cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Red Bull Brasil, also known as RB Brasil, is a Brazilian association football club from Campinas, São Paulo. The club was founded in 2007 by initiative of energy drink-maker Red Bull GmbH. Red Bull Brasil plays in the top tier of Campeonato Paulista, the São Paulo state league. In 2017, Red Bull Brasil makes their second appearance in the fourth tier of Campeonato Brasileiro (the first was in 2015).

Head coaches
 Paulo Sérgio   (2008)
 Ricardo Pinto   (2008–2009)
 José Luis Fernandes (2009)
 Jair Picerni (2009)
 Márcio Fernandes: (2010–2011)
 Luciano Dias(2011–)

Current team

Season's results
2008: Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão (IV)
2009: Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão (IV)
Champion
2010: Campeonato Paulista Série A3 (III)
Champion
2011: Campeonato Paulista Série A2 (II)

Related pages
New York Red Bulls
F.C. Red Bull Salzburg
RB Leipzig

References

Other websites
Official Homepage Red Bull Brasil

Football clubs in São Paulo (state)
Football clubs owned by Red Bull
2007 establishments
2000s establishments in Brazil
Eomaia ('dawn mother') is an early fossil eutherian mammal. It is exceptionally well-preserved for a 125 million-year-old specimen.

It was discovered in rocks of the Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, China. These strata date to the Lower Cretaceous about 125 million years ago (mya).

The fossil is  in length and virtually complete. It weighed between . Although the fossil's skull is squashed flat, its teeth, tiny foot bones, cartilages and even its fur are visible.

Eomaia is a eutherian. The eutherians are the placental mammals plus some extinct mammals which had not developed a placenta.

What distinguishes the Eutheria from metatherians, a group that includes modern marsupials, are various features of the feet, jaws and teeth.

However Eomaia is not a true placental mammal as it lacks some features that are specific to placentals.
Eomaia has:
variations in the shin and ankles.
an ancestral eutherian dental formula.
a wide opening at the bottom of the pelvis, which allows the birth of large, well-developed offspring. Marsupials have and non-placental eutherians had a narrower opening that allows only small, immature offspring to pass through.
Eomaia has epipubic bones extending forwards from the pelvis. These are not found in any placental mammal, but are found in all other mammals, even in the cynodont therapsids that are closest to mammals. Their function is to stiffen the body during locomotion. This stiffening would be harmful in pregnant placentals, whose abdomens need to expand.

Its discoverers sampled 268 characters from all major Mesozoic mammal clades and principal eutherian families of the Cretaceous period. As a result, they claimed Eomaia is at the root of the eutherian "family tree" with a few other fossils.

The Eomaia fossil shows clear traces of hair. However this is not the earliest clear evidence of hair in the mammalian lineage, as fossils of the docodont Castorocauda, discovered in rocks dated to about 164 mya, also have traces of fur.

Related pages 
 Juramaia
 Sinodelphys

References

Other websites 
 New Scientist article on original find.
 Nat. Geo. article

Mammals
Fossils
Cretaceous
China
The East West MRT line was the 2nd Mass Rapid Transit line in Singapore. The line is currently 49.2 km long with 35 stations. It is the longest MRT line in Singapore and it is operated by SMRT Corporation. It takes about 1 hour to travel from end to end and this line is coloured green on MRT system maps.

The MRT line joins central Singapore to the western and eastern parts of the island, with another branch to Changi Airport from Tanah Merah. Transferring to the North South line is done at Jurong East, City Hall and Raffles Place stations while transfer to the North East Line at Outram Park station is possible using a linkway. For Circle Line at Paya Lebar station and Buona Vista using an underpass and linkway. The Downtown Line will interchange with the East West Line at the Bugis, Tampines and Expo MRT stations.

Stations

Changi Airport Extension

Other websites 
 LTA - Expanding The Rail Network: LTA To Build Boon Lay MRT Extension 
 Urbanrail.net - Singapore

1987 establishments in Singapore
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) lines
The Red Bull Arena is a football stadium in Leipzig, Germany. It is the homeground of RB Leipzig.

History
The Zentralstadion was built between 1954 and 1956. 100,000 visitors could enter the stadium. It was used for the sport festivals of the GDR, GDR football team matches, and other sports. The largest number of visitors was during a football match between SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt and FC Kaiserslautern when 110,000 people entered.

It was renovated between 2000 and 2004. The renovation reduced the number of visitors that can enter the stadium. The first match in the new stadium was FC Sachsen Leipzig – Borussia Dortmund (Amateure) in front of 28,000 visitors. Now it is only used for football matches and concerts.

In 2010, Red Bull bought the right to name the stadium for 30 years. It is now called "Red Bull Arena" and became the homeground of RB Leipzig, which is owned by Red Bull.

2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA World Cup 2006
The stadium was venue for the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA World Cup 2006.

Confederation Cup 2005
Australia-Tunesia 44,337 visitors
Brazil - Greece 42,507 visitors

World Cup 2006

Other websites

 erlebnis-stadion.de: History and renovation (German)
 wm-2006-leipzig.de: Pictures
 zentralstadion-le.de: Pictures

Buildings and structures in Saxony
Football stadiums in Germany
Leipzig
Sport in Saxony
1956 establishments
In baseball, a stolen base is when a baserunner advances to the next base while the pitcher is throwing the ball to home plate.  In baseball statistics, stolen bases are displayed as SB. It is possible to steal second base, third base, or home plate, but not to steal first base.

If the defense does not try to put the baserunner out (for example, if the catcher does not even look his way), the play is called defensive indifference (also called fielder's indifference).  No stolen base is credited to the runner in this case.  Defensive indifference is usually only scored instead of a stolen base when the game is in a late inning and the team with the stealing baserunner is down by more than one run.  MLB Rule 10.07(g) defines defensive indifference.

Strategy

A player who is good at stealing bases needs not just running speed, but also good base-running instincts, quickness, and split-second timing. The scoring and guidelines for awarding a stolen base to a runner are covered by rule 10.07 of the Major League Baseball rule book.

If a player is good at stealing bases, his manager may let him try to steal a base whenever he thinks he can. A player who is allowed to try to steal whenever he wants is said to have the "green light". Players who do not have the green light may only be allowed to steal when a coach or manager tells him to.

References

Other websites
Baseball-Almanac.com list of All-Time Career stolen bases leaders

Baseball statistics
Baseball rules
The Pasadena Star-News is the local daily newspaper for Pasadena, California. The Star-News is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, since 1996. It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the San Gabriel Valley Tribune and the Whittier Daily News. 

Ridder Newspapers bought the Star-News in 1956; Bernard J. Ridder took over as Publisher. Ridder merged with Knight to form Knight Ridder in 1974. The paper was sold in 1989 to a company owned by William Dean Singleton; the Thomson Corporation bought majority control of the paper a year later. Thomson sold the Star-News to Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.

The Pasadena Star-News was first published in 1884. The paper was in a building at the corner of Colorado Blvd. and Oakland Avenue for years.  This building is now being used by Technique at Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts and 24 Hour Fitness.

The newspaper also published the Rose Magazine.

References

Other websites
Pasadena Star-News website

Newspapers in California
Pasadena, California
1884 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in California
Baseball-Reference.com is a website that lists statistics for every player in Major League Baseball history. The site is often used by large media companies and baseball broadcasters as a source of information.

History
The website came online in April 2000.  It had originally been published in February 2000 as part of the website for the Big Bad Baseball Annual. It was first built as a web version of the Lahman Baseball Database. Now it uses variety of data sources. It has year-by-year team pages, a baseball encyclopedia (the Bullpen, powered by MediaWiki software, using the GFDL), box scores and game logs from every MLB game back to 1954 and minor league player stats back to 1900. The Oracle of Baseball can link any two players by common teammates. The Oracle of Baseball is based on the Oracle of Bacon website.

Developer Sean Forman was a math professor at Saint Joseph's University before working for this project full-time.

In February 2009, Fantasy Sports Ventures bought part of Sports Reference, the parent company of Baseball-Reference, for a "low seven-figure sum". In reporting this purchase, journalist Eric Fisher wrote:The Sports Reference sites combine to generate more than 1 million unique users per month, according to internal analytics. Company president and former college math professor Sean Forman has become something of a folk hero to baseball fans for the massive depth of data stretching to the 19th century and for the ease of navigation within Baseball-Reference.com.

References

Other websites
Baseball-Reference.com
"The man behind the numbers: Former math professor creates statistics uber-site,"  Sports Illustrated (February 6, 2007)

Major League Baseball
Baseball statistics
Websites established in the 2000s
Ryan Miller (born July 17, 1980) is an American ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Buffalo Sabres, Vancouver Canucks, and St. Louis Blues.

On July 1, 2014, Miller signed a three-year, $18 million contract with the Vancouver Canucks.

Career statistics

Regular season

Playoffs

International

Awards and achievements

College
CCHA First All-Star Team (2001, 2002)
NCAA West First All-American Team (2001, 2002)
CCHA Player of the Year (2001, 2002)
Hobey Baker Memorial Award (Top U.S. Collegiate Player) (2001)
C-Bone Classic Champion (2001)
CCHA Second All-Star Team (2000)

AHL
AHL First All-Star Team (2005)
Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award (Outstanding Goaltender – AHL) (2005)

NHL
Starter for the Eastern Conference in NHL All-Star Game (2007)
NHL Foundation Player Award (2010)
Vezina Trophy for top goaltender (2010)
NHL First All-Star Team (2010)

International
MVP of the 2010 Olympic hockey tournament
Best Goaltender of the 2010 Olympic hockey tournament
All-star selection of the 2010 Olympic hockey tournament

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 Ryan Miller – Sabres.com 
 

1980 births
American Hockey League players
Anaheim Ducks players
Buffalo Sabres players
Living people
Sportspeople from Michigan
St. Louis Blues players
Vancouver Canucks players
Vezina Trophy winners
American ice hockey goaltenders
The 1939–40 NHL season was the 23rd season for the National Hockey League.

Regular season

Final standings

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Leading goaltenders

Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts

Playoffs
Note: All dates in 1940

Playoff bracket

Quarter-finals and Semi-finals
Series A: Boston Bruins vs. New York Rangers

Rangers win best of seven series 4 games to 2

Series B: Chicago Black Hawks vs. Toronto Maple Leafs

Toronto wins best of three series 2 games to 0

Series C: New York Americans vs. Detroit Red Wings

Detroit wins best of three series 2 games to 1

Series D: Detroit Red Wings vs. Toronto Maple Leafs

Toronto wins best of three series 2 games to 0

Stanley Cup Final

Toronto Maple Leafs vs. New York Rangers

New York wins best of seven series 4 games to 2

Playoff scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty Minutes

Playoff leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References

Hockey Database
1939-40 NHL Playoff Season Stats - quanthockey.com
1939-40 NHL Playoff Season Goaltender Stats
NHL.com

1939
1940
1930s in North America
1940s in North America
The North East MRT Line (NEL) is the third Mass Rapid Transit line in Singapore. The line is 20 km long with 16 stations and operated by SBS Transit. Travelling from one end of this line to the other end takes about half an hour. This line is coloured purple in the rail map.

The line joins central Singapore to the north-eastern part of the island. Transfer to the North South Line is done at Dhoby Ghaut station, East West Line at Outram Park station, Circle Line at Serangoon and Dhoby Ghaut and Downtown MRT Line at Chinatown and Little India stations.

This line is the first MRT line in Singapore to be completely underground (running in a tunnel all the way between HarbourFront and Punggol). It is also the first (and so far, the only) line where trains get their power from overhead wires above the track, instead of a third rail beside the track.

All the trains on the North East Line are automated (computer-controlled) and do not have an operator driving the train at the front. It is one of the world's first rapid transit lines that does not need drivers and is one of three such lines in the MRT network today. The others are the Circle Line and the Downtown Line.

Stations

The Land Transport Authority has announced that it will extend the North East Line from its current northern terminal at Punggol to a new station called Punggol Coast. Construction will begin in 2018, and it is expected to open in 2023.

References

Other websites
North East Line (SBS Transit)
North East Line (Land Transport Authority) 
Railway Technology on the NEL

2003 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in Singapore
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) lines
The following lists all rail stations of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system in Singapore, with underground stations listed in italics. There are 151 stations in operation. Many more are in various stages of planning and construction (as shown in the latest system map).

MRT stations

Related pages
 List of Singapore LRT stations

Notes
 A  Opening date of interchange platform adjacent to, within, or below the existing station.
 B  Station will be built when the area undergoes development.
 C  Original location of station and lines leading to station were shifted due to the Nicoll Highway collapse.
 D  Station completed, but opening delayed until the area populates.

References

Other websites
 Train System Map

Rail transport lists
In baseball, an at bat (AB) or time at bat is used for certain statistics.  These statistics include batting average, on base percentage, and slugging percentage. It is a more narrow definition of a plate appearance. A batter starts with an at bat every time he faces a pitcher; however, the batter gets "no time at bat" in the following cases:
 He receives a base on balls (BB).
 He is hit by a pitch (HBP).
 He hits a sacrifice fly or a sacrifice hit (also known as sacrifice bunt).
 He is awarded first base due to interference or obstruction, usually by the catcher.
 The inning ends while he is still at bat (due to the third out being made by a runner caught stealing, for example). In this case, the batter will come to bat again in the next inning, though he now has no balls or strikes on him.
 He is replaced by another hitter before his at bat is completed (unless he is replaced with two strikes and his replacement strikes out).

Section 10.02.a.1 of the official rules of Major League Baseball defines an at bat as:
"Number of times batted, except that no time at bat shall be charged when a player: (1) hits a sacrifice bunt or sacrifice fly; (2) is awarded first base on four called balls; (3) is hit by a pitched ball; or (4) is awarded first base because of interference or obstruction..."

Examples
An at bat is counted when:
The batter reaches first base on a hit
The batter reaches first base on an error
The batter is called out for any reason other than as part of a sacrifice
There is a fielder's choice

References

Baseball statistics
Calvin Edwin "Cal" Ripken, Jr. (born August 24, 1960), nicknamed "Iron Man", is a former Major League Baseball shortstop and third baseman. He played his whole 21-year baseball career for the Baltimore Orioles (1981–2001).

Ripken is perhaps best known for breaking New York Yankees first baseman Lou Gehrig's record for consecutive games played.  The record had been called too hard to break. He beat the 56-year-old record when he played in his 2,131st straight game on September 6, 1995 between the Orioles and the California Angels in front of a sold-out crowd at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. Ripken hit a home run in the game the night before that tied Gehrig's record and another home run in his 2,131st game. Fans later voted this game as Major League Baseball's "Most Memorable Moment" in MLB history. Ripken played in an 501 more straight games over the next three years.  His streak ended at 2,632 games when he removed his name from the lineup for the final Orioles home game of the 1998 season.  His record 2,632 straight games lasted over seventeen seasons, from May 30, 1982 to September 20, 1998.

A 19-time All-Star and member of the 3000 hit club, Ripken is considered one of the best shortstops and third basemen to ever play the game. At 6' 4" (1.93 m), 225 lbs. (102.27 kg), he led the way for taller, larger shortstops to be successful in that position.  When voted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2007, he was a first ballot inductee with the third highest voting percentage (98.53%) in Hall of Fame history, behind Tom Seaver (98.84%) and Nolan Ryan (98.79%).

He is a best-selling author and the President and CEO of Ripken Baseball, Inc. The company's goal is to grow the love of baseball from a more grassroots level.  Established in 2001, Ripken Baseball represents Cal and his brother Bill's business and philanthropy dealings and focuses on several subsidiaries: Ripken Management and Design, Youth Camps and Clinics, Cal Ripken, Sr. foundation, Ripken Professional Baseball, with three minor-league teams—the Aberdeen IronBirds (affiliated with the Orioles); the Augusta GreenJackets (affiliated with the San Francisco Giants); and the Charlotte Stone Crabs (affiliated with the Tampa Bay Rays)—and Ironclad Authentics.

References

American baseball players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Baltimore Orioles players
Sportspeople from Maryland
1960 births
Living people
The Battle of Finnburg was a battle between the Frisians and the Danes.  It was mentioned in two early medieval writings, the Finnesburg Fragment and Beowulf. These may describe a real or a completelymythical event.

Story
According to the Finnesburg Fragment, the Danish prince Hnaef came with sixty followers to visit and spent the winter at the Finnburg.  Finnburg was the fort of his brother-in-law Finn, king of the Frisians. There a fight started between the Frisians and the Danes.  A battle took place that lasted for three days. The verses of the story that were found (which is thought to be a small part of the original work) do not explain why the fight started, nor do they give the outcome of the battle.

In a passage of Beowulf, a bard sings a song about the ending of the battle, here named Freswael. This is the same story as in the Finnesburg Fragment.  While in less detail, the Beowulf episode is complete. Here it is seen that the Frisians won the battle. The Danish prince Hnaef and Finn's son died in the battle. After the fighting, the parties make peace, and the new Danish leader Hingest (who some have identified as Hengest) is allowed to leave with the surviving Danes.

References

Sources
Finnesburg Fragment
Beowulf

Finnburg
5th century
The Moose River Plains Wild Forest is a  forest in Adirondack Park, which is in the Hamilton and Herkimer counties in the U.S. state of New York. It is designated a Wild Forest by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.

Rivers and lakes

Geography of New York
Forests
Caspar Wessel (June 8, 1745 – March 25, 1818) was a Danish-Norwegian mathematician.

He was born in Jonsrud, Vestby, Akershus, Norway. In 1763, having completed secondary school, he went to Denmark for further studies (since Norway didn't have any university in 1763). In 1778 he got the degree of candidatus juris, which is one law degree. In 1794 he was hired as a surveyor; in 1798, a Royal inspector of Surveying.

As surveying is related to mathematics, he later studied the geometrical importance of complex numbers. His most important paper, Om directionens analytiske betegning, (On the Analytical Representation of Direction) was published in 1799 by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Since it was in Danish, it was not noticed by many people. Later, Jean-Robert Argand and Carl Friedrich Gauss's paper showed the same results.

One of the more important, but missed ideas shown in Wessel's Om directionens analytiske betegning was vectors. Wessel's main thing he wanted to show in the paper was not this, but he felt that the concept of numbers, with length and direction would be needed. Wessel's thoughts on addition was: "Two straight lines are added if we unite them in such a way that the second line begins where the first one ends and then pass a straight line from the first to the last point of the united lines. This line is the sum of the united lines". Today, the same idea is used when adding vectors.

His paper was printed in a French translation in 1899. It was released in English in 1999 as "On the analytic representation of direction" (ed. J. Lützen et al.).

Johan Herman Wessel, Wessel's brother was a famous person in Denmark-Norway.

References

Danish scientists
Norwegian people
Norwegian mathematicians
1745 births
1818 deaths
In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 500 home run club is a term given to the group of batters who have hit 500 or more regular-season home runs in their careers. On August 11, 1929, Babe Ruth became the first member of the club. Ruth ended his career with 714 home runs.  This record stood from 1935 until Hank Aaron broke it in 1974. Aaron's ending career total, 755, stayed the record until Barry Bonds set the current mark of 762 during the 2007 season. Albert Pujols is the most recent to reach 500 home runs; he hit his 500th home run on April 22, 2014. Twenty-six players are members of the 500 home run club.

Of these 26 players, 14 were right-handed batters, 10 were left-handed, and 2 were switch hitters (meaning they could bat from either side of the plate). The San Francisco Giants are the only franchise to have four players reach 500 home runs while on their roster: Mel Ott while the team was in New York, Willie Mays, Willie McCovey, and most recently Bonds. Four 500 home run club members—Aaron, Mays, Eddie Murray, and Rafael Palmeiro—are also members of the 3,000 hit club. Sheffield's 500th home run was his first career home run with the New York Mets, the first time that a player's 500th home run was also his first with his franchise. Alex Rodriguez, at 32 years and 8 days, was the youngest player to hit 500.  Ted Williams, at 41 years and 291 days, was the oldest.

Being a member of the 500 home run club is sometimes described as a guarantee of entry into the Baseball Hall of Fame.  Some believe the milestone has become less meaningful in recent years. Four club members who are now eligible for election to the Hall of Fame—Bonds, Sammy Sosa, Mark McGwire and Palmeiro—have not been elected. Eligibility requires that a player has "been retired five seasons" or be dead for at least six months. Some believe the milestone has become less important with the large number of new members; 10 players joined the club from 1999 to 2009. Also, several of these recent members have had ties to performance-enhancing drugs. Some believe that by not electing McGwire to the Hall, the voters were starting a "guideline" on how they would treat players from the "Steroid Era". Since then, Bonds and Sosa have also failed to earn election. Most recently, Palmeiro became the first club member to be dropped from the Hall of Fame ballot, failing to earn enough votes (5% of votes cast) in the 2014 election to stay on the ballot.

Key

Members
Statistics up to date as of June 8, 2014

Footnotes
Although MLB.com's 500 Home Run Club page lists Mathews at 511 home runs, his listings on both MLB.com and Baseball-Reference show 512.

References
General

Specific

Baseball statistics
Barrow A.F.C. are an English football team.  The club was founded in 1901.  It is based in the town of Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria, England.  After they were promoted at the end of the 2007–08 season, they began playing in the Conference National. The club spent over fifty years in the Football League between 1921 and 1972, and have since spent their time in the top two levels of non-league football. Barrow have twice won non-league football's highest cup competition, the FA Trophy - in 1990 and 2010, becoming the only non-league club to have won the trophy at both old and new Wembley stadia.

The club colours are blue and white.  The combination of these has varied over time.  It has led to their nickname "The Bluebirds". Attendances at the club's Holker Street field vary - the home record of 16,874 was set against Swansea City in the FA Cup Third Round in 1954.  But during the 1990s and 2000s, the average remained between 800 and 1,500. Average attendance stood at 1,590 during the 2008-09 season.

The club won their second FA Trophy title on the 8th May 2010 after beating Stevenage Borough 2-1 in the final at Wembley Stadium.

Honours

Victories
 FA Trophy - Winners (2) 1989/90, 2009/10
 Lancashire Combination Division One - Champions (1) 1920/21;
 Lancashire Senior Cup - 1954-55
 Northern Premier League - Champions (3) 1983/84, 1988/89, 1997/98
 Northern Premier League Shield - Winners (1) 1984/85
 Northern Premier League President's Cup - Winners (2) 2001/02, 2003/04
 Northern Premier League Chairman's Cup - Winners (1) 2000/01
 Lancashire Junior Cup - Winners (1) 1980/81
 Chas Kendall Trophy

Promotions/Runners-Up
 Division Four - Promotion (3) 1966/67
 Conference North Play-off Winners 2008
 Lancashire Combination Division Two - Runners up (2) 1904/05, 1910/11
 Lancashire Combination Division One - Runners up (1) 1913/14
 Northern Premier League - Runners up (1) 2002/03
 Northern Premier League Challenge Cup - Runners up (1) 1987/88

Others

 Best league performance (football league) - 8th in Division Three 1967/68
 Best league performance  (non-league) - 8th in Alliance Premier League 1981/82
 FA Cup - Third Round eleven times (three times as a non-league club, last in 2009/10)
 League Cup - Third Round Twice

Other websites
 Official website 

English football clubs
1901 establishments in England
District 9 is a 2009 science fiction thriller movie directed by Neill Blomkamp. It was written by Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell, and produced by Peter Jackson and Carolynne Cunningham. The movie stars Sharlto Copley, Jason Cope, and David James. The movie won the 2010 Saturn Award for Best International movie, which is awarded by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, and was nominated for four Academy Awards in 2010, including Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Visual Effects, and Best Editing.

The plot is based on a 2005 short movie, Alive in Joburg, also directed by Blomkamp and produced by Sharlto Copley and Simon Hansen, pivots on the themes of xenophobia and social segregation. The title and plot of District 9 were based on real-life events that took happened in District Six, Cape Town during the apartheid era. The movie was produced for $30 million and shot on location in Chiawelo, Soweto, showing fictional interviews, new stories, and videos from surveillance cameras in a part-mock documentary style format. A viral marketing campaign began in 2008, at the San Diego Comic-Con, while the theatrical trailer appeared in July 2009. Released by TriStar Pictures, the movie opened to critical acclaim on August 14, 2009, in North America and made $37 million in its first weekend. Lots of people thought that the movie was a sleeper hit for its not very famous cast and modest-budget production, while having success and being popular while it was in theaters.

References

Notes

2009 science fiction movies
2009 thriller movies
American science fiction movies
American thriller movies
Multilingual movies
New Zealand movies
South African movies
American independent movies
Movies set in South Africa
Eyre Coote (20 May 1762 – 10 December 1823) was a British soldier and politician who was born in Ireland.

He was known as General Sir Eyre Coote until 1816; GCB 1815 - 1816.

Background
He was the second son of the Very Rev. Charles Coote (1713 - 12 February 1776), DD, Dean of Kilfenora.  After studying at Eton and Trinity College Dublin, Coote bought a commission in the 34th Regiment of Foot - of which his uncle was colonel - in 1774.

He was soon sent to  North America to fight in the Revolutionary War.  He fought in the Brooklyn in August 1776, as well as at Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth Court House before finally being taken prisoner at the final Battle of Yorktown in 1781. Between 1790 and 1798, he represented Ballynakill in the Irish House of Commons. Then he sat for Maryborough until 1800.

He served in England and Ireland when they were threatened by French invasion and against the French on the Continent. He went on to serve in Holland, Egypt and eventually became Governor-General of Jamaica (1806–1808) where he possibly sired an ancestor of Colin Powell.

Scandal and death
Sir Eyre was removed from the service on the 21 May 1816 because of the scandal he caused in the Christ's Hospital school for boys. On 25 November 1815 he entered the school and offered some boys money for an opportunity to flog them. After that he asked them to flog him and gave them money. He was caught by the school nurse, and charged with indecent conduct before the Lord Mayor of London.  He was acquitted after giving £1000 to the school:  after that there was a military inquiry in April 1816 which stripped him of his rank and honours. He was appointed GCB 1815 and stripped of it 1816.

References

Other websites
@ Stephen Wood Research 

1762 births
1823 deaths
Irish politicians
British Army generals
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Knights of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Former members of the Order of the Bath
Governors-General of Jamaica
A pilum was a type of spear. It was used by the Roman army. Pila were generally 2 metres long. They were made up of a wooden shaft and an soft iron point.

References

Blades
Ancient Rome
Tree frogs are frogs that spend most of their life in trees. 

There are several lines of Neobatrachia which have evolved into tree frogs. These groups are only distantly related, but they have evolved for a long time in similar conditions. The result is that, today, there are species from different groups that look very much like each other. This is convergent evolution. It goes so far that in almost all cases, where one group occurs, the other does not. Their current distribution shows that the last common ancestor of both groups lived before the dinosaurs disappeared. 

They do not normally descend to the ground, except to mate and spawn. Some build foam nests on leaves and rarely leave the trees as adults. In some species the eggs develop directly into adults; in others the tadpole stage is spent in the water pool of a large tropical tree leaf.

Many tree frogs can change their colour for better camouflage. Others are poisonous (poison dart frog), and display warning colouration.

Tree frogs are usually tiny, as their weight has to be carried by the branches and twigs of their habitat. While some reach 10 cm (4 in) or more, they are typically smaller and more slender than terrestrial frogs.  

Typical for "tree frogs" are the well-developed discs at the finger and toe tips; the fingers and toes themselves as well as the limbs tend to be rather long, resulting in a superior grasping ability. The genus Chiromantis is most extreme in this respect: it can oppose two fingers to the other two, resulting in a vice-like grip.

Family
Tree frogs are members of these families or genera:

 Hylidae, or "true" tree frogs, are in the temperate to tropical parts of Eurasia north of the Himalayas, Australia and the Americas.
Rhacophoridae, or shrub frogs, are the tree frogs of tropical regions around the Indian Ocean: Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia east to Lydekker's line. A few are in East Asia.
Centrolenidae, or glass frogs, are potentially closely related to hylids; these translucent frogs are native to Central and South America.
Hyperoliidae, or reed frogs, are closely related to the burrowing Microhylidae; these small frogs are native to sub-Saharan Africa.
Boophis is a genus of highly arboreal frogs which evolved from the toxic terrestrial Mantellidae of Madagascar.
Pedostibes, or tree toad, is a genus of highly arboreal members of the typically terrestrial Bufonidae.

References 

Frogs
Asociación Deportivo Cali is a Colombian sports club in Cali, Colombia. It is famous for its football (soccer) team. Basketball, volleyball and swimming clubs are also sponsored by Deportivo Cali. Deportivo Cali is one of the best association football teams in Colombia and South America, having won nine national championships in 1965, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1996, 1998, 2005-II and 2015-I.

Estadio Deportivo Cali is the new stadium for Deportivo Cali can fit 55,000 people. It is the biggest football stadium in Colombia. Estadio Deportivo Cali was officially inaugurated on November 19, 2008. The old stadium, Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero could fit capacity for 50,000 people.

Adidas, Honda, Aguardiente Blanco del Valle, and Tigo ae the four largest sponsors of Asociación Deportivo Cali.

Colombian football clubs
Jeffrey Preston Bezos (born Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen; January 12, 1964) is the founder of Amazon.com, Inc. He was also the chairman, president, and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Amazon.com. However, Bezos said in a blog post he would soon step down from this position and become Executive Chair of the Amazon Board.

Education and career 
Bezos graduated from Princeton University as he was also a member of the Tau Beta Pi Association, he hired at D. E. Shaw & Co. as a financial analyst before founding Amazon.com in 1994.

On February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as the CEO of Amazon, to be replaced by Andy Jassy. Bezos became executive chairman on July 5, 2021.

On July 19, 2021 Blue Origin successfully conducts its first human test flight with Bezos going to space.

Net worth 
When markets opened on July 27, 2017, Bezos briefly became the world's richest person, surpassing Bill Gates with a net worth of just over $90 billion. He lost the title later in the day when Amazon's stock dropped, returning him to second place with a net worth just below $90 billion. On October 27, 2017, Bezos again surpassed Gates on the Forbes list as the richest person in the world.

In August 2020, Bezos became the first person in history to have a net worth of $200 billion, according to Forbes.

In January 2021, Elon Musk became the world's richest person. Since then, Bezos is now the world's second-richest person

Hacking claim 
In February 2019, Bezos published a blog post alleging that National Enquirer publisher American Media, Inc. had attempted blackmail and extortion in connection with Bezos' alleged affair with Lauren Sánchez.

References

Other websites

Businesspeople from New Mexico
Businesspeople from Seattle, Washington
People from Albuquerque, New Mexico
1964 births
Living people
American inventors
American company founders
Amazon (company)
Space tourists
RB Leipzig (RasenBallsport Leipzig e.V.) is a German football club from Leipzig.

History
The club was founded on 19 May 2009 by the Red Bull Company. It was formed out of the SSV Markranstädt. Due to the regulations of the DFB the name Red Bull Leipzig for marketing reasons  was forbidden so they were called RB (short for RasenBallsport). Also the logo was forbidden. 

The company was sure that there is a great chance to form a new club, because with the Zentralstadion (now Red Bull Arena) there was a good stadium and there is no club in professional football in the area. The club is now in the Bundesliga. Like in Salzburg many fans protested against this deal because they had the fear that the fanculture will vanish and football will be only a business. So they wanted a "normal" football club.

They started in the Oberliga Nordost-Süd(5th level) and became 1st in the 2009/10 season. But the next season they failed to gain promotion to the 3. Bundesliga. So the coach was changed, the new one is the Austrian Peter Pacult. The first match under the new coach was a 3:2 win in the German Cup (1st round) versus VfL Wolfsburg from the Bundesliga.

Players

Current squad

Players out on loan

Coach history

Notes
 Interim coach.

Honours
2010 Champion Oberliga Nordost

2017 DFB Pokal Runners up

2017 Bundesliga Runners up 

2016 Bundesliga 2 Champions 

2014 3.Liga Champions

References

2009 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Germany
Football clubs owned by Red Bull
German football clubs
Leipzig
Sport in Saxony
Arboreal is an adjective in biology for an animal which lives in the trees.

All forests have had animals living in them. Those animals have adaptations which enable them to live and move about in trees. The earliest one known is Suminia, a synapsid of the late Permian, about 260 million years ago.

References

Ecology
Botany
Mobile genetic elements (MGE) are a type of DNA that can move around within the genome. They include:
Transposons (also called transposable elements)
Retrotransposons
DNA transposons
Integrons
Insertion sequences
Plasmids
Bacteriophage elements, like Mu which integrates randomly into the genome
Group II introns
The total of all mobile genetic elements in a genome may be referred to as the mobilome.

Barbara McClintock was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements".

Related pages
 Horizontal gene transfer

References

Miller W.J. and Capy P. (eds) 2004. Mobile genetic elements : protocols and genomic applications. Humana Press. 
Shapiro J.A. (ed) 1983. Mobile genetic elements. Academic Press. 

Genetics
DNA
Rabiu Afolabi (born 18 April 1980 in Osogbo, Nigeria) is a Nigerian soccer player. He plays for F. C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga as defender.

Career
After playing good in the UEFA-CAF Meridian Cup in 1997 he went to Europe and played for Standard Liège. He signed 2000 for SSC Napoli in the Seria A but had no breakthrough. So he went back to Belgium. 2003 till 2005 the played the first time in Austria for FK Austria Wien. After his time in France( FC Sochaux 2005-2009) he signed for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg. 2011 he his in AS Monaco now playing in the League 2 in France

International
He started with the team of Nigeria in the 1999 African Youth Championship. The he was captain of the Nigerian team at the  1999 FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria, where they reached the quarter finals. On 17 June 2000, he made his first match in the senior team in a 2002 World Cup qualifing match against Sierra Leone. Rabiu Afolabi was member of the Nigerian team for the 2002 and 2010 World Cups.

References

Other websites
Official Website 
Players profile Official Website FC Red Bull Salzburg
Guardian football stats-Rabiu Afolabi 

Nigerian footballers
1980 births
Living people
Ulster Scots are an ethnic group in Ireland, descended from Lowland Scots and English from the border of those two countries, were "Border Reivers".  These people first began to occupy Ireland in large numbers with the Plantation of Ulster, ordered by James I of England on land taken from the Irish nobility, mostly in the Province of Ulster. The term "Ulster-Scots" refers to both these colonists of the 17th century and, less commonly, to the Gallowglass who began to arrive from what is now northwest Scotland centuries earlier.

Ulster-Scots were largely descended from colonists from Galloway, Ayrshire, and the Scottish Borders Country, although some descend from people further north in the Scottish Lowlands and the Highlands. Ulster-Scots emigrated in significant numbers to the United States and all corners of the British Empire — Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa — and to a lesser extent to Argentina and Chile in South America. 

Scotch-Irish is a traditional term for Ulster Scots who later emigrated to what is now the United States;  "Scots-Irish" is a more recent form of the American term, the term has usually been Scotch-Irish in America, as evident in Merriam-Webster dictionaries, where the term Scotch-Irish is recorded from 1744, while Scots-Irish is not recorded until 1972.  and is not to be confused with Irish-Scots, i.e., recent Irish immigrants to Scotland.

References
Dharamshala is a city in northern India. It is the winter seat of government of the state of Himachal Pradesh and the district headquarters of the Kangra district.

McLeod Ganj, a village within Dharamshala municipality, is the home of the Dalai Lama and the exiled Tibetan government. It is a popular place for Indian and foreign tourists, including students studying Tibet.

Tibetan Buddhism
Cities in India
Geshe Sonam Rinchen was born in Kham in Eastern Tibet in 1933. In 1945, he joined Dhargyey Monastery, and entered Sera monastery in Lhasa in 1952, where he studied until he was forced to leave Tibet in 1959.

In India he completed his studies for the degree of Geshe Lharampa which he received in 1980. He also received the degree of Acarya from the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies in Sarnath. He was appointed resident teacher at the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in Dharamsala, India in 1978, where he teaches Buddhist philosophy and practice, mainly to westerners. He has also taught in Japan, Australia, Great Britain, South Korea, Ireland, New Zealand and Switzerland.

Books
 Atisha's Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment, 
 The Bodhisattva Vow,  
 Eight Verses for Training the Mind,  
 The Heart Sutra,  
 How Karma Works,  
 Nagarjuna's "Seventy Stanzas", 
 The Six Perfections, 
 The Thirty-seven Practices of Bodhisattvas, 
 The Three Principle Aspects of the Path, 
 Yogic Deeds of Bodhisattvas,  
 Aryadeva's Four Hundred Stanzas on the Middle Way 
 Buddha Nature, 2003 Library of Tibetan Works & Archives,

Other websites
 Library of Tibetan Works and Archives
 Snow Lion Publications 

Tibetan Buddhism
Geshe Acharya Thubten Loden leads the Tibetan Buddhist Society in Australia. Geshe Loden established the Peaceful Land of Joy Meditation Centre in Victoria, and has written many books. In 2011, he was named Hume Citizen of the Year.

History
Born in 1924, Geshe Loden became a monk at the age of seven. Completing his study of all divisions of Buddhist philosophy, he was awarded the Geshe Lharampa degree from Sera Monastery in Tibet, and an Acharya degree from Varanasi's Sanskrit university in India. He also gained a Master's qualification in Vajrayana Buddhism after six years' study at Gyudmed Tantric College. Geshe Loden originally came to Australia in 1976 as a Tibetan refugee.

Books
Geshe Loden has written many books on Tibetan Buddhism, including:

Great Treasury of Mahamudra (2009)
Essence of the Path to Enlightenment (1997)
Meditations on the Path to Enlightenment (1996)
The Fundamental Potential for Enlightenment (1996)
Path to Enlightenment in Tibetan Buddhism (1993)

Related pages
Dalai Lama
Gelug
Lam rim

References

Other websites
Tibetan Buddhist Society 
Tushita Publications 
Pursuit of happiness leads to Yuroke 

Tibetan Buddhist lamas
People from Victoria (Australia)
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Smoke is an American independent movie released in 1995. It was produced by Hisami Kuroiwa, Harvey Weinstein and Bob Weinstein. It was directed by Wayne Wang and Paul Auster. Auster also wrote the screenplay.

Actors
Harvey Keitel, William Hurt, Victor Argo, Forest Whitaker, Ashley Judd, Stockard Channing and Harold Perrineau Jr. all appear in the movie.

Story
The movie follows the lives of several characters. Their lives are connected because they are all customers at a small tobacco shop in  Brooklyn, New York. The store manager is the main character, Auggie (Harvey Keitel). In the movie, the Brooklyn Cigar Co. was on the corner of 16th Street and Prospect Park West.

Sequel
Blue in the Face was the next movie by the same directors. It follows the lives of some of the same characters and new characters join the story.

Awards
Won
 Silver Bear (Wayne Wang) Berlin International Film Festival, 1995
 Danish Film Critics Bodil Award for Best American Film, 1995
 German Film Award for Best Foreign Film, 1995
 Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay (Paul Auster), 1995

Nominated
Stockard Channing – Best Supporting Actress – Screen Actors Guild

Other websites
 

1995 movies
American drama movies
A Yew is a coniferous tree. The name is most used for species of the genus Taxus, or for other members of the coniferous family Taxaceae.

Poison 
All species of yew contain highly poisonous alkaloids known as taxanes. All parts of the tree except the arils (red 'fruits') contain the alkaloid. 

The arils are edible and sweet, but the seeds are dangerously poisonous. Unlike birds, the human stomach can break down the seed coat and release the taxanes into the body. This can have fatal results if yew 'berries' are eaten without removing the seeds first. 

The seeds and leaves will kill cattle and horses, but deer can break down the poisons and will eat yew foliage freely. In the wild, deer browsing of yews is often so extensive that wild yew trees are restricted to cliffs and steep slopes inaccessible to deer. The foliage is also eaten by the larvae of some Lepidopteran insects including the willow beauty moth.

Description 
Yews are slow growing and can be very long-lived, and reach heights of 1-40 m, with trunk diameters of up to 4 m. They have reddish bark, spear-shaped flat, dark-green leaves 1-4 cm long and 2-3 mm broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem.

The seed cones are highly modified, each cone containing a single seed 4-7 mm long partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry-like structure called an aril, 8-15 mm long and wide and open at the end. 

The arils are mature 6-9 months after pollination, and are eaten by thrushes, waxwings and other birds, which disperse the hard seeds undamaged in their droppings. 

The male cones are round, 3-6 mm diameter, and shed their pollen in early spring. Yews are mostly dioecious, but occasional individuals can be variably monoecious, or change sex with time.

All of the yews are very closely related to each other, and often described together as Taxus baccata. 

Conifers