cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Commonwealth of Dominica is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. It is an English-speaking country. It is between the French-speaking territories of Guadeloupe and Martinique. The island is 751 km² (290 mi²) in area. Roseau is its capital. Portsmouth is another main town. Almost 70,000 people live on the island.

The currency of the island is the East Caribbean dollar.

The island's name comes from the Latin for Sunday, Dies Dominica. It is not the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic in the Greater Antilles.

The country is nicknamed the Nature Island of the Caribbean.

Dominica is most famously depicted in Jean Rhys' classic prequel to Jane Eyre, Wide Sargasso Sea.

History
The indigenous Carib people lived in Dominca before it was found by Europeans. They called it Wai‘tu kubuli, which means "Tall is her body."

Christopher Columbus came to Dominica in 1493. In 1763, it became a territory of the United Kingdom from which its independence was received on 3 November 1978.

In August 1979, Hurricane David, wiped out its entire infrastructure. On 21 November 2004, the island was hit by its most destructive earthquake in history; Portsmouth and the northern area were deeply affected.

On 18 September 2018, Hurricane Maria, the most powerful storm to hit the island, severely damaged its infrastructure and cut off all its communications to the outside world. The Assessment Capacities Project estimates that the hurricane has caused $1.37 billion in losses across the island, which is equal to 226 percent of its 2016 GDP. As of April 12, there are 65 fatalities confirmed across the island, including 34 who are missing and presumed to be dead.

In 1980, Dame Eugenia Charles became its prime minister, the first female government leader in the West Indies.

Geography
Dominica is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. It is the northernmost of the Windward Islands.

Dominica is largely covered by rainforest. It is home to the world's second-largest hot spring, Boiling Lake.

Morne Trois Pitons National Park is a tropical forest with scenic volcanic features. It was recognised as a World Heritage Site on 4 April 1995.

Administrative divisions
Dominica is divided into 10 parishes, given below with their 2011 Census populations:
 Saint Andrew Parish (9,471)
 Saint David Parish (6,043)
 Saint George Parish (21,241)
 Saint John Parish (6,561)
 Saint Joseph Parish (5,637)
 Saint Luke Parish (1,668)
 Saint Mark Parish (1,834)
 Saint Patrick Parish (7,622)
 Saint Paul Parish (9,786)
 Saint Peter Parish (1,430)

Sports
Cricket is a popular sport on the island. Dominica competes in test cricket as part of the West Indies cricket team.

Netball, basketball, rugby, tennis and association football are gaining popularity as well.

Gallery

Related pages
Dominica at the Olympics
Dominica national football team
List of rivers of Dominica

References

Other websites 
 Dominica in the News 
 SaKaFete 
 Official Tourism Website 
 World Creole Music Festival 
 

Caribbean Community
 
1978 establishments in North America
1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar.  The Julian calendar was made obsolete starting that year, though Eastern Orthodox churches still use the Julian Calendar.

Events 
 January 1 – Grouping of all UK railway companies into four larger companies
 January 10 – Lithuania seizes and annexes Memel
 January 11 – Troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area to force Germany to pay its reparation payments
 February 16 – Howard Carter unseals the burial chamber of Pharaoh Tutankhamun
 February 22 – Barcelona (Catalonia): Albert Einstein visits the city, invited by the scientist Esteban Terradas i Illa, as part of the monografics course of High Studies and Exchange organized by the Mancomunitat de Catalunya and conducted by Rafael de Campalans.
 March – Antigone by Jean Cocteau appears on a Paris stage. Settings by Pablo Picasso, music by Arthur Honegger, and costumes by Gabrielle Chanel. Antonin Artaud played the part of Tiresias.
 March 1 – USS Connecticut decommissioned
 March 2 – Time Magazine hits newsstands for the first time
 March 9 – Vladimir Lenin suffers a stroke, his third, which renders him bedridden and unable to speak; consequently he retires his position as Chairman of the Soviet government.
 April – End of Irish Civil War
 April 12 – Kandersteg International Scout Centre came into existence.
 April 23 – Ceremonial inauguration of Gdynia Seaport
 April 26 – Wedding of Prince Albert and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in Westminster Abbey
 May 23 – Launch of Belgium's SABENA Airlines
 May 27 – Ku Klux Klan defies law requiring publication of its members
 June 9 – Military coup in Bulgaria – prime minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski is ousted (he is killed June 14)
 June 18 – Etna volcano erupts – 60.000 made homeless

Births 
 January 31 – Norman Mailer, American writer and journalist (d. 2007)
 February 4 - Conrad Bain, Canadian-American actor (d. 2013)
 May 28 – N. T. Rama Rao, Indian actor, director and politician (d. 1996)
 June 25 – Sam Francis, American painter (d. 1994)
 November 10 – James Jabara, American Air Force pilot

Deaths 
 February 10 – Wilhelm Röntgen, German physician and Nobel Prize laureate

Nobel Prize 
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Frederick Banting, Canadian doctor, and John James Rickard Macleod, Scottish physiologist
Events 
 January 1 – Last gladiator competition in Rome.
 Atticus of Constantinople becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.
 Honorius moves the capital of the Western Roman Empire to Ravenna.
 Saint Telemachus matyrdom.
Events 
 Pachacuti who would later create Tahuantinsuyu, or Inca Empire became the ruler of Cusco
 January 1 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Hungary
 March 18 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Germany
 Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway loses direct control of Sweden. Karl Knutsson Bonde is elected Regent of Sweden.

Births 
 Adolf, Duke of Gelderland
 William Beaumont, 2nd Viscount Beamont
 Giovanni Michele Alberto da Carrara
 Sönam Choklang, 2nd Panchen Lama
 Henrique Esteves da Veiga de Nápoles
 Husayn Bayqarah
 John III of Egmont
 Manduulun Khan
 Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse
 Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège
 Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo
 Marguerite de Bourbon
 Pachacuti
 Peter II, Duke of Bourbon
 Philip II, Duke of Savoy
 Reginald Ely
 Anne Woodville

Deaths 
 Humphrey FitzAlan, 15th Earl of Arundel
 Bagrationi, wife of John IV of Trebizond
 Barsbay
 Richard, Count of Étampes
 Alexander Lindsay, 2nd Earl of Crawford
 Edward of Portugal
 Ernest, Duke of Bavaria
 Dorothy Garai
 Conrad Justinger
 Adai Khan
 James II, Count of La Marche
 Thomas Mapilton
 Marie of Valois, Prioress of Poissy
 Johannes Nider
 Olaus Laurentii
 Giordano Orsini
 Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama
 Peter, infans of Aragón
 Jacopo della Quercia
 Ulrich of Richenthal
 Matilda of Savoy
 Shams al-Din 'Ali ibn Qutb al-Din
 Anne of Gloucester
 Simon Sydenham
Events 
 January 1 – Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. This is his first crowning.
 June 28 – June 30: The biggest battle of the 17th century, the Battle of Beresteczko, between Poles and Ukrainians is won by the Poles.
 September 3 –  English Civil War: Battle of Worcester – Charles II of England is defeated in the last main battle of the war.
Playing cards is the name for the 52 cards used in card games like poker, bridge, blackjack, solitaire and other games.

There are 52 basic cards in a deck (not including the jokers). These cards have a suit and a number (called the value or rank). There are 4 suits and 13 ranks in each suit. Decks may include a wide variety of regional and national patterns, and different deck sizes.  The English pattern of cards is so widespread that it is often also known as the International or Anglo-American pattern.

Suits 

Usual signs: spades (♠), hearts (♥), diamonds (♦), clubs (♣).

In some countries different suit signs may be used. In central Europe, there are cards with the suit signs of acorns, leaves, hearts, and bells. In Spain, Italy and Latin America, there are playing cards with the suits of clubs, swords, cups, and coins and Aces

Values 
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack or Knave (J), Queen (Q), King (K), Ace (A).

Number of cards
For many games, the Jokers are removed from the deck, making the total number of cards in the deck 52. Sometimes the deck is reduced to 40, 36, or 32 cards for playing certain games, like belote, sheepshead or euchre.

Tarot cards 

There are various types of tarot cards. Tarots are commonly used for fortune-telling, although they can also be used for playing games.  Conversely, people have also used standard playing cards for fortune-telling.

History 

Playing cards have been found in 9th century China, Tang dynasty.

Playing cards first entered Europe in the early 14th century, probably from Egypt. The suits were very similar to the tarot suits of Swords, Staves, Cups and Coins. These designs are  still used in traditional Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese card decks.

The first documentary evidence is from Vitoria-Gasteiz (now Spain) in 1334, in which the Knights of the Band are forbidden to play cards. The next record is from Catalonia in 1371.
Wide use of playing cards in Europe can be traced from 1377 onwards.

Manufacture 
The method of making cards has stayed the same for over a century. Cards are two thin pieces of paper stuck together with black paste. Both outer sides are printed. Inside is the design of the card face, the outer is the design for the pack as a whole. The black paste is essential to prevent sight of the face coming through when light shines on the face side. The use of the paste is the reason cards are sometimes called "pasteboards".

One or two packs at a time are printed on large sheets of paper, already pasted. The individual cards are stamped out by a machine which acts like a cookie-cutter. It cuts 36,000 cards per hour. A tiny fraction of a second later the edges of the cards are squashed extra-thin. This is not obvious to the naked eye, but the effect is that the cards slide easily past each other during shuffling.

Printed paper cards hold about 97.5% of the world market. Plastic cards do exist: they were first invented in the 1930s. They last longer than papercards, but have only 2.5% of the market.

References

Other websites 
Card game rules 
Rules for Belote, a French card game
An emperor is a male who rules an empire. The word is taken from the Latin language imperator. Often it is capitalized.

A woman who comes to power in an empire is called an empress. The wife of an emperor is also called empress. An emperor or empress is often a hereditary monarch and comes to power when one of his parents, or relatives, dies. In some countries, people elected a new emperor from candidates. 

The only emperor in the world today is the Emperor of Japan (tennō), but he lacks political power.  The true leaders of Japan are the Diet and Prime Minister because the country is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.

The English word comes from Latin, the language of the old Roman Empire. At first, an imperator was a powerful general (army leader) but, after Augustus, it was only used by their most powerful rulers. There have been many countries in history whose leaders are called "emperor" in English. The leaders of the Byzantine Empire (basileus, autokrator) in Greece, the Holy Roman Empire (imperator, Kaiser) in the Austria and Germany, Russian Empire, Serbia and Bulgaria (tsar), and the Ottoman Empire (sultan, padishah, khagan, kaysar) in Turkey all said they were just new parts of the old Roman Empire. 

The leaders of other countries who said they ruled the whole world or called themselves "King of Kings" are frequently also called emperors in English. For example, the old rulers of China (Huangdi), Iran (Shah) and Ethiopia (Negusa negast) are all known as emperors in English. There have also been emperors of France, Brazil and Mexico, and the rulers of the United Kingdom called themselves the Emperors and empresses of India for a while.

Related pages
King
Czar
Kaiser
Sultan
Leader
Palmdale is the largest city in the desert area of California. It is a suburb of Los Angeles. It has a population of 147,897 and is the 6th largest city in Los Angeles County. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the United States, currently the 25th fastest. It has a population of 589,043 if you include the suburbs around it.

Even though Palmdale is in Los Angeles County, it is not connected to the larger Los Angeles population area. It is separated from it by a mountain range called the San Gabriel Mountains that are over 40 miles wide and almost 2 miles high overall.

Palmdale is the home of several airplanes used by NASA and the Air Force, giving it the nickname of "the aerospace capital of America."

Palmdale is the largest city in the United States without a hospital.

Palmdale Airport will have one airline called United Airlines that flies to San Francisco, California everyday starting in June 2007.

The city's demographics is primarily Mexican and white.

History
In 1886, when land in the Antelope Valley sold for 50 cents an acre, a group of 50 Swiss and German families migrated from the Midwest and settled in what is now known as Palmdale. They named their new community “Palmenthal” because they had mistaken the native Joshua trees for palm trees.

The high desert community of Palmdale has rich agricultural roots and a unique aviation history.

The City of Palmdale celebrated its 50th anniversary of incorporation on Aug. 24, 2012. It has consistently been one of the fastest-growing cities in California and in the country. Since 1980, Palmdale’s population has soared from 12,277 to 158,605. Despite its growth, Palmdale continues to cherish the small-town values of a family-oriented community while enjoying all of the conveniences of its booming retail and commercial sectors.

In 1772 Captain Pedro Fages, a Spanish soldier in pursuit of deserting sailors, crossed the southern part of the Antelope Valley into Leona Valley.

After the Shoshone Indians left the valley, immigrants from Spain and Mexico established large cattle ranches there.

Sister cities
 Poncitlán, Jalisco, Mexico

References

Other websites 
 Palmdale City Website
 Palmdale Airport Website

Cities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
Fresno is the largest inland city in U.S. state of California. It has a population of 451,455. If the surrounding suburbs are included, it has a population of 983,788. It is the county seat of Fresno County, in the Central Valley.

Fresno is the closest major city to Yosemite National Park. Fresno has a major airport called Fresno Yosemite International Airport that has many flights by many airlines everyday. It was the first airport to use the new security systems made after the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Fresno has a semi-arid climate (Bsh in the Koeppen climate classification).

References

Cities in the Central Valley of California
County seats in California
 
1872 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in California
Astrophysics is the study of how stars, planets and other things in the Universe work, and how we can learn about them. Astrophysicists use physics to explain what astronomers find and see.

Astrophysics is also the study of how the Universe started and how it is changing with time. This part of astrophysics is called cosmology.

History 

For a long time bodies in the sky seemed to be unchanging spheres moving in a circle. But on Earth growth and decay happened, and natural motion was in a straight line. Therefore, people thought the celestial region was made of a fundamentally different kind of matter from that found on Earth.

During the 16th and 17th century, natural philosophers such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, and Newton, began to maintain that the celestial and terrestrial regions were made of similar kinds of material and were subject to the same natural laws.

When they were able to work out how the planets moved, the science of astrophysics was born. Sir Isaac Newton realized that the same rules of mechanics that he had found on the surface of the Earth also could be used to predict how the planets moved. He said, "As above, so below." By this, he meant that we can study how things work on this planet to find out how things work in space.

Later scientists found that by looking at the light from stars, they were able to work out what they were made from. This process is called spectroscopy.

Types of astrophysics 

There are two main types of astrophysics:

Observational astrophysics is like astronomy. Like astronomers, observational astrophysicists use telescopes to study the Universe, but observational astrophysicists study the physics of what they see to explain the Universe.
Radio astronomy
Optical astronomy
Infrared astronomy
Ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma ray astronomy using space telescopes
Theoretical astrophysics uses information from astronomers, theories and mathematics to explain how the Universe works. Cosmology is a type of theoretical astrophysics. Problems investigated include:
Solar System formation and evolution
Star formation and evolution
Galaxy formation and evolution
large-scale structure of matter in the universe 
Origin of cosmic rays 
General relativity 
Evolution of the universe
Hydrodynamics is used for mathematically modelling how gases behave. Strong magnetic fields found around many bodies can drastically change how these gases behave, affecting things from star formation to the flows of gases around compact stars. This makes MHD an important and useful tool.

Other fields

Related pages
 Astronomy
 Quasar

References
Ohio is one of the 50 states in the United States. Its capital is Columbus. Columbus is also the largest city in Ohio.

Other large cities in Ohio are Cleveland, Cincinnati, Dayton, Akron, Toledo, and Youngstown.

Some famous people from Ohio include golfer Jack Nicklaus, Wilbur and Orville Wright, astronauts John Glenn and Neil Armstrong, authors Sherwood Anderson and Toni Morrison, and actors Clark Gable and Katie Holmes. There have also been seven American presidents from Ohio: Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford Hayes, James Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, William Howard Taft, Warren G. Harding.

Ohio is important in elections because it is a swing state. Candidates often campaign a lot there and prior to 2020, the last time they voted for the losing candidate was 1960. Also, no Republican has ever won the presidency without carrying this state. Ohio has both farmland and cities, and there is a lot of discrimination against black people. It is a part of the Midwest. Ohio is the 7th most populated state in the United States of America.

Geography 
Ohio borders Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia, and it shares a water border with Ontario, Canada. Western Ohio is mostly flat farmland, with some hills. Southern and Southeastern Ohio is near the Appalachian Mountains, and is the most mountainous part of the state. Most of this area is covered by forests. This part of Ohio is home to the Ohio River, the Wayne National Forest, and the Hocking Hills, which has waterfalls and canyons.

Central Ohio is mostly rolling hills, and is home to Columbus. Northeast Ohio is dominated by the Lake Erie coast and has a mix of cities and countryside.

Economy 
For many years, industry and manufacturing was the biggest part of Ohio's economy. Youngstown was a big steel producer, as was Cleveland. Other manufacturing - including the car industry - was a major factor across the state. Since the 1970s, industry has shrank in Ohio, but it is still a big part of the local economy. Today, other businesses are more prominent. Cleveland is one of the biggest hubs for Healthcare, and its main hospital, the famous Cleveland Clinic, is the largest employer in the region. Banking is also a major business, and foods and retail are too. Cincinnati plays host to the headquarters of Fifth Third Bank, Cintas, Kroger, Luxottica, Procter & Gamble and Macy's, whereas, Columbus hosts the headquarters of LBrands, JPMorgan Chase, Huntington Bank, Rogue Fitness, Wendy's, Big Lots, Cardinal Health and Nationwide Insurance. In addition The J.M. Smucker Company and Key Bank are also based in Ohio.

Related pages
 List of cities in Ohio
 List of counties in Ohio

References 

 
1803 establishments in the United States
Greek can mean:
 A description of things or people from the European country of Greece
 A description of things or people from one of the ancient European city-states of Ancient Greece
Greeks, the people of Greece
 The Greek language, the language people speak in Greece
 Koine Greek, the language of the New Testament, spoken at the time of Christ
 Ancient Greek language, the language spoken in Ancient Greece
 The Greek alphabet, the alphabet people use to write those languages
 Greek mythology
Events 
 May 30 – In Florida, Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay with 600 soldiers with the goal to find gold.
 Hernando de Soto introduces Pigs into North America
 May – 6 Articles Statute of English Parliament, important in the English Reformation"
 September 4 – Henry VIII contracts to marry Anne of Cleves
 Lutheranism is forcefully introduced to Iceland, despite the opposition of Bishop Jon Aresson.
 The town of Shuya was founded

Births 
 November 1 – Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (died 1596)
 December 5 – Fausto Paolo Sozzini, theologian (died 1604)
 Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, Portuguese Jewish explorer (died 1590)
 Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (died 1603)
 Catherine Grey, Countess of Hertford (died 1568)
 Hasegawa Tohaku, Japanese painter (died 1610)
 Ikeda Katsumasa, Japanese military commander (died 1578)
 Laurence Tomson, Calvinist (died 1608)

Deaths 
 February 6 – John III, Duke of Cleves, born 3 August 1491
 March 12 – Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, diplomat, politician, and father of Anne Boleyn (born 1477)
 May 7 – Guru Nanak, founder of Sikhism (born 1469)
 May 7 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian printer (born 1466)
 July 5 – St. Anthony Maria Zaccaria, founder of the Barnabite Order (born 1502)
 September 8 – John Stokesley, English prelate (born 1475)
 James Beaton, Scottish church leader
 Vannoccio Biringuccio, Italian metallurgist (born 1480)
 Hugh Cook Faringdon, Abbot of Reading
 George, Duke of Saxony (born 1471)
 Symeon Iwanowicz Trubczewski, governor of Kostroma
 Isabella d'Este, "First Lady of the Renaissance" (born 1474)
Events 
 April 14 – Battle of Mookerheyde:  Spanish forces under Sancho de Avila defeat the rebel forces of Louis of Nassau.  Louis is killed.
 May 30 – On the death of King Charles IX of France, he is succeeded by his brother King Henry of Poland, who becomes King Henry III.  His mother, Catherine of Medici, acts as Regent until Henry arrives from Poland.
 October 3 – The city of Leiden, besieged by the Spanish, is relieved by a Sea Beggar fleet under Louis Boisot.
 Murad III succeeds Selim II as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
A wombat is a marsupial in the family Vombatidae. It lives in the Australian eucalyptus forests. There are two genera with three living wombat species; the Common Wombat and the Hairy-nosed Wombats.

It is a medium-sized animal that makes a burrow by digging holes in the ground. Wombats are usually around a metre (40 in) long when they are fully grown.  It is a kind of animal known as a marsupial because it has a pouch on its belly that holds its young, although it faces back instead of forward like most marsupials.  Having the pouch face backwards prevents dirt from building up in the pouch and hitting the offspring in the face when digging.  When its young are born they spend some time growing in their mother's pouch before going into the world.  Wombats are herbivores. They eat plants, roots, and grasses.  They are nocturnal which means they sleep in the day and come out at night. Some wombats have thick brown fur and very small ears. They can weigh from 20 to 35 kilograms (45 to 80 lb). They can live up to 7 years.

Wombats are commonly known and recognised by their waste products. They are the only known mammals that excrete feces in cubic shape. This lets people easily know when wombat habitats are nearby. It also tells simply what the wombat may have eaten by examining the feces thoroughly.

Taxonomy
 Family Vombatidae: Wombats
 Common Wombat (Vombatus ursinus) 
 Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) 
 Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat or Yaminon (Lasiorhinus krefftii)

References

Other websites 

Wombania's Wombat Information Index
Russell The Wombat's Burrow 

Diprotodonts
Marsupials of Australia
Turkeys are a family of bird in the genus Meleagrididae. They are like a chicken but much bigger. Wild turkeys live in forests in North America and Central America. In the United States, people traditionally eat turkey on the holiday of Thanksgiving.

The family Meleagrididae has one genus in it, Meleagris. This genus has two species:
 Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)
 Ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata)

Naming
When people from Europe first saw turkeys in the Americas they thought the birds were a type of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). This bird had been brought to central Europe from the country of Turkey. The name of that country stuck as the name of the bird. 

The confusion with the name is also seen in the scientific name: meleagris is Greek for guinea-fowl.

References

Other websites

Turkeys
Birds of North America
Bolivia , officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a country in South America.  It is land locked by Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Peru, and Chile.  Luis Alberto Arce Catacora became the president of Bolivia in November 2020.
The population of Bolivia is 11.51 million (2019).

Bolivia is named after Simón Bolívar. The main languages are Spanish and Quechua, but there are other languages too.

History 

Bolivia used to be a colony of Spain. The silver mines in Bolivia made most of Spain's money, and Spain used Bolivians as slaves to work in the mines.
After many wars, Simón Bolívar helped Bolivia to be an independent country.

Geography 

Bolivia is 424,135 mi² (1,098,581 km²). This means that Bolivia is the world's 28th-largest country (after Ethiopia). It is the same sort of size as Mauritania.

Bolivia is a landlocked nation, which means every border of Bolivia is a border with another country, and so it does not have a sea. It used to own some of the Pacific coast, but it lost it in 1879 in the War of the Pacific. The west of Bolivia is on the Andes mountain range. The highest mountain in Bolivia is called Nevado de Sajama and it is near the city of Oruro. Although this part of the country is very high with lots of mountains, there are also parts of Bolivia which are very flat, and parts of the country which are very near sea level. There is also a bit of Bolivia covered by the Amazon rainforest, and a big lake which is the highest lake in the world. This lake is called Lake Titicaca.

The major cities are La Paz, El Alto, Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Cochabamba.  For other places in Bolivia see List of cities in Bolivia.

Demographics 
The population of Bolivia is approximately 10,907,778 people. The ethnic composition of the country is like the following:
62%: Native American.
26%: Mestizo.
10%: White.
2%: Black

Economy 
Bolivia suffers from poverty. Over 65% of the population lives below the poverty line.

Divisions 
Bolivia is divided into nine departments.  The departments are divided into 112 provinces.  The provinces are divided into 339 municipalities and into native community lands.

Culture 

Bolivian culture has many Inca, Aymara and other native influences in religion, music and clothing. There is a big festival in Oruro, which is called "El carnaval de Oruro". People in Bolivia like playing football, and football, which is often played in the street. Zoos are also very popular, but they do not have much money.

National symbols 

The Cantuta (often spelled kantuta or qantuta) (Cantua buxifolia or Fuchsia buxifolia) is a flower found in the Yungas, and is the national flower of Bolivia along with the patujú (Heliconia rostrata) found in the tropical regions of Bolivia.

Related pages
Bolivia at the Olympics
Bolivia national football team
List of rivers of Bolivia

References 

Notes

Other websites
 Bolivia map
 
 

 
Spanish-speaking countries
1825 establishments in South America
Massachusetts is a state in the United States of America. Its official name is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Its capital and largest city is Boston. It is on the east coast of the United States. It is next to the Atlantic Ocean and the states of Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire. The word Massachusetts comes from Native American language. It means "place with hills."

Massachusetts was one of the first places that European people lived when they came to America. It was one of the first American colonies. The Pilgrims from Plymouth, England came to America for religious freedom in 1620.

Massachusetts is home to some of the United States more prestigious universities, such as Harvard University. Massachusetts is also one of the richest states in the United States. Its major cities are Boston, Worcester, Massachusetts, Springfield, Massachusetts and Plymouth, Massachusetts

Massachusetts is also home to the 6 time Super Bowl winning New England Patriots.

Related pages
 Governor of Massachusetts
 List of counties in Massachusetts
 List of cities and towns in Massachusetts

References

 
1788 establishments in the United States
Tallahassee is the capital city of the U.S. state of Florida.  As of the 2010 census, its population was 181,376.

The name comes from the Apalachee Native American words: talwa meaning town, and ahassee meaning old.

Tallahassee was created as the capital of Florida during the territory's second legislative session. It was chosen as the midpoint between St. Augustine and Pensacola, which had been the capitals of the Spanish and British colonies of East Florida and West Florida, respectively. (At that time, very few people lived in the swamps of South Florida.) The first session of Florida's Legislative Council–as a territory of the United States–met on July 22, 1822 at Pensacola and members from St. Augustine traveled fifty-nine days by water to attend. The second session was in St. Augustine and required western delegates to travel perilously around the peninsula on a twenty-eight day trek. During this session, it was decided that future meetings should be held at a half-way point to reduce the distance. Two appointed commissioners selected Tallahassee, at that point an abandoned Apalachee settlement, as a halfway point. In 1824, the third legislative session met there in a crude log capitol. Also in 1824, Marquis de Lafayette, French hero of the American Revolution, returned for a grand tour of the United States.  The US Congress voted to give him $200,000 (the same amount he had given the colonies in 1778), US citizenship, and the Lafayette Land Grant,  of land that today includes large portions of Tallahassee. In 1845, a Greek revival masonry structure was erected as the Capitol building in time for statehood.

In 1977, a 23-story high-rise Capitol building designed by architect Edward Durell Stone was completed. It is now the third-tallest state capitol building in the United States. In 1978, the old capitol was scheduled for demolition, but the State Of Florida decided to keep the Old Capitol as a museum and point of interest.

The city is the location of two important universities, Florida State University and Florida A&M University.

Notes

References

 
County seats in Florida
State capitals in the United States
1824 establishments in Florida Territory
Thomas Alderton Skerritt (August 25, 1933) is an American actor. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. He is best known for his roles in the films M*A*S*H (1970), Alien (1979), and Top Gun (1986).

Other websites 
 

1933 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
Trossingen is a town in South Germany (Baden-Württemberg). It is in a region called Baar, between the Swabian Alb and the Black Forest.

Trossingen is called a "music town". It has around 16,000 people who live there, there is the 'University of Music Trossingen', which is one of Baden-Württemberg's state conservatories, and there are other institutions specialized in musical education, like the 'Bundesakademie für musikalische Jugendbildung'  and the 'Hohner Konservatorium'. In 1857 the Matthias Hohner company was founded. Today, Hohner harmonicas and accordions are famous all over the world. Trossingen houses the German Harmonica Museum, too. Trossingen also has a historic railway: the Trossinger Eisenbahn. Several skeletons of the dinosaur Plateosaurus engelhardti were found in Trossingen during excavations in the early 20th century. The local museum Auberlehaus houses several of the original bones.

Distances 
 Stuttgart (capital of Baden-Württemberg): about .
 Berlin (capital of Germany): about .
 the Black forest: about .
 Switzerland: about .

References

Other websites 
 

Tuttlingen
The Smurfs are fictional little blue beings created by Peyo, a Belgian cartoonist. They first appeared in 1958, and later in a cartoon television show created by Hanna-Barbera Productions in the 1980s. On September 12, 1981, they were featured on NBC on Saturday mornings as a cartoon series. The little blue creatures from Belgium became popular among all ages.

A feature movie called The Smurfs was released in 2011. The Smurfs 2 was a sequel released July 31, 2013.

Description 

The smurfs are very small.  In cartoons in which they appear with humans, they are small enough to stand on a human hand.

Most Smurfs are male. There are only 3 females in the village: Smurfette, Sassette Smurfling, and Nanny Smurf. 

Most Smurfs wear white pants and white Phrygian caps. Papa Smurf, Grandpa Smurf, and some of the Smurflings dress differently. Grandpa Smurf wears yellow clothes and Papa Smurf wears red clothes. The Smurflings are Sassette, Snappy, Slouchy, and Nat. Sassette and Nat do not dress like the other Smurfs at all, while Slouchy and Nat do dress like the others. In some comics, the Smurfs dress differently in color or clothing.

Smurfs live in mushroom-shaped houses in a village in a forest.

Characters
 Smurfette, one of the female Smurfs
 Papa Smurf, the village leader
 Brainy Smurf, a intellectual show-off
 Vanity Smurf, is a narcissist. He has a flower in his hat. He often holds a hand mirror, staring into his own reflection.  In the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, Vanity speaks in a feminine voice.
 Grouchy Smurf, is a grouch
 Handy Smurf, is a mechanic and inventor.
 Hefty Smurf, strong Smurf
 Sassette Smurfling, the only female Smurfling
 Greedy Smurf, the village's baker
 Natural Smurf or Nat Smurfling, can communicate with animals.
 Grandpa Smurf, the former "Papa Smurf"
 Nanny Smurf, the oldest female Smurf
 Tailor Smurf, makes clothes
 Gustey a brave smurf
 Gargamel, a human, and the enemy of the Smurfs. Gargamel is an evil wizard who is absolutely obsessed with the Smurfs. His main goal changes. Sometimes he wants to catch Smurfs to eat them. Most of the time he tries to capture them for use in a potion to make gold. Sometimes it is simply getting revenge.
 Azrael, is Gargamel's cat and chases Smurfs.
 Scruple, is Gargamel's assistant who failed wizard school. He was introduced later in the series.

References

Other websites
 Muckno Mania festival breaks world record
Istanbul () is a mega city that sits in both Europe and Asia divided by the Bosporus. Although the largest city of Turkey its not the capital.  It is the largest city in Europe by population. It is also the 3rd largest European city in size. It was the capital city of the old Ottoman Empire until 1923. The city has been known since ancient times by the older names Byzantium and Constantinople (; , Konstantinoúpolis). Being a seaport, Istanbul is the main trade center of Turkey.

Part of Istanbul is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 

Istanbul faces the Golden Horn and the Bosporus strait. The Bosphorus connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, and separates Europe and Asia. The city is actually in both Europe and Asia. One third of the people live on the Asian side. Its population is between 11 and 15 million people, making it one of the largest cities in Europe. Many people migrate to Istanbul every year.

Its original name was Byzantion in the Greek language, known as Byzantium in the Latin language. Byzantium was originally settled as a colony by Greeks from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king, Byzas. In 196 AD, Byzantium was damaged by the Romans, then rebuilt by the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus. Constantine the Great thought this city was in a nice location, and in 330, moved the capital of the Empire from Rome to there, as New Rome (Latin: Nova Roma; , Nea Rómi), renaming the city Constantinople, after his name. 

When the Roman Empire was later divided into two, the East Roman Empire was known as the Byzantine Empire, and its capital was in Constantinople where Hagia Sophia had been built. Although it was captured by Crusaders for a time, it continued as one of political, cultural, religious and economical centers of Europe until it finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. 

Istanbul became the capital of the Ottoman Empire in 1453. After the Ottoman Empire ended, the Republic of Turkey was started with its capital at Ankara.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Audioguide Seslirehber Istanbul Turkey
 Extensive information on Architect Sinan's works in Istanbul

 
World Heritage Sites in Turkey
Gregg Allman (December 8, 1947 – May 27, 2017) was an American rock musician. He was a member of the Allman Brothers Band with his brother, Duane Allman, which popularized Southern Rock in the 1970s. He married Cher, a well-known pop singer and actress after she divorced Sonny Bono in 1974. They had a son, Elijah Blue Allman, before divorcing in 1979. Until recently, he had continued to perform with his band Gregg Allman and Friends and last resided in Georgia with his family.

Death 
Following a series of health problems,  Allman died at his home in Savannah, Georgia, on May 27, 2017 due to complications of liver cancer. He was 69.

References

Other websites 
Official Website

1947 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
American guitarists
Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Southern rock musicians
American rock musicians
Blues musicians
Gospel musicians
The Allman Brothers Band were an American southern rock band in the 1970s. It originally formed in 1969 with Duane Allman (slide guitar), Gregg Allman (vocals, organ), Dickey Betts (guitar), Berry Oakley (bass guitar), Butch Trucks (drums) and Jai Johanny "Jaimoe" Johanson (drums).

In 1971, soon after their first album went gold, Duane and Berry were killed in separate motorcycle accidents in the group's hometown of Macon, Georgia. The group still released  more albums and songs, most notably Ramblin' Man and Jessica, which were their biggest hits.  Rolling Stone ranked them 52nd on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2004. The band is still touring as of 2008.

Discography
Studio albums
 The Allman Brothers Band (1969)
 Idlewild South (1970)
 At Fillmore East (1971)
 Eat a Peach (1972)
 Brothers and Sisters (1973) 
 Win, Lose or Draw (1975)
 Enlightened Pogues (1979)
 Reach for the Sky (1980)
 Brothers of the Road (1981)
 Seven Turns (1990)
 Shades of Two Worlds (1991)
 Where it All Begins (1994)
 Peakin' at the Beacon (2000)
 Hittin' the Note (2003)

References

Other websites
 Official Allman Brothers' website
 The Allman Brothers Band  at RollingStone.com

American rock bands
Blues bands
Musical groups from Florida
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Southern rock bands
Musical groups established in 1969
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Florida
1976 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Florida
Musical groups established in 1978
1978 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Florida
Musical groups disestablished in 1982
1982 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1989
1989 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Florida
The London Borough of Hackney is a London Borough in north east London. 

London Borough of Hackney
The John Frost Bridge is a bridge in Arnhem. It was bombed after Operation Market Garden in September 1944. It was later rebuilt. Some parts of the bridge are still the same as they were in 1944.

Bridges
Buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Transport in the Netherlands
Arnhem
Guan Gong, also known as Guan Yu or Guan Yun Chang (160 – 219) was a general who lived close to two thousand years ago in China. He helped his sworn brother Liu Bei to fight against the dynasty of Wei that seized the throne from the last Han-Emperor. He was also the sworn brother of Zhang Fei, another warrior of Liu Bei's.

The Three Brothers conquered the Southwest of China and founded a Dynasty named Shu Han (because Liu Bei claimed to be the rightful heir of the Han Dynasty). They also battled with Eastern Wu, another Chinese dynasty at this time, and during one of the battles, Guan Yu was captured by the Wu general Lü Meng and executed (along with his son Guan Ping).

In later centuries, Guan Yu became a Chinese deity and was given the name Guan Gong, meaning "Lord Guan".

160 births
219 deaths
Three Kingdoms generals
Chinese gods and goddesses
Subsistence farming is the kind of farming done by farmers who have small plots, enough only for themselves. Literally, subsistence agriculture means no extra food is produced to sell or trade. This means farming doesn't give them money to buy things. However, today most subsistence farmers also do trade to some degree. From time to time they may need money to buy essential things to keep going.

Subsistence farming may also mean shifting farming or nomadic herding (see nomadic people).

Examples:
 A family has only one cow to give milk only for that family. 
 A farmer grows only enough wheat to make bread for his or her family.

References 

Agriculture
The River Clyde (, ) is a river in Scotland. It  flows through Glasgow before opening up into the Firth of Clyde.

Other websites 

 River Clyde: Source to Firth Panorama Project 
   The Clyde-built ships data base - lists over 22,000 ships built on the Clyde 
 Clyde Waterfront regeneration
 Clyde Waterfront Heritage 
 Glasgow Digital Library: Glimpses of old Glasgow
 In Glasgow Photo Gallery of pictures of the River Clyde 
 Clydebank Restoration Trust

Rivers of Scotland
Argyroxiphium is a small genus of plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae.  Its members are known by the common names of silversword or greensword due to their long, narrow leaves and the silvery hairs on some species.

The Silversword plant grows only at high elevations on the Island of Maui in Hawaii.

The silversword is a noticeable, round-shaped rosette plant with rigid (swordlike), succulent leaves densely covered by silver hairs. When a plant flowers at the end of its life, it produces a spectacular flowering stalk 0.5-2.0 m (1.6-6.4 ft) tall, typically with hundreds of maroon sunflowerlike flower heads. This plant receives more attention from visitors to Haleakala National Park than any other plant or animal because of its striking appearance and restricted distribution.

The strikingly beautiful Haleakala silversword has always aroused the curiosity of human visitors to Haleakala Volcano. In pre-park days, plants were often removed by travelers to Haleakala Volcano as proof that the party had reached the summit, a practice that eventually seriously affected the silversword population. Browsing by feral goats and domestic cattle was also a significant factor in the silversword decline, but it was not a species preferred by these animals. By the 1920s, silversword numbers were so depleted that the Maui Chamber of Commerce sent a petition to Washington, DC, requesting that a serious effort be made to save the species (Loope and Crivellone 1986).

References

Asteraceae
Mr. Pacman is an American pop music band from Colorado. They use sounds from old video games to create their music. Mr. Pacman has recorded 2 CDs & made 4 music videos.

Other websites
 http://myspace.com/mrpacman/ - official website

American pop music groups
Electronic music bands
Musical groups from Colorado
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Colorado
is a Japanese full-contact sport.

In sumo, a wrestler (rikishi) attempts to force another wrestler out of a circular ring (dohyō) 4.55 metres in diameter. Also, the rikishi try to use their skill to force an opponent to touch the ground with anything other than the soles of his feet.

Sumo tournaments (basho) take place in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya and Fukuoka. There are a total of 6 major professional tournaments (known as honbasho) per year, in January, March, May, July, September and November.

A tournament normally lasts for 15 days and features matches from different divisions. The top 5 ranks are known as the "Top division", also called the Makuuchi (幕内) or Makunouchi (幕の内). It is fixed in size and always contains 42 rikishi.

The ranks included in the top division are yokozuna, ozeki, sekiwake, komusubi and maegashira.

Rikishi
Sumo wrestlers (rikishi) are ranked into a hierarchy based on win-loss statistics in competitive tournaments.

Grand champions
Those who have earned the highest rank are grand champions (yokuzuna).
 Akashi, 16th century
 Maruyama, (1712-1749)
 Tanikaze (Kajinosuke, 1750-1795)
 Onagawa (1758-1805)
 Ao no Matsu (1791-1851)
...
 Chiyonofuji Mitsugu (b. 1955)
 Takanosato (b. 1952)
 Futahaguro Koji (b. 1963)
 Hokuto-umi, (b. 1963)
 Onokuni (b. 1962)
 Asahifuji (b. 1960)
 Akebono (b. 1970)

For a full list of those rikishi who have held the title of Yokozuna, see List of yokozuna.

Foreign-born competitors
Sumo has changed in modern times. Foreign-born wrestlers are part of the sport. For example, Konishiki and Akebono are Hawaiian-born athletes who earned places for themselves.

In 2008, Kotooshu from Bulgaria won a championship. In that same year, two top wrestlers, Asashoryu and Hakuho, were Mongolian. Hakuho won the Nagoya tournament with no losses, 15-0.

References

Sport in Japan
Wrestling
Bremen is the smallest state in Germany.  It is a city-state with an area of . Bremen has a population of 664,000 people.  

The official name is "Freie Hansestadt Bremen".  This is because Bremen used to be in the Hanseatic League which was a group of cities which did a lot of trading.  Many goods were sent from the port of Bremen or bought from the port from other countries.  "Free" means it was independent of the local dukes and princes.

There are two cities that make up Bremen. These cities are Bremen and Bremerhaven. The local football club is named Werder Bremen.

References

Other websites 
 Official website
Saxony-Anhalt (, (; Low German: ) is a Bundesland (state) in Germany. It has an area of . 2,580,626 people live there. The capital is Magdeburg.

Some big cities and towns in Saxony-Anhalt are:
 Bitterfeld-Wolfen
 Dessau
 Halberstadt
 Halle (Saale)
 Wittenberg
 Magdeburg (capital)
 Merseburg
 Naumburg (Saale)
 Quedlinburg
 Stendal
 Weißenfels

References