cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Leslie Lemke (born January 31, 1952) is a blind American, prodigious savant who is autistic. He is best known for his work as a musician.

Leslie Lemke was born prematurely in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1952. At birth, he was diagnosed with glaucoma, cerebral palsy, and brain damage. Doctors were forced to remove his eyes. His birth mother gave him up for adoption. May Lemke, a nurse, adopted him when he was six months old. To feed him, May had to stroke his throat to make him swallow his food. It was a year before Leslie could chew food on his own. It took seven years of constant care before Leslie showed any progress. During this time, he made no sounds or movements and showed no emotions. He was 12 before he first learned to stand. He was 15 before he learned to walk.

When he was 16, May found Leslie playing Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto no. 1 during the middle of the night. He had recently heard the piece on television. Leslie was soon playing all styles of music, from ragtime to classical.

His adoptive mother encouraged his talent for the piano. By 1980, Leslie was giving concerts in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Because of his new fame, he was asked to be on many television programs such as CBC's Man Alive (hosted by Roy Bonisteel), CBS Evening News, 60 Minutes, and That's Incredible!. In 1983, ABC broadcast The Woman Who Willed a Miracle, a drama about Leslie and his adoptive mother. It stars Cloris Leachman as May Lemke.  Leslie is also the subject of Fred Small's song, "Leslie is Different."

Leslie toured the United States, Scandinavia, and Japan and gave free concerts. He was quite animated when he played.

May Lemke developed Alzheimer's disease and died on November 6, 1993.

Further information
 Bonisteel, Roy. All Things Considered, page 25, Doubleday Canada Limited, 1997. 
 Monty, Shirlee. May's Boy: An Incredible Story of Love, Thomas Nelson Inc., 1983.

References

Other websites
 Leslie Lemke profile  from the Wisconsin Medical Society

1952 births
Living people
American adoptees
American pianists
Autistic savants
Musicians from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Jonathan Lerman (born 1987) is an American Prodigious Savant. He is an autistic  outsider artist.  He was born in Queens, NY. He lives in the Upstate New York suburb of Vestal.

Jonathan Lerman began to lapse into long silences at the age of two. The next year he was diagnosed with autism. His IQ is said to be 53.

Lerman's artistic ability appeared at the age of 10. He drew faces with charcoal. The faces were of people he knows and those he imagines.  In 1999 he had his own solo exhibition at the KS Art gallery in New York City.

Lerman has had personal exhibitions. He has also exhibited his work alongside others.

Lerman was also on the MTV television show True Life in the episode "True Life: I Have Autism"

Books
 George Braziller. Jonathan Lerman: The Drawings of a Boy with Autism (2002)

References

Other websites
Exhibit at KS Art 
erstwhile "www.jonathanlerman.com" site 
Portraits of Emotion: The Story of an Autistic Savant  Documentary about Jonathan Lerman

1987 births
Living people
American painters
Autistic savants
People from New York City
Aaron Hunt (born 4 September 1986, in Goslar, Germany) is a German football player. He plays as midfielder for Werder Bremen since 2004.

Club career 
Hunt started playing football at the age of 7 and played for two local clubs in the Harz area during his childhood. In 2002 he joined the youth team of Werder Bremen. Two years late he debuted in the Bundesliga as a substitute against Hannover 96. He shot his first goal against Borussia Mönchengladbach on 12th February 2005, when he also debuted in the first squad.

On 28 November 2007 he shot in first goal in the Champions League against Real Madrid. Before that game he has been injured for 7 months. Bremen won that match 3-2.

In the 2008/09 season he won the DFB-Pokal with Werder, after winning 1-0 in the final against Bayer Leverkusen. His team was also in the final match of the UEFA CUP, but lost against Shakhtar Donetsk 1-2 in the extra time.

In 2010 he renewed his contract until 2014. In 2012 he was made vice captain of his team by his coach Thomas Schaaf. He is the most loyal player in the squad of Werder Bremen.

International career 
His mother is from England, so he would have been allowed to play for the national team of England. He played for Germany at the Under-16, Under-17 and Under-21 level, so he refused English offers and decided to play for Germany. In November 2009 he debuted against the Côte d'Ivoire for the a-squad in a friendly. This game was the memorial game for the goalkeeper Robert Enke, who committed suicide. He also made a secound match against Denmark in August 2010. In 2013 has was nominated by national coach Joachim Löw for two matches. In the match against Ecuador has was brought on in minute 59.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="9"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="9"|Bundesliga||10||1||2||0||1||0||13||1
|-
|2005/06||7||0||3||2||6||0||16||2
|-
|2006/07||28||9||1||0||12||0||41||9
|-
|2007/08||14||1||1||0||5||1||20||2
|-
|2008/09||18||2||2||0||8||0||28||2
|-
|2009/10||32||9||6||1||10||1||48||11
|-
|2010/11||29||3||2||0||7||0||38||3
|-
|2011/12||18||3||1||0|| || ||19||3
|-
|2012/13||28||11||1||0|| || ||29||11
184||39||20||3||49||2||253||44 
184||39||20||3||49||2||253||44 
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2009||1||0
|-
|2010||1||0
|-
|2013||1||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

Honours 
 DFB-Ligapokal: 2006
 DFB-Pokal: 2009

Private life 
Hunt is married to Semra Polatgil, who also played football for TV Jahn Delmenhorst.

References

Other websites 
 Profile  at werder.de (in German)
 Profile at fussballdaten.de (in German)
 Profile at transfermarkt.de (in German)

1986 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Lower Saxony
Russell Charles Means (November 10, 1939 – October 22, 2012) was an American Oglala Sioux activist, writer, politician, musician, television and movie actor who is known for his activisim to the American Indian Movement. He is also known for his roles in Pathfinder, Thomas and the Magic Railroad and in Pocahontas.

In 1983 he agreed to become running mate to Larry Flynt in his unsuccessful run for U.S. President.

Means was born on November 10, 1939 in Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota. He studied at San Leandro High School. Means was married five times, the first four ended in divorce. He has ten children. Means died on October 22, 2012 in Porcupine, South Dakota from esophageal cancer, aged 72.

References

Other websites

Russell Means official website

1939 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from esophageal cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American activists
Politicians from South Dakota
Actors from South Dakota
Singers from South Dakota
Musicians from South Dakota
Writers from South Dakota
Native American people
Sir Currimbhoy Ebrahim (or  Currimbhoy Ebrahim), 3rd Baronet, JP (born 1903- died 1952), was a prominent businessman, philanthropist and political leader from Bombay, British India.

He succeeded his father Sir Mohamedbhoy Ebrahim as Baronet, and as managing director of many family-owned firms. He also became director or chairman of many charitable trusts in the Bombay area and in 1936, started the Muslim Peace and Relief Committee. In the same year, he became a member of the All India Muslim League and an active political leader of this party.

1903 births
1952 deaths
Indian businesspeople
People from Bombay
Indian politicians
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Baronets
Nawab Muhammad Ismail Khan (1886–1958) was a senior All India Muslim League leader, a former Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a member of the UP legislative assembly in British India. 

1886 births
1958 deaths
People of British India
Muslim League
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Indian politicians
Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlvi JP (born 1875) was a political leader, lawyer and journalist of British India. He organised several Muslim educational and political conferences at Karachi and Hyderabad, Sindh, and later was a delegate to the famous All India Muslim Leagues Lahore session of 1940. 

1875 births
People of British India
Indian politicians
Muslim League
Leaders of All India Muslim League
The MacDonnell Shire is a local government area of the Northern Territory, Australia. It was created on 1 July 2008 as part of the restructuring of the Territory's local government areas. It was created by merging over a dozen smaller community council areas and a large zone of unincorporated area. The most recent elections for the shire council were in March 2012. The current President of the MacDonnell Shire is Sid Anderson.

The shire has an area of over 268,784 square kilometres. It covers the south of the Territory, bordering with South Australia. Alice Springs and Yulara are enclaves within the shire (they are not part of it, but are surrounded by it).

There were about 7,142 people living there in 2009.

Wards and towns
The MacDonnell Shire Council is divided into four wards. There are 12 council members. Below each ward is listed the towns that fall within those wards. Population figures are as they were recorded on 30 June 2007.

 Rodinga (4 councillors)
 Amoonguna (362)
 Aputula (Finke; 240)
 Santa Teresa (Ltyentye Apurte; 652 in 2006)
 Titjikala (Tapatjatjaka; 265)
 Ljirapinta (3 councillors)
 Hermannsburg (Ntaria; 600)
 Wallace Rockhole (Ulana; 107)
 Luritja Pintubi (3 councillors)
 Haasts Bluff (Ikuntji; 165)
 Kintore (Walungurru; 350)
 Mount Liebig (Watijawanu; 252)
 Papunya (Warumpi; 342)
 Iyarrka (2 councillors)
 Kaltukatjara (Docker River; 311)
 Imanpa (217)
 Areyonga (Utju; 245)

References

MacDonnell Shire
Local government areas of Australia
Aputula is a remote Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is south of Alice Springs, near the border with South Australia. It is  east of the Stuart Highway. About 250 people live there. They are Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Luritja, and Lower Southern Arrernte people. The Finke River passes nearby the town, but it is dry for most of the year, except during floods.

The town was called Finke until the 1980s. It began as a trading stop on the Central Australian Railway. Local Aborigines traded dingo scalps, artefacts and tools for European goods. In the 1950s and 1960s, White farmers set up cattle stations around the town. Most of the Europeans left Finke when the railway line was moved westwards in the late 1970s. This was done because the track was damaged during huge floods in 1973 and 1974, so it was moved away from the river. The Aboriginal people living in the town did not move, and the town came to be known as Aputula. The name comes from a place called Putula near the town, which used to be the site of a water soak. Putula is an Arrernte word. Arrernte people used to get their water there, before the white people and the railway line came to the area.

Aputula holds the record of having the hottest day ever recorded in the Northern Territory— on 1 and 2 January 1960.

References

Indigenous Australian communities
Towns in the Northern Territory
Pitjantjatjara
"Bubbly" is a single by the singer Colbie Caillat. It was released to radio on May 15, 2007. "Bubbly" was the biggest song so far by Caillat. The song is from her first record Coco.

Pop songs
2007 songs
Dr Gordon Briscoe OAM (born in 1938) is an Aboriginal Australian activist and a retired football player. He is a member of the Stolen Generations.

Briscoe was born in Alice Springs. He is descended from the Marduntjara and Pitjantjatjara nations of Central Australia. He was taken away from his mother as a child and was taught at a Christian mission in Adelaide. Briscoe played football (soccer) for Adelaide in the South Australian league. He played alongside his schoolmate Charles Perkins. In 1958, he moved to England with the hope of playing professional football. He had small jobs with Barnet and Preston North End, but he did not make a first team appearance. He went back to Australia at the suggestion of Perkins. The two of them later played recreational football with the Australian National University from 1968 to about 1972.

Briscoe began studying at ANU in 1981. His focus was on the indigenous history of Australia. He was involved in the production of the SBS documentary First Australians. He got his PhD in 1997.

Briscoe also worked as an activist for indigenous Australians. He was involved in the establishment of the Aboriginal Progress Association in the 1950s, the Aboriginal Legal Service in the 1960s and the Aboriginal Medical Service
in 1972.

References 

1938 births
Living people
Indigenous Australian activists
Indigenous Australian politics
Australian footballers
Order of Australia
Pitjantjatjara
People from Alice Springs
Indigenous Australian sportspeople
Mount Woodroffe is South Australia's highest peak. It is  above sea level. The mountain is known to Pitjantjatjara speakers as Ngarutjaranya. In their Dreaming, the mountain represents the spirit being Ngintaka.

Mount Woodroffe is in the far northwest of South Australia, in the Musgrave Ranges. The mountain range rises about 700–800 metres above the plains around it. The rock is mostly granite and gneiss.

Mount Woodroffe was named by William Gosse, who first saw it on 20 July 1873. He named it after George Woodroffe Goyder, another early explorer of South Australia and the Northern Territory. Access to the mountain is restricted. Permission is needed to enter the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara lands.

References 

Mountains of South Australia
The Rhind papyrus in the British Museum is the best example of Egyptian mathematics. It is named after Alexander Henry Rhind, a Scottish antiquarian. He bought the papyrus in 1858 in Luxor, Egypt. It was found during illegal excavations in or near the Ramesseum. It was written about 1650 BC.

The papyrus has work and writing on arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and fractions. It, and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, are the main sources of knowledge about mathematics in Ancient Egypt. The Rhind papyrus dates to about 1550 BC. The museum bought both the Rhind papyrus and the Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll from Rhind. The Rhind papyrus is larger than the Moscow mathematical papyrus, but the Moscow papyrus is older.

The Rhind papyrus dates to the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. It was copied by the scribe Ahmose from a now-lost text from the reign of Amenemhat III (12th dynasty).  Written in the hieratic script, this Egyptian manuscript is made up of parts that are each 33 cm tall. In total it is over  long. It was transliterated and the mathematics was translated in the late 19th century. The mathematical translation is still incomplete in some respects. The document is dated to year 33 of the Hyksos king Apophis and also contains a separate later Year 11 on its verso likely from his successor, Khamudi.

In the opening paragraphs of the papyrus, Ahmose presents the papyrus as giving "Accurate reckoning for inquiring into things, and the knowledge of all things, mysteries... all secrets". He continues with: 
This book was copied in regnal year 33, month 4 of Akhet, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Awserre, given life, from an ancient copy made in the time of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Nimaatre (?). The scribe Ahmose writes this copy.

Several books and articles about the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus have been published, and a handful of these stand out. The Rhind Papyrus was published in 1923 by Peet and contains a discussion of the text that followed Griffith's Book I, II and III outline  Chase published a compendium in 1927/29 which included photographs of the text. A more recent overview of the Rhind Papyrus was published in 1987 by Robins and Shute.

Other websites

Allen, Don.  April 2001.  The Ahmes Papyrus and Summary of Egyptian Mathematics.

British Museum webpage on the Papyrus.
O'Connor and Robertson, 2000. Mathematics in Egyptian Papyri.
Truman State University, Math and Computer Science Division.  Mathematics and the Liberal Arts: The Rhind/Ahmes Papyrus.

Williams, Scott W. Mathematicians of the African Diaspora, containing a page on Egyptian Mathematics Papyri.
BBC audio file A History of the World in 100 Objects. (15 mins)

References

Mathematics literature
Ancient Egypt
Musgrave Ranges is a mountain range in Central Australia. It covers the boundary of South Australia (Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara) and the Northern Territory (MacDonnell Shire). It separates the Great Victoria Desert to the south and the Gibson Desert to the north. The range has a length of . Many of its peaks have a height of more than . The highest peak is Mount Woodroffe at .

The mountains were originally the home of Yankunytjatjara people. The first European to find them was the English explorer William Gosse in the 1870s. He named them after Anthony Musgrave, the Governor of South Australia at the time. At the start of the 20th century, Yankunytjatjara people began migrating east, setting up camps along the Alberga River and moving into the mission at Ernabella. From 1917, they also began a movement southward to Ooldea. Groups of Pitjantjatjara were forced to move to the Musgrave region because of a long drought in their territory, the Mann and Tomkinson Ranges in the west. Today, most of the families in the communities of Amata and Kaltjiti identify as Pitjantjatjara.

The South Australian part of the Musgrave Ranges was granted to the Pitjantjatjara people in the Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1980. Since then, most people have moved into settlements in more hospitable areas.

References 

Mountain ranges of Australia
Mountains of South Australia
Mountains of the Northern Territory
Pitjantjatjara
The Cornish National Party (CNP) is a social democratic political party in Cornwall. It wants Cornish independence from the United Kingdom.

Political parties in England
Nationalism
Politics of Cornwall
The Legislative Assembly of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, also known as AJK Legislative Assembly, is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the Pakistan administered state of Azad Kashmir.

The assembly has 41 elected Members and 8 co-opted members of which 5 are woman, one member from Ulama community, while one is from amongst Jammu & Kashmir technocrats and other professionals.

References

Azad Kashmir
The Unité de formation et de recherche médicale Paris Île-de-France Ouest (in English Paris Île-de-France West Medical Research and Training Departement; also called PIFO or Paris Ouest) is a department of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines focus on research and training activities in medicine.

Further reading 
 Official website

References

Medicine
Education in France
Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Western India is a region of the Republic of India, it includes Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

Regions of India
Qazi Muhammad Essa (17 July 1914 – 19 June 1976) was a leader of the All India Muslim League party in British India and later a senior governmental official in Pakistan. 

Qazi Isa was born in Pishin, Baluchistan (Chief commissioners province). He joined the League in 1939 and was nominated to represent his province at the League's Lahore session in March 1940. 

After the creation of Pakistan, he served the new country in various positions, and for a time was also its ambassador to Brazil (1951-54). 

He died in 1976.

Source  

1. Kausar. Prof. Dr. Inamul Haq. "Tehreek-e-Pakistan Balochistan Main". Lahore. 1988. Maktaba-e-Aaliya. p.21

1913 births
1976 deaths
Pakistani politicians
Muslim League
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Peter Ackroyd CBE (born 5 October 1949) is an English novelist, critic, poet, television writer, historian and scholar. 

Ackroyd was born in East Acton, London. He graduated in English from Clare College, Cambridge. He later studied at Yale University. He is openly gay.

References

Other websites 

1949 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
English historians
English LGBT people
English novelists
English poets
Gay men
LGBT novelists
LGBT poets
Writers from London
Yale University alumni
A private prison is a prison run by a private company instead of the government. The government hires the private prison company to perform all the services needed to keep the convicts locked up while they serve out their sentences.

In the twenty-first century, many industries that were government-run before have become more privatized.

The countries that have private prisons are Australia, Brazil, Chile, Greece, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand, United States and the United Kingdom. Private prisons are only common in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.

Israel used to have private prisons, until the Israeli Supreme Court, declared them illegal (against the law) in 2005. Canada also used to have private prisons, but due to widespread protests against them, the last private prison went to government control in 2006.

References

Criminal justice
The Ramna Kali Mandir  (), also known as the Ramna Kalibari (house of the Hindu goddess Kali) was one of the most famous Hindu temples of the Indian subcontinent. It was believed to be over a thousand years old. The temple was in Dhaka (the capital of present day Bangladesh) near the Ramna Park (now renamed as Suhrawardy Udyan).

The temple was bulldozed by the Pakistan Army on 27 March 1971 during the genocide of the Bangladesh Liberation War

References

Hindu temples in Bangladesh
Dhaka
The Cabinet of Pakistan is headed by the Prime Minister. It plays an important role in the  Government of Pakistan.

Politics of Pakistan
John Edward Walsh (born December 26, 1945) is an American television personality, criminal investigator, human and victim rights advocate and the host of America's Most Wanted. He began his crime investigation career when his son, Adam Walsh was murdered by Ottis Toole in 1981.

Walsh was born on December 26, 1945 in Auburn, New York. He studied at the University of Buffalo. He has been married to Revé Drew since 1971. He had four children; Adam, Meghan, Callahan, and Hayden Walsh. In 2008, Walsh was awarded the Operation Kids Lifetime Achievement Award.

References

Other websites

America's Most Wanted  Profile of John Walsh

1945 births
Living people
American activists
American television presenters
Television personalities from New York
Abdul Mateen Chowdhury (1895-1948) was a lawyer and Bengali political leader, who was active in the All India Muslim Leagues Pakistan Movement. 

He died in 1948 in Karachi, Pakistan, a year after the achievement of Pakistan.

1895 births
1948 deaths
Pakistani politicians
Muslim League
Leaders of All India Muslim League
The pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta), also known as the pitted-shelled turtle or Fly River turtle, is a species of turtle native to northern Australia and southern New Guinea.

Description 
The Pig-nosed turtle is a very large freshwater turtle, with a shell length of 60-70 centimetres. It is grey to greyish brown in colour on the upper surface, and white to yellow in colour on the lower surface. It has broad paddle-like flippers, each with two claws. Its shell is covered by a soft-pitted skin, instead of the hard scutes that cover the shells of most turtles.

Turtles
Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan, CSI (1833–1901), Khattar was an Indian Muslim administrator who had a distinguished career in British India. He belonged to Wah area of Northern Punjab.

Early life and career
Muhammad Hayat Khan was a son of Karam Khan, a Punjabi Muslim chieftain of the Khattar tribe who was against Sikh rule in his area and wished to remove it. 

He thus sided with the British East India Company and was killed in 1848. His sons, including Muhammad Hayat, were raised and educated by the British Indian officers like John Nicholson and James Abbott. 

He was eventually selected to become Nicholson's orderly and Persian language interpreter. In 1857, when the Indian Mutiny (or First Indian War of Independence) broke out, he accompanied Nicholson and his military force to Delhi to counter the rebels there, who were trying to win over the last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II, to their cause.

Career
In September 1857, when John Nicholson was mortally wounded on an assault on Delhi by the British, Muhammad Hayat looked after him until he died. Before dying, Nicholson recommended him to Sir John Lawrence, Chief Commissioner of the Punjab and later its first Governor. Muhammad Hayat was thus given a series of important civil appointments in the Punjab province by the grateful British, and after serving as an Assistant Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner and then Sessions Judge, he eventually became the first Muslim native to be appointed as a member of the Punjab Legislative Council.

In 1899 he was given a CSI award and given the title of 'Nawab' in recognition of his long and meritorious services to the British Raj. He was also a close friend of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and a firm supporter of the Aligarh Movement for Muslim education, which resulted in the foundation of the MAO College (later Aligarh Muslim University) in India.

Death and legacy
He died in December 1901, at his native village Wah, North Punjab, British India. Two of his sons, Sir Liaqat Hayat and Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan went on to be famous in their own right.

References

1833 births
1901 deaths
People of British India
Punjabi people
Colonel T.E. Lawrence (in full Thomas Edward Lawrence), better known in history as Lawrence of Arabia (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935), was a British Army officer, explorer, scholar, writer, military strategist and linguist. He was born in Tremadog, Caernarfonshire, Wales. He studied History at University of Oxford. He joined the Army by taking part in the Officers' Training Corps at Oxford. He is best known for having helped the Arabs organize themselves against the Turks during the First World War. 

His memoirs of the time spent with the Arabs, The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926), is a well-known work of literature. He died in 1935 in a motorcycle accident in Dorset.  

1888 births
1935 deaths
British explorers
British military people
British writers
Road accident deaths in the United Kingdom
Brigadier-General John Nicholson (1822-1857) was a British officer of the East India Company, who served and died in British India. He is especially famous today and remembered as the 'Saviour of Delhi' who gave his life and died at Delhi, in September 1857 during the Indian Mutiny (or First Indian War of Independence), so that the British empire might be saved. 

Nicholson was a very strict and honest administrator, and always took stern action to check crime and dishonesty. Because of this, he was deified (made into  a deity, or god) by some Indian people in his lifetime. The people who worshiped him were called Nikal Saynis. 

Nicholson was buried near Delhi when he died but there is a famous monument, the Nicholson Memorial (also called Nicholson's Obelisk) near Taxila in Pakistan. This was made here by the British people ruling here many years ago, because Nicholson had spent a lot of time in that area.

Related pages
 East India Company
 Indian Rebellion of 1857
 Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan

1822 births
1857 deaths
People of British India
Herbert Benjamin Edwardes KCB, KCSI (1819-1868) was an English administrator, soldier and statesman of British India. He served mostly in the Punjab and the Punjab Frontier (later renamed the North-West Frontier Province, and today the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan). His name lives on there in the Edwardes College, Peshawar. 

1819 births
1868 deaths
British military people
People of British India
Sir Henry Lawrence (in full Henry Montgomery Lawrence) (28 June 1806-4 July 1857) was a senior British officer and administrator of British India. He was the first Chief Commissioner of the Punjab after its annexation by the British, following the Second Anglo-Sikh War. He died whilst defending Lucknow against a force of rebels, during the Indian Mutiny (or First Indian War of Independence) in July 1857. 

His younger brother, Sir John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence, later succeeded Sir Henry in the Punjab and became the province's first Lieutenant-Governor. 

1806 births
1857 deaths
British military people
People of British India
Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (Palermo, 23 December 1896 – Rome, 23 July 1957) was an Italian writer. He is most famous for his only novel, The Leopard (Il Gattopardo), which is set in Sicily during the Risorgimento.

Sources 

 Giuseppe Leone, "Il Gattopardo" orgoglio di un'isola, pregiudizio di una cultura – Il romanzo di Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa fra caso letterario e revisionismo storico", Il Punto Stampa, Lecco, gennaio 1997.

Italian writers
1896 births
1957 deaths
People from Palermo
The mute swan (Cygnus olor) is a species of swan, and thus a member of the duck, goose and swan family Anatidae. It is native to much of Europe and Asia, and (as a rare winter visitor) the far north of Africa. It is also an introduced species in North America, Australasia and southern Africa.

Description 
Measuring 125 to 170 centimetres (49 to 67 in) in length, this large swan is wholly white in plumage with an orange bill bordered with black. It is recognisable by its pronounced knob atop the bill.

When swimming, the mute swan holds its neck in a graceful "S" curve with its bill pointing downward. The whooper swans usually carry their bill level with their neck erect. The male frequently arches his secondary wing feathers over his back in an aggressive display posture.

Gallery 

Anatidae
Sir Olaf Caroe (or in full, Olaf Kirkpatrick Kruuse Caroe), KCSI, KCIE (1892-1981) was an administrator in 'British India. He remained Governor of the North-West Frontier Province from 1945 to 1947. 

1892 births
1981 deaths
People of British India
The black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), is a species of rhinoceros. It lives in eastern and central Africa including Kenya, Tanzania, Cameroon, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Angola. The black rhinoceros is not actually black, but dark. It is a browser, with lips that help eating from low branches.

The other African rhinoceros is the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The white rhinoceros is not white, but lighter coloured.

The black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), is a species of rhinoceros. It lives in eastern and central Africa including Kenya, Tanzania, Cameroon, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Angola. The black rhinoceros is not actually black, but dark. It is a browser, with lips that help eating from low branches.

The other African rhinoceros is the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The white rhinoceros is not white, but lighter coloured.

Rhinoceros and oxpeckers

There is a type of bird called an oxpecker in English that likes to sit on the rhino's back and eat insects and other small animals that bite the rhino's skin.  Because the birds also peck at the rhinos' skins with their beaks and hurt it, scientists wondered why the rhinos do not shake the birds off their backs.  One team of scientists from California State University and Victoria University in Australia found that the black rhinoceros listens for the noises the oxpecker makes.  Rhinoceros cannot see well but oxpeckers can.  Oxpeckers make a noise when they see humans nearby that is different from their other noises.  The rhinos hear this noise and then either look for the human or run away.  The scientists performed an experiment: A human would slowly walk toward a rhino.  Rhinos without oxpeckers on their backs only noticed the human one out of five times, but rhinos with oxpeckers noticed the human every time and from much further away.  The scientists wondered if bringing flocks of oxpeckers to groups of rhinoceros without them would help the rhinos avoid human hunters.

The scientists had the idea for this experiment because the Swahili language word for oxpecker is "Askari wa kifaru," which means "the rhino's guard" in English.  One of the scientists said it was important to listen to indigenous peoples when studying things in the places where those people live. "We too often dismiss the importance of indigenous people and their observations," said ecologist Roan Plotz, who worked on this study. "While western science has been incredibly useful, there are many insights we can learn from indigenous communities."

Threats 
Black rhinoceros is currently one of the endangered species and is on the verge of extinction in Africa.There has been approximately 96% decline in its population and one of the major causes for its extinction is habitat destruction and encroachment.

References

Mammals of Africa
Rhinoceroses
Philip Mason (also known by his pseudonym of Philip Woodruff) OBE (19 March 1906 – 25 January 1999) was a civil servant in British India and the author (under his pen-name) of a well-known book, The Men Who Ruled India. 

1906 births
1999 deaths
People of British India
English writers
Majed Ahmed Abdullah Al-Mohammed (; born 1 November 1959  in Jeddah) is a retired Saudi Arabian football (soccer) player. He played as a striker. He has scored more goals for the Saudi national team than any other player. He was nicknamed the Arabian Pelé. Abdullah was voted as the best football player in the history of Saudi Arabia in a poll by IBOPE Zogby International.

References

Saudi Arabian footballers
Living people
People from Jeddah
1959 births
1988 AFC Asian Cup players
1992 AFC Asian Cup players
1994 FIFA World Cup players
AFC Asian Cup-winning players
Asian Games medalists in football
Association football forwards
Footballers at the 1990 Asian Games
The phrases, "Two wrongs make a right" and "two wrongs don't make a right" are English phrases that denote philosophical norms. 

The key idea is based on the two wrongs phrase which consider the two things as wrong.

“Two wrongs don't make a right”, is a proverb used to rebuke or renounce wrongful conduct as a response to another's assumed transgression.

“Two wrongs make a right”  in which an allegation of wrongdoing is countered with a similar allegation. In English language, it might be considered as a fallacy of relevance.

“Two wrongs make a right”
“Two wrongs make a right” might be considered as a fallacy of relevance  when assuming that, if one wrong is committed, then another wrong will cancel it out. 

This phrase considers the two actions are wrong. for this reason it is not used by a wrongdoer which does not consider its action as wrong.

This phrase considers breaking the law (or the wrong) is justified, as long as the other party also does so.

Two wrongs do not make one right 
Two wrongs don't make a right is a proverb which means that a wrongful action is not a appropriate way to correct or cancel a previous wrongful action, in regard to a norm.

Additionally, it alleges the first action is also wrong.

Relationship 
When both actions are considered wrong, the two phrases might be opposed to each other.

Criticism
Common use of the term has been criticized by scholar Gregory S. Kavka writing in the Journal of Business Ethics. Kavka refers back to philosophical concepts of retribution by Thomas Hobbes. He states that if something supposedly held up as a moral standard or common social rule is violated enough in society, then an individual or group within society can break that standard or rule as well since this keeps them from being unfairly disadvantaged. As well, in specific circumstances violations of social rules can be defensible if done as direct responses to other violations. For example, Kavka states that it is wrong to deprive someone of their property but it is right to take property back from a criminal who takes other's property in the first place. He also states that one should be careful not to use this ambiguity as an excuse to recklessly violate ethical rules.

Conservative journalist Victor Lasky wrote in his book It Didn't Start With Watergate that while "two wrongs don't make a right", if a set of immoral things are done and left un-prosecuted, this creates a legal precedent. Thus, people who do the same wrongs in the future should rationally expect to get away as well. Lasky analogizes the situation between John F. Kennedy's wiretapping of Martin Luther King, Jr. (which lead to nothing) and Richard Nixon's actions in Watergate (which Nixon thought would also lead to nothing).

History
The phrase "two wrongs infer one right" appears in a poem dated to 1734, published in The London Magazine.

Related pages
 Norm (philosophy)
An eye for an eye
Tit for tat
Punishment
Retributive justice

References

Other websites
The Fallacy Files: Two Wrongs Make a Right
Nizkor: two wrongs make a right 

English language
Logical fallacies
G. K. Chesterton (in full Gilbert Keith Chesterton; 1874–1936) was an English author and critic who wrote a large and varied number of works, including essays, poems, novels, short stories and more. He is perhaps best remembered today for his delightfully mysterious yet humorous Father Brown stories, based on his very popular, imaginary priest-detective.

1874 births
1936 deaths
English writers
Maki Kureishi (1927–1995) was a Pakistani poet writing in English, known for her delicate and highly sensitive poetry. She taught for many years at the University of Karachi in Karachi, Pakistan. She was the aunt of English writer Hanif Kureishi.

References

1927 births
1995 deaths
Pakistani writers
Poets
Anna Molka Ahmed (13 August 1917 – 20 April 1994) was a Pakistani artist, art writer and poet who played a major role in starting the Department of Fine Arts at the University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

References 

1917 births
1994 deaths
Pakistani people
Pakistani writers
Artists
Poets
Kaleem Omar (1937–2009) was a Pakistani poet and journalist.

References

 

1937 births
2009 deaths
Pakistani people 
Pakistani writers
Poets
Journalists
Dr Tariq Rahman (born 4 February 1949), is a Pakistani linguist, academic, writer and journalist. He taught for many years at the Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

References

1949 births
Pakistani people
Pakistani writers
Living people
Pro-Life Alliance of Gays and Lesbians are a club of LGBT persons who go against abortion while at the same time representing the LGBT community. The group were established around 1990 in Minneapolis and Washington, D.C. The group advocates for alternatives to abortion.

Political organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Abortion
1990 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Minnesota
1990s establishments in Washington, D.C.
Kokernag () is a town in the Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
The Taklamakan Desert, also known as Taklimakan and Teklimakan, is a desert in Northwest China, in the southwest part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. It is bounded by the Kunlun Mountains to the south and the desert Pamir Mountains and Tian Shan to the west and north. The Taklamakan Desert Ecoregion is a Chinese ecoregion of the Deserts and xeric shrublands Biome. 

There is very little water in the desert and it is dangerous to cross. Merchant caravans on the Silk Road stopped for relief at the thriving oasis towns. The key oasis towns, watered by rainfall from the mountains, were Kashgar, Marin, Niya, Yarkand and Khotan to the south, Kuqa and Turpan in the north and Loulan and Dunhuang in the east. Some of these are now ruined cities in sparsely inhabited areas in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region. The present population consists largely of Turkic Uyghur people.

References

Deserts of Asia
Geography of China
Rapid plant movement means quick movement of plant structures, usually under a second. 

For example, the Venus Flytrap closes its trap in about 100 milliseconds. Some other carnivorous plants, such as the bladderworts, also have a rapid response to insects.

The Dogwood Bunchberry, Cornus canadensis, has a flower which opens its petals and fires pollen in less than 0.5 milliseconds. The record is currently held by the White Mulberry tree, Morus alba, whose leaves are used to cultivate silkworms. It is also notable for the rapid release of its pollen, which is launched at over half the speed of sound. The stamens act as catapults, releasing stored elastic energy in just 25 µs. "This is the fastest motion yet observed in biology, and approaches the theoretical physical limits for movements in plants".

The very widespread genus Impatiens gets its common name, "touch-me-not", from its seed capsules. When the capsules mature, they "explode" when touched, shooting seeds several metres away.
A comparatively slow-moving  plant is Mimosa pudica, which closes its leaflets in a graceful sequence.

These rapid plant movements contrast with the more common, and much slower "growth-movements" of plants. They are called tropisms. 

Charles Darwin in 1880 published his last work before his death, The Power of Movement in Plants.

Related pages 
Charles Darwin's books

References 

 
Flowering plants
Aleksandr Stepanovich Viktorenko (born March 29, 1947) is a former Soviet cosmonaut. He was born in Olginka, North-Kazakhstan Oblast, Kazakh SSR on March 29, 1947. He is married with two children.

He was selected as an cosmonaut on March 23, 1978, and retired on May 30, 1997. During his career he was Commander of Soyuz TM-3, Soyuz TM-8, Soyuz TM-14. He spent a total of 489 days in space, including 19 hours and 33 minutes working outside the spacecraft./

Honours and awards
 Hero of the Soviet Union
 Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd class {10 April 1995} - for courage and heroism during the long space flight on the orbital scientific research spacecraft Mir 
 Order of Friendship of Peoples {11 August 1992} - for  the spaceflight on the orbital scientific research spacecraft Mir and showing courage and heroism.
 Order of Lenin
 Commander of the Legion of Honour {March 1999}, previously an officer
 Pilot-cosmonaut of the Soviet Union

References

1947 births
Living people
Colonels
Cosmonauts
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Russian military people
The Jim Henson Company is an American entertainment company.  It started with Muppets, LLC. in 1958 by puppeteer Jim Henson.  Henson is the creator of The Muppets. The Muppets helped the company become popular worldwide.  They were well known in family entertainment for more than forty years.

In 1969, the company started making characters and more than 20 short movies for the popular children's show Sesame Street.

One of the company's first characters regularly on national television was Rowlf the Dog.  He was first made for Purina Dog Chow commercials.  He became famous when he became a regular character on The Jimmy Dean Show from 1963–66.

In 1976, British media mogul Lew Grade asked Jim Henson to make a weekly show based in England, which became The Muppet Show. The success of The Muppet Show led to many movies, specials, videos, and more.

In the early 1980s, Jim Henson also formed Jim Henson's Creature Shop.  It made characters for shows such as The Storyteller, Farscape, and Dinosaurs; and movies such as The Dark Crystal and Labyrinth.  It was also in the 1980s that Jim Henson produced new television series such as Fraggle Rock and The Jim Henson Hour.
 
In 1990, Jim Henson was talking to The Walt Disney Company about selling his company. Henson died during the week that he was going to sign the contract.  His family decided to have the company keep the rights to the characters. However, on December 18, 1991, The Walt Disney Company bought the distribution rights to the entire Jim Henson Company library up to that time.

In 2000, Jim Henson’s children sold the company to the German media company, EM.TV. In 2001 they sold the Sesame Street Muppets to Sesame Workshop.  In 2003 Henson's children bought back the company. In 2004, they sold the rights to The Muppets and Bear in the Big Blue House characters to The Walt Disney Company. The Walt Disney Company now owns all Muppet-related trademarks, including the word “Muppet”.

References

1958 establishments
Companies based in Los Angeles
Entertainment companies
Yalata is an Aboriginal community on the coast of South Australia. It is about  west of Ceduna. The reserve, Yalata Aboriginal Land, covers  and spans about  of the Eyre Highway. It is one of 74 local government areas in South Australia.

The people who originally live in this region are Wirangu and Mirning. However, most of the people who live at Yalata are Pitjantjatjara, who originally come from the north (Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara). They speak a southern dialect of the Pitjantjatjara language. This is spoken as a first language in most homes (58% in 2006). The other groups making up the land's traditional owners are the Kokatha, Yankunytjatjara, Antakirinja, Pindiini and Ngalea, which are all nations of the Western Desert.

Pitjantjatjara were forced to move here by the Australian government in the 1950s. Large parts of their land in the north were made into the Woomera Test Range, a weapons testing area. The families were first moved south, to a Christian mission at Ooldea. They were moved to Yalata, even further south, in 1952. This second move was done because of nuclear-weapon tests being done at Maralinga and Emu Field. The title to the lands around Maralinga (Maralinga Tjarutja) was given back to the Aboriginal people by the South Australian Parliament in December 1984. People from Yalata and further inland resettled on the land in 1995.

A total of 82% of residents identify their main religion as Lutheran.

References

Other websites
Yalata Community 
Yalata Indigenous Protected Area 
Atlas of South Australia 

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Local government areas of Australia
Pitjantjatjara
1994 establishments in Oceania
1990s establishments in Australia
The Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling is the Oscar given to the best achievement in makeup and hair-styling for movies. Usually, only three movies are nominated each year rather than five as in most categories. 

In 2012, the category was renamed to Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling.

Special Achievement Awards 

Before 1981, Special Achievement Oscars were twice awarded to makeup artists for their work on a specific movie:

1964 - William J. Tuttle for 7 Faces of Dr. Lao
1968 - John Chambers for Planet of the Apes

Hairstylists
Starting in 1993, the award is to be shared with hairstylists if hair effects "contribute greatly to the appearance and effect of the characters".

Winners and nominees
The winners are in bold text with a blue background.

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

Related pages
 BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair

References 

Makeup
The Academy Award for Original Score is given to the best body of music in the form of dramatic underscoring that is written specifically for a movie.

Winners and nominees

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

Notes

References

Original Music Score
Music awards