880 births
1959 deaths
Sculptors
British artists
British Jews
American Jews
Brookhaven National Laboratory is a laboratory in the United States at Long Island, New York. It is on the former location of Camp Upton, a US army camp. It was opened in 1947. It is in the greater area of the town of Brookhaven.  Its motto is "Passion for discovery". The Laboratory was originally owned by the Atomic Energy Commission. It is now owned by the US Department of Energy. There are about 3000 people working there. Several people there have won Nobel Prize awards.

Science
Buildings and structures in New York
1947 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in New York (state)
The National Institutes of Health is part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. It is their agency for research. There are 27 separate institutes and offices. Each of them are for separate areas of health which they research. Most of them are in Bethesda, Maryland. The NIH made vaccines against hepatitis, Haemophilus influenzae (HIB) and human papillomavirus. The current Director of the NIH is Francis Collins since 2009.

Other websites
Official website

United States Department of Health and Human Services
United States government agencies
Medical and health organizations in the United States
1930 establishments in the United States
Research organizations in the United States
Trevor Daniel Johansen (born March 30, 1957 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 286 games in the National Hockey League. Johanssen was drafted with the 12th overall pick in the 1977 NHL Entry Draft by the Toronto Maple Leafs. In addition the Maple Leafs he also spent time with the Colorado Rockies, and Los Angeles Kings.

Other websites 

1957 births
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Colorado Rockies (NHL) players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
People from Thunder Bay
Toronto Maple Leafs players
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
James "Jim, Bud" Jarvis (December 7, 1907 – May 7, 1983) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played three seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). His time in the NHL included playing for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Philadelphia Quakers and Toronto Maple Leafs. He was born in Fort William, Ontario.

Other websites

1907 births
1983 deaths
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
People from Thunder Bay
Philadelphia Quakers (NHL) players
Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL) players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA (30 July 1898 – 31 August 1986) was an English sculptor and artist in the modern art genre. He was best known for his abstract monumental sculptures, which are public works of art in many places around the world.

His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically mother-and-child or reclining figures. Moore's works usually suggest the female body, apart from a phase in the 1950s when he did family groups. His forms are generally pierced or have hollow spaces. Some think the undulating form of his reclining figures reflect the landscape and hills of his birthplace, Yorkshire.

Moore was born in Castleford, the son of a mining engineer. He became known for his larger-scale abstract cast bronze and carved marble sculptures. His large-scale commissions made him exceptionally rich. Yet he lived carefully and most of the money he earned went towards endowing the Henry Moore Foundation. This supports education and promotion of the arts.

He did some work in architecture. in 1955 Moore did his only work in carved brick, "Wall Relief" at the Bouwcentrum in Rotterdam. The brick relief was sculpted with 16,000 bricks by two Dutch bricklayers under Moore's supervision.

Gallery

References 

1898 births
1986 deaths
Sculptors
English artists
People from West Yorkshire
Order of Merit
Companions of Honour
Schloss Esterhazy is a palace in Eisenstadt, Austria.

It was built in the end of 13th century and belonged to  Esterházy family.

Palaces
Buildings and structures in Austria
13th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Austria
is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshū. The capital city is Niigata.

History 
Until after the Meiji Restoration, the area that is now Niigata Prefecture was divided into Echigo Province and Sado Province.

Geography 
Niigata is next to Yamagata Prefecture, Toyama Prefecture, Nagano Prefecture, Gumma Prefecture and Fukushima prefecture. 

Niigata is the fifth largest prefecture in Japan by area. 

In winter, it snows a lot in Niigata, and winter sports are popular.

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 25% of the total land area of the prefecture. including 
 Bandai-Asahi National Park

Shrines and Temples
Yahiko-jinja, Kota-jinja, Amatsu-jinja and Watatsu-jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Albirex Niigata

References

Other websites 

 Niigata Prefecture website
Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974)  was an American lawyer, judge and politician. He served as Governor of California from 1943 to 1953. Warren ran for Vice-President in 1948 as a Republican, but lost to Alben W. Barkley in a close election.

Warren was born in Los Angeles and grew up in Bakersfield before moving to Oakland. He served in World War I. 

In 1925, he became District Attorney of Alameda County, and later Attorney General of California. In 1953, he became Chief Justice of the United States.  

He was Chief Justice when the Supreme Court issued Brown v. Board of Education and Miranda vs. Arizona. These two cases were very important civil rights cases in the United States.  Warren was also in control of the Warren Commission. It looked into a possible conspiracy in the killing of President Kennedy.  Warren retired from the Court in 1969, and died in Washington, D.C., in 1974.

References

1891 births
1974 deaths
American military personnel of World War I
Chief Justices of the United States
Governors of California
People from Bakersfield, California
Politicians from Los Angeles
United States Supreme Court justices
Lawyers from Los Angeles
William Odd "Red" Johansen (July 27, 1928 – March 21, 2001) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. The high point of his career was one game played in the National Hockey League for the Toronto Maple Leafs. He was born in Oslo, Norway, and he grew up in Port Arthur, Ontario.

Other websites

1928 births
2001 deaths
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Norwegian ice hockey players
People from Thunder Bay
Sportspeople from Oslo
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Eastern Hockey League players
John Robert "Battleship" Kelly (born June 6, 1946) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played 425 games in the National Hockey League. He played for the St. Louis Blues, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Chicago Black Hawks. Although official NHL records call him Bob Kelly he was commonly known during his NHL playing career as J. Bob Kelly, in an effort to differentiate himself from the Bob Kelly who played primarily with the Philadelphia Flyers at that time.

Career statistics

References

Other websites 

1946 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Pittsburgh Penguins players
St. Louis Blues players
Dick Kotanen  (born Eino Richard Erwin Kotanen; November 18, 1925 – September 11, 2011) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played in one National Hockey League game for the New York Rangers during the 1950–51 NHL season. Kotanen died on November 9th 2011.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2011 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Eastern Hockey League players
Ice hockey people from Ontario

New York Rangers players
People from Thunder Bay
Scott Glenndale Martin King (born June 25, 1967 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played in only two National Hockey League games for the Detroit Red Wings. He was drafted 10th (190th overall) in the 1986 NHL Entry Draft.

Awards   
Named to BCJHL Coastal Division First All-Star Team: 1985
Named to Hockey East First All-Star Team: 1988, 1990
Named to Hockey East Second All-Star Team: 1989
Named to ECHL Second All-Star Team: 1993
Riley Cup Champion: (Toledo Storm - 1993)

Career statistics

Regular season

Post season

Notes

Other websites

King's Bio on Detroit Red Wings.com 

1967 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Chemical composition is the arrangement, type, and ratio of atoms in molecules of chemical substances. Chemical composition varies when chemicals are added or subtracted from a substance, when the ratio of substances changes, or when other chemical changes occur in chemicals. Chemical formulas show this information.

The chemical composition of a substance determines the intramolecular forces and properties of the substance.  This means that the way atoms are put together in something determines the color, density, strength, texture and other properties of the thing.  Chemists can use tests to learn the chemical composition of a substance, including a pH test, flammability test, heavy metal test etc. 

A particular chemical has a particular ratio of its atoms, allowed by their valence (chemistry). An example is Hydrogen Fluoride, or HF, which has 1 Hydrogen atom in ratio to every 1 Fluorine atom.  This substance has strong intramolecular forces of attraction because it is a hydrogen bond. 

Analytical chemistry
London Zoo is the world's oldest scientific zoo. It was opened in London on 27 April 1828, and was originally intended to be used as a collection for scientific study. It was eventually opened to the public in 1847. Today it has a collection of 673 species of animals, with 19,289 individuals, making it one of the largest collections in the United Kingdom.

It is managed by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), established in 1826. It is at the northern edge of Regent's Park, on the boundary line between City of Westminster and Camden (the Regent's Canal runs through it). The Society also has a larger site at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo in Bedfordshire to which the larger animals such as elephants and rhinos have been moved.
As well as being the first scientific zoo, ZSL London Zoo also opened the first Reptile house (1849), first public Aquarium (1853), first insect house (1881) and the first children's zoo (1938).

ZSL receives no state funding and relies on 'Fellows', 'Friends', 'Members', entrance fees and sponsorship to get income.

However, the ZSL's nearby Institute of Zoology may get public grants as a scientific institution. It has an international reputation in bioconservation.

References 

1828 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in London
Zoos
1820s establishments in England
The 'Volkswagen Polo Mk5 is the fifth generation of the small car Volkswagen Polo. It succeeded the Mk4 in 2009. The platform of the Mk5 Polo was also used for the Audi A1 and the SEAT Ibiza. It was facelifted in 2014.

Engines 
 1.2 12V 44 kW (60 hp) and 51 kW (70 hp)
 1.2 TSI 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.4 16V 63 kW (86 hp)
 1.4 GTI 132 kW (180 hp)
 1.2 TDI 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.6 TDI 55 kW (75 hp), 66 kW (90 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)

Polo Mk5
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles

it:Volkswagen Polo#Quinta serie (6R)
Progressivism is a way of thinking that focuses on social progress. It is a philosophical movement and political movement. The idea of progress is the belief that human society is improving over time. In the 18th century, many philosophers began holding this belief as part of the Age of Enlightenment.

Political movement 

Progressive politics generally wants to change government in a new way. Unlike conservatism which wants to keep government similar. It most often refers to a political movement in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, called the Progressive Era.  In the United States, these people wanted to change politics, which was at that time run by big business and corrupt political machines. Most of the people who believed in the Progressive Movement were part of the middle class. Some of the leaders of the progressive movement were Theodore Roosevelt, Hiram Johnson , William Howard Taft, Robert M. La Follette, Sr., Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Howard Dean.

References

Related pages 
 Liberalism
 Optimism
 Socialism

Philosophical movements and positions
Political movements
Political philosophy
Edgar Louis "Beaver" Laprade (October 10, 1919 – April 28, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who played for the New York Rangers in the National Hockey League (NHL). He also spent time with the Port Arthur Bearcats of the Thunder Bay Senior Hockey League.

Born in Mine Centre, Ontario, Edgar was one of Canada's top senior hockey players before joining the NHL.  He helped the Bearcats win the 1940 Allan Cup, before joining the Rangers in 1945. While with the Rangers, he would win the 1946 Calder Memorial Trophy and the 1950 Lady Byng Memorial Trophy.  He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1993.

Laprade died at the age of 94 in Thunder Bay, Ontario from natural causes.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1919 births
2014 deaths
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey centres
Deaths from natural causes
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
New York Rangers players
Gloria Marie Steinem (born March 25, 1934) is an American radical feminist and writer. She founded Ms. magazine, and also wrote for several other magazines. Steinem is Jewish and is from Toledo, Ohio.

Steinem started the Women's Media Centre with Jane Fonda and Robin Morgan in 2005. 

In 2013 she was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama for her support of abortion rights.

Personal life
Steinem was married to David Bale (1941-2003) from September 3, 2000 until his death.

References

Other websites 
Official website

1934 births
Living people
Abortion-rights activists
American activists
American LGBT rights activists
American political activists
American political writers
American radical feminists
Anti-pornography activists
Humanists
Jewish activists
Jewish American writers
Jewish feminists
Journalists from Ohio
People from Toledo, Ohio
Socialists
Icelandic names are different from most other naming systems used in the West, in that the names follow a patronymic (sometimes matronymic) surname pattern. 

This means that when a person is named, their last name is the name of their father, plus -son. So if a man called Eric had a son called Leif, Leif's name would be Leif Ericsson. 

The same is true for females, although sometimes women take the name of their father for their last name, or the name of their mother. Also, the suffix -dottír is added to the end of the parent's name. So, if a girl called Astrid's parents were Leif and Inga, then their daughter could be called either Astrid Leifsdóttir, or Astrid Ingasdóttir. 

Changes were announced to the laws about names in 2019. Given names are not limited by gender anymore. People that are registered officially with a non-binary gender will be able to use the suffix -bur ("child of") instead of -son or -dóttir.

This naming system is the same naming system that was used by the Vikings. Iceland has kept this naming system because Iceland is an island, and had little contact with the outside world for quite some time, so there was not much change in things like customs, language and naming systems.

Iceland
Crystal Castles is an experimental electronic music duo from Toronto, Canada. It is made up of producer Ethan Kath and vocalist Alice Glass. The band has released three albums, all named Crystal Castles, in 2008, 2010, and 2012. Their first album made the NME list of the 50 greatest albums of the decade, placing at #39.

Members

Current members
Ethan Kath – instruments, production (2003–present)
Alice Glass – vocals (2004–present)

Additional live members:
Christopher Chartrand – drums (2008–present)

Former live members
Past spare live members:
Cameron Findlay – drums (2007–2008, currently playing in Parallels)
Mike Bell – drums (2008–2009, currently playing in Lymbyc Systym)
"Yes" Tom Cullen – drums (February 2008, currently dj-ing as Yes!Tom)

Discography
Crystal Castles (2008)
Crystal Castles II (2010)
 Crystal Castles III (2012)

Videography
"Magic Spells" (2008) (directed by Video Marsh)
"Courtship Dating" (2008) (directed by Marc Pannozzo)
"Celestica" (2010) (directed by Rob Hawkins)
"Baptism" (2010) link (directed by Rob Hawkins)

References

Canadian rock bands
Musical groups established in 2004
2004 establishments in Canada
A chalcophile is a chemical substance that would rather react with sulfur instead of oxygen. Some things like to react with oxygen to make oxides. Other things react with sulfur to make sulfides. Chalcophiles are normally found as sulfides. Zinc is a chalcophile. Zinc sulfide is a common ore, while zinc oxide is rare. Chalcophiles are ore loving and combine readily with sulfur.

Periodic table
Brendon Small (born February 15, 1975 in Springfield, Illinois) is an American sitcom writer/producer, actor, voice actor, composer, and musician. He is best known as the maker of the cartoon series Home Movies and Metalocalypse.

1975 births
Living people
American animators
American heavy metal musicians
American voice actors
American composers
Writers from Springfield, Illinois
Musicians from Springfield, Illinois
Actors from Illinois
The Geelong Football Club, the Cats, is an Australian Rules Football team that plays in the Australian Football League. The club is based in the city of Geelong, Victoria. The club started in July 1859, and had played continuously since then, which makes it the second oldest club in any code, in the world. The club was an original member of the Victorian Football Association which formed in 1877. It left the association with a number of other clubs to form the Victorian Football League in 1897. It is now a member of the Australian Football League.

References

Other websites
 The Geelong Football Club website

Australian Football League
Geelong
Volvo B10BLE is a bus produced by Volvo from 1992 until 2002.

Buses
B10BLE
The Diary of a Young Girl is a  diary written in Dutch by Anne Frank. She began it in 1942, writing secretly to an imaginary friend. She wrote it while she was in hiding for two years with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. The family was caught in 1944 and Anne Frank died of typhus in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.  After the war, the diary was found by Anne's father, Otto Frank. He was the only known survivor of the family. The diary has now been published in more than 60 different languages. It is now considered a classic of war literature. The diary was rescued from a reject pile by cookbook publisher Judith Jones.

It was first published as Het Achterhuis. Dagboekbrieven 12 juni 1942 – 1 augustus 1944 (The Annex: Diary Notes from 12 June 1942 – 1 August 1944) by Contact Publishing in Amsterdam in 1947. After it was translated into English as Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl by Doubleday & Company (United States) and Valentine Mitchell (United Kingdom) in 1952, it became very famous critically. It became very popular, and the 1955 play The Diary of Anne Frank and movie version were both based on the diary. The play was first acted in New York City. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1956. The book is in several lists of the top books of the twentieth century. It discusses the themes of sharing and selfishness in the war, about how someone can be different on the inside and the outside, and about the loneliness of growing up.

Related pages

Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century
Memory of the World Programme

References

Other websites 

 Anne Frank House website
 Anne Frank Trust UK website
 , Jon Blair, 1995. (DVD)
 Quicktime video. Miep Gies describes giving Anne Frank's papers to Otto Frank
 Quicktime interview with Otto Frank's second wife, about the publication of Anne Frank's diary
 Anne's manuscripts
 Article about the publication of Het Achterhius, by The Anne Frank House
 Online exhibition of Anne Frank's manuscripts 
 Article on Anne Frank the writer
 Voices on Antisemitism Interview with Sayana Ser  from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

1947 books
Anne Frank
Pulitzer Prize winners
Diaries

he:אנה פרנק#יומנה של אנה פרנק
Crystal Castles, also known as Crystal Castles II, is the second album by electronic music group Crystal Castles. The album was released by Fiction Records on 24 May 2010.

Critical reception
Crystal Castles has been met with mostly good reviews from people.

Track listing

Notes
 Ethan Kath sings "Not in Love", which is a cover of a song by 1980s new wave band Platinum Blonde.
 "Year of Silence" samples the vocal track from the Sigur Ros song called "Inní mér syngur vitleysingur".
 Both "Violent Dreams" and "Vietnam" contain parts of the song "A Walk In The Park" by Stina Nordenstam.
 The CD sleeve notes state that the album cover is a photo of X Tecumseh Clark taken by his father, avant-garde composer and poet Todd Tamanend Clark.

Charts

Album charts

References

2010 albums
In mathematics, odds are the chance that an event will happen compared to the chance that it will not happen. For example, if there is an equal chance that it will rain or that it will not rain, the odds of it raining are 1:1 (which is read as "1 to 1"). If it is twice as likely that it will not rain, then the odds of it raining are 1:2 (read as "1 to 2").

Uses for odds
Odds are often used in gambling, especially in horse racing. 

In statistics, when the odds are written as fractions, the ratio of the odds of two related experimental events is called the odds ratio. This is often written as  for short.

Related pages 

 Probability

References

Other websites

 Ask Dr. Math: Odds Slang for Probability?

Mathematics
The Battle of Sunomatagawa was a Japanese battle. It took place in Nanaimo, a place in Japan, in 1181 AD. Minamoto no Yukiie and his army found Taira no Tomomori's army across the river. They swam the river and attacked them. But Tomomori's people could tell the difference between the wet enemies and their dry people and forced them back across the river.

1181
Battles
History of Japan
The Battle of Leipzig or Battle of the Nations was a battle between Napoleon I and his army and an allied force of several nations. It happened on October 16-19 in 1813. Napoeon’s army had been defeated and depleted in the French invasion of Russia. The French were also losing the Peninsular War and retreating everywhere.

Being outnumbered, he attacked. His allies in the Confederation of the Rhine changed sides, and Napoleon was defeated. It was the one of the largest battles before World War I. It involved about 600,000 soldiers, and the largest cavalry charge ever. It was part of the War of the Sixth Coalition. After this battle, and the later defence of Paris (1814), Napoleon was taken to the island of Elba.

References

Other websites
  “Easily ranking as one of the largest battles in History”
 Allied Order-of-Battle at Leipzig: 16-18 October 1813
 French order of battle: II–XI Army Corps
 French order of battle: Cavalry Reserve and the Imperial Guard
  http://www.voelkerschlacht1813.de/
  http://www.voelkerschlacht-bei-leipzig.de/
  http://www.leipzig1813.com

1813
19th century in Germany
Leipzig
Leipzig
Leipzig
Invisible Children is an organization that aims to help child soldiers in Africa. It was founded in 2004. It specifically focuses on the activities of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and its leader, Joseph Kony. It wants to stop the LRA from kidnapping children and forcing them to serve as soldiers.

It was established after a movie was made about forcing children to fight in wars.

Human rights organizations
2004 establishments
Organizations based in the United States
Terracotta, sometimes spelled terra cortta, is a red clay-based baked ceramic, usually unglazed.  

Its uses include vessels, water and waste water pipes and surface embellishment in building construction, along with sculpture such as the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines. The term is also used to refer to items made out of this material and to its natural, brownish orange color, which varies considerably.

Production and properties
Clay is partially dried and cast, molded, or hand worked into the desired shape. After thorough drying, it is placed in a kiln, or atop combustible material in a pit, and then fired. 

After pit firing the hot ware is covered with sand to cool, and after kiln firing the kiln is slowly cooled. When unglazed, the material will not be waterproof, but it is suitable for in-ground use to carry pressurized water (an archaic use), for garden ware, and sculpture or building decoration in tropical environments, and for oil containers, oil lamps, or ovens. Most other uses such as for table ware, sanitary piping, or building decoration in freezing environments require that the material be glazed. Terracotta, if uncracked, will ring if lightly struck, but not as brightly as will ware fired at higher temperature, which is called stoneware. The fired material is weak compared to stoneware.

Some types of terracotta are created from clay that includes recycled terracotta ("grog").

The unglazed color after firing can vary widely, but most common clays contain enough iron to cause an orange, orangish red, or brownish orange color, with this range including various colors described as "terracotta". Other colors include yellow, gray, and pink.

References 

Ceramics
The Yo-yo effect means people quickly gaining weight after a diet. Other words for this activity are yo-yo dieting or weight cycling. People's weight can move down and back up like a yo-yo when they follow several diets one after another. A person's weight after the diet is often higher than it was before dieting.

The Steps 
The steps to the weight cycle are normal eating, weight gain, diet, metabolism slow-down, and end of the diet. But they repeat again and that’s the Yo-Yo effect. For example, Sherman Morrison talks about someone on the website healevate.com, saying, “In the 1990’s she got up to 237 pounds, dropped it back down to 160 in the early 2000’s, but then crept back up over 200. Recently, however, she shed 30 pounds using Weight Watchers.” Which means she first gained weight, then she lost weight, and finally she gained it back. Basically, Morrison is describing that the Yo-Yo effect is gaining and losing weight over and over again.

Causes
The body needs less energy after losing weight on a diet. People have less fatty tissue and often less muscle after the diet. Muscle tissue needs more energy than fatty tissue. Reducing the amount of muscle tissue therefore reduces the need for energy. Also, limit the number of calories people take in. At some point, a dieter's body will change the way it uses energy if there are less calories to burn. The body does this to make sure it survives when less food is available. These changes in the body cause people to gain weight rapidly when they stop dieting and return to their old eating habits.

Avoiding It
People can avoid the yo-yo effect by changing their diet. If a diet works without the body switching to a more efficient way of using calories, there will be no yo-yo effect. A diet should change the dieter's eating habits for a long time. New eating habits should not give the body more energy than it needs. At the end of the diet, it also makes sense to raise the number of calories someone eats slowly. Exercise and sports can increase the amount of calories burned by the body rather than turned into fat.

References

Health
David Latta (born January 3, 1967, in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger.  He was drafted in the first round, 15th overall, by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft and went on to play thirty-six games in the National Hockey League, all of them with the Nordiques.

Other websites

1967 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Quebec Nordiques players
People from Thunder Bay
Pentti Alexander Lund (born December 6, 1925 – April 16, 2013) was a Finnish-Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played for the Boston Bruins and New York Rangers  in the National Hockey League.  During his first year he was the recipient of the Calder Trophy.  Lund is often said to have been the first Finnish player in the National Hockey League. (Albert Pudas, however, played 4 games with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1926-1927). Lund moved to Canada from Finland at the age of six.

References

1925 births
2013 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Calder Trophy winners
Finnish ice hockey players
New York Rangers players
People from Thunder Bay
Eastern Hockey League players
Mother Mary Angelica of the Annunciation  (Rita Antoinette Rizzo; April 20, 1923 – March 27, 2016) was an American Catholic nun. She created the Eternal Word Television Network (ETWN). It is a very popular television channel for Catholics.

Mother Angelica died on March 27, 2016, Easter Sunday, from complications of a stroke at her home in Hanceville, Alabama, aged 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American television personalities
American Roman Catholics
The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols is a form of church service used at Christmas in the Anglican Church.  There are nine lessons (readings) and between each reading there is a carol sung, either by the choir on its own or by the whole congregation.  The story is told from the beginning of the Bible in which Adam disobeys God, to the coming of the baby Jesus.

The form of the service was started by Edward White Benson who was Bishop of Truro in Cornwall, for use on  Christmas Eve (24 December) 1880.  The service is now used by other churches all over the world, not just in  Anglican churches, but also in some Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches. In the UK, the service has become the standard form for schools' Christmas carol services.

The best-known Nine Lessons and Carols service is the one held in King's College, Cambridge every Christmas.  The choir carols are sung by the famous Choir. This service has been broadcast by the BBC for more than half a century.

Service at King's College, Cambridge

The first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College, Cambridge, was held on Christmas Eve in 1918.  The music at the first service was directed by Arthur Henry Mann, who was the organist from 1876 to 1929. The choir had 16 trebles which was the number that Henry VI said there must be when he founded the college.  Until 1927 the men in the choir were choral scholars and lay clerks. Today, 14 undergraduates from the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, sing the men's parts.

The service was first broadcast by the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1928 and, except for 1930, has been broadcast every year since, even throughout World War II in spite of the stained glass having been removed from the Chapel and the lack of heating. The service is slightly different today: not all the readings are from the Bible.   Most of the carols are sung by the choir. There are generally more than nine carols.   The service starts with the famous carol "Once in Royal David's City".  Verse one is always sung as an unaccompanied solo by one of the boys in the choir.  The boy is not told that he is the one who has been chosen to sing the solo until just before the service begins.

Since 1982 the  Director of Music has been Stephen Cleobury.  Each year he commissions a composer to write a new carol for the Choir.  The service ends with the carol "O Come all ye faithful".  This is followed by the Organ Voluntary: "In Dulci Jubilo" (BWV 729) by Johann Sebastian Bach and then another Organ Piece (which is heard on the radio but not on television).

References

Other websites
King's College Chapel's webpage about the service 

Liturgical calendar
Christmas
Pope Innocent III (; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 177th Pope from 1198 until his death in 1216.

Early life 
Lotario di Conti was born at Anagni in central Italy. His father was Count Trasimund of Segni who was a member of the Conti family.

During the short reigns of Pope Lucius III, Pope Urban III, Pope Gregory VIII, and Pope Clement III, he served in the church bureaucracy.

Cardinal
In 1190, Clement III raised him to the rank of Cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Segni was unanimously elected pope on January 8, 1198; and he took the name of Innocent III.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Pope Innocent promoted the theory that the spiritual power of the church was greater than than any king or emperor. Innocent was the first pope to form a Papal state.

Crusades
Innocent III was responsible for starting the Fourth Crusade, the Albigensian Crusade, and the Fifth Crusade.

Lateran Council
In 1215, Innocent brought together the church's bishops and cardinals in a meeting called the Fourth Lateran Council.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Conti family

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope in sequence
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Segni 

1160s births
1216 deaths
Italian popes
FLOPS is an acronym for "Floating point Operations per Second". The FLOPS is a measure of a computer's performance, especially in the fields of calculations that make heavy use of floating point calculations. It is like the older measure of instructions per second.

Computing measurement
The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), also known as the whitetail or Virginia deer, is a type of deer that is found throughout most of North America, and only some in South America. The white-tailed deer were also brought over to Europe and New Zealand.

The white-tailed deer is normally between around 57 and 137 kilograms (125 to 301 pounds) in weight.  Its body is between 160 and 220 centimeters (63 to 86 inches) long.  It is mostly colored brown, but can also be greyish or reddish in winter and summer.  Male white-tailed deer have large antlers. These fall off in the winter.  The white-tailed deer mostly lives between two and three years long.  Sometimes, though, they will live for more than ten years.

This type of deer is quite shy.  When they are scared, they run very fast, and wave their tails.  They mostly stay alone and in the same location throughout the year.  During the autumn, the deer engage in mating.

They mostly eat vegetation like tree leaves or smaller plants.  The deer feed mostly during the morning and evening.

Predators of the white-tailed deer include wolves, coyotes, bears and mountain lions, as well as humans.

References

Mammals of North America
Deer
Great Northern beans are beans that are white colored. They are also light in flavor. They have a shape like a Lima bean except it is a little bit shorter than a Lima bean.

References

Fabaceae
Frederick de Houtman (1571 – 21 October 1627) was a Dutch explorer. In 1619, on his way to Batavia, he sailed the western coast of Australia.

1571 births
1627 deaths
Dutch explorers
This is a list of the presidents of South Korea.

Since the creation of the Government of the Republic of Korea which is commonly known as South Korea in 1948, twelve people have served nineteen terms as President of South Korea. The president is the country's head of state as well as its head of government. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces.

Presidents

Lists of politicians
South Korea-related lists
The President of the Republic of Korea () is the head of state, leader of the executive of the South Korean government and the commander in chief of the South Korean Armed Forces

The president is directly elected by the people to a five-year term, with no possibility of re-election. While in office, the chief executive lives in Cheong Wa Dae (the "Blue House").

Moon Jae-in, former human rights lawyer and chief of staff to then-President Roh Moo-hyun, became President of South Korea on 10 May 2017.

If the National Assembly votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately.

Powers and duties of the president
The president is required to:
 uphold the Constitution
 preserve the safety and homeland of South Korea
 work for the peaceful reunification of Korea, typically act as the Chairperson of the National Unification Advisory Council

List of presidents

Living former presidents
As of , two former presidents are alive:

The longest-lived President was Yun Bo-seon, who died on July 18, 1990 (at the age of ).

The most recent President to die was Chun Doo-hwan, who died on November 23, 2021.

References

Other websites
Official Website of the President of the Republic of Korea
Grades are a teacher's evaluation of a student's performance. They are often letters (e.g. A, B, C, D, F,) or numbers (e.g. 1-10.), although in some countries they do not use either of these systems.

Letter grades are most commonly used in the United States and some others. The grades D or C are usually enough to pass.

Grades can also be on a number scale. Typically a midpoint score is a pass. Sometimes the numbers can go in descending order to indicate better performance.

A Grade Point Average, or GPA, takes the grade(s) of a student and assigns point values to them. These points are added up and divided to calculate the GPA.

Simple grades can be found with this formula:

The grade is the answer to that formula turned into a percent.

This is the type of grading the United States uses the most:

References 

Education
The National Organization for Women (NOW) is the largest feminist organization in the United States.   It was founded by Betty Friedan in 1966. About half a million people are members. It was one of the groups that wanted the Equal Rights Amendment and other ways to make women equal to men.

Presidents
The following women have led the National Organization for Women;
 Betty Friedan (1966–1970)
 Aileen Hernandez (1970–1971)
 Wilma Scott Heide (1971–1974)
 Karen DeCrow (1974–1977)
 Eleanor Smeal (1977–1982)
 Judy Goldsmith (1982–1985)
 Eleanor Smeal (1985–1987)
 Molly Yard (1987–1991)
 Patricia Ireland (1991–2001)
 Kim Gandy (2001–2009)
 Terry O'Neill (2009–Present)

Opposition to equal rights

The National Organization for Women has opposed tries to make men and women equal in the law. One of the biggest things they have opposed is shared parenting.

Other websites
 National Organization for Women, Official website

References

Feminism
1966 establishments in the United States
Human rights organizations in the United States
Cnemidophorus is a genus of lizards which belong to the family of Teiidae, which are commonly referred to as whiptail lizards or racerunners. Over 30% of the Cnemidophorus genus are parthenogenic.

Lizards
The Book of Optics is a book that was written by Ibn al Haytham (965–1040 CE), an Arabic scientist and polymath. It was a seven-volume treatise on optics, physics, mathematics, anatomy and psychology, from 1011 to 1021. It was originally written in Arabic and was later translated into Persian, Latin and Italian within the next several centuries. The book had an important influence on the development of optics and on science in general because it introduced the experimental scientific method. Ibn al-Haytham has been called the "father of modern optics". Ibn al-Haytham wrote more than 200 works on a wide range of subjects, of which at least 96 of his scientific works are known.

the book of optics is also written en part by Ibn al-Haythams nephew at four years old

Science books
A letter is a message in writing that is sent to others, often by post (mail). The sender addresses it to the intended reader. For example:

Letter is more personal and official than phone conversation or an email.

Related pages 

 Electronic mail
 Envelope
 Gallows letter
 Letter box
 Postcard
 Telegram

 
Paper
Postal service
Tobolsk () is part of the Tyumen Oblast in Russia. It is near many rivers. It is one of the few towns in Russia that have stone fortresses, known as kremlins. According to the census in 2002, 92,880 people live inside it. Its economy depends mostly on its oil. In February 1917, Nicholas II abdicated the throne, and his family, including his youngest daughter Anastasia, were moved to Tobolsk.

References

Further reading 
 Brumfield, William Tobolsk: Architectural Heritage in Photographs Moscow: Tri Kvadrata, 2006  (in English and in Russian)

Towns in Russia
Princess Helen of Serbia (4 November 1884 – 16 October 1962) was the daughter of King Peter I of Yugoslavia and his wife Princess Zorka of Montenegro. She was the older sister of George, Crown Prince of Serbia and Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Helen was also a niece of Anastasia of Montenegro, or Stana, wife of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia, and of Milica of Montenegro. They were the women who introduced Grigori Rasputin to Tsarina Alexandra. She was born as Princess Jelena of Serbia. Her mother died when she was younger, so she was brought up mostly by her aunts. After she was married, she was known as Elena Petrovna, Jelena Petrovna, Hélène Petrovna or Ellen Petrovna. Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia liked her very much. After the Imperial family died, she was questioned about Anastasia Nikolaevna. When she was put in prison for a short time at Perm in 1918, she said that a guard took a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked her if the girl was the Tsar's daughter. When she did not recognize the girl, the guard took her away.

References 

1884 births
1962 deaths
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Princes and princesses