cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Reichsuniversität Straßburg was founded 1941 by the National Socialists in Alsace. The purpose was to create a university continuousness to Universität Straßburg that existed till the 1. World War. Also, it was important for the German invaders to propagate the „pure German knowledge“ of National Socialistic character in occupied France. The Reichsuniversität was dissolved in 1944.

References 
Teresa Wróblewska: Die Reichsuniversitäten Posen, Prag und Strassburg als Modelle nationalsozialistischer Hochschulen in den von Deutschland besetzten Gebieten. Marszalek, Toruń 2000, 
Wechsler Patrick: La Faculté de médecine de la «Reichsuniversität Strassburg» (1941-1945), medical PhD, Nr. 191, Université Louis-Pasteur Straßburg, 1991 
Jens Th. Marx: Die vertagten medizinischen Fakultäten zu Straßburg in ihren historischen, politischen, universitätskonstitutionellen und wissenschaftlichen Kontexten 1538 - 1944, Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 2008

Nazism
Strasbourg
Strasbourg
1941 establishments in Europe
1944 disestablishments
1940s establishments in France
20th-century disestablishments in France
1940s disestablishments in Europe
The 'somatosensory system' is a sensory system that detects experiences labelled as touch or pressure, temperature (warm or cold), pain (including itch and tickle) and those that belong to proprioception. These are the sensations of muscle movement and joint position including posture, movement, visceral (internal) senses and facial expression. Visceral senses have to do with sensory information from within the body, such as stomach aches.

Touch may be considered one of five human senses; however, when a person touches something or somebody this gives rise to various feelings: the perception of pressure (shape, softness, texture, vibration, etc.), relative temperature and sometimes pain. Thus the term "touch" is actually the combined term for several senses. In medicine, the colloquial term "touch" is usually replaced with somatic senses, to better reflect the variety of mechanisms involved.

Related pages
 Proprioception

References
Flanagan, J.R., Lederman, S.J. Neurobiology: Feeling bumps and holes, News and Views, Nature, 2001 Jul. 26;412(6845):389-91.
Hayward V, Astley OR, Cruz-Hernandez M, Grant D, Robles-De-La-Torre G.  Haptic interfaces and devices . Sensor Review 24(1), pp. 16-29 (2004).
Robles-De-La-Torre G., Hayward V. Force Can OvercomFLARGUSe Object Geometry In the perception of Shape Through Active Touch . Nature 412 (6845):445-8 (2001).
Robles-De-La-Torre G. The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments . IEEE Multimedia 13(3), Special issue on Haptic User Interfaces for Multimedia Systems, pp. 24-30 (2006).

Other websites
 'Somatosensory & Motor research' (Informa Healthcare)
 Overview 
 Somatic vs. Special senses 

Somatosensory system
Schandmaul is a medieval folk rock band from Munich, Germany. They formed in 1998. The members right now are: Thomas Lindner, Birgit Muggenthaler, Anna Kränzlein, Martin Duckstein, Stefan Brunner, Matthias Richter. 
The first song (Teufelsweib) was recorded in 1998. In the following year they released their very first Album "Wahre Helden". In 2000 the Album "Von Spitzbuben und anderen Halunken" has been redorded and released. In 2001 the band was discorvered by a record label, which led to the rerelease of "Von Spitzbuben und Halunken".

Discography
Albums
 Wahre Helden (1999)
 Von Spitzbuben und anderen Halunken (2000)
 Narrenkönig (lit. Jester's King) (2002)
 Wie Pech & Schwefel (2004)
 Mit Leib und Seele (2006)
 Anderswelt (2008)
 Traumtänzer (2011)
 Unendlich (2014)
 Leuchtfeuer (2016)
 Artus (2019)

Live albums
 Hexenkessel (2003)
 Kunststück (2005)
 Sinnfonie (2009)

EPs
 Bin Unterwegs (June 2005)
 Kein Weg zu weit (February 24 2006)

DVDs
 Hexenkessel (2003)
 Kunststück (2005)
 Sinnbilder (2008)
 Sinnfonie (2009)
 Schandfilm (2011)

References

German rock bands
Folk metal bands
Itch (Latin: pruritus) is an unpleasant sensation that leads to the desire or reflex to scratch. Itch has many similarities to pain and both are unpleasant sensory experiences but their behavioral response patterns are different. Pain creates a reflex withdrawal while itch leads to a scratch reflex. Nerve fibers for itch and pain both are in the skin, but information for them is sent centrally in two distinct systems that both use the same nerve bundle.

Historically, the sensations of itch and pain have not been considered to be independent of each other until recently where it was found that itch has several features in common with pain but has important differences.

Causes

The feeling of itchiness can be caused by a movement of hair or the release of a chemical (histamine) from cells under the skin. Itchiness is regarded as protective, as it helps creatures remove parasites that land on their skin.

Itching can be caused by:
Food poisoning
Xerosis. This is the most common cause, frequently seen in winters.   Associated with older age, frequent bathing in hot showers or baths, and high temperature and low humidity environments.
 Skin conditions (such as psoriasis, eczema, sunburn, athlete's foot, hidradenitis suppurativa and many others). Most are of an inflammatory nature.
 Insect bites, such as those from mosquitos or chiggers.
 Allergic reactions to contact with specific chemicals, such as Urushiol from Poison Ivy or Poison Oak.
 Hodgkin's disease
 Jaundice (bilirubin is a skin irritant at high concentrations)
 Polycythemia, which can cause generalized itching due to increased histamine
 Scabies or infection with lice or worms
 Thyroid illness
 Shaving, which may irritate the skin
 Diabetes Mellitus
 Dandruff (an unusually large amount of flaking is associated with this sensation)
 Iron deficiency anemia
 Parasitic infections
 Psychiatric
 Medication:
 Allergy - (due to reaction of an individual's immune system to certain chemical compounds)
 Photodermatitis – (sun)light reacts with chemicals in the skin, leading to the formation of irritant metabolites
 Directly (e.g. morphine and other opiates)
Cholestasis
 Related to pregnancy:
 Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy (PUPPP)
 Gestational pemphigoid

Treatment

A variety of over-the-counter and prescription anti-itch drugs are available.  Some plant products have been found to be effective anti-pruritics, others not.  Non-chemical remedies include cooling, warming, soft stimulation.

Sometimes scratching relieves isolated itches, hence the existence of devices such as the back scratcher.  Often, however, scratching can intensify itching and even cause further damage to the skin, dubbed the "itch-scratch-itch cycle".

References
 Andrew D, Craig AD (2001). Spinothalamic lamina I neurons selectively sensitive to histamine: a central neural pathway for itch. Nature Neuroscience Jan;4(1):9-10.
 National Cancer Institute (2003) "Pruritus" Retrieved Aug. 22, 2005.

Symptoms
Joseph Yobo (born 6 September 1980) is a Nigerian football player who plays for Everton in the Premier League.

He is a defender who normally plays in the centre, but can play on the right of defence or in midfield.

He signed from French side Olympique Marseille in 2001 and has become a favourite at Everton ever since.

He is the Everton vice-captain and first captained Everton against Larissas in a 3-1 victory in the UEFA Cup, replacing the injured Phil Neville.

Yobo is also captain of the national Nigerian side.

When he first joined Everton he wore the number 20 on his shirt, but this changed to 4 when Alan Stubbs left for Sunderland

Club career statistics 

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="4"|Standard Liège||rowspan="4"|First Division||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1998/99||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1999/00||18||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2000/01||30||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||30||2

|-
|2001/02||Olympique Marseille||Division 1||23||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||0

|-
|2001/02||Tenerife||Segunda División||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="8"|Everton||rowspan="8"|Premier League||24||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||26||0
|-
|2003/04||28||2||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||31||2
|-
|2004/05||27||0||3||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|2005/06||29||1||0||0||1||0||4||1||34||2
|-
|2006/07||38||2||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||40||2
|-
|2007/08||30||1||0||0||2||0||7||0||39||1
|-
|2008/09||26||1||0||0||1||0||2||0||29||1
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
48||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||48||2
23||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||0
0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
202||7||5||0||12||0||13||1||232||8
273||9||5||0||12||0||13||1||303||10
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2001||7||0
|-
|2002||12||0
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||10||2
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||7||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||10||2
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||62||4
|}

Related pages 
 List of Nigerians

References 

1980 births
Living people
Nigerian footballers
Joleon Patrick Lescott (born 16 August 1982) is an English footballer who plays for Manchester City and the England national football team. He is a defender who can play on the left or in the centre.

Lescott was born in Birmingham. At 17 he began playing for the Wolverhampton Wanderers.  In 2006 he was named in the Championship team of the season.  He also got the Wolves' Player of the Year award.

Lescott was sold to Everton at the start of the 2006–07 season. On 8 May 2008, Lescott was voted Everton's Player of the Year and Players Player of the Year.

Following the end of the 2008–09 season, Manchester City tried to sign Lescott.  Everton said no. On 11 August 2009, Lescott asked to move to Manchester City.  Again Everton said no.  The manager said Lescott had a "bad attitude" and did not have him play.  Then on 25 August 2009 he was traded to Manchester City.  Fans in Everton are now angry at Lescott for leaving.  They boo when he takes the field.

On 13 May 2012 Lescott helped Man City win their first premiership title in 44 years.

References

1982 births
Living people
Black British sportspeople
English footballers
Manchester City F.C. players
Sportspeople from Birmingham
Premier League players
Mikel Arteta (born 26 March 1982) is a Spanish professional football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of Premier League club Arsenal.

He first signed for Everton on loan from Spanish side Real Sociedad in 2005, but after many good performances manager David Moyes made this move permanent.

Despite being rated one of the best midfielders in English football, Arteta has never played for Spain.

On 12 March 2020, it was announced that Arteta had tested positive for COVID-19 amid its pandemic in the UK.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||0||0||||||||||||||0||0
|-
|2000/01||0||0||||||||||||||0||0

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Paris Saint-Germain||rowspan="2"|Division 1||6||1||||||||||||||6||1
|-
|2001/02||25||1||||||||||||||25||1

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Rangers||rowspan="2"|Premier League||27||4||||||||||||||27||4
|-
|2003/04||23||8||||||||||||||23||8

|-
|2004/05||Real Sociedad||La Liga||15||1||||||||||||||15||1

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Everton||rowspan="6"|Premier League||12||1||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||1
|-
|2005/06||29||1||4||1||1||0||3||0||37||2
|-
|2006/07||35||9||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||39||9
|-
|2007/08||28||1||0||0||2||0||7||3||37||4
|-
|2008/09||26||5||3||1||0||0||2||0||31||6
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
15||1||||||||||||||15||1
31||2||||||||||||||31||2
50||12||||||||||||||50||12
130||17||9||2||6||0||12||3||157||22
226||32||9||2||6||0||12||3||253||37
|}

References
Mikel Arteta MySpace
Profile  at evertonfc.com
Profile at Yahoo! Sports
Profile  at 4thegame.com
Photos and stats at sporting-heroes.net

1982 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
People from San Sebastian
John Winter (September 8, 1967 - April 5, 2007) was a weather man for NBC's channel WFLA-TV in Tampa, Florida.

Winter was born and grew up in Seminole, Florida. He was a graduate of Seminole High School. Winter was a Bachelor of Arts graduate in weather at the University of Kansas. He started his job as a television weather man at KGBT-TV in Harlingen, Texas. Winter worked there for two years before he moved near Tampa in 1994. It was in Tampa that he started working for WFLA-TV.  He was most often the morning meteorologist for WFLA-TV but he sometimes would make the evening reports. Winter held the "Seal of Approval" from the American Meteorological Society.

As well as being a weather man, Winter also owned the company "Big U Media" with a friend who also worked at WFLA-TV. Big U Media was an advertising company. He was also a member of a local charitable organization and Mardi Gras krewe, The Rough Riders. They helped underprivileged and sick children by giving teddy bears at homeless shelters and in hospitals.

Winter loved animals. Each hour, during his morning weather reports, he would show an animal up for adoption. He did this for the local animal shelters. The adoption rate was very good.

Death
On April 5, 2007, the police got a telephone call from an unknown person about problems at Winter's home. While the deputies pounded on his front door of his home in the Tealside section of Lithia, Winter shot himself. He died very quickly. His death was a surprise to the people who worked with him and viewers. He had left the WFLA after a newscast the night before cheerful and upbeat in mood. It was learned that he suffered from severe depression.

References
 Meteorologist Was A Ray Of Sunshine  on TBO.com, April 6, 2007
 Forecaster's suicide stuns co-workers, fans on sptimes.com, April 7, 2007

1967 births
2007 deaths
Businesspeople from Florida
American meteorologists
Scientists from Florida
People from Tampa, Florida
The ecliptic is the apparent path that the Sun traces out in the sky during the year.

The Sun appears to move against the background of stars because the Earth orbits the Sun.

The ecliptic plane should be distinguished from the invariable plane. That is the average plane of the orbits of the planets. The present ecliptic plane is inclined to the invariable ecliptic plane by about 1.5°.

The name ecliptic is derived from being the place where eclipses occur.

References 

Celestial mechanics
Singapore Changi Airport , or simply Changi Airport, is a commercial airport serving Singapore, and is one of the largest transportation hubs in Asia. It is located in Changi, at the eastern part of the island of Singapore, on a  site. The airport also consists of Jewel Changi Airport.

The airport is operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS), and is the home base of Singapore Airlines, Singapore Airlines Cargo, Jetstar Asia Airways and Scoot.

Singapore Changi Airport has been rated the best airport in the world by Skytrax for 8 years in a row. The airport has also been rated as being one of the world's cleanest airports and highly rated international transit airports.

History 
Changi Airport opened on July 1, 1981, and was the largest airport in Asia at the time of its opening. The first flight to arrive at the new airport came from Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia and the first flight to leave was for Penang, also in Malaysia.

When the airport first opened, it only handled about 8 million passengers a year. This number has grown, and in 2015, the airport handled a record of 55,448,964 passengers, a 2.5% increase over the previous year.

Design
The airport currently has four terminal buildings:
 Terminal 1 is the oldest and opened with the airport in 1981.
 Terminal 2 was the next to open, doing so in 1990.
 Terminal 3 is quite new, having opened only in 2008.
 Terminal 4 is the newest terminal, having opened on 31 October 2017. There used to be a terminal just for budget airlines, but it was destroyed to make way for Terminal 4. Terminal 4 now sits on the land that the old terminal for budget airlines used to occupy.
People can go between Terminals 1, 2, and 3 (but not Terminal 4) using an automatic, driverless train called the Skytrain. The system opened in 1990 and received new trains in 2006. A new building with shops and hotels is being built that will connect to each of these three terminals directly. It is called Jewel Changi Airport and will be ready in early 2019.

A new terminal building, Terminal 5, is being built on an empty piece of land opposite the current airport terminals. It will open in the 2020s and be bigger in size than Terminals 1, 2, and 3 combined.

Ground transportation
It is very easy to get to and from Changi Airport.

One of the stations on Singapore's MRT network is called Changi Airport, and it is located at the end of a two-stop branch of the East West Line. The station, which opened in 2002, is located between Terminals 2 and 3 of the airport and can be reached from both terminals. To get into the city one has to change to another East West Line train at Tanah Merah or, since 2017, to the Downtown Line at Expo. Terminal 5 could possibly be served by an extension of the Thomson-East Coast Line when it is completed.

References

Other websites 

 Singapore Changi Airport Official Site

Transport in Singapore
Airports in Asia
Buildings and structures in Singapore
Changi
1981 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in Singapore
The Middle class describes people who are not aristocrats nor working class or underclass. Depending on class model used, the middle class may make up anywhere from 45% to 49% of households in the United States. There is a lower middle class and an upper middle class. In Marxism, middle class is the class below the ruling class. The word bourgeoisie may also be used as a synonym of middle class.

Related pages
White-collar worker
Proletariat
Petite bourgeoisie
Yuppie

Economics
Social groups
The Democratic-Republican Party was founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1792. It became the most popular political party until the 1820s, when it split into competing factions, one of which became the modern-day Democratic Party. Its members spoke of the party as the Republicans, Jeffersonians, Democrats, or combinations of these (Jeffersonian republicans, etc.).

Jefferson and Madison created the party in order to oppose the economic and foreign policies of the Federalists, a party created a year or so earlier by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. Foreign policy issues were central; the party opposed the Jay Treaty of 1794 with Britain (then at war with France) and supported good relations with France before 1801. The party was against many of Hamilton's proposals concerning the Constitution.

Note that this party is different from the modern-day Republican Party.

References 
 Henry Adams, History of the United States during the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson (1889; Library of America ed. 1986)
 Henry Adams, History of the United States during the Administrations of James Madison (1891; Library of America ed. 1986)

Biographies 
 Cunningham, Noble E. In Pursuit of Reason The Life of Thomas Jefferson () (1987)

State studies 

 Prince, Carl E. New Jersey’s Jeffersonian Republicans: The Genesis of an Early Party Machine, 1789-1817 (1967)

Newspapers 

 Stewart, Donald H. The Opposition Press of the Federalist Era (1968), highly detailed study of Republican newspapers
 The complete text, searchable, of all early American newspapers are online at Readex America’s Historical Newspapers, available at research libraries.

Primary sources 
 Adams, John Quincy. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848 Volume VII (1875) edited by Charles Francis Adams; (). Adams, son of the president, switched and became a Republican in 1808
 Cunningham, Noble E., Jr., ed. The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809 (1965) excerpts from primary sources
 Cunningham, Noble E., Jr., ed. Circular Letters of Congressmen to Their Constituents 1789-1829 (1978), 3 vol; reprints the political newsletters sent out by congressmen
 Kirk, Russell ed. John Randolph of Roanoke: A study in American politics, with selected speeches and letters, 4th ed., Liberty Fund, 1997, 588 pp. ; Randolph was a leader of the "Old Republican" faction
 Smith, James Morton, ed. The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776-1826 Volume 2 (1994)

Notes

Other websites 
 A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825 

Political parties in the United States
1792 establishments in the United States
1820s disestablishments in North America
19th-century disestablishments in the United States
Strict construction means a restriction of judicial interpretation. In the United States the phrase is also commonly used more loosely as a term for conservativism among the judiciary.

Strict sense of the term 
In its strict sense, strict construction requires a judge to apply the text as it is written and no farther, if the meaning of the text is clear. That is, judges should avoid drawing  from a statute or constitution. 

For example, Justice Hugo Black argued that the First Amendment's  that "Congress shall make no law," should be construed strictly: the term "no law," Black thought, admitted virtually no exceptions.

References

Law
Race Horses are an indie/pop band from Aberystwyth, Wales. They started in 2005 as Radio Luxembourg. Its members were Meilyr Jones, Dylan Hughes, Gwion Llewelyn and Alun Gaffey. They split in 2012.

2005 establishments in the United Kingdom
2010s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
British pop music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 2005
Welsh musical groups
2000s establishments in Wales
The Federalist Party (or Federal Party) was an American political party from 1792 to 1816. The Federalists controlled the federal government until 1801. Alexander Hamilton formed the party during George Washington's first term.  Hamilton  built a network of supporters for his financial policies.  Many supporters came from cities. These supporters grew into the Federalist Party, which wanted a fiscally sound and strong nationalistic government.

With the start of the new government under the Constitution, President George Washington appointed his former chief of staff, Alexander Hamilton, to the office of Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton wanted a strong national government with financial credibility. 

By 1790, Hamilton started building a nationwide coalition. He and his network of treasury agents tried to link together friends of the government, especially merchants and bankers, in the new nation's dozen major cities. His attempts to manage politics in the national capital to get his plans through Congress, then, "brought strong responses across the country. In the process, what began as a capital faction soon assumed status as a national faction and then, finally, as the new Federalist party." 

The party opposed the War of 1812 and dwindled away after the war in 1816. 

Hamilton and others published a number of newspaper articles from about 1790, which are known as Federalist Papers today.

References

Other websites 
 A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 

Political parties in the United States
1792 establishments in the United States
1816 disestablishments
1810s disestablishments in the United States
International relations is a branch of political science. Predominant study topics are politics, economics and law on a global level. It represents the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system, including the roles of states, diplomacy, international organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs).

United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization that describes itself as a "global association of governments facilitating co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity"; It is the most prominent international institution. Many of the legal institutions follow the same organisational structure as the UN.

Economic institutions
World Trade Organisation
World Bank
International Monetary Fund
African Development Bank
Asian Development Bank

International legal bodies

Human rights
United Nations Human Rights Council
Human Rights Committee
European Court of Human Rights
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
International Criminal Court

Legal
International Court of Justice
European Court of Justice
African Court of Justice
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea

Regional security arrangements
ASEAN
Arab League
CIS
CSCAP
Maritime security regime
NATO
RECAAP
SCO

Related pages
Thomas Hobbes Leviathan
Immanuel Kant Perpetual Peace
Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince
Jean-Jacques Rousseau The social contract
Thucydides The History of the Peloponnesian war
Political science is a branch of social science that is concerned with theory, description, analysis and prediction of political behavior, political systems and politics.

Political scientists study the allocation and transfer of power in decision-making, the roles and systems of governance including governments and international organizations, political behavior and public policies. They measure the success of governance and specific policies by examining many factors, including stability, justice, material wealth, and peace.

Related pages 
 Civics
 Constitutional economics
 Debate
 Diplomacy
 Freedom of speech
 Government
 International relations
 Jurisdiction
 Law
 Nation
 Political economy
 Political philosophy
 Politics
 Policy
 State
 War

Further reading 
 American Political Science Review - The Evolution of Political Science . APSR Centennial Volume - Special Issue - November 2006

Other websites 

 American Political Science Association
 International Political Science Association 
 Political Studies Association of the UK
 PROL: Political Science Research Online (prepublished research)
 Truman State University Political Science Research Design Handbook
 A New Nation Votes: American Elections Returns 1787-1825 

Social sciences
Thnks fr th Mmrs is a 2007 song by Fall Out Boy. It is the second single from Infinity on High, the band's fourth album. It was released on March 27, 2007 in the United States. The title is short for "Thanks for the Memories". It has been certified Gold by RIAA. It was used by Network Ten in Australia to promote the 2007 AFL Finals Series.

2007 songs
Fall Out Boy songs
In dimensional analysis, a dimensionless quantity (or more precisely, a quantity with the dimensions of 1) is a quantity without any physical units and thus a pure number. Such a number is typically defined as a product or ratio of quantities which do have units, in such a way that all the units cancel out.

Example 
"out of every 10 apples I gather, 1 is rotten." -- the rotten-to-gathered ratio is (1 apple) / (10 apples) = 0.1 = 10%, which is a dimensionless quantity.

List of dimensionless quantities 
There are infinitely many dimensionless quantities and they are often called numbers. Some of those that are used most often have been given names, as in the following list of examples (alphabetical order):

Other websites 
 Biographies of 16 scientists with dimensionless numbers of heat and mass transfer named after them 
 How Many Fundamental Constants Are There? by John Baez
 Michael Sheppard, Systematic Search for Expressions of Dimensionless Constants using the NIST database of Physical Constants, 2007

Mathematics
Dancing with the Stars is an American television series where professional dancers are partnered with celebrities. The couples compete against each other in a dance competition and one couple is eliminated in each episode. The show began in 2004 and is shown on the ABC television network. The show has different series which use various different names in over 40 countries. It was originally based on the British series Strictly Come Dancing.

A video game has been made based on the show.

References

Other websites
 

2004 television series debuts
2000s television series
2010s television series
Dancing with the Stars
ABC network shows
Infinity on High is the third album by American rock band Fall Out Boy, released in February 2007 by Island. It sold very well in the US and worldwide. Four singles have been released from it. They are "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race", "Thnks fr th Mmrs", ""The Take Over, the Breaks Over"" and "I'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You Off (Me & You)".

Track listing 
All songs written by Fall Out Boy, except when noted.
 "Thriller" – 3:29
 "The Take Over, the Breaks Over" – 3:33
 "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" – 3:32
 "I'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You off (Me & You)" – 3:31
 "Hum Hallelujah" – 3:50 (Fall Out Boy, Cohen)
 "Golden" – 2:32
 "Thnks fr th Mmrs" – 3:23
 "Don't You Know Who I Think I Am?" – 2:51
 "The (After) Life of the Party" – 3:21
 "The Carpal Tunnel of Love" – 3:23 (Fall Out Boy, Eisold)
 "Bang the Doldrums" – 3:31
 "Fame < Infamy" – 3:06
 "You're Crashing, But You're No Wave" – 3:42
 "I've Got All This Ringing in My Ears and None on My Fingers" – 4:06

2007 albums
Fall Out Boy albums
Island Records albums
Pop punk albums
Rock albums
A discrete cosine transform is a math process that can be used to make things like MP3s, and JPEGs smaller. It does this by breaking the sound or picture into different frequencies.

One way to calculate a discrete cosine transform is to use the Fourier transformation.
"Discrete" means that it works on discrete-time signals (sampled data).

Sounds 

For sounds, frequencies are the same as simple tones. You can make any sound by playing several tones at the same time. The discrete cosine transform is a way to find out which tones to play in order to make a given sound. The only difference between the tones is their pitch.

Human ears are good at hearing low pitches, but bad at hearing high pitches. If you use the DCT to break a sound into tones, you do not need to be as careful when playing the higher tones because people cannot hear them as well. MP3 encoders (programs which make MP3s) use this fact to make the sound smaller.

Pictures 

With pictures, frequencies are like stripes and checker patterns. Just like with sound, you can make any picture out of different frequencies. Also like sound, people's eyes are not as good at seeing high frequencies (hard edges and fine grain) as low frequencies (solid colors and smooth shades). JPEG encoders use this fact almost exactly the same way as MP3 encoders do.

Technology
In politics, representation describes how political power is given from a large group for a certain time period in the hands of a comparatively small group of its members. Representation usually refers to representative democracies, where elected officials (called representatives) nominally speak for their electors in the legislature.  Generally, only citizens have representation in the government in the form of voting rights. The term representation can be used in a number of different ways. Representation can be understood in terms of how legislators represent their constituents.

References 
Ulbig, Stacy G. (2005) "Political Realities and Political Trust: Descriptive Representation in Municipal Government". Southwestern Political Science Association Meeting. Retrieved from   on July 19, 2005.
Breakdown of Federal Highway Spending, State by State

Other websites
Analysis of reapportionment after the 1990 US census , from an Arizona State University website

Politics
Allotment, also known as sortition, is a method of selection by some form of lottery. It is used to have an equal chance to be selected for those that are involved. For instance it is done by drawing coloured pebbles from a bag. In the democracy of Athens in Ancient Greece sortition was the main method for appointing officials. People thought it this method was one of the principal characteristics of democracy. 

Aristotle saw equality and democracy in a close context:

"Democracy arose from the idea that those who are equal in any respect are equal absolutely. All are alike free, therefore they claim that all are free absolutely... The next is when the democrats, on the grounds that they are all equal, claim equal participation in everything."

Examples
Historical
The Athenian democracy made much use of sortition, with nearly all government offices filled by lottery rather than by election.
The Doge of Venice was appointed by a lengthy procedure using alternating rounds of sortition and election.
The Signoria of Florence and other Italian city republics was elected by lot during the medieval period.

Related pages
Election
Appointment

References

Other websites
Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform  (official website).
South Australian Constitutional Convention  (official website)
The Loka Institute  (official website)
Sortition. Newsletter of the Society for Democracy including Random Selection (UK).
A Citizen Legislature
Integrating Public Voting And Random Selection for True Democracy

Ancient Greece
Politics
The Round Table was a table used by King Arthur and his knights, in the legends about him. The Round Table was in Camelot, the castle where King Arthur and his knights lived. In the legends, they met at the table to talk about the safety of Camelot and the kingdom, and about what adventures and quests they could go on. This got them the name 'The Knights of the Round Table'.

Shape 
The shape of the table was very important. Most tables are rectangular, and have a place called the "head of the table". This is the narrow part at the top, where the leader usually sits. Because the table was round, it meant that the people who sat around it were all seen as equal.

Characters 
The table is used by King Arthur and his knights. King Arthur's wife, Guinevere, did not have a seat at the table, but King Arthur did take her advice on occasion. In some versions of the legend, the wizard who lived in Camelot, called Merlin, also had a seat at the table. He was seen by King Arthur as a good friend and adviser.

Dangerous Chair (Siege Perilous) 
Some legends also note a special chair at the Round Table, called the Siege Perilous, or 'Dangerous Chair'. Legend says that the seat could only be used by a knight who had a pure heart. A person with a pure heart was seen as someone who had committed no crimes or done any wrong. In the tale, anyone who sat in the chair but did not have a pure heart would die instantly. It was kept free by Merlin for the person who would one day find an object called the Holy Grail. This was a magical cup that was supposed to have been the one that Jesus drank out of during the Last Supper. In the story, this person was either Sir Galahad or Sir Percival, depending on what version of the story is told.

Related pages
 King Arthur
 Camelot
 Knights of the Round Table
 Holy Grail

Arthurian legend
This Ain't A Scene, It's an Arms Race is a 2007 single by Fall Out Boy, from the album Infinity on High. The song has reached number 1 in New Zealand, United States of America and Croatia.

Video Clip 
The video clip starts off with the band finishing performing Dance, Dance. They then walk off the stage, and one person starts playing This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race on their mobile phone MP3 player. They then start performing the song in a recording studio. From the second verse, the band all do separate things.

2007 songs
Fall Out Boy songs
"The Take Over, The Breaks Over" (the quotes are a part of the name) is a 2007 song by the band Fall Out Boy. It was released in 2007 on their album Infinity on High.

Music Video 
The clip focuses on Pete Wenz's dog, Hemmingway. The clip, which was made in black and white, shows Hemmingway in a dream.

Fall Out Boy songs
2007 songs
Serket was an ancient Egyptian goddess. She was shown as a scorpion. She would sting "bad" people, but she could also cure scorpion stings and other poisons, such as snake bites. Because Serket could cure snake bites, she was sometimes known as the protector from Apep, the evil snake-god.

She was shown in art as a scorpion or as a woman with a scorpion on her head. Serket did not have any temples, but she had many priests.

Many people in ancient Egypt who were bitten by poisonous animals died from the poison. Because of this, Serket was also known as a protector of the dead. She was associated with fluids that cause stiffening during embalming. This caused her to become known as a protector of embalmers' tents and of the canopic jar for the intestine (Qebehsenuf). The intestine's canopic jar was the one associated with poisons. 

Because she was a protector of canopic jars, Serket was associated with Aset (Isis), and Nebet Het (Nephthys) and Neith. Later, Serket began to be known as Isis. Serket came to be known as a part of Isis, instead of a separate goddess.

References

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Decision making is the mental process that leads to the selection of an action among several alternatives. Every decision making process produces a final choice. The output can be an action or an opinion.

There is a growing awareness that people often make good decisions rapidly without knowing how they do it. This runs against the older rational decision-making ideas.

Related pages
Adaptive unconscious
Forecasting
Majority rule
Political science
Risk

References

Other websites
 Emotional and Decision Making Lab, Carnegie Mellon, EDM Lab 
 The de Borda Institute - Emerson, P J.  Beyond the Tyranny of the Majority, a comparison of the more common voting procedures used in both decision making and elections.
 Decision Analysis in Health Care  - An online course from George Mason University providing free lectures and tools for decision making in health care.
 DecideBetter! - An online resource to help make better decisions in your everyday lives.

Psychology
Terror is a state of fear, an overwhelming sense of imminent danger.
See Horror

Terror could also mean:

In history 
Reign of Terror, a period of extreme violence, 1793 - 1794, during the French Revolution
The last weeks of the Reign of Terror are sometimes referred to as the "Red Terror" or "Great Terror"; see below for other uses of those terms.
Red Terror, a campaign of repression and violence by Bolsheviks in Soviet Russia 1918 - 1922
White Terror, acts of violence by reactionary groups as part of a counter-revolution
The White Terror (France), two similar movements against the French Revolution 1794 - 1795
Great Terror, another name for the Great Purge, campaigns of repression and persecution in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s

In popular culture
The Terror (1963 movie), a 1963 horror movie directed by Roger Corman
The Terror (novel), a 2007 novel by Dan Simmons
Terror (band), an American hardcore punk band from California
"Terror", a song by My Ruin from their 1999 album Speak and Destroy

In comics
Terror (New England Comics), a supervillain from The Tick comic books, cartoon, and live-action TV series 
Terror Inc., a 1992 Marvel Comics series
Terror (Marvel Comics), the fictional Marvel Comics character of the 1940s

Other uses
Green terror, a tropical freshwater fish
Night terror, a sleep disorder
HMS Terror (disambiguation), nine ships of the Royal Navy
USS Terror (disambiguation), three ships of the United States Navy
Mount Terror (disambiguation), two mountains

Related pages
Terrorism
Terrorist (disambiguation)
The Reign of Terror or simply The Terror was a period of about 11 months during the French Revolution, led by Maximilien de Robespierre. During this time, French people who did not support the revolution were executed at the guillotine.

The Reign of Terror was announced on 5 September, 1793. A Revolutionary Tribunal decided who would be killed. This happened more and more often in June and July of 1794, a period called la Grande Terreur (The Great Terror). On 17 July 1794, sixteen nuns attracted much attention by singing a religious song as they were being executed for treason. The Terror ended ten days later, when several important leaders of the Reign of Terror were executed, including Saint-Just and Robespierre. The Terror took the lives of between 18,500 to 40,000 people.

Robespierre died due to the Thermidorian Reaction against the Jacobins, by being executed with the guillotine. This was a revolt against the revolution otherwise called a counter-revolution.  Robespierre was one of the last to be guillotined, after the 21 followers.

Other websites 
The Terror from In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)

French Revolution
Terrorism
1793
1794 in France
A political faction is a grouping of individuals, especially within a political organization, such as a political party, a trade union, or other group with a political purpose.  
It may also be called a power bloc, or a voting bloc.  

The individuals within a faction are united in a common goal for the organization they are a part of. They stick together to achieve this goal and improve their position within the organization.

A political faction could be described as a “party within a party”. But political factions are not limited to political parties; they can form within any group that has some sort of political aim or purpose.

Examples of modern political factions

United States

Within the Democratic Party
Democratic Leadership Council

Within the Republican Party
Christian Right (made up of Christian Voice, Moral Majority, Christian Coalition, and Focus on the Family. The Christian Right claims to champion Biblical values)

China
In the history of the Republic of China from 1911 until 1949, factionalisation within the Chinese Nationalist Kuomintang was a large problem for the central government, especially for Chiang Kai-Shek. Warlord factions which had been persuaded to ally with Chiang during the (1926–1927) had to be constantly pacified, as well as regional military governors who ruled regions that were not directly administered by Chiang's central government. Often historians conclude that this lack of unity contributed to the defeat of the Nationalists in holding mainland China during the Chinese Civil War.

References
Etymology on line

Politics

fa:جناح سیاسی
The French Constitution of 1791 was the second written Constitution of France. The new French Government started using it after the French Revolution. It had the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen for its introduction.

This Constitution said that France was going to have a constitutional monarchy. The biggest disagreement was over how much power the King of France should have in such a system. After very long negotiations, the first Constitution was brought in September of 1791. 

It created a constitutional monarchy. But the king ran away anyways, because he was scared of the Jacobins, who didn't like kings.

The idea of Separation of powers was the basis for the Constitution: The National Convention was the legislative body, the King and the Ministers made up the executive branch, and the judicial branch was independent from the other two. However, the French Revolution still continued after this document was signed. 

The constitution tried to create a liberal bourgeois constitutional monarchy, but this did not work out. On 10 August 1792 the monarchy of France ended.

Other websites 
 The Constitution of 1791 

1791
1790s in France
France
The Knights of the Round Table were characters in the legends about King Arthur. They were the best knights in King Arthur's kingdom, and lived in King Arthur's castle, Camelot. They were called the Knights of the Round Table because of a special table that was in Camelot, that was round instead of rectangular. This meant that everyone who sat around it was seen as trustworthy and equal.

Code of chivalry  
In order to become a Knight of the Round Table, a knight had to prove he was chivalrous (polite) enough. In the legend, the knights swore a Code of Chivalry, which is much like an oath is today. This meant that they promised to uphold the rules given to them once they became a Knight of the Round Table.

Sir Thomas Malory wrote a book based on the legend of King Arthur. It was called Le Morte d'Arthur. In it, he wrote his version of the Code of Chivalry:

 To never do outrage nor murder (not to assault or murder anybody)
 Always to flee treason (do not commit treason, a crime against your country or king)
 To by no means be cruel but to give mercy unto him who asks for mercy (Do not be mean. Grant mercy to those who ask, even in combat.)
 To always do ladies, gentlewomen and widows succor ('succor' is an old word for help; this means that the knight must promise to help women if they need it.)
 To never force ladies, gentlewomen or widows (never 'harm' women.)
 Not to take up battles in wrongful quarrels for love or worldly goods (do not ever join in fights over anything less than God or country)
 To fear God and maintain His Church

List of the Knights of the Round Table 
In different stories, there are different numbers of knights, ranging from 12 to more than 150. The Winchester Round Table shows 25 Knights. The most commonly mentioned in literature include:

This is a list of other knights mentioned as being Knights of the Round Table.

References in other works

Kingsman: The Secret Service 
In the 2014 movie, Kingsman: The Secret Service, each of the Kingsman agents is named after one of the knights of the Round Table. Gary "Eggsy" Unwin, the main character, has the code name 'Galahad'. This is also the code name of Harry Hart, Eggsy's mentor. Roxy Morton, the only female Kingsman, has the codename 'Lancelot'. 'Arthur' is the codename for the leader of Kingsman, while 'Merlin' is the codename for their trainer and tech coordinator.

One of the fictional Fate media franchise's most well known characters, "Saber" aka Artoria Pendragon, is a female character based on King Arthur. In the mobile game Fate/Grand Order, she alongside various other Knights of the Round Table (Lancelot, Gawain, Bedivere, Tristan), as well as Mordred, can be summoned as usable characters. Additionally, in Fate/Grand Order, Sir Galahad is the Heroic Spirit that was summoned into the body of another character in the game, Mash Kyrielight, and therefore is the one to bestow her his powers.

Related pages
Round Table

Other websites 
Timeless Myths page for Knights of the Round Table

Arthurian legend
Fictional knights
The executive is the branch of government that is responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. (Executive is short for executive branch or executive power.)

Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is not supposed to make laws (role of the legislature), nor to interpret them (role of the judiciary). The executive is supposed to put the laws into action.

The executive is led by the head of Government. The Head of Government is assisted by a number of ministers, who usually have responsibilities for particular areas (e.g. health, education, foreign affairs), and by many government employees or civil servants.

In a presidential system, this person (the President) may also be the head of State, but in a parliamentary system, he or she is usually the leader of the largest party in the legislature and is most commonly termed the Prime Minister (Taoiseach in the Republic of Ireland, (Federal) Chancellor in Germany and Austria). In France, executive power is shared between the President and the Prime Minister and this system has been reproduced in a number of former French colonies. Switzerland and Bosnia and Herzegovina have similar systems.

Related pages
 Constitution
 Constitutional economics
 Political economy

Government