cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pederpes is an extinct genus of early Carboniferous tetrapod, dating from the lower Mississippian, 359–345 million years ago (mya). Pederpes contains one species, P. finneyae, 1 m long. A single fossil was found in East Kirton quarry, West Lothian, Scotland, in early Carboniferous rocks. It is the first (and only) known near-complete skeleton of a tetrapod from the earliest Carboniferous. It lacks only the tail and some digits.

Pederpes had a large, somewhat triangular head, similar to that of later American Whatcheeria. This specimen shows the earliest example of a foot adapted for walking on land.  The feet look like the feet of later, more terrestrially adapted Carboniferous forms. Pederpes is therefore the earliest known tetrapod that walked on land.

It fits in the middle of the a gap in the fossil record which separates the aquatic Devonian tetrapods from the terrestrial ones of the mid-Carboniferous.

Discovery and classification 
Pederpes was discovered in 1971 in central Scotland and classified as a lobe-finned fish. The type specimen was a nearly complete, articulated skeleton (bones still connected). Only the tail and some bones of the skull and limbs were missing. It was not until 2002 that Jennifer Clack named and reclassified the fossil as a primitive tetrapod.

Pederpes is of uncertain relationship to other tetrapod families. While undoubtedly amphibian in life mode, Pederpes is not considered an amphibian in the meaning of modern amphibians. It is a very basal (primitive) tetrapod.

Pederpes is an important fossil because it comes from the period of time known as Romer's gap, a 20 million year gap in the sequence of tetrapod fossils. It is therefore a transitional fossil, and gives biologists rare information about the development of tetrapods in a time when terrestrial life was scarce.

Anatomy and lifestyle 
Pederpes was 1 metre long, estimating the tail as one-third of the body length. This is average-sized for an early tetrapod.

The shape of the skull and the fact that the feet face forward rather than outward. This shows that Pederpes was well adapted to life on land. It is the earliest known fully terrestrial animal, although the structure of the ear shows that its hearing was still much more functional underwater than on land. It may have spent much of its time in the water and could have hunted there.

The narrow skull suggests that Pederpes breathed by inhaling with a muscular action like most modern tetrapods, rather than by pumping air into the lungs with a throat pouch the way modern amphibians usually do.

References 

Stem tetrapods
Fossils
Yolanda Saldívar (born September 19, 1960) is an American murderer. She was convicted of Selena's murder in March 1995. Saldívar is currently serving a life sentence in a Texas jail. She will be eligible for parole in 2025.

Saldívar was a registered nurse who  met with Selena after a concert in 1991. They became friends quickly and Selena offered her a job as her fan club's president and another job, at her boutique (Selena Etc.)

On March 31, 1995, Saldívar and Selena met at a hotel room in Corpus Christi, Texas. Selena was there to get some missing documents that Saldívar stole from her. Saldívar claimed she was raped and needed Selena's help. Selena drove Saldívar to the hospital where doctors told Selena that Saldívar was not raped. They drove back to the hotel. Selena asked for the documents one last time. When Selena went to close the door, Saldivar took a gun from her purse and held Selena at gunpoint. In order to stop her from closing the door, she pulled the trigger and shot Selena in the back. Selena ran to the hotel lobby where she fell. Staff called 9-1-1. Selena was taken to a local hospital, but was declared dead. Saldivar went to her pickup truck and threatened suicide, but gave herself up after nine hours.

Saldívar's trial for the murder of Selena was followed by the Hispanic community in the United States. She was convicted and sentenced to life in prison soon after. It is believed that Saldívar will never leave prison in her lifetime because of the impact of her crime and the many death threats she has received if she were to ever make parole in 2025

In popular culture
Saldívar was portrayed by Lupe Ontiveros in the movie Selena, and by Natasha Perez in the Netflix original series ''Selena: The Series.

References 

1960 births
Living people
American people convicted of murder
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Criminals from Texas
Selena
Univisión is one of the largest Hispanic television channels in the United States.

It was founded by the largest media company in Mexico (now known as Grupo Televisa) as a means to spread Spanish programming in the United States. Univision has grown to be the largest Spanish-language media outlet in the U.S.  Its daily news program Noticiero Univisión, co-anchored by Jorge Ramos and María Elena Salinas, has in several occasions outdone (in number of ratings) major English-language network evening news programming such as CBS, NBC, and ABC's World News Tonight.

Univisión and Telemundo USA have been competing for the top spot among Hispanic viewers for many years, often imitating each other's programming.

Univisión headquarters are based in Los Angeles, although much of its programming is filmed in Miami. Among its shows are El Show De Cristina (talkshow hosted by Cristina Saralegui), Don Francisco's Sábado Gigante, Despierta América (morning show), Primer Impacto (newsmagazine), Aquí y Ahora (premier investigative nightly newsmagazine),  and Noticiero Univisión (news program conducted by Jorge Ramos and Maria Elena Salinas).

In 2013, Univision and ABC News announced that they were to become partners and will form a new channel called Fusion. Fusion will show English news for Hispanic audiences. The channel began broadcasting on October 28, 2013.

Other websites and sources
Official viewer website, in Spanish
Official corporate website , in English
Univision , from the Museum of Broadcast Communications website
Univision Blows Competition Away with Explosive February Sweep Results , a March 2005 press release

Companies based in California
Lake Jackson is a city in Brazoria County, Texas.  As of a 2006 U.S. Census Bureau the city population was 27,614.

Lake Jackson is named after an oxbow lake of the same name. The city is the birthplace of famous Tejano superstar, Selena, rock musician Casey McPherson, and hometown of country music singers Cole Deggs and Shade Deggs of the group Cole Deggs & The Lonesome. The city has also long been the hometown of Ron Paul, the Congressman who represents Texas' 14th Congressional District.

Other websites
 Lake Jackson's Official Web Site
 Brazosport College's Official Web Site
 Brazosport Center for the Arts & Sciences Web Site
 Rep. Ron Paul, House of Representatives Web Site 

Cities in Texas
The Quinceañera is a young Latina woman's celebration of her fifteenth birthday, which is celebrated in a specific and different way from her other birthdays. It is the same as the English version of a Sweet Sixteen.

The celebration begins with a Thanksgiving Mass, in which the quinceañera arrives in formal dress, accompanied by her parents, godparents, seven maids of honor and seven chamberlains. After the Mass, the younger sisters, female cousins and friends of the quinceañera pass out party favors, and the quinceañera leaves her bouquet in an altar to the Virgin Mary. The Mass is followed by a party at either the quinceañera's home or in a banquet hall rented for the occasion.

References

Birthdays
A high school diploma is awarded for anyone who completed their high school credits. In the United States, it is considered the minimum education required for government jobs and higher education.

Related pages
General Educational Development

Education in Canada
Education in the United States
The American School of Correspondence is an American distance education high school in Lansing, Illinois. It was founded in 1897, and is accredited. The school has about 50,000 students.  The American School offers its own high school diploma.

The school was in the Hyde Park, Chicago, neighborhood from 1912 to 1996. Then it moved to south suburban Lansing.

Program
The American School is a non-public secondary school and offers its own diploma. It is not a GED program. High school students can complete four years' worth of credits at their own pace, often taking less time than in a traditional high school. All exams in the more than 70 courses offered are hand graded by a qualified staff of full-time and part-time instructors. Additionally, the school works with thousands of public, private, and parochial schools throughout the United States to offer distance learning courses to students who have fallen behind in credits, or are working at a faster rate. The credits for these correspondence courses are then transferred to the student's high school.

Notable alumni
Selena
Jessica Alba
Tiffany Evans
The Everly Brothers
Marie Osmond
Donny Osmond
Christopher Paolini
Andre Agassi
Bob Feller
Anna Kournikova
Travis Pastrana
Mary Pierce
Deanna Stellato
Shulamit Ran
Jamie Wyeth
Sho Yano
Ellen Muth

References

Other websites
Official website

Schools in the United States
1897 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Illinois
Rick Trevino (born on June 15, 1971 in Houston, Texas) is a Mexican-American country music singer.  His first country music hit was in 1993 with "Just Enough Rope" from his self-titled second album. This was followed with "Honky Tonk Crowd," "She Can't Say I Didn't Cry," "Doctor Time," and "Bobbie Ann Mason." He has also charted with "Learning as You Go," "Runnin' Out of Reasons to Run," and "I Only Get This Way With You."

Rick has played with Tejano greats such as Freddie Fender and Flaco Jiminez, and was a member of the band, Los Super 7. His upcoming album includes the track "Better in Texas".

References

Other websites
Rick Trevino Official Website

Mexican singers
Singers from Houston, Texas
1971 births
Living people
SBK Records is a record label started in the late 1980s. It was a sub-division of EMI Records.

Stephen Swid, Martin Bandier and Charles Koppelman formed the production company for a reported $295 million. The label had several hits with Vanilla Ice, Jon Secada, Wilson Phillips, Technotronic and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. 

SBK Records shut down in 1995 after the murder of Selena. SBK Records signed her for a crossover deal.

Related pages
List of record labels

Record labels
Álvaro Germán Ibarra Torres (born April 9, 1954) is a Salvadoran singer-songwriter. He is known for singing a duet with American singer Selena for the song "Buenos Amigos" in 1991. The song peaked at number-one on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart.

Discography
 Algo Especial (1976)
 Acarícame (1977)
 Qué Lástima (1978)
 De Qué Me Sirve Quererte (1979)
 Ángel de Ternura (1981)
 Cómo Cualquier Poeta (1983)
 Sin Cádenas (1984)
 Tres (1986)
 Más Romántico Que Nadie (1987)
 15 Romantiquísismas (1988)
 Si Estuvieras Conmigo (1990)
 Yo... Romántico (1991)
 Nada Se Compara Contigo (1991)
 Homenaje a México (1992)
 20 Éxitos Románticos (1993)
 Amor del Alma (1993)
 Los Grandes Éxitos de Álvaro Torres y José Luis Perales (1993)
 Reencuentro (1995)
 En Busca Del Amor (1996)
 Éxitos y Recuerdos (1996)
 Mis Mejores Canciones 12 Súper Éxitos (1996)
 Ángel de Ternura (1997)
 El Último Romántico (1998)
 30 Éxitos Insuperables (1999)
 Solo Para Enamorados (2000)
 Amante de la Vida (2000)
 Solo lo Mejor 20 Éxitos 1 (2001)
 Latín Classics (2002)
 Mal Acostumbrado (2002)
 Solo lo Mejor 20 Éxitos (2002)
 Para Coleccionistas Edición Límitada (2003)
 3 Momentos de Colección (2004)
 15 Canciones de Colección (2004)
 Románticos por Siempre. Álvaro Torres y José Feliciano (2004)
 Colección Inmortal (2005)
 Álvaro Torres intepreta a Juan Gabriel en Bolero (2005)
 30 del Recuerdo (2006)
 Lo Esencial de Álvaro Torres (2006)
 Colección Suprema (2007)
 Lo Nuevo y Lo Mejor (2007)
 Sería Verte (2007)
 Éxitos (2008)
 Éxitos Inolvidables (2008)
 Muy Personal (2009)
 Noche de Romance (2009)
 10 Grandes Éxitos (2012)
 Canciones en Color Sepia (2012)
 Romances (2013)
 Sería Perfecto (Single) (2013)
 Cuando Te Hago Mía (Single) (2014)
 Otra Vida (2014)

References

Other websites
 Sitio Oficial - Alvaro Torres 

1954 births
Living people
Latin singers
Salvadoran writers
Singer-songwriters
Lo Nuestro is an awards show for Latin music. It is produced by television network Univision. The awards began in 1989. Artists with awards are Celia Cruz, Gloria Estefan, Juan Gabriel, Juanes, Luis Miguel, Maná,  RBD, Selena, Shakira and Thalía. 

The artist with the most Premios Lo Nuestro awards is Puerto Rican singer Olga Tañón.

Premio Lo Nuestro host cities

Premio Lo Nuestro a la Excelencia
In addition to categories for different genres of music, the honors include "Premio Lo Nuestro a la Excelencia", (literally, The "Ours" award for Excellence), a career or lifetime achievement award. The following list are past years recipients.

1990: Celia Cruz
1991: Juan Gabriel and Plácido Domingo
1992: Gloria Estefan
1993: Armando Manzanero
1994: Emilio Estefan
1995: Julio Iglesias
1996: Marco Antonio Solís
1997: Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán
1998: Los Panchos
1999: Los Tigres del Norte
2000: Antonio Aguilar
2001: Joan Sebastian

2002: José José
2003: Luis Miguel
2004: Ricky Martin
2005: Los Temerarios
2006: Ana Gabriel
2007: Juan Luis Guerra
2008: Vicente Fernández
2009: Emmanuel
2010: Chayanne
2011: Maná
2012: Pepe Aguilar

Other websites
Official website

Music awards
Broadcast Music Incorporated or BMI is an organization to protect music rights in the communications business.  It was founded by ASCAP, who were boycotting radio at the time (1944). Both BMI and ASCAP, as well as other organizations like SESAC monitor performances of the music to which they control the rights. BMI has historically been more open to composers of rock and roll,  jazz, folk music, blues, and country music who sing and play their own music.

In 2013, BMI made $944 million and gave $814 million to its songwriters.

Further reading 
 Choquette, Frederic, "The Returned Value of PROs", Music Business Journal, Berklee College of Music, May 2011

References

Other websites
Searchable repertoire of BMI licensed material 
BMI article @ answers.com, better history

Music industry
Don Juan DeMarco is a 1995 movie starring Johnny Depp. It was released to theaters by Warner Bros.

Plot 
John Arnold DeMarco (Johnny Depp) believes himself to be Don Juan, the greatest lover in the world. Clad in a cape and eye-mask, he undergoes psychiatric treatment with Marlon Brando's character to cure him of his apparent disillusionment with his identity. But the psychiatric sessions have an unexpected effect on his psychiatrist, whose relationship with his wife, played by Faye Dunaway, is also affected.

Music 
Selena made a brief cameo appearance as a Mariachi singer. A hit single for Bryan Adams, "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?", is the cornerstone of the soundtrack.

Cast
 Johnny Depp as John Arnold DeMarco/Don Juan
 Marlon Brando as Dr. Jack Mickler
 Faye Dunaway as Marilyn Mickler
 Géraldine Pailhas as Doña Ana
 Franc Luz as Don Antonio
 Bob Dishy as Dr. Paul Showalter
 Rachel Ticotin as Doña Inez
 Talisa Soto as Doña Julia
 'Tiny' Lister, Jr. as Rocco Compton
 Richard C. Sarafin as Detective Sy Tobias
 Tresa Hughes as Grandma DeMarco
 Stephen Singer as Dr. Bill Dunmore
 Selena as Mariachi singer

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 Movie stills
 Roger Ebert Review 

1995 comedy movies
1995 drama movies
1995 romance movies
English-language movies
Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada, is famous for its fossils dating to the Pennsylvanian 'Coal Age' of Earth history. On July 7, 2008 a 15 km length of the coast comprising the Joggins Fossil Cliffs was officially inscribed on the World Heritage List.

The dating of this site has been debated, with dates from 320 million years ago (mya) to 305 mya being suggested.p39 It is now settled as 314.5–313.4 mya +/- 1.1 million years.p40

Joggins Fossil Cliffs
The dramatic coastal exposure of the Coal Age rocks, known as the Joggins Fossil Cliffs, are continually hewn and freshly exposed by the actions of the tides in the Cumberland Basin. Geologists were first attracted to this locality in the late 1820s. A little later, the first student party studied Joggins in 1835

However, the true fame of Joggins dates from the visits in 1842 and 1852 by Charles Lyell, the founder of modern geology and author of Principles of Geology. In his Elements of Geology (1871), Lyell called the Joggins exposure of Coal Age rocks and fossils "the finest example in the world". The fossil record at Joggins figures in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, and played a role in the 1860 Oxford evolution debate between Thomas Huxley and Bishop Wilberforce.
"Mssrs. Lyell and Dawson found carboniferous beds 1400 feet thick in Nova Scotia, with ancient root-bearing strata, one above the other, at no less than 68 different levels..." Charles Darwin 1859. On the Origin of Species, p296.

Much of the early work to document the fossil record at Joggins was by Nova Scotian geologist William Dawson (1820–1899), who had a close personal and working relationship with his friend and mentor Charles Lyell. Much of Dawson's collection is in the Redpath Museum of McGill University.

In 1852 Lyell and Dawson made a celebrated discovery of tetrapod fossils entombed within an upright tree at Coal Mine Point. Subsequent investigations by Dawson led to the discovery of one of the most important fossils in the history of science, Hylonomus lyelli, which remains the earliest known reptile in the history of life, but not the earliest known amniote. In 2002, Hylonomus lyelli was named the provincial fossil of Nova Scotia.

Trackways are preserved at the Joggins Fossil Cliffs. The tree-like lycopod Sigillaria is preserved in situ.

Recent work 
There has been a surge in interest in Joggins over the past 20 years. A thesis by Mike Rygel significantly advanced understanding of the site's history, stratigraphy, sedimentology and biota after the century of neglect which followed Dawson's death in 1899.

Important fossil 
A vital early tetrapod fossil has been found here, the earliest synapsid, Protoclepsydrops, which is actually earlier than Hylonomus.

World Heritage Site
In 2007, a 15 km length of the coast comprising the Joggins Fossil Cliffs was nominated by Canada to UNESCO as a natural World Heritage Site. It was officially inscribed on the World Heritage List in on July 7, 2008.

References

World Heritage Sites in Canada
Nova Scotia
Lagerstätten
Joshua David "Josh" Duhamel (born November 14, 1972) is an American actor and former fashion model. He is well known for his role in the movie Transformers.  From 2009 to 2017, he was married to singer Fergie.

Early life
Duhamel was born in Minot, North Dakota. His mother, Bonnie L. Kemper, is a massage therapist, and his father, Larry Duhamel, is an advertising salesman. He is of French-Canadian, Irish, English, German, and Norwegian ancestry. Duhamel was raised Catholic.

Personal life 
Duhamel married singer Fergie on January 10, 2009.  Their son, Axl Jack Duhamel, was born on August 29, 2013.  In September 2017, the pair announced their divorce.

Notes

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 
 

1972 births
Living people
Models from North Dakota
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American Roman Catholics
Actors from North Dakota
Musicians from North Dakota
People from Minot, North Dakota
Tetrapodomorpha is a clade of vertebrates. It is a clade of the Sarcopterygii which includes tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates) and their closest relatives. Tetrapodomorpha is part of Rhipidistia. 

Advanced transitional fossils between fish and the early labyrinthodonts, like Tiktaalik, are informally called 'fishapods' by their discoverers. They are half-fish half-tetrapods, in appearance and limb morphology. 

Tetrapodomorpha contains 
 the stem group tetrapoda, extinct fossil relatives of the crown group. This is a paraphyletic unit covering the fish to tetrapod transition. Tetrapodomorpha contains several groups of related lobe-finned fishes, collectively known as the osteolepiforms. 
 the crown group tetrapods, the last common ancestor of living tetrapods and all of its descendants.   

Among the characters defining tetrapodomorphs are modifications to the fins, notably a humerus with convex head articulating with the glenoid fossa (the socket of the shoulder joint).

Tetrapodomorph fossils are known from the early Devonian onwards, and include Eusthenopteron, Osteolepis, Panderichthys, Tiktaalik, Ventastega and Kenichthys.

The fossils of the early Mississippian, Pederpes and Whatcheeria are regarded as early tetrapods whose relationships are not yet clear.

Related pages 
Tetrapod

Lobe-finned fish
Tetrapods
The National League A is a professional ice hockey league in Switzerland. Before the 2007-08 season, it was known as the Nationalliga A.

Current teams

Past champions
2014 - ZSC Lions
2013 - SC Bern
2012 - ZSC Lions
2011 - HC Davos
2010 - SC Bern
2009 - HC Davos
2008 - ZSC Lions
2007 - HC Davos
2006 - HC Lugano
2005 - HC Davos
2004 - SC Bern
2003 - HC Lugano
2002 - HC Davos
2001 - ZSC Lions
2000 - ZSC Lions
1999 - HC Lugano
1998 - EV Zug
1997 - SC Bern
1996 - Kloten Flyers
1995 - Kloten Flyers
1994 - Kloten Flyers
1993 - Kloten Flyers
1992 - SC Bern
1991 - SC Bern
1990 - HC Lugano
1989 - SC Bern
1988 - HC Lugano
1987 - HC Lugano
1986 - HC Lugano
1985 - HC Davos
1984 - HC Davos
1983 - EHC Biel
1982 - EHC Arosa
1981 - EHC Biel
1980 - EHC Arosa
1979 - SC Bern
1978 - EHC Biel
1977 - SC Bern
1976 - SCL Tigers
1975 - SC Bern
1974 - SC Bern
1973 - HC La Chaux-de-Fonds
1972 - HC La Chaux-de-Fonds
1971 - HC La Chaux-de-Fonds
1970 - HC La Chaux-de-Fonds
1969 - HC La Chaux-de-Fonds
1968 - HC La Chaux-de-Fonds
1967 - Kloten Flyers
1966 - Grasshopper-Club Zürich
1965 - SC Bern
1964 - HC Villars
1963 - HC Villars
1962 - EHC Visp
1961 - ZSC Lions
1960 - HC Davos
1959 - SC Bern
1958 - HC Davos
1957 - EHC Arosa
1956 - EHC Arosa
1955 - EHC Arosa
1954 - EHC Arosa
1953 - EHC Arosa
1952 - EHC Arosa
1951 - EHC Arosa
1950 - HC Davos
1949 - ZSC Lions
1948 - HC Davos
1947 - HC Davos
1946 - HC Davos
1945 - HC Davos
1944 - HC Davos
1943 - HC Davos
1942 - HC Davos
1941 - HC Davos
1940 - no winner
1939 - HC Davos
1938 - HC Davos

Swiss National Championship Serie A (1909-1937)
 1909: HC Bellerive Vevey
 1910: HC La Villa Lausanne
 1911: Club des Pâtineurs de Lausanne
 1912: HC Les Avants
 1913: HC Les Avants
 1914: not played
 1915: not played
 1916: HC Bern
 1917: HC Bern
 1918: HC Bern
 1919: HC Bellerive Vevey 
 1920: HC Bellerive Vevey 
 1921: HC Rosey-Gstaad 
 1922: EHC St. Moritz
 1923: EHC St. Moritz 
 1924: HC Château-d’Œx
 1925: HC Rosey-Gstaad
 1926: HC Davos
 1927: HC Davos
 1928: EHC St. Moritz
 1929: HC Davos
 1930: HC Davos
 1931: HC Davos
 1932: HC Davos
 1933: HC Davos
 1934: HC Davos
 1935: HC Davos
 1936: Zürcher SC
 1937: HC Davos

Swiss International Championship Serie A (1916-1933)
 1916: Akademischer EHC Zürich
 1917: HC Les Avants
 1918: HC Bellerive Vevey
 1919: HC Rosey Gstaad
 1920: HC Rosey Gstaad
 1921: HC Rosey Gstaad
 1922: HC Château-d’Œx
 1923: EHC St Moritz
 1924: HC Château-d’Œx
 1925: HC Rosey Gstaad
 1926: no winner
 1927: HC Davos
 1928: HC Rosey Gstaad
 1929: HC Davos
 1930: HC Davos
 1931: HC Davos
 1932: HC Davos
 1933: Grasshopper-Club Zürich

Other websites 
NLA official website 
Puck.ch 

Ice hockey leagues
The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as muscles, ligaments and tendons.  

The articulations (surfaces) between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. The shoulder joint is the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula, the head sitting in the glenoid fossa. The shoulder as a whole is the complete group of structures in the region of the joint.

There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. 

The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached.

The shoulder must be mobile enough for the wide range actions of the arms and hands, but also stable enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling.  The compromise between mobility and stability results in many shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip.

References 

Joints
The 1941–42 NHL season was the 25th season of the National Hockey League. Seven teams played 48 games each. The Toronto Maple Leafs would win the Stanley Cup defeating the Detroit Red Wings winning four straight after losing the first three in a best-of-seven series, a feat only repeated twice in NHL history as of the 2010 season.

Regular season

Final standings

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Leading goaltenders

Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts

Playoffs
Note: all dates in 1942

Playoff bracket

Quarter-finals
Boston Bruins vs. Chicago Black Hawks

Boston wins best-of-three series 2–1

Detroit Red Wings vs. Montreal Canadiens

Detroit wins best-of-three series 2–1

Semi-finals
New York Rangers vs. Toronto Maple Leafs

Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4–2

Boston Bruins vs. Detroit Red Wings

Detroit wins best-of-three series 2–0

Final

Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Detroit Red Wings

Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4–3

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References 
 Hockey Database
 NHL.com

1941 in North America
1942 in North America
Wilfred Edward Salty Owen MC (18 March 1893 – 4 November 1918) was an English poet and soldier, one of the leading poets of the First World War.

Owen was born in Shropshire, and had three siblings; two brothers and a sister.  When he was very small, the family moved to Birkenhead, where he went to school.  Later, he attended Shrewsbury Technical School.  Although he passed the exams necessary to go to university, he was unable to go because his parents could not afford the fees.  Before the war, he worked as an assistant to a vicar, and then went to France to teach English to the children of a French family.  About a year after war broke out, he joined the army as a junior officer, and was eventually sent back to France with the Manchester Regiment in 1916.

Conditions for troops on the Western Front were very harsh, and Owen suffered several bad experiences that led to him being considered unfit to continue fighting.  He was sent to Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh for treatment by a psychiatrist.  While there, he wrote poetry, and became editor of the hospital magazine, which was called The Hydra.  Soon afterwards, a better-known poet called Siegfried Sassoon arrived at the hospital as a patient, and the two became great friends.  Sassoon helped Owen to improve his writing, and introduced him to other writers and publishers.  Although Sassoon had made a public protest against the war, he quickly grew tired of life at the hospital, and went back to France to continue fighting.  In the meantime, Owen was given a job in the Northern Command Depot at Ripon, where he did not have to do any fighting.

When Owen was considered to be well enough to return to fighting, his friends were very worried about him.  He spent an afternoon with Siegfried Sassoon, who had been sent home after being seriously wounded; Sassoon tried to persuade Owen not to go back, but Owen had little choice.  He returned to France in July 1918.

Perhaps because he had previously been accused of being a coward, Owen was determined to show what a good soldier he could be.  On 1 October 1918 he led his men in an attack near the village of Joncourt, and his bravery was recognised by his being awarded the Military Cross.  However, shortly afterwards, while trying to cross the Sambre canal with his men, he was killed.  He died at the age of 25, only a week before the end of the war.

Owen never married, and is thought to have been homosexual, although there is no surviving evidence to prove this.

Poems

Two of his most famous poems are Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et decorum est, which borrows a phrase from Horace.

References 

1893 births
1918 deaths
British Army people
British military personnel of World War I
English LGBT people
English poets
LGBT military people
LGBT poets
Military people killed in World War I
People from Oswestry
Pop icon is a celebrity whose popularity stays the same or even increases as time goes by.

Most pop icons achieve their status through death, typically at a young age. The worship of pop icons is due only in part to their actual accomplishments. Some of the most notable pop icons are James Dean, Michael Jackson, John F. Kennedy and Marilyn Monroe. However, even celebrities who died old can become a pop icon like Elvis Presley.

Death nearly always increases the fame of a pop icon. Many people respect the dead. Others feel a close personal connection with the dead icon and want to remember the celebrity. Death also increases any value of all items that belonged to the pop icon.

Pop icons 

 ABBA
 Aerosmith
 Christina Aguilera
 Muhammad Ali
 The Beatles
 David Beckham
 Humphrey Bogart
 David Bowie
 Mariah Carey
 Charlie Chaplin
 James Dean
 Celine Dion
 Eminem
 Judy Garland
 Che Guevara
 Guns N' Roses
 Jimi Hendrix
 Audrey Hepburn
 Whitney Houston
 Janet Jackson
 Michael Jackson

 Elton John
 Beyoncé Knowles
 Led Zeppelin
 Bruce Lee
 Bob Marley
 George Michael
 Madonna
 Nelson Mandela
 Kylie Minogue
 Marilyn Monroe
 Elvis Presley
 Prince
 The Rolling Stones
 Frank Sinatra
 Britney Spears
 Selena
 Spice Girls
 Bruce Springsteen
 Usher
 Oprah Winfrey

Related pages
Cultural icon

References

Further reading 
 
Cullen, Jim, ed (2001). Popular Culture in American History. UK: Blackwell Publishing. .

Culture
Donna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 – May 17, 2012), known by her stage name Donna Summer, was an American singer-songwriter. She was an African American Christian who was born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts. She became famous during the disco era in the 1970s and became a pop icon. She died of lung cancer in Englewood, Florida. In 1982 she released a single with Michael Jackson, Lionel Richie, and Stevie Wonder called "State of Independence".  She became known for songs like "Hot Stuff", "Last Dance", and "She Works Hard for the Money".

In 1974, Summer married Helmuth Sommer (which led to her stage name Summer) but divorced him two years later.  She married Bruce Sudano in 1990 and had two children with him.

Discography
Studio albums
 Lady of the Night (1974)
 Love to Love You Baby (1975)
 A Love Trilogy (1976)
 Four Seasons of Love (1976)
 I Remember Yesterday (1977)
 Once Upon A Time (1977)
 Bad Girls (1979)
 The Wanderer (1980)
 I'm a Rainbow (1981)
 Donna Summer (1982)
 She Works Hard for the Money (1983)
 Cat Without Claws (1984)
 All Systems Go (1987)
 Another Place and Time (1989)
 Mistaken Identity (1991)
 Christmas Spirit (1994)
 Crayons (2008)

References

Other websites 

1948 births
2012 deaths
African American musicians
American Christians 
American R&B singers
American singer-songwriters
Cancer deaths in Florida
Deaths from lung cancer
Disco
Grammy Award winners
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
Singers from Boston, Massachusetts
People from Naples, Florida
Life imprisonment is a term used for a sentence of imprisonment. The effect of such a sentence is different in each jurisdiction. Life in prison is known by others as a humane alternative to the death penalty for the most serious crimes such as murder, terrorism, etc.

Other websites 
 International perspectives on life imprisonment 

Punishments
Imprisonment and detention
People en Espanol is a Spanish-language magazine published by Time Warner, Inc. that debuted in 1996 out of the success of the Selena tribute issue. As of 2006, it was the Spanish-language magazine of largest readership in the United States, reaching 4.2 million readers with each issue.

Notes

Other websites
 People en Español Official site
 People en Español Media Kit 

Magazines
The American Bank Center is a Convention Center and 8,156-seat arena in Corpus Christi, Texas. The centre is host to many conventions, concerts, performances, and sporting events. The arena is home to the Corpus Christi Rayz ice hockey team, as well as the Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi Islanders men's and women's basketball teams. As well as the convention facilities and arena, the American Bank Center also features the Selena Auditorium, named after Selena. The American Bank Center is in Corpus Christi's Bayfront Arts and Science Park.

Other websites
americanbankcenter.com
Centerplate
SMG

Entertainment venues
Sports buildings in Texas
Corpus Christi, Texas
Convention and exhibition centers in the United States
Selena Forever is a musical. It is about American singer Selena's life. It stars Veronica Vazquez as "Selena". The musical is based on the movie Selena.

Musical numbers

Act I
 "A New Show's About to Begin" - Selena and Ensemble
 "The Ballad of Selena" - Los Sueños Del Pueblo
 "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" - Young Selena
 "Simply Me" - Young Selena
 "Blue Moon Memories" - Abraham 
 "Abraham’s Dream" - Abraham, Marcella
 "Como La Flor" - Adult Selena
 "Papa Gayo’s" - Los Sueños Del Pueblo
 "Blue Moon" - Young Selena
 "Abraham’s Dream" (Reprise) - Abraham
 "Living On A Bus" (Medley) - Marcella and Company
 "Dame Un Beso" - Selena y Los Dinos
 "La Bamba" - Selena y Los Dinos
 "Guitar Solo" - Chris
 "Baila Esta Cumbia" - Selena y Los Dinos
 "I’ve Grown Up, Daddy" - Selena and Company
 "Somebody Special" - Suzette, Los Sueños Del Pueblo
 "Pizza & Coke" - Selena
 "Wanting a Dream" - A.B., Los Sueños Del Pueblo
 "My Daughter Wants to Be Just Like Selena" - Mothers
 "Techno Cumbia" - Daughters
 "Amor Prohibido" - Selena y Los Dinos
 "Como La Flor" - Selena y Los Dinos

Act II
 "God's Child (Baila Conmigo)" - Selena and Los Suenos Del Pueblo 
 "Just Be Yourself, Selena" - Marcella, Suzette
 "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" - Selena y Los Dinos
 "La Carcacha" - Selena y Los Dinos
 "To Him She’s a Woman" - Marcella
 "A New Contract" - A.B., Los Sueños Del Pueblo
 "Missing My Baby" - Selena y Los Dinos
 "Meet Me In Corpus Christi" - Chris
 "Tomorrow and Forever" - Chris, Selena
 "You’re Gonna Die Today, Brother" - A.B., Friends
 "Amame, Quiereme" - Suzette, Billy, Chorus
 "If Tomorrow" - Abraham
 "Dress Like Selena" - Suzette
 "The Fan Club/I Will Survive" - Los Sueños Del Pueblo and Selena
 "I Could Fall In Love" - Selena
 "The Fan Club" (Reprise) - Los Sueños Del Pueblo 
 "Letters to Selena" - Women
 "The Next Morning" - Jose Behar
 "Dreaming of You" - Selena
 "Finale" - Company

Other websites
 Selena Forever Official Website 

Selena
2000s musicals
Musicals based on movies
The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي امارت, Da Afġānistān Islāmī Amārāt) is an Islamic state governed by the Taliban that is the de facto current government of Afghanistan since 2021, has also ruled the country from 1996 to 2001.

Between 1996 and 2001, it controlled approximately 90% of the country as an insurgency, whereas remaining regions in the northeast were held by the Northern Alliance, which maintained broad international recognition as a continuation of the Islamic State of Afghanistan. After the September 11 attacks and subsequent declaration of a "War on Terrorism" by the United States, international opposition to the regime drastically increased, with diplomatic recognition from the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan being rescinded.

The Islamic Emirate was overthrown by the Northern Alliance on 17 December 2001, which had been bolstered by the ISAF coalition established after a U.S.-led invasion of the country two months prior. The Taliban has continued to refer to itself as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in official communications from 2001 until 2021.

During the 2021 Taliban offensive, the Islamic Emirate regained effective control of the governance of Afghanistan following the Fall of Kabul on 15 August 2021.

Related pages

Cabinet of Afghanistan
IEA

References

History of Afghanistan
A Palestinian Jew is a Jewish inhabitant of Palestine (or Land of Israel) at various points in the region's history (see Dispute over usage of the term below). Jews in Palestine prior to the establishment of the State of Israel are more commonly referred to as "Yishuv" (Jewish Community). A distinction is drawn between the "Old Yishuv," that is, the pre-existing Jews in the land of Israel, and the "New Yishuv," that is, the newly-arrived Jewish immigrants after the First Aliyah in 1881.  After the modern State of Israel was born in 1948, native Jews in Palestine became citizens of Israel, and the term "Palestinian Jews" largely fell into disuse.

Palestinian culture
Judaism
The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is  a large bird. It lives in wet places such as in swamps and shallow lakes. It can be found from southeastern Europe to Pakistan and China.

It is the largest member of the pelican family. The average length is  170–190 cm (67-75 inches) The average weight is 11–15 kg (24-33 lbs). The wings are around 3 m (10 ft) across. It is the world's heaviest flying bird on average. However, sometimes a few birds from another species may also be as large or larger.

References

Pelecaniformes
The Lophotrochozoa ("crest-bearing animals") are a group of animals above the level of phylum. It is not part of the usual system of classification. They were recently discovered through molecular phylogeny. They include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida.

Groups 
The Lophotrochozoa comprise two groups, the trochozoans and the Lophophorata. The exact relationships between the different phyla are not entirely certain.  However, it seems that neither the lophophorates nor the trochozoa are monophyletic groups by themselves, but are mixed together.

 Trochozoans produce trochophore larvae, which have two bands of cilia around their middle. The Trochozoa include the Nemertea, Mollusca, Sipuncula, Echiura and Annelida.

 The Lophophorata are united by the presence of a lophophore, a fan of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth. Some authors considered them deuterostomes, before RNA trees placed them together with the trochozoans. The Lophophorata include the Bryozoa, Phoronida, and Brachiopoda.

Other phyla are included on the basis of molecular data.

References 

Groups of phyla
French food has influenced the style of cooking throughout Europe, and its chefs work in restaurants throughout the world.

The roots of modern haute cuisine lie in chefs like La Varenne (1615–1678) and the notable chef of Napoleon, Marie-Antoine Carême (1784–1833). These chefs developed a lighter style of food compared to the food of the Middle Ages. They used fewer spices, and more herbs and creamy ingredients.

Typical ingredients like roux and fish stock, and techniques such as marinading, and dishes such as ragout, were invented. Carême was an expert pâtissier (pastry-maker), and this is still a mark of French cooking. He developed basic sauces, his 'mother sauces'; he had over a hundred sauces in his repertoire, based on the half-dozen mother sauces.

French cooking was introduced in the 20th century by Georges Auguste Escoffier (1846–1935). He was a genius at organisation. He worked out how to run large restaurants, as in a big hotel or a palace: how the staff should be organised; how the menu was prepared. He had methods for everything. Escoffier managed the restaurants and cuisine at the Savoy Hotel and Carlton Hotel in London, the Hôtel Ritz Paris, and some of the greatest cruise ships of the day.

Escoffier's other main contribution was the publication of Le Guide Culinaire in 1903, which spread the understanding of French cookery. However, Escoffier left out much of the culinary character to be found in the regions of France.

Gastro-tourism and the Guide Michelin helped to acquaint people with the rich bourgeois and peasant cuisine of the French countryside in the 20th century. Gascon cuisine has also had great influence over the cuisine in the southwest of France. Many dishes that were once regional have proliferated in variations across the country. Cheese and wine are a major part of the cuisine, playing different roles regionally and nationally. In the north of France, people often prefer to use butter to cook. In the south, they prefer olive oil and garlic. In France, each region has its own special dish; choucroute in Alsace, quiche in Lorraine, cassoulet in the Languedoc-Roussillon, tapenade in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, bouillabaisse in Marseille.

In November 2010, French gastronomy was added by UNESCO to its lists of the world's 'intangible cultural heritage'.

References 

 
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
The Doom engine, sometimes called ID Tech 1, is the computer code behind the video game Doom. It is also used by several other games, including Doom 2 (but not Doom 3, which has its own engine). Heavily modified versions of the Doom engine are used in Heretic, Hexen, and Strife.

The Doom engine uses a technique called binary space partitioning to represent 3D levels in a way that a computer can process quickly. It is written mostly in C. The source code has been released for free under the GNU General Public License. Many Doom fans have made their own modified versions called source ports. Source ports often add new features and fix problems in the original engine. Popular source ports include Boom, PrBoom, PrBoom+, Zdoom, and Chocolate Doom.

The Doom engine represents levels internally using structures called linedefs, sidedefs, sectors, verticies, and things (meaning monsters, items, decorations, etc.). The doom engine reads levels and other data from a file called a WAD.

The Doom engine renders levels entirely on the CPU, not the video card, as most video cards at the time (1993) did not have 3D acceleration. This required very efficient algorithms to make the game work on the slow computers of the time.

The Doom engine has been made available for more types of computers than any other first person shooter engine. It is easy for a programmer to make it work on a new type of computer because it is written in C and it uses very few system resources, allowing it to run on handheld computers and computers without a 3D accelerator.

Video game technology
The Oriental darter or Indian darter (Anhinga melanogaster), sometimes called snakebird, is a water bird of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Pelecaniformes
Birds of Asia
IUCN Red List near threatened species
Aestivation, spelled estivation in the US, is one way an animal can go dormant, which is like being asleep.

Aestivation is similar to hibernation, but the animal does it when it is hot instead of when it is cold. The animals stops moving and it sbody uses much less energy (food). The animal does this when the temperature is high and the weather is dry. Lungfish have been doing this since the Devonian period millions of years ago. Many animals aestivate, including the Nile crocodile, many snails, and lady beetles.

Invertebrate and vertebrate animals aestivate so they do not die from the heat or from drying out. Both land- and water-living animals can do aestivation.

Related pages 
 Torpor
 Dormancy
 Hibernation

Notes 

Physiology
A wedding officiant is a person who is allowed by the government to perform weddings. This person may be a civil servant, or they may hold a religious position (for example, a priest or a rabbi). In some countries, certain religious officials are automatically allowed to perform weddings. In other countries, they must first ask permission from the government. 

Wedding officiants who work for the government must often follow special rules, that others do not have to follow. For example, the government might not allow them to refuse to perform a wedding, if the people who want to get married are allowed to by the law. 

Some countries allow anyone, not just civil servants or religious officials, to become wedding officiants temporarily. A temporary wedding officiant is usually allowed to carry out only one specific wedding that they asked permission for. If they want to perform another one, they have to ask the government for permission again. 

Law
Marriage
The masked booby, Sula dactylatra, is a large seabird of the booby family, Sulidae.

These birds often fight each other for certain types of fish. Many adults will create a flock of their own to take down a school of fish but many boobies hunt alone so their catch is not stolen by the other birds in the area.

They are often mistaken for the common seagull due to the primary white color on its feathers.

Breeding
The masked booby nests in small colonies. It lays two chalky white eggs on sandy beaches in shallow depressions, which are incubated by both adults for 45 days. 

In most cases, the first chick will kill its smaller, weaker sibling after it hatches.  Siblicide is what it is called. Research shows that the boobies can feed two chicks, but they do so at a cost to health and future reproductive success.

Compared to other species of boobies such as the blue-footed booby, siblicide always happens in the masked booby. One reason is because the masked boobies build very shallow flat nests, so older chicks can expel their younger siblings with relative ease. Blue-footed booby parents, meanwhile, build nests with steeper sides, thus preventing some older chicks from engaging in siblicidal behaviour.

References 

Seabirds
The pygmy cormorant (Microcarbo pygmaeus) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds.

Cormorants
Pelecaniformes
A biographical film or biopic is a movie about a particular person or group of people, based on events that actually happened. These may present the events as they actually happened, or may stretch and adjust the truth for other purposes.

Biographical movies often single out the most important events of the lives involved to focus on. They may also cross over between genres, such as drama, comedy and action.
The grey heron (Ardea cinerea) is a bird that lives in temperate parts of Europe, Asia and also parts of Africa. It has long legs and walks through shallow water looking for food. The bird's scientific name is Ardea cinerea.

The heron is intelligent, and can catch prey so large it can only swallow them with difficulty. Here a green heron uses bread as a bait for fish: YouTube Video

Pelecaniformes
The Goliath heron (Ardea goliath) is a large wading bird of the heron family Ardeidae. It is found in sub-Saharan Africa, with smaller numbers in Southwest Asia and South Asia.

Pelecaniformes
The purple heron (Ardea purpurea) is a kind of bird. It has long legs and walk through shallow water looking for food. The purple heron breeds in Africa, central and southern Europe, and southern and eastern Asia.

Pelecaniformes
The striated heron (Butorides striata) also known as mangrove heron, little heron or green-backed heron, is a small heron.

Pelecaniformes
A nauplius (plural: nauplii) is the first larval form of most crustacea. It develops from the egg, and may be followed by later stages before the adult form is reached. In some groups there can be as many as nine larval stages. Sometimes the nauplius stage is passed through in the egg, and then a later stage emerges from the egg.

References 

Crustaceans
Developmental biology

de:Nauplios