cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Satanic verses is a name given to a number of verses of the Qur'an. These verses became famous because they were introduced into a version of the book. In a later version, they were taken out again. Different groups of people have different views about these verses.

Other websites 
 Those are the High Flying Claims
 Story of the Cranes or "Satanic Verses"
 The Satanic Verses in Qur'an

Islam
Quran
Broad Green is a small area with a lot of houses at the centre of West Croydon in the London Borough of Croydon, England. The area is mostly filled with a triangular green space which includes shops and large houses. The green was built at the end of the 19th century. Most of West Croydon is in an electoral ward called "Broad Green", hence Broad Green library is some distance from the traditional Broad Green area. Parts of West Thornton and Selhurst wards are also in West Croydon.

London Borough of Croydon
Villages in England
A libretto is the text (the words) which are set to music to make an opera.  A libretto can also be the words for an oratorio, cantata, mass or a musical.  The person who writes the libretto is called a librettist.  The word “libretto” (plural: “libretti” or “librettos”) is an Italian word which means “little book”.

Sometimes a composer writes his own libretti, but usually a composer likes to have a librettist who can write the words for him so that he can set them to music.

Some libretti are original stories by the librettist, but very often they are based on a book by another writer.

In the 18th century Metastasio was a very famous librettist.  Many of his libretti were set several times by different composers. Another 18th century librettist was Lorenzo da Ponte, who wrote the libretti for three of Mozart's greatest operas, as well as for many other composers. In the 19th century Eugène Scribe wrote a very large number of libretti that were set to music by composers such as Meyerbeer, Auber, Bellini, Donizetti, Rossini and Verdi. Two French writers called Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy wrote many opera and operetta libretti for the composers Jacques Offenbach, Jules Massenet and Georges Bizet. Arrigo Boito, who wrote libretti for, among others, Giuseppe Verdi and Amilcare Ponchielli, composed two operas of his own.  Hugo von Hoffmansthal wrote libretti for Richard Strauss.

Wagner and Tippett are two composers who wrote their own libretti.

Usually a libretto is written before the music, but sometimes composers wrote some of the music first and then looked for words to go with it. Composers, such as Mikhail Glinka, Alexander Serov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Puccini, and Mascagni all did this sometimes.

Musicals usually have lyrics (the words for the songs), and a separate "book" ( the spoken dialogue and the stage directions).  Sometimes these two are by different authors, e.g. the musical Fiddler on the Roof has a composer (Jerry Bock), a lyricist (Sheldon Harnick), and the writer of the "book" (Joseph Stein).

Opera terminology
Toplessness (or being topless) is a state of a woman not wearing any clothing above the waist, meaning the breasts are visible. The term used for a male is barechestedness or shirtlessness.

Because the female breast is often associated with sexuality, some countries consider it alright for men to be topless in public, but not women. However many countries consider it usual for women to be topless, even due to the natural heat.

Barechestedness

Barechested means not wearing a shirt. It usually refers to men.  It is very common in many societies.  Also very common in sports for a number of reasons.  Some reasons include, ease of movement, and cooling.  It is also common to go shirtless while working/doing labor. Before computerization of vehicles, it was common for young men to work on cars and trucks without a shirt.

Gallery

Related pages
Topfreedom

References

Other websites

Nudity
Westminster Cathedral in London, England, is a Roman Catholic cathedral.  It is the mother church of the Roman Catholic community in England and Wales and the Metropolitan Church and Cathedral for the Archbishop of Westminster. 

The cathedral is near Victoria in the City of Westminster. It is the largest Roman Catholic church in England and Wales. It should not be confused with Westminster Abbey.

The cathedral was opened in 1903.  It was designed by John Francis Bentley and is in the style of  Byzantine church architecture.  The nave is the widest of any church in England.  The sanctuary is higher than the nave, so that the altar can be seen from any part of the nave.  A very large crucifix hangs from the chancel arch.  The Archiepiscopal Throne or cathedra, of marble and mosaic, is modelled on the Papal Throne at the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome. There are beautiful marble pillars which are all carved differently.  In the crypt there are monuments to famous people.

Westminster Cathedral has a famous choir.  The first Master of Music (choirmaster) was Sir Richard Runciman Terry. Since 2000, the Master of Music has been Martin Baker.  Mass is sung every day.

The choir are famous for singing Gregorian chant and polyphony of the Renaissance.  Composers such as Benjamin Britten and Ralph Vaughan Williams have written music for the choir.

All the boys of the Choir are boarders at the nearby Westminster Cathedral Choir School.

The organ is very large.  It is in the west gallery (above the entrance).  It was built by the organ builder Henry Willis III from 1922 to 1932.  One of Louis Vierne's best-known organ pieces, "Carillon de Westminster,"  was composed for it and dedicated to the builder.

On 28 May 1982, the first day of his six-day visit to the United Kingdom, Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass in the Cathedral.

In 1995, Cardinal Basil Hume invited HM The Queen.  This was the first visit of a reigning monarch of the United Kingdom to a Catholic liturgy since 1688 when James II & VII was king.

Other websites 
Westminster Cathedral official site

Cathedrals in England
Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Westminster
S.S.C. Napoli (Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli) is an Italian football club.  The club plays in Serie A. Its home stadium is the Stadio San Paolo in Naples, Italy.  They team plays in light blue shirts, white shorts and light blue socks as uniforms.

History 
The club was formed in 1926 and it was in most of its history in Serie A. It was Diego Armando Maradona who put Napoli on the world soccer map, leading them to scudettos in 1987 and 1990 and the UEFA Cup in 1989. They also won the Coppa Italia in 1962, 1976, 1987, 2012, 2014 and 2020, a Coppa delle Alpi in 1966 and two Supercoppa Italiana in 1990 and 2014.

Napoli dropped to Serie B in 2001. With a debt of about 70 million euros, the club went bankrupt in August 2004. A new club, Napoli Soccer, was born. Napoli Soccer was renamed Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli in early 2006.

Honours 
 Serie A : 2
 1986/87, 1989/90
 Coppa Italia : 6
 1962, 1976, 1987, 2012, 2014, 2020
 Supercoppa Italiana : 2
 1990, 2014
 UEFA Cup : 1
 1989
 Cup of the Alps : 1
 1966
 Anglo-Italian League Cup : 1
 1976
 Thomas Lipton Trophy : 3
 1909, 1911, 1914

League position

Former position

Notable Players 
These are players who once played for Napoli and players who still do.

Managers

Other websites 
 SSC Napoli
 Serie A

Italian football clubs
Naples
1926 establishments in Italy
The city of Luxembourg (, , German: Luxemburg), also known as Luxembourg City (, , German: Stadt Luxemburg), is a commune with city status, and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

The city is at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse rivers in southern Luxembourg. In the city is found the Luxembourg Castle, built by the Franks in the Early Middle Ages, around which a settlement developed.

History

During the Roman period, two main roads crossed the territory of the present city of Luxembourg; these two roads met at the place Marché-aux-Poissons (now a street and a neighborhood) dominated by a fortified tower. A castle was built here and it was called Lucilinburhuc ("small castle"). In 963, this place became a property of Siegfried I, a close relative of the Emperors of Germany and Kings of France. Siegfried built a castle, not far from the "Lucilinburhuc" castle, on a rocky cliff called the Bock (). This place is now considered the birthplace of the city, the country and the nation.

In 1994 UNESCO named the Old Quarters and Fortifications a World Heritage Site.

Geography

The city of Luxembourg has an area of , about 2% of the territory of the whole country. The altitude varies between  high (Beggen, Bastogne street) and  high (Dommeldange); it is  high at the centre of the city.

Luxembourg's climate is on the boundary of oceanic (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification) and humid continental (Dfb) climates.

Population
, there are 115,227 persons living in the commune, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Twin cities
  Camden, United Kingdom, since 2007
  Metz, France, 
  Tambov, Russia, since 2012
  Prague, Czech Republic, since 2012

References

Other websites

  Ville de Luxembourg - Official website

 
World Heritage Sites in Europe
A vacuum cleaner is a device that cleans dust and dirt from floors. Sometimes it is just called a vacuum because it uses the force of a vacuum to suck dirt into a large chamber from which it can be dumped into the garbage.

In the 1920s, an Ohio janitor named James Murray Spangler created a carpet sweeping contraption out of a soap box, a broom handle, a pillow case, and an electric motor. He then began to sell his machine to local housewives. The first plastic vacuum cleaner was produced in the 1930s, and the precursor to modern central vac systems was created in 1952 by the Hoover Company, whose name was now synonymous with “vacuuming”. By the 1960s, vacuum cleaners were much more lightweight and easy to use.

There are several types of vacuum cleaners:
 Upright vacuum cleaners
 Canister vacuum cleaners
 Robot vacuum cleaners
 Handheld vacuum cleaners
 Car vacuum cleaners
 Carpet cleaners

References

Home appliances
TV Tokyo is a television station in Tokyo, Japan. It is also known as "Teleto," a portmanteau of "terebi," the Japanese word for "television," and "Tokyo." Its main owner is Nihon Keizai Shimbun. TV Tokyo is the smallest of the major Tokyo TV networks.

Japanese television networks
A puzzle is a problem to make the user think. They are often used for entertainment and can help logic skills. The user may need to recognise patterns to solve it, so those who have good logic are usually good with puzzles.

Puzzles, such as wordsearches, crosswords and Sudoku grids, are printed in newspapers and magazines, but puzzles can be with objects or even on a computer screen.

Puzzles
The Erdős number () honors the Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős. Erdős was one of the most prolific mathematical writers. He worked with many mathematicians. 

Paul Erdős's number is 0. Anyone who directly worked with Paul Erdős has an Erdős number of 1. Anyone who works with those collaborators who have an Erdős number of 1, has an Erdős number of 2. The chain continues like that.

Related pages
 Bacon number

Other websites
 Jerry Grossman, The Erdös Number Project. Contains statistics and a complete list of all mathematicians with an Erdős number less than or equal to 2.
Erdős number project 

Numbers
John Randall Hennigan (born October 3, 1979) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently working on the independent circuit. He is best known for working for World Wrestling Entertainment under the ring names John Morrison and Johnny Nitro.

Personal life 
Hennigan grew up in Los Angeles, California with his two younger sisters, Kelly and Elise. Hennigan once dated wrestler Melina Perez. The characters they play on television started in a relationship. They met while trying to be a part of the television program Tough Enough III. Hennigan was made a part of the program, Perez was not.

References

Other websites 
 WWE Profile

1979 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
American Roman Catholics
Candice Michelle Beckman-Ehrlich (born September 30, 1978 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American professional wrestler, actress, and model. She is better known as Candice Michelle or just Candice. Beckman is best known for wrestling for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).

World Wrestling Entertainment

Candice Michelle came to WWE as a contestant in the 2004 Diva Search. Although she did not win, WWE hired her anyway. At first, Candice Michelle did not have much to do on the program. Over the next several years, she was trained as a wrestler and started doing more work. She was mainly used in unusual matches. For example, "Bra and panties matches" are matches where the winner is the person removes the other persons clothing leaving them wearing only their bra and panties.

At the Vengeance PPV on June 24, she defeated Melina to win the WWE Women's Title for the first time.

Michelle was released from her WWE contract on June 19, 2009.

Personal life
Candice married Dr. Ken Gee Ehrlich, a West Los Angeles chiropractor on May 7, 2005.

Media
During Candice's career, she has been in many television series, magazine pictorials, fashion shows, and movies. She has been in the movies Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story(as a dancer), Confessions of a Dangerous Mind, High Crimes, and Horrorween. In television, she has been on Party of Five, The Man Show, Playboy TV's Totally Busted, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, and Monk. Her most notable appearance was her appearance on Hotel Erotica. She has also posed nude for several magazines including Playboy. She is also the spokesperson for the internet company GoDaddy.com.

References

Other websites 
Official site
WWE Profile

1978 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Female professional wrestlers
Models from Wisconsin
Actors from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Sportspeople from Wisconsin
Stamford Bridge is the home of Premier League club Chelsea F.C.. It is located in Fulham in southwest London. 

It was built for Fulham Football Club, who turned it down for money reasons, so Chelsea was created and decided to play at the ground. It currently holds a capacity of 41,631 seats. It is one of the oldest football stadiums in the world, being opened in 1877. It was renovated in 1998

Other websites 

 Chelsea FC Website
 Aerial shot of Stamford Bridge
It's the Theatre of Drams!  Man U and Chelsea grounds were shinty parks.
Stamford Bridge webcam on camvista.com 
Take a tour of Stamford Bridge 

Football stadiums in London
The British Board of Film Classification is the organisation responsible for movie and some video game classification in the United Kingdom. The rating system can help parents decide which movies their children should not watch and what video games they should not play. It is based in London. It was formed in 1912 as the British Board of Film Censors; its name was changed in 1985.

Ratings 
There are seven ratings:

 - Everybody can watch it.
 - Everybody can watch it, but very young children may need an adult with them.
 - People under 12 need an adult 18 years or older with them. 
 - People must be 12 or over to watch the movie. 
 - People must be 15 or over to watch the movie.
 - People must be 18 or over to watch the movie. These films usually contain a lot of horror, nudity or violence.
 - People must be 18 or over to watch the movie and the movie can only be shown at specially licensed cinemas or sold in licensed sex shops. (This is specifically given to Hardcore pornography.)

Other websites 
 BBFC

1912 establishments in the United Kingdom
Movie organizations
Video game ratings
Organisations based in London
Many countries have a film rating system to help parents determine which movies their children can watch. The systems usually use age to rate the movies.

United Kingdom 
The United Kingdom use the British Board of Film Classification film rating system.

United States 
The United States use the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system.

Australia 
Australia uses the Australian Classification Board film rating system.

Canada
Canada uses the Canadian Home Video Rating System.

Japan 
Japan uses the Eirin.

Ukraine 
Ukraine uses the Ukrainian State Film Agency film rating system.

Related pages 
 Movie censorship
 X rating

Movie ratings
Eve Ensler (born May 25, 1953) is an American playwright and feminist activist. She is best known for the play The Vagina Monologues.

Ensler was born in New York City to a Christian mother and Jewish father. She graduated from Middlebury College in 1975. She married Richard McDermott in 1978 and divorced in 1988. She is the adoptive mother of actor Dylan McDermott. She adopted him when he was 18 and she was 26.

In 2010, she said that she was being treated for uterine cancer.

References

Other websites 
 Eve Ensler biography  via V-Day
 Eve Ensler via Internet Movie Database
 
 Writer's Voice 2007 audio interview

1953 births
Living people
American activists
American feminists
American playwrights
People with cancer
Writers from New York City
Roger Pearson (born 21 August 1927, in London) is a British writer and publisher. He is also the editor of some journals published by The Institute for the Study of Man.

Publications written, edited, or published by Pearson

Essays on Eugenics and Race. 1958, Northern World, Coventry
Mankind Quarterly (from 1979-) 
The Religious Attitudes of the Indo-Europeans. 1966, 1967 Hans Gunther, trans. by Vivian Bird (See Oliver Bird Trust and George Cadbury) in collaboration with Roger Pearson.
Introduction to Anthropology. Harcourt College Pub, 1974.
Anthropological Glossary. Krieger Pub Co, 1985.
Race, Intelligence and Bias in Academe. Scott-Townsend Publishers, 1997 (2nd edition).
Heredity and Humanity: Race, Eugenics and Modern Science. Scott-Townsend Publishers, 1996.

Books about Pearson

Kühl, Stefan The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. Oxford University Press, 1994.  
Tucker, William The Science and Politics of Racial Research. University of Illinois Press, 1994. 
Shermer, Michael Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time. Henry Holt, 1997. 
Lincoln, Bruce Theorizing Myth: Narrative, Ideology, and Scholarship. University of Chicago Press, 1999. 
Tucker, William The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press, 2002. 
Jackson, John P. Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education. NYU Press, 2005. 
Michael, George Willis Carto and the American Far Right. University Press of Florida, 2008. 
Tucker, William The Cattell Controversy: Race, Science, and Ideology. University of Illinois Press, 2009. 
Spiro, Jonathan P. Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant. University of Vermont Press, 2009
Scatamburlo d'Annibale, Valeri Cold Breezes and Idiot Winds: Patriotic Correctness and the Post-9/11 Assault on Academe Springer Science & Business Media, 2011. 
Richards, Graham 'Race,' Racism, and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History Second Edition. Routledge, 2012. 

British writers
British anthropologists
1927 births
Living people
Colorado Springs is a city in Colorado, United States. With 369,815 people, it is the second largest city in Colorado and the 49th largest in the United States. It is also the county seat of El Paso County.  It is the headquarters of Focus on the Family, which is a Christian group, and the United States Air Force Academy. Tourist attractions like Pikes Peak, Garden of the Gods  the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Seven Falls, Manitou Springs, the Broadmoor Hotel and the Air Force Academy are also in the city and its surrounding area.

References

Notes

Other websites 
 City of Colorado Springs 
 Colorado Springs Convention & Visitor's Bureau
 Colorado Springs Vacation Insider

 
County seats in Colorado
1886 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Colorado
Janice G. Raymond (born January 24, 1943) is an American feminist activist. She is known for her work against violence, sexual exploitation and the "medical abuse" of women.  She is also known for her writings and activism against transsexualism. She is retired professor of women's studies and medical ethics at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. She has published many articles on prostitution and sex trafficking. She lectures around the world on many of these topics through Coalition Against Trafficking in Women.

Career
In 1979 her first book, The Transsexual Empire, was published. In the book Raymond said that all transsexuals rape women's bodies. The book has been called hate speech against transgender people.

In 1993 her most recent book, Women as Wombs: Reproductive Technologies and the Battle over Women’s Freedom was published.

Raymond has received grants from the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. National Institute of Justice, the Ford Foundation, the United States Information Agency, the National Science Foundation, the Norwegian Organization for Research and Development (NORAD), and UNESCO.

Personal life
Raymond graduated from Salve Regina College in 1965. She got her Masters in Religious Studies from Andover Newton Theological School in 1971. She graduated from Boston College in 1977.

Janice Raymond is a former member of the Sisters of Mercy. She later left the convent. She is now an open lesbian.

References

Other websites
 The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto  by Sandy Stone.
 Where did we go wrong? Feminism and trans theory- two teams on the same side?  by Stephen Whittle, 2000.

1943 births
Living people
American academics
American LGBT people
American radical feminists
Lesbian feminists
LGBT scientists
Prostitution
Educators from Rhode Island
Educators from Boston, Massachusetts
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
Writers from Rhode Island
Energy efficiency is using less energy to provide the same level of energy service.  An example would be insulating a home to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve the same temperature.  Another example would be installing fluorescent lights and/or skylights instead of incandescent bulbs to attain the same level of illumination.  So efficient energy use is achieved primarily by means of a more efficient technology rather than by changes in individual behaviour.

Energy conservation is using less energy to achieve a lesser energy service, and usually involves a change in behavior.  Examples would be heating a room less in winter, or driving less, or working in a less brightly lit room.  

As with other definitions, the boundary between efficient energy use and energy conservation can be fuzzy, but both are important in environmental and economic terms.  This is especially the case when actions are directed at the saving of fossil fuels.

References

Energy
Tulsa is the second largest city in Oklahoma, United States. There are 387,807 people living in Tulsa. It is the 47th largest city in the United States. It is the county seat of Tulsa County; and the most densely populated county in Oklahoma. Tulsa has 563,299 people living in it.

In Tulsa 
 Philbrook Museum - an art museum
 Gilcrease Museum
 Big Splash - a water amusement park
 Bell's Amusement Park(now closed)
 Southroads Mall
 Woodland Hills Mall
 LaFortune Park

Related pages
 Tulsa Public Schools

References

Other websites 
 Official City Website
 Tulsa Chamber of Commerce
 Tulsa Convention & Visitors Bureau 
 Official Tulsa Police Website
 Vision 2025

 
County seats in Oklahoma
Anchorage is the largest city in Alaska, United States. With a population of 285,634 residents, it makes up more than two-fifths of the state's population.

History
Anchorage was originally a construction camp during the building of the Alaska Railroad. By 1920 it had grown to the point where it was decided to officially make it a city. Being at the head of Cook Inlet it became an important place for shipping in Alaska because ships could load and unload cargo to and from the new railroad. In the 1940 an both the army and the air force built bases near Anchorage, and it got even bigger. In 1964 Anchorage was hit by the Good Friday Earthquake, the second strongest earthquake ever recorded. Over a hundred people died and a lot of buildings in and around Anchorage were destroyed. Over the next few years a lot of work went into rebuilding the city and making the buildings better in case there was another earthquake. In 1968 oil was discovered up in the Arctic region of Alaska, and Anchorage again got bigger quickly and merged with other towns in the area. Today it is a modern city with a very large international airport, a large sea port that is very busy, and all the other things you would expect to find in a big city.

Utilities 
Water for the city comes from Eklutna Lake. 

The city's electricity comes from power plants in the city and from a dam also fed by Eklutna Lake.

Heat for homes comes from Natural gas provided by Enstar Natural Gas Company.

Climate 
Anchorage has a subarctic climate (Dfc in the Köppen climate classification).

References

 
1914 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Alaska
Skopje (Macedonian: Скопје; transcribed Skopje) is the capital and the largest city of North Macedonia. The city is the administrative, cultural, economic and academic centre of the country. In the past, the city has been known by various names such as: Üsküp (Turkish) or Skoplje (Serbo-Croatian). The city has been build upon the ancient city of Scupi. In 2002, the city had population of 506,926 citizens.

Geography 
Skopje is in the north of North Macedonia. Through the city flows the river Vardar, the biggest river in North Macedonia. Skopje is located on 255 metres above the sea level and it coves 1, 854 km² or 715.8 sq mi. Northern of the city is the mountain Skopska Crna Gora and on the south is the mountain Vodno.

Administrative divisions of the city 
The city of Skopje is administratively divided into 10 municipalities, of which one is the whole city named Greater Skopje. The city is part of the Skopje statistical region in North Macedonia.

1 .  Centar 
2 .  Gazi Baba
3 .  Aerodrom
4 .  Čair
5 .  Kisela Voda
6 .  Butel
7 .  Šuto Orizari
8 .  Karpoš
9 .  Gjorče Petrov
10 . Saraj

Sister and partner cities 

Skopje is twinned with:

Gallery

Related pages 
 Republic of North Macedonia

References

Other websites 

 Skopje Alexander the Great Airport
 Skopje Intercity Bus Station 
 Saints Cyril and Methodius University - Skopje
 City of Skopje Official Portal
Lea Weingarten Fastow (born December 1961) is the wife of former Enron executive and felon Andrew Fastow, and is the second former Enron executive to go to prison after Enron collapsed due to fraud in December 2001.

Fastow was born in Houston, Texas, born to a Jewish family. Her family had grocery store chain and Weingarten Realty Investors WRI. She graduated from Tufts University, where she met her husband. She earned an MBA at Northwestern University. She was married in 1984. Together Andrew and Lea have two children.

References

1961 births
Living people
American Jews
American criminals
People from Houston, Texas
The endorsement test was proposed by Sandra Day O'Connor, a member of the United States Supreme Court. She suggested it in her judgment in a lawsuit called Lynch v. Donnelly in 1984.

The endorsement test is a question that you can ask if you think that the government is doing something in favor of religion. According to the United States Constitution, the government cannot endorse any particular religion, and cannot endorse religion in general. The test asks: is the government doing something that makes people think that the government endorses religion? If so, that government act may not be allowed under the Constitution.

Endorsement test
United States law
Religion in the United States
Terry Rakolta (born September 18, 1943) is an American homemaker and activist who led an unsuccessful boycott against the Fox Broadcasting Company sitcom Married... with Children Rakolta currently lives in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Rakolta later founded Americans for Responsible Television to fight against other shows deemed offensive by the organization, including shows by Phil Donahue and Howard Stern.

American activists
1943 births
Living people
The Snake River is a river in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Idaho, Washington and Oregon. It is a tributary of the Columbia River. The river rises in western Wyoming, and flows through the Snake River Plain in Idaho. It turns north, forming the border with Oregon and Idaho, and the border with Washington and Idaho. At Lewiston it turns west and flows through Washington to the Columbia River.

The Shoshone and Nez Perce Indians lived on the Snake River. The Lewis and Clark Expedition was the first American expedition to sight the Snake River. The river later was part of the Oregon Trail. Many pioneers traveled down the river to settle in the fertile Willamette Valley in Oregon. 

There are fifteen dams on the Snake River. Some are for hydropower, some for irrigation, and some for navigation.

Rivers of Washington (U.S. state)
Rivers of Oregon
Rivers of Wyoming
Rivers of Idaho
Driftwood is wood that has been washed onto the shore of a sea, river, or lake by winds, tides, waves or man.

In some waterfront areas, driftwood is a major nuisance. However, the driftwood provides shelter and food for birds, fish and other aquatic species as it floats in the ocean. Gribbles, shipworms and bacteria decompose the wood and gradually turn it into nutrients that are reintroduced to the food web. Sometimes, the partially decomposed wood washes ashore, where it also shelters birds, plants, and other species. Driftwood can become the foundation for sand dunes.

Driftwood can be:
a tree or part of a tree that is in a large body of water because of strong winds or flooding 
buildings and their contents that are in the sea because of floods, storms and tsunamis
wooden objects placed into the water from shore
remains of wooden ships and boats
lost cargo

In history
According to Norse mythology, the first humans, Ask and Embla, were formed out of two pieces of driftwood, an ash and an elm, by the god Odin and his brothers, Ve and Vili. 

Driftwood carried by Arctic rivers was the main, or sometimes only, source of wood for some Inuit and other Arctic populations living north of the tree-line until they came into regular contact with European traders. 
 
Many people use driftwood as parts of decorative furniture or other art forms, and it is a popular element in the scenery of fish tanks.

Wood
A public figure is a legal term applied in the context of defamation actions (libel and slander), as well as invasion of privacy. A public figure (such as a politician, musician, celebrity, or business leader) cannot base a lawsuit on incorrect harmful statements unless there is proof that the writer or publisher acted with malice (knowledge or reckless disregard for the truth). The burden of proof is higher in the case of a public figure.

Law
Elms are  deciduous and semi-deciduous trees, found throughout the Northern Hemisphere from Siberia to Indonesia, Mexico to Japan. They have alternate, simple, single- or doubly-serrate leaves, usually asymmetric at the base and sharply pointed at the tip.

Elms are hermaphroditic, having perfect flowers, and which, being wind-pollinated, are without petals. The fruit is a round samara.

Elms take many decades to grow to maturity.

References

Collin, E. (2001). Elm. In Teissier du Cros (Ed.) (2001) Forest Genetic Resources Management and Conservation. France as a case study. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Bureau of Genetic Resources. INRA DIC. France.
Cornell University: Elm hybrids (pdf file)
Martín-Benito D., Concepción García-Vallejo M., Alberto Pajares J., López D. 2005. Triterpenes in elms in Spain. Can. J. For. Res. 35: 199–205 (2005).  
Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004) The history of elm breeding. Investigacion agraria: Sistemas y recursos forestales 13(1): 161-177 (2004).
Ware, G. (1995). Little-known elms from China: landscape tree possibilities. Journal of Arboriculture, (Nov. 1995). International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, USA.  .

Other websites
Northern Arizona University: Elm trials.

Trees
Ulmaceae
Just like the other 49 American states, Massachusetts has its own governor. The current governor is Charlie Baker. He is a member of the Republican Party. The first governor of Massachusetts was John Hancock.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts: 1780–present 
This is a complete list of governors of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Acting governors, denoted as "A" instead of numbered, are included when the Governor resigned or died. Acting governors show a vacancy in the lieutenant governorship. They remain as Lieutenant Governors and merely act as governor. Lieutenant governors in Massachusetts do not ascend to the governorship upon death or resignation of their predecessor.

References

 
Lists of politicians from the United States
Politicians from Massachusetts
Highway is a word used to describe roads made for travel by the public between important places, such as cities, towns and landmarks. The word highway can also be different between countries, and can mean a road, freeway, superhighway, autoroute, autobahn, parkway, expressway, autostrasse, autostrada, byway, or motorway.

Highways come in many different designs. They can include many lanes of traffic, a median (strip of lane or barrier) between lanes of opposing traffic, and access control (ramps and bridges). Highways can also be as simple as a two-lane road.

In many countries, these roads are numbered to easily tell them apart. These numbered highways are usually called routes. The United States includes a system called the Interstate Highway system, controlled by AASHTO, where major north/south routes are odd numbered and east/west are even numbered. In Canada, routes that are in the 400s are freeways. In China, types of routes are separated by the first letter of the route; "G" for national road, "S" for provincial road and "Y" for rural roads.

Highways are sometimes criticised because of the pollution cars make when driving highways. When too many cars travel along a highway, traffic slows down; this is known as a traffic jam. Public transportation (such as buses) and special lanes for those who have a given number of people in a car are used to help stop these problems.

Roads
London, Ontario is a large city exactly halfway between Detroit, Michigan and Toronto, Ontario. It is also the home of the University of Western Ontario. With a population of 457,720 it is the seat of Middlesex County. It is an hour and a half drive from Sarnia, Ontario and an hour drive from Forest, Ontario.

Media 
CFPL CTV Two

Rogerstv

Other websites 
 About London 
 London Ontario Community Information
 Official City of London Website
 Museum of Ontario Archeology
 Local Weather 

Cities in Ontario
Amy Jade Winehouse (14 September 1983 – 23 July 2011) was an English jazz, soul and R&B singer and songwriter. She debuted with the well-received album Frank in 2003.  Winehouse won five Grammy Awards for her 2006 album Back to Black. This made her the first British female to win five Grammys.  
Winehouse had many uncles who were jazz musicians, and she was interested in jazz from a young age. She named her first album after Frank Sinatra. Her music was also influenced by girl groups of the 1960s.

Early life
Amy was born to Jewish parents Janis and Mitch Winehouse. She was given her first guitar when she was 13 years old. When she was 14 she started writing songs. She’d often write music about her day to day experiences in a book given to her by father. It was later revealed that she used some of the songs she wrote as a teenager on her debut album  Frank  She went to Sylvia Young Theatre School and the BRIT School. Both schools have very notable alumni including soul-singer  Adele  and  X-Factor  contestant,  Leona Lewis

Career
On 20 October 2003 Winehouse's first album Frank was released. She won an Ivor Novello Award for it.

On 30 October 2006 her second album Back to Black was released. Five singles were released from the album. The first single "Rehab" spent 57 weeks in the UK Singles Chart. It won Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2008 Grammy Awards.
Winehouse sung on Mutya Buena's 2007 single "B Boy Baby". Winehouse performed at Nelson Mandela's 90th Birthday Party concert at London's Hyde Park on 27 June 2008. The next day she performed at the Glastonbury Festival.

In 2011 Lioness: Hidden Treasures, a collection of Winehouse's unreleased songs, was released. It reached No.1 in the UK Albums Chart. Winehouse sung on the song "Cherry Wine" on Nas' 2012 album Life Is Good.

Personal life
She married Blake Fielder-Civil in 2007. They had legal troubles that resulted in criminal convictions for both of them. He was sent to prison. They divorced in 2009. She died of accidental alcohol poisoning in 2011 after years of drug and alcohol addiction. This made her a member of the 27 Club, a group of popular musicians who have died at that age, often due to drug or alcohol abuse. After Winehouse's death her dad published a book about her life called Amy: My Daughter. All of the money made from the book was given to the Amy Winehouse Foundation.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

1983 births
2011 deaths
Brit Award winners
British jazz musicians
British R&B musicians
British soul musicians
Contraltos
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
Grammy Award winners
Singers from London
"Canuck" is a slang term for Canadian people.

History
The term was first used in the 19th century, although its etymology (origin) is not clear. Some possibilities are:
 kanata1 "village"
 Canada + -uc (Algonquian noun suffix)
 Canada + -inuk (Inuit for "man")
 Connaught, a rarely-used term for Irish-French-Canadians.

Meaning
The Random House Dictionary says that: "The term Canuck is first recorded about 1835 as an Americanism, originally referring specifically to a French Canadian. This was probably the original meaning, though in Canada and other countries, Canuck now more often refers to any Canadian."

Usage and examples
When "Canuck" is used by Canadians, the meaning is usually affectionate, friendly or patriotic.

The history and use of the term include:
 The Vancouver Canucks hockey team
 The Canada national rugby union team Canucks
 The Crazy Canucks, a group of Canadian alpine ski racers who were active in the '70s.
 Johnny Canuck, an image of Canadians in early political cartoons of the 1860s resisting Uncle Sam's bullying. Johnny Canuck was used again in 1942 by Leo Bachle to defend Canada against the Nazis.
 In 1975 in comics by Richard Comely, Captain Canuck is a super-agent for Canadians' security, with Redcoat and Kebec being his sidekicks. (Kebec is claimed to be unrelated to Capitaine Kébec of a French-Canadian comic published two years earlier.) Captain Canuck had enhanced strength and endurance thanks to being bathed in alien rays during a camping trip.  The captain was reintroduced in the mid-1990s, and again in 2004.
 Operation Canuck was the name of a British Special Air Service raid led by a Canadian captain, Buck McDonald in January 1945.
 "The Dark Canuck" is a song on The Tragically Hip's album In Violet Light.
In 1995, Canada Post released 45-cent postage stamps showing Johnny Canuck and Captain Canuck.
"Canuck" is a nickname for the Curtiss JN4 and Avro CF-100 aircraft.
One of the first uses of "Canuck" – in the form of "Kanuk" – specifically referred to Dutch Canadians as well as French Canadians. 
Team Canuck is a small-sized team at RoboCup.
 North Plainfield High School Canucks, is the mascot of this High School in New Jersey.
"Canuck Rubber", a reference to Canadian Tire stores.

The use of "Canuck" is similar to the use of some other potentially offensive nicknames. When it is used by the people it names – Canadians in this case – it is usually acceptable. But when it is used by an outsider it can be thought of as insulting one's heritage.

Related pages
 Soviet Canuckistan, a derogatory nickname for Canada.
 Canuck Letter

References

 Random House Dictionary
 The Oxford Companion To The English Language Oxford English Dictionary Unkind Words : Ethnic Labeling from Redskin to WASP'' - Irving Lewis Allen

Other websites

 History of the Vancouver Canucks National Hockey League team
 Canuck Unlimited Canadians airplane crews who operated in Southeast Asia during World War II
 Johnny Canuck: with a stamp illustration
 Captain Canuck: with a stamp illustration
 The Word Detective
 The National Superhero in Canadian Comic-Book Art 
 ECanuck Atlantic Canadian Web Portal / Community

Canada
Slang
Charles Kirk Clarke (c. 1857 - January 20 1924) was a psychiatrist who had a big role in Canadian politics. He was born in Elora, Ontario, to a former parliamentarian. He went to college at the University of Toronto in 1879. He later went on to found the Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene. Clarke first practised psychiatry at the 999 Queen Street institution in Toronto. In 1880, then took a post at the Hamilton asylum.

Life
Clarke was a student and brother-in-law of Joseph Workman, Superintendent of the Toronto Asylum. By 1905, Clarke had abandoned the movement, and many of the other leading psychiatrists would follow suit by the end of World War I, when it was clear that eugenic measures were not having the desired effects.

1857 births
1924 deaths
People from Ontario
Canadian psychiatrists
Medical researchers
"The Internationale" (, ; 
,
, , , ) is a very well known communist, socialist, and social democratic/democratic socialist song. While it was originally written in French, it was translated into many other languages, including English. The most famous versions, however, are those in Russian and Chinese.

The French words, written by Eugene Pottier, were originally supposed to be sung to the tune of "La Marseillaise", but a separate tune was created for it by a Belgian named Pierre Degeyter.

The Russian version, written by Arkady Yakolevich Kots () in 1902, was adopted as the national anthem of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR) in 1918 and as that of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the Soviet Union) in 1922. It stayed like this until 1944, when it was replaced by the State Anthem of the Soviet Union written by Alexander Alexandrov.

The Chinese lyrics were written by Qu Qiubai ().

The song is known by its tune, and its chorus, which in French begins with "" (meaning "It's the final battle").

Original French lyrics

Russian lyrics

Chinese lyrics

Other websites 

 Downloadable recordings in more than 30 languages 
  Another large collection

Songs
Communism
Socialism
Hartley is a village in Kent, England. It is 6 miles south of Gravesend and Dartford. The old church is called All Saints.

Hartley has many new buildings and some old houses, it now joins Longfield, the place in the north.  In 2001 there were 5,395 persons living here.  There are also woods and a farm near the houses.  Most of the 2,145 houses in Hartley are owned by the persons who live in them.

The name Hartley means "place in the wood where the deer are".   It was a very small place, but now is like a town.  No great events happened here, and not many famous persons lived in Hartley.

Geology 
In the Cretaceous time, much of England was under the sea. In the deep waters, the chalk of the North Downs of Kent was made. Then the sea made the clay which is over the chalk. Then the Ice Age froze the chalk and there were rivers which made the "dry valley" at Hartley Bottom.

History 
In the year 1086, 15 families and 3 slaves lived in Hartley.  Before the Black Death (1348) about 150 persons lived here.  53 persons made tax payments in 1377, which means about 85 lived here then.  In 1392 a paper tells us that there was a chief house, where a manager lived.  He farmed land for the owner.  This land was called Hartley Court.  Other persons who owned land in Hartley, had to go to the court of the owner and do some other work for him.  
There was a fight at Hartley Wood in 1554, between supporters and opponents of Queen Mary I of England. Her supporters won.  Hartley in 1650 was like the place in 1850, because almost all the buildings were there then.  In 1770 the writer Edward Hasted said not many persons go to Hartley.

Some buildings were made in the 1700s (like Hartley House and Yew Cottage).  In 1841 there were 224 persons living in Hartley.  Almost all worked on the farms.  There was also a wheel maker, metal worker and drink sellers.

The growth of Hartley started after the railway came to Longfield in 1876, and water by pipe came in 1902.  Next two companies – Payne, Trapps and Co Ltd, and Small Owners Limited sold land for houses and small farms.  After 1945 there were many new houses and roads.

Other websites
Local information and history website
Hartley Parish Council

Villages in Kent
Hartley could mean

Places

In England
In Cumbria
Hartley, Cumbria (village)
Hartley Castle
In Devon
Hartley, Plymouth (see Places in Plymouth)
In Kent
Hartley, Kent 
Hartley, Cranbrook
In Northumberland
New Hartley
Old Hartley, part of Seaton Sluice

Worldwide
Hartley, South Australia Australia
Electoral district of Hartley is a state electoral district in South Australia.
Hartley, New South Wales Australia
Hartley's Creek, Queensland Australia
Hartley Bay, British Columbia Canada
Hartley, Texas, United States
Hartley County, Texas, United States
Hartley, Iowa, United States
Hartley, Zimbabwe (formerly called Rhodesia)

People
 Adele Hartley
 Aidan Hartley
 Al Hartley
 A. N. Hartley
 Alex Hartley
 Alfred Hartley
 Ann Hartley
 Anne Jane Hartley
 Anthony Hartley (1925-2000), British writer and critic
 Bill Hartley
 Bill Hartley (athlete)
 Blythe Hartley
 Bob Hartley
 David Hartley (philosopher) (1705-1757), English philosopher and psychologist
 David Hartley (the Younger) (1731-1813), Member of Parliament and son of the English philosopher
 Edmund Barron Hartley
 Fergal Hartley
 Fred Hartley
 Fred A. Hartley, Jr., U.S. politician, known for sponsoring the Taft-Hartley Act
 Gene Hartley
 Grover Hartley
 Hal Hartley
 J. R. Hartley, fictional character
 Jesse Hartley
 Joe Hartley K-O Joe, renowned boxer, cricket player and professor of English literature (born late 1970s)
 John Hartley:
John Hartley (poet)  (1839–1915), Yorkshireman
John Anderson Hartley (1844–1896), Australian educationalist
John Hartley (tennis player) (1849–1935), English clergyman who won Wimbledon
John Hartley (cricketer) (1874–1963), played for Oxford and Sussex
 Jonathan Scott Hartley
 Julia Hartley-Brewer
 Justin Hartley (born 1977), American actor
 L. P. Hartley (1895-1972), British author
 Lauren Hartley
 Linda Hartley
 Lindsay Hartley
 Mariette Hartley
 Marsden Hartley (1877-1943), American artist 
 Matthieu Hartley
 Mike Hartley
 Nina Hartley (born 1959), adult-film actress
 Oliver C. Hartley
 Paul Hartley
 Peter Hartley
 Phil "Otis" Hartley
 Ralph Hartley (1888-1970), electronics researcher
 Richard Hartley
 Steven Hartley
 Thomas Hartley
 Wallace Hartley (1878-1912), violinist and band leader who died on the Titanic
 Walter Hartley

 Hartley William Shawcross (1902-2003), British barrister and politician

Other
hartley (ban) unit of information
Hartley Brewery, in Ulverston, Cumbria from c.1754 until about 1989.
Hartley College, Point Pedro, Sri Lanka
Hartley's Potato Chips, makers of kettle cooked potato chips since 1935, Lewistown, Pennsylvania
Hartley oscillator
USS Hartley, a Dealey class Destroyer Escort in the US Navy from 1957 to 1972

Other websites
Hartley Family Surname Research