cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
This is a list of cities in Vietnam.

Centrally-controlled municipalities

There are five centrally-controlled municipalities in Vietnam.

Provincial municipalities

Here is a list of provincial municipalities (thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh) in Vietnam.

References

Vietnam, List of cities in
Vietnam
Terrence Howard (March 11 1969) is an American actor and singer who has starred in many movies. He did Hustle & Flow and Crash (2004). His acting career began around 1992. He was born in Chicago and raised in Cleveland, Ohio.

Filmography

American movie actors
Actors from Chicago
Actors from Cleveland, Ohio
Singers from Chicago
Singers from Cleveland, Ohio
1969 births
Living people
Catherine Anne O'Hara,  (born March 4, 1954) is a Canadian-American movie, television, stage, voice actress, writer and comedian. She is well known for her roles in SCTV, and her roles in movies such as in After Hours, Beetlejuice, Home Alone, and The Nightmare Before Christmas. She has won an Emmy Award.

O'Hara is also known for her role as Moira Rose in the award-winning series Schitt's Creek.

O'Hara was born on March 4, 1954 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. O'Hara studied at Burnhamthorpe Collegiate Institute. She has been married to Jo Welch since 1992. They have two children and currently reside in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites

1954 births
Living people
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian television writers
Canadian stage actors
Canadian voice actors
Canadian comedians
Writers from Ontario
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Comedians from Los Angeles
American television writers
American television personalities
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Actors from Toronto
Emmy Award winners
{{Infobox person
|name            = Christopher Guest
|image           = guest4.jpg
|imagesize       =
|image_alt       =
|caption         = Guest speaking at Vancouver Film School in 2008
|pseudonym       =
|birth_name      = Christopher Haden-Guest
|birth_date      = 
|birth_place     = New York City, New York, US
|death_date      =
|death_place     =
|occupation      = Actor, comedian, director, musician, screenwriter
|education       = The High School of Music & Art
|alma_mater      = New York University

|years_active    = 1971–present
|nationality     = British-American
|citizenship     = United StatesUnited Kingdom
|subject         =
|spouse          = Jamie Lee Curtis (1984–present; 2 children)
|domesticpartner =
|relations       = Tony Curtis (father-in-law),Janet Leigh (mother-in-law),Kelly Curtis (sister-in-law)
|notable_works   = This Is Spinal TapThe Princess BrideBest In ShowA Mighty WindFor Your Consideration
|signature       =
|website         =
|footnotes       =
|current_members =
|past_members    =
|module          =
}}
Christopher Haden-Guest, 5th Baron Haden-Guest (born February 5, 1948), usually simply known as Christopher Guest, is an English-American actor, comedian, director, musician, and screenwriter. He is known for his work in This Is Spinal Tap, The Princess Bride, Best in Show, A Mighty Wind, and in For Your Consideration''. He has won an Emmy Award.

Early life
Guest was born on February 5, 1948 in New York City, New York. He studied at The High School of Music & Art and at New York University.

Marriage and family
Guest married Jamie Lee Curtis in 1984. They have two adopted children.

References

Other websites

1948 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
Comedians from New York City
American composers
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
English comedians
English composers
English movie actors
English movie directors
English movie producers
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
John Letford MBE (born 29 August 1935) is a Scottish politician.  He was the Lord Provost of Dundee from 2003 to 2012. The new Lord Provost is Bob Duncan.

On 24 March 2009, Letford resigned from the Labour Group on Dundee City Council. He became an independent councillor.

References

1935 births
People from Aberdeen
Scottish politicians
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Living people
Alcester Grammar School is a grammar school in a town called Alcester, in the county of Warwickshire. It is a local authority school, which means it is not fee-paying. It is, however, selective. This means it is meant for pupils of above average intelligence.

The youngest children are 11. The oldest are 18. Children join when they are 11 or when they are 16. When they are 11 they take a test to get in. The test is called the Eleven plus. 16 year old children can join if they have good GCSE exam grades elsewhere.

Children at Alcester Grammar School take the GCSE exams. GCSEs are exams that all children who live in England take.

About the school 
Alcester Grammar is a very successful, selective, rural, grammar school. It offers courses at National Curriculum and post 16 levels. The school has a large VI form and offers one of the widest ranges of both 'A' and 'AS' levels in the country.

The school website says: The school sets out to provide a relaxed and constructive atmosphere, in which pupils are encouraged to develop their individual talents. Since it is school, boys and girls are jointly involved in most aspects of school life. We have no doubt that co-education is a fitting preparation for life. 

There are about 1000 children.

School Awards
Alcester Grammar School got an 'outstanding' rating in their OFSTED inspection.

Famous people who went to Alcester Grammar School
 Sarah Douglas, actress
 Simon Davis, comics artist
 Andrew Pozzi, Olympic hurdler

Notes

Other websites
 Alcester Grammar School's Website
 Alcester Grammar School Sixth Form Website
 The Warwickshire County Council page for AGS 
 The OFSTED page for AGS, including their Inspection Report

Schools in England
1499 establishments
15th-century establishments in England
Mycobacterium is a genus of bacteria, with about 100 species.The genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae). 

Mycobacteria can colonize their hosts without the hosts showing any adverse signs. Many people around the world have infections of M. tuberculosis without showing any signs of it.

Mycobacterial infections are difficult to treat. The organisms are tough due to their cell wall. In addition, they are naturally resistant to a number of antibiotics that disrupt cell-wall building, such as penicillin. With their unique cell wall, they can survive long exposure to acids, alkalis, detergents, oxidative bursts, lysis by complement, and many antibiotics. 

Most mycobacteria are susceptible to the antibiotics clarithromycin and rifamycin, but antibiotic-resistant strains have emerged.

The Greek prefix myco means "fungus". When they are cultured on the surface of liquids, mycobacteria growth is  similar to that of moulds, a kind of fungus.

References 

Bacteria
The Mantoux test is a test developed to detect tuberculosis. In the year 1890, Robert Koch developed tuberculin, as a treatment for tuberculosis. The substance proved ineffective to treat the disease, today it is commonly used to detect it, though. Tuberculin is a substance based on the pathogen that causes tuberculosis. Charles Mantoux, a French physician, developed a test method, based on the work of Koch. 

A positive test result simply says that the immune system came in contact with Mycobacteria - this does not necessarily mean that people with a positive test result have been infected with tuberculosis. Such a result, which shows as positive, even though the outcome should be negative is called false positive. 

The test shows the reaction of the immune system to tuberculin. This requires an intact immune system: People whose immune system is weakened, for example those with a HIV infection, may also show a false negative: Their immune system may simply be too weak to react. Similarly, the use of certain substances, such as steroids may lead to false negatives.

Immunization
Dermatology
Medical tests
Radiology is a field of medicine that uses medical imaging methods to detect and treat diseases. Examples include ultrasound, X-rays, Computed tomography, Positron emission tomography and Magnetic resonance imaging.

Notable people
William Frates (1934-2019), American radiologist.

Medical specialties
Medical imaging
Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (born Joseph-Desiré Mobutu; 14 October 1930 – 7 September 1997) () was the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The country was known as Zaire for much of his rule.

Mobutu is commonly known as Mobutu or Mobutu Sese Seko. While in office, he formed an authoritarian regime, amassed vast personal gain, and attempted to purge the country of all colonial cultural influence. He was an anti-communist.

During the Congo Crisis, Mobutu led a coup against the nationalist government of Patrice Lumumba. He wanted to take control of the government of Congo-Léopoldville. He soon became the army chief of staff. In 1965 he led a second coup to be Prime Minister. Then in 1967 he established a presidential form of government headed by himself. As part of his program of “national authenticity,” Mobutu changed the Congo's name to Zaïre in 1971. He changed his own name to Mobutu Sese Seko in 1972. Mobutu established a one-party state and a cult of personality.

During his reign, Mobutu built a highly centralized state. He amassed a large personal fortune through economic exploitation and corruption. Because of this some people called his rule “kleptocracy.” The nation suffered from uncontrolled inflation, a large debt, and massive currency devaluations. By 1991 economic deterioration and unrest led him to agree to share power with opposition leaders. He used the army to stop this change. In May 1997 rebel forces, led by Laurent Kabila, removed him from the country.

Mobutu Sese Seko is notorious for the corruption, nepotism, and embezzlement of billions of dollars that took place during his reign. He also had extravagances such as Concorde-flown shopping trips to Paris. Mobutu presided over the country for some four decades, despite many reports of abuses and human-rights violations. As such, many have described him as the "archetypal African dictator".

Mobutu died in 1997 of prostate cancer in Morocco.

References

1930 births
1997 deaths
African military people
Anti-Communists
Generals
Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Roman Catholics
Bryan Jay Singer (born September 17, 1965) is an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. Singer is known for his works in The Usual Suspects, the X-Men movies and Superman Returns. He has won a Saturn Award.

Singer was born on September 17, 1965 in New York City. He was adopted and raised in West Windsor Township, New Jersey. He studied at West Windsor-Plainsboro High School South, at School of Visual Arts, and at the USC School of Cinematic Arts in Los Angeles. Singer is openly gay.

On April 16, 2014, Singer was accused of sexually abusing a 17-year-old boy in a federal lawsuit filed in Hawaii. The accuser said Singer provided him with drugs and alcohol to encourage him to have sex on more than one occasion in 1999.

References

Other websites

1965 births
Living people
American adoptees
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
Gay men
LGBT directors
LGBT people from New Jersey
LGBT people from New York
LGBT producers
LGBT screenwriters
Movie directors from New Jersey
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New Jersey
Movie producers from New York City
Saturn Award winners
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Screenwriters from New York City
People accused of child sexual abuse
Brandon James Routh (born October 9, 1979) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actor and former fashion model who is known for his roles as Daniel Shaw in Chuck and as Superman in Superman Returns. He won a Saturn Award in 2006.

Routh is also known for his roles in Zack and Miri Make a Porno and Scott Pilgrim vs. the World.

In 2013, Routh voiced David "Hesh" Walker in the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts. In 2014, he starred on Arrow as Ray Palmer/Atom which spun off into a guest role on The Flash and a starring role on Legends of Tomorrow.

Routh was born on October 9, 1979 in Norwalk, Iowa. Routh studied at the University of Iowa for a year to be a writer. During this time, he modeled and acted in order to earn his tuition fee.

Routh has been married to Courtney Ford since 2007. They have a son, Leo James.

References

Other websites

 
 Interview 

1979 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American video game actors
Models from Iowa
Actors from Iowa
Saturn Award winners
Richard Joseph "Dick" Durbin (born November 21, 1944) is the senior United States Senator from Illinois. He is also the Senate Majority Whip, the second highest position in the Democratic Party leadership in the Senate.

Durbin was born on November 21, 1944 in East St. Louis, Illinois. He graduated from the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service and Georgetown University Law Center. Durbin is married to Loretta Schaefer. They had three children. In 2008, their daughter died from heart problems.

Working in state legal counsel throughout the 1970s, he made an unsuccessful run for Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in 1978. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982, representing the Springfield-based 20th congressional district.

In 1996 he won election to the U.S. Senate by an unexpected 15 points. He became the Senate Democratic Whip in 2005. From January 3, 2007 to January 3, 2015, he was the Senate Majority Whip because his party had the majority.

Durbin is the only the fifth United States senator from Illinois to serve the position of United States Senate Minority Whip.

References

Other websites

 United States Senator Dick Durbin official U.S. Senate site
 Dick Durbin, U.S. Senator official campaign site

1944 births
Living people
US Democratic Party politicians
United States representatives from Illinois
United States senators from Illinois
People from East St. Louis, Illinois
21st-century American politicians
American Roman Catholics
Politicians from Springfield, Illinois
Lawyers from Illinois
Finger painting is a form of artwork done by using ones fingers to make a piece of art.  The paint usually comes in pots.  Finger painting is generally done by children.

Painting
Benjamin Kogo (30 November 1944 – 20 January 2022) was a Kenyan athlete. His main sport was 3000 metre steeplechase running. He won a silver medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

He won gold at the first All-Africa Games held in 1965 in Brazzaville.

Kogo was born in Arwos, Nandi District. He died from prostate cancer on January 20, 2022 at the age of 77.

References

1945 births
2022 deaths
Kenyan sportspeople
Olympic silver medalists
Deaths from prostate cancer
African sportspeople
Leslie Jean Mann (born March 26, 1972) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actress who is known for her roles in Funny People, ParaNorman, This Is 40, Knocked Up, and in The Change-Up.

Mann was born on March 26, 1972 in San Francisco, California. She studied at Corona del Mar High School. She has been married to Judd Apatow since 1997. They have two children. She is the older sister of Anderson Mann

References

Other websites

 

1972 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from San Francisco
Polio vaccines are vaccines that prevent poliomyelitis (or polio). Two types of polio vaccines are used throughout the world.

The first type was developed by Jonas Salk and first tested in 1952. Announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955, it is an injection of inactivated (dead) poliovirus. The second type was an oral vaccine developed by Albert Sabin, using attenuated poliovirus. An attenuated virus is a much less harmful strain of the same virus. Human trials of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957 and it was licensed in 1962. 

There is no long term carrier for poliovirus (carriers are people who carry the virus but have no symptoms of the disease), and polioviruses have no non-primate reservoir in nature. The virus cannot survive in the open environment for a long time.  Therefore, interruption of person to person transmission of the virus by vaccination is the key step in removing polio entirely. The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most countries in the world. Polio worldwide has dropped from about 350,000 cases in 1988 to 1,652 cases in 2007.

References 

Immunization
Nicholas John "Nick" Frost (born 28 March 1972) is an English movie, television, stage, voice actor, comedian and screenwriter. He is best known for his roles Spaced, as Ed in Shaun of the Dead, Danny Butterman in Hot Fuzz, Clive Gollings in Paul, and as Ron in Attack the Block. He is also well known for working with Simon Pegg.

Frost was born on 28 March 1972 in Dagenham, East London, England. He studied at Bell High School. He is married to Christina Frost.

References

Other websites

1972 births
Living people
Actors from London
Comedians from London
English movie actors
English screenwriters
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
Writers from London
This is a list of cities in the Bahamas.

The following table lists the city or town name, the geographic coordinates, the population as of the 1990 census, an estimate of the population as of 2009, and the island name.

References

The Bahamas
Bahamas
Bahamas
Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (August 8, 1605 – November 30, 1675), was a member of the English nobility who started the colony of Maryland in the British colonies. He was the first Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland. Before that, he was the ninth Proprietary Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland (in what is today Canada). His father was George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore. George Calvert was chosen to be the proprietary governor of both Maryland and Newfoundland, but he died before he could take the position.

He was called "Cecil Calvert." Cecil was a Roman Catholic and the colony of Maryland was officially Catholic. He managed Maryland from his home in England. Maryland was known for its religious toleration. At the time, there was a lot of religious persecution in England. Many Catholics fled (ran away to) Maryland because their religion was accepted there. Calvert was governor of Maryland for forty-two years. He died in England on November 30, 1675, aged 70 years. The city of Baltimore is named for him.

Sources 

Baltimore
Colonial Americans
British Barons
William Thomas "Bill" Hader Jr. (born June 7, 1978) is an American actor, comedian, director, producer and writer.

He is best known for his roles in Saturday Night Live, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, Superbad, Hot Rod, Tropic Thunder, Adventureland, Paul, Forgetting Sarah Marshall, Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian, Inside Out, Star Wars: The Force Awakens, The BFG and as adult Richie Tozier in It – Chapter Two.

He married Maggie Carey in 2006 and they had 3 children. Hader and Carey separated in 2017 and Hader later filed for divorce several months later in December 2017. The divorce was finalized in 2018.

References

Other websites

 

1978 births
Living people
Actors from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Comedians from Oklahoma
American movie actors
American movie producers
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American television producers
American voice actors
Writers from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Berry Gordy Jr. (born November 28, 1929) is an American entrepreneur and producer. He founded Motown Records. He is associated with musical acts, such as Smokey Robinson, Diana Ross, The Supremes, and Stevie Wonder. His son Kennedy Gordon was signed to Motown. Gordy was born in Detroit.

References

African American musicians
American R&B musicians
Musicians from Detroit, Michigan
1929 births
Living people
'Tchoukball'  is an indoor team sport. It was created in the 1970's by Swiss biologist Hermann Brandt. Brandt believed that "The objective of all physical activities is not to make champions, but make a contribution to building a harmonious society". He wanted to create a team sport which did not involve the injuries which he saw as being a problem in other sports.

The sport is usually played on an indoor court that is  by }. At each end, there is a 'frame' (a device similar to a trampoline off which the ball bounces). This frame measures . There is also a semicircular D-shaped area measuring  in radius around the frame which players can not enter. The game is played with two teams of 12 players on each team. Of the twelve players on a team, seven may be on the court at any one time. Each team can score on both ends on the field. In order to score a point, the ball must be thrown by an attacking player, hit the frame and bounce outside the 'D' without being caught by the defending team. Physical contact is not allowed, and defenders may not try to stop the attacking team's passes. Players may take three steps with the ball and can hold the ball for at most three seconds. Teams may not pass the ball more than three times before shooting at the frame.

Tchoukball has become an international sport. It is played in Brazil, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Great Britain, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, Macau, Singapore, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United States. It is governed by the Féderation Internationale de Tchoukball (FITB, founded in 1971). Taiwan hosted the 2004 World Championships and won both the women's and junior championships. The Swiss won the men's championship. The 2006, European Championships were held in Switzerland. Great Britain won both the Men's and Under-18's titles. Switzerland won the Ladies event.

Team sports
This is a list of the largest cities in Brazil.  Capitals are in bold.

Brazil
Brazil
Kristine Sutherland (born Kristine Young on April 17, 1955 in Boise, Idaho) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Buffy Summers' mother Joyce Summers on the television series Buffy The Vampire Slayer.

Early life
Sutherland was born Kristine Young. She changed her name because she was often confused with another actress with a similar name. The last name "Sutherland" was after her cat, whom she named "Donald" after Donald Sutherland She attended high school in Lexington, Kentucky.  After graduating, she studied at the University of Kentucky.

Kristine Sutherland is not related to Donald Sutherland or his son Kiefer Sutherland.

Career
Sutherland's first movie role was as Mae Thompson in the 1989 movie Honey, I Shrunk the Kids. In 1997, she tried out for the role of Joyce Summers on The WB Television Network's television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Creator Joss Whedon later said that one of the reasons he chose Sutherland for the role was the fact that she had a warm demeanor, as well as what he felt she look similar to actress Sarah Michelle Gellar, who was to play her daughter in the series. She was on the series often for the first five seasons. After she left at the end of season five, she returned for three more guest appearances. In April 2008, she had a guest starring role on New Amsterdam.

Personal life
Sutherland is married to actor John Pankow. He is best known as "Ira" on Mad About You. They have one daughter named Eleanore.

Filmography
1986 Legal Eagles 
1989 Honey, I Shrunk the Kids 
2002 The Cat Returns 
2012 The Perfect Wedding

References

Other websites
 

1955 births
Living people
Actors from Idaho
American television actors
American movie actors
People from Boise, Idaho
A mirage is an image that is distorted by the atmosphere so that its form and location can look very different from the actual object. It is caused by the way light bends as it passes through layers of air of different temperatures.

The words "mirage" and "mirror" come from the same root word, which means "to look at."

Cause
Normally, light travels in a straight line, but it will change direction depending on what it passes through. This bending is called "refraction." Gases, such as air, become thinner as they get warmer. As a result, light tends to curve (or refract) towards the colder layer of air. This makes the image appear to come from a different direction than the original object.

There are two basic types of mirage, depending on which direction the temperature changes, inferior and superior.

Inferior
An inferior mirage is arguably the most common type seen over land. In daytime, air near solid ground is typically warmer than the air above it. When light from the sky passes through it, a shimmering, fragmented image of the sky may appear to come from the ground, resembling water.

Superior
Sometimes a mirage can appear to come from higher up than the original object. When the colder air is lower (called an inversion layer), as it often is over large bodies of water or ice, the apparent direction of the mirage will be opposite that of an inferior mirage. For example, the distorted image of a ship or an island may appear on or above the surface, even if the original object is hidden below the horizon.

A "Fata Morgana" is a complex superior mirage whose appearance can change quickly and dramatically. Its name refers to Morgan le Fay, a mythical enchantress strongly associated with Arthurian legends. In times past, the disturbing images seen as part of the mirage were attributed to illusions created by magic.

Artificial
A mirage-like effect can be achieved by allowing a soluble substance like sugar or salt to slowly dissolve in a deep container of water, so that there is more sugar in the water near the bottom than in the water above it. This can refract the image of an object seen through it in a similar manner as a superior mirage often seen over open water.

Other websites

 The Happy Scientist explains mirages.
 How to make a mirage with sugar water.
 Another way to make a mirage with salt water.

Optics
Atmosphere
Sir Titus Salt, first baronet (20 September 1803 – 29 December 1876), was born in Morley near Leeds. He was a manufacturer, politician and a phillanthropist in Bradford, West Yorkshire.

His father Daniel Salt was a dry salter and then he decided to become a farmer. His mother died when he was quite young. Titus Salt had 11 children.

Career
After working as a woolen stapler for two years at a mill near Wakefield he became his fathers business partner-Daniel Salt and son. The company used Russian Donskio wool, which was widely used in the woollens trade, but not in worsted cloth. Titus visited the millers in Bradford.

After working for two years as a wool-stapler in Wakefield he became his father's partner in the business of Daniel Salt and Son. He set up as a spinner and manufacturer.

In 1836, Titus came upon some bales of Alpaca wool in a warehouse in Liverpool and, after taking some samples away to experiment, came back and bought the consignment. Though he was not the first in England to work with the fibre, he was the creator of the lustrous and subsequently fashionable cloth called 'alpaca'. (The discovery was described by Charles Dickens in slightly fictionalised form in Household Words).

In 1833 he took over his father's business and within twenty years had expanded it to be the largest employer in Bradford. In 1848 Titus Salt became mayor of Bradford. Smoke and pollution came from mills and factory chimneys. Salt tried unsuccessfully to clean up the pollution using a device called the Rodda Smoke Burner.

Around 1850, he decided to build a mill large enough to consolidate his textile manufacture in one place, but he "did not like to be a party to increasing that already over-crowded borough". So he bought land three miles from the town in Shipley next to the River Aire, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Midland Railway and began building in 1851. He opened it with a grand banquet on his 50th birthday, 20 September 1853, and set about building houses, bathhouses, an institute, hospital, almshouses and churches, that make up the model village of Saltaire. He built the Congregational Church which is now Saltaire United Reformed Church, at his own expense in 1858–59, and donated the land on which the Wesleyan Chapel was built.

References 

1803 births
1876 deaths
English businesspeople
People from Yorkshire
Chief executives
The Battle of Camden was a battle between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States.  It happened during the American Revolutionary War.  It was a major victory for the British Army.

The Battle took place north of Camden, South Carolina on August 16, 1780.

References

Camden
1780
1780s in the United States
18th century in South Carolina
August events
Tenille Dashwood (born 1 March 1989) is an Australian professional wrestler. She is also known by her ring name Tenille Tayla. She worked until 2017 for WWE as Emma. Since 2018 Dashwood works for Ring of Honor and several more promotions.

Dashwood was born in Boronia, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. She lives in Orlando, Florida, United States.

Personal life
On 30 June 2014, before Monday Night Raw aired, Dashwood was arrested in Hartford, in the U.S. state of Connecticut for sixth-degree larceny. Dashwood's lawyer said that she had forgotten to pay for an iPad case, when she was using the self-checkout machine at a Walmart. After she appeared at a community court on 1 July, she was ordered to do one day of community service and complete an online course. On 2 July 2014, Emma was released by WWE after she was arrested for sixth-degree larceny. She was reinstated by WWE two hours later.

Championships
Extreme Canadian Championship Wrestling
ECCW Women's Supergirls Championship (two times)

References

Other websites

Official website 

1989 births
Living people
WWE wrestlers
Australian models
Sportspeople from Melbourne
Female professional wrestlers
is a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan.
It was founded on February 11, 1941.

The city is along the coast where the  flows into the Pacific Ocean.  It is connected to Morioka by an east-west train line and highway and the coastal highway also goes through the town.  The city has a port but much of the shipping traffic is taken by larger cities along the coast.

On June 6, 2005, the old Miyako absorbed the town of Tarō and village of Niisato from Shimohei District to form the new city of Miyako, more than doubling the old city's size.  As of 2008, the new city had an estimated population of 57,874 and a density of 83.1 persons per km². The total area is 696.82 km².

On January 1, 2010, the city absorbed another Shimohei District village, Kawai.

Climate

2011 tsunami
On March 11, 2011, the city was devastated by a tsunami caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake.
At least 401 lives were lost.
Only about 30–60 boats survived from the town's 960 ship fishing fleet.  A study by the University of Tokyo's Earthquake Research Institute found that the waters had reached at least  above sea level. This was almost as high the  record of the 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake tsunami.

Some of the most well known scenes of the 2011 Japanese tsunami, broadcast worldwide, were shot in Miyako.  It shows a dark black wave cresting and overflowing a floodwall and tossing cars, followed by a fishing boat capsizing as it hit the floodwall and then crushed as it was forced under a bridge.

References

Other websites

 Miyako official website 
 BBC video of the tsunami flooding up the mouth of the river at Shinkawacho

Settlements in Iwate Prefecture
Cities in Japan
Winfield Scott (June 13, 1786 – May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general, and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852.

A national hero after the Mexican-American War, he served as military governor of Mexico City. Such was his stature that, in 1852, the United States Whig Party passed over its own incumbent President of the United States, Millard Fillmore, to nominate Scott in that year's United States presidential election. Scott lost to Democrat Franklin Pierce in the general election, but remained a popular national figure, receiving a brevet promotion in 1856 to the rank of lieutenant general, becoming the first American since George Washington to hold that rank.

Scott was born to William Scott and Anna Mason in Dinwiddie County, Virginia, near Petersburg, Virginia, on June 13, 1786. He briefly attended College of William and Mary, studied law in the office of a private attorney, and served as a Virginia militia cavalry corporal near Petersburg in 1807.

Scott was married to Lucy Baker from 1812 until her death in 1816. They had one son. Then he was married to Maria De Hart Mayo from 1817 until her death in 1862. They had six children.

He died in West Point, New York on May 29, 1866 from unknown causes, aged 79. He is buried in West Point Cemetery.

The saying Great Scott was named after his last name.

References

Other websites

 General Scott and the Trail of Tears 
 Letter to the Cherokee from Major General Scott 
 Origin of the phrase Great Scott!.
 Biography of General Winfield Scott 

1786 births
1866 deaths
American generals
Military people from Virginia
A vaporizer or vapouriser is a device used to extract the active ingredients of plant material so that they can be breathed. It is often used for cannabis, tobacco, or other herbs such as chamomile.

Vaporization is an alternative to smoking. It doesn't make smoke or other cancer-causing by-products. It does that by heating the material so that the active compounds boil into a vapor. Nothing actually burns, so there is no smoke or taste of smoke. Vapor ideally contains almost no particulate matter or tar, and much less noxious gas such as carbon monoxide. The vapor can be collected in a jar or inflatable bag, or inhaled directly.

Vaporizers are sometimes used by chefs. They use them to heat herbs and spices to release flavors that are otherwise difficult to extract, or that might be spoiled by overheating during cooking. Chicago's Achatz uses the aroma-filled bags as place-mats, punctured when plates are placed in front of the customer.

Other websites
Vaporizer Reviews and Guides

Smoking
Cannabis
Matthew Calbraith Perry (April 10, 1794 – March 4, 1858) was a Commodore of the U.S. Navy and commanded a number of ships. He served in several wars, mostly known in the Mexican-American War and the War of 1812. He played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. Perry was very concerned with the education of naval officers and helped develop a system that helped the United States Naval Academy. With the advent of the steam engine, he became a leading advocate of modernizing the U.S. Navy and came to be considered The Father of the Steam Navy.

Perry was born on April 10, 1794 in Newport, Rhode Island. He was the younger brother of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, who commanded U.S. naval forces in the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812.  Matthew Perry was never married and had no children. Perry died on March 4, 1858 in New York City, New York from unknown causes. He was buried at Island Cemetery in Newport, Rhode Island.

References

Other websites

 A short timeline of Perry's life

1794 births
1858 deaths
American military people
People from Newport, Rhode Island
Christoph Waltz (born October 4, 1956) is an Austrian movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as Hans Landa in Inglourious Basterds, as Dr. King Schultz in Django Unchained, as artist Walter Keane in Big Eyes and as James Bond villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld in Spectre and No Time to Die. He starred as Dyson Ido in the 2018 science fiction movie Alita: Battle Angel.

He also holds German citizenship. He won two BAFTA Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards and two Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor. He won the other Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for his role in Django Unchained.

Waltz was born on October 4, 1956 in Vienna, Austria. He has three children from an ex-wife and one with his second wife, Judith Holste.

References

Other websites

 

1956 births
Living people
Austrian movie actors
Austrian television actors
Austrian voice actors
Austrian stage actors
German movie actors
German television actors
German voice actors
German stage actors
Actors from Vienna
Actors who played Bond villains
Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Satellite Award winners
BAFTA Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Protein folding is how a protein gets its functional shape or 'conformation'. It is mainly a self-organising process. Starting from a random coil, polypeptides fold into their characteristic working shape. The structure is held together by hydrogen bonds.

The stages are:
Each protein exists as an unfolded polypeptide or random coil when translated from a sequence of mRNA to a linear chain of amino acids. This polypeptide lacks any developed three-dimensional structure (left hand side of the top figure). 
Amino acids interact with each other to produce a well-defined three-dimensional structure, the folded protein (right hand side of the figure). This is known as the native state. The resulting three-dimensional structure is determined by the amino acid sequence (Anfinsen's dogma).

Without its correct three-dimensional structure a protein does not work. However, some parts of proteins may not fold: this is normal.

If proteins do not fold into their native shape, they are inactive and are usually toxic. Several diseases may be caused by misfolded proteins. Many allergies are caused by the folding of the proteins, for the immune system does not produce antibodies for all possible protein structures.

On 30 November 2020, the protein folding was solved by artificial intelligence company DeepMind.

Chaperones 
Chaperonins are large proteins which help the folding of some proteins after synthesis. Chaperones in general were first discovered helping histones and DNA join up to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are the building blocks for chromosomes. This is the way many cell organelles are built up.

References 

Proteins
Anfinsen's dogma is a hypothesis in molecular biology suggested by Christian Anfinsen. The idea is that a protein folding into its native structure is done automatically by the protein's amino acid sequence. It is only true for some proteins. For other proteins, chaperones are needed.

Anfinsen shared the 1972 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on the structure of the enzyme ribonuclease A. The dogma suggests that, in the conditions at which folding occurs, the native structure is a unique and stable state.
There are three conditions:
uniqueness requires that the sequence does not have any other configuration with a comparable free energy.
stability small changes in the surrounding environment cannot give rise to changes in the minimum configuration.
kinetical accessibility means the final shape can be got without going through any highly complex changes in the shape (like knots, for example).

How the protein reaches this structure is the subject of the field of protein folding, which has a related dogma called Levinthal's paradox. The Levinthal paradox states that the number of possible conformations available to a given protein is astronomically large, such that even a small protein of 100 residues would require more time than the universe has existed to explore all possible conformations (1026 seconds) and choose the appropriate one.

Prions are an exception to Anfinsen's dogma. Prions are stable conformations of proteins which differ from the native folding state. In Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease), native proteins re-fold into a different stable conformation, which causes fatal amyloid buildup. Other amyloid diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are also exceptions to Anfinsen's dogma.

References

Molecular biology
Proteins
Polly Klaas (January 3, 1981 - October 1, 1993) is an American murder victim. She was abducted from her California home by Richard Allen Davis (born 1954) during what had been a slumber party with two other girls. Davis later strangled her. He was convicted of her kidnapping and murder and was given a death sentence. He is on death row. Actress Winona Ryder offered two hundred thousand in reward for the return of Klaas; after Klaas was killed, Ryder dedicated a movie version of Little Women for her memory.

1993 crimes
1993 in California
1990s crimes in California
1990s murders in the United States
Deaths by strangulation
Kidnapped American people
October events
Vanessa Hessler (Rome, January 21, 1988) is an American-Italian model and actress.
She began modeling when she was 15. Hessler has appeared in many publications in Italy and Germany.

Early life 

Hessler's father is American. He mother is Italian. She lived in Rome until she was 8, then moved to Washington DC. She lived in Rockville, MD as a teenager. In 2002 she returned to Italy. She speaks Italian, English and French. She lives in Rome and Washington

Modeling 

Hessler has been in commercials for Baby Star, Nara Camicie and Gilli.

Hessler planned to work in television. In early 2006, she wanted to replace Alessia Marcuzzi to host Le Iene. She lost the job to Cristina Chiabotto.

Hessler has appeared in advertising for GUESS, Calvin Klein, Giorgio Armani, L'Oréal, and Ferrero SpA.

In March 2006, she made her debut as a television host at the Festival di Sanremo with Claudia Cedro, Francesca Lancini, and Marta Cecchetto.

Hessler was the face of the DSL brand "Alice" in Germany (a service of Telefónica Europe) until late October 2011. The company chose to end her contract. This was done because of her personal relationship to and public support for the Gaddafi family. The company said that she had "failed to distance herself from her comments on the conflict in Libya."

References 

Italian actors
American television actors
American models
Actors from Rome
1988 births
Living people
A flow chart, also known as a flowchart, is a type of diagram, made of boxes and arrows. It can be used to show:
 An algorithm, a step-by-step list of directions that need to be followed to solve a problem
 A process, a series of stages in time where the last stage is the product, result or goal.
 The planned stages of a project.

The flow chart uses boxes, arrows and other elements: 
 Boxes show the process operations, the various steps and actions.
 Arrows show the order of the steps, and/or different options.
 Other elements representing materials involved, decisions, people, time or process measurements.

Flowchart building blocks

Common Shapes 
The following table shows some of the most common shapes used in flowcharts. Generally, flowcharts are read from top to bottom and left to right. Reading flowcharts can also be called "flowing".

Software

There are many different types of software that deal with making flowcharts. Some types of software allow users to design flowcharts that can be used to help them design a program easier. Other applications can also create programs based on the flowchart that the user designed. Some software that deal with making flowcharts include Microsoft Visio, yEd, and Inkscape.

Related pages

 Chart
 Diagram

References 

Charts
Management
George Wilcken Romney (July 8, 1907 – July 26, 1995) was an American businessman and Republican Party politician.  He was chairman and president of American Motors Corporation from 1954 to 1962.  He served the 43rd Governor of Michigan from 1963 to 1969.  He was also the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 1969 to 1973.

He is the father of former Governor of Massachusetts, 2012 Republican presidential nominee, and current United States Senator Mitt Romney.  He was also the husband of former Michigan U.S. Senate candidate Lenore Romney. In 1968, he ran for president, but lost to Richard Nixon.

Biography
Romney was born to American parents living in Colonia Dublán, Galeana, Chihuahua, Mexico on July 8, 1907. The events during the Mexican Revolution forced his family to flee back to the United States when he was a child.  The family lived in several states and ended up in Salt Lake City, Utah, where they struggled during the Great Depression.  Romney worked in a number of jobs, served as a Mormon missionary in England and Scotland, and attended several colleges in the U.S. but did not graduate from any. In 1939 he moved to Detroit, Michigan.

Marriage and children
On July 2, 1931, he married Lenore Romney. They would later have four children, Lynn Romney, Jane Romney, Mitt Romney, and G. Scott Romney. His granddaughter from Scott Romney, Ronna Romney McDaniel, is the current chairwoman of the Republican National Committee.

Death
Romney died on July 26, 1995 in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan from a heart attack, aged 88. He was buried at Fairview Cemetery in Brighton, Michigan.

References

Other websites

 Boston Globe Magazine, Lessons of the Father
 Video of George W. Romney defending his success, NBC, 1967
George Romney photo essay

1907 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Chief executives
United States Secretaries of Housing and Urban Development
Businesspeople from Detroit, Michigan
1968 United States presidential candidates
US Republican Party politicians
Governors of Michigan
Politicians from Detroit, Michigan
All Smiles Dental Centers is a company that manages dental offices in Texas. Its headquarters are in Farmers Branch, Texas. In September 2012 All Smiles had 20 clinics in Texas. The people who go to the clinics are mostly poor Hispanic children.

Dr. Richard Malouf started All Smiles in 2002. After the U.S. Supreme Court told the State of Texas that it did not give enough money to give dental care to poor children, five years before 2012 the State of Texas began spending $1.4 million more money on dental care for poor children. All Smiles began a braces program and began spending a lot of money, given by the Texas government, on braces for children. The Medicaid program only allowed braces if the braces helped a major problem like cleft lip and palate, or if it helps a problem caused by an illness, like Down's syndrome or muscular dystrophy. Malouf and his wife, Leanne, had a lot of rich things, like a mansion, two fancy cars, and two company jets.

In 2012 the State of Texas began trying to find out if All Smiles lied and took too much government money. The federal government accused All Smiles of cheating in the dental program, and so All Smiles promised to be honest in a contract written with the federal government. In July 2012 the company closed many braces offices and told patients that they could no longer go to All Smiles for braces.

Related pages
 Small Smiles Dental Centers
 ReachOut Healthcare America

Sources

Other websites
 All Smiles Dental Centers

2002 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Texas
Dentistry
2000s establishments in Texas