cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Paul William Walker IV (September 12, 1973 – November 30, 2013) was an American actor and philanthropist. He is best known for portraying Brian O'Conner in The Fast and the Furious film series. The first movie that he acted in was Monster in the Closet where he portrayed "Professor" Bennett. Before he died, he appeared on the National Geographic Channel series Expedition Great White.

Walker died in a car crash on November 30, 2013 at the age of 40.

Early life
Walker was born in Glendale, California. His parents were Cheryl (née Crabtree), a fashion model, and Paul William Walker III, a sewer contractor and a fighter who was a two-time Golden Gloves champion,  He had English ancestry, with a smaller amount of German, and possible Irish ancestry. His paternal grandfather, a professional boxer, had English immigrant grandparents. One of his grandfathers raced factory cars for Ford in the 1960s. He was the oldest of five siblings. Walker was raised primarily in the Sunland community of Los Angeles and attended high school in the San Fernando Valley, graduating from Sun Valley's Village Christian School in 1991. He was raised as a member of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.  After high school, Walker attended several community colleges in Southern California, majoring in marine biology.

Death
On the afternoon of November 30, 2013, it was reported that Walker was the passenger in a friend's car when the driver lost control and crashed into a tree. The car exploded and burst into flames, killing both Walker and the driver.

References

Other websites

 Official Website
 

1973 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Glendale, California
American movie actors
American television actors
American philanthropists
Road accident deaths in California
The American Colony in Jerusalem was a colony in Jerusalem, Israel. It was established by an American and Swedish Christian utopian group in 1881. During the British Mandate of Palestine, the colony was occupied by Jordan until the Six-Day War in 1967. 

The cemetery of the colony is located in the National Garden of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Mount Scopus.

Other websites 

The American Colony in Jerusalem at the Library of Congress website.  Selected documents from the American Colony in Jerusalem Collection in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress.
Collection of Several Thousand photographs made by the American Colony Photo Department in Jerusalem (Later known as Matson Photo Service) 
 Album MIZPAH: Publication of an album which was given to Herbert Samuel by the members of the American Colony in 1925. Israel State Archives site: https://www.archives.gov.il/NR/exeres/9AAD16DC-F305-48EC-8EAF-47D012A7A578,frameless.htm?NRMODE=Published 

Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
History of Palestine
The Russian Compound in Jerusalem is an old district in central Jerusalem. It began as a Russian colony in the 19th century. It is centred around a large Russian Orthodox church. The main square in the Russian Compound is Moscow Square.

Other websites 

 photos of the Russian Compound in Jerusalem from the Jerusalem webshots site

Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
History of Israel
19th-century establishments
Richard Hood Jack Dudley Ryder (born 1940) is a British writer and psychologist. In 1969 he became involved with animal rights; he protested against an otter hunt in Dorset. In 1970 he made a new word, "speciesism". He used it in a pamphlet called "Speciesism". It is now in the Oxford Dictionary. Ryder made a theory called painism in 1990. In 2001 a book that Ryder wrote about his theory of painism was published. It was called Painism: A Modern Morality. Painism is the idea that any being that feels pain deserves rights.

Ryder was born in Purbeck in Dorset. He grew up in Corfe Castle. 

In 1971 an essay that Ryder wrote about animal testing was published in the book Animals, Men and Morals.

In 1972 he joined the Council of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). Ryder helped to organize the first academic conference about animal rights. The conference was in August 1977 at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1977 he became the chairman of the RSPCA. He stopped being the chairman in 1979.

His first book, Victims of Science, was first published in 1975. It is about how animals were used in scientific research at the time it was written.

References

Other websites
Official website

1940 births
Living people
Animal rights activists
English activists
British psychologists
Writers from Dorset
Clare Balding OBE (born 29 January 1971) is a British television presenter. She was born in Kingsclere, Hampshire. She is openly lesbian. In 2009, she was diagnosed with thyroid cancer. She recovered later that year. In 2012, a book she wrote about her life was published. It was called My Animals and Other Family. In February 2013, Woman's Hour, a programme on BBC Radio 4, put her on their list of the most powerful women in the UK. Balding presented Britain's Brightest in 2013.

References

1971 births
British autobiographers
Cancer survivors
English journalists
English LGBT people
Lesbians
Living people
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT writers
Television personalities from Hampshire
Writers from Hampshire
Shirley Ann Manson (born 26 August 1966) is a Scottish singer, songwriter, musician and actress. She was born in Edinburgh. She is best known for being the main singer of the rock band Garbage. They have released five albums.

Career
Between 1992 and 1994 Manson was a member of a rock band called Angelfish. In 1994 Manson joined Garbage. They released their first album, Garbage, the next year. The first single released from the album was "Vow". The single "Stupid Girl" reached number four in the UK. It was their best selling single in the United States. In 1998 Garbage's second album Version 2.0 was released. It was number one in the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, and New Zealand. Six singles were released from the album. Beautifulgarbage was released in 2001. In 2005 Bleed Like Me was released. Not Your Kind of People, Garbage's fifth album, was released in 2013.

In 2013 Manson made a cover of "Because the Night" with Screaming Females.

Manson acted in eighteen episodes of Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles.

Personal life
She is a feminist. 
Her first relationship was with her music teacher when she was fifteen years old. She married Billy Bush in 2010.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1966 births
Living people
Actors from Edinburgh
British feminists

Scottish rock singers
Scottish singer-songwriters
Scottish television actors
Nils Petter Molvær (born September 18, 1960) is a Norwegian jazz trumpeter. He plays a kind of jazz called future jazz. He has won Spellemannprisen in the Open Class three times. In 1983 he joined Jazzpunkensemblet, a Norwegian jazz orchestra. He released his first solo album Khmer in 1998 in the United States on ECM Records. It has sold more copies than any of his later albums. Molvær played trumpet on the 2008 Hector Zazou album Corps Electriques. Molvær was a member of a post-rock band called Jaga Jazzist.

References

Other websites
Official website

1960 births
Living people
Norwegian musical entertainers
The River Tyne is a river in North East England. It is used for water sport in the summer. More than 43,500 people come and visit it every year. There is a famous bridge that crosses it called the "Tyne Bridge". Another bridge that crosses it is the Millennium Bridge. The bridges connect Gateshead to Newcastle upon Tyne.

Other websites

 Bridges On The Tyne
 Online Charts of The Tyne, to Newcastle
 Tyne Rivers Trust

References

Rivers of England
Peter Hayden Dinklage (born June 11, 1969) is an American actor who starred in the Home Box Office television series Game of Thrones. He also starred in other movies, including Elf (2003), Penelope (2006), Death at a Funeral (2010), and Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012). Dinklage was born in Morristown, New Jersey. He was born with achondroplasia, a form of dwarfism. He studied at Bennington College. In 2005, he married Erica Schmidt. They have one daughter. He is a Catholic. He is a vegetarian and a supporter of animal rights.

References

Other websites

 
 Peter Dinklage at Emmys.com
 
 Interview with Peter Dinklage about The Station Agent 
 BBC Movies Interview about The Station Agent
 Interview with Peter Dinklage in Delbarton Today 

1969 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
Actors from New York City
American animal rights activists
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American Roman Catholics
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People with dwarfism
Vegetarians
Elf is an American 2003 Christmas comedy movie, directed by Jon Favreau.

It stars Will Ferrell, James Caan, Bob Newhart, Zooey Deschanel, and Ed Asner with Leon Redbone. Ferrell plays a human named Buddy who is raised by elves in the North Pole. He lives the way the elves do and helps in Santa's workshop. He travels to New York City to find his father. He is used to how elves live, which is very different from how humans live, with New York being a perfectly opposite way of living compared to the North Pole.

The movie was released to positive reviews on November 7, 2003 by Warner Bros. The film inspired the 2010 Broadway musical Elf: The Musical and NBC's 2014 stop-motion animated television special Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas.

Release dates

2003 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Christmas movies
Movies composed by John Debney
Movies directed by Jon Favreau
Movies set in New York City
New Line Cinema movies
Bellis perennis is a very common European species of daisy, of the Asteraceae family, often considered the model type for the name "daisy".

Many related plants also share the name "daisy", so to distinguish this species from other daisies it is sometimes qualified as common daisy, lawn daisy or English daisy. The plant resembles Leucanthemum vulgare, a similar plant in the same family. Bellis perennis is native to western, central and northern Europe, but widely naturalised in most temperate regions including the Americas, and Australasia.

Names
Linnaeus named the plant species Bellis perennis in Sp. Pl. 2: 886. 1753
 Bellis is the Latin word for "pretty", "beautiful"; this word was used also as the name of the plant, and Pliny the Elder wrote Bellis in pratis nascitur, flore albo... ("The daisy that grows in the meadows, with a white flower...").
 perennis, Latin for "that lasts the whole year", "perennial".

Description

It is an low herbaceous perennial plant with short rhizomes and rosettes of small rounded or spoon-shaped leaves that are  long and grow flat to the ground.

The flower heads are  in diameter. Although the 'flower' may appear to consist of a yellow centre with white petals, this is not the case. Each individual "petal" is itself an individual flower; these flowers are called ray flowers. In the centre (the "disk") there are also many tiny yellow flowers; these are called the disk flowers. The different colours and styles of flower work together in order to attract insects. The flower heads are produced on stems without leaves that are  tall.

Where it grows
Bellis perennis is native to Northern Africa (Morocco), Southwestern Asia, and Europe; widely introduced and naturalised elsewhere.

The species habitually colonises grasslands, including lawns, and is difficult to eradicate. Wherever it appears it is often considered an invasive weed.

Uses as food
This daisy may be used as a leaf vegetable. Young leaves can be eaten raw in salads  or cooked, noting that the leaves become increasingly astringent with age. Flower buds and petals can be eaten raw in sandwiches, soups and salads. It is also used as a tea and as a vitamin supplement.

Gallery

Related pages
 Asteraceae

References

Other websites

 Plants for a Future: Bellis perennis profile

Asteraceae
Flowers
Zenobia (240 – c. 275 ) was a queen who ruled in the 3rd century over the Palmyrene Empire in what is today Syria. She led a famous revolt against the Roman Empire. She was the second wife of King Septimius Odaenathus. Zenobia became queen of Palmyra after Odaenathus' death in 267. By 269, Zenobia had expanded the empire, taking over Egypt from the Romans. Tenagino Probus, the Roman governor, committed suicide after his failed attempt to recapture the territory. In 272 Zenobia declared herself Empress. She ruled over Egypt until 274, when she was defeated and taken as a hostage to Rome by Emperor Aurelian.

Zenobia was Semitic. Many people think she was either Arab, Jewish or Aramean. She gave her son an Arabic name but her family spoke the Aramaic language, the language of the Arameans. She is known by other names, such as  () in Arabic sources, Zenobius in Latin sources and  () in Aramaic sources.

Syrian people
240s births
270s deaths
Kings and queens
Whitehouse.gov is the official website of the White House. It is owned by the United States government. It was started in October 1994. It has information about events in American history, as well as current news about the President, news conferences, announcements made by the President, executive orders, and speeches that the President has made on radio.

The website is the responsibility of the current administration. It is changed for each new president. The content of the website is in the public domain. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution license.

References

Other websites

The White House
Archived versions of the site during the Obama administration
Archived versions of the site during the Bush administration
Archived versions of the site  during the Clinton administration
American websites
Executive branch of the United States government
Carlos Ghosn (; ; , born 9 March 1954) is a French-Lebanese-Brazilian  businessman and fugitive from the justice system of Japan.

He is an internationally wanted criminal. He was the Chairman and chief executive officer of Renault, which is based in Paris. He held the same positions at Nissan, based in Japan. Together, these companies produce more than 10% of cars sold around the world. Ghosn was also Chairman and CEO of the Renault-Nissan Alliance, the strategic partnership overseeing the two companies through a unique cross-shareholding agreement.

He was born in Brazil.

On January 2, 2020, Interpol issued a red notice to Lebanon seeking Ghosn's arrest.

References

1954 births
Living people
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
Brazilian people
French businesspeople
Lebanese Christians
Renault
Criminals
Manal al-Sharif is a Saudi Arabian activist for women's rights in the kingdom. She helped start a women's right to drive campaign in 2011. A women's rights activist who had previously filmed herself driving, Wajeha al-Huwaider, filmed al-Sharif driving a car as part of the campaign. The video was posted on YouTube and Facebook.

Women are not allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia. Al-Sharif was arrested and released on 21 May and then rearrested the next day. On 30 May, al-Sharif was released on bail, on the conditions of returning for questioning if asked, not driving and not talking to the media. The New York Times and Associated Press reported the women's driving campaign as part of the Arab Spring. They reported the length of al-Sharif's detention with the Saudi government's fear of protests.

Following her driving campaign, al-Sharif remained an active critic of the Saudi government. She posted things on Twitter (known as tweeting) about imprisoned female foreign workers, the lack of elections for the Shura Council, and the murder of Lama al-Ghamdi. Her work has been praised by Foreign Policy, Time, and the Oslo Freedom Forum.

Saudi Arabian people
1979 births
Living people
Activists
Katherine Vandam "Kate" Bornstein (born March 15, 1948) is an American writer.  She lives in New York City with her partner Barbara Carrellas. In 2012 she made a video for Dan Savage's It Gets Better Project. In August 2012 she was diagnosed with lung cancer.

Bornstein was born in New Jersey to a Jewish family.

In 1970 Bornstein joined the Church of Scientology. She left in 1981.

Bornstein does not feel male or female. She was born male. In 1986 she had sex reassignment surgery. She has written books about gender. The most well-known one is Gender Outlaw.

In 2013 a documentary about Bornstein called Kate Bornstein is a Queer & Pleasant Danger was made.

References

1948 births
Living people
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish American writers
LGBT people from New Jersey
Transgender and transsexual Jews
Writers from New Jersey
A disconnecting switch (or disconnector) is an electrical switch used in high-voltage electrical circuits to isolate the section which has electricity from the section with no electricity. This is done for a full safety method during electrical equipment maintenance or service.

Related pages
 Circuit breaker

Electricity
Donald Watson (2 September 1910 – 16 November 2005) was an English woodwork teacher who made the word 'vegan'. He started the Vegan Society in 1944. 

In 1924, Watson saw a pig being killed on his uncle's farm. After this he became a vegetarian. He was fourteen years old. When Watson was fifteen he left school to be an apprentice woodworker. Watson was born in Mexborough, Yorkshire.

References

1910 births
2005 deaths
British teachers
People from Yorkshire
Overburden is the material that sits on top of an area where miners or archaeologists want to dig. In mining, it is usually the soil or rock that sits on top of a coal or ore deposit. The soil needs to be removed to get to the minerals or objects below.

Mining
Geology
Laverne Cox is an American actress and LGBT advocate. She is best known for playing Sophia Burset in Orange Is the New Black, a Netflix series. Burset is a transgender woman in a women's prison.

Early life
Laverne Cox was born in Mobile, Alabama and was raised by a single mother and grandmother within the AME Zion church. She has an identical twin brother, M Lamar, who portrays the pre-transitioning Sophia (as Marcus) in Orange Is the New Black. Cox stated she attempted suicide at the age of 11, when she noticed that she had developed feelings about her male classmates and had been bullied for several years for not acting "the way someone assigned male at birth was supposed to act".

Cox is making a documentary about CeCe McDonald, an African American transgender woman who was put in prison for killing a man who attacked her. On January 13 2014 Cox met CeCe to drive her home after she was released from prison. Cox spoke at the start of the 2014 National Gay and Lesbian Task Force conference Creating Change. Cox was chosen as one of the 2014 grand marshalls for the New York City Pride March.

Honors and awards
 2013 – Anti-Violence Project 2013 Courage Award honoree
 2013 – Reader's Choice Award at Out Magazines OUT100 Gala, honoring the magazine's selection of 2013s 100 "most compelling people of the year."
 2014 – Woman of the Year by Glamour magazine.
 2014 – Included in the annual Root 100; this list honors "standout black leaders, innovators and culture shapers" age 45 and younger.
 2014 – Topped the British newspaper The Guardians third annual World Pride Power List, which ranks the world's most influential LGBT people.
 2014 – Stephen F. Kolzak Award from GLAAD.
 2014 – Named to the EBONY Power 100 list.
 2015 – Named to the 2015 OUT Power 50 List.
 2015 – Included in the People World's Most Beautiful Women List.
 2015 – Three Twins Ice Cream in San Francisco renamed its chocolate orange confetti ice cream Laverne Cox's Chocolate Orange Is the New Black for Pride weekend.
 2015 – Named in the 2015 Time 100 Most Influential People List; her entry was written by Jazz Jennings.
 2015 – Named by Forum for Equality as one of their 31 Icons of the LGBT History Month.
 2015 – Winner of a Daytime Emmy Award in Outstanding Special Class Special as Executive Producer for Laverne Cox Presents: The T Word. This made Cox the first openly transgender woman to win a Daytime Emmy as an Executive Producer; as well, The T Word is the first trans documentary to win a Daytime Emmy.
 2017 – Named to the 2017 OUT Power 50 List.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Actors from Alabama
American feminists
LGBT actors
LGBT African Americans
LGBT people from Alabama
Living people
People from Mobile, Alabama
Transgender and transsexual people
1972 births
Leonid Gaidai (30 January 1923 – 19 November 1993), was a Soviet comedy movie director. He was born in Svobodny, Amur Oblast.

Other websites 

1923 births
1993 deaths
Soviet people
Movie directors
Paiçandu is a city in the state of Paraná in the south of Brazil. Paiçandu was founded in 1948.

History 
 
During 1938 and 1940 the area of ​​land where is the County Paiçandu was inhabited by Native Americans and caboclos. There was a small cemetery that was the point of reference in the dense virgin forest, where were buried those who died at that time.
 
In the period 1942–1944, the first explorers of Minas Gerais and São Paulo were attracted by the fertility of the land. It was suitable for growing coffee. At the time the land was cleared, coffee was the largest source of wealth in the region. Facing all sorts of difficulties, farmers built their small farms and formed their crops.

The prospects for progress attract residents from different parts of the country. Trade prospered dramatically with the installation of warehouses and general merchandise. The good quality land started the first agricultural productions, especially the coffee culture.

Its name is a honor to the Brazilian Army. In the Uruguayan War, the army conquered the Uruguayan city of Paysandú.

Geography 

 Area: 171,604 km²
 Altitude: 550,00 m
 Distance from Curitiba, the state capital: 449 km
 Distance from Paranaguá, Paraná's primary seaport: 540 km
 Distance from Maringá, site of the nearest major airport: 7 km

Economy 
Participation in the Municipal GIP
 Agriculture: 8.72%
 Industry: 38.92%
 Services: 52.35%
 GDP: U.S. $ 39,784,126.08%
 GDP per capita: U.S. $ 1,651.07%
 Economically Active Population: 14597.00 hab.

Cities in Paraná State
1948 establishments in South America
1940s establishments in Brazil
Susan O'Neal Stryker (born 1961) is an American professor and activist. She is a lesbian transgender woman. Her first book, Gay by the Bay: A History of Queer Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area, was published in 1996 by Chronicle Books. Stryker wrote the book with Jim Van Buskirk. It was nominated for a Lambda Literary Award.

She edited the 2003 essay collection The Transgender Studies Reader. In 2005 Screaming Queens: The Riot at Compton's Cafeteria was released. Stryker got an Emmy Award for it. In 2008 Seal Press published Stryker's book Transgender History. She wrote the 2013 documentary Masculinity/Femininity. The Association for Queer Anthropology gave Stryker the 2013 Ruth Benedict Prize.

References

Other websites

1961 births
Living people
American academics
American LGBT people
American LGBT rights activists
American movie producers
LGBT academics
LGBT producers
LGBT writers
Transgender and transsexual people
Educators from Oklahoma
Educators from Berkeley, California
People from Norman, Oklahoma
Writers from Oklahoma
Writers from Berkeley, California
Gossip is an American indie rock band. They started in 1999 in Olympia, Washington as The Gossip. The main singer is Beth Ditto. Brace Paine is the guitarist and Hannah Blilie is the drummer. The band became popular with their third album Standing in the Way of Control (2006). Three singles were released from the album. The first single, "Standing in the Way of Control", reached number seven in the UK Singles Chart. Gossip's fourth album Music for Men was released in 2009 by Columbia Records. Their 2009 single "Heavy Cross" reached number two in Germany's chart.

Other websites
Official website

References

1999 establishments in the United States
American rock bands
Indie rock bands
Musical groups from Washington
Olympia, Washington
1990s establishments in Washington (state)
Musical groups established in 1999
Comparative advantage is a term economists use, especially in international trade. A country has a comparative advantage when it can make goods or services at a lower opportunity cost than another country.

Ricardo's example 
For example, during the Industrial Revolution, England and Portugal both made wine and cloth.

Suppose the number shows the number of hours required to create one piece of cloth or one crate of wine. In 100 hours, England can either make 1 unit of cloth or 5/6 units of wine. Meanwhile in 90 hours Portugal can make 1 unit of cloth or 9/8 units of wine. Portugal has an absolute advantage in both. However England's opportunity cost of 5/6 is lower than Portugal's OC 9/8. Hence England has a comparative advantage in cloth-making.

David Ricardo predicted that Portugal would stop making cloths and England would stop making wine. That did happen.

Theory predicts that even if one country can produce all good more efficiently than another, trade will make both better off if they specialize in the goods they have a comparative advantage in.

This theory also says that protectionism (raising tariffs or blocking trade from other countries) does not work in the long run.

Related pages
Competitive advantage

References

Other websites
 What Is Comparative Advantage? | The Street
 Comparative advantage and when to blow up your island
 Ricardo's Difficult Idea, Paul Krugman's 1996 exploration of why non-economists don't understand the idea of comparative advantage
 What is comparative advantage? | Investopedia

Economics
Hikikomori is a Japanese word that describes people who withdraw from society and spend extreme amounts of time on their own. The withdrawal usually happens slowly. Tamaki Saitō was the first person to use the word. In 1998 his book Shakaiteki hikikomori--Owaranai Shishunki was published. An English translation by Jeffrey Angles, Hikikomori: Adolescence without End, was published in 2013. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare defines hikikomori as people who refuse to leave their house for over six months. In 2010 there were 700,000 hikikomori. The average hikikomori was 31 years old. Tamaki Saitō thinks that there may be over 1 million hikikomori (1% of the Japanese population).

People who withdrew from society during school refusal is often referred to as futōkō (不登校).

English words with similar meanings include recluse and agoraphobic.

In popular culture
Welcome to the N.H.K., a 2002 novel by Tatsuhiko Takimoto, is about hikikomori.
The main character of the 2002 manga Rozen Maiden is a hikikomori. 
The 2008 film Tokyo! has a part about a hikikomori.
On her 2011 album Conatus, American singer-songwriter Zola Jesus has a song called "Hikikomori". 
The main character of the anime Anohana: The Flower We Saw That Day is a hikikomori.
In 2013 Hikikomori and the Rental Sister, a novel by Jeff Backhaus, was published. It is about an American hikikomori who has sex with a Japanese immigrant.

References

Japanese culture
Heinrich Boere (27 September 1921 – 1 December 2013) was a convicted German-Dutch war criminal and former member of the Waffen-SS. He was one of the most wanted Nazis during the 1940s.

Boere was born in Eschweiler, Germany to a Dutch father and German mother.

Boere began serving his life sentence on 16 December 2011 at the age of 90. He died on 1 December 2013 in prison custody in Fröndenberg from natural causes, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 Germany: Trial opens of former SS member Heinrich Boere, wsws.org 2 November 2009
 Life imprisonment for SS man Heinrich Boere, wsws.org 3 April 2010

1921 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Dutch military personnel of World War II
German prisoners
German war criminals
Murderers
People from Eschweiler
People who died in prison custody
Waffen-SS people
Donald G. Malarkey (July 31, 1921 – September 30, 2017) was a former non-commissioned officer during World War II.  Malarkey was portrayed in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers by Scott Grimes. 

Malarkey was born in Astoria, Oregon on July 31, 1921.

References

Other websites
Photos of Don Malarkey & the Band of Brothers during their visit to the 1st Armored Division in Germany 
Photos of Don Malarkey during his 2009 visit with Prince Charles 
Interview from Men of Easy Company 

1921 births
2017 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
People from Oregon
Purple Heart recipients
Edward James Heffron (May 16, 1923 - December 1, 2013)   was a former American World War II-veteran. Heffron was played in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers by Robin Laing. He wrote some books about his view of the war. 

Heffron was born in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 16, 1923. He died on December 1, 2013 from natural causes in his home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, aged 90.

References

Other websites
Photos of Babe Heffron & the Band of Brothers during the 2008 USO tour to the Middle East 
Men of Easy Company website 

1923 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American military people
World War II people
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Alice Herz-Sommer, also known as Alice Sommer (26 November 1903 – 23 February 2014), was a Czech-British music teacher and supercentenarian from Bohemia. She was a survivor of the Theresienstadt concentration camp

Herz was born in Prague, Austria-Hungary on 26 November 1903, along with her twin sister Mariana. She married the businessman and amateur musician Leopold Sommer in 1931. They had one son, Raphael Sommer. Leopold Sommer was later sent to Auschwitz. Although he survived the camp, he died at Dachau in 1944.

She lived in Israel and worked as a music teacher in Jerusalem. She then moved to Belsiza Park in London in 1986. Raphael Sommer, her only child, was a cellist and conductor. He died in 2001.

Herz-Sommer died on the morning of 23 February 2014 in London, England, from natural causes, aged 110.

References

Other websites
 "Life is beautiful", The Guardian, 13 December 2006
 "I look at the good", Haaretz, 21 January 2010
 "I played Chopin as they sent my family to their deaths", Jewish Chronicle

1903 births
2014 deaths
British supercentenarians
Czech Jews
Holocaust survivors
Jewish British musicians
Jewish Israeli musicians
Jewish supercentenarians
Musicians from Prague
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Twin people from the United Kingdom
Mister Donut is a worldwide food franchise which sells pastries, soda, coffee, muffins and doughnuts. The company was established in the United States in 1956, though it is now based from Japan. The company was acquired in 1990, following which every North American outlet was renamed Dunkin' Donuts except for fewer than six by the start of 2010. Only one Illinois location continues using the Mister Donut corporate name.

American food companies
1956 establishments
Sweet breads
Companies of Japan
The Olive Garden is an American casual dining restaurant. It serves Italian-American cuisine. The Olive Garden was established in December 1982 in Orlando, Florida. There are over 800 locations worldwide.

References 

1982 establishments in the United States
American restaurants
Companies based in Florida
Orlando, Florida
Analytical psychology is the school of psychology that came from the ideas of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. Analytical psychology has two main parts: 

 The first part is clinical and related to the care of any particular person (child or adult), who suffers from mental health issues such as addictions, anxiety, depression, panic attacks and fears, using talking and sometimes drawing, painting, music or sand-play. 

 The second part is about research into all kinds of repeating patterns in the human mind and in human behaviour. They include the contents of dreams, personality types like introversion and extraversion, being shy or a show off, feeling abilities and sensations. The research is guided by clinical theories, observations and experiments like active imagination, free-association of ideas and word association tests. It also includes looking into the meaning of fairy tales, myths and legends as well as paranormal events and coincidences. 

Psychology
An Independent Power Producer (IPP) or Non-Utility Generator (NUG) is an organisation that owns a power-producing facility and can sell electricity to utility companies and electricity users. An IPP is usually a private company and is generally not a public utility company. Transaction of electricity between IPP with its customers are usually regulated under the power purchase agreement.

References 

Electricity
Companies
Allen County is a county in Indiana. Its county seat is Fort Wayne.

Cities 
Fort Wayne
New Haven
Woodburn

Towns 
Grabill
Huntertown
Leo-Cedarville
Monroeville
Zanesville

Indiana counties
1824 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in Indiana
Abū Jaʿfar Abdullāh al-Maʾmūn ibn Harūn (also spelled Almamon, Al-Maymun, Al-Ma’moon, and el-Mâmoûn; 13 September 786 – 9 August 833) was an Abbasid caliph. He reigned from 813 until his death in 833.

Al-Ma’mun was born on 13 September 786 AD in Baghdad. His father was Harun al-Rashid, who was an Abbasid caliph. He was a member of the third dynasty of the descendants of Muhammad who were caliphs of Islam. While his father ruled, al-Ma’mun was the governor of Khorasan. After al-Ma’mun was born his father had another son named al-Amin. Before his father died he announced that al-Amin would be the new caliph and al-Ma’mun would continue to be the governor of Khorasan even though al-Ma’mun was older. When Harun al-Rashid died and al-Amin became the caliph, he took away al-Ma’mun's ability to inherit the throne after he died. The two brothers went to war against each other. Al-Ma’mun defeated al-Amin. He cut off al-Amin's head. Since al-Amin had no other heir to the throne, al-Ma’mun became the new caliph.

During his reign al-Ma’mun tried to reunite Sunnis and Shiites. These are the two main brances of Islam that have different beliefs on who should lead Islam. Al-Ma’mun opened many learning centers in his empire. One big one was in Baghdad, which was called the House of Wisdom. Many other libraries and schools were built all over the empire. He was also a big sponsor of philosophy and astronomy.

He had one wife who he tried to divorce. However, his wife got a powerful judge who refused to allow the divorce. He had no children and no heirs with this wife. Instead, he chose another woman to provide an heir.

Al-Ma’mun died on August 9, 833. He remained caliph until his death.

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786 births
833 deaths
Caliphs
Anna Komnene (sometimes spelled Comnena; , ) was a Greek princess, scholar and doctor. She was the eldest daughter of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos of Byzantium and Irene Doukaina.

Komnene was born in Constantinople on 2 December 1083. She was originally engaged to Constantine Ducas, heir to the throne. Unfortunately he died at a young age and Anna married Nicephorus Bryennius in 1097 AD. Anna wanted her husband to inherit the throne. Even when her father was dying she tried to persuade him to make her husband heir.

Anna's brother, John II Komnenos, took the throne in 1188. Anna then tried to remove her brother from the throne, and her husband refused to help her. Anna was caught. She then gave up her property and retired to a convent. While she lived there, Anna wrote her book, The Alexiad. This is about the Byzantine Empire. The 15 books of The Alexiad were written in Greek. Her book is still important because Anna had access to the royal archives and had an inside view of politics.

Anna spent a large part of her life in a convent, but she did not become a nun until shortly before she died. She died in 1153 or 1154 AD.

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1083 births
1153 deaths
Greek people
Greek physicians
Princes and princesses
Eleazar of Worms (; c. 1176 – 1238), or Eleazar ben Judah ben Kalonymus, was a Jewish mystic. He was an important student of the Talmud. He was also the last major member of the Chassidei Ashkenaz, a group of German Jewish mystics.

Eleazar of Worms was born in Mainz. He traveled and studied at many centers of learning in Germany and northern France. He belonged to the Kalonymus family, which was one of the most important German-Jewish families at the time. His father, Judah B. Kalonymus, was one of the leading scholars of his generation. Eleazar learned from his father about Jewish law and theology.

Eleazar spent most of his life living in Worms. He was a Jewish pietist. Eleazar wrote many books and poems on praising God, and studied liturgical poetry, halakhah, theology, ethics and exegesis. Some of his works were printed but many have been lost. Eleazar witnessed and suffered the persecution of Jews. Eleazar's wife, two daughters  were murdered, and he and his son were badly injured.

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1176 births
1238 deaths
German esotericists
German poets
Jewish German writers
Mystics
People from Mainz
People from Worms, Germany
was a Japanese writer. She was a court lady who served the Empress Teishi (Sadako) during the middle Heian period. She is best known as the author of . She also wrote diaries and poems.

The Pillow Book 
The Heian period of Japanese history lasted from 794 to 1185 CE. Sei Shōnagon lived and died during this time. Not a lot is known about her as a child. We only know about her personality by her writing, especially The Pillow Book. This book contains a lot about her life at the imperial court and her feelings. It is a collection of lists, poetry, gossip and observations from her years in the court (things she saw and how she felt about them). The Pillow Book became very well-known during the Heian period. It revealed an interesting view on life at court.

The name Pillow Book came from an event where the empress was given a bundle of notebooks. The empress did not know what to use the notebooks for so Sei Shōnagon asked Empress Sadako if she could have them. Sei Shōnagon told the empress that she wanted to use them to make a pillow.

The book has about 320 entries. She also wrote lists in her diaries. There are about 164 lists. Some of the lists that were included in her diary were: "Depressing things" and "Things that arouse a fond memory of the past". Sei Shōnagon completed this book some time between 1000 and 1010 CE. Some people believe that a copy of Sei Shōnagon's book was given to Empress Sadako's daughter.

References
 Hackney, Ryan. "Sei Shonagon." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.

966 births
1017 deaths
Japanese writers
was a female samurai who lived in Japan.

When Tomoe Gozen was a girl she was taught the skills of an upper-class Japanese woman: writing, musical theatre, archery, horseback riding and fencing. She became a skilled horseman and brave warrior. She became a lover or a concubine of Minamoto no Yoshinaka when she was a teenager.

When Tomoe Gozen was about 28 years old, she fought in the Gempei War (1180–1185). In the Battle of Awazu (February 1184), Minamoto no Yoshinaka was killed by his cousin Yoritomo. Tomoe's reaction to this is not really known. Some people have theories about what might have happened to her. Some think she may have fled from the Gempei War or she may have continued fighting after his death. She also might have been asked to go by Yoshinaka (who believed that his honor would be destroyed if he was killed by a woman) when he realized he would be killed.

After this time, historians do not know what happened. Yoritomo's friend Yoshimori forced Tomoe to marry him. But Yoshinori died before Tomoe gave birth to a son. According to legend, their son was Asahina Yoshihide. He grew up to be a famous samurai. Tomoe joined a nunnery, where she stayed for the rest of her life. Today, Tomoe Gozen is a role model for many Japanese women.

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Other websites 
 

1150s births
1247 deaths
Samurai
Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (, ;  801 – 873 CE), was an Iraqi philosopher. He was called "the Philosopher of the Arabs". He is often thought of as the first Arab philosopher, and one of the most important scholars in the Islamic world.

Al-Kindi was born in Yemen to a rich family. As well as philosophy, he worked in astronomy, alchemy, mathematics, medicine, geography, and many other topics. He became a member of a scientific place of study called the House of Wisdom. As a member there, he helped to preserve a type of philosophy called Hellenistic philosophy. He also edited Greek treatises (written works that formally explain a topic). He also wrote his own treatises on vision, precious stones and minerals. He wrote the first treatise on various types of steel swords, metallurgy. His treatises on music were thought to be the best works on the subject of music in Arabic. He died at age 72 in 873.

Related pages
List of scientists from the Middle East

References

 "Abu Yusuf Ya Qub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah al-Kindi." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Biography in Context. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.

Other websites
 
 
 

800s births
873 deaths
Iraqi people
Muslims
Philosophers
Scientists
Cai Lun (;  50 AD – 121) was a Chinese eunuch and politician. He is generally regarded as the inventor of paper. Earlier forms of paper, such as papyrus, were used in China from the 2nd century BC. However, Cai Lun developed another form of paper, which is used today.

Cai Lun was born in Leiyang (then called Guiyang), a part of Hunan. He lived during the Han Dynasty. His courtesy name was Jingzhong (). He served the government as a eunuch from AD 75, and in AD 89 got a promotion to be a "Shang Fang Si", someone who makes weapons, and a Regular Palace Attendant(中常侍). Cai Lun invented paper in the year 105. For his invention, he was rewarded by the Emperor. After his death he was considered the patron of papermaking. To make paper, Cai Lun used a pulp made of materials such as tree bark and rags. He then strained the liquid from the pulp and spread it out to dry. Legend has it that the mortar, a tool he used to grind materials, was buried in a pool near his grave.

References

"Cai Lun (Chinese Inventor)." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2013. 
Rosinsky, Natalie M. "Let's make paper." Calliope Feb. 2007: 44+. General OneFile. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. 
Forage, Paul. "Printing and Papermaking." Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Ed. Karen Christensen and David Levinson. Vol. 5. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. 7-9. World History In Context. Web. 4 Dec. 2013

50s births
121 deaths
Chinese inventors
Paper
Shen Kuo (or Shen Gua ; 1031–1095) was a Chinese scientist and politician. He lived during the Song Dynasty. He was a polymath, being good at many fields of study.

Many of his most important works came from his use of astronomy. In 1088, Shen was the first to describe the magnetic needle compass, which would be used for navigation. He was also one of the first to suggest that the Earth goes through gradual climate change. His hobbies consisted of music, painting, calligraphy, and philosophy.

Related pages
List of Chinese scientists

1031 births
1095 deaths
History of China
Chinese inventors
Chinese scientists
Astronomers
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Sahili (1290–1346) was an architect during the Mali Empire. He lived under the rule of Mansa Musa.

He was born in Granada in 1290. At the time this was part of Muslim Spain. Al-Sahili studied law and the arts. He was known as a gifted poet. His family were rich merchants (traders). He left Granada in 1321 and began to travel through the Middle East, to Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Yemen. In 1346, he met the ruler of Mali, Mansa Musa, who loved his poetry and invited him to return.

Al-Sahili built for Mansa Musa an audience chamber (or Djingereyber; Great Mosque) in 1327. The mosque was described as a square building with a dome. The outside was decorated with plaster and patterns in colors. It was built with banco: soil mixed with wood, mixed with dried grass, and other fibers allowed to dry in the sun. It was built with the same architectural style as the Alhambra in Granada. Mansa Musa then wanted him to make a house for him, but the building was destroyed over time. He started a new trend of rounded arches in Timbuktu. Al-Sahili died there in 1346.

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1290 births
1346 deaths
Malian people
Architects
People from Granada
Mansa Sakura (also spelled Sakoura) was the sixth emperor (mansa) of the Mali Empire. He was born a slave, but was later freed. Soon after he was freed he became a general in the army of Sundiata Keita. When Sundiata Keita died, there was a struggle between his sons over who would become the emperor. Around 1285, Sakura took control of the throne. He became the ruler of Mali and brought the empire back together. 

Mansa Sakura became a powerful leader. He was known for exploring other lands and using the ideas he saw in his own kingdom. He also encouraged trade. Under Sakura's leadership, the Mali Empire made several new conquests. It expanded along the Gambia River to the sea. It became a dominant force in West Africa.

Sakura performed the Hajj shortly before his death. On his way home, he was attacked near Djibouti by warriors who wanted his gold. He was killed in the attack, which happened around the year 1300.

After Sakura died, the throne was returned to the royal heirs of the Keita dynasty. The next emperor was Sundiata's nephew, Gao.

References

Malian people
Emperors and empresses
13th-century births
1300 deaths
Sonni Ali (also known as Sunni Ali Ber or Sunni Ali) was the first king of the Songhai Empire in western Africa. He ruled from about 1464 to 1492. He was the 15th ruler of the Sonni dynasty. During Sonni's reign, Songhai surpassed the Mali Empire in power. His armies captured several important cities, such as Timbuktu (in 1468) and Djenné (captured in 1475). His battle strategies greatly expanded the empire's territory.

Before Sonni took Timbuktu in 1468, the city was controlled by Tuareg raiders. He then conquered the Tuareg and took them under his rule, which brought the great Saharan trade routes to his kingdom. After conquering Timbuktu, he and his army went south to conquer the port of Djenné, on the Niger River. The city surrendered after a long-fought siege.

Sonni defined himself as Muslim, but was careful to not separate himself from the traditional animist beliefs. He executed many of the clerics from Timbuktu. He ran a very organized and powerful military. His army included both soldiers on horseback, as well as soldiers who fought on foot. He also built a fleet of ships to control the ports along the Niger River.

In 1480, Sunni Ali attacked the Mossi Kingdoms south of the Niger River. Unfortunately, he did not conquer the Mossi, but he was able to stop the spread of their empire. He also fought a successful war against several of the Fulani states. On his return home from this war, Sonni drowned in a river, in 1493

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Malian people
Year of birth missing
1492 deaths
Kings and queens