cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
For the second operand of a division, see division (mathematics).

In mathematics, a divisor of an integer n, also called a factor of n, is an integer which divides n without leaving a remainder. The statement "m is a divisor of n" can be written as . Any number is always divisible by 1 and itself, which are two of the divisors. A prime number is a number with no other divisors. The positive divisors of a number n, other than n itself, are the proper divisors of n.

Finding one or more factors of a given number is called factorization.


Explanation 

For example, 7 is a divisor of 42 because 42÷7 = 6. We also say that "42 is divisible by 7", "42 is a multiple of 7", "7 divides 42", or "7 is a factor of 42", and we usually write 7 | 42. For example, the positive divisors of 42 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42.

In general, we say that m divides n for non-zero integers m and n, if and only if there exists an integer k such that n = km.  Thus, divisors can be negative as well as positive, although we often restrict our attention to positive divisors. (For example, there are six divisors of four, 1, 2, 4, -1, -2, -4, but one would usually mention only the positive ones, 1, 2, and 4.) 

1 and -1 divide (are divisors of) every integer, every integer is a divisor of itself, and every integer is a divisor of 0, except by convention 0 itself (see also Division by zero). Numbers divisible by 2 are called even, and numbers not divisible by 2 are called odd.

A divisor of n that is not 1, -1, n or -n is known as a non-trivial divisor; numbers with non-trivial divisors are known as composite numbers, while prime numbers have no non-trivial divisors.

The name comes from the arithmetic operation of division: if a÷b = c, then a is the dividend, b the divisor, and c the quotient.

Spotting divisors 
There are properties which allow one to recognize certain divisors of a number from the number's digits. Those properties can be used as "math tricks" to quickly spot some divisors of a number.

For example, if the last digit is even (0, 2, 4, 6 or 8), then 2 is a divisor. If the last digit is 0 or 5, then 5 is a divisor. If the digits add up to a multiple of 3, then 3 is a divisor. For the number 340, ending in "0" then both 2 and 5 are divisors, plus 2×5 = 10 is also a divisor. Dividing by 10, 340/10 = 34, as finally 2×17. Combining all the smaller numbers, the 12 divisors of 340 are:
 Divisors of 340:  1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 17, 20, 34, 68, 85, 170, 340.
Note that any number is always evenly divisible by 1 and itself.

Related pages 

 Coprime
 Euclid's lemma

References

Other websites 

 Online Number Factorizer Instantly factors numbers up to 17 digits long
 Factoring Calculator -- Factoring calculator that displays the prime factors and the prime and non-prime divisors of a given number.

Arithmetics
In arithmetic, the result of the division of two integers usually cannot be expressed with an integer quotient, unless a remainder—an amount "left over" after the division—is also accepted.

The remainder for natural numbers 
Given a natural number a and a non-zero natural number d, it can be shown that there exist unique integers q and r, such that a = qd + r and 0 ≤ r < d. The number q is called the quotient, while r is called the remainder.

Examples 
 When dividing 13 by 10, 1 is the quotient and 3 is the remainder, since 13=1×10+3.
 When dividing 26 by 4, 6 is the quotient and 2 is the remainder, since 26=6×4+2.
 When dividing 56 by 7, 8 is the quotient and 0 is the remainder, since 56=8×7+0.
 When dividing 9 by 10, 0 is the quotient and 9 is the remainder, since 9=0×10+9.

The case of general integers 
If a and d are integers with d being non-zero, then a remainder is an integer r such that a = qd + r for some integer q, and with 0 ≤ |r| < |d|.

When defined this way, there are two possible remainders. For example, the division of -42 by -5 can be expressed as either

-42 = 9 ×(-5) + 3

or

-42 = 8 ×(-5) + (-2).

So the remainder is then either 3 or -2.

This ambiguity in the value of the remainder is not very serious; in the case above, the negative remainder is obtained from the positive one just by subtracting 5, which is d. This holds in general. When dividing by d, if the positive remainder is r1, and the negative one is r2, then

r1 = r2 + d.

The remainder for real numbers
When a and d are real numbers, with d being non-zero, then a can be divided by d without remainder, with the quotient being another real number. If the quotient is constrained to being an integer, however, the concept of remainder is still necessary. It can be proved that there exists a unique integer quotient q and a unique real remainder r such that a=qd+r with 0≤r < |d|. Similar to the case of division of integers, the remainder could be required to be negative, that is,  -|d| < r ≤ 0. 

Extending the definition of remainder for real numbers, as described above, is not of theoretical importance in mathematics; however, many programming languages implement this definition—see modulo operation for more.

Related pages
Divisor, a number which evenly divides another
Long division
Modular arithmetic
Modulo operation

References 

Arithmetics
Robert Enke (born 24 August 1977 in Jena, East Germany - died 10 November 2009, Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany) was a German football player. He was a goalkeeper for the Germany football team.

Football career 
Enke started to play football at BSG Jenapharm Jena, a local club in his city. In 1985 he came to the youth teams of Jena's major football club, Carl Zeiss Jena. On 11 November 1995, at the age of 18, he had his first professional match for Jena in the German 2. Bundesliga. In 1996, he came to Borussia Mönchengladbach in the German Bundesliga.

From 1997 to 1999 he made fifteen matches for the German under-21 national team. In 1999 he was nominated as one of three goalkeepers of the national team and he went to the FIFA Confederations Cup in the same year. After leaving Germany in 1999 and playing in Portugal, Spain and Turkey, he was not nominated.

In 2006, already playing two years back home, he was nominated as a stand-by goalkeeper for the world championships. After that he returned to the team, on 28 March 2007 he made his first match for the team (against Denmark). In May 2008 he became goalkeeper number two after Jens Lehmann who was already 38 years old. After the UEFA Euro 2008, Jens Lehmann left the national team. Since then, the goalkeepers changed often. On 8 October 2008, Enke broke his hand, so René Adler played his first match in the national team. Other goalkeepers who were tested were Manuel Neuer and Tim Wiese.

Enke's last club was Hannover 96. He had a contract until the year 2010. In 2007 he became team captain in his club. He had played eight matches for the national team. His last match for the national team was on 12 August 2009 against Azerbaijan, his last club match was on 8 November 2009 against Hamburg.

Private life 
Enke and his wife had a daughter who died in 2006. She was two years old. In 2009 they adopted another daughter.

Death 
Enke died in the evening of 10 November 2009 when he was hit by a train near Neustadt am Rübenberge. His advisor said that Enke committed suicide. The next day, there was a press conference with Enke's widow and his psychiatrist. They said that Enke had had a major depressive disorder (depression) since the year 2003.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||Carl Zeiss Jena||2. Bundesliga||4||0
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||0||0
|-
|1997/98||0||0
|-
|1998/99||32||0

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Benfica||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||26||0
|-
|2000/01||26||0
|-
|2001/02||25||0

|-
|2002/03||Barcelona||La Liga||1||0

|-
|2003/04||Fenerbahçe||Süper Lig||1||0

|-
|2003/04||Tenerife||Segunda División||9||0

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Hannover||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||34||0
|-
|2005/06||32||0
|-
|2006/07||34||0
|-
|2007/08||34||0
|-
|2008/09||24||0
|-
|2009/10||6||0
200||0
57||0
10||0
1||0
268||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2007||1||0
|-
|2008||3||0
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
!Total||8||0
|}

References

Other websites 
 Robert Enke

1977 births
2009 deaths
German association football goalkeepers
People from Jena
Sportspeople from Thuringia
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides in Germany
There is also a town Nizhny Novgorod with Novgorod in its name

Velikiy Novgorod (Russian: Вели́кий Но́вгород) is a city in the European part of Russia. It is about 200km from St. Petersburg. In 2007 about 2170,000 people lived there. "Novgorod" is the Russian word for "new city" and "Velikiy" means "the Great". The city is actually one of the most historic in Russia. Its past can be traced to the 9th century. Yaroslav the Wise ruled there in the 11th century. It was the only Russian province that was not captured by the Golden Horde.

Cities in Russia
There is also a town Velikiy Novgorod with Novgorod in its name

Nizhny Novgorod (Russian:Ни́жний Но́вгород, often shortened to Nizhny) is the fourth largest city in Russia. The first three are Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Novosibirsk. Nizhny Novgorod had a population of 1,311,252 in 2002, and one of 1,438,133 in 1989. It is the economic and cultural center of the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and also the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District.

From 1932 to 1990 the city was known as Gorky (Russian: Го́рький) after the writer Maxim Gorky.

Other websites 

Nizhny Novgorod City Government website  
Official website of Nizhny Novgorod State Art Museum  
Art Museum of Nizhny Novgorod 
http://www.nne.ru The Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas Archdiocese 
VisitNizhny.com  Information about tourism and entertainment in Nizhny Novgorod 
Nizhny Novgorod Online 

Capital cities in Russia
Aleksei Maksimovich Peshkov (In Russian Алексей Максимович Пешков) (Old style: 16 March 1868, New style: 28 March – 18 June 1936), better known as Maxim Gorky (Максим Горький), was a Soviet/Russian author, a founder of the socialist realism literary method and a political activist. 

From 1906 to 1913 and from 1921 to 1929 he lived abroad, mostly in Capri, Italy; after his return to the Soviet Union he accepted the cultural policies of the time, although he was not permitted to leave the country.

Selected Works 
 The Lower Depths (На дне), 1902
 Children of the Sun (Дети солнца), 1905

Gallery

Other websites 

 
 

1868 births
1936 deaths

Gorky, Maxim
Ingrid Bergman  (29 August 1915 – 29 August 1982) was a Swedish actress.

Biography
Born in Stockholm, Bergman enrolled at Royal Dramatic Drama School. She began acting in Sweden before moving to Hollywood in 1939. Her first movie was a remake of a Swedish movie Intermezzo. Bergman starred in movies Casablanca (1942), Gaslight (1944), Spellbound (1945) and Notorious (1946). She was nominated for seven Academy Awards. Her last role was in a television miniseries Golda Meir (1982). Bergman married Roberto Rossellini in 1950.  She had a daughter Pia (born 1938) by her first husband Dr. Lindström, and a son Robertino (born 1950) and twin daughters Isabella Rossellini and Isotta (born 1952) with Rossellini. Bergman died of breast cancer in London, England.

References
 The Illustrated Who's Who of Cinema, Portland House, New York, 1987.

Other websites

Academy Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from breast cancer
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from Stockholm
Swiss stage actors
Swedish movie actors
Swedish television actors
Tony Award winning actors
1915 births
1982 deaths
Novosibirsk (Russian:Новосиби́рск , pronounced ) is Russia's third largest city, after Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast. It is also the largest city in Siberia and the administrative center of Siberian Federal District. It is in the southwest of this district.

History 
It was founded in 1893 as the future site of the Trans-Siberian railway bridge crossing the great Siberian river Ob. Its importance further increased early in the 20th century with the completion of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway connecting Novosibirsk to Central Asia and the Caspian Sea. 

The settlement became city in 1903. City name may be translated as New Siberian. From 1893 until 1925 Novosibirsk was called Novonikolayevsk. 
During the Great Patriotic war of the Soviet Union a lot of factories from the west parts of the country were evacuated here.

The city lies along the Ob River in the West Siberian Plain. To the south is the Ukok Plateau part of  the UNESCO World Heritage Site entitled Golden Mountains of Altai.

Climate 
The climate is sharply continental, with very severe, cold and snowy winters and hot and dry summers. Temperatures in summer range from 10 to 30 °C (50...85 °F), in winter -5 to -25 °C (20...-10 °F), but can reach -45 °C (-50 °F) in winter and 35 °C (95 °F) in summer. The difference between the highest and the lowest temperature is 83 °C (181 °F). Most of the time the weather is sunny, with an average of 2880 hours of sunshine per year.

Economy 
Industries include machine manufacturing and metallurgy. It is the home of one of Novosibirsk State University (in nearby Akademgorodok), a number of institutes and a scientific research center. Novosibirsk has opera and ballet companies, several theaters, museums, and art galleries, and numerous sports facilities.

Transportation 
West Siberian railway control organization is located in the city, on the Vokzalnaya magistral street beginning near Novosibirsk Glavny rail terminal.

In 1986 Novosibirsk metro started its working. It became the first subway system in Siberia.

Also, the city has tram, trolley and bus systems.

Tolmachevo international airport is located in Novosibirsk area.

Related pages 
List of cities and other settlements in Russia

References 

 
Siberia
Capital cities in Russia
A recital is a concert of classical music given by just one musician or one musician and an accompanist.  A pianist playing a concert by himself will be giving a "piano recital".  A "violin recital" will be given by a violinist and piano accompanist.

People started talking about "recitals" in the middle of the 19th century.  Pianists such as Liszt became famous when they travelled about giving piano recitals.  Soon piano manufacturers (firms that make pianos) and concert agents started to sponsor famous pianists to give recitals.  These great pianists became great stars in the way that, in music, only opera singers had been great stars before. Some concert halls have become well-known places for recitals, e.g. the Bosendorfersaal in Vienna, the Beethovensaal in Berlin, the Wigmore Hall in London and the Carnegie Hall in New York.

Some pianists became known for playing recitals of music by just one composer.  Recitals of Chopin's music were particularly popular.  "Song recitals" (or "vocal recitals") are given by singers who sing Lieder and sometimes arias from operas.

Music events
Programme music (or "program music" in US English) is music for instruments which describes something or tells a story.  It is the opposite of "absolute music" which is not trying to describe anything, just the sound of the piece.  Programme music was very popular in the 19th century although some programme music was written earlier.

History
Some composers in the Renaissance and Baroque periods wrote music which described battles. Antonio Vivaldi wrote a very famous set of four concertos for violin and strings called The Four Seasons.  Each of the movements describe things happening during the year's seasons, e.g. the birds singing in the spring, snowy winter days, etc.

At the start of the 1800s, Beethoven wrote a pastoral symphony, Symphony No. 6 "Pastorale", which describes the peaceful life in the countryside.  This way of making music describe things became very popular with Romantic composers.  Mendelssohn wrote "concert overtures" which had nothing to do with an opera but were simply short pieces of music for orchestra which told a story.  Hebrides Overture, for example, describes the feel of the sea lapping into Fingal's Cave in the Scottish Inner Hebrides.

Franz Liszt made programme music very popular in his symphonic poems.  Hector Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique describes a story he made up himself about a man who has dreams about a woman he loves.  The woman he loves is represented by a tune (melody) which is heard in different ways during the symphony.  It is called an idée fixe (French for "fixed idea").  This way of linking a theme (tune) with a person led to Wagner's use of leitmotif in his operas in which a tune is linked to a person, event or idea.  At the start of the 19th century Richard Strauss  wrote several symphonic poems, often using a leitmotif to describe the person it is about.  They include Don Juan, Don Quixote and Ein Heldenleben (A hero's life).

References 

Music
An anaerobic organism is any living thing that does not need oxygen for growth. 

 Obligate anaerobes will die when exposed to atmospheric levels of oxygen.
 Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen when it is present. 
 Aerotolerant organisms can survive in the presence of oxygen, but they are anaerobic because they do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. 

Microaerophiles are organisms that may use oxygen, but only at low concentrations (low micromolar range); their growth is inhibited by normal oxygen concentrations (approximately 200 micromolar). Nanaerobes are organisms that cannot grow in the presence of micromolar concentrations of oxygen, but can grow with and benefit from nanomolar concentrations of oxygen.

Obligate anaerobes may use fermentation or anaerobic respiration. In the presence of oxygen, facultative anaerobes use aerobic respiration; without oxygen some of them ferment, some use anaerobic respiration. Aerotolerant organisms are strictly fermentative. Microaerophiles carry out aerobic respiration, and some of them can also do anaerobic respiration.

Some anaerobic bacteria produce toxins (e.g., tetanus or botulinum toxins) that are highly dangerous to higher organisms, including humans.

Related pages 
Cellular respiration
Anaerobic digestion
Biogas

Microbiology
Metabolism
Tetanus is a disease that leads to muscle contractions that stay that way for some time.

Infection generally occurs through wound contamination, and often involves a cut or deep puncture wound. The primary symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani. As the infection goes on, muscle spasms develop in the jaw. This led to the common name of the condition, lockjaw. This is usually followed by  difficulties with swallowing. The condition  leads to general muscle stiffness and spasms in other parts of the body. Infection can be prevented by proper immunization and by post-exposure prophylaxis.

References

Other websites 

 Tetanus Information from Medline Plus
 Tetanus Symptoms 
 Tetanus Surveillance -- United States, 1998-2000 (Data and Analysis)

Diseases caused by bacteria
Tetanospasmin is the neurotoxin produced by the vegetative spore of Clostridium tetani in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus. It is sometimes called spasmogenic toxin, tetanus toxin or abbreviated to TeTx or TeNT. 

Poisons
Biochemistry
Paralysis is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle groups, when the thing that is paralysed cannot move. 

Paralysis is most often caused by damage to the nervous system or brain, especially the spinal cord. Major causes are stroke, trauma, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), botulism, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Partial paralysis can also occur in the REM stage of sleep (see:Sleep paralysis). Paralysis often includes loss of feeling in the affected area.

Diseases and disorders
The Tampa Bay Buccaneers are an American Football team in the National Football League (NFL). They are a part of the Southern Division of the National Football Conference. The Buccaneers are from Tampa, Florida. The team was founded in 1976, and are the champions from Super Bowl XXXVII in 2002. The current head coach is Bruce Arians. Their quarterback is Tom Brady.

The name "Buccaneer" comes from certain pirates who would raid the western coast of Florida in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

The Buccaneers play in Raymond James Stadium located in Tampa, Florida.

The Buccaneer's division rivals include the New Orleans Saints, the Carolina Panthers and the Atlanta Falcons. Their in state rivals include the Miami Dolphins and the Jacksonville Jaguars.

The Buccaneers have 3 players in the NFL Hall of fame: Lee Roy Selmon, Warren Sapp, and Derrick Brooks.

They are the first team to play the Super Bowl on their homefield, as Super Bowl LV is hosted in Tampa, after defeating the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship game. Tampa played the Kansas City Chiefs in the Super Bowl. They won the game 31-9 against the Kansas City Chiefs.

Other websites 
Tampa Bay Buccaneers official web site
Pro Football Hall of Fame

Sports in Tampa, Florida
National Football League teams
Titanic can refer to

RMS Titanic, the ship which sank on its first voyage in 1912
Titanic (1997 movie) a movie about that voyage
Titanic (TV series), a ITV network show
Anthony Carelli (born March 14, 1974) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler. He currently works for the TNA . He appears under the ring name Santino Marella. During his wrestling career, he was a two-time WWE Intercontinental Champion, one-time WWE United States Champion, and one-time WWE Tag Team Champion with Vladimir Kozlov.

World Wrestling Entertainment
Carrelli made his WWE debut on the April 16 edition of WWE Raw under the name of Santino Marella. He won the WWE Intercontinental Championship after Umaga was attacked by Bobby Lashley. With this, he became one of a few superstars to win a title in their first match.

On July 6, 2014, at a live event in Toronto, Ontario, Marella announced his retirement due to a third major injury to his neck.
TNA 2013 - 2015
Marella defeated Drake
Marella defeated Galloway

References

Other websites
WWE profile

1974 births
Canadian professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Ontario
WWE wrestlers
The Count of Monte Cristo is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, père.  The story is about revenge and forgiveness. The main character of the book, Edmond Dantès, is wrongly sent to prison. There, he meets an old priest named Faria, who tells Dantès of a treasure. He escapes and finds the large treasure. He uses it to carry out a plan of revenge on the three people who sent him to prison. The novel was well received by critics and readers. It has been adapted to many stage plays and movies.

The novel was first published in the Journal des Débats in 18 parts from August 28, 1844 to January 15, 1846. It was first published in Paris by Pétion in 18 volumes (1844-5). It was published in English in 1846 by Chapman and Hall. It has been translated many times since 1846, and into many languages. Dumas wrote a set of three plays that told the story of The Count of Monte Cristo: Monte Cristo (1848), Le Counte de Morcerf (1851), and Villefort (1851). The book inspired the plot for other novels, including Lew Wallace's  Ben-Hur (1880).

Other websites 
 Pierre Picaud: The "Real" Count 
 Sparknotes Literary Analysis of The Count of Monte Cristo

References

1844 books
French novels
Hallandale Beach is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. The city is named after Luther Halland, a worker for Henry Flagler's Florida East Coast Railroad. The population was 37,282 at the 2000 census. Sometimes the city is called the "southernmost Canadian city". This is because Hallandale Beach has been a popular vacation spot for years, and most of the tourists come from Quebec and the northeast United States. Many of these tourists eventually moved to the area to live there.

Cities in Florida
Göppingen (Swabian: Gebbenga, Gebbeng, or Geppenge) is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. In 2005, there were 57,771 people living in Göppingen. It is at the bottom of the  high "Kaiserberg", or "Emperors' Mountain".

History 
The first settlement at Göppingen was in the Hallstatt period, 800-480 BC. A Roman settlement from about 250 BC was found near the present day Oberhofen Church. An Alemannic prince by the name of "Geppo", is believed to have started the town after the sometime in the 3rd or 4th century. The town is named after him.

A fire on August 25 1782 destroyed most of the town, but it was immediately rebuilt. During the 1800s, many factories were built in the area. Companies such as Märklin and Schuler are still based in the town.

Cooke Barracks
In 1930, an air field was built north of Göppingen. This was taken over by the Luftwaffe in 1935 and was called the Fliegerhorst Kaserne (barracks). From 1945 to 1949, displaced persons and refugees were housed in the buildings. In 1949, it was renamed Cooke Barracks, after Charles H. Cooke, Jr., who been killed in action and given the Silver Star and Soldier's Medal for bravery.

In late 1950, the 7th Army had been reformed in Stuttgart and U.S. Army units began to be stationed at Cooke Barracks. The barracks were made bigger for the 28th Infantry Division headquarters. The 28th Infantry was renamed as the 9th Infantry Division (United States) in 1954 and was replaced by the 8th Infantry Division in 1956. They were then replaced by the 4th Armored Division in 1957, which was renamed as the 1st Armored Division in 1971 and moved to Hindenburg Kaserne in Ansbach in 1972. The 1st Infantry Division moved from Augsburg in 1972 until 1991.

Cooke Barracks were given back to the German government in 1992. The barracks were again used to house refugees for some time, then returned to civilian use.

Sport
Frisch Auf! Göppingen currently plays in the German first handball-division (Handball-Bundesliga).

References

Other websites
 Official website
 for people who served at Cooke Barracks
In the George Orwell book Nineteen Eighty-Four, an Unperson is someone who has been vaporized. Vaporization is when a person is secretly murdered and erased from society, the present, the universe, and existence. Such a person would be taken out of books, photographs, and articles so that no trace of them is found in the present anywhere – no record of them would be found. This was so that a person who defied the Party would be gone from all citizens' memories, even friends and family. There is no Newspeak word for what happened to unpeople, therefore it is thoughtcrime to say an unperson's name or think of unpeople. 

This is similar to the Stalinist Soviet Party erasing people from photographs after death; this is an example of "real" unpeople.

The Stalin-era Soviet Union also provided real-world examples of unpersons in its treatment of Leon Trotsky and other members of the Communist Party who became politically inconvenient. In his 1960 magazine article "Pravda means 'Truth'", reprinted in Expanded Universe, Robert A. Heinlein argued that John Paul Jones and a mysterious May 15, 1960 cosmonaut had also received this treatment.

Other websites 
 A look at Orwell’s Newspeak

Words

en:List of Newspeak words#Unperson
Gütersloh (Westphalian: Gütsel, Low Franconian: Gütersloh)  is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 96,000 people live there.

References

Other websites

Gütersloh Rural District
Iserlohn (Westphalian Low German: Iserlaun, Iserliaun, or Iserlauhn; Middle Low German: Eisenwald)  is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 93,000 people live there; it is one of the largest cities in that region.

References

Other websites

Märkischer Rural District
Lünen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. 88,000 people live there. Lünen has got two important football clubs: Lüner SV and BV Brambauer. Lüner SV is playing in the "Bezirksliga (8. league), but in 1963 the club achieved his greatest aim. They got Champion of Westphalia.

References

Unna Rural District
Marl is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 91,000 people live there.

Twin towns 
  Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
  Creil, France
  Herzliya, Israel
  Zalaegerszeg, Hungary
  Pendle, United Kingdom
  Kuşadası, Turkey

References

Other websites

Recklinghausen Rural District
Bocholt (Low German: Bokelt) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 73,000 people live there.

References

Other websites

Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia
Borken Rural District
Roman Abramovich (born October 24, 1966 in Saratov, Russia) is a Russian-British businessman. Roman Abramovich was born in Saratov, in the former Soviet Union (FSU) on October 24, 1966. He was orphaned at the age of three and raised by his uncle in Ukhta, in the Komi Republic in northern Russia. When he was eight, Abramovich went to live with his grandmother in Moscow.

Wealth
He is one of the richest men in the world. As in 2019, his wealth was estimated at $12.9 billion by Forbes which made him the wealthiest person in Israel, where he resides, and the 140th wealthiest person in the world.

Business
Abramovich is the owner of Millhouse, LLC, a private investment company, the owner of Evraz, a steel making and mining company, and major shareholder of Norilsk Nickel, a nickel and palladium mining and smelting company. He is also part owner or significant shareholder in a multitude of international corporations, primarily in steel and mining, and private investment and is well known for his sports team—Chelsea Football Club, one of the most successful and popular football teams in the United Kingdom.

Works in Russia
In 1999, Abramovich who was then 33 years old, was elected governor of the Russian province of Chukotka, and was subsequently elected for a second term, serving until 2008.

Abramovich has received the ‘Order of Honor’ by the President of Russia for his significant contribution to economically developing the autonomous district of Chukotka. He was also given the ‘Order of Friendship’ by the President.

References

Other websites 
 Roman-Abramovich.com 

1966 births
Living people
British businesspeople
Russian businesspeople
British Jews
British billionaires
Israeli Jews
Israeli billionaires
Israeli businesspeople
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish politicians
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Portuguese businesspeople
Russian Jews
Russian politicians
Morena Baccarin (born June 2, 1979) is a Brazilian actress. She is best known for her role as Inara Serra in the sci-fi television series Firefly and the movie Serenity. Morena was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Her father is of Italian descent. Her mother is Brazilian stage and television actress Vera Setta.

When she was 10, Baccarin moved with her family to Greenwich Village, New York, in the United States. She later attended the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts (the High School in the movie Fame) before she studied theater at Juilliard.

Interviews 
 When asked in an interview "if she's up for the role of Wonder Woman, " Baccarin replied: "I’m not going to say no to a superhero but it’s not up to me."

References

Other websites 
 
 

1979 births
Living people
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
Whedonverse
People from Rio de Janeiro
José Mário dos Santos Mourinho Félix, OIH, or simply José Mourinho (born January 26, 1963 in Setúbal) is a Portuguese football manager and former player who is the head coach of Serie A club Roma. He is commonly known as "The Special One". Mourinho is regarded by some players, coaches, and critics as one of the best football coaches of all time. Jose Mourinho's father was no stranger to the world of football. Felix Mourinho practiced this sport as a professional goalkeeper. He also represented his country in one international match. Without a doubt, this factor had a huge impact on the Portuguese coach's career since his childhood, especially with his father's unquenchable desire for Jose to become a big player.

Mourinho won four league titles in a row (two at Porto and two at Chelsea). He has also won the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup with Porto. For two years in a row (2004 and 2005), Mourinho was named the world's best football coach by the International Federation of Football History and Statistics (IFFHS). After leaving Chelsea F.C., he was replaced by Avram Grant. He went to coach Internazionale Milano and won the Serie A, Italian Super Cup and Champions League in a single season (2009/10).

Managerial stats

References

1963 births
Living people
Portuguese footballers
Portuguese football managers
Hazrat Babajan (1806–1931), birthname Gool Rukh ("like a rose"), was born as a Pathan lady in a noble Muslim family of Balochistan in northern British India Empire (now Pakistan). At the age of 18 she fled her arranged marriage and sought God instead. She journeyed to the northeast, first to Peshawar and then to Rawalpindi, disguised by her Muslim veil. She lived for a year and a half in the mountainous regions of what is now Pakistan under the guidance of a Hindu sadguru, then traveled to Punjab. In Multan, at the age of 37, she received God-realization from an Islamic qutub (Muslim master), Maula Shah.

Babajan is most famously remembered as the spiritual master of Meher Baba. 

1806 births
1931 deaths
Asian Sufis
Muslims
Convenience food is a type of food. This kind of food has been made so it can save the consumers time to prepare it. Usually such foods just need to be heated. They are made for a long shelf life, so that they can stay in the store for a long time. One thing to remember is that you may have to pay for the convenience, as this food is often expensive.

Many people criticise these products, because:
They are made from products that would probably not be eaten in their raw form
They are high in bad fat, sugar, and calories
They are low in nutrients and fiber, but fast to prepare. Therefore, they are also blamed for obesity
Their ingredients may come from genetically-modified organisms
Preservatives are almost always used
Most of the foods end up wasted

History 
Before modern times most men worked in the open, often in fields. Agriculture was, before the industrial revolution, the biggest employment for men in most countries. They usually took their midday meal with them, and ate where they worked. 

Many kinds of food types were invented for this purpose. The Cornish pasty from the UK is one which survives to the present day. Other kinds have vanished, and their names forgotten. The Bedfordshire clanger was a baked suet dumpling, and there was also a Bedfordshire roll. This was savoury at one end and sweet at the other. It was eaten from the savoury end to the sweet end. There used to be many other varieties and version.  Many have commented on the way convenience foods are heavy on calories. They were meant to be, for work then was usually manual labour, and men used their muscles continually as they worked.

The modern sandwich is a relatively recent invention, since it dates back only to the 18th century. It has become a standard way of taking food to the school or workplace.

Related pages 
Junk food

References

Other websites 
American women and the making of modern consumer culture

Convenience foods: factors affecting their use where household diets are poor

US Food facts & history

Foods
Events 
 Pedro of Castile becomes King of Castile (now in Spain) again after defeating his half-brother, Henry II, at the Battle of Nájera (Navarette). Pedro was helped in the battle by the English and Henry by the French.
 Ferdinand I becomes King of Portugal after the death of his father, Peter I.
 Charles V creates the first royal library in France.
 Otto I becomes Duke of the independent city of Göttingen (now in Germany) after the death of his father, Ernst I.
 A stone wall is built around Moscow to resist invasion by Lithuania.
 The University of Pécs is founded in Hungary.

Births 
 January 6 – King Richard II of England (died 1400)
 April 3 – King Henry IV of England (died 1413)
 Mary of Enghien, Queen of Naples (d. 1446)
 Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (died 1415)

Deaths 
 January 18 – King Peter I of Portugal (born 1320)
 December 28 – Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shogun (born 1330)
 Gil Alvarez De Albornoz, Spanish cardinal
 Sohier of Enghien, titular Duke of Athens
 Duke Ernst I of Göttingen
Water heating is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water are for cooking, cleaning and bathing, and space heating. In industry both hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.

The most common energy sources for heating water are fossil fuels: natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, oil or sometimes solid fuels (coal or firewood. These fuels may be consumed directly or by the use of electricity (which may derive from any of the above fuels or from nuclear or renewable sources). Alternative energy such as solar energy, heat pumps, hot water heat recycling, and sometimes geothermal power, may also be used as available, usually in combination with gas, oil or electricity.

Solar water heaters 

Solar collectors for solar powered water heaters are installed outside dwellings, typically on the roof or nearby.  Nearly all models are the direct-gain type. They consist of flat panels in which water circulates.

Geothermal heating 
In countries like Iceland and New Zealand, and other volcanic regions, water heating may be done using geothermal power, rather than combustion.

References

Other websites 
How It Works - Water Heater 
PATH Tech Inventory: Solar Water Heaters 
Tankless Water Heaters are Brutal on the Grid When Popularized 
Stiebel Eltron Tankless Water Heaters
Water Heating for Dairies in NZ
U.S. Department of Energy Water Heating Guidance
Antique water heater museum

Energy
Heating
Room temperature does not have an exact scientific definition. It means a temperature that is normal in rooms used by human beings.

Human comfort and health

A comfortable room temperature depends on individual needs and other factors. According to the West Midlands Public Health Observatory (UK),  is the recommended living room temperature, and  is a good bedroom temperature.

However, in hotter countries such as those near the equator room temperature can be as high as .

Room Temperature is the temperature that is comfortable and normal to be in.

Science 

For scientific work, room temperature is taken to be in the range  with an average of . Scientists use kelvins (K) for temperature. The Rankine (°R) unit is no longer used.

Condition for physical experiments

The progress and results of many scientific and industrial processes can sometimes depend on the temperature of the surroundings of the equipment. For example, a measurement of the charge of the electron does not depend upon the temperature of the test equipment. In this case, if scientists mention temperature at all, they usually only mention "room temperature", which means that what is being measured has not been cooled or heated.

References

Temperature
Kraftwerk is a electronic band from Germany that became famous in the late 1970s and 1980s for making electronic music. They used synthesizers and sequencers to make the rhythms and melodies in the song.

Kraftwerk made electronic music many years before other bands knew it would be popular. They paved the way for the MIDI and digital styles of music to become popular in the 1990s. Many of the sounds from songs such as "Computer Love", "The Robots", and "Trans Europe Express" can be heard sampled by a variety of bands on their current releases. Recently, some of Kraftwerk's original recording equipment was sold on eBay for astonishing amounts. Kraftwerk continues to have a faithful following. The band's name is German for power station.

Main discography 

 1970 : Kraftwerk
 1972 : Kraftwerk 2
 1973 : Ralf and Florian
 1974 : Autobahn
 1975 : Radio-Activity
 1977 : Trans-Europe Express
 1978 : The Man Machine
 1981 : Computer World
 1983 : Tour de France (single)
 1986 : Electric Cafe
 1991 : The Mix
 1999 : Expo 2000 (single)
 2000 : Expo Remix (single)
 2003 : Tour de France Soundtracks
 2005 : Minimum-Maximum (live album)
 2007 : Aerodynamik/La Forme Remixes (single)

1970s establishments in Germany
1970s German music groups
1980s German music groups
1990s German music groups
2000s German music groups
2010s German music groups
Düsseldorf
Electronic music bands
German pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1970
Techno is a form of electronic dance music that became popular in Frankfurt, Germany during the early 1980s. It was influenced by synthpop, house music, funk, post-disco and futuristic fiction ideas that were important during the end of the Cold War in the United States at that time. Juan Atkins is generally thought to be the founder of Detroit Techno music. Detroit Techno first became successful locally and then became popular around the world in the 1990s.

Usage of the term
The word "techno" comes from "technology". Fans of Techno music are careful in their use of the word. They are careful not to confuse it with other types of music that are similar but different (for example house, trance, hardcore). At the same time, the word "techno" is commonly used when talking about all forms of electronic music and dance music, especially in Europe, the Americas and Australia. Despite the common usage of the term to refer to all electronic dance in general, techno is a specific genre with its own, distinguishable sound. By nature, techno tends to be highly repetitive, instrumentally-oriented music which follows a regular four-on-the-floor beat. The genre places a strong emphasis on rhythm, and techno tends to have a very beat-based sound.

References

Other websites 
 Sounds Like Techno – an online documentary
 , a video example of techno being performed live
 Techno songs  blog with regular updates of the newest techno beats and electro music

Electronic dance music
 
Detroit, Michigan
The bags that can be used for shopping are at bag.
A multiset (sometimes called a bag) is a concept from mathematics. In many ways, multisets are like sets. Certain items are either elements of that multiset, or they are not. However, multisets are different from sets: The same type of item can be in the multiset more than once. For this reason, mathematicians have defined a relation (function) that tells, how many copies of a certain type of item there are in a certain multiset. They call this multiplicity. For example, in the multiset { a, a, b, b, b, c }, the multiplicities of the members a, b, and c are 2, 3, and 1, respectively. From a set of n elements, the number of r-element multisets is written as . This is sometimes called the multiset coefficient.

A multiset is illustrated by means of a histogram.

A multiset can also be considered an unordered tuple:
 The tuples (a,b) and (b,a) are not equal, and the tuples (a,a) and (a) are not equal either.
 The multisets {a,b} and {b,a} are equal, but the multisets {a,a} and {a} are not equal.
 The sets {a,b} and {b,a} are equal, and the sets {a,a} and {a} are equal too.

Examples
One of the simplest examples is the multiset of prime factors of a number n. Here, the underlying set of elements is the set of prime divisors of n. For example, the number 120 has the prime factorisation

which gives the multiset {2, 2, 2, 3, 5}.

Another is the multiset of solutions of an algebraic equation. A quadratic equation, for example, has two solutions. However, in some cases they are both the same number. Thus the multiset of solutions of the equation could be { 3, 5 }, or it could be { 4, 4 }. In the latter case, it has a solution of multiplicity 2.

Related pages 

 Combination

References

CItations

Sources 
 Stanley, Richard P. (1997, 1999). Enumerative Combinatorics, Volumes 1 and 2. Cambridge University Press. , 0-521-56069-1..
Set theory
Thomas John Brokaw (born February 6, 1940 in Webster, South Dakota) is a popular American television journalist and is the former anchorman (host) of NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw. His last appearance as anchorman was on December 1, 2004. In the later part of hosting NBC Nightly News, the program became the most-watched news program in the United States. Brokaw has received many awards and honors.

Brokaw was diagnosed with multiple myeloma in August 2013.

On April 26, 2018, Brokaw was accused of sexual harassment by two women.

References

American television news anchors
American journalists
Writers from South Dakota
People with cancer
1940 births
Living people
Manure is organic matter used as fertilizer in agriculture. Manures improve the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and lots of nutrients, such as nitrogen that is trapped by bacteria in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life.

The term "manure" was used for inorganic fertilizers in the past, but this usage is now very rare.  Manure from birds and bats is called guano.

Etymology
The word manure came from Middle English "manuren" meaning "to cultivate land," and initially from French "main-oeuvre" = "hand work" alluding to the work which involved manuring land.

Types

There are two classes of manures in soil management: green manures and animal manures. Compost is distinguished from manure in that it is the decomposed remnants of organic materials (which may, nevertheless, include manure).

Most animal manure is feces–excrement of plant-eating mammals (herbivores) and plant material (often straw) which has been used as bedding for animals and thus is heavily contaminated with their feces and urine.

Green manures are crops grown for the express purpose of plowing them under. In so doing, fertility is increased through the nutrients and organic matter that are returned to the soil.

Uses of manure 

Manure has been used for centuries as a fertilizer for farming, as it is rich in nitrogen and other nutrients which facilitate the growth of plants.  Liquid manure from pig/hog operations is usually knifed (injected) directly into soil to reduce the unpleasant odors. Manure from hogs and cattle is spread on fields using a manure spreader. Due to the relatively lower level of proteins in grasses, which herbivores eat, cattle manure has a milder smell than the dung of carnivores–for example, elephant dung is practically odorless. However, due to the quantity of manure applied to fields, odor can be a problem in some agricultural regions.  Poultry droppings are harmful to plants when fresh but after a period of composting are valuable fertilizers.

The dried manure of animals has been used as fuel throughout history. Dried manure (usually known as dung) of cows was, and still is, an important fuel source in countries such as India, while camel dung may be used in treeless regions such as deserts. On the Oregon Trail, pioneering families collected large quantities of "buffalo chips" in lieu of scarce firewood. It has been used for many purposes, in cooking fires and to combat the cold desert nights.

Another use of manure is to make paper. This has been done with dung from elephants where it is a small industry in Africa and Asia, and also horses, llamas, and kangaroos. Other than the llama, these animals are not ruminants and thus tend to pass plant fibres undigested in their dung.

Further reading

Related pages
Biomass

Notes

Agriculture