cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Post Office Department is the former name of the United States Postal Service when it was a Cabinet department. It was headed by the United States Postmaster General.

The Postal Service Act signed by President George Washington on February 20, 1792 established the Department. Postmaster General John McLean was the first to call it the Post Office Department rather than just the "Post Office." The organization became more important in the government when President Andrew Jackson asked his Postmaster General, William T. Barry, to sit as a member of the Cabinet.

During the Civil War, postal services in the  Confederacy were provided by the Confederate States of America Post Office Department, headed by Postmaster General John Henninger Reagan.

The Postal Reorganization Act signed by President Richard Nixon on August 12, 1970, replaced the cabinet-level Post Office Department with the independent United States Postal Service.  The Act took effect on July 1, 1971.

References

Post Office Department
Post Office Department
1792 establishments in the United States
1971 disestablishments in the United States
The United States Department of Housing, often abbreviated HUD, is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government. Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency, it was founded in 1965 to develop and execute policy on housing and cities. It has largely scaled back its urban development function and now focuses primarily on housing.

The department was established on September 9, 1965 when President Lyndon Johnson signed the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act  into law. It stipulated that the department was to be created no later than November 8, 60 days following the date of enactment. The actual implementation was postponed until January 13, 1966, following the completion of a special study group report on the federal role in solving urban problems.

HUD is administered by the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. The former administrator of the US Small Business Association, Steve Preston, was nominated to the Position of Secretary of HUD by President Bush on April 18, 2008. He was confirmed by the Senate and his public swearing in ceremony was on June 6, 2008.

 
1965 establishments in the United States
The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is a government-run military veteran benefit system with Cabinet-level status. It is responsible for administering programs of veterans’ benefits for veterans, their families, and survivors. The benefits provided include disability compensation, pension, education, home loans, life insurance, vocational rehabilitation, survivors’ benefits, medical benefits and burial benefits.

It is administered by the United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs.

History 
The beginning of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs dates back to 1636 when the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony voted that the Colony would support soldiers disabled by its war with the Native American tribe called the Pequot. During the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress of 1776 enacted pensions for disabled soldiers. Then, in the 19th century, support was extended to widows and dependents of veterans. Veterans' benefits expanded further during World War I, with the first consolidation of World War I veterans' programs occurring in 1921 when Congress created the Veterans Bureau. With increased benefits and agencies disbursing the benefits, the Veterans Administration was established in 1930, bringing all the agencies together. Frank T. Hines was the first administrator of veterans affairs, leading the organisation until 1945. The GI Bill was passed in 1944 as the first educational assistance to military personnel.

The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs was officially established as a Cabinet-level department on March 15, 1989, by President George H.W. Bush.

References
A particle accelerator, also called an atom smasher, is a machine that accelerates (speeds up) particles and makes them travel at very high speeds.  Accelerators work by pushing particles like electrons, protons, or atomic nuclei (the centers of atoms) with electric fields and by steering them with magnetic fields. Their main use is to study particle physics.

The largest accelerators are used to study particles smaller than atoms; smaller accelerators are used to study atomic nuclei and make radioactive materials.   There are two kinds of particle accelerators: linear accelerators and circular accelerators. Linear accelerators move the particles in a line, while circular accelerators move the particles in a circle.   One example of a particle accelerator is the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. It is very big, stretching through two countries.  Another example is the Tevatron in the United States.  The cathode ray tube, used in 20th century televisions and computer monitors is also a simple accelerator for electrons.

When accelerated particles hit other particles such as atoms, smaller pieces come out. This helps people see particles smaller than an atom. Normally those particles cannot be seen, but they can in the particle accelerator.  This is because in some ways energy and matter are the same thing. At the high speed created in these machines, some of the movement energy is changed into matter. It is the opposite process that nuclear weapons use; nuclear weapons turn matter into energy.  Small amounts of antimatter are also created during the process.

The particle accelerator at CERN was set up to search for the Higgs Boson particle, which would complete the Standard Model of Particle Physics.

Particle accelerators often use very advanced technology. This makes them cost a lot of money which is usually paid by governments.

References 

Nuclear physics
The Assistant Secretary for Housing, who also carries the title Federal Housing Commissioner, is a position within the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. The Assistant Secretary is responsible for overseeing the $400 billion Federal Housing Administration insurance portfolio. He or she also oversees the Department of Housing and Urban Development's regulatory responsibilities in the areas of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the housing mission of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the manufactured housing industry.

The Federal Housing Commissioner is appointed by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate. The Assistant Secretary is third in the order of succession for the office of Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. The Assistant Secretary is paid at level IV of the Executive Schedule, meaning he or she receives a basic annual salary of $143,000. The incumbent Federal Housing Commissioner is Brian D. Montgomery, who was confirmed in February 2005. The previous Federal Housing Commissioner was John C. Weicher.

References

United States Assistant Secretaries of Housing and Urban Development
The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest"; Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing") was a period of 800 years in the Middle Ages during which the several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula expanded themselves (grew) by fighting the Muslim states of al-Andalus (Arabic الأندلس), the Muslim states on the Iberian Peninsula, and pushing them out of the peninsula.

The Reconquista began shortly after the Islamic conquest. Much of the ideology of the Reconquista was common to most Crusading: soldiers from all Christendom travelled to Iberia to fight the Muslims as an act of Christian repentance.

The Reconquista came to an end on the 2 January 1492 with the capture of Granada. The last Muslim ruler of Granada surrendered (gave up) his kingdom to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, the Catholic kings (los Reyes Católicos). This event marked the end of Muslim rule in Iberia.

Bibliography 

 Watt, W. Montgomery: A History of Islamic Spain. University Press of Edinburgh (1992).
 Watt, W. Montgomery: The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe. (Edinburgh 1972).
 Timothy Reuter, Christopher Allmand, David Luscombe, Rosamond McKitterick (eds.), " The New Cambridge Medieval History", Cambridge University Press, Sep 14, 1995, .
 Bishko, Charles Julian, 1975. The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095–1492 in A History of the Crusades, vol. 3: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, edited by Harry W. Hazard, (University of Wisconsin Press)

Other websites 

 Timeline of the Reconquista , The University of Calgary.
 Battles of Castile & Leon : 844–1521.
 Exiles from Andalusia .

History of Spain
Paul Henry O'Neill (December 4, 1935 – April 18, 2020) was an American businessman and politician.

He served as the 72nd United States Secretary of the Treasury for part of President George W. Bush's first Administration. He resigned in December 2002 under pressure from the administration and became a harsh critic.

O'Neill was chairman and CEO of Pittsburgh-based industrial giant Alcoa from 1987 to 1999, and retired as chairman at the end of 2000. In 1995, he was made chairman of the RAND Corporation.

O'Neill died of lung cancer on April 18, 2020 in Pittsburgh, aged 84.

References

2020 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Businesspeople from St. Louis, Missouri
US Republican Party politicians
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Politicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
Politicians from St. Louis, Missouri
1935 births
Oliver Wolcott Jr. (January 11, 1760– June 1, 1833) was United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1795 to 1800 and governor of Connecticut from 1817 to 1827.

1760 births
1833 deaths
Governors of Connecticut
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
Yale University alumni
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American politicians
Samuel Dexter (May 14, 1761 – May 4, 1816) was an early American statesman who served both in Congress and in the Presidential Cabinet.

Born in Boston, Massachusetts, to the Rev. Samuel Dexter, the 4th minister of Dedham, he graduated from Harvard University in 1781 and then studied law at Worcester under Levi Lincoln, Sr., the future Attorney General of the United States. After he passed the bar in 1784, he began practicing in Lunenburg, Massachusetts.

United States Secretaries of the Treasury
United States Secretaries of War
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
1761 births
1816 deaths
Kenneth Claiborne Royall (July 24, 1894–May 25, 1971) was a United States Army general and the last person to hold the office of Secretary of War. That position was abolished in 1947, and Royall served as the first Secretary of the Army (a successory position) from 1947 to 1949.

1894 births
1971 deaths
American generals
American military personnel of World War I
American military personnel of World War II
Politicians from North Carolina
United States Secretaries of the Army
United States Secretaries of War
Preston M. Geren, III (born January 29, 1952 in Fort Worth, Texas) was the 20th United States Secretary of the Army from 16 July 2007 to 16 September 2009.

He had already been acting United States Secretary of the Air Force, between 29 July 2005 and position he served in until the confirmation of his successor Michael Wynne on 4 November 2005.

Geren was also a member of the United States House of Representatives from Texas.

References

1952 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of the Air Force
Politicians from Texas
US Democratic Party politicians 
United States Secretaries of the Army
The astor markhor or flare-horned markhor (Capra falconeri falconeri) is an endangered species of markhor. It is native to Kashmir and northern Pakistan.

Caprids
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Junagarh City () was the former capital of the former princely state of Junagadh, which was integrated into the Indian Union in 1948.

Cities in India
Nirvana was a greatest hits album of songs by the popular American grunge band Nirvana, who disbanded in 1994 because the lead singer, Kurt Cobain died. The album was released on October 29, 2002.  It was almost not released because of a lawsuit by Cobain's wife Courtney Love. This was because of a song on the album, "You Know You're Right", that Love thought would be wasted on a box-set album. She thought it would work better on one CD. Soon after the lawsuit was settled, the album was released.

List of songs
"You Know You're Right"
"About a Girl"
"Been a Son"
"Sliver"
"Smells Like Teen Spirit"
"Come as You Are"
"Lithium"
"In Bloom"
"Heart-Shaped Box"
"Pennyroyal Tea"
"Rape Me"
"Dumb"
"All Apologies" (live at MTV Unplugged)
"The Man Who Sold the World" (live at MTV Unplugged. David Bowie cover)
"Where Did You Sleep Last Night" (live at MTV Unplugged. Only on Vinyl and International Versions)
"Something In The Way" (live at MTV Unplugged. (Only on Vinyl and Japanese CD Versions)

Nirvana albums
2002 albums
The Hindustan–Pakistan Border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is the international boundary between the Republic of India and Pakistan that demarcates the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat from the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh except for Kashmir that is disputed (Line of Control). The border resulted from the Partition of India in 1947.

Wagah, the ceremonial point of crossing between India and Pakistan lies along this border between the Indian city of Amritsar and the Pakistani city of Lahore.

"Working boundary"
The border between two countries is called an international border from Gujrat/Sindh to the Line of Control. The Kashmir region is divided by the 1949 UN ceasefire line into two parts and the de facto border dividing Pakistan-administered Kashmir from Indian-administered Kashmir has been called the Line of Control since 1972. On the south side of the border of the Jammu Division is Pakistan's Punjab border, and is called the working boundary by Pakistan (which is a recent term) but the "international border" by India.

Other disputes
Rann of Kutch and the Kori Creek
Ferozpur District
Pathankot Tehsil

Foreign relations of India
Pakistan
The Coat of arms of Afghanistan has appeared in some form on the Flag of Afghanistan since the inception of that nation. The most notable absence was during the 1980s when a Communist regime ruled the nation, and in the late 1990s, during the rule of the Taliban. 

The latest incarnation of the coat of arms has the added inscription of the shahadah in Arabic at the top. Below it is the image of a mosque with a mehrab that is facing Mecca with a prayer mat inside. Attached to the mosque are two flags, taken to stand for flags of Afghanistan. Beneath the mosque is an inscription that states the name of the nation. Around the mosque is a garland. It is white

Afghanistan
Afghanistan
USB is an international standard of technology for connecting peripherals to computers and other devices that support it. An interface where a USB device can be connected is called a port. A USB hub is a special device which allows adding more USB ports. The additional ports share one USB connection to the computer; for this reason,  each of them cannot carry as much data as a direct USB connection can. 

A hub may be bus-powered, which means it gets all its electrical power from the computer. This makes simple wiring, but it cannot give full power to its peripherals. A self powered hub has its own power cord, and can give full power to peripherals that need it.  

There are different versions of the USB standard; main difference between the version is the maximum speed that is supported. The USB standard also defines different types of USB plugs.  

A USB hub is a normal USB device, which was built for a given version of the standard. Certain models may support different versions of USB, while others may not.  As an example: USB 3.0 can transfer payload data at up to 4 GBits per second. USB 2.0 is limited to a transfer rate of 280 MBits per second. Connecting an USB 3.0 device to the computer using an USB 2.0 hub will limit the transfer rate to that of USB 2.0. 

Computing

de:Universal Serial Bus#USB-Hubs
Key generation is the process of generating keys for cryptography. The key is used to encrypt and decrypt data whatever the data is being encrypted or decrypted.

Modern cryptographic systems include symmetric-key algorithms (such as DES and AES) and public-key algorithms (such as RSA).  Symmetric-key algorithms use a single shared key; keeping data secret requires keeping this key secret.  Public-key algorithms use a public key and a private key.  The public key is made available to anyone (often by means of a digital certificate).  A sender will encrypt data with the public key; only the holder of the private key can decrypt this data.

Since public-key algorithms tend to be much slower than symmetric-key algorithms, modern systems such as TLS and its predecessor SSL as well as the SSH use a combination of the two in which:  
 One party receives the other's public key, and encrypts a small piece of data (either a symmetric key or some data that will be used to generate it).
 The remainder of the conversation (the remaining party) uses a (typically faster) symmetric-key algorithm for encryption.

The simplest method to read encrypted data is a brute force attack–simply attempting every number, up to the maximum length of the key.  Therefore, it is important to use a sufficiently long key length; longer keys take exponentially longer time to attack, making a brute force attack invisible and impractical.  

Currently, commonly used key lengths are:
 128-bits for symmetric key algorithms.
 1024-bits for public-key algorithms.

Key generation algorithms 
In computer cryptography keys are integers.  In some cases keys are randomly generated using a random number generator (RNG) or pseudorandom number generator (PRNG), the latter being a computer algorithm that produces data which appears random under analysis. Some types the PRNGs algorithms utilize system entropy to generate a seed data, such seeds produce better results, since this makes the initial conditions of the PRNG much more difficult for an attacker to guess.  

In other situations, the key is created using a passphrase and a key generation algorithm, using a cryptographic hash function such as SHA-1.

Related pages
 Distributed key generation: For some protocols no party should be in the sole possession of the secret key. Rather, during distributed key generation every party obtains a share of the key. A threshold of the participating parties need to work together in order to achieve a cryptographic task, such as decrypting a message.

References

Cryptography
John Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was an American statesman and jurist who shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court more powerful. Marshall was Chief Justice of the United States, working from February 4, 1801, until his death in 1835. He worked in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1799, to June 7, 1800, and, under President John Adams, was Secretary of State from June 6, 1800, to March 4, 1801. Marshall was from the Commonwealth of Virginia and a leader of the Federalist Party.

The longest working Chief Justice in Supreme Court history, Marshall ruled the Court for thirty years and was an important part of making the American legal system. His most important addition was judicial review; the power to stop laws that violate the Constitution. Marshall has been called the one that made the judicial branch special and powerful. Marshall also balanced the power between the federal and state government. He made sure the federal law was more powerful than state law and agreed with an expansive reading of the enumerated powers.

Chief Justices of the United States
United States Secretaries of State
United States Supreme Court justices
Founding Fathers of the United States
Politicians from Virginia
Lawyers from Virginia
William Harris Crawford (February 24, 1772–September 15, 1834) was an important American politician, judge, and slaveowner during the early 19th century. He served as United States Secretary of War from 1815 to 1816 and United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1816 to 1825, and was a candidate for President of the United States in 1824.

Legacy
In 1875, Crawford appeared on the 50 cent bill.

The town of Crawfordsville, Indiana, as well as Crawford County, Illinois; Crawford County, Iowa; Crawford County, Missouri; Crawford County, Arkansas; Crawford County, Wisconsin; Crawfordville, Georgia; and Crawford County, Georgia, are named for Crawford.

References

United States Secretaries of the Treasury
United States Secretaries of War
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Politicians from Virginia
Slavers
John Jay (December 12, 1745 – May 17, 1829) was an American politician, statesman, slave owner, and diplomat. He was a Supreme Court Chief Justice and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Jay served in the Continental Congress and was elected President of that body. During and after the American Revolution, he was a minister (ambassador) to Spain and France, helping to fashion American foreign policy and to secure favorable peace terms from the British and French. He co-wrote the Federalist Papers with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.

Jay served on the U.S. Supreme Court as the first Chief Justice of the United States from 1789 to 1795. In 1794 he negotiated the Jay Treaty with the British. A leader of the new Federalist party, Jay was governor of New York from 1795 to 1801. He was the leading opponent of slavery and the slave trade in New York. His first attempt to pass emancipation legislation failed in 1777 and failed again in 1785, but he succeeded in 1799, signing the law that eventually emancipated the slaves of New York; the last were freed before his death.

References 

1745 births
1829 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Chief Justices of the United States
Founding Fathers of the United States
United States Supreme Court justices
Politicians from New York City
Slavers
Governors of New York
Lawyers from New York City
Evan Michael "Longo" Longoria is a third baseman for the San Francisco Giants. Longoria began his MLB career with the Tampa Bay Rays before being traded to the Giants in 2017. He won the 2008 American League Rookie of the Year award. In 2009, he won the Silver Slugger and Gold Glove awards for American League third basemen. Longoria once again won the Gold Glove award in 2010 and 2017.

References

Other websites

1985 births
American League All-Stars
Baseball players from California
Living people
People from Downey, California
San Francisco Giants players
Sportspeople from California
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Tampa Bay Rays players
William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1, 1924 – September 3, 2005) was an American lawyer, jurist, and a political figure. He was the 16th Chief Justice of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2005. Before becoming Chief Justice, he was an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1971 to 1986. 

Considered a conservative, Rehnquist favored a federalism under which the states meaningfully exercised governmental power. Under this view of federalism, the Supreme Court of the United States, for the first time since the 1930s, struck down an Act of Congress as exceeding federal power under the Commerce Clause.

Rehnquist died on September 3, 2005. He was replaced by John Roberts as Chief Justice.

Books 

 Revised edition:

References

Other websites

1924 births
2005 deaths
American Lutherans
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Chief Justices of the United States
Deaths from thyroid cancer
Harvard University alumni
Politicians from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Stanford University alumni
United States Supreme Court justices
Lawyers from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
The two-nation theory (Urdu: دو قومی نظریہ‎ do qaumī nazariya) is the basis of the creation of Pakistan. The two-nation theory in its simplest way means that cultural, political, religious, economic and social dissimilarities between the two major communities, Hindus and Muslims of the Subcontinent. These differences of outlook, in fact, were greatly instrumental in giving rise to two distinct political ideologies which were responsible for the partition of the sub-continent into two independent states. The two-nation theory was a founding principle of the Pakistan Movement (i.e. the ideology of Pakistan as a Muslim nation-state in South Asia), and the partition of India in 1947.

The ideology that religion is the determining factor in defining the nationality of Indian Muslims and Hindus was postulated by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who termed it as the awakening of Muslims for the creation of Pakistan. As a consequence, it spawned creation of many Hindu nationalist organisations, with causes including working towards making India a similar state for the majority of Hindus residing there. 

There are varying interpretations of the two-nation theory, based on whether the two postulated nationalities can coexist in one territory or not, with radically different implications. One interpretation argued for sovereign autonomy, including the right to secede, for Muslim-majority areas of the Indian subcontinent, but without any transfer of populations (i.e. Hindus and Muslims would continue to live together). A different interpretation contends that Hindus and Muslims constitute "two distinct and frequently antagonistic ways of life and that therefore they cannot coexist in one nation." In this version, a transfer of populations (i.e. the total removal of Hindus from Muslim-majority areas and the total removal of Muslims from Hindu-majority areas) is a desirable step towards a complete separation of two incompatible nations that "cannot coexist in a harmonious relationship".

Opposition to the theory has come from two sources. The first is the concept of a single Indian nation, of which Hindus and Muslims are two intertwined communities. Even after the formation of Pakistan, debates on whether Muslims and Hindus are distinct nationalities or not continued in India. The second source of opposition is the concept that while Indians are not one nation, neither are the Muslims or Hindus of the subcontinent, and it is instead the relatively homogeneous provincial units of the subcontinent which are true nations and deserving of sovereignty across the subcontinent.

Reference of two nation theory 

History of Pakistan
History of Bangladesh
Partition of India
William Bradford (September 14, 1755 – August 23, 1795) was an American lawyer and judge. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Bradforn was the second United States Attorney General in 1794-1795.

1755 births
1795 deaths
United States Attorneys General
Politicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Lawyers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Joseph Hewes (January 23, 1730 – November 10, 1779), was a native of Princeton, New Jersey, where he was born in 1730. Hewes’s parents were part of the Quaker Society of Friends. Immediately after their marriage they moved to New Jersey, which became Joseph Hewes’s home state. Hewes was formally educated at Princeton University and after college he became an apprentice to a merchant. After finishing his apprenticeship he earned himself a good name and a strong reputation, which helped him become one of the most famous signers of the Declaration of Independence for North Carolina, along with William Hooper and John Penn. After a few years as a successful merchant, he became very rich. Hewes moved to Edenton, North Carolina at the age of 30 and won over the people of the state with his charm and honorable businesslike character. Hewes was elected to the North Carolina legislature in 1763, only three years after he moved to the state. Second to the delegates of Massachusetts, Hewes was a pioneer of independence who influenced his state to be more rebellious during the years leading up to the American Revolution. After being re-elected many times to the legislature, Hewes focused on a new and more ambitious job as a Continental Congressman. 

1730 births
1779 deaths
People from Princeton, New Jersey
Politicians from New Jersey
Politicians from North Carolina
Princeton University alumni
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
DeAndre Cortez Way, also known as Soulja Boy Tell 'Em or simply Soulja Boy, is an American rapper, record producer, singer, songwriter and actor. He is widely known for the songs "Crank That (Soulja Boy)" and "Tell 'Em". 

He has brought out two albums, called "souljaboytellem.com" and "iSouljaBoyTellEm". Most critics dislike his music, with Entertainment Weekly called souljaboytellem.com a "teenage wasteland" and Artistdirect stating that iSouljaBoyTellEm "falls flat."

Soulja Boy also had an argument with rapper Ice-T, after the argument rappers such as Kanye West and 50 Cent defended Soulja Boy and rappers such as Snoop Dogg and Method Man defended Ice-T.

Awards and nominations
 BET Awards
 2007: Best New Artist (Nominated)
 2008: Viewer's Choice Award: "Crank That (Soulja Boy)" (Nominated)
 2009: Viewer's Choice Award: "Kiss Me Thru the Phone" (Nominated)
 BET Hip-Hop Awards
 '2007: Best Hip-Hop Dance (Won)'
 Grammy Awards
 2008: Best Rap Song: "Crank That (Soulja Boy)" (Nominated)
 Ozone Awards
 '2007: Patiently Waiting: Mississippi (Won)'
 2008: Best Breakthrough Artist (Nominated)
 2008: TJ's DJ's Tastemaker Award (Nominated)
 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
 2007: Favorite Male Singer (Nominated)
 Teen Choice Awards
 2009: Choice Music: Rap Artist (Nominated)
 2009: Choice Music: R&B Track for "Kiss Me Thru the Phone" (Nominated)
 2009: Choice Music: Hook Up for "Kiss Me Thru the Phone" (Nominated)
 2009: Choice Music: Artist (Nominated)

References

Other websites
 Soulja Boy's Official website

Rap musicians from Illinois
1990 births
Living people
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singers from Illinois
African American musicians
American Internet celebrities
Twitch (service) streamers
A hadron, in particle physics, is any subatomic (smaller than the atom) particle or antiparticle which is made of quarks. 

Quarks are fundamental particles which among other properties have an electrical charge and a name (e.g. 'up', 'down', 'strange'). The electrical charge of a single quark is always a fraction (e.g. 2/3). Quarks combine to make a hadron of integer charge, for example, the charges of two 'down' quarks and one 'up' quark combine like this -1/3 -1/3 +2/3 = 0 to make a neutrally charged neutron. Quarks do not appear alone, they exist in groups and are held together by the strong nuclear force. The word to describe the different types of quarks is flavours. According to the current standard model there are 6 flavours of quarks. There are two known ways quarks can combine, to give the two categories of hadrons:
 baryons, which are made of three quarks.
 mesons, which are made of one quark and one anti-quark.
Hadrons are also characterized by being affected by the strong nuclear force, which holds them tightly together over a short distance. At the center of an atom is a nucleus (a cluster of protons and neutrons).

List of hadrons

Known to exist

Baryons 
 Proton, with quark structure uud ( up down', referring to the three quarks making up the proton.)
 Neutron, with quark structure udd ('up down down')

Mesons 
 Pion
 Kaon
These are the most commonly discussed hadrons. There are many more: complete list of baryons, complete list of mesons.

Not yet known to exist 
 Tetraquark
 Pentaquark
These are predictions for different ways quarks may be put together. There is not any solid evidence for them existing yet.

References

Subatomic particles
Zlatko Zahovič (born 1 February 1971) is a former Slovenian football player. He has played for Slovenia national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1989/90||Partizan||First League||9||1
|-
|1990/91||Proleter Zrenjanin||First League||25||0
|-
|1991/92||Partizan||First League||13||2

|-
|1992/93||Partizan||First League||15||3

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="3"|Vitória||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||27||1
|-
|1994/95||23||4
|-
|1995/96||29||8
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Porto||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||27||7
|-
|1997/98||29||6
|-
|1998/99||31||14

|-
|1999/00||Olympiacos||Alpha Ethniki||14||7

|-
|2000/01||Valencia||La Liga||20||3

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Benfica||rowspan="4"|Portuguese Liga||21||6
|-
|2002/03||28||6
|-
|2003/04||21||2
|-
|2004/05||10||0
47||3
15||3
246||54
14||7
20||3
342||70
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1992||1||0
|-
|1993||1||0
|-
|1994||5||1
|-
|1995||6||3
|-
|1996||6||1
|-
|1997||3||1
|-
|1998||9||6
|-
|1999||11||8
|-
|2000||10||6
|-
|2001||8||4
|-
|2002||8||2
|-
|2003||9||2
|-
|2004||3||1
|-
!Total||80||35
|}

References 

1971 births
Living people
Slovenian footballers
Francis Lee is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1960-61||rowspan="8"|Bolton Wanderers||rowspan="4"|First Division||6||2
|-
|1961-62||5||0
|-
|1962-63||23||12
|-
|1963-64||34||12
|-
|1964-65||rowspan="4"|Second Division||38||23
|-
|1965-66||34||12
|-
|1966-67||40||22
|-
|1967-68||9||8
|-
|1967-68||rowspan="7"|Manchester City||rowspan="7"|First Division||31||16
|-
|1968-69||37||12
|-
|1969-70||36||13
|-
|1970-71||38||14
|-
|1971-72||42||33
|-
|1972-73||35||14
|-
|1973-74||30||10
|-
|1974-75||rowspan="2"|Derby County||rowspan="2"|First Division||34||12
|-
|1975-76||28||12
500||227
500||227
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1968||1||0
|-
|1969||8||4
|-
|1970||9||3
|-
|1971||8||2
|-
|1972||1||1
|-
!Total||27||10
|}

References

1944 births
Living people
English footballers
People from Lancashire
Shaun Goater is a football player. He plays for Bermuda Hogges.

Club career statistics

|-
|1989/90||Manchester United||First Division||0||0
|-
|1989/90||rowspan="5"|Rotherham United||rowspan="2"|Third Division||12||2
|-
|1990/91||22||2
|-
|1991/92||Fourth Division||24||9
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="2"|Second Division||23||7
|-
|1993/94||39||13
|-
|1993/94||Notts County||First Division||1||0
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Rotherham United||rowspan="2"|Second Division||45||19
|-
|1995/96||44||18
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="2"|Bristol City||rowspan="2"|Second Division||42||23
|-
|1997/98||33||17
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="6"|Manchester City||First Division||7||3
|-
|1998/99||Second Division||43||17
|-
|1999/00||First Division||40||23
|-
|2000/01||Premier League||26||6
|-
|2001/02||First Division||42||28
|-
|2002/03||Premier League||26||7
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Reading||First Division||34||12
|-
|2004/05||League Championship||9||0
|-
|2004/05||Coventry City||League Championship||6||0
|-
|2005/06||Southend United||League One||33||11

|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Bermuda Hogges||rowspan="2"|USL Second Division||8||3
|-
|2008||||
551||217
8||3
558||220
|}

International career statistics

|-
!Total||36||32
|}

1970 births
Living people
Bermudian people
British footballers
North American footballers
Sport in Bermuda
Primera División Argentina (English: "Argentine First Division") is a professional football league in Argentina. It is the top division in the country, and has a promotion and relegation system. Relegated teams drop to the Primera B Nacional.

References 

Football leagues
Football in Argentina
1931 establishments
20th-century establishments in Argentina
Vladimír Šmicer (born 24 May 1973) is a former Czech football player. He has played for Czechoslovakia national team and Czech Republic national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992/93||Slavia Prague||First League||21||8

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="3"|Slavia Prague||rowspan="3"|Gambrinus liga||17||6
|-
|1994/95||15||3
|-
|1995/96||28||9

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Lens||rowspan="3"|Division 1||33||5
|-
|1997/98||28||7
|-
|1998/99||30||4

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="6"|Liverpool||rowspan="6"|Premier League||21||1
|-
|2000/01||27||2
|-
|2001/02||22||4
|-
|2002/03||21||0
|-
|2003/04||20||3
|-
|2004/05||10||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||25||3
|-
|2006/07||3||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Slavia Prague||rowspan="3"|Gambrinus liga||12||2
|-
|2008/09||8||3
|-
|2009/10||3||0
21||8
83||23
119||19
121||10
344||60
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1993||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

|-
|1995||1||0
|-
|1996||9||2
|-
|1997||14||8
|-
|1998||8||5
|-
|1999||6||1
|-
|2000||6||2
|-
|2001||7||0
|-
|2002||7||3
|-
|2003||7||3
|-
|2004||6||1
|-
|2005||9||2
|-
!Total||80||27
|}

References

1973 births
Living people
Czech footballers
Dietmar Hamann (born 27 August 1973 in Waldsassen) is a German football player. He has played for Germany national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="5"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||5||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0||6||1
|-
|1994/95||30||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0||37||0
|-
|1995/96||20||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0||29||2
|-
|1996/97||23||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0||30||1
|-
|1997/98||28||2||5||3||2||0||8||1||41||6

|-
|1998/99||Newcastle United||Premier League||23||4||7||1||1||0||0||0||31||5
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="7"|Liverpool||rowspan="7"|Premier League||28||1||2||0||0||0||0||0||30||1
|-
|2000/01||30||2||5||1||5||0||13||0||53||3
|-
|2001/02||31||1||2||0||1||0||13||0||47||1
|-
|2002/03||30||2||1||0||1||0||9||0||41||2
|-
|2003/04||25||2||4||0||1||0||5||1||35||3
|-
|2004/05||30||0||0||0||3||0||10||1||43||1
|-
|2005/06||17||0||2||0||1||0||11||0||31||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Manchester City||rowspan="3"|Premier League||16||1||2||0||1||0||0||0||19||0
|-
|2007/08||29||0||3||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||34||0
|-
|2008/09||9||0||1||0||0||0||8||1||18||1
106||6||12||3||2||0||23||1||143||10
268||12||29||2||16||0||69||3||382||17
374||18||41||5||18||0||92||4||525||27
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1997||1||1
|-
|1998||12||0
|-
|1999||6||1
|-
|2000||11||1
|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||12||1
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2004||9||1
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
!Total||59||5
|}

References 

1973 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Bavaria
George Arthur Rowley, (21 April 1926 – 19 December 2002) was an English football striker. He holds the record for the most career goals in The Football League, 434 from 619 games. He was the younger brother of Manchester United legend Jack Rowley. He was shortlisted for inclusion into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2008.

References

1926 births
2002 deaths
English footballers
People from Wolverhampton
Sportspeople from Staffordshire
Laurie Cunningham is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1974-75||rowspan="3"|Leyton Orient||rowspan="3"|Second Division||17||1
|-
|1975-76||34||8
|-
|1976-77||24||6
|-
|1976-77||rowspan="3"|West Bromwich Albion||rowspan="3"|First Division||13||6
|-
|1977-78||33||6
|-
|1978-79||40||9

|-
|1979-80||rowspan="4"|Real Madrid||rowspan="4"|La Liga||29||8
|-
|1980-81||12||5
|-
|1981-82||3||0
|-
|1982-83||0||0

|-
|1982-83||Manchester United||First Division||5||1

|-
|1983-84||Sporting Gijón||La Liga||30||3

|-
|1984-85||Olympique Marseille||Division 1||30||8

|-
|1985-86||Leicester City||First Division||15||0

|-
|1986-87||Rayo Vallecano||Segunda División||37||3

|-
|1987-88||Wimbledon||First Division||6||2

|-
|1987-88||Charleroi||First Division||1||0

|-
|1988-89||Rayo Vallecano||Segunda División||19||1
187||39
130||20
30||8
1||0
348||67
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1979||3||0
|-
|1980||3||0
|-
!Total||6||0
|}

References

1956 births
1989 deaths
English footballers
Sportspeople from London
Glenn Hoddle (born 27 October 1957) is a former English football player. He has played for England national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1975/76||rowspan="12"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|First Division||7||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||1
|-
|1976/77||39||4||1||0||2||1||colspan="2"|-||42||5
|-
|1977/78||Second Division||41||12||2||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||45||13
|-
|1978/79||rowspan="9"|First Division||35||7||5||1||2||1||colspan="2"|-||42||9
|-
|1979/80||41||19||6||2||2||1||colspan="2"|-||49||22
|-
|1980/81||38||12||9||2||6||1||colspan="2"|-||53||15
|-
|1981/82||34||10||7||3||8||1||8||1||57||15
|-
|1982/83||24||1||1||0||3||0||1||0||29||1
|-
|1983/84||24||4||3||0||3||1||6||0||36||5
|-
|1984/85||28||8||3||0||3||0||6||0||40||8
|-
|1985/86||31||7||5||1||5||0||colspan="2"|-||41||8
|-
|1986/87||35||3||6||1||8||4||colspan="2"|-||49||8

|-
|1987/88||rowspan="4"|Monaco||rowspan="4"|Division 1||34||8||||||||||||||34||8
|-
|1988/89||32||18||||||||||||||32||18
|-
|1989/90||3||1||||||||||||||3||1
|-
|1990/91||0||0||||||||||||||0||0

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="2"|Swindon Town||Second Division||22||0||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||25||0
|-
|1992/93||First Division||42||1||1||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||46||2
|-
|1993/94||rowspan="2"|Chelsea||rowspan="2"|Premier League||19||1||2||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||24||1
|-
|1994/95||12||0||0||0||0||0||3||0||15||0
472||90||51||11||53||11||24||1||600||113
69||27||||||||||||||69||27
541||117||51||11||53||11||24||1||669||140
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1979||1||1
|-
|1980||3||1
|-
|1981||4||1
|-
|1982||6||2
|-
|1983||4||1
|-
|1984||1||0
|-
|1985||9||1
|-
|1986||13||1
|-
|1987||6||0
|-
|1988||6||0
|-
!Total||53||8
|}

References 

1957 births
Living people
Chelsea F.C. players
English footballers
English football managers
England national football team managers
Sportspeople from London
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Premier League players
Robert Pirès (born 29 October 1973) is a French football player. He plays for Villarreal in Spain, but he has also played for many other teams like Arsenal and Olympique Marseille, and he has also won the World Cup and the European championship with France. He is known for his quick dribbling, thinking and passing skills, and he has also scored some great goals in his career. He usually plays on the left wing so that he can cross balls into the penalty box that strikers can score with.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="6"|Metz||rowspan="6"|Division 1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1993/94||24||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||1
|-
|1994/95||35||9||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||35||9
|-
|1995/96||38||11||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||38||11
|-
|1996/97||32||11||colspan="2"|-||6||0||38||11
|-
|1997/98||31||11||colspan="2"|-||3||0||34||11
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="2"|Division 1||34||6||colspan="2"|-||11||3||45||9
|-
|1999/00||32||2||colspan="2"|-||11||2||43||4

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="6"|Arsenal||rowspan="6"|Premier League||33||4||6||3||12||1||51||8
|-
|2001/02||28||9||5||1||12||3||45||13
|-
|2002/03||26||14||7||2||9||0||42||16
|-
|2003/04||36||14||4||1||10||4||50||19
|-
|2004/05||33||14||6||2||8||1||47||17
|-
|2005/06||33||7||3||2||12||2||48||11

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Villarreal||rowspan="4"|La Liga||11||3||0||0||2||0||13||3
|-
|2007/08||33||3||0||0||2||0||35||3
|-
|2008/09||32||3||0||0||6||1||38||4
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
228||51||0||0||31||5||259||56
189||62||31||11||63||11||283||84
76||9||0||0||10||1||86||10
493||122||31||11||104||17||628||150
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1996||3||1
|-
|1997||4||1
|-
|1998||14||1
|-
|1999||9||1
|-
|2000||10||2
|-
|2001||13||4
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||12||4
|-
|2004||13||0
|-
!Total||79||14
|}

References 

1973 births
Living people
French footballers
People from Reims
Zoran Mirković (born 21 September 1971) is a former football player. He has played for the Serbia and Montenegro national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1990-91||rowspan="3"|Rad||rowspan="2"|First League||5||0
|-
|1991-92||26||0
|-
|1992-93||First League||31||1
|-
|1993-94||rowspan="3"|Partizan||rowspan="3"|First League||26||0
|-
|1994-95||29||0
|-
|1995-96||27||1

|-
|1996-97||Atalanta||Serie A||22||0
|-
|1997-98||rowspan="3"|Juventus||rowspan="3"|Serie A||30||0
|-
|1998-99||19||1
|-
|1999-00||8||0

|-
|2000-01||rowspan="3"|Fenerbahçe||rowspan="3"|Super League||29||1
|-
|2001-02||27||2
|-
|2002-03||15||0

|-
|2003-04||rowspan="3"|Partizan||rowspan="3"|First League||10||0
|-
|2004-05||23||2
|-
|2005-06||13||0
144||2
46||2
79||1
71||3
340||8
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1995||5||0
|-
|1996||5||0
|-
|1997||12||0
|-
|1998||8||0
|-
|1999||6||0
|-
|2000||3||0
|-
|2001||5||0
|-
|2002||8||0
|-
|2003||5||0
|-
!Total||57||0
|}

References

1971 births
Living people
Serbian footballers
People from Belgrade
Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink (born 27 March 1972) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for the Netherlands national football team. He won the 1998–99 Premier League Golden Boot, along side Dwight Yorke and Michael Owen. This made him the joint first foreign Golden Boot winner.

Career Statistics

Club

International

|-
|1998||5||2
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||3||1
|-
|2001||8||4
|-
|2002||6||2
|-
!Total||23||9
|}

International goals
Netherlands score listed first, score column indicates score after each Hasselbaink goal.

Managerial statistics

Honours

As a player
Boavista
Taça de Portugal: 1996–97

Atlético Madrid
Copa del Rey runner-up: 1999–2000

Chelsea
FA Charity Shield: 2000
FA Cup runner-up: 2001–02

Middlesbrough
UEFA Cup runner-up: 2005–06

Cardiff City
FA Cup runner-up: 2007–08

Individual
Copa del Rey top-scorer: 1999–2000 (shared)
Premier League Golden Boot: 1998–99 (shared), 2000–01

As a manager
Burton Albion
League Two: 2014–15

References

Other websites

1972 births
Living people
1998 FIFA World Cup players
Association football forwards
Chelsea F.C. players
Dutch football managers
Dutch footballers
Naturalised citizens of the Netherlands
People from Paramaribo
Premier League players
Andrew Cole (born 15 October 1971) is a former English football player. He has played for England national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1989/90||rowspan="2"|Arsenal||rowspan="2"|First Division||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1990/91||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1991/92||Fulham||Third Division||13||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||3
|-
|1991/92||rowspan="2"|Bristol City||Second Division||12||8||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||8
|-
|1992/93||First Division||29||12||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||12
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Newcastle United||First Division||12||12||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||12
|-
|1993/94||rowspan="2"|Premier League||40||34||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||40||34
|-
|1994/95||18||9||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||9
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="8"|Manchester United||rowspan="8"|Premier League||18||12||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||12
|-
|1995/96||34||11||7||2||1||0||1||0||43||13
|-
|1996/97||20||7||3||0||0||0||5||1||28||8
|-
|1997/98||33||15||3||5||1||0||7||5||44||25
|-
|1998/99||32||17||7||2||0||0||10||5||49||24
|-
|1999/00||28||19||0||0||0||0||14||3||42||22
|-
|2000/01||19||9||1||0||0||0||10||4||30||13
|-
|2001/02||11||4||0||0||0||0||4||1||15||5
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Blackburn Rovers||rowspan="3"|Premier League||15||9||2||1||3||3||colspan="2"|-||20||13
|-
|2002/03||34||7||2||2||4||4||3||0||43||13
|-
|2003/04||34||11||1||0||1||0||1||0||37||11
|-
|2004/05||Fulham||Premier League||31||12||5||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||39||13
|-
|2005/06||Manchester City||Premier League||22||9||1||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||23||10
|-
|2006/07||Portsmouth||Premier League||18||3||2||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||22||4
|-
|2006/07||Birmingham City||League Championship||5||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||1
|-
|2007/08||Sunderland||Premier League||7||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2007/08||Burnley||League Championship||13||6||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||6
|-
|2008/09||Nottingham Forest||League Championship||10||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0
509||230||35||14||16||8||55||19||615||271
509||230||35||14||16||8||55||19||615||271
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1995||1||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||1||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||4||0
|-
|2000||4||0
|-
|2001||5||1
|-
!Total||15||1
|}

References

1971 births
Arsenal F.C. players
Black British sportspeople
English footballers
Living people
Manchester City F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Sportspeople from Nottingham