cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Harvey Bernard Milk (May 22, 1930 – November 27, 1978) was an American politician and a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. He was the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California. He did not focus on homosexuality or gay activism at first, but did later on in his career. Milk moved from New York City to live in San Francisco in 1972. This was a time when lots of gay men moved to live in the Castro District of San Francisco. Milk became a city supervisor in 1977.

Career 
Milk served 11 months in office and helped gay rights in the city. On November 27, 1978, Milk and Mayor George Moscone were assassinated (murdered) by Dan White in San Francisco. White was another city supervisor who had recently resigned but wanted his job back.

Milk became an icon in San Francisco and "a martyr for gay rights", according to University of San Francisco professor Peter Novak. 

In 2002, Milk was called "the most famous and most significantly open LGBT official ever elected in the United States". Anne Kronenberg, his final campaign manager, wrote of him: "What set Harvey apart from you or me was that he was a visionary. He imagined a righteous world inside his head and then he set about to create it for real, for all of us." Milk was posthumously given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama on August 12, 2009.

Popular quotes include "If a bullet should enter my brain, let that bullet destroy every closet door", "The fact is that more people have been slaughtered in the name of religion than for any other single reason. That, that my friends, that is true perversion!".

References

1930 births
1978 deaths
American LGBT rights activists
American murder victims
Gay Jews
Jewish activists
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish American politicians
LGBT people from California
LGBT politicians
Murders by firearm in the United States
Politicians from New York
Politicians from San Francisco
US Democratic Party politicians
Victims of anti-LGBT hate crimes
John Blow (born Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, baptised 23 February 1649; died Westminster, London, 1 October 1708) was an English composer and organist. He had a great deal of influence on English music. His best pupil was Henry Purcell who was the greatest English composer of his time.

Blow was born in Newark-on-Trent. As a boy he sang in the choir the Chapel Royal (the king’s church choir). He was still very young when he started composing anthems. One of these anthems, known as the “Club Anthem” was written by Blow together with three other choirboys: Pelham Humfrey, Michael Wise and William Turner, all of whom were to become well-known composers when they grew up. The diarist Samuel Pepys heard him sing once, but Blow’s voice was breaking by then, and Pepys wrote in his diary that he made an “unpleasant sound”. 

In 1668 he became organist of Westminster Abbey. In 1674 he was made a gentleman of the Chapel Royal. When Pelham Humfrey died, Blow took over two of his jobs. He was in charge of a small choir at the king’s court (he was called “composer-in-ordinary”). He also became Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal. He stayed in that job for the rest of his life. Many of the boy choristers he taught later became great composers. They include William Croft, Jeremiah Clark and Daniel Purcell. Henry Purcell’s voice had already broken by this time, and he became an apprentice to Blow.

In September 1673 he married Elizabeth Braddock. Ten years later she died when giving birth to a child.

In 1676 Blow became one of three organists at Westminster Abbey. In 1677 he was given the title of “Doctor of Music”. In 1680 he seems to have resigned from his job as organist at Westminster Abbey so that his young pupil Henry Purcell could take his place. By 1685 he was one of the private musicians of James II. He composed a long anthem God spake sometime in visions for King James’s coronation.

In 1687 he became choirmaster at St Paul's Cathedral. The choir was just being reformed after the rebuilding of the cathedral following the Great Fire of London. Michael Wise had been appointed as choirmaster, but then he died, so Blow was given the job. In 1695 he became organist of St Margaret's, Westminster, and he also took his old job at Westminster Abbey again when Henry Purcell died.

In 1699 he became Composer to the Chapel Royal. This was the first time anyone had been given this title. However, he does not seem to have composed much after 1700.

Blow died on 1 October 1708 and was buried in the north aisle of Westminster Abbey, close to Henry Purcell.

His music 

Blow composed a large amount of music. He wrote the same sort of music as Henry Purcell, except that Purcell also wrote trio sonatas as well as a lot of music for the theatre. Blow wrote a large amount of church music. We know fourteen services and more than a hundred anthems by Blow. He also wrote other vocal music such as odes, and music for harpsichord and just one piece of music for the stage: Venus and Adonis.

Baroque composers
English composers
English organists
Musicians from Nottinghamshire
1649 births
1708 deaths
A diary is a book which a person writes about what they have seen or heard or what they have been doing.  Diaries are usually handwritten.  People like to keep diaries (meaning: write a diary) for a variety of reasons: they may want to keep a record for themselves about what they have done during their life.  They may sometimes want to publish it so that other people can read it.  Some diaries may be important for business or military purpose.  Children in schools are often asked to write a diary.  This helps them to write about what they have been doing and expressing their thoughts.

Some people, such as Samuel Pepys, have become famous as a diarist.  Pepys lived at an interesting time (he was alive at the time of the Great Fire of London).  We know a lot about what London was like by reading his diary.  Anne Frank wrote a diary while she was hiding from the Nazis.

In modern times people write blogs on the internet.  This is a modern kind of diary.

The word diary can also be used for a pocket diary: a small book in which people can write down their appointments so that they can remember what they are supposed to be doing each day.

Related pages
Journal
Autobiography
Classical economics is the first modern school of economic thought. Its main developers include Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus and John Stuart Mill.

Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations 

Adam Smith's book The Wealth of Nations (1776) was the beginning of classical economics. Smith said that if everyone did what was best for themselves, the result would be best for society. Before that, economics was about the king's personal interests, and the wealth of a nation was measured by the king's treasury. Smith said what's important is what's best for the whole nation, and that wealth should be measured by the yearly income of the nation. He wanted to discover how wealth can grow, and how people could do things to support that growth. Smith's book said land, labor, and capital were the three "factors of production" and the main contributors to a nation's wealth.

Prices naturally adjust to having more or less of something: supply and demand. If there is too much of something (more supply), prices go down so that people have more reason to buy it. If a lot of people want something (high demand), there may not be enough of it (scarcity); there will be a competition among the people who want to buy it, and some people will agree to pay more to get what they want, and prices go up. 

Smith said markets should be free. At the time, some big companies (like the East India Company) were controlled by the government. Sometimes the rulers made laws that were good for themselves but not for workers or customers. For example, in the American colonies, colonists could grow cotton but were not allowed to make clothing from it. They had to ship it to England to be made into clothing, then buy it back after it was finished. Smith said this was bad for individuals and for society. He thought it was better for money to flow freely and naturally between buyers and sellers without outside interference. Money would naturally go to the sellers who made the best product at the best price. This way if people did what was best for them, it would end up being best for society as a whole, almost like an "invisible hand" was guiding everything.

References 

Economic theories
Kristopher Neil "Kris" Allen (born June 21, 1985) is an American singer-songwriter. He was the winner of season 8 of American Idol.

1985 births
Living people
Singers from Arkansas
American songwriters
American Idol winners
Invisible ink is a type of liquid that cannot be seen or read unless it is first activated. Chemical reactions, heat, ultraviolet light or special glasses are used to make invisible ink visible. 

It is used to send secret messages or for entertainment. Invisible ink pens are sometimes sold or used for prizes, usually with an ultraviolet light.

 

Writing tools
Pee Wee's Big Adventure is a movie starring Pee Wee Herman. He travels across the US to get back his stolen bicycle.  The 1985 movie was directed by Tim Burton from a screen play by  Paul Reubens, Phil Hartman and Michael Varhol. The music was composed by Danny Elfman.

References 

1985 comedy movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Asamoah Gyan (born 22 November 1985) is a Ghanaian football player. He plays for Stade Rennais and Ghana national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003/04||Udinese||Serie A||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Modena||rowspan="2"|Serie B||27||7||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||7
|-
|2005/06||25||8||1||0||colspan="2"|-||26||8
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Udinese||rowspan="2"|Serie A||25||8||1||0||colspan="2"|-||26||8
|-
|2007/08||13||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||3

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Stade Rennais||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||16||1||2||0||1||0||19||1
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
91||26||2||0||colspan="2"|-||93||26
16||1||2||0||1||0||19||1
107||27||4||0||1||0||112||27
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2003||2||1
|-
|2004||3||2
|-
|2005||5||5
|-
|2006||9||4
|-
|2007||4||1
|-
|2008||4||1
|-
|2009||5||2
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||32||16
|}

References

1985 births
Living people
Ghanaian footballers
People from Accra
Dean Ashton (born 24 November 1983) is a former English football player. He has played for England national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="5"|Crewe Alexandra||rowspan="2"|First Division||21||8||2||0||0||0||23||8
|-
|2001/02||31||7||4||3||1||0||36||10
|-
|2002/03||Second Division||39||9||2||2||1||0||42||11
|-
|2003/04||First Division||44||19||1||0||2||1||47||20
|-
|2004/05||League Championship||24||18||0||0||3||2||27||20
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Norwich City||Premier League||16||7||0||0||0||0||16||7
|-
|2005/06||League Championship||28||10||0||0||2||1||30||11
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|West Ham United||rowspan="5"|Premier League||11||3||5||3||0||0||16||6
|-
|2006/07||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007/08||31||10||2||0||2||1||35||11
|-
|2008/09||4||2||0||0||1||0||5||2
|-
|2009/10||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
249||93||16||8||12||5||277||106
249||93||16||8||12||5||277||106
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2008||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
English footballers
People from Swindon
Premier League players
Takahiro Shimotaira (born 18 December 1971) is a former Japanese football player. He has now retired.

Club career statistics

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="3"|Hitachi||JSL Division 2||3||0||||||0||0||3||0
|-
|1991/92||JSL Division 1||21||0||||||1||0||22||0
|-
|1992||Football League||17||1||||||colspan="2"|-||17||1
|-
|1993||rowspan="8"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|Football League||14||2||1||0||6||0||21||2
|-
|1994||27||2||0||0||1||0||28||2
|-
|1995||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||35||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||37||1
|-
|1996||28||0||2||0||14||1||44||1
|-
|1997||24||0||3||0||6||0||33||0
|-
|1998||25||0||1||0||3||0||29||0
|-
|1999||30||2||4||0||6||1||40||3
|-
|2000||20||0||1||0||0||0||21||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Tokyo||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||16||0||0||0||3||0||19||0
|-
|2002||23||0||1||0||6||0||30||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||20||0||2||0||3||0||25||0
|-
|2004||13||0||1||0||3||0||17||0
316||8||18||0||52||2||386||10
316||8||18||0||52||2||386||10
|}

1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Aomori Prefecture
Raymond Domenech (born 24 January 1952) is a French football player and manager. He played for France national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1970/71||rowspan="8"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="8"|Division 1||37||2
|-
|1971/72||32||1
|-
|1972/73||38||0
|-
|1973/74||27||0
|-
|1974/75||35||3
|-
|1975/76||36||0
|-
|1976/77||34||1
|-
|1977/78||7||0
|-
|1977/78||rowspan="4"|Strasbourg||rowspan="4"|Division 1||30||1
|-
|1978/79||37||2
|-
|1979/80||38||1
|-
|1980/81||23||0
|-
|1981/82||Paris Saint-Germain||Division 1||19||1
|-
|1982/83||rowspan="2"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="2"|Division 1||18||2
|-
|1983/84||22||1
|-
|1984/85||rowspan="2"|Mulhouse||rowspan="2"|Division 2||12||0
|-
|1985/86||1||0
446||15
446||15
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1973||1||0
|-
|1974||0||0
|-
|1975||2||0
|-
|1976||3||0
|-
|1977||0||0
|-
|1978||0||0
|-
|1979||2||0
|-
!Total||8||0
|}

References

1952 births
French footballers
French football managers
Living people
Sportspeople from Lyon
Acritarchs are early microfossils, the remains, probably, of eukaryote cells. It is the resistant single-layered cell walls, or perhaps a cover secreted by cell walls, that we see in early rocks of the Proterozoic era. These structures are organic in their chemical composition, not calcium carbonate. Their precise nature is not known, but they look like the resting stages of modern dinoflagellates (the 'red tide' organisms).

"These microfossils represent the resting stage in the reproductive cycle of eukaryote algae".p258

Acritarchs appear in quantity in organic-rich shales and siltstone strata 1.4 to 1.6 billion years old.p57 They include a wide range of forms, so it is not clear whether or not they are monophyletic. At about 1 billion years ago they started to increase in abundance, diversity, and especially size and number of spines. Their populations crashed during the Cryogenian period 860 million years ago (the Snowball Earth episodes). They proliferated in the Cambrian explosion and reached their highest diversity in the Palaeozoic. They survived at least until the Ordovician period.p256

The increased spininess possibly resulted from the need for defence against predators large enough to swallow them or tear them apart. Other groups of small organisms from the Neoproterozoic era also show signs of anti-predator defences.

Recent discovery 
A recent discovery has greatly extended our knowledge of acritarchs. Large (50μm) acritarchs have been found in silica-based rocks of Archaean age in South Africa. These rocks date to 3,200 million years ago, which makes them the second oldest life to be found as fossils. The earliest are cyanobacteria found in stromatolites.

The significance of this is that acritarchs are eukaryotes. This means that eukaryotes were present at least 1.5 billion years earlier than had been supposed.

References 

Protista
Fossils
Line 3, (L3) currently known as Zona Universitària - Trinitat Nova, coloured green and often simply referred to as Línia verda ("Green line"), is a metro line in Barcelona operated by TMB.

Chronology

1924 - Catalunya-Lesseps section opened.
1925 - Fontana station opened. Catalunya-Liceu section opened.
1926 - Passeig de Gràcia-Jaume I section opened.
1934 - Jaume I-Correos section opened.
1946 - Liceu-Fernando section opened.
1968 - Fernando-Drassanes section opened.
1970 - Drassanes-Paral·lel section opened.
1972 - Passeig de Gràcia-Correos section closed.
1975 - Paral·lel-Zona Universitària section opened (as L3B).
1982 - L3B integrated into L3.
1985 - Lesseps-Montbau section opened.
2001 - Montbau-Canyelles section opened.
2008 - Canyelles-Trinitat Nova section opened.

Technical details

Current stations

Station or line names shown in italics are under construction.
Zona Universitària  (T1, T2, T3, L9, L10)
Palau Reial  (T1, T2, T3)
Maria Cristina  (T1, T2, T3)
Les Corts 
Plaça del Centre 
Sants Estació  (L5, RENFE)
Tarragona 
Espanya  (L1, L8)
Poble Sec 
Paral·lel  (L2, Funicular de Montjuïc)
Drassanes 
Liceu 
Catalunya  (L1, L6, L7)
Passeig de Gràcia  (L2, L4, RENFE)
Diagonal (L5; Provença: L6, L7)
Fontana 
Lesseps  (L9, L10)
Vallcarca 
Penitents 
Vall d'Hebron  (L5)
Montbau 
Mundet 
Valldaura 
Canyelles 
Roquetes 
Trinitat Nova   (L4, L11)

Former stations

Fernando
Banco (nowadays would be on L4)
Correos (nowadays would be on L4)

3
Albert Szent-Györgyi (Albert Szent-Györgyi de Nagyrápolt, 16 September 1893  22 October 1986) was an Hungarian scientist. He won the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discoveries about Vitamin C.

He was commonly known for discovering a vitamin that our bodies cannot make, vitamin C

References

1893 births
1986 deaths
Hungarian people
Pharmacologists
Hungarian Nobel Prize winners
Line 4, currently known as Trinitat Nova – La Pau, usually called "línia groga" (yellow line), is a line in the Barcelona Metro network operated by TMB.

Chronology

1973 – Joanic-Jaume I section opened (part of it had been part of L3 previously)
1974 – Joanic-Guinardó section opened
1976 – Jaume I-Barceloneta section opened
1977 – Barceloneta-Selva de Mar section opened
1982 – Guinardó-Via Júlia and Selva de Mar-La Pau sections opened.
1985 – La Pau-Pep Ventura section opened
1999 – Via Júlia-Trinitat Nova section opened.
2002 – La Pau-Pep Ventura section closed (and moved to L2)
2003 – El Maresme-Fòrum station opened.

Technical details

 Colour on map: Yellow
 Number of stations: 22
 Type: Conventional metro
 Length: 
 Rolling stock: 1100 and 2100 series
 Journey time: 27 minutes
 Track gauge: 
 Traction: Electricity
 Power supply: Rigid overhead wire
 Open-air sections: No
 Mobile phone coverage: Partial
 Depots: Trinitat Nova, Verneda (Triangle Ferroviari)

Current stations

Stations or lines shown in italics are under construction.
 Trinitat Nova (L11)
 Via Júlia
 Llucmajor
 Maragall (L5)
 Guinardó – Hospital de Sant Pau (L9, L10)
 Alfons X
 Joanic
 Verdaguer (L5)
 Girona
 Passeig de Gràcia (L2, L3, RENFE)
 Urquinaona (L1)
 Jaume I
 Barceloneta
 Ciutadella-Vila Olímpica (T4)
 Bogatell
 Llacuna
 Poblenou
 Selva de Mar (T4)
 El Maresme-Fòrum (T4)
 Besòs Mar
 Besòs (T5)
 La Pau (L2)
 Santander (under construction)
 Sagrera-Tav (under construction) (L9, L10)
 Sagrera-Meridiana (under construction) (L1 L5, L9, L10)

References
Trenscat

4
Line 5 (L5), currently known as Cornellà Centre - Horta, its termini, and often simply called "Línia Blava" (Blue line) is line belonging to the Barcelona Metro network operated by TMB, and part of the ATM fare-integrated transport network.

Overview 

It first opened in 1959. Line 5 is currently 16.6 km. long and has 23 stations, from Cornellà to Horta in the northern part of Barcelona, where it's going to be extended towards Vall d'Hebron, meeting L3.

Chronology 

1959 - Sagrera-Meridiana section opened (as the former L2)
1967 - Vilapicina-Horta section opened (as the former L2)
1969 - Collblanc-Diagonal/Provença section opened.
1970 - Diagonal/Provença-Sagrera-Meridiana section opened. The line then known as L2 integrated into L5.
1973 - Collblanc-Pubilla Cases section opened.
1976 - Pubilla Cases-Sant Ildefons section opened.
1983 - Sant Ildefons-Cornellà section opened.

Technical details 

 Colour on map: Blue
 Number of stations: 23
 Type: Conventional metro
 Length: 
 Rolling stock: Unitats 1100
 Journey time: 30 minutes
 Track gauge: 
 Traction: Electricity
 Power supply: Rigid overhead wire
 Open-air sections: Yes (Can Boixeras)
 Mobile phone coverage: Partial
 Depots: Can Boixeres, Vilapicina
 Operator: TMB

Current stations 

Station and line names in italics are under construction.
 Cornellà Centre (T1, T2, RENFE)
 Gavarra
 Sant Ildefons
 Can Boixeres
 Can Vidalet
 Pubilla Cases
 Ernest Lluch - under construction.
 Collblanc (L9, L10)
 Badal
 Plaça de Sants (L2)
 Sants Estació (L3, RENFE)
 Entença
 Hospital Clínic
 Diagonal (L3; Provença: L6, L7)
 Verdaguer (L4)
 Sagrada Família (L2)
 Sant Pau-Dos de Maig
 Camp de l'Arpa
 Sagrera (L1, L4, L9, L10)
 Congrés
 Maragall (L4)
 Virrei Amat
 Vilapicina
 Horta
 El Carmel (under construction)
 La Teixonera (under construction)
 Vall d'Hebron (under construction) (L3)

Other websites
 Official site for Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona

5
Line 6, coloured navy blue, (currently known as Plaça Catalunya - Reina Elisenda) is the name of a metro-like commuter train service in Barcelona operated by FGC, and part of the ATM fare-integrated transport system. It links Plaça Catalunya, the city centre, with Sarrià-Sant Gervasi. This Barcelona Metro and Metro del Vallès line shares three stations with FGC L7.

Overview 

Prior to the integration with the TMB network, L6 covered as an underground commuter train line the distance from downtown Barcelona to Sarrià, pretty much the same as nowadays. It has its origins in 1876, with the Barcelona-Sarrià train. It's going to be extended towards Sant Boi, through Hospital Sant Joan de Déu.

Technical details 
 Colour on map:
 Number of stations: 12
 Type: Conventional metro (mixed traffic with suburban commuter train lines)
 Length: 
 Rolling stock: 111 and 112 series
 Journey time: 30 minutes
 Track gauge: 
 Traction: Electricity
 Power supply: Standard overhead wire
 Open-air sections: No
 Mobile phone coverage: All lines
 Depots: Rubí
 Operator: FGC

Current stations 
 Plaça Catalunya (L1, L3, L7, RENFE)
 Provença (L7; Diagonal: L3, L5)
 Gràcia (L7)
 Sant Gervasi
 Muntaner
 La Bonanova
 Les Tres Torres
 Sarrià (L9, L10)
 Reina Elisenda

Other websites 

 Line 6 at Trenscat.com

6
Coccoliths are the microscopic algae which form chalk. They are made by one of the most important eukaryote phytoplankton. These are single celled protists whose full name is coccolithophorids or coccolithophores. The spherical skeleton of coccoliths is a coccosphere.

Chalk makes up much of the marine strata in the Upper Cretaceous period, and is 95% to 99% made up of coccoliths, the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) plates which coccolithophorids produce.

Coccoliths were first examined by Cristian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795–1875), who thought they were inorganic products. They were named, and identified as made by living organisms by Thomas Henry Huxley, who realised they were a major part of the rock we call chalk. The story of how the tiny cell produces its coccosphere is told by Westbroek:

"The tiny coccolith-generating alga... is geological dynamite, a formidable force helping to conduct vast fluxes of calcium and carbonate towards the ocean bottom".

Coccolithophores are a major contributor to the carbonate in deep sea sediments. In the Northeast Atlantic during the last glacial-interglacial cycle (ice age), coccoliths make up 70-80% of the total carbonate during the warm periods, and less during glacial times.

Coccoliths are first seen at the end of the Triassic period, 200 million years ago. It is interesting that another group of tiny algae, the diatoms, make their entry into the fossil record at almost the same time. The coccolith all-time peak was in the warm inland and continental shelf seas of the Cretaceous period. They are still of huge ecological and geological importance.

Emiliania huxleyi 

Emiliania huxleyi (Ehux for short) is one of the most important planktonic algae on the planet today. It is the most common coccolithophore in the oceans of the world. It dominates in the northeast Atlantic, in the northeast Pacific and in the eastern Mediterranean. Its gigantic algal blooms are easily seen on satellite imagery. This blooming life-style started between ~80,000 and 50,000 years ago, and marks the start of the so-called Ehux Acme zone in the fossil record.

Ehux is only seen in relatively young sediments, and must have evolved fairly recently. The first appearance of Ehux in the sediment is used as a biostratigraphic marker. This appearance was dated to ~270,000 years ago. Later, Weaver dated it at ~242–268,000 years ago.

References

Related pages 
Sea grass
Chalk

Other websites
 Emiliania huxleyi home page

Protista
Algae
Macedonia is a historical and geographical region in northern Greece. It is the second most populous region of Greece and usually it is referred as Northern Greece along with Thrace. It is situated between the Pindus Mountains and river Nestos and it borders west with Epirus and Thessaly, northwestern with Albania, north with North Macedonia, northeastern with Bulgaria and east with Thrace. Its south coasts are washed by the Aegean Sea. Macedonia is separated in three smaller peripheries: West Macedonia, Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace. It has a total population of 2,424,765 inhabitants according to the 2001 census and its total area is 34,177 km². The capital of Macedonia is Thessaloniki and has a population of about 1,000,000 inhabitants. Macedonia's national anthem is Μακεδονία Ξακουστή which means Famous Macedonia.

Geography
Macedonia has many mountains and the tallest is Mount Olympus which has a high of 2,917 meters. There are also many valleys that are some of the biggest in the whole Greece. Rivers such as Aliakmon, Axios, Nestos, and Strymonas cross these valleys and drain into the Aegean Sea.

Prefectures and population
Macedonia consists 13 prefectures and sometimes it is said to be 14 because there is also a monastery region, Mount Athos, which is autonomous.

And the population of the largest towns:

Related pages
 Macedonia
 Republic of Macedonia

References

Other websites
Macedonia, The Historical Profile of Northern Greece
Macedonia and Thrace region site  
 Region of Central Macedonia 
 Region of Western Macedonia
 Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace 

Subdivisions of Greece
The Holocene is the present geological epoch. It is the second epoch of the Quaternary and the seventh of the Cainozoic. It started around 11,000 years ago after the last ice age. We are currently going through a non-ice age warm stage in Earth's history.

Holocene climatic optimum 
The Holocene climatic optimum (HCO) was a warm period from about 9,000 to 5,000 years BP. The interesting thing about this is, despite recent global warming, we are still below this warm period (see diagram). 

This warm period was followed by a gradual decline until about two millennia ago.

More details 
The Holocene is also called the Recent epoch. It is the second stage in the Quaternary period.

The Holocene marks the end of the previous series of ice ages in the Pleistocene. It started about 11,700 years ago when the temperatures rose quickly from the previous level.

During the early Holocene, there were many extinctions amongst larger mammals. This is because of human hunting and climate change.

At this time the Bering bridge connecting Russia and Alaska melted. Also the land bridge between China and Japan melted (starting the Jōmon period), as well as many land bridges between islands in Southeast Asia.

References 

Cainozoic
Ancient history
Climate change
The pineapplefish, Cleidopus gloriamaris, is a species of fish. It is also known as the knightfish or the coat-of-mail fish, due to the scales on its body. Some people call it the port-and-starboard light fish, as it has a pair of bright spots that are like a ship's lights. "Gloriamaris" is from the Latin language gloria and maris, means "glory of the sea".

Distribution and habitat 
The pineapplefish is found near Queensland, New South Wales, and Western Australia. It lives at a depth of 6-200 meters (20-660 ft).

Family 
The pineapplefish is a member of the Pinecone fish family. The pineapplefish is the largest Pinecone species, reaching up to  in length.

References 

Ray-finned fish
Fish of Australia
Naousa, former Naoussa, is a city in the region of Macedonia in Greece. It is in the west part of Imathia prefecture. Its population is 22.288 inhabitants and its area is 300,89 km². Naousa is surrounded by orchards, producing peaches, apples, cherries and other fruits. It has a long and rich history because there are many archaeological places there. There is also the site of the ancient School of Aristotle where Alexander The Great studied moral philosophy, philosophy and politics.

Notable people 
 Anastasios Michail (17th century-1722), theologian
 Zisis Karademos(17th century-1705), armatolos, led a rebellion
 Zafeirakis Theodosiou (18th century-1822), political leader
 Apostolos Giannou Footballer

References

Other websites
 Official website

Cities in Greece
Polygyros is a city in the area of Macedonia in Greece. It is the capital of the Chalkidiki prefecture and of the homonym municipality. It is found on the foothill of mountain Cholomon. It has a  population of 6,232 people and it has a total area is 470.933 square kilometers.

References

Other websites
Official website

Cities in Greece
Broşteni is a town that is found in Suceava County in the country of Romania.  It has a population of about 11,900 people that live within a seven kilometer area of the city.

References

Towns in Suceava County
Jack Benny (born Benjamin Kubelsky; February 14, 1894 – December 26, 1974) was an American comedian and actor. 

He was born in Chicago and grew up in Waukegan, Illinois. His mother was a Lithuanian immigrant; his father was a Jewish immigrant from Poland. 

From 1932 to 1955, Benny had a radio show. The first title of the show was The Canada Dry Ginger Ale Program, but it was later called "The Jack Benny Program". His television program was broadcast from 1950 to 1965.

Death

Benny died of pancreatic cancer in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 80.

References

Other websites 

1894 births
1974 deaths
Actors from Chicago
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television producers
Cancer deaths in the United States
Comedians from Chicago
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Television personalities from Chicago
Southam is a small town in Warwickshire, England. It is often mistaken for a village, but has been a town since medieval times.

There is an ancient stone wall, called "The Holy Well".

The first battle in the English Civil War was in Southam. In August 1642, small groups of soldiers from the opposing sides accidentally met at Southam, and in the fight some were killed. They were on their way to Edge Hill, where the first big battle took place. History books usually say Edge Hill was the first fight. Later, King Charles I rode through the town and fined the people because they did not ring the church bells for him. Later still, Oliver Cromwell, who slept in the Manor House (now a pharmacy).

In the 1600s, Southam was an important resting place for horse-drawn carriages, and even in recent times had an unusually large number of inns and public houses. (Several have close in the past 20 years.) A main road that Welsh sheep farmers ('drovers') used to travel to London passed through Southam. The town was also at an important junction between Birmingham, Coventry, Daventry, Northampton, Banbury, Oxford, Leamington Spa and Warwick.

Southam never had a canal or railway built through it. This meant that it remained a small town, while other places with canals and railways grew rapidly in the 1800s. In recent years, a lot of new houses have been built, increasing the population from 2000 in 1950 to 8000+ in 2010.

There is a fine church, which dates from 1200. It was extensively restored in Victorian times, but still has lots of medieval stone work. The Manor House (now a pharmacy) is in the centre of the town. In 2008, during routine maintenance, fine wood carvings were discovered under the plaster. The carvings are of hearts and arrows, and are at least 300 years old. The company that owns the building paid for the beautify work to be fully restored.

There are small industrial estates around the town, some with important businesses, including the computer games company . There are plans for a large supermarket (Tesco or Sainsburys) to be built in the town. While this would change the character of the town even more, it could benefit people who find the current small shops and supermarkets too expensive, and provide more people with work. Some people do not want a supermarket, saying that other shops would close.

Towns in Warwickshire
Survivor: Borneo was the first season of the American reality show Survivor. When it was first being shown, it was simply called Survivor but its official name has been changed to Survivor: Borneo, so viewers can tell which season they are watching. Before the change to Survivor: Borneo, the season was known as Survivor: Pulau Tiga, but it was changed again to its current name so viewers would not get this season confused with the tenth season, Survivor: Palau. The show began filming on March 31, 2000 and ended on April 20, 2000. It was shown later that year on CBS. It was set in the South China Sea on the Malaysian island of Pulau Tiga in the state of Sabah, about  off the north coast of Borneo, Malaysia. The show became available on DVD on May 11, 2004.

At the beginning, the sixteen players were divided into two tribes, an orange tribe, Tagi, and a yellow tribe, Pagong, which the producers named after their beaches. When ten players were left, the two tribes merged, becoming one tribe. Players Sean Keniff and Jenna Lewis named the new tribe "Rattana". After 39 days of playing, Richard Hatch was named the Sole Survivor, winning against Kelly Wiglesworth in a 4–3 jury vote. In 2006, it was revealed that Hatch did not declare his winnings, among other earnings, in his tax return and was sentenced to 51 months in prison.

The Survivor: Borneo finale (last episode) got the highest ratings of any Survivor episode to date. Richard Hatch, Jenna Lewis, Rudy Boesch, Susan Hawk and Colleen Haskell were asked to return in the eighth season of Survivor, Survivor: All-Stars. Haskell was the only one who did not return, while Hatch, Lewis, Boesch and Hawk placed 14th, 3rd, 17th and 13th.

Players
The game had sixteen players, divided into two tribes, Pagong and Tagi. After six players were voted off, the tribes were combined, or merged, to make one tribe, Rattana. Seven players made up the jury, who chose who would win the game, and the $1 million prize.

Episodes

Voting history

</div>

References
Notes
 The Total Votes is the number of votes a player got during Tribal Councils where the player is able to be voted out of the game. It does not count the votes they got during the final Tribal Council.
 If more than one tribe or player wins reward or immunity, they are listed in order of finish, or alphabetically if it was teamwork, or if one player won and invited others, the players they invited are in brackets.
 The first challenge was a combined reward/immunity challenge. The winning team got immunity and waterproof matches.
 Sometime between day four and six, a reward challenge took place that was not shown on TV. The challenge involved holding weight on poles. Richard held the weight for Tagi, as Joel for Pagong. The reward was a map to a closer water hole.
 The final four vote was tied with Richard and Sue each getting two votes. In the tie-breaker vote, Rudy voted for Sue again while Kelly changed her vote from Richard to Sue.
 There was no reward challenge because of the tribal merge.
 Richard and Susan were not able to vote in the second Tribal Council vote.

General

 
 

Specific

Other websites
Official CBS Survivor Borneo Website

01
Amphicoelias was a genus of sauropod dinosaur, which may have included the largest dinosaur ever discovered (A. fragillimus). If it truly existed, A. fragillimus would be the longest vertebrate by a considerable margin, and it would have a mass that rivals the heaviest animal known, the blue whale. However, because the only fossil evidence for its existence was lost shortly after being discovered in the 1870s, evidence survives only in drawings, and doubt has been expressed about their accuracy.

The fossil was found in the Morrison Formation.

References 

Sauropods
Corneille Jean François Heymans (March 28, 1892 - July 18, 1968) was an Belgian doctor. He won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discoveries about how breathing is regulated.

References

1892 births
1968 deaths
Belgian Nobel Prize winners
Belgian physicians
People from Ghent
Pharmacologists
Christina Applegate (born November 25, 1971) is an American actress. She was born in Hollywood, California, the daughter of record producer Robert Applegate and singer-actress Nancy Priddy (born 1941). Many people know her from playing the role of Kelly Bundy in the television series Married... with Children between 1987 and 1997. She has appeared in the television series, Samantha Who?, and in the movie Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy. 

In summer 2008, Applegate was diagnosed with breast cancer and a BRCA1 gene mutation, for which she had a double mastectomy.

References

Other websites 

1971 births
Living people
Actors from Hollywood
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
Breast cancer survivors
Emmy Award winners
Hayato Yano (born 29 October 1980) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2000||1||0||0||0||2||0||3||0
|-
|2001||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 1||3||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|2002||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2002||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 1||4||0||1||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Kariya||rowspan="2"|Football League||5||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2008||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
16||0||1||0||3||0||20||0
16||0||1||0||3||0||20||0
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
Kim Dong-Hyun (born 20 May 1984) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2003||Oita Trinita||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0

|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="2"|K-League||24||3||0||0||2||1||colspan="2"|-||26||4
|-
|2005||17||4||3||0||12||2||||||32||6

|-
|2005/06||Braga||Portuguese Liga||13||1||||||||||||||13||1

|-
|2006||Rubin Kazan||Premier League||4||1||0||0||0||0||2||0||6||1

|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma||rowspan="2"|K-League||25||5||1||0||1||0||||||27||5
|-
|2008||21||1||3||0||9||3||colspan="2"|-||33||4
|-
|2009||Gyeongnam||K-League||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|2010||Gwangju Sangmu||K-League||||||||||||||||||||
1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
87||13||7||0||24||6||||||118||19
13||1||||||||||||||13||1
4||1||0||0||0||0||2||0||6||1
105||15||7||0||24||6||2||0||138||21
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||2||1
|-
!Total||6||1
|}

References 

1984 births
Living people
South Korean footballers
Toshiaki Haji (born 28 August 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokushima Vortis.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||rowspan="3"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2001||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2002||Sagawa Express Osaka||Football League||6||4||1||1||colspan="2"|-||7||5
|-
|2003||Montedio Yamagata||J. League 2||28||6||2||0||colspan="2"|-||30||6
|-
|2004||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2004||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||8||1||0||0||0||0||8||1
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||42||12||1||0||colspan="2"|-||43||12
|-
|2006||46||9||2||1||colspan="2"|-||48||10
|-
|2007||24||6||0||0||colspan="2"|-||24||6
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Ventforet Kofu||J. League 1||6||0||2||1||0||0||8||1
|-
|2008||J. League 2||27||5||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||5
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||51||12||1||0||colspan="2"|-||52||12
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
239||55||9||3||0||0||248||58
239||55||9||3||0||0||248||58
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
Hiroshi Miyazawa (born 22 November 1970) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||13||0||3||0||6||0||22||0
|-
|1994||5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|1995||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||24||0||3||0||14||0||41||0
|-
|1997||5||0||0||0||4||0||9||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="3"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||21||1||0||0||3||0||24||1
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
69||1||6||0||27||0||102||1
69||1||6||0||27||0||102||1
|}

References

1970 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Kunihiko Takizawa (born 20 April 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Bangkok Glass.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997||rowspan="8"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="8"|J. League 1||9||0||0||0||2||0||11||0
|-
|1998||1||0||0||0||3||1||4||1
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||16||1||2||0||5||2||23||3
|-
|2001||16||0||1||0||2||0||19||0
|-
|2002||29||0||3||0||6||2||38||2
|-
|2003||28||1||2||0||6||0||36||1
|-
|2004||8||0||0||0||2||0||10||0
|-
|2004||Vissel Kobe||J. League 1||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2005||JEF United Ichihara Chiba||J. League 1||5||0||0||0||3||0||8||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="3"|Yokohama||J. League 2||21||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||22||2
|-
|2007||J. League 1||31||0||2||2||6||0||39||2
|-
|2008||J. League 2||39||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||41||0
|-
|2009||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 2||35||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||35||2
240||6||13||2||35||5||288||13
240||6||13||2||35||5||288||13
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Aleksandar Živković (born 28 July 1977) is a Serbian football player. He has played for Serbia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993/94||Radnički Niš||First League||9||0||||||||||9||0
|-
|1994/95||Partizan||First League||3||0||||||||||3||0
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|Radnički Niš||rowspan="3"|First League||21||1||||||||||21||1
|-
|1996/97||26||2||||||||||26||2
|-
|1997/98||28||3||||||||||28||3
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Rad Beograd||rowspan="2"|First League||28||11||||||||||28||11
|-
|1999/00||34||9||||||||||34||9

|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||11||2||1||0||3||0||15||2
|-
|2001||13||0||1||0||7||1||21||1
|-
|2002||10||2||3||0||5||1||18||3
|-
|2003||22||3||0||0||9||2||31||5

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Obilić||rowspan="2"|First League||15||2||||||||||15||2
|-
|2004/05||13||0||||||||||13||0
|-
|2004/05||OFK Beograd||First League||13||1||||||||||13||1
|-
|2005/06||Voždovac||Superliga||15||1||||||||||15||1

|-
|2006||rowspan="4"|Shandong Luneng Taishan||rowspan="4"|Super League||26||3||||||||||26||3
|-
|2007||27||7||||||||||27||7
|-
|2008||26||5||||||||||26||5
|-
|2009||19||1||||||||||19||1
|-
|2010||Shenzhen Ruby||Super League||||||||||||||||
205||30||||||||||205||30
56||7||5||0||24||4||85||11
98||16||||||||||98||16
359||53||5||0||24||4||388||57
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2001||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Serbian footballers
Line 7 or L7 coloured brown (currently known as Plaça Catalunya - Avinguda Tibidabo), is a metro in the Barcelona Metro network that is ran by FGC. It is also called Línia de Balmes, because it climbs Carrer de Balmes uphill into Tibidabo. It shares three stations with L6.

Technical details

 Number of stations: 12
 Type: Conventional metro 
 Length: 
 Journey time: 9 minutes
 Traction: Electricity
 Open-air sections: No
 Mobile phone coverage: All line
 Depots: Rubí
 Operator: FGC

Current stations
 Plaça Catalunya (L1, L3, L6, RENFE)
 Provença (L6; Diagonal: L3, L5)
 Gràcia (L6)
 Plaça Molina
 Pàdua
 El Putxet (L9, L10)1
 Avinguda Tibidabo (Tramvia blau)

1: L9  and L10 under construction in this station.

Other websites 

 Line 7 at Trenscat.com

7
The Whyte notation for classifying steam locomotives by wheel arrangement was devised by Frederick Methvan Whyte, and came into use in the early twentieth century encouraged by an editorial in American Engineer and Railroad Journal. 

Rail transport
Alexandria is a city in Egypt.
Alexander The Great built many cities with his name while he had a whole empire.
The name Alexandria may also refer to:

Cities that Alexander The Great built
 Iskandariya, Iraq
 Alexandria Asiana, Iran
 Alexandria Ariana, Afghanistan
 Alexandria Bucephalous, Pakistan, on the Jhelum
 Alexandria on the Caucasus, Afghanistan
 Alexandria on the Oxus, Afghanistan
 Alexandria Arachosia, Afghanistan now called Kandahar (a contraction of Iskandahar)
 Alexandria on the Indus, Pakistan
 Alexandria Eschate, "the Farthest", Tajikistan
 Alinda, Alexandria on the Latmos, previously and afterward called Alinda in Caria, present-day Turkey
 Cebrene, formerly Alexandria
 Alexandria Troas, Turkey
 Merv, Turkmenistan, sometimes also called Alexandria

Other cities with the name Alexandria or similar names
 Alexandroupoli in Thrace, Greece
 Alexandreia in Imathia, Greece
 Aleksandropol, Armenia
 Alessandria del Carretto, Italy
 Alessandria, Italy
 Alexandria, Eastern Cape, South Africa
 Alexandria, Jamaica
 Alexandria, Romania
 Alexandrium, ancient site in Palestine
 Alexandria, Northern Territory
 Alexandria, New South Wales
 Alexandra, Victoria
 Alexandria, British Columbia
 Alexandria, Ontario
 Alexandria, West Dunbartonshire, Scotland
The Chicago Blackhawks are a professional ice hockey team based in Chicago, Illinois. They are members of the Central Division of the Western Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). The club was founded in 1926 as one of the league's first American franchises, joining in the same year as the New York Rangers and the Detroit Red Wings (then known as the Detroit Cougars). Owing to the Blackhawks' long history, they are considered one of the NHL's "Original Six" teams—a term reserved for the six teams that comprised the NHL from the 1942–43 season until the league expanded in 1967. As of June 13, 2011, 831 players have played at least one game for the franchise, either in the NHL regular season or in the playoffs.

The Blackhawks, known as the Black Hawks from their inception until 1986, have won the Stanley Cup six times in their 83-year history. Charlie Gardiner, the team's goaltender for its first Stanley Cup win in 1934, became the first European-born captain—and still the only goaltender captain—to win the Stanley Cup. Johnny Gottselig became the second European-born captain to do so when the team won its second championship in 1938. Stan Mikita is the franchise leader in assists (926) and points (1467), and Bobby Hull is the leader in goals (604). Chris Chelios is the franchise leader in penalty minutes (1495). Goaltender Tony Esposito is the club's all-time leader in wins (873) and shutouts (74).

The franchise has had 34 players selected as captains. Each NHL team may select a captain, who has the "sole privilege of discussing with the referee any questions relating to interpretation of rules which may arise during the progress of a game". Captains are required to wear the letter "C" on their uniform for identification, which is  in height. Dick Irvin was named the first captain in 1926. The current captain, Jonathan Toews, was the third-youngest captain in NHL history at the time of his selection.

Key
 Won Stanley Cup while with the Blackhawks.
 Appeared in a Blackhawks game during the 2018–19 season.

Goaltenders

Skaters

Notes
 Save percentage did not become an official NHL statistic until the 1982–83 season.  Therefore, goaltenders who played before 1982 do not have official save percentages.
 The seasons column lists the first year of the season of the player's first game and the last year of the season of the player's last game. For example, a player who played one game in the 2000–2001 NHL season would be listed as playing with the team from 2000 to 2001, regardless of what calendar year the game occurred within.
 Moe Roberts, an assistant trainer for the team at the time, played twenty minutes after a knee injury forced Harry Lumley out of a game.

References
General

Specific

Lists of National Hockey League players