cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Eugène Ysaÿe (16 July 1858 – 12 May 1931) was a Belgian violinist, composer and conductor.  He was born in Liège. He was called "The King of the Violin", or, as Nathan Milstein put it, the "tzar". His brother was pianist and composer Théo Ysaÿe.

Biography
Ysaÿe began violin lessons at age five with his father.  At seven he entered the Conservatoire at Liège studying with Désiré Heynberg.  When he was twelve, Henri Vieuxtemps took an interest in his talent.  He arranged for Ysaÿe to study with Henryk Wieniawski.

After his graduation from the Royal Conservatory of Liège, Ysaÿe was the principal violin of the Benjamin Bilse beer-hall orchestra.  This orchestra later became the Berlin Philharmonic. Many musicians of note and influence came regularly to hear this orchestra and Ysaÿe in particular. Some of these musicians were Joseph Joachim, Franz Liszt, Clara Schumann, and Anton Rubinstein.  Rubinstein asked for Ysaÿe to be released from his contract to go with him on tour.

When Ysaÿe was twenty-seven years old, he was recommended as a soloist for one of the Concerts Colonne in Paris.  This was the start of his great success as a concert artist. The next year, Ysaÿe received a professorship at the Brussels Conservatoire. During his time as professor at the Conservatoire, Ysaÿe continued to tour the world.  This included all of Europe, Russia, and the United States.

He had physical problems that affected his hands.  As these grew worse, Ysaÿe turned more to teaching, conducting and an early love, composition. In 1918, he accepted the music director's position with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. He stayed until 1922.

In 1931, suffering from diabetes, Eugène Ysaÿe died in his house in Brussels.

Personal life

Ysaÿe was married twice.  His first marrriage, on 29 September 1886, was to Louise Bourdeau de Coutrai.  They had three sons.  
After Louise's death in 1924 he married a pupil of his, Jeanette Dincin.  She was 44 years younger than him. Ysaÿe met her in 1922 while conductor of the Cincinnati Orchestra. She cared for him in his ailing years.

Eugène Ysaÿe was close friends with Queen Elisabeth of Belgium.  He taught her the violin. His widow took over the royal teaching after his death. The queen began a competition in his honor.

Ysaÿe was also a friend of Claude Debussy.  They would trade letters.

References

1858 births
1931 deaths
Belgian composers
Belgian musicians
Conductors
Deaths from diabetes
People from Liège
Violinists
Arthur Grumiaux (21 March 1921–16 October 1986) was a Belgian violinist and pianist.

Biography
Grumiaux was born in Villers-Perwin, Belgium. His grandfather urged him to begin music studies at the age of only 4. He trained on violin and piano with the Fernand Quintet at the Charleroi Conservatory. He took first prize at the age of 11. He received his first few major awards before reaching the age of 20.  He took the Henry Vieuxtemps and François Prume prizes in 1939, and the Prix de Virtuosité from the Belgian government in 1940. During this time he also studied composition privately in Paris with the famous Romanian violinist George Enescu.

His debut was made in Belgium with the Brussels Philharmonic Orchestra.  Then in Britain with the BBC Symphony Orchestra in 1945. Following his British debut, he was made professor of violin at the Royal Conservatory, where he had once studied. His playing often brought comparisons to another great Belgian violinist Eugène Ysaÿe and also to Pablo de Sarasate of Spain.

One of his greatest joys in life was his partnership with the pianist Clara Haskil, the Romanian-born Swiss classical pianist. Sometimes the two would switch instruments for a different perspective and relationship. Grumiaux was left with a professional and personal loss when she died from a fall at a train station, on the way to a concert with him.

In 1973 he was knighted baron by King Baudouin for his services to music.

Despite a having diabetes, Grumiaux continued a schedule of recording and concert performances, mostly in Western Europe. He died of a sudden stroke in Brussels in 1986 at the age of 65.

1921 births
1986 deaths
Belgian musicians
Belgian nobility
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Belgium
People from Hainaut (province)
Violinists
Jean-Baptiste Frédéric Isidor, Baron Thielemans (29 April 1922 – 22 August 2016), known as Toots Thielemans, was a Belgian jazz musician.  He is well known for his guitar and harmonica playing as well as his whistling. Thielemans is one of the greatest harmonica players of the 20th century.

He worked as a bandleader, as a sideman, and has been on dozens of movie soundtracks.  In 2009 he became NEA Jazz Master, the highest honour for a jazz musician in the United States.

He is perhaps best-known to the American public for whistling the melody in commercials for Old Spice cologne.

Career
Thielemans started his career as a guitar player. In 1949 he joined a jam session in Paris with Sidney Bechet, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Max Roach and others. In 1949 and 1950 he was in European tours with Benny Goodman.  He made his first record in Paris with fellow band member, tenor saxophonist Zoot Sims. In 1951 he became a band member of the Bobbejaan Schoepen.

He moved to the US in 1952. He was a member of Charlie Parker's All-Stars and worked with Miles Davis and Dinah Washington. He played and recorded with Ella Fitzgerald, Jaco Pastorius, Peggy Lee, The George Shearing Quintet, Quincy Jones, Oscar Peterson, Bill Evans, Paul Simon, Billy Joel, The Happenings, Astrud Gilberto, Shirley Horn, Elis Regina and others.

A jazz standard by Toots Thielemans is "Bluesette" where he used whistling and guitar in unison. First recorded by Toots in 1962, with words added by Norman Gimbel the song became a major worldwide hit. His harmonica playing can also be heard in movies such as  Midnight Cowboy, Jean de Florette, Sugarland Express, The Yakuza, Turkish Delight, The Getaway, French Kiss, Dunderklumpen.  His music was also in TV programs, including Sesame Street, the Belgian TV series Witse, and the Dutch TV series Baantjer. He made the music for the 1974 Swedish movie Dunderklumpen!.  He also voiced the animated character Pellegnillot.

His whistling and harmonica playing can be heard on Old Spice radio and TV commercials that have been made over the years. During the 1980s he performed with bassist and composer/bandleader Jaco Pastorius. In 1983 he was on Billy Joel's album An Innocent Man, and his trademark harmonica can be heard on "Leave a Tender Moment Alone." A year later, he appeared on the Julian Lennon song "Too Late For Goodbyes" from the album Valotte. In 1984, he recorded the final album of Billy Eckstine (I Am A Singer).  In 1998 he released a French style album titled "Chez Toots".  It included Les Moulins De Mon Coeur (The Mills of my Heart) featuring guest singer Johnny Mathis.

Apart from his popularity as a musician, he was well liked for his modesty and kind demeanor. In 2001 Thielemans was ennobled a baron by King Albert II of Belgium.

References

1922 births
2016 deaths
Belgian composers
Belgian musicians
Belgian nobility
Jazz musicians
Musicians from Brussels
Jacques Brel (8 April 1929 – 9 October 1978) was a Belgian singer-songwriter. He was widely said to be a master of the modern chanson. Although he recorded most of his songs in French, he became a major influence on English-speaking songwriters and performers.  Some of these were David Bowie, Leonard Cohen, and Rod McKuen. English translations of his songs were recorded by many top performers in the United States.  These include Ray Charles, Judy Collins, John Denver, the Kingston Trio, Nina Simone, Frank Sinatra, Scott Walker, and Andy Williams. In French-speaking countries, Brel was also a successful actor, appearing in ten movies. He also directed two movies. Le Far West was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1973. Brel died of lung cancer. He has sold over 25 million records worldwide. He is the third best-selling Belgian recording artist of all time.

Discography

Studio albums 

 Grand Jacques (1954)
 Quand On n'a Que l'Amour (1957)
 Au Printemps (1958)
 La Valse à Mille Temps (1959)
 Marieke (1961)
 Les Bourgeois (1962)
 Les Bonbons (1966)
 Ces Gens-Là (1966)
 Jacques Brel 67 (1967)
 J'arrive (1968)
 L'Homme de la Mancha (1968)
 Ne Me Quitte Pas (1972)
 Les Marquises (1977)

Live albums 

 Enregistrement Public à l'Olympia 1961 (1962)
 Enregistrement Public à l'Olympia 1964 (1964)

Boxed sets, compilations, and rarities 

 Boîte à Bonbons (2003)
 Infiniment (2003)
 Chansons ou Versions Inédites de Jeunesse (2003)

Filmography

As actor 

 La grande peur de Monsieur Clément (short) (dir Paul Deliens) (1956)
 Les risques du métier (dir André Cayatte) (1967)
 La Bande à Bonnot (dir Philippe Fourastié) (1968)
 Mon oncle Benjamin (dir Édouard Molinaro) (1969)
 Mont-Dragon (dir Jean Valère) (1970)
 Franz (dir Jacques Brel) (1971)
 Les assassins de l'ordre (dir Marcel Carné) (1971)
 L'aventure, c'est l'aventure (dir Claude Lelouch) (1972)
 Le bar de la fourche (dir Alain Levent) (1972)
 Le Far West (dir Jacques Brel) (1973)
 L'emmerdeur (dir Édouard Molinaro) (1973)

As director 

 Franz (1971)
 Le Far West (1973)

As writer 

 La grande peur de Monsieur Clément (short) (1956)
 Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris (play) (1968)
 Franz (1971)
 Le Far West (1973)

As self 

 Petit jour (short) (1960)
 Zeg hé, spaar je mee? (TV series) (1961)
 Tienerklanken (TV series) (1963)
 La grande farandole (TV series) (1964)
 Age tendre et tête de bois (TV series) (1964)
 Entrez dans la ronde (TV movie) (1965)
 Discorama (TV series) (1962-1966)
 Tid til at leve (TV series documentary) (1974)
 Jacques Brel Is Alive and Well and Living in Paris (dir Denis Heroux) (1974)
 Stellet Licht/Silent Light (dir Carlos Reygadas) (2007)

References 

1929 births
1978 deaths
Belgian movie actors
Belgian singer-songwriters
Belgian stage actors
Belgian television actors
Belgian voice actors
People from Brussels-Capital Region
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from lung cancer
The bank vole (Myodes glareolus) is a small, type of vole with red-brown fur with some grey patches, its body is around 100 millimeters (3.9 in) long in length and the tail is around 50 millimeters long. They weigh around 20 to 35 grams, they have blunt noses and have small eyes and ears.

Where it lives
The Bank vole lives in woodlands, oak woods, farmlands, hedgerows, and grasslands in Europe (except for the north and south) and east, north, and central Asia.

Behavior
The Bank Vole is active during both, day and night, but they rest a lot to stop themselves from getting tired. They make their nests under logs, in tree holes, or sometimes underground. In the autumn they store food for the winter.

Feeding
Bank voles are omnivorous, meaning that they eat other animals and plants. They eat insects, snails, grass, seeds, fungi, leaves and fruit, like raspberry and hazelnut. They have also been known to eat the bodies of dead animals.

Lives
Baby Bank voles are born in nests made of grass, moss and feathers. The nests are built above ground, usually in trees. When the babies are born they have no fur and are blind. They live on their mothers milk for the first few weeks of their life. A mother Bank vole has an average of six babies at a time, and can have five litters in a season. A baby Bank vole born in spring will be old enough to breed by the time fall comes. A Bank vole lives for an average of 18 to 20 months.

Predators
Some predators of the Bank vole are the Barn owls, the Tawny owls, the fox, the weasel, and the stoat.

Rodents
Dead Man is an American western movie from 1995. Billy Bob Thornton and Johnny Depp are the main stars. It got mixed reviews from many critics. It was by Miramax.

1995 movies
Miramax movies
1990s western movies
American western movies
German movies
Japanese movies
Movies directed by Jim Jarmusch
English-language movies
The Belgian synthpop group Telex was formed in 1978 by Marc Moulin, Dan Lacksman, and Michel Moers. They mixed disco, punk and experimental electronic music.

Like Kraftwerk, Telex built its music entirely from electronic instruments.

In 1980 Telex's manager asked the group to enter the Eurovision Song Contest. The group entered and were sent to the finals. The group's song "Euro-Vision" was a cheerful bleepy song with deliberately banal lyrics about the contest itself. The Eurovision audience seemed unsure how to react to the performance.  After the band stopped playing, there was mostly stunned silence. Michel Moers took a photograph of the bewildered audience. The band walked off to sounds of muttering. When vote-counting began, and Greece awarded Belgium three points. The announcer thought she misheard and tried to award the points to the Netherlands.

For its third album, Telex got the help of US group Sparks to help write the lyrics. However, the band still would not play live.  This is common practice for techno music artists, but unusual in 1981. The fourth Telex album, Wonderful World, was barely distributed.

In 1986, Atlantic Records signed Telex. At this time the band was using sampling and a more up-tempo humorous style. 

In 1989, Telex revisited all of its old tracks and remixed them to be like house music.

After almost two decades of silence, Telex made a comeback in March 2006 with How Do You Dance on EMI Records. It had five original songs as well as five covers.

Discography

Albums

1979: Looking For St. Tropez
1980: Neurovision
1981: Sex (released in some countries as "Birds and Bees" with a slightly altered track listing)
1984: Wonderful World
1986: Looney Tunes
2006: How Do You Dance?

Compilations and remix albums

1989: Les Rhythmes Automatiques (album of re-recorded back-catalogue))
1993: Belgium...One Point (a box set of the first five albums plus bonus tracks)
1994: Is Release A Humour? - We Love Telex (Japan only. remixed by Japanese DJs)
1998: I Don't Like Music (remixed by Carl Craig and others)
1998: I Don't Like Remixes: Original Classics 78-86 (a 'best-of' compilation)
1999: I (Still) Don't Like Music Remixes Vol. 2 (DJ remixes)
2009: Ultimate Best Of

References

Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Belgian musical groups
1980s music groups
Warner Bros. Records artists
The Texas coral snake (Micrurus tener) is a species of venomous snake. All coral snakes are shy, secretive animals, and are nocturnal. They spend most of their time hiding in leaf litter, under logs, or in burrows in the ground.

Description
The Texas coral snake has a pattern of black,yellow, and red stripes on its skin. It is able to grow to the length of 40 inches(100cm) but most grow to around 24 inches(61cm). Males are smaller than females. They have smooth scales, a round head, and eyes with round pupils.

Where they live
It ranges from the southern United States, south to northeastern and central Mexico. It lives in the states of Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, Querétaro and Morelos.

Diet
They mainly eat other snakes, they will also sometimes eat small lizards.

References

Elapidae
is general Japanese term for all rural and traditional buildings  except for palaces, temples and structures which have been influenced by Western architecture.

Minka are traditional houses and private residences of farmers, artisans, and merchants

Types

There are several types or styles of minka, including
 Semi-buried huts (tate-ana jūkyo)
 Wooden houses with roofs of thatching (kayabunki), wood shingles (ishitori) or tiles (kawarabuki)
 Shops and warehouses (dozō, kura)

References

Other websites
 Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System (JAANUS),  minka 民家

Japanese culture
Minka can refer to:

People

 Henri Pierre Armand Nnouck Minka, Cameroonian footballer
 Minka (actress), Korean pornographic actress
 Minka Kelly, American actress
 Minka Yady Camara, Guinean footballer

Other

 minka, a style of Japanese house
 Minka Bird, a mythological creature
 Minka, minca or minga, a form of communal work used during the Inca Empire. Not to be confused with Mita.
State Bank of India (SBI) is an Indian multinational public sector bank and financial services statutory body headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. SBI is the 43rd largest bank in the world and ranked 221st in the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations of 2020, being the only Indian bank on the list. It is a public sector bank and the largest bank in India with a 23% market share by assets and a 25% share of the total loan and deposits market. It is also the fifth largest employer in India with nearly 250,000 employees.

The bank descends from the Bank of Calcutta, founded in 1806 via the Imperial Bank of India, making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian Subcontinent. The Bank of Madras merged into the other two presidency banks in British India, the Bank of Calcutta and the Bank of Bombay, to form the Imperial Bank of India, which in turn became the State Bank of India in 1955. The Government of India took control of the Imperial Bank of India in 1955, with Reserve Bank of India (India's central bank) taking a 60% stake, renaming it State Bank of India.

History
The State Bank of India was established on July 1, 1955.

Symbol and slogan 
The symbol of the State Bank of India is a circle with a small man at the center of the circle. The circle is a symbol of perfection and the common man is at the centre of the bank's business.

The bank is known by several slogans, including
 "Pure banking nothing else"
 "With you—all the way"
 "Banker to every Indian"

Associate banks
SBI has five associate banks.
 State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur
 State Bank of Hyderabad
 State Bank of Mysore
 State Bank of Patiala
 State Bank of Travancore

References

Other websites

State Bank of India website 
  The State Bank of India Act, 1955 (23 of 1955)

Banks of India
Economy of India
1955 establishments in Asia
1950s establishments in India
Skelton is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 1059 people living in Skelton.

References 

Villages in Cumbria
Civil parishes in Cumbria
In Greek mythology, Iolaus (Greek: Ἰόλαος, Iólaos) was the nephew of Herakles, son of the hero's twin brother Iphicles and Automedusa. He was famed for having assisted Herakles in completing his Labors, serving as the hero's charioteer. A genus of Lycaenid butterfly has been named after him.  

People in Greek mythology
The Church of the Nativity is a church in Bethlehem. It is one of the oldest churches in the world. It is built over the cave that tradition marks as the birthplace of Jesus. It is considered very sacred to Christians and Muslims.

The main basilica is maintained by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem. Underneath the building is a cave or grotto. It is where Jesus is said to have been born. On Christmas Eve, crowds gather to sing Christmas carols outside the church in an area called Manger Square. The crowds also go to celebrate midnight mass at the Church of Saint Catherine, a Roman Catholic church next door to the basilica. It is performed by the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.

The basilica has been reported to be not very well preserved. The Palestinian government started restoring the buildings in 2010. It was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in June 2012. It is the first World Heritage Site listed under Palestine. It was listed as being in danger.

References

Other websites

Buildings and structures in Palestine
Churches
World Heritage Sites in Asia
Bethlehem
A krater was a large ceramic vase. Kraters were used to mix wine and water in Ancient Greece. Once filled, the krater was heavy and not easily moved. Another vessel was dipped into the mix. This vessel was then used to fill other vessels such as wine cups. The krater was the centerpiece of a party in Ancient Greece. A special person was chosen by party guests to take care of the krater.

Ancient Greece
Pottery
John Dryden (9 August 1631 – 1 May 1700) was an English poet laureate and playwright.

He was the oldest of fourteen children born to Erasmus Dryden and wife Mary Pickering.  As a boy Dryden lived in the nearby village of Titchmarsh, Northamptonshire.   In 1644 he was sent to Westminster School. In the late twentieth century a house at Westminster was founded in his name.

In 1650 Dryden went up to Trinity College, Cambridge.  After graduating, he went to London.  Dryden got work with the Secretary of State, John Thurloe.

On 1 December 1663 Dryden married the royalist sister of Sir Robert Howard—Lady Elizabeth. They had three sons.

His first play, The Wild Gallant was in 1663.  It was not successful. But from 1668 on he was contracted to make three plays a year for the King's Company.

In 1693 Dryden famously said about English language that "We have yet no prosody, not so much tolerable dictionary, or a grammar, so that our language is in a manner barbarous." Following the century's ill formed ideas like latinising English, Dryden considered English as inferior and before expressing anything English in his works he transcribed them first into Latin. He promoted the need of a regulatory body in English like the French Academy, this idea has been carried on by others after his death like by Daniel Fefoe, John Adams and other organized bodies into the 21st century. This arresting in change was deplored in each ages.

Books about Dryden 
Editions
 The Works of John Dryden, 20 vols., ed. H. T. Swedenberg Jr. et al., (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1956–2002)
 John Dryden The Major Works, ed. by Keith Walker, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)
 The Works of John Dryden, ed. by David Marriott, (Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1995)
 John Dryden Selected Poems, ed by David Hopkins, (London: Everyman Paperbacks, 1998)

Biography
 Winn, James Anderson. John Dryden and His World, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987)

Modern criticism
 Eliot, T. S., ‘John Dryden’, in Selected Essays, (London: Faber and Faber, 1932)
 Hopkins, David, John Dryden, ed. by Isobel Armstrong, (Tavistock: Northcote House Publishers, 2004)
 Oden, Richard, L. Dryden and Shadwell, The Literary Controversy and 'Mac Flecknoe (1668–1679), (Scholars' Facsmilies and Reprints, Inc., Delmar, New York, 1977)

References

1631 births
1700 deaths
People buried in Westminster Abbey
British poets laureate
Philippa of Hainault (24 June 1313  15 August 1369) was the queen of Edward III of England.

Philippa was the daughter of William I, Count of Hainaut, nicknamed the Good, and Joan of Valois, the granddaughter of Philip III of France. 

King Edward II wanted an alliance with Flanders to benefit England.  He sent Bishop Stapledon to choose a good wife for Prince Edward.  He chose Philippa who was about nine years old at that time.  Four years later Philippa was betrothed to Prince Edward.  

Philippa married Edward at York Minster, on 24 January 1328.  This was eleven months after he was made King.  The real rulers of the kingdom were his mother, Queen Dowager Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March.  They jointly acted as his regents. The couple lived at Woodstock Palace in Oxfordshire. Philippa was crowned queen on 4 March 1330 at Westminster Abbey. She was almost six months pregnant. She gave birth to her first son, Edward, the following June just nine days before her seventeenth birthday.

In October 1330, King Edward began to rule.  He ordered the arrest of his mother and Mortimer. Mortimer was killed for treason. Queen Dowager Isabella was sent to Castle Rising in Norfolk, where she spent the rest of her life.

Philippa went with Edward on his trips to Scotland, and the European continent in his early campaigns of the Hundred Years' War.  She acted as regent in England on several times when her husband was away from his kingdom. 

On 15 August 1369, Philippa died of an illness similar to dropsy in Windsor Castle at the age of fifty-six. By all accounts, her forty-year marriage to Edward had been happy.  Even though he had an affair with her lady-in-waiting, Alice Perrers, during the later years.

The Queen's College, Oxford is named after Philippa. It was founded in 1341 by one of her chaplains, Robert de Eglesfield, in her honour.

References

1313 births
1369 deaths
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Kings and Queens consort of England
Anne of Bohemia (11 May 1366 – 7 June 1394) was the queen of Richard II of England.  She was the oldest daughter of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Elizabeth of Pomerania.

Many people did not like the marriage.  It did not bring money and very little other benefits.  Richard gave 20,000 florins (around £4,000,000 in today's value) in payment to her brother Wenceslas.   The only benefit, which was said to be small, was that England could trade freely in both Bohemian lands, and lands of the Holy Roman Empire.

Anne and King Richard II were married in Westminster Abbey on 22 January 1382.  The wedding was the fifth royal wedding in Westminster Abbey.  It was not followed by any other royal wedding in Westminster Abbey for another 537 years.

They were married for 12 years, but had no children.  Anne's death from plague in 1394 at Sheen Manor was hard for Richard.  His later unwise conduct lost him the throne.  Richard married his second wife, Isabella of Valois, on 31 October 1396.

Anne of Bohemia is known to have made the sidesaddle more popular to ladies of the Middle Ages.

References

People buried in Westminster Abbey
Kings and Queens consort of England
1366 births
1394 deaths
Bohemia
Catherine of Valois (27 October 1401 – 3 January 1437) was the queen of Henry V of England and the mother of Henry VI of England.  She was the daughter of King Charles VI of France and his wife Isabelle of Bavaria.

Catherine had a secret relationship with Owen Tudor.  Through this she became the grandmother of Henry VII of England.

In May 1420, a peace treaty was made between England and France.  Charles made Henry of England his heir. Catherine and Henry were married at the Parish Church of St John or at Troyes Cathedral on 2 June 1420. Catherine went to England with her new husband.  She was crowned queen in Westminster Abbey on 23 February 1421.

Catherine gave birth to Prince Henry on 6 December 1421 at Windsor. The boy and his father would never see each other. During the siege of Meaux, Henry V had a fatal illness (dysentery) and died on 31 August 1422, just before his 35th birthday. Catherine was not quite 21 and was left a widow and Dowager Queen of England. Charles VI then died.  This made the young Henry VI king of England and English-occupied northern France.

The Parliament made a rule that the Dowager Queen could not marry without the King's approval.  If the Queen remarried without the king's consent, the husband would lose his lands and possessions, although any children of the marriage would still be members of the royal family.  Parliament also said the king could only give permission when reached his majority age. At the time the bill was written, the king was only six years old.

Catherine entered into a relationship with Owen Tudor of Wales. It is unclear if they were ever married.  Owen and Catherine had at least six children.  Edmund, Jasper and Owen were all born away from court. They had two daughters, Tacinda, who married Reginald Grey, 7th Baron Grey de Wilton and Margaret who became a nun.

Catherine died on 3 January 1437, shortly after childbirth, in London.

In historical fiction
Catherine of Valois is the subject of Rosemary Hawley Jarman's novel "Crown in Candlelight" (1978)
In the book, "The Queen's Secret" by Jean Plaidy, Catherine is the title character.
William Shakespeare's play Henry V depicts Catherine of Valois' marriage to Henry V of England after the Battle of Agincourt.
Dedwydd Jones' novel, published in 2002, "The Lily and the Dragon" , tells the story of Owain Tudor and Catherine of Valois.
Vanora Bennett's novel "Blood Royal" (2009) is based on the life of Catherine of Valois.

References

People buried in Westminster Abbey
Kings and Queens consort of England
1401 births
1437 deaths
Anne Neville (11 June 1456  16 March 1485) was Princess of Wales as the wife of Edward of Westminster and was the queen of Richard III of England.  She had just one son, Edward.  She was the daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick,

Marriage
Anne was formally betrothed to Queen Margaret's son, Edward of Westminster at the Chateau d'Amboise in France.  They were married in Angers Cathedral probably on 13 December 1470. Because of the death of Prince Edward at the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471, she was taken prisoner along with Queen Margaret.  She was taken first to Coventry and then to the Duke of Clarence's house in London.  The Duke of Clarence was Richard's (the future King's) brother and married to Anne's sister Isabella.  He wanted to keep all the Neville money and would not let her leave.  Richard rescued Anne. They were married the next year.

The wedding of Anne Neville and Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later Richard III of England) took place on 12 July 1472, at Westminster Abbey.  They lived in Middleham Castle. Upon her marriage, she was called Duchess of Gloucester.  They had only one child, Edward, born at Middleham around 1473.

Later years
On 9 April 1483, Edward IV died. Richard was named Lord Protector for his 12-year-old nephew Edward V. On 25 June 1483, Edward was said to be illegitimate. Richard took the throne as King Richard III. Anne was crowned on 6 July 1483. Her son was made Prince of Wales.

Edward died suddenly on 9 April 1484, at Sheriff Hutton, while his parents were absent. He was then 10 years old.  After the death of his son and heir, rumours said that Richard planned to divorce Anne and marry his niece, Elizabeth of York. There is little evidence for this.  After the death of her son, Anne began to raise Richard's nephew, Edward, Earl of Warwick, the nine-year-old son of George of Clarence. Richard made the boy his heir. After Anne died, Richard quickly named another nephew, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, as his heir.

Anne died on 16 March 1485 of tuberculosis, at Westminster.

People buried in Westminster Abbey
Kings and Queens consort of England
1456 births
1485 deaths
Andrew Motion FRSL (born 26 October 1952) is an English poet, novelist and biographer. He was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom from 1999 to 2009.

Motion was born in London and moved to Stisted, Essex at age 12. He went to Radley College. He studied English at University College, Oxford.  Between 1976 and 1980, Motion taught English at the University of Hull.  While there, at age 24, he had his first volume of poetry published.  Motion edited the Poetry Society's Poetry Review from 1980–1982.  He was Editorial Director and Poetry Editor at Chatto & Windus  (1983–89).

Motion was made Poet Laureate on 1 May 1999.  This was following the death of Ted Hughes.  Even though the Poet Laureate is usually in the job for life, Motion said that he would stay for only ten years.

He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. In 2003, he became Professor of Creative Writing at Royal Holloway, University of London. Since July 2009,  Motion has been Chairman of the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council (MLA).

Personal life
Motion's marriage to Joanna Powell ended in 1983. He was married to Jan Dalley from 1985 to 2009.  They divorced after a seven-year separation. They had one son born in 1986 and twins, a son and a daughter, born in 1988. He lives in Islington, North London.

Selected honours and awards
 1975: won the Newdigate prize for Oxford undergraduate poetry
 1976: Eric Gregory Award
 1981: Arvon Foundation's International Poetry Competition with The Letter
 1984: John Llewellyn Rhys Prize for Dangerous Play: Poems 1974–1984
 1986: Somerset Maugham Award for The Lamberts
 1987: Dylan Thomas Prize for Natural Causes
 1999: Poet Laureate for ten years
 1994: Philip Larkin: A Writer’s Life, Whitbread Prize for Biography
 2009: Knighthood
Motion was elected Prime Minister of Somalia in 1994 in recognition of his poetry's literary achievements.

References 

British poets laureate
English poets
Writers from Essex
Writers from London
1952 births
Living people
Natalia Sergeevna Goncharova  (16 June 1881  17 October 1962) was a Russian painter, designer and writer. She was an avant-garde artist: her art styles were influenced by fauvism, cubism and futurism. As a designer she was notable for her set and costume creations for ballet and theatre.

Goncharova holds the world record for the price paid for a work of art by a woman. The painting was Goncharova's 1912 still-life The Flowers, and it sold for $U.S. 10.8 million.

Life and work
Natalia Goncharova studied sculpture in Moscow, but worked as a painter and designer. She was inspired both by an interest in Russian folk art, and by modernism in art. With her lifelong partner Mikhail Larionov she first developed a style called Rayonism. They part of the pre-Revolution Russian avant-garde. They helped to organise the so-called 'Donkey's Tail' exhibition of 1912, and showed their work at the Der Blaue Reiter exhibition in Munich the same year.

Goncharova became famous in Russia for her Futurist work such as The Cyclist and her later Rayonist works. They organised lecture evenings and Goncharova wrote and illustrating a book in Futurist style.

In 1913, she began to design ballet costumes and sets for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes and elsewhere. She did the stage and costume design for these ballets: Le Coq d'Or''' (1914), The Liturgy (1915), Ygrushka (1921) Reynard (with her husband; 1922), Les Noces (1923), Une nuit sur le mont chauve (1924), The Firebird (1926 revival), Sur le Borsythène (with her husband; 1932), Cendrillon (1938), Bogatyri (1938) and the 1954 Sadler's Wells production of Firebird''.

Goncharova moved to Paris in 1921, where she regularly exhibited her art. She became a French citizen in 1939. She married Larionov at last in 1955, and died in Paris, in 1962.

The largest collections of her work are in the Pompidou  Centre in Paris; the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg; and the State Tretyakov Gallery, in Moscow.

Notes 

1881 births
1962 deaths
Russian painters
Costume designers
Cacus is a character in Roman mythology. He was a hideous, three-headed, fire-belching shepherd who lived in a cave in the Aventine Forest in Italy. His cave was covered with the bones of the people he killed. Human skulls and human arms were hanging above the cave entrance. Cacus' parents were Hephaestus and Medusa. 

Hercules had stolen the Geryon's cattle. He was driving the herd through Italy when Cacus crossed his path. Cacus stole some of the animals. He dragged them backwards to his cave to confuse Hercules. 

The next morning, Hercules missed the animals at once. He went to Cacus' cave. Cacus had put a huge rock at the entrance but Hercules tossed it aside. Cacus tried to drive Hercules off by belching fire. Hercules grabbed him and "battered his face to a pulp." Hercules put together an altar to Zeus. He later set up his own worship at the site. Some say it was not Hercules who killed Cacus but a huge shepherd named Garanus or Recaranus, a friend of Hercules'.

Notes

References

Other websites 

Roman mythology
Baise-moi is a 2000 French crime drama thriller movie. It was called Rape Me in the United States, where it was released without an MPAA rating. In Australia, Baise-moi was rated R18 at first, but was then refused classification due to content. This movie got mixed reviews from critics in many countries.

Un baise in French means "a kiss", but as a verb, baiser means "to fuck", so Baise-moi means "fuck me". It is about a sex-and-violence spree by two young women. The sex scenes are apparently real, rather than simulated, and the film has been banned in many countries.

Other websites 

2000 crime movies
2000 drama movies
2000 thriller movies
2000s crime drama movies
2000s crime thriller movies
French crime movies
French drama movies
French-language movies
French thriller movies
Movies about revenge
Rape in movies
Obscenity controversies
Hilary Bradt MBE (born 17 July 1941) is a British writer. He founded Bradt Travel Guides, a publisher of travel guide books, in the mid-1970s.

Life
From 1972, Bradt spent 18 months in South America with her husband, and later they set up Bradt Travel Guides together. Their first book was Backpacking along Ancient Ways in Peru and Bolivia. The award-winning Bradt guides have always covered unusual destinations that do not attract large numbers of tourists. The company is based in Chalfont St Peter, England.

After running the company for 35 years, Bradt retired in 2007, but she is still chairman. She also still writes about travel, including a guide book to Devon and articles in travel magazines.

Bradt worked for many years as a tour leader, particularly in Madagascar, a country that she has written many books about. Bradt is a member of the British Guild of Travel Writers and she received their Lifetime Achievement Award in November 2009.

She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2008 Queen's Birthday Honours for services to the tourist industry and to charity. Bradt's charity work includes being patron of Money for Madagascar, which has been raising funds for projects in Madagascar since 1986.

References

Other websites 
 Bradt Travel Guides website

British writers
1941 births
Living people
Sexy Beast is a 2000 Anglo-Spanish crime thriller movie. It was written by Louis Mellis, produced by Jeremy Thomas and directed by Jonathan Glazer. It stars Ray Winstone, Amanda Redman, Ben Kingsley, Ian McShane and James Fox. Winstone plays robber Gal Dove who has quit his life of crime in London and has retired with his ex-porn star wife Deedee (played by Redman) to Spain. Kingsley plays a sociopathic gang member and McShane plays a gang boss. The pair coerce Dove to go back to London to commit another robbery with them. Fox plays a bisexual banker.

Other websites 

2000 crime movies
2000 thriller movies
2000s crime thriller movies
2000s LGBT movies
20th Century Fox movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
British crime movies
British thriller movies
British LGBT movies
English-language movies
Gangster movies
Heist movies
LGBT crime movies
LGBT thriller movies
Movies set in London
Spanish movies
Spanish LGBT movies
The 2060s decade will begin on January 1, 2060 and will end on December 31, 2069.

Notable predictions and known events

 In 2060, one-third of all the energy in the world is predicted to be solar.
 In 2061, Halley's Comet will get as close as it can to the Sun. This is known as a perihelion, and it last happened in 1986.

Events in fiction
 The television anime show Real Drive takes place in this decade.
 The book The Giver takes place in 2065.

References

2060s
The Brabançonne is the national anthem of Belgium. In was first in the French language. Later a verion was made for all three official languages of the country.

It is said the anthem was written in September 1830, during the Belgian Revolution.  In 1860, Belgium formally adopted the song and music as its national anthem. Then prime minister, Charles Rogier took out lyrics against the Dutch Prince of Orange.

O Belgium - O mother dear -
To you we stretch our hearts and arms,
With blood to spill for you, O fatherland!
We swear with one cry - You shall live!
You shall live, so great and beautiful,
And your invincible unity
Shall have for device immortal -
The King, and Law, and Liberty!
Shall have for device immortal -
The King, and Law, and Liberty!
The King, and Law, and Liberty!
The King, and Law, and Liberty!

National anthems
Belgian culture
Adrienne Jablanczy (born 11 September 1948) is a French economist, professor, and, since 1997, Head of the Institut supérieur européen de gestion group.

Jablanczy graduated from the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris. She started her career in 1976 as a economics and teacher at Pantheon-Assas University. In 1997, she was nominated Director of the ISEG. She is also a financial markets teacher at the École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications de Bretagne.

Jablanzcy specializes in management of business schools, financial markets and Islamic finance.

Further reading
 Adrienne Jablanczy, La Bourse, Marabout, 1991, 
 Adrienne Jablanczy and Philippe Beraud, Crise et variables d’ajustement des États méditerranéens, Management & Avenir, ISSN 1768-5958, May 2010

References 

French educators
French economists
1949 births
Living people
Alumni of the Institut d'études politiques de Paris
Puneri Pagadi is a turban, a cloth worn on the head. This turban is worn by people from Pune on special days. Puneri means "belonging to Pune" and pagadi means turban.  It is used as a mark of respect in Pune.  It is a custom that is about 200 years old.  

The pagadi used to be worn by people to show pride but now it is also worn on special occasions.

History

The pagadi was introduced 200 years ago by Mahadev Govind Ranade, who was a social reformer. It was also later worn by leaders like Lokmanya Tilak, J.S. Karandikar, D.D. Sathye, Tatyasaheb Kelkar and Datto Vaman Potdar. The pagadi became more famous in 1973 after a Marathi play.

In 2009, it was given the status of Geographic Indication (GI) which means that the pagadi will be a property of only Pune.  No one else can sell any such turban under the name of Puneri Pagadi outside Pune.Only Brahmins used to use this pagadi in that era.

Use
The pagadi is used in marriages. It is also used on special events in schools and colleges (commonly on traditional days). It is used by actors while performing gondhal art form. The pagadi is also given as an award sometimes.

Proprietary status

Shree Puneri Pagadi Sangh is a group of 10 people. They are the ones who applied for getting a GI tag for the pagadi. Actually, Great Mission Group Consultancy submitted the application for them.  The aim of this was to protect the identity of the pagadi. They also wanted to protect the Puneri culture. The application was accepted and on 4 September 2009, the pagadi became an intellectual property. Before this, the GI tag was also given to Indian products like Tirupati ladoos, Darjeeling tea, Banarasi saris.

References

Headgear
Pune
Antoine de La Mothe Cadillac was born on March 5, 1658 and died on October 16, 1730. He was a French explorer and adventurer in New France, now an area of North America stretching from Eastern Canada in the north to Louisiana in the south. In 1701, he founded Detroit, which he helped develop until 1710. Between 1710 and 1716 he was the governor of Louisiana, although he did not arrive in that territory until 1713.

References

1658 births
1730 deaths
French explorers
French people
Episodes is an Anglo-American television sitcom. It began on January 9, 2011 and is set in Los Angeles, California. It was created by David Crane and Jeffrey Klarik. It is directed by James Griffiths and Jim Field Smith. It stars Matt LeBlanc, Stephen Mangan, Tamsin Grieg, John Pankow, Kathleen Rose Perkins and Mircea Monroe.

Mangan and Grieg play Sean and Beverly Lincoln, a British married couple who travel to Hollywood to remake their successful British TV series. LeBlanc is recruited to play the protagonist in the American remake.

Other websites 
 

2011 American television series debuts
2010s American television series
2010s British television series
American sitcoms
British sitcoms
Television series set in Los Angeles
2011 British television series debuts
English-language television programs
Sir Alan Arthur Bates CBE (17 February 1934 - 27 December 2003) was a British actor. He was born in Allestree, Derbyshire.

Bates starred in many movies, including: Zorba the Greek, Georgy Girl, Far from the Madding Crowd, The Fixer, The Go-Between, Women in Love, An Unmarried Woman, Gosford Park and The Rose. He also acted on stage and television.

Bates was a closeted bisexual. He was married to actress Victoria Ward (1939-1992) from 1970 until her death. They had twin sons: Tristan (1971-1990) and actor Benedick Bates (born 1971). Bates died of pancreatic cancer in London.

References

Other websites 

1934 births
2003 deaths
Actors from Derbyshire
BAFTA Award winning actors
Bisexual people
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
LGBT actors
Tony Award winning actors
Clueless is a 1995 American romantic teen comedy movie set in Beverly Hills, California. It is loosely based on Jane Austen's 1815 book Emma. It was written and directed by Amy Heckerling. It stars Alicia Silverstone, Stacey Dash and Brittany Murphy as 15 year old high school classmates. Clueless was released in the United States in August 1995.

Plot of Clueless revolves around the life of American sixteen-year-old girl Cher Horowitz. She is pretty and attractive, but clueless and selfish. Apart from that she is extremely rich and popular in her high school. Only a few things are important for Cher: fashion, mansion in which she lives with her father and her friend Dionne, who is also rich and self-confident. She has a former stepbrother Josh, with whom she always has quarrels for no reason at all.

Cher’s selfishness is totally innocent and safe for surrounding people. For example, she tries to bring together two teachers, who gave her bad marks, - Mr. Hall and Mrs. Gaste. She achieves this aim and benefits. When Cher sees those two fall in love and her marks become better, she understands that she likes to do good things.

Cher decides to make the next good thing on her list helping a new “duckling girl” Tie to transform into a beautiful swan. She also helps her to adapt in a new place and prevent her from communicating with the guy, who smokes weed and does skateboarding. Instead of that, she wants Tie to date with a rich snob Elton, but Cher does not realize that Elton fancies not Tie, but herself.

Suddenly some troubles appear in Cher’s life. She does not realize, that boy whom she tries to seduce is actually gay, until Dionne opens her naive eyes. Cher fails driving test and when she comes back home Tai says that she is keen on Josh. In reply Cher says to her, that they do not match and they have a quarrel.

After revaluation of values Cher finds out, that she loves Josh. She tries to be better, kinder and smarter. The final scene shows, that Josh admits he loves Cher too and they kiss.

Soon after release of the movie a Clueless sequel was filmed (it was in form of TV series) and a series of books was produced.

Other websites 

1995 comedy movies
1995 romance movies
1990s buddy movies
1990s coming-of-age movies
1990s high school movies
1995 LGBT movies
1990s romantic comedy movies
1990s teen comedy movies
1990s teen romance movies
American buddy movies
American coming-of-age movies
American high school movies
American LGBT movies
American romantic comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen romance movies
Beverly Hills, California in fiction
Coming-of-age comedy movies
Coming-of-age romance movies
English-language movies
Female buddy movies
LGBT comedy movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in California
Movies directed by Amy Heckerling