cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bernard Haitink  (4 March 1929 – 21 October 2021) was a Dutch conductor and violinist. He won two Grammy Awards in 2004 and 2009.

Early life
Haitink studied music at the conservatoire in Amsterdam, the town where he was born. He started his career playing the violin in orchestras. Then he learned to conduct.

Career
He became second conductor of the Netherlands Radio Union Orchestra in 1955. He then became chief conductor of the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic in 1957. On 7 November 1956 the famous conductor Carlo Maria Giulini was not able to conduct a concert of the Concertgebouw Orchestra so the young Bernard Haitink conducted instead. This helped him to become famous. Three years later he became a conductor of the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra and he stayed with them for a quarter of a century. In 1963 he became the main conductor of that orchestra, and in 1999 they gave him the title of honorary conductor.

Haitink has also had jobs outside the Netherlands. He was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra from 1967 to 1979, music director at Glyndebourne Opera from 1978 to 1988 and at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden from 1987 to 2002. He also held posts with the Dresden Staatskapelle and Boston Symphony Orchestra, and conducted many other great orchestras of the world.

In 1977, he was given an honorary knighthood in the Order of the British Empire.

Haitink had conducted music by many composers from different periods. He has recorded many great works for Phillips, Decca and EMI. In 2004 his recording of Janáček’s opera Jenufa was given the Grammy Award for the best opera recording.

Personal life
Haitink had five children from his first marriage. He lived in Switzerland with his fourth wife, who used to be a viola player in the orchestra of the Royal Opera House.

Haitink died on 21 October 2021 in London at the age of 92.

References

Other websites

 List of recordings from Dutch Divas website
 
 
 
 Askonas Holt agency page on Bernard Haitink

Interviews
 Bernard Haitink interview, 13 January 1997

1929 births
2021 deaths
Dutch conductors
Grammy Award winners
Honorary Companions of Honour
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
People from Amsterdam
Dutch musicians
Violinists
Shadow Puppets (2002), by Orson Scott Card, is the sequel to Shadow of the Hegemon and the third book in the Ender's Shadow series (often called the Bean Quartet). It was first going to be called Shadow of Death.

References

2002 books
Books by Orson Scott Card
Libération (also called Libé) is a French daily newspaper founded in Paris in 1973 by Jean-Paul Sartre.

Other websites 
 www.liberation.fr

Paris
French-language newspapers
Justice is a concept on ethics and law that means that people behave in a way that is fair, equal and balanced for everyone.

In law
Governments, and especially the police and courts, see that the laws are obeyed in most societies.  Because they can punish a person for not obeying the law, most people agree that laws should be fair and the same for everyone.  But governments sometimes  make laws that many people believe are not just.  If many people believe this, people may lose respect for the law and may even disobey it.  However, in democratic societies, the law itself has ways to change or get rid of these unjust laws.

Related pages
 Ethics
 International Court of Justice
 International Criminal Court
 Morality
 Napoleonic Code
 Rationality
 Social justice

References

Other websites

Law
Virtues
Major derives from Latin maior, which means greater. It is used in many contexts:

 Major, a military rank.
 An academic major, the primary focus of a Bachelor's degree, in the United States and some other countries.
 In music, major (in contrast to minor) is a type of scale, key, chord, or interval; see major and minor. Also:
 major scale
 major chord
 the names of various intervals, such as a major third or major sixth
 In British public school terminology, "major" means an older brother or sister (when two people have the same surname), as opposed to "minor".
 In American professional sports, various leagues are described as major (or "the majors") when they represent the highest level of competition in their geographic area, such as Major League Baseball or Major League Soccer.
In American college sports, "major" has multiple meanings. For a more comprehensive discussion of the different meanings of "major" in the college athletics context, see mid-major.
 In golf, a "major championship" is one of an elite tier of annual tournaments (not more than five) recognised by the relevant authorities for a particular branch of the sport. See:
 Men's major golf championships
 Women's major golf championships
 Senior major golf championships
 In snooker, four of the main tournaments in the season are unnofficially known as Major titles
 In English Change Ringing, Major refers to a ringing method rung on eight church bells.
 Major (law) (as opposed to minor (law)), one with the full legal rights of an adult
 People named Major:
 John Major, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1990 – 1997.
 John C. Major, a Canadian judge
 Major Taylor, an American champion cyclist 1899–1901.
 Mark Major, a Canadian ice hockey player.
 William James Major, a Canadian politician and judge
 Major Applewhite, a former Texas Longhorn quarterback and current Alabama assistant coach
 Major Harris, a former college quarterback for the West Virginia Mountaineers
 Characters named Major:
 Major Gowen, a character on the 1970s British TV series Fawlty Towers.
 The Major, a character on the 1970s American TV series Soap.
 The Major (or simply Major), a nickname for Motoko Kusanagi, a fictional character from the anime/manga series Ghost in the Shell.
 Major Major Major Major, a character in Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22
 The Major, the leader of Millennium, a Nazi group in Hellsing.
 Major (manga), a baseball-related manga/anime series in Japan.
 Major movie studios, film studios (mostly United States-based) that produce many films per year.
Major record labels, music production and distribution companies that produce most of the music recordings per year.
 Places named Major:
Major, Saskatchewan, small village in the Canadian province, Saskatchewan

Related pages
 Majority (disambiguation)
 Majorat
 Mayor
 Majors
Shadow of the Giant (2005) is the fourth book in Orson Scott Card's Ender's Shadow series (sometimes called the Bean Quartet).

Other websites
 About the novel Shadow of the Giant from Card's website 

2005 books
Books by Orson Scott Card
The Metropolitan Tabernacle is a large Reformed Baptist church in the Elephant and Castle in London. It was Charles Spurgeon's church for many years.

Other websites 
Metropolitan Tabernacle official site

Baptist churches
Buildings and structures in London
Songmaster (1980) is a science fiction book by Orson Scott Card.  The story of the Songmaster occurs in a future human empire, and follows Ansset, a young boy whose singing voice has the power of making people's feelings stronger.  This makes him both a possible healer and destroyer. He is trained in the art of singing so perfectly that his songs can show ideas and feelings better than words.  This book was based on Card's short story "Mikal's Songbird".

Literary significance & criticism
One reviewer said that Songmaster was "Quite possibly Card's best published work, ever." The publisher described the story as "...a haunting story of power and love—the tale of the man who would destroy everything he loves to preserve humanity's peace, and the boy who might just sing the world away".

Awards and nominations
As with some other Card novels (Ender's Game, for example), this book started out as a shorter story "Mikal's Songbird", which was a Nebula Award finalist in 1978. Songmaster got the Hamilton-Brackett Memorial Award in 1981.

Translations
  ("Songmaster"), published by Meulenhoff.
  ("Master Singer"), published by Bastei Lübbe.
  ("Master Singer"), published by Nova Ciencia Ficcion.

References

Other websites
 About the novel Songmaster from Card's website

Books by Orson Scott Card
Science fiction books
1980 books
American novels
College football is American football played by teams of students from different American universities, colleges, and military academies. Play between colleges first made American football popular in the United States. College football is still popular today among students, alumni, and other fans of the sport.
American Football is variation of Rugby introduced by Walter Camp.
The very first match between two college teams using new "American" variation of Rugby was played between Princeton and Rutgers University in 1869. First season of college football had only two matches played. The game became popular quickly in coming years.

National championships 
College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS – The NCAA has never had an official championship for schools in the top-level Football Bowl Subdivision, or "FBS". Instead, several groups declare their own champions.
NCAA Division I Football Championship – The official championship for schools in the second-level Football Championship Subdivision, or "FCS".
NCAA Division I FCS Consensus Mid-Major football national championship
NCAA FCS Year-by-year playoff results 
NCAA Division II national football championship
NCAA Division III national football championship
NAIA national football championship
NJCAA National football championship

Other websites 
 

NCAA football official site
Bowl Championship Series
College Football Hall of Fame
FCS College Football Weekly Preview 
Most Valuable College Football Programs, Forbes
An account of the first intercollegiate game 

Statistics
NCAA football stats
Stassen College Football, comprehensive college football database
College Football Data Warehouse 
Collegio Football, Electronic Almanac & Media Guide to NCAA College Football (1869 - Present)

Rules
List of college football rule changes for 2006
NCAA Football Rule Changes for 2007 (that are meant to shorten the game)
NCAA Football: Major Rule Changes  (with rationales)
NCAA Football: 2007 Rules and Interpretations
Eye for Eye (1987) is a science fiction novella (or short book) by Orson Scott Card.  It first began in the March 1987 issue of Asimov's Science Fiction magazine.  In 1990 it appeared in Card’s short story collection Maps in a Mirror and also as a Tor double novel, with The Tunesmith by Lloyd Biggle, Jr.. It won the Hugo Award for Best Novella in 1988.

Other websites
 Publication information for Eye for Eye available from Card’s website

1987 books
Books by Orson Scott Card
Hugo Award winning books
Seventh Son (1987) is an alternate history fantasy book written by Orson Scott Card. It is the first book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son. Seventh Son was nominated for both the Hugo Award for Best Novel and the World Fantasy Award. The idea that the seventh son of a seventh son may have special powers is common in folklore around the world.

Seventh sons have strong "knacks" (magical powers or skills), and seventh sons of seventh sons are both very rare and powerful. In fact, young Alvin appears to be the only one in the world.  His powers make him the target of The Unmaker.  After he recognizes Alvin's powers as those of a Maker, he attempts to kill Alvin.

References

Other websites
 About the novel Seventh Son from Card's website

1987 books
Books by Orson Scott Card
The Locus Awards were started in 1971 and are given to winners of Locus Magazine's yearly readers' poll. Currently, the Locus Awards are given at a yearly banquet. Unusually, the publishers of winning works are given a certificate.

The first Locus Award was given in 1971 for works published in 1970.

Winners 

The following writers have won the most awards in the "fiction" sections as of July 2005:

10 or more awards 
 Ursula K. Le Guin (18), Harlan Ellison (15), Dan Simmons (12), George R. R. Martin (11), John Varley (10)

3 - 9 awards 
 Connie Willis (9)
 Orson Scott Card (8), Neil Gaiman (8), Lucius Shepard (8)
 Kim Stanley Robinson (6)
 Robert Silverberg (5), David Brin (5), Gene Wolfe (5)
 Isaac Asimov (4), Joe Haldeman (4), China Miéville (4), Larry Niven (4)
 Michael Bishop (3), Greg Egan (3), Stephen King (3), Kelly Link (3), Lois McMaster Bujold (3), Tim Powers (3), Neal Stephenson (3) Terry Pratchett (3)

Categories
Locus Award for Best Novel
Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel
Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel
Locus Award for Best First Novel
Locus Award for Best Short Story

References

Other websites
 Excerpts for Locus winning and nominated books

Literary awards
Science fiction awards
An allergen is something that causes allergies in humans.

Dust, pollen and pet dander are all common allergens. It is possible to be allergic to anything from chlorine to perfume. Food allergies are not as common, but some foods, like peanuts, nuts, seafood and shellfish cause serious allergies in lots of people.

Common allergens 
Some common allergens could be:
Animal products
Fel d 1 (cat allergy)
fur and dander
cockroach calyx
dust mite excretion
Drugs
penicillin
sulfonamides
salicylates (also found naturally in numerous fruits)
local anaesthetics
Foods
celery and celeriac 
corn or maize
eggs (typically albumen, the white)
fruit
pumpkin
legumes
beans
peas
peanuts
soybeans
milk
seafood
sesame
soy
tree nuts
pecans
almonds
wheat
Insect stings
bee sting venom
wasp sting venom
mosquito stings
Mold spores
Other
latex
metal
Plant pollens (hay fever)
grass — ryegrass, timothy-grass
weeds — ragweed, plantago, nettle, artemisia vulgaris, chenopodium album, sorrel
trees — birch, alder, hazel, hornbeam, aesculus, willow, poplar, platanus, tilia, olea, Ashe juniper

References 

Health problems
Physiology
The term Big Six could mean:

 "Big Six" (song), a 1972 UK Top 40 hit single by Judge Dread
 Big Six banks of Canada
 Big Six law firms of Australia
 Big Six Conference, colleges in the midwestern United States involved in athletics and associated conferences, the predecessor to today's Big 12 Conference
 Big Six (civil rights) movement in the United States
Big six in the romantic literature of England, authors of romantic literature of England
 The Big Six (Ghana), six Ghanaian nationalists jailed by the British colonial government in 1948
 What were the United States "big six auditing firms" (originally the "big eight"), now the big four
 The "Big six" major movie studios
 The "Big Six" Australian cricketers involved in a dispute with cricket authorities in 1912

The Big Six is the name of:
 The Big Six, a children's novel by Arthur Ransome
 Big Six wheel, a casino game

Bix Six is a nickname for:
Supreme War Council (Japan) during World War II
 Christy Mathewson, baseball pitcher 
 Jason Estrada,  professional boxer 
 Baltimore and Ohio Class S locomotive
 2-10-2 type locomotives

Related pages
 Big One
 Big Two
 Big Three
 Big Four
 Big Five
 Big Seven
 Big Eight
Kurt Masur (18 July 1927 – 19 December 2015) was a German conductor. He conducted many of the world’s leading orchestras. He especially likes conducting German Romantic music.

Early life
Masur was born in Brieg, which was then part of Germany but is now called Brzeg and lies in Poland. He studied piano, composition and conducting in Leipzig.

Career
His first important conducting job was with the Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra, with whom he worked from 1955 to 1958 and again from 1967 to 1972. He also worked with the Komische Oper of East Berlin. From 1970 to 1996 he was the Kapellmeister (musical director) of the famous Gewandhausorchester Leipzig.

Dresden and Leipzig both lie in what used to be the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). For years Masur worked faithfully for the communist leaders of that country. When the political situation started to change in 1989, he helped to keep the demonstrations peaceful by talking to the politicians and the people and stopping them from fighting.

In 1991, Masur became music director of the New York Philharmonic. He stayed there for over a decade, helping to make them one of the world’s finest orchestras.

From 2000 to 2007, Masur was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra,. From 2002 to 2008, Masur was music director of the Orchestre National de France.

On his 80th birthday (18 July 2007), Masur conducted musicians from both these orchestras at a Proms concert in London, conducting music by Tchaikovsky and Bruckner.

Masur enjoyed working with young musicians, conducting youth orchestras and giving masterclasses. He has given lessons on the art of conducting Beethoven’s music.

Personal life
Masur has been married three times. His first wife, with whom he had a daughter, died in 1972 in a car accident. Masur himself was badly injured in that accident. Until his death, he lived with his third wife, Tomoko. They have a son, Ken-David, who has also become a conductor.

On 26 April 2012 Masur fell off the podium while he was conducting the National Orchestra of France at a concert in Paris. He was taken to hospital to recover from his injuries.

Masur died of Parkinson's disease at his home in Greenwich, Connecticut on December 19, 2015 at the age of 88.

References

Other websites 
 Kurt Masur official website 

1927 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Connecticut
German conductors
Alvin Journeyman (1995) is an alternate history/fantasy book that was written by Orson Scott Card. It is the fourth book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son.  Being a seventh son of a seventh son gives him magical powers.

Other websites
 About the novel Alvin Journeyman from Card's website

1995 books
Books by Orson Scott Card
Science fiction books
Red Prophet (1988) is an alternate history/fantasy book by Orson Scott Card. It is the second book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son. Red Prophet was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1988 and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1989.

Plot introduction 
The second book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series, Red Prophet is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son (which gives him magical powers), Lolla-Wossiky, Tenskwa-Tawa, and Ta-Kumsaw, Lolla-Wossiky's older brother.

While it is a separate story, the book continues and develops many of the themes shown in the first book.  When Alvin Miller and his older brother Measure go to the place of his birth (where Alvin is supposed to become apprenticed to the Hattrack River blacksmith) the two brothers are captured by 'Reds' (Native Americans) and brought into a plot with possibilities of affecting the entire future of America.

Other websites
 About the novel Red Prophet from Card's website

1988 books
Books by Orson Scott Card
Prentice Alvin (1989) is an alternate history/fantasy book that was written by Orson Scott Card. It is the third book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son (this gives him magical powers). Prentice Alvin was considered for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1989 and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1990.

Plot summary 
After being released from his time with Ta-Kumsaw, an Indian leader who taught Alvin the ways of Indian people, he sets out to start his apprenticeship as a Smith in the town where he was born.

While there he meets a young half-black boy by the name of Arthur Stuart, the son of a slave and a slave-owner who has been taken in by the owners of the town's guesthouse.

Another new friend comes in the form of Miss Peggy Larner, who he later finds out that she is the "torch" who helped him to be born so many years ago, and with whom he has been linked to since that day.

Eventually, Alvin is forced into helping Arthur to escape from some slave-hunters, which requires him to change Arthur's DNA to prevent the hunters' knacks (powers) from finging him. Alvin also creates a plow of living gold, which is bestowed with magic, as his journeyman work to release himself from his apprenticeship as a Smith (and also as a Maker).

The story ends with Alvin and Arthur leaving the town and going back to Alvin's home in the west.

Other websites
 About the novel Prentice Alvin from Card's website

1989 books
Books by Orson Scott Card
George Winston is a pianist from Michigan in the United States of America. He was born there in 1949 but moved   to Montana as a child. Most of his music is about the four seasons and landscapes in the United States of America.

Discography
 1972 Ballads and Blues
 1980 Autumn
 1982 Winter into Spring
 1982 December
 1991 Summer
 1994 Forest
 1996 Linus and Lucy - The Music of Vince Guaraldi
 1999 Plains
 2001 Remembrance - A Memorial Benefit
 2002 Night Divides the Day - The Music of the Doors
 2005 Montana - A Love Story
 2006 Gulf Coast Blues & Impressions: A Hurricane Relief Benefit

Soundtracks 
 1983 The Velveteen Rabbit
 1995 Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes
 1989 A Baker's Dozen of Daily Breads and More

Other websites
George Winston official website
Dancing Cat Records - Winston's Record Label

American pianists
1949 births
Living people
The Caiman is a subfamily of the Alligators. The alligators are divided into True alligators and caimans. Caimans and true alligators develop slower than the rest of the crocodiles. Their lifestyle is also slower. Because of this, they grow older than the other crocodiles. In total, there are 6 species of caimans. All of them live in South America, the Spectacled Caiman can also be found in Central America.

There are three groups:

 True Caiman (Caiman)
 Musky caiman Spectacled Caiman (C. Crocodilus)
 Yacare Caiman (C. Yakare)
 Broad-snouted caiman (C. latirostris)

 Paleosuchus (Dwarf caimans?)
 Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman
 Smooth-fronted Caiman (P. trigonatus)), also known as Schneider's Smooth-fronted Caiman Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger'') (h) (only member of Melanosuchus)

Crocodilia
Animals of South America
Tangipahoa Parish is a parish in the U.S. State of Louisiana. The parish was put together from parts of 4 other parishes in 1869. Before it was a parish, many slaves were forced to work on sugar plantations in the area. After the Civil War, the white people continued to be very violent towards the black people they had enslaved. All across the south, there were lynchings against black people. Tangipahoa Parish had more lynchings than any nearby parish.

References

Other websites
 Visitor's Bureau website, Tangipahoa history 

1869 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Louisiana
Quetzalcóatl (pronounced: ketsalˈkoːaːtɬ in Nahuatl) is an Aztec sky and creator god. The name is a combination of quetzalli, a brightly colored Mesoamerican bird, and , which means serpent; it is therefore usually translated as "feathered serpent" or "plumed serpent". Quetzalcoatl was often pictured as a snake with feathers, although he was sometimes shown in the form of a human. Quetzalcoatl was associated with the planet Venus, as well as being the patron god of the Aztec priesthood, of learning and of knowledge.

The name Quetzalcoatl was also taken on by several ancient Aztec leaders. Many events and characteristics attributed to Quetzalcoatl are therefore exceedingly difficult to separate from the political leaders who took his name. To name one leader Herman Cortes who sailed to the Aztecs to conquer and to steal their gold. Today Quetzalcoatl is arguably the best known Aztec deity but there were several other important Aztec gods too: Tlaloc, Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli. 

Other Mesoamerican cultures have worshipped a feathered serpent god as well: At Teotihuacan the several monumental structures have images of a feathered serpent (See the so-called "Citadel and Temple of Quetzalcoatl"). One can see similar images at Chichén Itza and Tula. This has led scholars to conclude that the deity called Quetzalcoatl in the Nahuatl language was among the most important deities of Mesoamerica.

Legends
There are many legends associated with Quetzalcoatl. One legend said that the world had been created four times before, but each time it was destroyed again. Then Quetzalcoatl collected human bones from the underworld and added his own blood to bring them to life. He was therefore considered the creator of the humans living at the time of the Aztec Empire.

Another legend said that Quetzalcoatl had been banished, but that he would return from the east just before the end of the world. This legend has been used to support the idea that the Aztec leader Moctezuma thought that the Spanish conquistador Cortés was Quetzalcoatl returning from exile. This would also explain why Moctezuma treated the Spanish so well. However, most historians now think that this idea was invented by the Spanish, and that Moctezuma didn't really think that Cortés was a god.

Notes

References

Relevant pages 
Quetzalcoatlus, a huge pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous was named after Quetzalcoatl

Aztec gods and goddesses

tr:Tüylü yılan
Heartfire (1998) is an alternate history/fantasy book that was written by Orson Scott Card. It is the fifth book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son (which gives him magical powers).

Other websites
 About the novel Heartfire from Card's website

1998 books
Fantasy books
Books by Orson Scott Card
The Crystal City (2003) is an alternate history/fantasy book that is written by Orson Scott Card. It is the sixth book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son (which gives him magical powers).

Other websites

 About the novel The Crystal City from Card's website

2003 books
Books by Orson Scott Card
The Tales of Alvin Maker is a series of books by Orson Scott Card. They are about the experiences of a young man named Alvin Miller who finds out that he powers for making and changing things around him.  It takes place in an alternate history of the American frontier in the early 1800s. It is based on early American folklore and superstition.

Books
 Seventh Son (1987)
 Red Prophet (1988)
 Prentice Alvin (1989)
 Alvin Journeyman (1995)
 Heartfire (1998)
 The Crystal City (2003)
 Master Alvin (planned)

Other websites
 The official Orson Scott Card website

Books by Orson Scott Card
Series of books
The Atlanta Falcons are an American football team in Atlanta, Georgia. They are a member of the NFC South of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Falcons joined the NFL as a 1966 expansion team. The Falcon's quarterback is Matt Ryan.  Their uniform is a red jersey with white pants.  An old nickname for the Falcons is Red Birds.  In their 42 years in the NFL, the Falcons have a record of 262-386-6 with division championships in 1980, 1998, 2004, 2010 and 2012. They have played twice in the Super Bowl. This was in 1999 in Miami in which they lost to the Denver Broncos and 2017 against the New England Patriots.

Their current stadium since 2017 is the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. From 1992 through 2016, the Georgia Dome was their home stadium for 25 seasons before it was destroyed and replaced.

Other websites 
 Official Website
 Sports E-Cyclopedia.com
 The Atlanta Falcons  at GeorgiaEncyclopedia.org

 
1966 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
{{NFL team
|name = New Orleans Saints 
|logo  = New Orleans Saints logo.svg
|current = 2021 New Orleans Saints season
|misc  = Headquarted in Metairie, Louisiana
|founded = 1967
|city = Mercedes-Benz SuperdomeNew Orleans, Louisiana, USA
|colors = Old Gold, Black, White
|coach = Sean Payton
|owner = Tom Benson, Gayle Benson and Rita Benson LeBlanc
|general manager = Mickey Loomis
| song = 
| nicknames = Who Dat, The Black and Gold
|mascot = Gumbo the dog
|hist_yr= 1967
|NFL_start_yr=1967
|division_hist=
Eastern Conference (1967-1969)
Capitol Division (1967; 1969)
Century Division (1968)
National Football Conference (1970-present)
NFC West (1970-2001)
NFC South (2002-present)
|no_league_champs=1
|no_sb_champs=1
|sb_champs = 2009 (XLIV)
|no_conf_champs = 1
|conf_champs =*NFC: 2009
|no_div_champs=4
|div_champs=
NFC West: 1991, 2000
NFC South: 2006, 2009, 2018, 2019
| playoff_appearances = 
NFL: 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 2000, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
| no_playoff_appearances = 14
|stadium_years=
Tulane Stadium (1967-1974)
Mercedes-Benz Superdome (1975-2004, 2006-2020)
Temporary Stadiums in 2005 due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina:
Tiger Stadium (Four Games)
Alamodome (Three Games)
Giants Stadium (One Game)
caesars superdome (2021-presant)
}}

The New Orleans Saints''' are a professional American football team in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. The Saints play in the  Southern Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL).

In 1980, the Saints became the first ever NFL team to finish with 1 win and 15 losses.

After a history of bad luck, the Saints won Super Bowl XLIV in the 2009 season off an interception from Peyton Manning by cornerback Tracy Porter. That was also meaningful because only about four years earlier the city was badly hurt when Hurricane Katrina came through in 2005. 

That was later tarnished as in 2012 they and defesnive coodinator Gregg Williams were exposed to have used a bounty stystem, in which players were paid to deliver especially hard/illegal hits to the opponent. Brees denied knowing of the system. The Saints soon recovered and won three straight NFC South division titles.

The team name was inspired by a popular Mardi Gras song called "When the Saints Go Marching In".

The Saints have several famous players including their starting quarterback Drew Brees. They also have running back Alvin Kamara, wide receiver Michael Thomas, defensive end Cameron Jordan, cornerback Marshon Lattimore, and two linebackers in Demario Davis and Kwon Alexander.

After drew Brees's 16 years with the Saints, he retired in the 2021 offseason.

References 
 Brees denies knowledge of bounty

Other websites 
New Orleans Saints official web site
The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team in Los Angeles, California, United States. Originally known as the Cleveland Rams,  and then later as the St. Louis Rams, they are currently in the Western Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The team has won two NFL Championships and two Super Bowls. Their starting quarterback is Matthew Stafford. They play at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, California.

The Rams played in Cleveland, Ohio from 1936 to 1945, before moving to Los Angeles, California in 1946. The Rams stayed in Los Angeles until the 1995 season, when the team moved to St. Louis, Missouri and played there until 2015.  In 2015, the team was sold and was moved back to Los Angeles. Stan Kroenke, the team’s current owner, met with other NFL owners to approve the move. The owners approved the Rams' move to Los Angeles with a 30–2 margin. The Rams returned to Los Angeles at the beginning of the 2016 season. The Rams have won the Super Bowl title in 1999, when they were established in St. Louis.

On May 31, 2009, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported that the Rams were up for sale. The sale price was not known, but Forbes magazine's estimated that the Rams' value was $929 million.

Pro Football Hall of Famers
Eric Dickerson RB
Kurt Warner QB
Jackie Slater OT
Jack Youngblood OLB
Jerome Bettis RB
Ollie Matson RB
Orlando Pace OT
Deacon Jones DE
Marshall Faulk RB
Issac Bruce WR

References

Other websites
Official website
Analog Science Fiction and Fact is an American science fiction magazine. As of 2007, it is the longest currently published magazine of that genre. First published in 1930 in the United States with the name Astounding Stories as a pulp magazine, its name has been changed several times, such as Astounding Science-Fiction in 1938, and  Analog Science Fact & Fiction in 1960.

References

Analog Science Fiction and Fact official web site
Index (1930-1960)
Index (1960-Present)

American magazines
Science_fiction
Pedro Antonio Marín, (1930-2008) known by his pseudonym, Manuel Marulanda Vélez, and nicknamed by his comrades "Tirofijo" (), apparently because of a reputed ability to accurately aim firearms. He was the main leader of the FARC-EP ("Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo"). He was born on May 13, 1930 (a date that has been disputed), in a coffee-growing region of west-central Colombia in the Quindío Department, to a peasant family politically aligned with the Liberal Party during La Violencia.

Marulanda himself changed his political and ideological inclinations to the Communist Party (PCC) sometime during the period of "La Violencia" (roughly 1948 to 1958) that followed the assassination of the Liberal Party's leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán.

He has been considered to be seriously ill, and his death has been reported several times throughout his long career as a guerrilla, but the status of his health remains uncertain.

In March 2006, Alberto Gonzales, the Attorney General of the United States, announced in conjunction with DEA and Department of Justice officials that the State Department had placed a $5 million dollar reward on Tirofijo's head, or for information leading to his capture.  

According to a Brazilian journal, he seems to have sufffered from some form of cancer. There also seem to have been disputes on leadership (of the FARC) in January 2008.

His death has been reported several times; He seems to have died of a heart attack in May 2008 This has now been confirmed.

A Colombian newspaper published an interview with the defense minister of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos on the 24th of May, 2008. In it,  Santos said, that Colombian intelligence agents thought, that Manuel Marulanda had died on the 26th of March 2008, either of natural causes, or through a heart attack. FARC commander ‘Timochenko’ confirmed on May 25 Telesur that ‘Manuel Marulanda’ died of a heart attack, as announced earlier by the Colombian government and the Colombian armed forces

This information was confirmed on the 25th of May: Marulanda had died of a heart attack.

References

1930 births
2008 deaths
David Livingstone (19 March 1813 – 4 May 1873) was a Scottish medical missionary with the London Missionary Society. He wanted to be a missionary, but he could not get many people to convert to Christian beliefs, so instead, he explored and charted much of southern and eastern Africa. He gave the Victoria Falls their name. He named them after his queen, Queen Victoria.

In Africa 
As an explorer, Livingstone had some advantages. He usually travelled lightly, and he was able to reassure chiefs that he was not a threat. Other expeditions had many soldiers armed with rifles, and even more people hired to carry supplies. They were often seen as military incursions or were mistaken for slave-raiding parties. Livingstone travelled on most of his journeys with a few servants and porters, bartering for supplies along the way. He only had a couple of guns for protection. He preached a Christian message but did not force it on unwilling ears. He understood the ways of local chiefs, and got permission to go through their territory. He was often hospitably received and aided, even by Mwata Kazembe.

Livingstone believed in trade, and wanted to see Christian missions established in central Africa. His motto on the base of the statue dedicated to him at Victoria Falls, was "Christianity, Commerce and Civilization". The reason he emphasised these three was that they would form an alternative to the slave trade, which was still rampant in Africa at that time. It would give the Africans some dignity when they met Europeans. The abolition of the African slave trade was his main hope. Around this time he believed the key to achieving these goals was the navigation of the Zambezi River as a Christian commercial highway into the interior. He returned to Britain to try to get support for his ideas, and to publish a book on his travels. The book brought him fame as one of the leading explorers of the age.

Livingstone died near a lake, in what is now Zambia.

Works 
Livingstone, David (1905) [1857]. Journeys in South Africa, or travels and researches in South Africa. London: Amalgamated Press.
 Livingstone, David and Waller, Horace (ed) 1874. The last journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his death. Two volumes, London: John Murray.

Sources  
 Holmes, Timothy 1993. Journey to Livingstone: exploration of an imperial myth. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. ; scholarly biography
Jeal, Tim 1973. Livingstone. London: Heinemann.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 A brief biography of David Livingstone

1813 births
1873 deaths
British Protestants
Congregationalists
Missionaries
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Scottish Christians
The Cincinnati Cyclones are a ice hockey team in the ECHL (East Coast Hockey League).  They used to be in the IHL (International Hockey League).  The team plays in Cincinnati, Ohio.  The Cyclones won a championship (the Kelly Cup championship) in the 2007–2008 season.  This was the first time they had won a championship in 18 years.

Other websites
Cincinnati Cyclones' Official Web site
The CycWard - Section 60: Cyclones Fan Web Site

Ice hockey teams in the United States
Sports in Cincinnati, Ohio
Timor is an island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, north of the Timor Sea. It is divided between the independent state of East Timor, and West Timor, belonging to the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara.

The island's surface is 11,883 square miles (30,777 km²). The name is a variant of timur, Malay for “east”; it is so called because it is at the east end of a chain of islands.

Divided regions
Islands of Asia
Islands of Indonesia
Lesser Sunda Islands
East Timor
Australasia
Biggar is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is a royal burgh, which means a king or queeen thought it was a very good town when Scotland still had its own royal family. There are many museums in Biggar.

Towns in South Lanarkshire
Wishaw is a town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is bordered by Motherwell and Carluke, and is split into several areas such as Netherton, Craigneuk, Newmains, Cambusnethan and Pather. 

One of only three hospitals in Lanarkshire is in Wishaw. Wishaw General Hospital is at the bottom of Wishaw, easy to find as it is on the main A721 road.

History 
The origin of the name is uncertain. One suggestion is that it is from the Scots word for "Wicket gate in the wood", and that it used to be called Wygateshaw. Another theory is that it was originally Viashaw, meaning way or road through the wood. Yet another theory is that the name derives from "Wee Shaw", meaning small wood. 

In November 1996, the world's worst recorded outbreak of E. coli occurred in the town, in which 20 people died and around 200 were infected.

People 
Wishaw has had a number of famous residents, including:
John Higgins, world snooker champion
Paul Quinn, footballer for Motherwell F.C.
Tommy Gemmell, former footballer of Celtic F.C.
Lee Miller, footballer for Aberdeen F.C.

References

Other websites 
 Census 2001 statistics for Wishaw 
 History and Photographs of Wishaw Iron & Steel Works 1859 - 1930 
 Website of the local Newspaper, the Wishaw Press

Towns in North Lanarkshire
FARC (or FARC-EP) is the abbreviation of Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo. This is the name of a guerrilla organisation operating in Colombia. The group says it has Marxist- Leninist roots. When the name of the group is translated into English, it usually reads Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army.

The government of Colombia, the United States, Canada and the European Union have classified the organisation as a terrorist group.  Other countries, such as Ecuador, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Cuba and Venezuela do not see the group as terrorist. They instead refer to the group as “insurgents”. Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, for example, publicly rejected this classification of terrorists in January of 2008. He called on Colombia and other world governments to recognize the guerrillas as a belligerent force. Chávez said that if they were recognised that way, they would then be obliged to stop kidnappings and terror acts in order to respect the Geneva Conventions.

The FARC was established in the 1960s as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party. The group started as a guerrilla movement.  It became involved with trading illegal drugs during the 1980s. This caused an official separation from the Communist Party and the formation of a political structure it calls the Clandestine Colombian Communist Party.
The FARC-EP still claims to be a guerrilla movement. According to the Colombian government, FARC has an estimated 6,000-8,000 members in 2008, down from 16,000 in 2001. Other estimates are higher, including up to 18,000 guerrillas, with the FARC themselves claiming in a 2007 interview that they have not been weakened.
The FARC-EP is present in 15-20 percent of Colombia’s territory. Most of them are in southeastern jungles and in plains at the base of the Andes mountains.

In June 2016, the FARC signed a ceasefire accord with the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos in Havana. This accord was seen as a historic step to ending the war that has gone on for fifty years. On 25 August 2016, the Colombian president, Juan Manuel Santos, announced that four years of negotiation had secured a peace deal with FARC and that a national referendum would take place on 2 October. The referendum failed with 50.24% voting against. The Colombian government and the FARC on 24 November signed a revised peace deal, which the Colombian Congress approved on 30 November.

On 27 June 2017, FARC ceased to be an armed group, disarming itself and handing over its weapons to the United Nations.

References 

Terrorism
Communism
Rebel militia groups
History of Colombia
1964 establishments
1960s establishments in South America
An atoll is a kind of island. It is made when a coral reef forms around an island that sinks over many years. In the end, the land is gone, and only the coral reef continues to grow until it becomes an atoll, a group of islands shaped like a doughnut. 

Charles Darwin, who is most famous for his theory of evolution, was the first person to find out how atolls form. He said that volcanoes in the ocean sometimes wear away or sink deeper. Coral growing on a volcano likes to be near the surface, and it keeps growing to stay there.

Most atolls are in the warm parts of the Pacific Ocean or the Indian Ocean.

Some island nations like Kiribati, Tuvalu, and the Federated States of Micronesia have atolls as all or part of their country.

References 

 Darwin, C. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs, being the first part of the voyage of the Beagle under the command of Capt. Vitzroy R.N. during the years 1832 to 1834. Smith, Elder and Co.: London. 214 pp.
Brideshead Revisited, The Sacred & Profane Memories of Captain Charles Ryder is a novel by the English writer Evelyn Waugh.  It was first published in 1945. The novel deals with subjects such as religion, especially Catholicism, and the love of God.  It tells the story of a family called Flyte.  They are an aristocratic family.  The story is told by a narrator called Charles Ryder.

Brideshead Revisited was made into a television serial for ITV, produced by Granada Television, in 1981. A movie of the book was made in 2008.  The movie makes several changes to the story of the book.  The movie is mostly about the relationship between Charles and Julia.

Plot 

Charles Ryder, who tells the story, is a student at the University of Oxford.  He makes friends with Sebastian Flyte, the younger son of an aristocratic family. Sebastian, who comes from a very rich family, takes Charles to his family's home, Brideshead Castle.  Charles meets his family, including Sebastian's sister, Julia.

During the holiday Charles goes back to his home, where he lives with his father.  During the holiday Sebastian has a small injury and Charles goes back to him.  Sebastian and Charles spend the rest of the summer together.

Sebastian's family is Catholic.  His father, Lord Marchmain, had been an Anglican, but he had converted to Roman Catholicism, his wife's religion.  The family talk a lot about religion which surprises Charles, who had always thought that Christianity was not an important subject.  Lady Marchmain, Sebastian's mother, is a very strict Catholic.  She tries to control others by making them feel guilty. Sebastian finds comfort by drinking  alcohol.  He often gets drunk, and over a period of two years he has less and less to do with the Flyte family.

However, Charles is fated to meet the Flyte family again, and he falls in love with Julia, who by that time is married to a rich Canadian, Rex Mottram.

Charles's own wife has been unfaithful, so he plans to divorce her so that he and Julia can marry. However, Julia decides for religious reasons that it would not be right for her to marry Charles. As Lord Marchmain lay dying, he had received the sacrament of Extreme Unction.  This act had also influenced Charles, who had been "in search of love in those days" when he first met Sebastian, "that low door in the wall...which opened on an enclosed and enchanted garden,", an important metaphor in the book. 

Charles became an architect.  During the Second World War becomes an army officer.  By chance he is billeted at Brideshead. It seems to him that builders do a useful job, even if there are problems sometimes.

English novels
Wilton Norman "Wilt" Chamberlain (August 21 1936–October 12 1999) was an American basketball player. Chamberlain played in the NBA during the 1960s, and many people think he is one of the best players in basketball history. At 7 feet 1 inch, he was the tallest and heaviest player in the league for most of his career, and he was one of the most famous people in the game for many years. He is the first and only basketball player to score 100 points in an NBA game. Chamberlain led the league several times in points, accuracy, rebounds and minutes.  He also won 4 NBA Most Valuable Player awards and was placed in the Basketball Hall of Fame.

He won two NBA championships: the first in 1967, with the Philadelphia 76ers, and the second in 1972, with the Los Angeles Lakers.  Chamberlain also played for several seasons with the Philadelphia Warriors and toured with the Harlem Globetrotters. In 1999, he died from congestive heart failure.

Other websites
NBA legends profile

1936 births
1999 deaths
African-American basketball players
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Philadelphia 76ers players
Los Angeles Lakers players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
American basketball players