cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
On 13 March 2016, three gunmen opened fire at a beach on Grand-Bassam, Ivory Coast. They attacked the Étoile du Sud hotel which was occupied at the time. 19 people were killed. Thirty-three people were injured.

It had been the third attack on a tourism resort in West Africa for four months.

Attack 
The attack started when three armed assailants attacked the Étoile du Sud hotel. Agence France-Presse writes that it was occupied by numerous expatriates at the time. According to officials, 15 civilians and three special forces soldiers were killed. The attackers were described as Africans. The had grenade belts and Kalashnikov rifles. They were dressed in casual clothes and balaclavas. 

A shootout started between the attackers and police when the assailants reached the La Paillote Hotel. Army personnel evacuated local residents and tourists from the beach to nearby hotels. The hotels were placed on lockdown by that time.

Government officials as said that security forces had killed six armed men. The terrorists shouted "Allahu Akbar".        

An American embassy delegation was at Grand-Bassam on the date of the attack. But the US Embassy in Abidjan said on Twitter that there is "no evidence that U.S. citizens were targeted". French authorities had warned Ivory Coast and Senegal weeks earlier of the danger of a terrorist attack.

After the attack 
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and al-Mourabitoun claimed responsibility for the attack. AQIM released the names of the attackers: Hamza al-Fulani and Abu Adam al-Ansari from al-Mourabitoun and Abderrahmane al-Fulani from the "Emirate of the Desert" on 17 March.

Reactions

Domestic 

 President Alassane Ouattara: "These cowardly attacks by terrorists will not be tolerated".

International 

 : Global Affairs Canada: "Canada condemns the terrorist attack at Grand-Bassam beach resort in Côte d'Ivoire. Our thoughts and prayers are with you." 
: Prime Minister Narendra Modi wished the injured a speedy recovery.
: Prime Minister David Cameron stated on Twitter: "I'm appalled by the devastating terror attacks in Ankara and the Ivory Coast. My thoughts are with all those affected."
: In a statement by the National Security Council of the White House, the U.S. condemned the terrorist attack in Grand-Bassam. t also commended "the bravery of the Ivorian and French security personnel who responded to the situation and prevented even worse loss of life."

References 

2016 mass shootings
2016 in Africa
Al-Qaeda
Attacks on buildings and structures in Africa
Attacks on hotels
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2016
Islamic terrorist incidents in Africa
Ivory Coast
March 2016 events
Mass murder in 2016
Mass murder in Africa
Mass shootings in Africa
Terrorist incidents in Africa in the 2010s
Defence Intelligence  (DI) is part of the United Kingdom "intelligence Community", with the SIS, GCHQ, and the Security Service. 

It is not a stand-alone organisation, but a part of the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The organisation employs  civilian and military staff. The organisation was formerly known as the Defence Intelligence Staff or DIS, but changed its name in 2009.

Defence Intelligence gets information from many sources. This information is used to support military operations, planning, and defence policy. It notes politico-military, scientific and technical developments which may affect the UK. DI's assessments support the work of the Joint Intelligence Committee  (JIC), other Government departments, and international partners such as NATO and the European Union. 

It is this 'all-source' information which distinguishes Defence Intelligence from other organisations such as SIS and GCHQ. They focus on the collection of 'single-source' human intelligence (HUMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT) respectively.

References 

Military of the United Kingdom
Intelligence agencies
Government agencies of the United Kingdom
The water purification process can be very intelectual for some and WHO can help. Its great products will save your life.

Water purification is the process of removing contaminants from water. One reason is to make it safe for humans to consume. Another is industrial use such as cleaning and cooling microchips during manufacturing. Unclean water is not only harmful to your health but equally damaging for the plumbing, home appliances, kitchen, washroom, and everything. According to a 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) report, 1.1 billion people do not have access clean drinking water.;)

References 

Water pollution
The Corwin Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. It was passed by the Congress on March 2, 1861 and sent to the state legislatures for ratification. Senator William H. Seward of New York introduced the amendment in the Senate. Representative Thomas Corwin of Ohio introduced it in the House of Representatives. It was one of several bills considered by Congress in an unsuccessful attempt to attract the seceding states back into the Union and to convince border slave states to stay. Technically still pending before the states, it would, if ratified, shield "domestic institutions" of the states (which in 1861 included slavery) from the constitutional amendment process and from interference by Congress.

Text

Ratification history
The Corwin Amendment was ratified by:
 Ohio — May 13, 1861 (Rescinded ratification – March 31, 1864)
 Maryland — January 10, 1862 (Rescinded ratification – April 7, 2014) 
 Illinois — February 14, 1862 (questionable validity)

In 1963, more than a century after the Corwin Amendment was sent to the state legislatures by the Congress, a joint resolution to ratify it was introduced in the Texas House of Representatives by Dallas Republican Henry Stollenwerck. The joint resolution was sent to the House's Committee on Constitutional Amendments on March 7, 1963, but received no further consideration.

Possible impact if adopted
The Corwin Amendment, when viewed through the lens of the plain meaning rule (literal rule), would have made institutionalized slavery unable to be affected by the amendment process. As a result, the later Reconstruction Amendments (Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth) would not have been allowed, as they abolish or interfere with the domestic institution of the states.

A competing theory, however, suggests that a later amendment conflicting with an already-ratified Corwin Amendment could either explicitly repeal the Corwin Amendment (as the Twenty-first Amendment explicitly repealed the Eighteenth Amendment) or be inferred to have partially or completely repealed any conflicting provisions of an already-adopted Corwin Amendment.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 The ‘Ghost Amendment’ That Haunts Lincoln’s Legacy
 A proposed Thirteenth Amendment to prevent secession, 1861

Proposed amendments to the United States Constitution
The National Central Library in Florence is one of Italy's two national libraries. It is the largest library in the country. A copy of every book published in Italy has to be sent there.

1714 establishments in Europe

Buildings and structures in Florence
National libraries in Europe
18th-century establishments in Italy
Marcia Carolyn "Marcy" Kaptur (born June 17, 1946) is an American politician. He is the U.S. Representative representing Ohio. She has served since 1983. She is a member of the Democratic Party. 

Kaptur endorsed Bernie Sanders for Democratic nomination in 2016.

References

Other websites

Congresswoman Marcy Kaptur official U.S. House site
Marcy Kaptur for Congress

Profile  at SourceWatch
Jake Whitney interviews  Marcy Kaptur in Guernica magazine, December 2009

1946 births
Living people
People from Toledo, Ohio
United States representatives from Ohio
Urban planners
US Democratic Party politicians
Roger Agnelli  (May 3, 1959 – March 19, 2016) was a Brazilian entrepreneur, banker, and corporate leader. He ran one of the largest mining companies in the world, Vale SA. In 2013, he was voted by Harvard Business Review as the world’s fourth best-performing chief executive officer behind Apple Inc. CEO Steve Jobs, Jeff Bezos of Amazon.com and Yun Jong-Yong of Samsung.

On March 19, 2016, he was killed, along with his wife, son, and daughter (and three others) when their plane crashed in São Paulo, Brazil. He was aged 56.

References

Other websites
 Roger Agnelli | Radar on-line - Veja

1959 births
2016 deaths
Aviation deaths
Billionaires
Brazilian businesspeople
Chief executives
People from São Paulo
Dušan Čkrebić (born 7 August 1927) is a Serbian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Serbia. He served as minister from 5 May 1984 through 5 May 1986. He was a member of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia.

Čkrebić was born in Niš, Serbia.

References

Other websites
 Biography of Prime Minister Dušan Čkrebić  

1927 births
Living people
Presidents of Serbia
Prime Ministers of Serbia
Communists
Sikiru Adesina (born 1971, died February 8, 2016), popularly known as Arakangudu, was a Nigerian movie actor, director and producer. He was best known for playing roles as either an herbalist, armed robber or occultist in movies. On February 8, 2016, he died at his residence in Kaduna, Northern Nigeria.

Filmography 
 Temi Ni, Tie Ko
 Agbede Ogun
 Idunnu Mi
 Ilu Gangan
 Ogbologbo
 Iya Oju Ogun
 Ere Agbere
 Agbede Ogun
 Agba Osugbo
 Aje Olokun
 Iya Oko Bournvita
 Igba Owuro
 Ayaba Oosa
 Ajana oro
 Fijabi
 Oju Odaran Re

References

Other websites 
 

2016 deaths
1971 births
Movie directors
Nigerian people
Léonie Geisendorf, née Kaplan (8 April 1914 – 18 March 2016), was a Polish-born Swedish architect. She lived and worked in Stockholm, Sweden most of her life. 

Geisendorf was born in Warsaw, Poland. She studied architecture at Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. 

In 1938, after her internship, Geisendorf moved to Sweden and was hired by Sven Ivar Lind, KFAI and Paul Hedqvist. In 1950 Geisendorf and her husband, Charles Edouard started their own office in Stockholm. She was known for creating the 	S:t Göran high school. She turned 100 in April 2014. Geisendorf died in Paris, France at the age of 101.

References

Other websites

1914 births
2016 deaths
Swedish people
Architects
Centenarians
People from Warsaw
The Salmonidae is a family of ray-finned fish. They are the only living family in the order Salmoniformes. It includes salmon, trout, chars,  graylings, and the subfamily known as the freshwater whitefish.

The Atlantic salmon and trout in the genus Salmo give the family and order their names.

Salmonids look rather primitive for teleost fish. Their pelvic fins are placed far back, with an adipose fin towards the rear of the back. They are slender fish, with rounded scales and forked tails. Their mouths contain a single row of sharp teeth. Although the smallest species is just  long as an adult, most are much larger, with the largest reaching .

All salmonids spawn in fresh water. In many cases the fish spend most of their lives at sea, returning to the rivers only to reproduce. This a migratory lifecycle. They are predators, feeding on small crustaceans, aquatic insects, and smaller fish.

References 

Teleosts
Robert John "Bob" Healey, Jr. (May 3, 1957 – March 20, 2016) was an American attorney, businessman, educator, restaurateur, and political activist. He was the founder of Rhode Island's Cool Moose Party. It is the state's third-largest political party from 1994 until 2002. He has been a perennial candidate for statewide office.

Career
Healey has run for Governor or Lieutenant Governor a total of seven times. He ran as an independent candidate in 2010, he won 39% of the vote for Lieutenant Governor. He wanted to abolish the office. As the Moderate Party nominee for Governor in 2014, Healey won 22% of the vote while spending less than $40 on the campaign.

Death
Healey was found dead in his bed at his home in Barrington, Rhode Island on March 20, 2016. He is believed to have died from a suspected heart attack in his sleep. He was aged 58.

References

Other websites

Bob Healey's Campaign Journal – A Guerrilla Guide to the Cerebral Revolution

1957 births
2016 deaths
Businesspeople from Rhode Island
Educators from Rhode Island
American political activists
Boston University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Providence, Rhode Island
People from Barrington, Rhode Island
Politicians from Rhode Island
Korematsu v. United States , was a landmark United States Supreme Court.  It concerned the constitutionality of military commanders, under an executive order by the President, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II. This was regardless of their citizenship. In February of 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order No. 9066. This gave military commanders the power to evacuate all persons considered a threat to national security from the West Coast of the United States to relocation centers. Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American who was born in the United States, refused to comply with the order. He became a fugitive, but was arrested and sentenced to five years probation. He appealed his conviction with the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. After having his conviction upheld, the case was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court. In a 6-3 decision, the Court upheld his conviction and ruled the exclusion order was constitutional.

Decision 
The question before the Court was did the President and Congress exceed their long powers. Did they violate the rights of Japanese and American citizens of Japanese descent?

In the majority opinion by Justice Hugo Black, the Court ruled 6-3 that the need to protect the country from 
espionage outweighed the rights of Mr. Korematsu. The issue of discrimination against a person due to prejudice against his ancestry is not a factor. Neither is there any question of his loyalty to the United States. The sole issue is his refusal to comply with a legal order during a time of war.

Background 
On May 19, 1942, during World War II, Japanese Americans were ordered to be move into relocation camps by Civilian Restrictive Order No. 1, 8 Fed. Reg. 982. This order, and other similar orders, were based upon Executive Order 9066 (February 19, 1942). Fred Korematsu was a Japanese-American man who decided to stay in San Leandro, California and knowingly violated Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 of the U.S. Army.  Korematsu argued that the Executive Order 9066 was unconstitutional and that it violated the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. He was arrested, tried and convicted. No question was raised as to Korematsu's loyalty to the United States.  The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction, and the Supreme Court granted certiorari.

Effects of Korematsu 
The decision in Korematsu v. United States has been very controversial. Korematsu's conviction for evading internment was overturned in 1983. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998 from President Bill Clinton.

References 

1944 in the United States
20th century in California
United States Supreme Court cases
Mare (; singular: mare ) is the name for a great plain on the moon.  Several such maria exist. They were formed by ancient volcanic eruptions. The plural form of mare is maria. The Latin word maria means seas. Because of their high amount of iron, they reflects less light than the highlands of moon. So, they appear dark to the naked eye. They are called sea because ancient astronomers looked at the Moon and thought they saw seas and oceans on the Moon. The maria cover about 16% of the surface of the Moon and most of them are in the side of the moon which is visible from Earth.

A lunar mare, Mare Tranquillitatis was the landing site for the first manned landing on the Moon on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Apollo 11 landed at  .

References

Surface features of the Moon
The words Karaite and Qaraite are very confusing and can be used about a few different things: 

1) There are some groups of people (whose ancestors came from Central Asia) who have been called Karaite people and the languages of some of these groups of people have also been called Karaite languages. Their ancestors were a type of Christian from the Church of the East sometimes also called Keraites. Many Karaite people say that the word Karaite means "black" in the Turco-Mongol language of their ancestors. That is a traditional Central Asian way to say they were originally from the Northern Turkic tribes. 

2) There are also Qaraite people who are mainly Turkic and related to the Karaite people but the Qaraite people mainly converted to Islam. Most people say their name also means "black" but some of these Qaraite people themselves say their name actually comes from an Arabic word for someone good at reading the Quran.

3) There is also a type of Judaism commonly called Karaite Judaism. More accurately it should be spelled in English with a Q not a K, so it should be Qaraite, but Karaite is a more common spelling. In Judaism the word Karaite comes from a Hebrew word meaning "to call out". This Jewish word has a completely different origin from the name used by the Karaite people and Qaraite people. Both words look the same by accident only in English. People who practice Karaite Judaism are called Karaite Jews. In Judaism the term Karaite Language refers to Hebrew. 

4) Some Russian Christians -including some of the western groups of the Karaite people- took many ideas from Karaite Judaism but they did not completely give up on Jesus. They became Russian Sabbatarians. They are also called Russian Karaites and Karaite Sabbatarians but there is a big argument about why they are called Karaite. Is it because of their religion? Or is it because some of them descended from the Karaite people or Qaraite people? It seems impossible to know.
Cruel and unusual punishment is punishment that causes severe suffering, pain, or humiliation.  Many countries have laws against cruel and unusual punishment.  There are also international laws and treaties against this type of punishment.

History
For most of recorded history, the death penalty was often painful on purpose.  Severe historical punishments included being burned or boiled to death; cut or torn apart; crushed by stones; sawed in half; crucified; and many other extremely painful methods of execution.  Punishments that were not meant to cause death were also often painful on purpose.

Laws
The exact words "cruel and unusual punishment" were first used in the English Bill of Rights 1689.   In 1791, the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution made "cruel and unusual punishment" illegal in the United States.   Seven years later, the British Leeward Islands used the same words in their Slavery Amelioration Act. 

Here are some examples of other laws that include protections against cruel and unusual punishment.
 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948
 Article 5 says: "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment"
 The European Convention on Human Rights, Article 3 (1950)
 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 7 (1966)
 The Constitution of the Marshall Islands (1979)
 Article 2, Section 6 of the Constitution's Bill of Rights bans "cruel and unusual punishment", which it defines as the death penalty; torture; "inhuman and degrading treatment"; and "excessive fines or deprivations."
 The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Section 12 (1982)
 The Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Article 16 (1984)
 The Constitution of Poland, Article 40 (1997)
 The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Article 4 (2000)

United States
The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that "cruel and unusual punishments [shall not be] inflicted."  However, the Constitution does not define exactly what cruel and unusual punishments are.

In a case called Furman v. Georgia (), the Supreme Court of the United States decided what questions they would use to figure out whether a punishment was cruel and unusual.  Justice William Brennan wrote the opinion in the case.  He made four rules about punishments:
 They cannot "be degrading to human dignity" (humiliating).  Torture is especially not allowed.
 They cannot be "A severe punishment that is obviously inflicted in wholly arbitrary way"
 They cannot be "A severe punishment that is clearly and totally rejected throughout society."
 They cannot be "severe [and obviously] unnecessary."

In this decision, the Supreme Court set a precedent that if a punishment broke any of these four rules, it would be viewed as "cruel and unusual," and would be illegal under the Constitution.

Notes

References

Capital punishment
Crime
Human rights
United States Constitution
The early Norwegian black metal scene was a black metal music scene and subculture in Norway during the early 1990s. It is said to have created the modern black metal genre and produced many influential artists.

The scene drew a lot of media attention after some members were responsible for two murders and lots of church burnings in Norway. The scene had an ideology that some people say was like a cult. They had anti-Christian and misanthropic views. Some were actual Satanists who wanted to spread terror, hatred and evil. The core members called themselves "The Black Circle" or "Black Metal Inner Circle". It was made up of mainly young men who gathered around the record shop Helvete ("Hell") in Oslo. They liked to wear corpse paint. The scene was exclusive, and most bands wanted to remain underground and out of reach to the mainstream.

In August 1993 and May 1994, many members of the scene were arrested for arson, murder, assault and possession of explosives.

Music 

During the 1980s, bands were called black metal if they had Satanic lyrics. These bands usually only used these lyrics for "shock value." During 1990–1992, a lot of bands who were influenced by those bands, began playing a new type of black metal. The rise of popularity during this time was called the "second wave of black metal".

References 

Norwegian culture
Heavy metal
1990s in music
Leon Charney (1938 – 22 March 2016) was an American real estate tycoon, author, philanthropist, political pundit, media personality and Jewish cantor. He lived in Manhattan in New York City. In March 2012, Forbes listed Charney as #353 among the wealthiest Americans.

In 1979, Charney played an important role as the unofficial adviser to former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, most well known for his behind-the-scenes role in the Camp David Accords which created the first comprehensive peace between Israel and Egypt in 1978 and 1979.

Charney died on March 21, 2016 at the age of 77.

References

Other websites
 L. H. Charney Associates Inc.
 

1938 births
2016 deaths
American billionaires
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from New Jersey
People from Bayonne, New Jersey
Jack Mansell (22 August 1927 – 19 March 2016) was a British professional footballer. He made 274 appearances in the Football League as a fullback for Brighton & Hove Albion, Cardiff City and Portsmouth. 

After retiring as a player he joined the coaching staff at Sheffield Wednesday. He coached many clubs with his longest spell being at Reading and had experience overseas with the likes of Blauw-Wit Amsterdam, Boston Beacons and the Israel national football team. In 1982, Mansell was chosen to train Maccabi Haifa, after a year at the Israeli national team.

Mansell died on 19 March 2016 at the age of 88.

References

Other websites
 Managerial statistics of Jack Mansell on Soccerbase.com 
 League Managers' Association profile

1927 births
2016 deaths
English footballers
English football managers
People from Salford, Greater Manchester
Sportspeople from Lancashire
Galatasaray S.K. (football) managers
Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov (, ; born 21 March 1950) is a Russian diplomat. He was the Foreign Minister of Russia since 2004. From 1994 to 2004, Lavrov was a Soviet diplomat, and the Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations.

References

1950 births
Living people
People from Moscow
Russian diplomats
Russian politicians
Rita Gam (April 2, 1927March 22, 2016) was an American and television actress and documentary filmmaker. She was nominated for a Golden Globe and won the Silver Bear for Best Actress. She was known for her roles in The Thief and King of Kings. She was also known for being Sidney Lumet's first wife.

Gam shared the Silver Bear for Best Actress award with Viveca Lindfors at the 1962 Berlin Film Festival, for their performances in Tad Danielewski's No Exit.

Gam died on March 22, 2016 at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from respiratory failure, aged 88.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Rita Gam at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection 

1927 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
American movie actors
American television actors
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Loratadine (also known as Claritin) is a drug used to treat hay fever, urticaria and skin allergies. It is closely related to tryciclic antidepressants. It is distantly related to quetiapine.

Loratadine was discovered in 1981. It was first sold in 1993.

References

Drugs
Allergic rhinitis (also known as hay fever or pollinosis) is a type of inflammation in the nose. It occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. Symptoms include sneezing, red, itchy and watery eyes, and swelling around the eyes. 

Allergens that often cause hay fever include pollen, pet hair and mold.

Hay fever is most common between ages twenty and forty.

References

Health problems
Michael Hutter (born March 18, 1983) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand under the ring name EC3. He is perhaps best known for his stint in Impact Wrestling, where he won the TNA World Heavyweight Championshipthree  times.

References

Other websites
 TNA Profile 
 

1983 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Ohio
People from Willoughby, Ohio
People from Boca Raton, Florida
Sportspeople from Tampa, Florida
Hernandez v. Texas, , was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court. In a unanimous ruling, the Court held that Mexican Americans and all other racial or national groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The ruling was written by Chief Justice Earl Warren. This was the first case in which Mexican-American lawyers had appeared before the US Supreme Court.

Background
Pete Hernandez, a Mexican-American agricultural worker, was convicted for the 1950 murder of Joe Espinosa. Hernandez's pro bono legal team, including Gustavo C. García, wanted to challenge what they knew was "the systematic exclusion of persons of Mexican origin" from all types of jury duty in at least seventy counties in Texas. His defense lawyers argued that persons of Mexican descent had not been allowed to serve on juries even though numerous Mexican Americans were citizens and had qualified for jury duty in Jackson County. Even though 14 percent of the county was Hispanic, none had served on juries for at least the last 25 years. This meant Hernandez had been deprived of his Fourteenth Amendment rights. Hernandez and his lawyers appealed to the Supreme Court of Texas, then to the United States Supreme Court through a writ of certiorari.

Ruling
The unanimous majority opinion was delivered by Chief Justice Earl Warren. The Court ruled the Fourteenth Amendment protects persons beyond the racial classes of white or black, and extends protection to other racial or national groups, as well as legal classes. Mexican Americans were such a "special class" and were entitled to equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Results 
Pete Hernandez was granted a new trial with a jury that included Mexican Americans. Hernandez was found to be guilty of murder. The ultimate effect of this ruling was that the protection of the 14th Amendment was ruled to cover any racial, national and ethnic groups of the United States for which discrimination could be proved. The Court's ruling served as a legal precedent used in legal challenges against unfair housing laws, school segregation, and voting rights of Mexican Americans nationwide.

References

Other websites 
 Majority Opinion written by Chief Justice Earl Warren
 Judge Carlos Cadena, lead petitioner before the US Supreme Court 
 Gustavo C. Garcia, co-petitioner before the US Supreme Court

1954 in the United States
United States Supreme Court cases
Radical Face is a musical act whose main member is Ben Cooper, who sings and plays multiple instruments. All the sounds are put together on a computer. Cooper is also in Electric President, an electronic music group. However, Radical Face has an acoustic sound.

Radical Face's music has been on television programmes and in the movie Wish I Was Here.

History
Cooper's first album to be recorded under the name Radical Face was The Junkyard Chandelier (2003). The album was never released. However, it can be downloaded for free online. Ghost was the first official studio album, released in March 2007.

On November 16, 2010, Cooper released an EP titled Touch The Sky. It was a preview for a trilogy of albums called Family Tree. This trilogy is about a fictional family from the 1800s, the Northcotes. It is also really about Cooper's own life. The albums are The Roots, The Branches, and The Leaves.

Another EP, The Bastards: Volume One, was released before The Roots. In August 2011, iTunes accidentally released The Roots to users outside of the US. It was released in the US on October 4, 2011.

The Family Tree: The Branches was released on October 22, 2013 in America and on November 1 in Europe. The Bastards: Volume Two was also released that year.

The Bastards: Volume Three and The Bastards: Volume Four were both released in 2015, before the release of The Family Tree: The Leaves in March 2016. The Leaves has songs that are about Cooper's own life.

Clone, an album by Ben Cooper and Richard Colado, was supposed to be released before fall of 2012, but it kept getting delayed. The first track of the album, "The Laboratory", was finally released on September 23, 2014. Cooper then released one track per week.

Discography

Albums

EPs

Singles

Music videos

References

Other websites
Official Page
The Sounds & Sights of Radical Face - Short documentary by Justin Mitchell 
Radical Face Live in San Francisco - 2011 Behind the Scenes video By Connor Ellmann

Living people
Musicians from Florida
The 2015–16 La Liga season (known as the Liga BBVA for sponsorship reasons) is the 85th since its establishment. Barcelona are the defending champions. The season started on 22 August 2015 and will conclude on 15 May 2016.

League table

Standings

Results 
2015–16 La Liga - Results of first round
2015–16 La Liga - Results of second round

Statistics

Top goalscorers

Top assists

Zamora Trophy

Hat-tricks

4 Player scored four goals5 Player scored five goals(H) - Home ; (A) - Away

Discipline 
 Most yellow cards (club): 131
 Granada
 Most yellow cards (player): 16
 Rubén Pérez (Granada)
 Recio (Málaga)

 Most red cards (club): 6
 Rayo Vallecano
 Most red cards (player): 1
 31 players

References

2015 in association football
2015 in Europe
2016 in Europe
2016 in association football

Football in Spain
2010s in Spain
In case law, a test case is a legal action whose purpose is to set a precedent. An example of a test case might be a person who files a lawsuit in order to see if the court considers a certain law or a certain legal precedent applies in certain circumstances. This is useful, for example, in order to later file similar lawsuits in similar circumstances. Sometimes, lawyers delay filing a lawsuit to wait and see how a test case is decided. Test cases are sometimes used to challenge a law to have it possibly overturned. Government agencies sometimes bring test cases in order to confirm or expand their powers.

Examples
Examples of influential test cases include:

 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
 Scopes v. Tennessee (1925)
 United States v. One Book Called Ulysses (1933)
 Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
 Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
 Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. State v. Oneida County (1974)
 Adams v Cape Industries plc (1990)
 Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992)
 National Westminster Bank plc v Spectrum Plus Limited (2005)
 District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)

Notes

References

Law
Strict scrutiny is the most stringent standard of judicial review used by United States courts. It is part of the hierarchy of standards that courts use to weigh the government's interest against a constitutional right or principle. The lesser standards are rational basis review and exacting or intermediate scrutiny. These standards are used to test statutes and government action at all levels of government within the United States.

The idea of "levels of judicial scrutiny", including strict scrutiny, was introduced in United States v. Carolene Products Co. (1938), one of a series of decisions testing the constitutionality of New Deal legislation. The first and most notable case in which the Supreme Court applied the strict scrutiny standard and found the government's actions valid was Korematsu v. United States (1944). In Korematsu the Court upheld the government ruling 6-3 that the need to protect the country from espionage outweighed the rights of Mr. Korematsu.

Applicability 
U.S. courts apply the strict scrutiny standard in two contexts: when a fundamental constitutional right is infringed, particularly those found in the Bill of Rights and those the court has deemed a fundamental right protected by the Due Process Clause or "liberty clause" of the 14th Amendment, or when a government action applies to a "suspect classification," such as race or national origin.

To pass strict scrutiny, the law or policy must satisfy three tests:

 Compelling governmental interest. While the Courts have never clearly defined how to determine if an interest is compelling, the concept generally refers to something necessary or crucial. Examples include national security, preserving the lives of multiple individuals, and not violating explicit constitutional protections.

 Narrowly tailored refers to achieve that goal or interest. If the government action includes too much (overbroad) or fails to address important parts of the compelling interest, then the rule is not considered narrowly tailored.

 least restrictive means must be used for achieving that interest. That is, there cannot be a less restrictive way to effectively achieve the compelling government interest. The test will be met even if there is another method that is equally the least restrictive. Some legal scholars consider this "least restrictive means" requirement part of being narrowly tailored, though the Court generally evaluates it separately.

References 

Law
Cancer of unknown primary origin (CUP, "occult cancer") is a term used to describe a cancer that is said to be at the metastatic stage at the time of diagnosis, but a primary tumor cannot be identified. A diagnosis of CUP requires a clinical picture  with metastatic disease and one or more biopsy results inconsistent with a primary tumor.

CUP is found in about 3 to 5% of all people diagnosed with invasive cancer, and carries a poor prognosis in most (80 to 85%) of those circumstances.  The other 15 to 20% of patients, however, have a relatively long survival with appropriate treatment.

References

Cancer
Joseph Henry Garagiola, Sr. (February 12, 1926 – March 23, 2016) was an American professional baseball catcher and later an announcer and television host. 

Garagiola played nine seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs and the New York Giants. He was also well known outside of baseball for having been one of the regular panelists on The Today Show for many years and for his many appearances on game shows both as a host and panelist.

Garagiola died on March 23, 2016 in Phoenix, Arizona at the age of 90.

References

Other websites

Baseball Hall of Fame - Frick Award recipient 

St. Louis Walk of Fame 
http://appelpr.com/ARTICLES/A-funny.htm 
Joe Garagiola hosting "Monitor" on the NBC Radio Network, Saturday, February 22, 1969, from 3 to 4 p.m. ET 
Joe Garagiola at the Internet Movie Database

1926 births
2016 deaths
St. Louis Cardinals players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Chicago Cubs players
New York Giants players
American television personalities
Sportspeople from St. Louis, Missouri
Malik Isaac Taylor (November 20, 1970 – March 22, 2016), better known by his stage name Phife Dawg (or simply Phife), was an American rapper.

Career 
He was a member of the group A Tribe Called Quest with high school classmates Q-Tip and Ali Shaheed Muhammad (and for a short time Jarobi White). He was also known as the "Five Foot Assassin" and "The Five Footer", because he stood at .

Death 
Taylor died on March 22, 2016 due to complications of diabetes at the age of 45.

References

Other websites

 

1970 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Rap musicians from New York
Musicians from New York City
Carolyn M. Squires (September 25, 1940 – March 21, 2016) was an American politician. She was a member of the Democratic Party.

Squires was a member of the Montana House of Representatives for the 96th district from 2010 to 2015. From 2002 to 2010, she was a member of the Montana Senate, representing District 48, where she served as Majority Whip. Earlier she was a member of the Montana House of Representatives from 1987 through 2000.

Squires died in Missoula, Montana from colorectal cancer at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
Project Vote Smart - Senator Carolyn M. Squires (MT) profile
Follow the Money - Carolyn Squires
2008 2006 2002 Senate campaign contributions
1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 House campaign contributions

1940 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
People from Whitefish, Montana
Politicians from Montana
US Democratic Party politicians
Santiago Jesus Erevia (December 15, 1946 – March 22, 2016) was an American U.S. Army-veteran. He was born in Nordheim, Texas. Erevia served in the Vietnam War starting at the age of 22. 

In 1970, Erevia left active service with a two-year reserve obligation. In 1972 he joined the Texas National Guard and went on to serve 17 years. Erevia worked as a mail carrier for the United States Postal Service, retiring in 2002 after thirty-two years of service. 

Erevia was awarded the Medal of Honor by President Barack Obama in a March 18, 2014 ceremony at the White House.

Erevia died on March 22, 2016 in San Antonio, Texas at the age of 70.

References

1946 births
2016 deaths
American military people
People from San Antonio, Texas
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the first electronic computers. Unlike the computer before it, the ENIAC, EDVAC operated in binary and was able to store programs.

Functionally, EDVAC was a binary serial computer with automatic addition, subtraction, multiplication, programmed division and automatic checking with a capacity of 1,000 44-bit words. EDVAC's average addition time was 864 microseconds and its average multiplication time was 2,900 microseconds.

By 1960, EDVAC was running over 20 hours a day with error-free run time averaging eight hours. EDVAC ran until 1961 when it was replaced by BRLESC. During its operational life it proved to be reliable and productive for its time.

Computers
In general relativity, a naked singularity is a gravitational singularity that is viewable from the outside. The event horizon is like a bubble which surrounds a black hole. Inside the event horizon, the pull of the light cannot escape, so we are unable to view objects inside the event horizon. This includes the event horizon itself. Naked singularities do not have an event horizon, hence the term 'naked'.

The existence of naked singularities is a very important topic in physics, because it would mean we could actually see phenomena made by black holes that we wouldn't be able to see otherwise. In addition, naked singularities would pose big problems for general relativity, since scientists still have not figured out a working idea for what happens to space-time in and around a black hole. Quantum mechanics, the main other scientific theory scientists turn to in physics, is also unable to explain how space-time would behave in such a situation.

Although the cosmic censorship hypothesis says that naked singularities cannot exist, some research says that if loop quantum gravity (a scientific theory that says the universe is made of small 'loops') is correct, naked singularities could exist in nature. Other calculations and arguments have been made to support this.

Possible formation

There are black holes known as Kerr black holes which have spin (they rotate). But, there is a maximum spin rate. If it spins faster than that maximum, its horizon disappears, leaving the singularity inside it wide open.

Mathematician Demetrios Christodoulou has shown that naked singularities also occur in nature. However, he then showed that such "naked singularities" are unstable.

References

Further reading 
 M. C. Werner and A. O. Peters, "Magnification relations for Kerr lensing and testing cosmic censorship", Physical Review D, Vol. 76, Issue 6 (2007).
 Marcus Chown, "Fast-spinning black holes might reveal all"  New Scientist, August 2009.

 Pankaj S. Joshi, "Naked Singularities" Scientific American, May 2013.

Black holes
Relativity
The United States Statutes at Large, commonly referred to as the Statutes at Large and abbreviated Stat., is the official record of Acts of Congress and concurrent resolutions passed by the United States Congress. Each act and resolution of Congress is called a slip law, which is classified as either public law (abbreviated Pub.L.) or private law (Pvt.L.), and designated and numbered accordingly. At the end of a Congress session, slip laws (now commonly called session laws) are compiled into Statutes at Large, which are numbered and organised by Congress session. They are part of a three-part model for publication of federal statutes consisting of slip laws, session laws (Statutes at Large), and codification (United States Code).

References 

Law
United States law
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 (–337), sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction era to guarantee African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prevent being excluded from jury duty.  The bill was passed by the 43rd United States Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875.  Several years later, the Supreme Court ruled in Civil Rights Cases (1883) that sections of the act were unconstitutional.

History of Act

Legislative History
The drafting of the bill was done in early 1870 by Senator Charles Sumner. It was with the assistance of John Mercer Langston, a prominent African-American who established the law department at Howard University. The bill was proposed by Senator Sumner and co-sponsored by Representative Benjamin F. Butler, both Republicans from Massachusetts, in the 41st United States Congress in 1870. The act was eventually passed by the 43rd Congress in February 1875 and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875.

Constitutional challenge

The Supreme Court, in an 8 to 1 decision, declared the act unconstitutional in the Civil Rights Cases on October 15, 1883. Justice John Marshall Harlan provided the lone dissent. The Court held the Equal Protection Clause within the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits discrimination by the state and local government, but it does not give the federal government the power to prohibit discrimination by private individuals and organizations. The Court also held that the Thirteenth Amendment was meant to eliminate "the badge of slavery," but not to prohibit racial discrimination in public accommodations. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was the last civil rights bill to be signed into law in the United States until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

Legacy of law
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 is notable as one of the major pieces of legislation related to Reconstruction that were passed by Congress after the American Civil War.  These include the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the four Reconstruction Acts of 1867 and 1868, the three Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871, and the three Constitutional Amendments adopted between 1865 and 1870.

Provisions contained in the Civil Rights Act of 1875 were later adopted by Congress during the Civil Rights Movement as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968. This legislation relied on the Commerce Clause contained in Article One of the Constitution of the United States.

References

1875
1870s in the United States 
United States law
Garner v. Louisiana, , was an important civil rights case argued by Thurgood Marshall before the Supreme Court. On December 11, 1961, the court unanimously ruled that Louisiana could not convict peaceful sit-in protesters who refused to leave dining establishments under the state's "disturbing the peace" laws.

Background
African-American students from Southern University sat at a "whites only" segregated lunch bar at Sitman's Drugstore in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The manager called the Police after the students quietly remained even though they were asked to move to another counter. After ordering the black patrons to leave, the Police arrested them and charged them with disturbing the peace. The claim was that their behavior could "foreseeably disturb or alarm the public," according to the state's "disturbing the peace" statute.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People defended the student demonstrators as did the Kennedy administration's Justice Department, which filed a legal brief on their behalf.

Opinion of the Court 
In a 9-0 decision, the court ruled in the African-American students' favor, arguing the state violated due process of law under the Fourteenth Amendment and finding there was no evidence the students' behavior could have foreseeably disturbed the peace. In his written opinion, Justice John Marshall Harlan compared sit-in demonstrations to verbal expression as a form of free speech. 
Justice William O. Douglas in his concurring opinion said, “For the police are supposed to be on the side of the Constitution, not on the side of discrimination. Yet if all constitutional questions are to be put aside and the problem treated merely in terms of disturbing the peace, I would have difficulty in reversing these judgments. I think, however, the constitutional questions must be reached and that they make reversal necessary.” 

Garner v. Louisiana was an important case for the Civil Rights Movement, and one of many civil rights cases argued before the Warren Court (1953-69). 
Eventually, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 "outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce."

References

1961 in the United States
1960s in Louisiana
United States Supreme Court cases