cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
was a  after Gangyō and before Kanpyō.  This period started in February 885 and ended in April 889.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Ninna era

 17 September 887 (Ninna 3, 26th day of the 8th month): Emperor Kōkō died at the age of 57.  Kōkō's third son received the succession (senso).  Shortly thereafter, Emperor Uda formally acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

 12 May 887 (Ninna 3, 17th day of the 11th month): Mototsune asks Uda for permission to retire from his duties; but the emperor persuades him to continue to serve as kampaku.

 887 (Ninna 4, 8th month): Construction of the Buddhist temple complex at  was completed; and a former disciple of Kōbō-daishi was named to be the leader of the monks who lived there.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
885 establishments
9th-century establishments in Japan
889 disestablishments
9th-century disestablishments in Japan
My Love Is Your Love is the fourth studio album by deceased singer Whitney Houston. It was released in late 1998. Singles released off of the album include the duet with Mariah Carey "When You Believe", "Heartbreak Hotel" with Faith Evans and Kelly Price, "It's Not Right, But It's Okay", title track "My Love Is Your Love", and "I Learned From The Best."

1998 albums
Moving the goalposts or shifting the goalposts is an idiom which means changing the terms of a debate or a conflict after it has started.

The phrase describes changing the target or goal of a process. In a dispute or a competition, the idiom explains what one side does in order to gain advantage.

History
This phrase comes from sports that use goalposts, such as football.

In 1978, the Washington Post published the phrase, quoting the CEO of American Airlines who said, "'They keep moving the goal posts." In Britain, the earliest known published use was in 1987.

Logical fallacy
The idiom identifies a kind of logical fallacy. In an argument, when evidence is presented in response to a specific claim, it is "moving the goalposts" when some other evidence is demanded instead. Idioms are a common stumbling block for learners of a language.

In other words, after an attempt has been made to score a goal, the goalposts are moved to exclude the attempt. The problem with changing the rules of the game is that the meaning of the result is changed too. It counts for less.

Bullying 
The tactics of bullying behaviour include moving the goalposts. This means setting objectives which subtly change in ways that cannot be reached. In workplace bullying, shifting the goalposts is a conventional tactic.

References

Logical fallacies
Bullying
Idioms
The Big West Conference is a NCAA conference that plays in the NCAA Division I. The conference is based in Irvine, California, and eight of its nine current members are from California. The other member is from Hawaii.

Members
This is a list of colleges and universities who play sports in the Big West. Since the University of the Pacific left in 2013, all of the members are now public schools. Four each are from the University of California and California State University systems, and the other is the main campus of the University of Hawaii system.

California Polytechnic State University ("Cal Poly"; sometimes "Cal Poly SLO", from its home city of San Luis Obispo)
California State University, Fullerton ("Cal State Fullerton")
California State University, Northridge ("Cal State Northridge")
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa ("Hawaiʻi")
California State University, Long Beach ("Long Beach State")
University of California, Davis ("UC Davis")
University of California, Irvine ("UC Irvine")
University of California, Riverside ("UC Riverside")
University of California, Santa Barbara ("UC Santa Barbara")

The conference once sponsored football, but dropped the sport in 2000. Three of its members play football in other conferences:
 Cal Poly and UC Davis are football members of the Big Sky Conference.
 Hawaiʻi is a football member of the Mountain West Conference.

References

 
NCAA Division I athletics conferences
Kasseem Dean (born September 13, 1978 in The Bronx, New York), known by his stage name, Swizz Beatz, is an American record producer, DJ, rapper and painter.

He began to produce music tracks at the age of 16 and sold his first beat when he was 17. His beat would later become DMX's hit single Ruff Ryders' Anthem. He founded his own record label, Full Surface Records in a joint venture with Clive Davis of J Records at the age of 23. He is currently married to singer Alicia Keys and they have 4 children.

Discography

Studio albums
Swizz Beatz has released 2 studio albums and a compilation album:

Compilation albums

References

Other websites
 Official website

1978 births
Living people
American DJs
American painters
Rap musicians from New York
Musicians from the Bronx
Singers from New York City
The  covers the rest areas along the Tōkaidō, which was a coastal route that ran from Edo (modern-day Tokyo) to Kyoto.

Stations of the Tōkaidō
There were originally 53 government waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō.  At each, all travelers were expected to present traveling permits.  These were also places for resting and eating before continuing to travel.

Tokyo

Starting Location: Nihonbashi Bridge, (Chūō-ku)
1. Shinagawa-juku (Shinagawa, Tokyo)

Kanagawa Prefecture
2. Kawasaki-juku (Kawasaki, Kanagawa)  
3. Kanagawa-juku (Kanagawa, Yokohama)  
4. Hodogaya-juku (Hodogaya, Yokohama)  
5. Totsuka-juku (Totsuka, Yokohama)  
6. Fujisawa-shuku (Fujisawa, Kanagawa)  
7. Hiratsuka-juku (Hiratsuka, Kanagawa)  
8. Ōiso-juku (Ōiso, Kanagawa)  
9. Odawara-juku (Odawara, Kanagawa)  
10. Hakone-juku (Hakone, Kanagawa)

Shizuoka Prefecture
11. Mishima-shuku (Mishima, Shizuoka)
12. Numazu-juku (Numazu, Shizuoka)
13. Hara-juku  (Numazu)
14. Yoshiwara-juku (Fuji, Shizuoka)
15. Kanbara-juku (Shimizu, Shizuoka)

16. Yui-shuku (Shimizu)
17. Okitsu-juku (Shimizu)
18. Ejiri-juku (Shimizu)
19. Fuchū-shuku (Aoi, Shizuoka)
20. Mariko-juku (Suruga, Shizuoka)
21. Okabe-juku (Fujieda, Shizuoka)
22. Fujieda-juku (Fujieda)
23. Shimada-juku (Shimada, Shizuoka)
24. Kanaya-juku (Shimada)
25. Nissaka-shuku (Kakegawa, Shizuoka)
26. Kakegawa-juku (Kakegawa)
27. Fukuroi-juku (Fukuroi, Shizuoka)
28. Mitsuke-juku (Iwata, Shizuoka)
29. Hamamatsu-juku (Naka, Hamamatsu)
30. Maisaka-juku (Nishi, Hamamatsu)
31. Arai-juku (Kosai, Shizuoka)
32. Shirasuka-juku (Kosai)

Aichi Prefecture
33. Futagawa-juku (Toyohashi, Aichi)
34. Yoshida-juku (Toyohashi)
35. Goyu-shuku (Toyokawa, Aichi)
36. Akasaka-juku (Toyokawa)
37. Fujikawa-shuku (Okazaki, Aichi)
38. Okazaki-shuku (Okazaki)
39. Chiryū-juku (Chiryū, Aichi)
40. Narumi-juku (Midori, Nagoya)
41. Miya-juku (Atsuta, Nagoya)

Mie Prefecture
42. Kuwana-juku (Kuwana, Mie)
43. Yokkaichi-juku  (Yokkaichi, Mie)
44. Ishiyakushi-juku (Suzuka, Mie)
45. Shōno-juku (Suzuka)
46. Kameyama-juku (Kameyama, Mie)

47. Seki-juku (Kameyama)
48. Sakanoshita-juku (Kameyama)

Shiga Prefecture
49. Tsuchiyama-juku (Kōka, Shiga)
50. Minakuchi-juku (Kōka)
51. Ishibe-juku (Konan, Shiga)
52. Kusatsu-juku (Kusatsu, Shiga)
53. Ōtsu-juku (Ōtsu, Shiga)

Kyoto Prefecture
Ending Location: Sanjō Ōhashi Bridge in Kyoto

Provinces
The Tōkaidō road passed through ten provinces:
 Musashi Province: Nihonbashi to Hodogaya (#4)
 Sagami Province: Totsuka (#5) to Hakone (#10)
 Izu Province: Mishima (#11)
 Suruga Province: Numazu (#12) to Shimada (#23)
 Tōtōmi Province: Kanaya (#24) to Shirasuka (#32)
 Mikawa Province: Futagawa (#33) to Chiryū (#39)
 Owari Province: Narumi (#40) and Miya (#41)
 Ise Province: Kuwana (#42) to Sakanoshita (#48)
 Ōmi Province: Tsuchiyama (#49) to Ōtsu (#53)

The end of the road was in Yamashiro Province at Sanjō Ōhashi Bridge in Kyoto.

Related pages 
 Gokishichidō
 Edo Five Routes

References

History of Japan
Japan-related lists
The Birds is a 1963 American horror movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock and set in San Francisco, California.

Other websites

1963 movies
1963 thriller movies
1960s horror movies
American horror movies
Movies about animals
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Movies set in San Francisco
Universal Pictures movies
Take Care is the second studio album by Canadian rapper, Drake. Take Care was released on November 15, 2011. The album debuted at #1 on the US Billboard 200 chart and sold 631,000 copies in the United States in its first week. It received mostly positive reviews from music critics.

Songs

References

2011 albums
Drake albums
Magnificent Obsession is a 1954 romantic drama movie. It stars Jane Wyman and Rock Hudson. Douglas Sirk directed. The movie is based on the book Magnificent Obsession by Lloyd C. Douglas.  The movie was produced by Ross Hunter and released by Universal Pictures.  Critic Howard Thompson wrote, "[The movie] is unquestionably a handsome one. Better still, generally restrained performances at least dignify a moist text, which may seem inspiration to some, pure corn to others."

Story 
Spoiled playboy Robert Merrick loses control of his speed boat.  Rescuers send for a resuscitator in Dr. Phillips's house on the other side of the lake.  While the resuscitator is being used to save Merrick's life, Dr. Phillips has a heart attack and dies.  Merrick ends up at Dr. Phillips's clinic. The doctors and nurses blame him for Dr. Phillips's death.  He tries to run away but collapses in front of Helen Phillip's car. Helen is Dr. Phillips's widow. She does not know Merrick. Merrick ends up back at the clinic.  After his discharge, he resumes his playboy life. He makes advances to Helen. She runs away, and steps into the path of an oncoming car. She is blinded by the accident. Merrick commits to becoming a doctor.  He has fallen in love with Helen. He helps her adjust to her blindness by posing as a poor medical student, "Robby".

Merrick secretly arranges for Helen to travel to Europe to consult the best eye surgeons in the world.  They tell Helen there is no hope for recovery.  Right after this, "Robby" shows up at her hotel to provide emotional support. He confesses to being Merrick.  Helen has already guessed this. Merrick asks Helen to marry him.  Helen realizes she will be a burden to him. She runs away. Many years pass.  Merrick is now a dedicated brain surgeon. He searches for Helen.  He learns she is possibly dying in a small hospital.  He goes to the hospital and discovers Helen needs complex brain surgery to save her life.  Merrick operates. Helen awakens in the morning and discovers she can see.

References 

Movies directed by Douglas Sirk
Universal Pictures movies
1954 romance movies
1954 drama movies
Women's movies
English-language movies
1950s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies based on books
is a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Saitama Prefecture
Magnificent Obsession (1929) is a novel by Lloyd C. Douglas. The story follows a man named Robert Merrick. He is resuscitated by a rescue crew after a boating accident. The crew is unable to save the life of Dr. Hudson, a heart attack victim on the other side of the lake.  Merrick then decides to devote his life to making up for the doctor's. He becomes a physician himself. Dr. Hudson's widow suffers serious injury in an accident. Merrick is instrumental in her recovery. 

Two movies were based on the book: Magnificent Obsession (1935), and Magnificent Obsession (1954). The 1954 movie was directed by Douglas Sirk. A television series called Dr. Hudson's Secret Journal was based on the novel. It aired 78 episodes in syndication from 1955 to 1957.

Other websites 
Magnificent Obsession at Project Gutenberg of Australia

1929 books
20th-century American novels
English-language novels
Jeanette Helen Morrison (July 6, 1927 – October 3, 2004), known professionally as Janet Leigh, was an American actress and author. She is best known for her role in Psycho, for which she won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Early life
Leigh was born in Merced, California, and grew up in Merced. She was the only child of Helen Lita (née Westergaard) and Frederick Robert Morrison. Her birth name was Jeanette Helen Morrison.  Her maternal grandparents were immigrants from Denmark. In winter 1945, she was discovered by actress Norma Shearer, whose late husband Irving Thalberg had been a senior executive at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Marriage and family
Leigh married actor Tony Curtis in 1951. They had two daughters, actresses Kelly Curtis (born 1956) and Jamie Lee Curtis (born 1958). The couple divorced in 1962.

Death
Leigh died on October 3, 2004 of vasculitis in Beverly Hills, California, aged 77.

References

Other websites

1927 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from vasculitis
Actors from California
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Peter Lawrence Boyle, Jr. (October 18, 1935 – December 12, 2006) was an American actor. He is best known for his acting on Everybody Loves Raymond.

Awards and nominations
 Emmy Award
Nomination (1977)  — Lead Actor in a Drama or Comedy Special: Tail Gunner Joe
 Nomination (1989) — Guest Actor in a Drama Series: J.J. Killian in Midnight Caller episode "Fathers and Sins"
Win  (1996) — Guest Actor in a Drama Series: Clyde Bruckman in  The X-Files episode "Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose"
(7) Nominations (1999–2005)  — Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series: Everybody Loves Raymond

 Screen Actors Guild (SAG) Award
The cast of Everybody Loves Raymond was nominated for Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series each year from 1999–2000 and 2002–2006. Boyle was additionally nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series in 2002.

Filmography

 The Group (1966)
 The Virgin President (1968)
 Medium Cool (1969)
 The Monitors (1969)
 Joe (1970)
 Diary of a Mad Housewife (1970)
 T.R. Baskin (1971)
 The Candidate (1972)
 F.T.A. (1972)
 Ghost in the Noonday Sun (1973)
 Steelyard Blues (1973)
 Slither (1973)
 The Friends of Eddie Coyle (1973)
 Kid Blue (1973)
 Crazy Joe (1974)
 Young Frankenstein (1974)
 Taxi Driver (1976)
 Swashbuckler (1976)
 Tail Gunner Joe (1977)
 F.I.S.T. (1978)
 The Brink's Job (1978)
 Hardcore (1979)
 Beyond the Poseidon Adventure (1979)
 Where the Buffalo Roam (1980)
 In God We Tru$t (1980)
 Outland (1981)
 Hammett (1982)
 Yellowbeard (1983)
 Johnny Dangerously (1984)
 Turk 182 (1985)
 Surrender (1987)
 Walker (1987)
 The In Crowd (1988)
 Superman 50th Anniversary TV Special as James "Jimmy" Malone (1988)
 Red Heat (1988)
 The Dream Team (1989)
 Speed Zone! (1989)
 Funny (1989)
 The Tragedy of Flight 103: The Inside Story (1990)
 Challenger (1990)
 Solar Crisis (1990)
 Men of Respect (1991)
 Kickboxer 2: The Road Back (1991)
 Nervous Ticks (1992)
 Death and the Compass (1992)
 Honeymoon in Vegas (1992)
 Malcolm X (1992)
 The Shadow (1994)
 Killer (1994)
 The Santa Clause (1994)
 Exquisite Tenderness (1995)
 Born to Be Wild (1995)
 While You Were Sleeping (1995)
 Final Vendetta (1996)
 Milk & Money (1996)
 That Darn Cat (1997)
 Species II (1998)
 Dr. Dolittle (1998)
 Monster's Ball (2001)
 The Cat Returns (2002)
 The Adventures of Pluto Nash (2002)
 The Santa Clause 2 (2002)
 Bitter Jester (2003)
 Imagine New York (2003)
 Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004)
 The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause (2006)
 All Roads Lead Home (2008)

Other websites

References

Actors from Pennsylvania
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from multiple myeloma
Emmy Award winning actors
1935 births
2006 deaths
The BFG 9000 is a fictional futuristic weapon. It is found in the Doom video game series. The BFG 9000 is a very large, solid metal gun. It shoot balls of green plasma. It is the most powerful weapon in the games. The BFG 9000 can destroy almost any player or enemy in one hit. Quake II and Quake III Arena pay homage to the BFG 9000 with weapons called the BFG10K. The Quake III Arena version works differently than the BFG 9000. It shoots many small plasma beams very quickly instead of one large ball. This means the BFG 9000 causes much more damage in a single hit than the Arena BFG10K.

Names

The abbreviation "BFG" stands for "Big Fucking Gun". This is the name is was given in Tom Hall's first Doom design document. In the Doom II user manual, BFG is said to stand for "Big Fuckin Gun". In the Doom movie, it is named the "Bio Force Gun" but "Big Fucking Gun" is said when the gun is first seen).
The Quake II manual says BFG stands for "Big, uh, freakin’ gun".

Critical reception
UGO.com list the BFG 9000 at number two on their Top 50 Video Game Weapons of All Time. They say the weapon is "marvelous and complex, and we should not hesitate to put this weapon down in history as one of the best." X-Play listed it as number one on their Top 10 Badass Weapons list. They said that the BFG 9000 was "not as fancy as the gravity gun" but it was the first weapon that "really made us swoon". IGN editor Tom McNamara listed the BFG as one of the ten best weapons in video games. He placed it at number ten on his list. Machinima.com listed it as number one on their list of Top Ten Video Game Weapons. They said "Do you really need a reason why this tops the list?"

References

Other websites
 The BFG 9000 FAQ
 Information on the BFG 9000

Science fiction technology
Fictional weapons
Children's and Household Tales (), commonly known as Grimms' Fairy Tales (), is a collection of German fairy tales published by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.

On December 20, 1812, the Grimms published the first volume of the first edition. It contained 86 stories. The second volume of 70 stories was published in 1814. For the second edition, two volumes were issued in 1819 and a third in 1822, totalling 170 tales. The third edition appeared in 1837; fourth edition, 1840; fifth edition, 1843; sixth edition, 1850; seventh edition, 1857. Stories were added, and also deleted, from one edition to the next, until the seventh held 211 tales. All editions were extensively illustrated, first by Philipp Grot Johann and, after his death in 1892, by Robert Leinweber.

The first volumes were much criticized because they were considered unsuitable for children, both for the scholarly information included and the subject matter.  Many changes through the editions – such as turning the wicked mother of the first edition in Snow White and Hansel and Gretel to a stepmother, were probably made with an eye to such criticism. They removed sexual references—such as Rapunzel's innocently asking why her dress was getting tight around her belly, and thus naïvely revealing her pregnancy and the prince's visits to her stepmother—but, in many respects, violence, particularly when punishing villains, was increased. In 1825, the Grimms published their Kleine Ausgabe or "small edition," a selection of 50 tales designed for child readers. This children's version went through ten editions between 1825 and 1858.

The work of the Brothers Grimm influenced other collectors, both inspiring them to collect tales and leading them to similarly believe, in a spirit of romantic nationalism, that the fairy tales of a country were particularly representative of it, to the neglect of cross-cultural influence. Among those influenced were the Russian Alexander Afanasyev, the Norwegians Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe, the English Joseph Jacobs, and Jeremiah Curtin, an American who collected Irish tales.

References
is a Japanese city in Kanagawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Kawasaki is one of three ordinance-designated cities in Kanagawa.

History

In the Edo period, Kawasaki-juku was 2nd of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

Geography
Kawasaki occupies a belt of land stretching about 30 km along the south bank of the Tama River. The river forms its boundary with Tokyo.

Wards 
In Kawasaki, there are seven wards:
Kawasaki
Saiwai
Nakahara
Takatsu
Tama
Miyamae
Aso

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō
 Kawasaki Frontale

References

Other websites

 http://www.city.kawasaki.jp/index_e.htm , 

Cities in Kanagawa Prefecture
Richard Andrew, better known by his stage name Outasight, is an American singer and rapper. He is from Yonkers, New York. He is currently signed to Warner Bros. Records. Though he is considered a hip hop artist, he also draws influences from other genres such as classic rock and soul.  He is perhaps best known for the song "Tonight Is the Night" released in 2011.

Discography

Mixtapes
 2007: Employee of the Year EP
 2008: Radio New York
 2009: From There to Here
 2009: Further
 2010: Never Say Never
 2011: Figure 8 EP
 2011: Get It Together

Singles 
 2010: "Catch Me If You Can"
 2011: "Tonight Is the Night"
 2012: "Believe in Me"
 2012: "Now or Never"
 2012: "Dark Lights"

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Rap musicians from New York
Singers from New York
Catch Me If You Can may refer to:
 Catch Me If You Can, a 1980 book
 Catch Me If You Can (movie), a 2002 movie
 "Catch Me If You Can", a 2010 song by Outasight on Warner Bros. Records taken from his album Further
is a series of ukiyo-e woodblock prints created by Hiroshige.   
This was a popular subject. Hiroshige created many versions of this subject.

Tōkaidō images
In 1832, Hiroshige traveled the length of the Tōkaidō from Edo to Kyoto.  He was part of an official delegation from the court of the Tokugawa Shogunate to the court of the Emperor of Japan. 

In addition to the 53 stations, Hiroshige's series of images includes one print showing the departure from Edo.  The series also includes a print showing the journey's end in the Imperial capital city.

Related pages
 List of the 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites 

 Digital museum:different editions of the series

Japan
is a Japanese city in Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

History

In the Edo period, Kuwana-juku was 42nd of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

Gallery

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites

 Kuwana City website 
 Hiroshige prints, Kuwana 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Mie Prefecture
Artillery in Japan is recorded in the 13th century.  It was not used widely before the Sengoku period in the 16th century.

History
In the 1840s, the Tokugawa Shogunate began to anticipate that either British or French military might attack Japan.  Takashima Shuhan (1798-1866) submitted a petition to the shogun calling for the purchase of Western firearms.  In 1841, a demonstration of Western gunnery made a strong impression.  Powerful conservative factions in the shogunate resisted change.

During the 1864 Bombardment of Shimonoseki, European naval guns were shown to be superior to Japanese cannon on shore.

Following the Meiji Restoration, Japan would pursue a policy of "Rich country, strong army" (富国強兵), which led to a general rearmament.

Imperial Japanese Army 
The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) used artillery during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895).

Naval guns and field artillery were important in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905.

Before and during World War II, the Japanese Army deployed a variety of artillery pieces.

Imperial Japanese Navy

The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) developed large naval artillery pieces.

Japan Self Defense Force (JSDF)
The self-propelled artillery of the current Japanese military include
Type 75 155 mm self-propelled howitzer
M110 howitzer
M270 MLRS
Type 99 155 mm self-propelled howitzer

Related pages
 List of field guns
 List of heavy mortars
 List of howitzers

References

Further reading
 Evans, David C  and Mark Peattie. (1997). Kaigun: strategy, tactics, and technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941 Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland

Other websites

Military of Japan
Artillery
The AS-90 (Artillery System for the 1990s) is a lightly armoured self-propelled artillery gun. It is used by the British Army. It was first used in 1993.  The AS-90's official name is Gun Equipment 155 mm L131.

The AS-90 is used by five regiments of the Royal Horse Artillery and Royal Artillery. 

AS-90 was designed and built by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering (VSEL, owned by BAE Systems since 1999). They made 179 AS-90s from 1992 to 1995. This cost £300 million. 

In 2002 BAE Systems were asked to give 96 British Army AS-90s a 52 calibre gun. This would make the range 30 km. With special shells, it would be able to reach 60 to 80 km. However, this project ended up being ended.

Development
AS-90 started in the mid-1980s. It was made on a "gamble" that the SP70 would fail. When this happened, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) asked for a new vehiicle. Four designs were handed in, and AS-90 was the only one that the MoD liked. 

The MoD has tried to get the Royal Navy's main ship gun to be able to use the barrel and breech from the AS-90. This would make the gun calibre of the British Army and Royal Navy the same. This would help with ammunition logistics. This would also make it possible for the Army and Navy to help each other develop weapons.

Design

The AS-90 has a special power unit. This is used so that the engine does not have to keep running. This is done to keep the batteries charged while the AS-90 is not moving.

The gun can be started up when it is fully closed down in less than one minute.

The AS-90 has a special computer called the Turret Control Computer (TCC). The TCC controls all main functions of the turret.

Features 

 Crew: 5
 Length: 9.07 m
 Width: 3.5 m
 Height: 2.49 m
 Weight: 45 tons
 Ammunition carried: 48 shells.

Different kinds of AS-90
 
AS-90D - Changed for use in the desert. This model has more cooling for the engine and other machines.

AS-90 "Braveheart" - The AS-90 with the 52 calibre length gun. This project was cancelled.

Haubicoarmata "Krab" - (eng. Howitzer-cannon Crab) A "Braveheart" turret on a Polish chassis. Designed in Poland by Huta Stalowa Wola and WB Electronics. , two Krab ("Crab") prototypes have been built.

References

Other websites 

 British Army information page on the AS-90 

Artillery
British Army equipment
Train is an American pop rock band. The band consists of Patrick Monahan, Scott Underwood and Jimmy Stafford. The band has released 5 albums and is set to release their 7th album, California 37 sometime in 2012. Train won 2 Grammy Awards in 2002 for their song "Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)" and a Grammy in 2011 for "Hey, Soul Sister" (Live).

Discography 
Train has released 6 studio albums:

References

Other websites 
Official website

American rock bands
Musical groups from San Francisco
The  was an armed conflict in 1575.  The battle took place near Nagashino Castle (長篠城) on the plain of Shitaragahara (設楽原) in the Mikawa province (三河) of Japan.

Nagashino Castle
Forces under Takeda Katsuyori (武田勝頼) attacked the castle.  The Takeda attacked the castle, because it threatened supply lines.

Okudaira Sadamasa (奥平貞昌) commanded the 500 defenders of the castle.  The defenders had 200 matchlocks and at least once cannon.

Nagshino plain 
Both Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川家康) and Oda Nobunaga (織田信長) sent troops to break the siege and their combined forces defeated the Takeda attack.

Nobunaga's use of firearms to defeat Takeda's cavalry is considered as a turning point in Japanese warfare.  His tactical innovation was the wooden stockades and rotating volleys of fire which led to a decisive victory at Nagashino.

Popular culture
The Battle of Nagashino and the last years of the Takeda clan are dramatised in Akira Kurosawa's 1980 movie Kagemusha (Shadow Warrior).

References

Other websites 
Battle of Nagashino animated battle map  by Jonathan Webb

History of Japan
Battles
1575
June events
Olympia  is an 1863 oil painting by Édouard Manet. When it was first exhibited in 1865, the subject of the painting was controversial.

History
Manet reworked Giorgione's The Sleeping Venus (c. 1510) and Titian's Venus of Urbino (c. 1538) in creating Olympia.  Olympia may also take inspiration from Francisco Goya's La maja desnuda (c. 1800). This is uncertain however. Victorine Meurent was Manet's model for Olympia. She posed as a bullfighter for him and also for the Dejeuner sur l'Herbe of 1862-63. Manet painted Olympia in the autumn of 1863.  The work was first seen by the public at the 1865 Salon in Paris.  Manet delayed showing the painting because he feared it might produce some negative reactions.

Reaction
Olympia did produce negative reactions: people hated it. Some people thought the painting was immoral and vulgar. Critic Paul de Saint-Victor wrote in La Presse, "People throng in front of Manet's putrid Olympia as they would in front of a body in the Morgue. This is art fallen so low that it is not even worthy of censure". Nathaniel Harris writes, "In reviewing Olympia  Gautier wrote that the model was puny, the bed covered with cat's footprints, the general effect ugly: but then he made the point that "we would forgive the ugliness, were it only truthful ... The least beautiful woman has bones, muscles, skin, and some sort of colour", whereas on this woman the flesh colour was dirty and the modeling non-existent." Some liked the painting. Émile Zola said it was Manet's "masterpiece". He added, "When other artists correct nature by painting Venus they lie. Manet asked himself why he should lie. Why not tell the truth?" In 1866 Zola wrote with tongue-in-cheek, "If only Manet had borrowed a powder puff ... and had lightly powdered Olympia's cheeks and her breasts she would have been a bit more presentable".

Commentary
Modern art historian Nathaniel Harris writes, "...Olympia was an erotic shock ... Manet presented a young woman with erotic modern trappings ... that served to emphasize her nakedness ... To add to the puzzlement of the ordinary man, Olympia's gaze was not in the least inviting, or provocative, or even enigmatic ... it was simply neutral ... [N]eutrality ... was one more affront to the 19th-century male, whose picture-women were supposed to yield, to comply ... Here the girl is cool and confident, and it is the setting and properties that suggest sexualityperhaps a commercialized sexuality that is none too reassuring to the male ego."

Gallery

Further reading

References

Other websites

 Phylis A. Floyd, The Puzzle of Olympia
 Seibert, Margaret Mary Armbrust. A Biography of Victorine-Louise Meurent and Her Role in the Art of Édouard Manet. Diss. The Ohio State University, 1986.

1860s paintings
Paintings by Édouard Manet
French paintings
Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Little Dancer of Fourteen Years () (1881) is a statue by Edgar Degas. The work measures 81 inches in height. The subject is a young dance student named Marie van Goethem. The relationship between van Goethem and Degas is uncertain. It was not unusual for the young dancers of the Paris Opera to seek protectors from among the well-heeled visitors at the back door of the opera.

The statue was shown in Paris at the Sixth Impressionist Exhibition of 1881. It received mixed reviews. Most critics were shocked by the piece. They thought it was ugly. Degas exhibited it inside a glass case. Some thought it was a medical specimen. The head and face were thought grotesque and primitive.

The dancer is dressed in a cotton skirt and is wearing a hair ribbon. For a finishing touch Degas used a wig made of real hair. He covered it with wax. The only parts not covered with wax were the ribbon given to him by van Goethem and the tutu. Each museum that shows this figure gives it a different tutu. The original wax model was acquired by Paul Mellon in 1956.

The sculpture was originally made in wax before it was cast in bronze. Degas's wife and daughter made the decision to have 27 of them cast in bronze. The casting was undertaken at the Hébrard foundry in Paris from 1920 until the mid-20th century. These statues posthumous Degas bronzes can be seen in many museums. Sixty-nine original sculptures in wax and mixed-media survived the casting process.

Other websites 

"Little Dancer of Fourteen Years" sculpture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
"Little Dancer Aged Fourteen" in the Tate Collection, London
"Little Dancer of Fourteen Years"  in the Robert and Lisa Sainsbury Collection.
"The Little Dancer, Aged Fourteen"  at the Hay Hill Gallery in London.
History of La Danseuse  at the National Gallery of Art.

Statues
Kim Jang-saeng (, July 8 1548 - August 3 1631) was a Korean scholar, writer, politician, and Neo-Confucian philosopher of the  Joseon period. His penname was Sagye (사계, 沙溪).

His Chinese names were Huiwon () and Huiji () .

Family 
 grandfather : Kim Ho (김호, 金鎬)
 father : Kim Gye-hui (김계휘, 金繼輝)
 mother : Lady Shin, Pyungsan clean (평산 신씨, 平山申氏)
 wife : Ladt Cho, Chanryung clean (창녕조씨)
 Son : Kim Jip
 Son : Kim Ban, father of Kim Ikhun and grandfather of Kim Manjung

Works 
 Sagyejeonseo (사계전서, 沙溪全書) 
 Gyungseopanui (경서판의) 
 Garyejipram (가례집람, 家禮輯覽), Exposition of Family Rites
 Sangryebiyo (상례비요, 喪禮備要) 
 Geunsaroksukui (근사록석의, 近思錄釋疑) 
 Gyungseobyunui (경서변의, 經書辨疑) 
 Songganghaengrok (송강행록, 松江行錄) 
 Sagyeyugo (사계유고, 沙溪有故)

Related pages 

 Yi I
 Kim Jip
 Song Siyeol
 Ahn Bang-jun
 Kim Yuk
 Seong Hon
 Song Ik-phil

References

1548 births
1631 deaths
Korean writers
Korean politicians
Korean philosophers
Hermes and the Infant Dionysos is a statue possibly made by the ancient Greek sculptor Praxiteles. The statue was discovered in 1877 in the ruins of the Temple of Hera at Olympia, Greece. It is now in the Archaeological Museum of Olympia. The statue was probably made in the 4th century BC. This date is based on a remark by the 2nd century Greek traveller Pausanias.

Hermes stands 2.15 meters (7 ft. ½ in.) tall. He is missing two fingers of his left hand, both forearms below the elbow, the left foot, and his penis. Dionysos is missing his arms (except the right hand on Hermes' shoulder). He is missing the end of his right foot. Much of the tree trunk and the plinth are also lost. However, an ancient base survives, made of a grey limestone block between two blocks of marble.

The group is sculpted from a block of Parian marble. Hermes measures 2.10/2.12 meters, 3.70 m with the base. The right foot of Hermes is integral with a section of the base. The face and torso of Hermes are striking for their highly polished, glowing surface. The back shows the marks of the rasp and chisel. The rest of the sculpture is not completely finished. At the time of its discovery, the hair had some slight traces of cinnabar, a form of mercury sulfate with a red color that may have been a preparation for gilding. Cinnabar tints are seen on the sandal straps of the original foot, with traces of gilding. The sandal also bears the motif of a Heraclean knot.

Gallery 

Ancient Greek marble sculptures
Olympia, Greece
Ancient Greek and Roman statues
Lilith is a female demon in Jewish legends, found first in the Dead Sea scrolls. The legend is related to a Hebrew language term lilith meaning night, and has also been linked to beliefs about demons called lili in ancient Mesopotamia. It is believed by some that during creation, Lilith was made before Eve was. This version states she was created from the same dirt as Adam. She later came to change the earth and make it peaceful. To make the blind see. To let man kind have power over themselves and not let a narcissist rule. To let love and joy rule. Just like magic.

References

Demons
Judaism
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Wednesday, January 1 (dominical letter E).  Examples include 1975, 1986, 1997, 2003, 2014 and 2025 in the Gregorian calendar,
or 2015 and 2026 in the Julian calendar. This common year is one of the three possible common years in which a century year can begin on, and occurs in century years that yield a remainder of 200 when divided by 400. The most recent such year was 1800 and the next one will be 2200 in the Gregorian calendar (see bottom tables).

This common year is one of three common years that has only one Friday the 13th, the others being Common year starting on Friday and Common year starting on Saturday. The Friday the 13th in this common year is in June. This characteristic is shared with a Leap year starting on Tuesday.

In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 20, Valentine’s Day is on a Friday, Presidents Day is on February 17, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Monday, Mother’s Day is on May 11, Memorial Day is on May 26, Father’s Day is on its earliest possible date, June 15, Independence Day is on a Friday, Labor Day is on its earliest possible date, September 1, Columbus Day is on October 13, Halloween is on a Friday, Veterans Day is on a Tuesday, Thanksgiving is on November 27, and Christmas is on a Thursday.

A common year is a year with 365 days—in other words, not a leap year, which has 366.

Previous year (common) | Next year (Common)
Previous year (leap) | Next year (leap)

References

Calendars
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Tuesday, January 1 (dominical letter F).  Examples include Gregorian years 1974, 1985, 1991, 2002, 2013, 2019, and 2030;
or 2014 and 2025 in the Julian calendar (see bottom tables).

This common year is one of two common years that have two Friday the 13ths, the other two being Common year starting on Sunday and Common year starting on Monday. The Friday the 13ths in this common year are in September and December. This characteristic share it with a Leap year starting on Monday.

In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on its latest possible date, January 21, Valentine’s Day is on a Thursday, Presidents Day is on February 18, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Sunday, Mother’s Day is on May 12, Memorial Day is on May 27, Father’s Day is on June 16, Independence Day is on a Thursday, Labor Day is on September 2, Columbus Day is on its latest possible date, October 14, Halloween is on a Thursday, Veterans Day is on a Monday, Thanksgiving is on its latest possible date, November 28, and Christmas is on a Wednesday.

A common year is a year with 365 days—in other words, not a leap year, which has 366.

Notes

Calendars
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Monday, January 1 (dominical letter G). Examples incude Gregorian years 1973, 1979, 1990, 2001, 2007, 2018, and 2029;
or 2013 and 2019 in the Julian calendar. This common year is one of the three possible common years in which a century year can begin on, and occurs in century years that yield a remainder of 300 when divided by 400. The most recent such year was 1900 and the next one will be 2300 in the Gregorian calendar (See tables at bottom.)

This common year is one of two common years that have two Friday the 13ths, the other two being Common year starting on Sunday and Common year starting on Tuesday. The Friday the 13ths in this common year are in April and July. This characteristic is shared with Leap Years Starting on Sunday but they also have another one in January.

In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on its earliest possible date, January 15, Valentine’s Day is on a Wednesday, Presidents Day is on February 19, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Saturday, Mother’s Day is on May 13, Memorial Day is on May 28, Father’s Day is on June 17, Independence Day is on a Wednesday, Labor Day is on September 3, Columbus Day is on its earliest possible date, October 8, Halloween is on a Wednesday, Veterans Day is on a Sunday, Thanksgiving is on it’s earliest possible date, November 22, and Christmas is on a Tuesday.

A common year is a year with 365 days; in other words, not a leap year.

References

Calendars
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Thursday, January 1 (dominical letter D). Examples include years 1970, 1981, 1987, 1998, 2009, 2015 and 2026 in the Gregorian calendar,
or 2010, 2021 and 2027 in the Julian calendar (see bottom tables). 

This is the only common year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th, in February, March and November. The other type of year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th is a Leap year starting on Sunday which has three Friday the 13ths in January, April, and July. Also interestingly, with the exception of skipped leap years, leap years starting on Sunday falls exactly three years either side of two consecutive common years starting on Thursday; the most recent occurrence was 2012 between 2009 and 2015. From February until March in this type of year is also the shortest period (one month) that runs between two instances of Friday the 13th.

In this common year, February is rectangular in calendar where weeks start on a Sunday, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 19, Valentine’s Day is on a Saturday, President's Day is on February 17, Saint Patrick’s Day is on a Tuesday, Memorial Day is on its earliest possible date, May 25, U.S. Independence Day and Halloween are on a Saturday, Labor Day is on its latest possible date, September 7, Veterans Day is on a Wednesday, Thanksgiving is on November 26, and Christmas is on a Friday. This common year is also the only one where Memorial Day and Labor Day are not 14 weeks (98 days) apart: they are 15 weeks (105 days) apart in this common year. Leap years starting on Wednesday share this characteristic. Like leap years starting on Wednesday, this common year also has the shortest gap between Halloween (October 31) and the end of Daylight Saving Time in the US (November 1) by one day. Prior to 2007, this common year had the longest gap between the end of Daylight Saving Time in the US (October 25) and Halloween by 6 days.

A common year is a year with 365 days, i.e. not a leap year.
This kind of year has 53 weeks in the ISO 8601 week - day format.

References

Calendars
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Friday, January 1 (dominical letter C).  Examples include 1971, 1982, 1993, 1999, 2010, 2021, and 2027 in the Gregorian calendar,
or 2011 and 2022 in the Julian calendar. This common year is one of the three possible common years in which a century year can begin on, and occurs in century years that yield a remainder of 100 when divided by 400. The most recent such year was 1700 and the next one will be 2100 in the Gregorian calendar (see bottom tables).

In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 18, Valentine’s Day is on a Sunday, Presidents Day is on its earliest possible date, February 15, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Wednesday, Mother’s Day is on May 9, Memorial Day is on its latest possible date, May 31, Father’s Day is on June 20, Independence Day is on a Sunday, Labor Day is on September 6, Columbus Day is on October 11, Halloween is on a Sunday, Veterans Day is on a Thursday, Thanksgiving is on November 25, and Christmas is on a Saturday.

This is one of three common years to have only one Friday the 13th, the other two being Common year starting on Wednesday and Common year starting on Saturday. The Friday the 13th in this common year is in August. This characteristic is shared with Leap Years Starting on Thursday but also have another one in February.

A common year is a year with 365 days, i.e., not a leap year.

 

This is the only year type where the nth "Doomsday" (this year Sunday) is not in ISO week  n; it is in ISO week n-1.

References

Calendars
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Saturday, January 1 (dominical letter B).  Examples include 1977, 1983, 1994, 2005, 2011, 2022 (the current year), and 2033 in the Gregorian calendar,
or Julian years 2017 and 2023 (see bottom tables). The question mark for the ISO week before week 1 is due to ambiguity based on whether or not the previous year was a leap year. If it was, then that week is week 53, if it was a common year then it is week 52. 

This common year is one of three common years that have only one Friday the 13th, the others being Common year starting on Wednesday and Common year starting on Friday. The Friday the 13th in this common year is in May. This characteristic is shared with a Leap year starting on Friday.

In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 17, Valentine’s Day is on a Monday, Presidents Day is on its latest possible date, February 21, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Thursday, Mother’s Day is on its earliest possible date, May 8, Memorial Day is on May 30, Father’s Day is on June 19, Independence Day is on a Monday, Labor Day is on September 5, Columbus Day is on October 10, Halloween is on a Monday, Veterans Day is on a Friday, Thanksgiving is on November 24, and Christmas is on a Sunday. 

A common year is a year with 365 days—in other words, not a leap year.

References

Calendars
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Sunday, January 1 (dominical letter A) or for any year in which “Doomsday” is Tuesday.  Examples include years 1978, 1989, 1995, 2006, 2017, and 2023 in the Gregorian calendar,
or Julian years 2018 and 2029 (See tables at bottom.)

In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 16, Valentine’s Day is on a Tuesday, Presidents Day is on February 20, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Friday, Mother’s Day is on its latest possible date, May 14, Memorial Day is on May 29, Father’s Day is on June 18, Independence Day is on a Tuesday, Labor Day is on September 4, Columbus Day is on October 9, Halloween is on a Tuesday, Veterans Day is on a Saturday, Thanksgiving is on November 23, and Christmas is on a Monday.

This common year is one of two common years that have two Friday the 13ths, the other two being Common year starting on Monday and Common year starting on Tuesday. The Friday the 13ths in this common year are in January and October.

A common year is a year with 365 days, in other words, not a leap year.

Notes

Calendars
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet switching network and we me of the first to use TCP/IP. It was made by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the United States Department of Defense. It was the main network of a set that came to make up the global Internet.

Internet
Gung Ye (, 869? - 24 July 918) was the Korean Goryeo Dynasty's first King. He was a Silla noble. His family name was Kim (김, 金), but was changed to Gung (궁, 弓). His first name was Seonjong (선종, 善宗).

Life 
He was the illegitimate child of King Heonan of Silla or Gyungmun of Silla. Later, around 880 he lost in the  Silla royal family's war of succession. Gung Ye disappeared in the north. In 900, he started a country called Goryeo.

References 

 The Academy of Korean Studies, Korea through the Ages Vol. 1, The Editor Publishing Co., Seoul, 2005. 

918 deaths
Korean monarchs
Murder victims
Kings and queens
Religious people
The Alvis Stormer, usually just called the Stormer, was a British armoured vehicle. It was in service with the British Army until mid-2009, when the Stormers were gradually retired.

It was made by the British company Alvis Vickers. Alvis Vickers is now called BAE Systems Global Combat Systems.

Different types of Stormer 
There are three different kinds of Stormer. These are:

Stormer HVM

The British Army use Stormers with the Starstreak missile for short range air defence.

Flat bed Stormer
A different kind of Stormer with a flat load bed is used to carry the Shielder minelaying system.

Stormer 30

Stormer 30 is a changed Stormer chassis which gives a tracked reconnaissance vehicle. This type has a turret.

The vehicle is still only a prototype. It is unknown when it will enter service. The vehicle will be able to be moved around by the C-130 Hercules used by the RAF aircraft as well as the CH-53, which is currently in service with NATO and other nations across the world.

Features 
 Weight: 13.5 tonnes
 Top speed: 80 kilometres per hour
Range: 650 km.

Related pages 
 Starstreak (missile)

References

Other websites 

Land vehicles
British Army equipment