cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) was the introduction of free oxygen into our atmosphere. It was caused by cyanobacteria doing photosynthesis. It took a very long time, from about three billion years ago to about one billion years ago.

Photosynthesis was producing oxygen both before and after the GOE. The difference was that before the GOE, organic matter and dissolved iron chemically captured any free oxygen. Earth has much iron, and iron has higher solubility than its oxides, so the oceans had much dissolved iron. It became iron oxide and made huge deposits as banded iron rock from the Archaean and Proterozoic eras. When not enough iron remained to capture more oxygen, free oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere. This was the GOE.

Oxygen was toxic to most of the Earth's anaerobic inhabitants at the time. As cyanobacteria produced oxygen, and built their stromatolites, they changed the environment for other protists. Since the other protists had no way to deal with oxygen, most would have become extinct. Another consequence was the effect of free oxygen on atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas. The reaction removed the methane and caused the Huronian glaciation, possibly the longest snowball Earth episode ever. Free oxygen has been an important part of the atmosphere ever since.

Timing 
The evidence is that free oxygen was first produced by photosynthetic organisms (prokaryotic, later eukaryotic) which emitted oxygen as a waste product. These organisms lived long before the GOE, perhaps 3500 million years ago (mya). The oxygen they produced would have quickly been removed from the atmosphere by the 'mass rusting' which led to the deposition of banded-iron formations. Oxygen only began to persist in the atmosphere in small quantities shortly (~50 million years) before the start of the GOE. Without a draw-down, oxygen would accumulate very rapidly. At today's rates of photosynthesis (which are much greater than those in the land-plant-free Precambrian), modern atmospheric O2 levels could be produced in around 2,000 years.

Summary:
3,500 mya Archaean eon: production of oxygen by cyanobacteria in stromatolites.
Oxygen causes deposit of iron as iron oxides in banded iron formations.
c. 2,400 mya Palaeoproterozoic era: free oxygen escapes into atmosphere, mostly absorbed on the land.
c. 850 mya Neoproterozoic era: oxygen starts to accumulate in the atmosphere. Continues to increase during the Palaeozoic era to present levels.

References 

Sedimentary rocks
Proterozoic
Atmosphere
Protista
Edmund John Kellaway (September 26, 1877 – September 6, 1959) was an English movie, television, and stage actor who is known for his role as Santa Claus in Miracle on 34th Street. Gwenn won an Academy Award and two Golden Globe Awards.

Gwenn was born in Wandsworth, London, England on September 26, 1877. He studied at St. Olave's School and King's College London. Gwenn was married to Minnie Terry for one day in 1901. They divorced the same day they married. Gwenn died on September 6, 1959 from pneumonia cause by a stroke in his Woodland Hills, Los Angeles home, aged 81.

References

Other websites

 

1877 births
1959 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from London
British silent movie actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from stroke
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
People from Wandsworth
Spero Dedes (born February 27, 1979) is a Greek-American sportscaster employed by MSG, CBS, and NFL Network. He is the host of NFL Total Access.

Dedes was born in Panamus, New Jersey. Before working with CBS, he called NFL games on Fox in 2004 as well as the New Jersey Gladiators of the Arena Football League. Dedes was the radio voice of the Los Angeles Lakers from 2005-2011. He was expected to replace Joel Meyers, but signed a contract with the New York Knicks instead.

Meyers now calls games for the New Orleans Hornets. While at NFL Network, he has called BCS games and NFL Preseason Games for the network. He called the 2004 Summer Olympics on NBC for field hockey at the age of 25.  This made him the youngest member of an Olympic Game broadcast for NBC. He also called college football and basketball games for Westwood One.

References

College basketball broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
People from New Jersey
1979 births
Living people
Merton Laverne "Verne" Lundquist, Jr. (born June 17, 1940) is a longtime sportscaster with CBS Sports and formally with Turner Sports and ABC Sports. 

He backed up Chris Schenkel for ABC'S covering of bowling. He also called college football games for ABC. He started his career as the voice of the Dallas Cowboys.  During his time at Turner Sports, he called college football, NFL, and NBA games for TNT and/or TBS. Lundquist replaced Gary Bender as play-by-play announcer for TNT Sunday Night Football before ESPN took over for Sunday Night Football full-time. 

Lundquist currently calls SEC games and other college football games for CBS with Gary Danielson and sideline reporter Tracy Wolfson. Lundquist also calls college basketball and golf tournaments for CBS. He used to call NFL and NBA games for the network. 

Lundquist is a native of Duluth, Minnesota.  He graduated from Texas Lutheran College.

References

Boxing broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
Bowling broadcasters
College football broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
1940 births
Living people
People from Duluth, Minnesota
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are proteins which act in the innate immune system and the digestive system. They are membrane-spanning, that is, they reach from the outside of the cell to the inside. 

TLRs recognize molecules which come from microbes. Once microbes get through physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs. The TLRs set up an immune cell response.

TLR signalling leads to the induction or suppression of genes that orchestrate the inflammatory response. In all, thousands of genes are activated by TLR signalling, and the TLRs are one of the most important means of gene modulation.

Toll-like receptors have also been shown to be an important link between innate and adaptive immunity through their presence in dendritic cells.

Extended family 
Most mammalian species have between ten and fifteen types of Toll-like receptors. Thirteen TLRs (TLR1 to TLR13) have been identified in humans and mice, and similar ones have been found in other mammalian species. TLRs are not identical in all mammals. For example, a gene coding for a protein like TLR10 in humans is present in mice, but seems to have been damaged at some time by a retrovirus.  On the other hand, mice express TLRs 11, 12, and 13, none of which is present in humans.  Other mammals may express TLRs that are not found in humans.  Non-mammalian species may have TLRs different from mammals.

History 
They got their name from their similarity to the protein coded by the Toll gene identified in Drosophila in 1985 by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard. The gene in question, when mutated, makes the Drosophila flies look unusual. The researchers were so surprised that they spontaneously shouted out in German "Das ist ja toll!" which translates as "That's great!".

Toll-like receptors are now counted among the key molecules that alert the immune system to the presence of microbial infections. In 1996, Toll was found by Jules A. Hoffmann and his colleagues to have an essential role in the fly's immunity to fungal infection. It worked by activating the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. Plant homologues were discovered in 1995 (rice XA21), and 2000 (Arabidopsis FLS2).

TLR 4 function as a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensing receptor was discovered by Bruce A. Beutler and colleagues. These workers proved that mice which could not respond to LPS had mutations which abolished the function of TLR4. This identified TLR4 as one of the key components of the receptor for LPS.

References 

Cell biology
Bill Macatee (born November 17, 1955) is a television sportscaster. 

He currently is with Tennis Channel and CBS Sports calling tennis tournaments, golf tournaments, and NFL games. He is paired with John McEnroe and Mary Joe Fernandez for tennis, Ian Baker-Finch for golf, and Steve Tasker for NFL games. 

He was sports director at KMBD-TV. Macatee was a sports correspondent for The Today Show and sports anchor at NBC News at Sunrise and Sunday Today. He was formally with NBC Sports and USA Sports. At NBC, he provided live reports and did studio hosting for NBC's coverage of NFL, college football, Major League Baseball, tennis, and college football. At USA, he covered PGA Tour, figure skating, boxing, and the 2006 Winter Olympics. Macatee also called college basketball games for CBS as well as Clash of Champions; a bowling program part of CBS Sports Spectacular.

Macatee was born in Rome, New York, and grew up in El Paso, Texas with his childhood friend Nick Rolen Macatee was once married to actress India Allen.

References

Tennis broadcasters
Boxing broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
College football broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
1955 births
Living people
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Bowling broadcasters
James William Nantz, III (born May 17, 1959) is a personality with CBS Sports. He currently partners with Clark Kellogg and Steve Kerr for college basketball games, Nick Faldo for golf tournaments, and Phil Simms for NFL games. 

His jobs include these:
NFL on CBS play-by-play/studio host
PGA Tour on CBS play-by-play
Olympics on CBS anchor
NBA on CBS play-by-play
NFL on CBS Radio play-by-play
College Basketball on CBS lead play-by-play/studio host
College football on CBS lead play-by-play
Tennis on CBS play-by-play
PGA Tour on BBC Open Championship play-by-play
BYU Cougars football play-by-play
Utah Jazz play-by-play
KSL-TV sports anchor in Salt Lake City Utah

Nantz has been honored with the NSSA’s National Sportscaster of the Year award five times (1998, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009).
In 2011, Nantz was named as a recipient of the Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award from the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

References

Tennis broadcasters
Golf broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
Living people
1959 births
Sportspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina
Kenny Albert (born February 2, 1968) is a sportscaster employed by MSG and Fox Sports. Kenny is the son of Marv Albert, a veteran basketball announcer.

Early work
In the 1990s, he was the voice of the Baltimore Skipjacks in the American Hockey League and the Washington Capitals in the NHL. He also called college basketball games for ESPN Plus and part-time games for the Washington Bullets. Albert was also the lead voice for NHL Radio. He also worked on Westwood One with Marv Albert, his dad, as a sideline reporter for Monday Night Football.

FOX Sports
He does NFL games for Fox and also called NHL games for Fox. He also called BCS games on Fox, mainly the Sugar Bowl and Orange Bowl and the 2011 Cotton Bowl Classic. Albert also works on occasional Major League Baseball games on Fox and does the same role when MLB television was picked up by Fox Sports 1.

Turner Sports
Starting in 2012, Albert began calling select NBA games for TNT.

MSG Network
Albert is also employed by MSG. He is the radio voice of the New York Rangers and calls select games for the New York Knicks. He also called high school basketball, college basketball, and games for New York Liberty.

Other work
Albert calls Washington Redskins preseason with Joe Theismann. He also filled in for TV coverage for the Washington Nationals and Baltimore Orioles. He called Ice Hockey at the 2002, 2006, and 2010 Winter Olympics and called NHL games for OLN, Versus, NBC, and NBC Sports Network.

Broadcasting partners
Brian Baldinger
Daryl Johnston
Tony Siragusa
Mark Grace
Tim Green
Ron Pitts
Dave Maloney
Joe Theismann
Anthony Munez

Horse Racing broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
1968 births
Living people
Steve Albert is an American former sportscaster. He is the younger brother of Marv Albert and Al Albert and the uncle of Kenny Albert. He was the lead play-by-play voice of Showtime Championship Boxing. He has been sports anchor for three New York local television affiliates - WNBC-TV, WWOR-TV, and WCBS-TV. He has been a play-by-play voice for the New Jersey Nets, New Orleans Hornets, Phoenix Suns, Cleveland Cavaliers, New York Mets, New York Jets, New York Rangers and New York Islanders. He is the current television voice of  the Phoenix Suns starting in 2012.

Living people
1950 births
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Boxing broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
Vince Cellini (born June 10, 1959) is a sportscaster. He was the preseason play-by-play announcer for the Atlanta Falcons. He also was a studio host for Golf Channel and is a reporter/interviewer for Golf on TNT. Cellini started his career at WJW-TV as a sports anchor. He also hosted Calling All Sports and CNN Sports Illustrated and was an anchor on CNN Sports Illustrated. He was also a studio host for NFL on TNT, NBA on TNT, and the NBA on TBS. He currently is a studio host for NBA TV. He hosted two shows on NASCAR.com: Fantasy Showdown and The Preview Show. In the summer of 2011, he co-hosted Par Three Shootout. He has also hosted Hawks Live, a pregame show for the Atlanta Hawks since 2010 and covered the Atlanta Braves and Atlanta Thrashers.

Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
Golf broadcasters
1959 births
Sportspeople from Cleveland, Ohio
Living people
Eli Gold (born December 1953) is a broadcaster best known for calling play-by-play of NASCAR. 

He currently calls races for the Motor Racing Network. He also called NASCAR races for CBS and TNN. Gold also called hockey games for the St. Louis Blues, Nashville Predators, and the Birmingham Bulls. He hosted shows Calling All Sports and Sports Talk with Eli and was sports director at WBRC-TV. Gold is currently the voice of the Alabama Crimson Tide football.  He called college football games for the Sports USA Radio Network. Gold also calls National Football League Games for the network. He was the men's basketball play-by-play announcer for the UAB Blazers and the baseball Birmingham Barons. Gold also called Arena Football League games for TNN and NBC.

According to NASCAR driver Kenny Wallace, Gold "is one of the most recognizable voices in NASCAR and in all of sports broadcasting."

References

1953 births
Living people
People from New York City
Motorsports broadcasters
College football broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Dick Stockton (born November 22, 1942 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American sportscaster. He currently works for Fox Sports and Turner Sports as a football, baseball, and basketball play-by-play announcer.

1942 births
Bowling broadcasters
College football broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
Living people
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The iPhone 5 is a smartphone made by Apple. It is the sixth generation of the iPhone, the next smartphone after the iPhone 4S and before the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C. It was revealed on September 12, 2012 and then released on September 21, 2012.

References

Other websites

IPhone
Mobile phones released in 2012
Apple products released in 2012
Lawrence Samuel "Larry" Storch (born January 8, 1923) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor and comedian. He is known for his roles as Randolph Agarn in F Troop and as the voice of the Joker in some Batman specials as well as 2 Scooby-Doo/Batman specials. Storch was born in New York City, New York. Storch was married to Norma Catherine Greve from 1961 until her death in 2003. Storch has three children.

References

Other websites

Larry Storch page

1923 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Actors from New York City
Ted Knight (Tadeusz Wladyslaw Konopka, December 7, 1923 – August 26, 1986) was an American comedian, movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He was known for his roles as Ted Baxter in The Mary Tyler Moore Show and as Judge Elihu Smails in Caddyshack. 

Knight was born on December 7, 1923 in Terryville, Connecticut. He was married to Dorothy Smith from 1948 until his death in 1986. They had three children, Ted, Jr., Elyse, and Eric Knight. 

Knight died on August 26, 1986 in Glendale, California after going through colorectal cancer-surgery complications, aged 62. He is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1923 births
1986 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Deaths from surgical complications
Deaths from cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Comedians from Connecticut
Jewish American actors
Actors from Connecticut
Emmy Award winning actors
James Eagan Holmes (born December 13, 1987) is an American who shot and killed 12 people in the mass murder in Aurora, Colorado on 20 July 2012. He had no criminal record before the shooting. Holmes was born in San Diego, California on December 13, 1987. He is an agnostic.

On July 16, 2015, he was convicted of twenty-four counts of first-degree murder, 140 counts of attempted first-degree murder, one count of possessing explosives, and a sentence enhancement of a crime of violence. On August 7, 2015, he was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.

References

Other websites
 Video of Holmes speaking at a science camp

1987 births
Living people
American agnostics
American people convicted of attempted murder
American prisoners
American spree killers
Criminals from California
People from San Diego, California
People from Aurora, Colorado

de:Amoklauf von Aurora#Täter
Cristoforo Ivanovich (1628-1689; ; Montenegrin: "Krsto Ivanovic") was a montenegrin "Marinist" poet from the Albania veneta of the Republic of Venice. He is the author of the first "History of Theater". He wrote in Italian -as in all his works- a critical chronology of opera drama done in Venice.

Life

Ivanovich was born in Budua (now Montenegro) in 1628. He died in Venice in 1688. He was from an old Dalmatian family with roots in the original Dalmatian neolatin people of southern Illyria.

From the time he was young, he showed love for poetry. He started composing when he was a teenager. At age 25 he moved to Italy, where he built a successful career as a scientist, wrote poetry, and became a highly esteemed writer of opera libretti. He then went to Verona in 1655, where he was a member of the "Accademia Filarmonica" and the "Accademia dei Temperati".

In 1657, he moved to Venice. He stayed there until his death in 1688. From 1663 he wrote celebrative writings, linked to the operatic market, that were presented in the theaters of Venice, Vienna and Piacenza. In his last years he wrote his most known work: Le memorie teatrali di Venezia.

Works

His main opera works, all in Italian, were the opera librettos: 
 L'amor guerriero
La Circe
Coriolano
La costanza trionfante
Lisimaco
L'africano trionfo di Pompeo
La felicità regnante
the internationally famous Minerva al tavolino

In 1681 he wrote what is considered by critics his most famous work, Le memorie teatrali di Venezia, where he wanted to preserve the chronological history of theater and drama in Venice.

Notes

Bibliography

 Cavallini, I. Questioni di poetica del melodramma del Seicento nelle lettere di Cristoforo Ivanovich, in "Giovanni Legrenzi e la Cappella ducale di San Marco", p. 185-99 (Venezia, 1990)
 Milosevic, M. Il contributo di Cristoforo Ivanovich nell’evoluzione del melodramma seicentesco, in "Il libro nel bacino adriatico (secc. XVI-XVIII)", p. 111-24 (Venezia, 1989)
 Rosand, Hellen. Opera in Seventeenth-Century Venice: The Creation of a Genre. Centennial Books. Publisher University of California Press, 2007 
 Velimirovic, M. Cristoforo Ivanovich from Budva: the First Historian of the Venetian Opera (1967)
 Walker, T. Gli errori di “Minerva al tavolino”: osservazioni sulla cronologia delle prime opere veneziane, in "Venezia e il melodramma nel Seicento", p. 7-20 (Venezia, 1972)

Related pages
 Montenegro
 Albania veneta
 Dalmatian Italians

Other websites
 Cristoforo Ivanovich biography (in French)

Poets
Montenegro
History of Italy
1620s births
1689 deaths
People from Venice
Protein structure describes how protein molecules are organised. This structure is what makes proteins work.

Proteins are important biological macromolecules present in all organisms. They are polymers formed from 20 possible amino acids by RNA translation. Protein structures range in size from tens to several thousand amino acids.

After translation, proteins fold into specific shapes. This is not done by chemical bonds but by weaker forces such as hydrogen bonds. To understand how proteins work, it is often necessary to discover their three-dimensional structure. To do this biophysics uses techniques such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and dual polarisation interferometry.

A protein may switch from one shape to another as it does its job. The alternative states of the same protein are called conformations. An enzyme, for instance, will have at least two conformations: one with its co-enzyme and one without. The form with its coenzyme will have two conformations: one with its substrate and one without.

Levels of protein structure 
There are four distinct levels of protein structure.

Primary structure 
Proteins are molecules that consist of one or more chains of amino acids. Each different protein has a distinct set of amino acids in a particular order. The primary structure refers to the sequence of the amino acids of a single polypeptide chain from its start (N-terminus) to its end (C-terminus). The amino acids are held together by a specific type of covalent bond, known as a peptide bond, which are made during the process of protein biosynthesis or translation.

Secondary structure

Secondary structure refers to parts of the protein chain that form regular structures. There are two main types of secondary structure: alpha helix and beta strand (beta sheet). Alpha helices are coils that turn in a clockwise rotation and beta strands form a beta sheet where the chains lie alongside each other. The two types of secondary structure were suggested in 1951 by Linus Pauling and coworkers. Unlike the polypeptide chain, which is bonded through covalent peptide bonds, secondary structure is formed by hydrogen bonds.

Tertiary structure 
This is the shape (spatial organization) of an entire protein molecule. Protein folding is largely self-organising. It is mainly done by the protein's primary structure  its sequence of amino acids. This is called Anfinsen's dogma. However, the environment in which a protein is synthesized and folds also effect its final shape.

Quaternary structure 
If proteins are built of sub-units this gives another level of structure. This, the quaternary structure, is how the subunits fit together. Haemoglobin, for example, has two alpha and two beta chains. Both the alpha chains and beta chains are coded for by a cluster of six or seven genes, which provide the code for different versions of the molecule.

References

Other websites 
 Education portal: Proteins IV: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. 

Molecular biology
Proteins
Al Albert is a former sportscaster. He is the brother of sportscasters Marv and Steve, and is the uncle of Kenny Albert. He worked for USA calling MLB, NBA, NHL, and boxing. He called games for the New York Nets, Denver Nuggets, Indiana Pacers, and the New York Islanders.

National Hockey League broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
American Basketball Association announcers
Boxing broadcasters
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Kevin Kugler is a former co-host of Unsportsmanlike Conduct. He calls college football, basketball, and baseball for Westwood One/Dial Global. Kugler was added to the NFL booth and was the voice of the Nebraska Cornhuskers football and men's basketball. Kugler also calls college football and basketball games for the Big Ten Network as well as Jacksonville Jaguars preseason games replacing Paul Burmeister.

National Football League broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
College football broadcasters
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Datsik (real name: Troy Beetles) (born June 9, 1988 in Kelowna, British Columbia) is a dubstep DJ and music producer. 

Datsik started producing dubstep after he heard his friend Excision play at the Shambhala Music Festival in 2008. The name Datsik was inspired by Beetles' former Xbox Live gamertag. He started his own record label called Firepower Records in early 2012. He released his debut studio album titled, Vitamin D on April 10, 2012. He is known to work frequently with fellow Canadian producers Excision and Downlink.

References

Other websites
Datsik's Official website 

1988 births
Living people
DJs
Electronic musicians
People from Kelowna
Bob Papa (born September 19, 1964) is an American sportscaster. He works for the New York Giants, Golf Channel, and HBO as play-by-play for Boxing After Dark. He also calls boxing during the Olympics. Papa did the same work for boxing for NBC, ESPN, and SportsChannel America. He is the host of Opening Drive. Papa was the studio host for Giants broadcasts before going to the booth and called Thursday Night Football games on NFL Network. He also called BCS games and college football games for Versus. He was one of the members of AFL on NBC as well as the NFL on Westwood One. He was the host of Giants Online and Giants Training Camp Report. Papa called college basketball games for Westwood as well as the New Jersey Nets. He also called Winter Olympics for NBC. Papa was the studio host for NHL on SportsChannel America as well as calling the All American Bowl for NBC.

Olympic Games broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
Boxing broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Arena Football League broadcasters
College football broadcasters
Golf broadcasters
Living people
1964 births
Kendrick Kang-Joh “Ken” Jeong (born July 13, 1969) or Dr. Ken is an American stand-up comedian, actor and  physician. He is known for his roles as Leslie Chow in The Hangover, The Hangover Part II, and in The Hangover Part III. He also starred as Ben Chang in Community. 

Jeong was born in Detroit, Michigan on July 13, 1969. He studied at Duke University and at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Jeong is married to Tran Ho. They have two daughters.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1969 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Detroit, Michigan
American physicians
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
American television producers
Movie producers from Michigan
American television personalities
Writers from Detroit, Michigan
Screenwriters from Michigan
American television writers
Edward Parker "Ed" Helms (born January 24, 1974) is an American comedian, actor and voice artist. He played Dr. Stu Price in The Hangover, The Hangover Part II, and in The Hangover Part III and as Andy Bernard in the American sitcom The Office. Helms was born in Atlanta, Georgia.

References

Other websites

 

1974 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Atlanta, Georgia
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
Russell Errol Train (June 4, 1920 – September 17, 2012) or Russell Train was an American Republican politician. He was the leader of the Chairperson of the Council on Environmental Quality from 1970 through 1973. He later was the leader of the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency from 1973 through 1977.

Train was born in Jamestown, Rhode Island on June 4, 1920. Train studied at Princeton University and at Columbia University. Train was married to Aileen Train until his death in 2012. Train died on September 17, 2012 in his ranch in Bozman, Maryland from natural causes, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 Biodiversity Heritage Library scans of books from the Russell E. Train Africana Collection in the Smithsonian Institution Libraries

1920 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Administrators of the United States Environmental Protection Agency
US Republican Party politicians
Politicians from Rhode Island
Eddie Asner (November 15, 1929 – August 29, 2021), better known as Ed Asner, was an American actor.

Early life
Asner was born Eddie Asner in Kansas City, Missouri on November 15, 1929.

He was the president of Screen Actors Guild.

He was best known for his Emmy Award winning role Lou Grant on both the Mary Tyler Moore Show and Lou Grant. In 2009, he voiced Carl Fredricksen in the Pixar movie Up. In 2011, Asner returned to television as butcher Hank Greziak in Working Class, the first original sitcom on cable CMT. He is currently starring in a Canadian television series Michael, Tuesdays and Thursdays, on CBC Television. Asner was born in Kansas City, Missouri, but was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Asner was married to Nancy Sykes from 1959 to 1988; they have four children. He married Cindy Gilmore from 1998 to 2007.  California Governor Gavin Newsom is his nephew by marriage. 

Asner died on August 29, 2021 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 91.

Filmography

Animated roles
 American Dad! - Great-Grandpa Smith, Red Mailbox
 Animaniacs - Vern Bear
 Batman: The Animated Series - Roland Daggett
 Buzz Lightyear of Star Command - Fixer
 Captain Planet and the Planeteers - Don Porkaloin, Hoggish Greedly
 Dinosaurs - Georgie (evil voice)
 Family Guy - Steve Bellows
 Fish Police - Chief Abalone
 Freakazoid! - Sgt. Mike Cosgrove
 Gargoyles - Burbank, Hudson
 Regular Show - Santa Claus
 Sonic the Hedgehog - Cat
 Spider-Man: The Animated Series - J. Jonah Jameson
 SpongeBob SquarePants - Angry Old Timer
 Teamo Supermo - Mr. Large
 The Boondocks - Ed Wuncler
 The Cleveland Show - Carl Fredricksen, Narrator, Storyteller, The Daily Splash Editor
 The Magic School Bus - General
 The Simpsons - Editor
 The Wild Thornberrys - Frank Hunter

Film roles
 Elf - Santa Claus
 Happily N'Ever After - Scowl the Owl
 Olive, the Other Reindeer - Santa Claus
 Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night - Scalawag the Raccoon
 Up - Carl Fredricksen

Video game roles
 X-Men Legends - Healer

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1929 births
2021 deaths
Actors from Chicago
Actors from Kansas City, Missouri
American movie actors
American political activists
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Chicago
Comedians from Kansas City, Missouri
Democrats (United States)
Jewish activists
Jewish American actors
Jewish American comedians
Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
University of Chicago alumni
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Ronald Lee Ermey (March 24, 1944 – April 15, 2018) was an American actor and voice actor. Ermey served with the United States Marine Corps in Vietnam and was retired in 1971. He was the voice of Sarge in Toy Story, Toy Story 2, and Toy Story 3. Ermey was born on March 24, 1944 in Emporia, Kansas. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his role as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in Full Metal Jacket.

Ermey was married to Nila Ermey from 1975 until his death in 2018; they had 4 children. Ermey retired as a Staff Sergeant but was later given the honorary rank of Gunnery Sergeant.

Ermey died on April 15, 2018 of complications from pneumonia at a hospital in Santa Monica, California at the age of 74.

Filmography

Animated Roles
 All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series - Additional Voices
 Batman: The Brave and the Bold - Wildcat / Ted Grant
 Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot - General Thorton
 Family Guy - Drill Sergeant, Jousting Coach
 Father of the Pride - Bunny
 Fillmore! - Colonel Thrift
 Grim & Evil - Sergeant
 Invader Zim - Sergeant Hobo 678
 Kim Possible - General Sims
 Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness - General Tsin
 Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles - Sky Marshal Sanchez
 SpongeBob SquarePants - Warden
 The Angry Beavers - Sergeant Goonther
 The Simpsons - Colonel Leslie Hapablap

Film Roles
 Cat Tale - General Puddles
 Recess: School's Out - Colonel O'Malley
 Shark Bait - Jack
 Toy Story - Sarge
 Toy Story 2 - Sarge
 Toy Story 3 - Sarge

Video Game Roles
 Batman: The Brave and the Bold - The Videogame - Wildcat / Ted Grant
 Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex - Wa-Wa the Water Elemental

References

Other websites

 Official website for R. Lee Ermey
 
 
 

1944 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in California
American television actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
American video game actors
Actors from Kansas
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
Larry Claxton Flynt, Jr. (November 1, 1942 – February 10, 2021) was an American publisher. He published Hustler magazine. In 1978, Flynt was shot in an assassination attempt by Joseph Paul Franklin. That left him paralyzed from the waist down. Flynt had a golden wheelchair. Franklin was executed in November 2013 by lethal injection.

Early life
Flynt was born on November 1, 1942 in Magoffin County, Kentucky.

Marriages
Flynt was married several times. He was married to Mary Flynt from 1961 until they divorced in 1965. He was married to Peggy Flynt from 1966 until they divorced in 1969. He was married to Kathy Flynt from 1970 until they divorced in 1975. He was married to Althea Leasure from 1976 until her death in 1987. He was married to Elizabeth Berrios from 1998 until his death.

Health and death
Flynt had said that he has bipolar disorder.

Flynt died from heart failure in Los Angeles on February 10, 2021, at the age of 78.

References

Other websites

1942 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American atheists
American crime victims
American sex industry businesspeople
Businesspeople from Kentucky
Chief executives
Former Christians
Magazine founders
People with bipolar disorder
George Stanley McGovern (July 19, 1922 – October 21, 2012) was an American historian and politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Early life
McGovern was born in Avon, South Dakota on July 19, 1922. He studied at Dakota Wesleyan University and at Northwestern University.

Career
McGovern was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Dakota's 1st district from 1957 through 1961. After that he was the Senator of South Dakota.

In 1968, McGovern decided to run for President because Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated. McGovern was the Democratic presidential nominee for the 1972 presidential election. His running mate was Sargent Shriver. He lost to Richard Nixon.

Later he was the United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture from 1998 through 2001.

Personal life
McGovern was married to Eleanor Stegeberg from 1943 until her death in 2007. McGovern is survived by his 4 daughters. His son (July 27, 1952 - July 27, 2012) was an alcoholic.

Death
McGovern died on October 21, 2012 in Sioux Falls, South Dakota from natural causes, aged 90.

References

Other websites

 
 

1922 births
2012 deaths
American historians
American Methodists
American military personnel of World War II
American political writers
Deaths from natural causes
1968 United States presidential candidates
1972 United States presidential candidates
1984 United States presidential candidates
2008 United States presidential candidates
2012 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from South Dakota
United States senators from South Dakota
US Democratic Party politicians
Ambassadors of the United States
United Nations officials
Timothy MacKenzie Gunn (born July 29, 1953) is an American fashion consultant, television personality, actor, voice actor and author. He served on the faculty of Parsons The New School for Design from 1982 to 2007 and was chair of fashion design at the school from August 2000 to March 2007, after which he joined Liz Claiborne as its chief creative officer. Over 16 seasons Gunn has become well known as the on-air mentor to designers on the reality television program Project Runway. Gunn's popularity on Project Runway led to two spin-off shows, Bravo's Tim Gunn's Guide to Style and Lifetime's Under the Gunn, as well as five books. In addition to being an executive producer, Gunn has served as mentor for the teen designers on Project Runway: Junior. He also provides the voice of Baileywick, the castle steward in the Disney Junior television show Sofia the First and narrated the sitcom Mixology.

Other websites

1959 births
Living people
American television personalities
American fashion designers
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Washington, D.C.
LGBT actors
American LGBT people
Gay men
Darrell Dexter (born September 10, 1957) is a Canadian lawyer, journalist and former naval officer. He was the 27th Premier of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia from 2009 to 2013. Dexter was a part of the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party. He was the first NDP premier in Atlantic Canada.

References

1957 births
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Living people
Premiers of Nova Scotia
Canada is a parliamentary democracy that includes ten provinces and three territories. Each province and territory has a head of government. Those people are called Premiers to avoid confusion with the federal Prime Minister.

All but five of the Premiers are men. The longest-serving Premier is Dalton McGuinty of Ontario, who has held the position since October 23, 2003; the newest Premier is Pauline Marois of Quebec, who assumed office on September 17, 2012. The oldest premier, Pauline Marois of Quebec, was born in 1949; The youngest Premier, Robert Ghiz of Prince Edward Island, was born in 1974. There are thirteen incumbent Premiers, of which three are from a Liberal Party, three are from a Conservative Party, two are from the New Democratic Party, one is from the Parti Québécois, one is from the Saskatchewan Party, one is from the Yukon Party, and two are non-partisan.

Current Canadian first ministers

References

Other websites
 Prime Minister of Canada

 current
Lists of politicians
Lists of Canadian people
Josh Lewin (born October 25, 1968) is an American sportscaster currently calling games for the New York Mets and formally with the Texas Rangers with Tom Grieve.
Lewin also called baseball games with the Rochester Red Wings, Baltimore Orioles, Chicago Cubs, Detroit Tigers, and Major League Baseball on Fox. Outside of baseball, he is the radio voice of the San Diego Chargers with Hank Bauer. He was the play-by-play announcer for the NFL on Sports USA and the NFL on Fox. He did some hockey games for the Dallas Stars (substituting for Ralph Strangis who was injured in a car accident), NHL on Fox, and Fox Sports Detroit's coverage of CCHA Hockey. He also handles various collegiate assignments. The Big Ten Network added Josh Lewin for their coverage of college football. Lewin also calls college basketball games for Fox Sports Net and Sports USA. Lewin has done play-by-play for Sports USA's coverage of college football. Lewin formally called play-by-play for basketball games for the Michigan State University and Southern Methodist University. Josh was the host of The Josh and Elf Show until being replaced by Jane Slater, as the Elf and Slater show, since Lewin was hired by the New York Mets replacing Wayne Hagin.

Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
College football broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
1968 births
Living people
Craig Minervini is an American sportscaster.  He is host of "Marlins Live" and "Panthers Live". 

He called Florida Panthers games for the radio.  He calls select Florida Marlins play-by-play when Rich Waltz is on MLB Network. He was sports anchor for WNBC-TV and WJVT-TV sports anchor. He also has done play-by-play for various other sports include Notre Dame Football on NBC, CBS Sports Spectacular, College World Series on ESPN, Major League Soccer, XFL on TNN, Boxing on TNN, Mixed Martial Arts on TNN, Syracuse Chiefs, and Syracuse Orangemen, football, basketball, lacrosse, and soccer. Minervini currently hosts Panthers Live.

References

Living people
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
College football broadcasters
Lacrosse announcers
Boxing broadcasters
Year of birth missing (living people)
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans, are large molecules made of a lipid and a polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond.

They occur in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and  act as triggers for the innate immune system. Their presence is sensed by toll-like receptors on dendritic cells. This causes a strong immune response in animals.

Biochemistry
Organic compounds
Ernest Johnson, Jr. (born November 5, 1956) is a sportscaster for Turner Sports coverage on TNT, TBS, truTV and CBS Sports. 

He calls play-by-play for Golf on TNT and MLB on TBS. He is also the studio host for the NBA on TNT and college basketball tournaments for Turner Sports and CBS Sports. Johnson called Atlanta Braves games from 1993-1996 and again in 2010. He was also the studio host for TNT's coverage of the Wimbledon Championships. He also worked on Olympic Games and Goodwill Games for Turner Sports.  He was a co-host for Charles Barkley's talk show "Listen Up". Johnson also called weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics for NBC. Johnson has called occasional NBA games for TNT.

Johnson is the son of the late pitcher for the Milwaukee Braves Ernie Johnson Sr.

References

College football broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
Tennis broadcasters
American Christians
1956 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Sportspeople from Atlanta, Georgia
Craig Graham Sager, Sr. (June 29, 1951 – December 15, 2016) was a Turner Sports personality. He was the lead sideline reporter with Marv Albert, Reggie Miller, and Steve Kerr for the NBA on TNT and the lead field reporter for MLB on TBS with Ernie Johnson Jr., Ron Darling, and John Smoltz. He also did college basketball tournaments with Albert and Kerr for CBS and Turner Sports as the #2 team.

Career
He was sports director for two television stations: WINK-TV and KMBD-TV. He was a sports anchor for two other television stations: WTSP (also a sports reporter), and WXLT-TV. He was an anchor for CNN Sports Tonight, College Football Scoreboard and an anchor for the defunct television network CNN Sports Illustrated. While at Kansas City, he provided play-by-play for the Kansas City Kings, Kansas City Royals spring training, and Kansas City Chiefs preseason. 

He also was on the fields and sidelines reporting for the Goodwill Games on TBS, TNT World Cup, Golf on TNT, Tennis on TNT, college football on TBS, and TNT Sunday Night Football where he also was the studio host for college football on TBS. Sager called Nordic Skiing and Curling at the 1992 Winter Olympics for TNT. He was a sideline reporter for other basketball tournaments for TNT and has been the Olympic Basketball sideline reporter for NBC since 2008. 

While at NBC, he was also a sideline reporter for the 1999 National League Championship Series, 1999 World Series, and Notre Dame Football on NBC.

Illness and death
Sager was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia in 2014. On December 15, 2016, Sager died from the disease in Atlanta, Georgia, aged 65.

References

People from Atlanta, Georgia
People from Illinois
Golf broadcasters
Tennis broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
College football broadcasters
Association football broadcasters
Deaths from acute myeloid leukemia
2016 deaths
1949 births
Matt Vasgersian (born September 28, 1967) is an American sportscaster. He works for MLB Network. He is the new pregame/postgame show host for MLB on Foxreplacing Chris Rose in the MLB Network studios. He does occasional play-by-play for Fox Saturday Baseball. He is also the lead play-by-play for Thursday Night Baseball for MLB Network. He also called baseball games for the San Diego Padres, Milwaukee Brewers, MLB on TBS, Tucson Toros, High Desert Mavericks, and baseball & softball at the 2004 Summer Olympics on NBC. His trademark was: Santa Maria! on a walk off hit, a great play, a no hitter, or a perfect game. He is also the host of Baseball IQ, MLB Network's first ever game show. He has also hosted other shows for Fox Sports Net such as Celebrity Blackjack, Sports Geniuses, Poker Superstars Invitational Tournament, National Heads-Up Poker Championship, and the International World Championships of Rock Paper Scissors. In addition to baseball, poker, and game shows, he has called Olympic games and football. Vasgersian was the announcer for ski jumping at the 2006 Winter Olympics for NBC and anchored the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2010 Winter Olympics for the NBC family. Vasgersian called one season for NBC's coverage of the XFL before it folded. He also called BCS games for Fox most notably with Terry Donahue and Pat Haden and sideline reporter Laura Okmin. Vasgersian also called NFL games for Fox from 2005 until 2009 when MLB Network launched. However, he returned for Week 17 of the 2009 NFL season. Vasgersian also called USC Trojans men's basketball for Fox Sports Net and has been a fill-in voice for UFC on FSN when Mike Goldberg was studio hosting for college football.

Game show hosts
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
Mixed Martial Arts broadcasters
Living people
1967 births
Alan Richard "Al" Michaels (born November 12, 1944) is an American sportscaster.  He was best known working for ABC Sports for nearly three decades. He is the lead voice of NBC Sunday Night Football.   He was the daytime anchor for two Olympics: 2010 Vancouver Olympics and 2012 London Olympics. He called games for many years for the National Football League games.

Michaels has won many awards during his career, including the Emmy Award for Outstanding Sports Personality (Play-by-Play Host) five times, the NSSA Award from the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association three times, and "Sportscaster of the Year" once each from the American Sportscasters Association and the Washington Journalism Review. In October 2004, Michaels was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Michaels had an acting role in a 1970 episode of Hawaii Five-O.  He has appeared as himself in the movies Jerry Maguire and BASEketball, as well as on several TV shows including Coach and Spin City. His call of the U.S. hockey team's victory in the 1980 Olympics can be heard in the 2004 movie Miracle.

References

Major League Baseball broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Golf broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
Motorsports broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
Boxing broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
Bowling broadcasters
Living people
1944 births