cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards. Also called Oscars, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the movie industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). The name of the award has changed over time. It was first Outstanding Picture in 1927. In 1930, the name was changed to Best Picture. It is still called that today.

In the list below are the winners of the award for each year. A list of the winners and other nominees is in the main article for each decade.

Winners

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

References

Notes

Other websites 
 Oscars.org (official Academy site)
 Oscar.com (official ceremony promotional site)
 The Academy Awards Database  (official site)
 Academy Awards Photos and News (People.com)
 Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
 IMDb.com (Internet Movie Database site)
 Link to DVD list of all Best Picture Winners 

 
Picture
Bulimia nervosa (bulimia) is a disease and a type of eating disorder. It is when a person eats large amounts of food then will force themself to vomit it up or purge. Other ways that they get it out of their body include laxatives and exercising. Most who have it feel that they are fat and want to be skinny.

Symptoms 
Most people with bulimia eat large amounts of food then make themselves vomit or purge. Typically, they will do this at least once a week or more often. Bulimic people often think about how their bodies look, and usually, the motive behind purging is the want to be skinny. The person may also have anorexia nervosa. However, most with bulimia have a normal weight or are overweight, which makes it difficult to know when someone has bulimia from just simply looking at them. It is also common to have calluses or bruising on the fingers from purging.

Risks 
Bulimia nervosa can cause many health problems. Because vomit has lots of acid in it, purging frequently can burn the person's mouth, throat, or teeth. One can lose nutrients or fluids in their body. Glands in one's throat and face may get larger and hurt. The immune system is weakened, as well as the possibility of muscle or heart problems.
Sometimes bulimia can cause difficulty breathing. This is because the acids that are in your mouth go to your lungs and damage the bronchioles. There is also feedback to the ego and a social stigma that may cause further psychological impact.

Statistics 
Most people who have bulimia are between the ages of 10 to 25. It is more common in females than it is in males. People who have had past trauma are more likely to be bulimic. People with obsessive compulsive disorder or perfectionism are also likely to have bulimia.

Related pages
Anorexia nervosa

References 

Eating disorders
The French State was the nominal government of all of France except for Alsace-Lorraine. It also governed the French colonial empire. It was led by Philippe Pétain, notable for helping to win World War I. When the French and British armies lost the Battle of Dunkirk and the rest of the Battle of France was being lost, the French Parliament made him Prime Minister. He negotiated an armistice with the Germans, agreeing to be neutral in World War II. Pétain became Head of State, effectively dictator, and usually did what the Germans told him to do. 

The Axis powers militarily occupied northern France and part of the southeast. The Vichy government, as a client state of Germany, controlled the unoccupied parts of France until November1942. The German army ran the Northern half. In 1944, the Vichy government, now effectively a puppet state, moved to Nazi Germany, and later disbanded. It became known as Vichy France after World War II. 

1940 establishments in France
1944 disestablishments
1940s in France
World War II
Puppet states
1940s disestablishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in France
Anguilla is a group of five islands in the Caribbean Sea.  The islands are ruled by the United Kingdom.

Anguilla was colonized by the British Empire and used to be part of what is now Saint Kitts and Nevis, but broke away in 1980 so it could stay part of Great Britain. Saint Kitts and Nevis wanted to be independent.

It is named after the Spanish word for "eel", because it has such a shape.

Politics
The King or Queen of the United Kingdom is the ruler of Anguilla, but she works through a governor.  He or she names, or appoints the governor, and he is just working there in place of the monarch.  The legislature is elected by the people, has 11 members, and is called the House of Assembly.

Economy
Anguilla has mostly been part of the British Empire since the 17th century. The British brought thousands of slaves from Africa and forced them to work, like they did all over the Caribbean and North America. Many of the slaves decided to run away rather than be forced to work. When the British decided to abolish slavery they paid all the slave owners a lot of money, but didn't give anything to the slaves. Now Anguilla gets most of its money from fishing and tourism.

Culture
Most people in Anguilla are Protestants, and speak English.

References

Other websites
Tarja Halonen (born December 24, 1943) is the former President of Finland. She is from Helsinki. She was elected in 2000 and 2006. Her mandate ended in 2012 and she left office on 1 March 2012.

References

1943 births
Living people

Presidents of Finland
Politicians from Helsinki
Turku () is a city in Southwest Finland. It is the fifth-largest city in Finland, with a population of around 190,000.

It is next to the municipalities of Aura, Kaarina, Lieto, Masku, Mynämäki, Naantali, Nousiainen, Pöytyä, Raisio and Rusko.

The official languages spoken in Turku are Finnish and Swedish.

The harbour of Turku is an important port. Many ships go from there to Mariehamn and  to Stockholm. Turku Airport is also one of Finland's busiest airports.

Turku is located near the mouth of Aura river, and is spread on either side of the river. There are ten bridges over the Aura river in Turku.

History
Turku is the oldest city in the country. it was founded in 13th century, when Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden. It used to be the largest city and capital of Finland. From 1809 Russia ruled Finland, and in 1812 the government moved to Helsinki.  A big fire destroyed much of Turku in 1827. After that, even the university moved to Helsinki.

The first school in Finland was established in Turku, the old Cathedral school in 13th century. The first university in Finland, "The Royal Academy of Turku" was established in the city in 1640, but it has moved to Helsinki and become the University of Helsinki. Now there are five universities in Turku: three in Finnish language and two in Swedish language.

Museums and other sights

References

Other websites 
 Official site of Turku
Wings is a silent movie released in 1927. It is most famous as the first movie to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Plot

Jack Powell (Charles "Buddy" Rogers) and David Armstrong (Richard Arlen) are rivals in the same small American town, both vying for the attentions of pretty Sylvia Lewis (Jobyna Ralston). Jack fails to realize that "the girl next door", Mary Preston (Clara Bow), is desperately in love with him. The two young men both enlist to become combat pilots in the Air Service. When they leave for training camp, Jack mistakenly believes Sylvia prefers him; she actually prefers David and lets him know about her feelings, but is too kindhearted to turn down Jack's affection.

Jack and David are billeted together. Their tent mate is Cadet White (Gary Cooper), but their acquaintance is all too brief; White is killed in an air crash the same day. Undaunted, the two men endure a rigorous training period, where they go from being enemies to best friends. Upon graduating, they are shipped off to France to fight the Germans.

Mary joins the war effort by becoming an ambulance driver. She later learns of Jack's reputation as an ace and encounters him while on leave in Paris. She finds him, but he is too drunk to recognize her. She puts him to bed, but when two Military Police barge in while she is innocently changing from a borrowed dress back into her uniform in the same room, she is forced to resign and return to America.

The climax of the story comes with the epic Battle of Saint-Mihiel. David is shot down and presumed dead. However, he survives the crash landing, steals a German biplane, and heads for the Allied lines. By a tragic stroke of bad luck, he is spotted and shot down by Jack, who is bent on avenging his friend. When Jack lands to pick up a souvenir, he becomes distraught when he learns what he has done, but before David dies, he forgives his comrade.

With the end of the war, Jack returns home to a hero's welcome. When he returns David's effects to his grieving parents, David's mother blames the war, not Jack, for her son's death. Then, Jack is reunited with Mary and realizes he loves her.

References

Other websites

1927 movies
1920s drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
American romantic drama movies
American silent movies
American war movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by William A. Wellman
Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans or Sunrise is a 1927 silent movie. It is the only movie to ever win Academy Award for Unique and Artistic Production. This category was not used again. It won the award for Best Cinematography and actress, Janet Gaynor, won the Best Actress award. It was the first to improvise a primitive version of CGI using nuclear warheads. It was directed by F.W. Murnau.

References

1927 movies
American silent movies
Academy Award winning movies
United States National Film Registry movies
1920s drama movies
1920s romance movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies directed by F. W. Murnau
Rocky is a 1976 American sports drama movie. It was written by, and starred, Sylvester Stallone. The movie is about a man living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who is trying to become a great boxer.

It won three Academy Awards and was ranked #78 in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. It was followed by 5 sequels, the most recent came out in 2006.

The movie was made on a budget of less than $1 million. It was shot in 28 days.  Many people liked the movie.  It turned Stallone into a major star.

Release Dates

Cast

 Sylvester Stallone as Robert "Rocky" Balboa, Sr., an enforcer for a loan shark by day and a semi-pro boxer by night. He is given the chance at the heavyweight title.
 Talia Shire as Adrian Pennino, Rocky's love interest; a quiet pet store clerk who falls in love with Rocky and supports him through his training.
 Burt Young as Paulie Pennino, Adrian's brother; a meat-packing plant worker by trade, Paulie lets Rocky train in the freezer.
 Carl Weathers as Apollo Creed, Rocky's opponent and heavyweight champion. The character was based on real-life boxing great Muhammad Ali.
 Burgess Meredith as Mickey Goldmill: Rocky's manager and trainer, a former bantamweight fighter from the 1920s and the owner of the local boxing gym.
 Thayer David as George Jergens: the fight promoter who has "promoted fights all over the world".
 Joe Spinnell as Tony Gazzo, loan shark and Rocky's employer.

Boxer Joe Frazier has a cameo appearance in the movie. Due to the movie's low budget, members of Stallone's family played minor roles. Michael Dorn made his acting debut as Creed's bodyguard.

Awards
Rocky received ten Academy Awards nominations in nine categories, winning three:

The Directors Guild of America awarded Rocky its annual award for best movie of the year. It was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. The Writers Guild of America Award selected it as the 78th best screenplay of all time.

Sequels
 Rocky II (1979)
 Rocky III (1982)
 Rocky IV (1985)
 Rocky V (1990)
 Rocky Balboa (2006)
 Creed (2015)
 Creed II (2018)

References

Other websites

1976 drama movies
American drama movies
American sports movies
Best Picture Oscar
Movies set in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by John G. Avildsen
Screenplays by Sylvester Stallone
Rocky movies
Movies set in the 1970s
A tailor is a person whose job is to make clothes to fit people. A tailor might make a new piece of clothing, or change an item so that it fits better. They also mend (fix) clothes. A tailor is also called a seamster, or a seamstress for a woman.

Clothing
Occupations
Artisans

es:Sastre
A template is a tool that shows the shape of something or it is a tool to help make something. It can separate the form of something from the things inside it.

In drawing, a template can be a wood, plastic or metal tool that is used to help make marks with a pen or pencil. Lines can be drawn on paper, or on metal or wood to make the same shape many times.

In publishing for example, a template is a layout made by someone else to give an idea what to write in different parts of a book or story.  A simple publishing template can have spaces for the words, for pictures, for the story title (name), and for the name of the publication.

Humans or machines can use templates.  Some computer programs that work with the Internet use a template to separate the way the program works from the way it shows the words and pictures.  It can be a way to copy words and pictures. In computer programming, templates save time because the programmer does not need to write the same words over and over.

When doctors plan to give a person a new bone joint made of metal or plastic, they can use a template in the shape of the new joint.  This type of template is put on an x-ray picture of the person to help to decide the size of joint needed.

Related pages
 Computer programming

Tools
Computer science
Oliver! is a musical. It is based on the novel, Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. The book, lyrics, and music were written by Lionel Bart.

Premieres
Oliver! had its world premiere on 30 June 1960 at the New Theatre in the West End. It ran for 2621 performances. The musical was directed by Peter Coe, and choreographed by Malcolm Clare. It starred Ron Moody as Fagin, Georgia Brown as Nancy, Martin Horsey as Dodger, and Keith Hamshere as Oliver.

Oliver! opened on Broadway at the Imperial Theatre on 6 January 1963. Georgia Brown reprised her role as Nancy, Clive Revill played Fagin, Davy Jones played Dodger, and Bruce Prochnik played Oliver. It won three Tony Awards including Best Original Score.

Adaptations
In 1968, the musical was adapted to a movie of the same name. The movie won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

West End musicals
Broadway musicals
1960s musicals
Musicals based on books
Musicals adapted to movies
Gliders are aircrafts which do not have a motor. Gliders are controlled by their pilots by using control-sticks. Some gliders can only carry one person; others can carry two. In gliders with two seats, each pilot has a control-stick. Gliders always have seats for the pilots.

'Sailplanes' are gliders with long wings so that they will only lose height slowly. In some places a vertical draft makes the air go up faster than the glider is going down. The pilot of a glider can make it climb by flying to these places. This is called soaring. Good pilots can travel long distances by always finding rising air. Some pilots race each other over hundreds of kilometres each day. Other pilots just fly for fun.

Gliders cannot get into the air by themselves. They are pulled into the air by an aircraft with a motor or they are pulled up by motor on the ground.

There are two other types of gliders. Hang-gliders have frames to give the wings their shape, but do not have seats for their pilots and do not have control-sticks. The wings of paragliders are like parachutes and so do not have frames to give them their shape. These other two types of glider are often launched from the tops of hills or cliffs.
Aircraft
John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was an English philosopher and political economist. He was a classical liberal thinker of the 19th century. He was for utilitarianism, the ethical theory first proposed by his third godfather Jeremy Bentham.

As a utilitarian, he believed that the good of society as a whole is more important than the pleasure of one or a few individuals.

References 

1806 births
1873 deaths
19th-century English philosophers
British economists
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Liberal Party MPs (UK)
Liberals
Politicians from London
Scientists from London
Writers from London
Jeremy Bentham (15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English, jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He is best known as one of the first people to be for utilitarianism and animal rights and gay rights. 

Bentham was one of the most influential (classical) liberals, partially through his writings but particularly through his students all around the world, including John Stuart Mill and several political leaders (and Robert Owen, who later started the idea of socialism). He is believed to be the innovator of classical liberalism, a term first coined in the 19th century. After he died, his body was preserved and is on public display at University College London to this day.

References 

1748 births
1832 deaths
Bentham, Jeremy
Dinosaur Comics is a comic by Ryan North. It shows dinosaurs who have adventures and talk about philosophy and some other topics.  The art is the same every day, but the words are different. This comic is intended to be funny.
Things in the comic that are not true: 
Dinosaurs did not talk 
There were no cabins, cars, or women when dinosaurs lived 
The dinosaurs in this comic (Tyrannosaurus Rex, Dromiceiomimus, and Utahraptor) did not live at the same time or even in the same places. 
Tyrannosaurus Rex was not friendly

Comics
A lucid dream is essentially a dream in which the person is aware that he is in the dream. In a lucid dream, the person does not have to be in control of his surroundings for the dream to be lucid, and only being aware of the dream itself is sufficient condition for the dream to be described as lucid. 

The art of lucid dreaming is the art of being able to control your surroundings in the dream itself. People who lucid dream can usually control everything that happens in their dream. They can teleport, fly, make something appear, or even make everything disappear. Regular lucid dreamers usually do so for spiritual reasons but there certainly are people who do it for fun or to avoid bad dreams.

Ways to lucid dream
Although some people can have lucid dreams without trying, most people do not have them often. It is important to be able to remember dreams, because if the dreamer does not remember them, he or she will not know if they were lucid dreams or not. Remembering dreams becomes easier if they are written in a dream diary upon waking up. 

There are some ways that help make lucid dreams more likely. Stephen LaBerge, a psychologist who studies lucid dreams, made the MILD (mnemonic induction of lucid dreaming) technique. To do this, the dreamer must wake up after having a dream, and visualise himself or herself being in the dream again, except now knowing it is a dream. The dreamer should think "the next time I am dreaming, I want to remember I am dreaming", and should concentrate on this while returning to sleep.
There are many other ways to help someone lucid dream. One other way is to fall asleep while keeping the mind awake. This is called the WILD (wake induced lucid dreaming) technique. It is easiest to perform after waking up from a few hours of sleep.

Other websites 

Dreamviews Lucid Dreaming Community & Resource
Lucidipedia 
Lucidity.com
LD4all
Sleep
My Fair Lady is a musical. It is based on George Bernard Shaw's play, Pygmalion, and on the movie adaptation of the play starring Wendy Hiller and Leslie Howard. The book and lyrics for the musical were written by Alan Jay Lerner. The music was written by Frederick Loewe.

Synopsis
The common flower girl, Eliza Doolittle, tells us of the simple pleasures she would like in life (a warm room, an enormous chair, chocolate, someone who cares for her) and how much she would appreciate these little things. As Eliza grew up on the streets of London, she has a strong cockney accent (therefore pronouncing ‘lovely’ as ‘loverly’), the phoneticist, Professor Henry Higgins, overhears her and he places a bet that he can turn Eliza into a lady within the space of a year.

Productions
The musical premiered on Broadway on 15 March 1956 at the Mark Hellinger Theatre.  It moved to other theatres in New York during its original run, and closed on 29 September 1962 after 2,717 performances. It starred Rex Harrison, Julie Andrews, Robert Coote, and Stanley Holloway. It was directed by Moss Hart. 

The West End production opened on 30 April 1958 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. Harrison, Andrews, Coote, and Holloway played their Broadway roles. It ran for five and one-half years for 2,281 performances.

Awards
The musical won the Tony Award for Best Musical.

Adaptations
The musical was made into a movie in 1964 starring Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison. 

Broadway musicals
West End musicals
Musicals based on plays
Musicals based on movies
Musicals adapted to movies
1950s musicals
Tony Award winning musicals
A Man for All Seasons is a play by Robert Bolt about the life of Sir Thomas More that was first put on in 1960. It was made into a movie in 1966 that won the Best Picture Academy Award that year. It was also made into a TV movie in 1988.

Best Picture Oscar
Plays based on British history
"A Portuguesa" (pron. [ɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ] "uh poor-too-GHEY-zuh"), meaning "Song of the Portuguese" (lit. 'The Portuguese [Song]') is the national anthem of Portugal, adopted in 1911. It was composed by Alfredo Keil, and its lyrics (words) were written by Henrique Lopes de Mendonça in response to the British Ultimatum for Portuguese troops to get rid of their positions in Africa between the (now former) colonies of Mozambique and Angola in the Rose-Coloured Map (also known as the Pink Map).

Lyrics

References

National anthems
Portugal
Stalking means following something or somebody secretly. In the animal kingdom, Predators often hunt by stalking, or by combining stalking with ambushing. 

Someone who likes to watch other people known as a voyeur. When this is continually done to a person it can have a bad effect.

Criminal stalking 
Stalking in a way that makes someone feel unsafe is a crime in many countries. It is not just one event but an ongoing process that threatens or makes that person feel scared. Someone who does this is called a stalker. The stalker may do this because they want to be involved in that person's life, because they want to have power over that person's life, or for other sexual reasons. The stalker can make that person feel scared. They may feel they do not have the power to stop the stalker. Psychologists say stalking is a way of hurting someone's mind. Sometimes a stalker may go on to hurt that person's body by assaulting, raping or murdering that person.

Cyber-stalking 
Stalking can sometimes be done on the internet. This is called cyberstalking.

References

Human behavior
Crime
Ham is meat that comes from a thigh of a pig. Ham is a kind of pork, which is any meat from a pig. 

Ham can be dry-cured or wet-cured. Dry-cured ham is made by rubbing the meat with salt. Then, it is dried and aged. Wet-cured ham is made with brine. Ham is pork.  Ham is one of the foods forbidden by kosher rules.

Types of dry-cured ham:
Prosciutto crudo (Italian)
Prosciutto di Parma (Italian)
Jambon de bayonne (French)
Jamón serrano (Spanish)
Jamón iberico (Spanish)
Country ham (American)
York ham (English)
Westphalian ham (German)

Ham is used in SPAM.
Spam is a canned meat food made by the Hormel Foods Corporation. It is made from pork shoulder meat and ham. Spam Lite, a newer kind of Spam, is made with pork and chicken.

There have been many ideas about what the word "Spam" means. The Hormel Foods Corporation once said that it means "Shoulder of Pork and Ham", but in some dictionaries "Spam" means "spiced ham".
Members of staff at the SPAM museum say it stands for Specially Produced American Meat.
In 2019, Spam began making advertisements containing the definition “Sizzle Pork And Mmmm”.

Spam was used a lot in World War II, as there wasn't proper meat. Because of that, spam was used as a rationed item.

Jokes about Spam 
The British comedy group Monty Python created a short play about Spam in 1970. In it, a lady who does not like Spam is talking to a waitress in a restaurant when a bunch of Vikings cut their conversation by singing the word "Spam" over and over again. The lady does not like what is happening and eventually the word "Spam" became widely used to mean unwanted email messages.
There is also a song called Spam. It was sung by Weird Al Yankovic and first recorded in 1988.

Pork
A mushroom (also called a toadstool) is the part of a fungus that is like a fruit of a plant. Unlike plants, mushrooms do not use sunlight to make energy for themselves. Some mushrooms are edible (safe to be eaten), and are used for cooking in many countries, such as China, Korea and Europe. Other mushrooms, however, are poisonous, and can kill people (or make them very sick) if they are eaten. People who look for mushrooms to eat are called mycophagists, meaning "mushroom eater", while The act of looking for mushrooms is simply called "mushrooming". Mushrooms helps to make a Healthy Bones and Good for Diabetics. It is available in Different colours and Shapes.

Kinds of mushrooms 

 Agarics (includes very poisonous, and hallucinogenic kinds)
 Boletus (edible)
 Bracket fungi
 Chanterelles (edible)
 Coral fungi (edible)
 Cup fungi (usually edible)
 Jelly fungi (usually edible, but tastes bad)
 Polypores (similar to boletes)
 Psychedelic (also known as shrooms)
 Puffballs (usually edible)
 Stinkhorns (edible, but smells bad)
 Tooth fungi

Structure of mushrooms 
Most mushrooms have a stem and a cap. The bottom of the cap sometimes has gills to hold spores, and sometimes holds the spores themselves.

References

Other websites

Identification
 Mushroom Expert
 MykoWeb
 An Aid to Mushroom Identification, Simon's Rock College
 Online Edible Wild Mushroom Field Guide
 Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org), a collaborative mushroom recording and identification project
 list of field guides to mushrooms , from the International Field Guides database

Research associations
 Mushroom Mania; the Newsletter 
 North American Mycological Association
 International Society for Mushroom Science 
 Pacific Northwest Fungi Online Journal
Factorization (also called factorisation and factoring) is taking a composite number apart into numbers that multiply together to get the original number.  These smaller numbers are called factors or divisors.  1 is a factor of all numbers.

Prime factorization is breaking apart a composite numbers into prime numbers that can be multiplied to give the larger number.  Note that since 1 is not prime, it is not included in the prime factorization.

For example, 12 can be factored as 4 × 3. Since 4 is not a prime number, that is not its prime factorization.  12's prime factorization is in fact 3 × 2 × 2.

The numbers which are obtained from the factorization are usually ordered, for example, starting with the smallest number. For example, 72=2^3*3^2.  The factorization of every number is unique.  This generalizes to:

 Every number has a unique prime factorization
 Every prime factorization corresponds to a unique number

Since finding the numbers to multiply together is very difficult for large numbers, this fact can be used in cryptography.

Polynomials 

This is how one type of polynomial is factored.

Find two numbers that add up to 9 and can be multiplied to get 20. Here, these numbers are 4 and 5.

Related pages
Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Algebra
A joint is the place where two or more bones make contact. They allow movement (except for skull bones) and give mechanical support.

Joints have cartilage in between them, which help to make the movement flexible. Joints are described structurally and functionally. Structural classification is how the bones connect to each other; function is the degree of movement between the articulating bones.

References
Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020), commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (), was an Egyptian politician. He served as President of Egypt from 14 October 1981 to 11 February 2011.

Mubarak became the Vice-President of the Republic of Egypt after moving up the ranks of the Egyptian Air Force. Then he became the President after President Anwar Sadat was assassinated on 6 October 1981.  His almost thirty-year presidency made him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha.

As President of Egypt, Mubarak is thought to have been one of the most powerful leaders in the region. Under the 1971 Constitution of Egypt, Mubarak exercised strong control over the country and was generally considered a dictator. In 2005, he called an election and easily won it. Many opponents believed Mubarak changed the election results so he could win.

In early 2011, during the Arab Spring, there were huge protests against his government. In the end, Mubarak resigned and handed over power to the armed forces. It is hoped that elections later that year for a new government. On 2 June 2012, Mubarak was sentenced to life imprisonment for ordering the shooting of protesters in the revolution that ousted him.

On 13 January 2013, Egypt's Court of Cassation overturned Mubarak's sentence and ordered a retrial. On retrial, Mubarak and his sons were convicted on 9 May 2015 of corruption and given prison sentences. Mubarak was detained in a military hospital and his sons were freed 12 October 2015 by a Cairo court. 

He was acquitted on 2 March 2017 by the Court of Cassation and released on 24 March 2017.

He died on 25 February 2020 at a Cairo hospital after having surgery, aged 91.

References

1928 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Criminals
Egyptian military people
Egyptian Muslims
Generals
Presidents of Egypt
Prime Ministers of Egypt
Former dictators
Prisoners
Vice-Presidents of Egypt
Euclid of Alexandria  () (about 325 BC–265 BC) was a Greek mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt and worked at the Library of Alexandria. Little is known about this person, but people think he lived there when Ptolemy I was Pharaoh. It is not known where and when he was born.

The Elements 
Euclid collected together all that was known of geometry, which is part of mathematics. His Elements is the main source of ancient geometry. Textbooks based on Euclid have been used up to the present day. In the book, he starts out from a small set of axioms (that is, a group of things that everyone thinks are true). Euclid then shows the properties of geometric objects and of whole numbers, based on those axioms.

The Elements also includes works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, and possibly quadric surfaces. Apart from geometry, the work also includes number theory. Euclid came up with the idea of greatest common divisors. They were in his Elements. The greatest common divisor of two numbers is the greatest number that can fit evenly in both of the two numbers.

The geometrical system described in the Elements was long known simply as geometry, and was considered to be the only geometry possible. Today that system is referred to as Euclidean geometry to distinguish it from other so-called non-Euclidean geometries which mathematicians developed in the 19th century.

Other works 
In addition to the Elements, at least five works of Euclid have survived to the present day. They follow the same logical structure as Elements, with definitions and proved propositions.
 Data deals with the nature and implications of "given" information in geometrical problems; the subject matter is closely related to the first four books of the Elements.
 On Divisions of Figures, which survives only partially in Arabic translation, concerns the division of geometrical figures into two or more equal parts or into parts in given ratios. It is similar to a third century AD work by Heron of Alexandria.
 Catoptrics, which concerns the mathematical theory of mirrors, particularly the images formed in plane and spherical concave mirrors. The attribution to Euclid is doubtful. Its author may have been Theon of Alexandria.
 Phaenomena, a treatise on spherical astronomy, survives in Greek; it is quite similar to On the Moving Sphere by Autolycus of Pitane, who flourished around 310 BC.

Tributes to Euclid 
 An asteroid, is named after Euclid.
 A crater on the moon is named after Euclid.

References 

325 BC births
265 BC deaths
Ancient Greeks
Ancient mathematicians
Number theorists
Geometers
Guadeloupe is part of France in the Caribbean Sea. It is made up of five islands. The capital is Basse-Terre. 

Arawak native Americans first lived on the islands. Most died when Europeans came. Guadeloupe was first governed by the French Company of the American Islands. It was then taken over by England, given to Sweden, and given back to France. 

Today, most of the people in Guadeloupe are Roman Catholic and are of African descent.

 71%: African or Multiracial (European, African, Chinese, East Indian, Amerindians, and others).
 15%: East Indian
 9%: European
 2%: Middle Easterns
 3%: Chinese
Events 
 March 5 – Boston Massacre: 5 Americans killed by British troops in an event that would help start the American Revolutionary War 5 years later.
 May 14 – Marie Antoinette arrives at the French court.
 May 16 – 14-year old Marie Antoinette marries 15-year old Louis-Auguste (who later becomes Louis XVI King of France).
 May 16 – Fireworks at the wedding of the crown prince of France in Paris cause a fire – 800 dead
 June 3 – Gasper de Portola and Father Junipero Serra establish Monterey, which was the capital of California from 1777-1849.
 July 1 – Comet Lexell (D/1770 L1) passes the Earth
 August 22 – James Cook claimed for Great Britain the eastern coast of New Holland (Australia)
 Joseph Priestley, British chemist, recommends the use of a rubber to remove pencil marks.
 Joseph Louis Lagrange proves Bachet's Conjecture.

Births 
 December 17 – Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised).
Events 
War between Austria and Venice.

Births 
May 25 – Carlo Dolci, Italian artist

Deaths 
April 23 – Miguel de Cervantes
April 23 – William Shakespeare, English playwright and poet
Lewis Allan "Lou" Reed (March 2, 1942 – October 27, 2013) was an American rock musician. He was originally from Long Island, New York and spent most of his life in New York City. He is remembered for being in the Velvet Underground, although he also released solo work. He was friends with artist Andy Warhol.

Early life
Lewis Allan Reed was born on March 2, 1942 in Brooklyn, New York City. He studied at Syracuse University. Reed was raised Jewish.

Career
Reed began his career in 1964. He is perhaps most famous for his songs "Walk on the Wild Side" (about transgender woman Candy Darling and other such people Reed had known), "Perfect Day" (which was covered by many other artists, including Duran Duran and a version used by the BBC) and "Heroin" (an  "love song" about the drug. Reed's 1989 album New York drew attention and praise, for its matter-of-fact look at the condition of New York City in the late 1980s.

At the height of his popularity as a solo artist, Reed released one of the least "commercial" recordings ever; his 1975 experimental album Metal Machine Music. It was an hour of electric guitar feedback, and not what many people thought was music. The album did not hurt his career in the long run, and it reminded people that Reed was a unique musician.

Because of his song about heroin, Reed was believed to have been addicted to the drug, but this was not the case. He was a longtime user of amphetamines, marijuana and tobacco, but gradually stopped using any drugs. He began exercising more, and enjoyed Tai Chi.

In May 2000, Reed performed before Pope John Paul II at the Great Jubilee Concert in Rome.

Reed was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with The Velvet Underground in 1996 and as a solo artist in 2015.

Personal life
Reed was bisexual. He was married to Betty Reed from 1973 until they divorced in 1978. Then he was married to Sylvia Morales from 1980 until they divorced in 1994. Then he was married to Laurie Anderson, the performance artist and musician, from 2008 until his death in 2013. Reed had no children.

Death
In April 2013, Reed had a liver transplant. He died from a liver disease on October 27, 2013 in his home in Long Island, New York. He was 71 years old.

Tributes were paid to Reed on Twitter, including those from Miley Cyrus, Salman Rushdie, Samuel L. Jackson, Lenny Kravitz, Ricky Gervais, Ryan Adams, Elijah Wood, and many others. John Cale, his Velvet Underground bandmate, posted on his Facebook: "The world has lost a fine songwriter and poet…I've lost my 'school-yard buddy'".

References

Other websites

 Official Lou Reed website
 
 Comprehensive music biography of Reed by Allmusic
  BBC obituary'

1942 births
2013 deaths
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
Bisexual Jews
Deaths from liver disease
Disease-related deaths in New York
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish American musicians
LGBT musicians
LGBT people from New York
Musicians from New York City
Organ transplant recipients
Warner Bros. Records artists
Albany can be any of the following:

Geography
Australia
 Albany, Western Australia
 Albany Creek

Canada
 Albany, Nova Scotia
 Albany, Ontario
 Albany, Prince Edward Island
 Fort Albany, Ontario

New Zealand
 Albany, New Zealand

South Africa
 Albany, South Africa

United Kingdom
 Albany, Tyne and Wear

United States of America
 Albany, Alabama 
 Albany, California, 
 Albany, Georgia, 
 Albany, Illinois
 Albany Park, Chicago, Illinois
 Albany Township, Illinois
 Albany, Indiana
 Albany, Iowa
 Albany, Kentucky
 Albany, Louisiana
 Albany Township, Maine
 Albany, Minnesota
 Albany Township, Minnesota
 Albany, Missouri
 Albany Township, Nebraska
 Albany, New Hampshire
 Albany, New York, the capital of New York and the most populous city in this list
 Albany County, New York
 Albany, Ohio
 Albany, Oklahoma
 Albany, Oregon
 Albany Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania
 Albany Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania
 Albany, Tennessee
 Albany, Texas
 Albany, Vermont
 Albany, Wisconsin
 Albany, Green County, Wisconsin
 Albany, Pepin County, Wisconsin
 Albany, Wyoming
 Albany County, Wyoming

Rivers
 Albany River, in Canada

People
 Duke of Albany, a Scottish, and later, British Peerage title

Other
 Albany Records, a record label in Albany, New York
Anthropomorphism is the addition of human traits to something that is not a human. For example, the non-human might have human feelings, needs, and wants. It is common for people to use anthropomorphism.

Anthropomorphism is often used in stories and art. The story of the "Three Little Pigs" has a wolf and three pigs who talk and act like humans. Disney's Mickey Mouse also talks and acts like a human. An anthropomorphized animal is called a "furry".

The novel The Call of the Wild also uses anthropomorphism. The main character is a dog named Buck. Many other characters are dogs and wolves. In the story, the animals think and act more like humans than dogs.

Reasons for anthropomorphism
Humans can usually explain why humans do things. Humans are not as good at explaining why non-human things do things. This can lead to people assuming non-human things will do things like humans.

Humans learn about other humans early in life. They know more about humans than about things that are not humans, and they can remember it better.

Related pages
 Furry: A section of anthropomorphism where animals and legendary creatures are shown as human-like in stories and art.

References

Literature
Psychology
Metaphors
The apostrophe is a punctuation mark used in writing. It is a diacritic (a mark used with letters).

In English, it has two jobs:
 To show where one or more letters have been left out, as in the abbreviation (contraction) of do not to don't.
 To show the possessive case, as in the cat’s whiskers.

Examples

Its versus it's 
The most common grammatical mistake in written English is to put it's where its is correct. 

Its: a possessive adjective and pronoun of the personal pronoun it. 
The cat chased its tail. (correct)
The tyre lost it's grip. (wrong)

It's: a contraction of the verbal phrase it is or it has.
It's mine. (correct; check: It is mine)
It's been here. (correct; check: It has been here)
The cat chased it's tail. (wrong; cannot be expanded to it is)

The same applies to yours, theirs and ours because these are also possessive adjectives of personal pronouns.
The colour is ours.
That book is hers (or his).
Theirs was the responsibility.

Possession 
Apostrophes are also used to show something belongs to someone (or something). Again, correct uses can be expanded:
 Mike's car. (correct; the car that belongs to Mike)
 The dog's ball. (correct; the ball that belongs to the dog)
Those dog's are large. (wrong; here "dogs" is a plural word)

The intrusive apostrophe 
Comes in plurals which don't (do not) need it. Do not put an apostrophe in word ending in s, such as a plural. Put an apostrophe, or 's, at the end of the word instead.
Mr. Jones' hat or Mr. Jones's hat. (both correct)
Both of my parents' birthdays. (correct)
CD's and DVD's (wrong; not possessive. See "Plural" section below)
Apple's and pear's (wrong; not possessive)

Writing dialogue or titles 
Apostrophes are also used when other words are shortened, as in slang:
Go get 'em tiger! or Li'l Bow Bow.
This is just a version of the abbreviation function.

Plural 
To make a word that doesn't (does not) usually exist as a plural into a plural, an apostrophe is occasionally used. See these examples:
 How many A's did you get this year? Here it is wrong because it is not needed.
 The poll received many yes's and very few no's. Here it is sensible because without it the words 'yess' and 'nos' look quite peculiar. However, you may find 'yeses' and 'noes' are appropriate as plurals. General rule: if an apostrophe is not needed, do not use it.

References 

Punctuation
Grammar
Ryan M. North (born October 20, 1980) is a Canadian writer. He is the author of the comic strip Dinosaur Comics, as well as Whispered Apologies and several other projects. He is also the programmer of ohnorobot, a web comic search engine. Ryan North is also a member of The Ryans, a group dedicated to being called Ryan and making comics.

Other websites

 Dinosaur Comics
 Whispered Apologies

Canadian writers
Comics writers
1980 births
Living people
A secretary is a person who is employed to help in an office, and help the people in charge of the office do their job. 

By definition, the main task of a secretary is to keep organized paper and electronic files for the business, school, hospital, or government agency they work for. Other common jobs that secretaries do are answering telephones; typing and writing letters; plan and schedule meetings with guests; and manage the website of their office.

In different workplaces, and for different reasons, a secretary may also be called an administrative assistant, receptionist, clerk, or executive assistant.

In the past, most secretaries were men. Today, 98% of secretaries are women, according to the US Census. 

In 1952, several groups, for example the National Secretaries Association, founded Secretary's Day. It is celebrated in the 4th week of April. It has been renamed "Administrative Professional's Week" to represent the more challenging roles of secretaries today.

Other secretaries
In government, secretaries are important people who hold high positions in government. Many secretaries in government are in charge of government agencies. 

Most members of the United States Cabinet are called "Secretary" including the United States Secretary of State, who deals with other countries. 

In the United Kingdom, a Secretary of State is a senior Cabinet Minister in charge of a Government Department. 

In the USA,  United States Secretary Defense is the head of the US Department of Defense.

Sources

Basic English 850 words
Occupations
Happiness is a feeling of pleasure and positivity. When someone feels good, proud, excited, relieved or satisfied about something, that person is said to be "happy". Feeling happy may help people to relax and to smile. 

Happiness is usually thought of as the opposite of sadness. However, it is very possible to feel both at once, often about different things, or sometimes even about the same thing You will feel some excited too when you are happy. Happiness can also be inspired too.

Many philosophers have said that people in the world go back and forth between times of happiness and sadness, but there is nobody who is always happy or always sad. Happiness sometimes causes people to cry when they laugh because the emotion takes control of them, people should learn how to be happy in life. Happiness was thought of as the key to love in ancient civilizations such as the Incas and the Mayans.

Emotions
Mount Price (sometimes Price Mountain) is a volcanic mountain in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, in British Columbia, Canada.

Other websites 
Mount Price information from Natural Resources Canada 

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Mountains of British Columbia
Salamanca is a city in central Spain. It is the capital city of the province with the same name. 
The city has a very important university started in 1218. It has two cathedrals and a famous Plaza Mayor (Main Square) built in the 18th century.

Frogs are a mascot of Salamanca.  Souvenirs of frogs can be found in almost every shop in the Plaza Mayor.

The Battle of Salamanca was an important defeat for France in the Napoleonic Wars.

Images

Other websites 

 Official Tourist Information Office
 Wiki of the city of Salamanca
 General information on Salamanca
 General information about events in Salamanca
 Salamanca travel guide
 Salamanca: Spain's answer to Oxford by The Guardian
 Salamanca city guide at HitchHikers Handbook

Museums
 Art Nouveau and Art Decó Museum Casa Lis
 Car History Museum
 Cathedral Museum

Capital cities in Spain
Events 
The Coptic Church of Ethiopia contacts the Roman Catholic Church for the first time.
The empire of the Maya breaks up into many little kingdoms.
 The Ottoman Empire starts to become weak.
 The Korean alphabet, the Hangul, is invented.

Births 
 King Ivan III of Russia
 King Edward IV of England
Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII of England
Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter 
Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia, king in the Solomonid dynasty.

Deaths 
Itzcóatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan 
Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter
Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
Elizabeth Blackwell (3 February 1821-1910) was the first female doctor in the United States and in Europe

She was born in Bristol, England, on 3 February 1821.  When she was young, her family moved to America.  At first, she was a teacher.  She became a doctor in 1849.  She founded her own hospital in New York. In 1874 she started a medical school for women in London with Sophie Jex-Blake and promoted women's rights.

She never married and opposed slavery.

In 2013 the University of Bristol launched the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research.

Elizabeth Blackwell lost sight in one eye in 1851.
Blackwell wrote many books including Medicine as a Profession for Women and Address on the Medical Education for women.

Other websites 
An online history at the National Institutes of Health, including copies of historical documents
An online biography of Elizabeth Blackwell, with links to more articles on Blackwell and others in her famous family, plus links to many resources on the Internet
Biography from the National Institutes of Health

1821 births
1910 deaths
English physicians
American physicians
People from Somerset