cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sumner County (standard abbreviation: SU) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 24,132 people lived there. Its county seat is Wellington.

History

19th century
On February 26, 1867, Sumner County was created from parts of Marion County and Butler County. It was named after Charles Sumner, a U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1811–74), who was wanted Kansas to be a free state.

In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a north-south railroad from Herington to Caldwell.  This railroad connected Herington, Lost Springs, Lincolnville, Antelope, Marion, Aulne, Peabody, Elbing, Whitewater, Furley, Kechi, Wichita, Peck, Corbin, Wellington, Caldwell.  By 1893, this railroad was slowly built to Fort Worth, Texas. This line is called the "OKT".

21st century
In December 2011, the Kansas Star Casino opened about  west of the center of Mulvane.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.3%) is water.

People

Sumner County is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area

Government

Sumner County often votes for the Republican Party in Presidential elections. However, in 1992 George H.W Bush won the county by less than two percent. The last time they have voted for a Democratic candidate was in 1976 for Jimmy Carter.

Presidential elections

Education

Unified school districts

 USD 263, Mulvane
 USD 353, Wellington
 USD 356, Conway Springs
 USD 357, Belle Plaine
 USD 358, Oxford
 USD 359, Argonia
 USD 360, Caldwell
 USD 509, South Haven

Communities

Cities

 Argonia
 Belle Plaine
 Caldwell
 Conway Springs
 Geuda Springs (partly in Cowley County)
 Hunnewell
 Mayfield
 Milan
 Mulvane (partly in Sedgwick County)
 Oxford
 South Haven
 Wellington

References

Notes

More reading
 Standard Atlas of Sumner County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 100 pages; 1918.
 Standard Atlas of Sumner County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 68 pages; 1902.
 Edwards' Historical Atlas of Sumner County, Kansas; John P. Edwards; 59 pages; 1883.

Other websites

County
 
 Sumner County - Directory of Public Officials
Historical
 Sumner County Historical and Genealogical Society
 Sumner County Historical and Genealogical Research Center
Maps
 Sumner County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

1870s establishments in Kansas
1870 establishments in the United States
Reno County (standard abbreviation: RN) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 64,511 people lived there. The county seat is Hutchinson. Hutchinson is also the biggest city in Reno County.

History
In 1867, Reno County was created.

In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a railroad from Herington to Pratt.  This railroad connected Herington, Ramona, Tampa, Durham, Waldeck, Canton, Galva, McPherson, Groveland, Inman, Medora, Hutchinson, Whiteside, Partridge, Arlington,  Langdon, Turon, Preston, Natrona, Pratt.  In 1888, this main line was extended to Liberal.  Later, this railroad was extended to Tucumcari, New Mexico and El Paso, Texas.  This railroad is called the "Golden State Limited".

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.3%) is water. It is the third-biggest county by area in Kansas.

People

The Hutchinson Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Reno County.

Government
Russell county is almost always Republican. The last time a democratic candidate won the county was in 1976 by Jimmy Carter.

Presidential elections

Education

Unified school districts 
 USD 308 Hutchinson
 USD 309 Nickerson - South Hutchinson
 USD 310 Fairfield
 USD 311 Pretty Prairie
 USD 312 Haven
 USD 313 Buhler 
 USD 369 Burrton

Communities

Cities

 Abbyville
 Arlington
 Buhler
 Haven
 Hutchinson
 Langdon
 Nickerson
 Partridge
 Plevna
 Pretty Prairie
 South Hutchinson
 Sylvia
 Turon
 Willowbrook

References

Notes

More reading
 History of Reno County, Kansas : Its People, Industries, and Institutions; 2 Volumes; Sheridan Ploughe; Bowen and Company; 445 / 959 pages; 1917. (Volume1 - Download 19MB PDF eBook), (Volume2 - Download 32MB PDF eBook)
 Standard Atlas of Reno County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 110 pages; 1918.
 Plat Book of Reno County, Kansas; Hutchinson Blue Print Co; 61 pages; 1912.
 Plat Book of Reno County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 77 pages; 1902.

Other websites

County
 
 Reno County - Directory of Public Officials
Other
 Reno County Museum
Maps
 Reno County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

1867 establishments in Kansas
Miami County (county code MI) is a county in east-central Kansas. In 2010, 32,787 people lived there. Its county seat is Paola. Paola is also the biggest city in Miami County.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (2.5%) is water.

People

Miami County is included in the Kansas City, MO-KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Government

Presidential elections

Education

Unified school districts
 Osawatomie USD 367
 Paola USD 368
 Louisburg USD 416
 Spring Hill USD 230
 Wellsville USD 289

Communities

Cities
Fontana
Louisburg
Osawatomie
Paola
Spring Hill (partly in Johnson County)

References

Notes

More reading
 Standard Atlas of Miami County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 47 pages; 1901.
 An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Miami County, Kansas; Edwards Brothers; 48 pages; 1878.

Other websites

County
 
 Miami County - Directory of Public Officials
Maps
 Miami County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

 
1855 establishments in Kansas Territory
Republic County (standard abbreviation: RP) is a county in the state of Kansas. It is south from the Nebraska border. In 2010 census, 4,980 people lived there. The county seat is Belleville. Belleville is also the biggest city in Republic County.

History
Indian tribes lived in the area before white settlers came. The tribes included the Pawnee, Iowa, and Otoe.

In 1860, Republic County was created by the Kansas legislature. The county is named after the Republican River.

Daniel and Conrad Myers were the first white settlers. They arrived in February 1861. By 1868, Republic County was holding elections.

After the Civil War and during the 19th century, a lot of European immigrants (mostly from Sweden and the Czech Republic) came to Belleville and the area around it.

In 1887, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a railroad from Neva (3 miles west of Strong City) to Superior, Nebraska.  This railroad connected Strong City, Neva, Rockland, Diamond Springs, Burdick, Lost Springs, Jacobs, Hope, Navarre, Enterprise, Abilene, Talmage, Manchester, Longford, Oak Hill, Miltonvale, Aurora, Huscher, Concordia, Kackley, Courtland, Webber, Superior.  This railroad was called "Strong City and Superior line". Later the name was shortened to the "Strong City line".

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  (or 99.45%) is land and  (or 0.55%) is water.

People

Government

Presidential elections

Republic County is very Republican. No Democratic presidential candidate has won the county except for Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 and Woodrow Wilson in 1912 and 1916. Since 1996, the Republican candidate has won seventy percent of the county’s vote.

Education

Unified school districts
Pike Valley USD 426    (Scandia, Courtland and western half of county)
Republic County USD 109   (Belleville, Cuba and eastern half of county)

Communities

Incorporated cities

 Agenda
 Belleville
 Courtland
 Cuba
 Munden
 Narka
 Republic
 Scandia

References

More reading
 Standard Atlas of Republic County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 66 pages; 1923.
 Standard Atlas of Republic County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 58 pages; 1904.
 Atlas of Republic County, Kansas; Gillen & Davy; 47 pages; 1884.

Other websites

County
 
 Republic County - directory of public officials
Other
 Republic County Historical Society Museum
Maps
 Republic County maps: current, historic, KDOT
 Kansas highway maps: current, historic, KDOT
 Kansas railroad maps: current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

Kansas counties
1860 establishments in Kansas Territory
Rice County (standard abbreviation: RC) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 10,083 people lived there. The county seat is Lyons. Lyons is also the biggest city in Rice County. The county was named after Samuel Allen Rice, Brigadier-General, United States volunteers, killed April 30, 1864, at Jenkins Ferry, Arkansas.

History
In 1867, Rice County was created.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.2%) is water.

People

Government

Presidential elections

Education

Unified school districts
 USD 328, Lorraine, serves Bushton and northwestern areas of the county
 USD 376, Sterling
 USD 401, Chase
 USD 405, Lyons
 USD 444, Little River

Colleges and Universities
 Sterling College, a private four year Christian college, is in Sterling.

Communities

Cities

 Alden
 Bushton
 Chase
 Frederick
 Geneseo
 Little River
 Lyons
 Raymond
 Sterling

References

Notes

More reading
County
 Standard Atlas of Rice County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 75 pages; 1919.
 Plat Book of Rice County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 44 pages; 1902.
 Handbook of Rick County, Kansas; C.S. Burch Publishing Co; 38 pages; 1888.
Trails
 The Story of the Marking of the Santa Fe Trail by the Daughters of the American Revolution in Kansas and the State of Kansas; Almira Cordry; Crane Co; 164 pages; 1915.
 The National Old Trails Road To Southern California, Part 1 (LA to KC); Automobile Club Of Southern California; 64 pages; 1916.

Other websites

County
 
 Rice County - Directory of Public Officials
Maps
 Rice County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

 
1867 establishments in Kansas
Pratt County (standard abbreviation: PR) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 9,656 people lived there. The county seat is Pratt. Pratt is also the biggest city in Pratt County.

History
In 1867, Pratt County was created.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.09%) is water.

People

Government

Presidential elections

Education

Unified school districts
 Pratt USD 382
 Skyline USD 438

Communities

Cities
 Byers
 Coats
 Cullison
 Iuka
 Pratt
 Preston
 Sawyer

References

Notes

More reading
 Standard Atlas of Pratt County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 67 pages; 1922.
 Standard Atlas of Pratt County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 54 pages; 1906.

Other websites

County
 
 Pratt County - Directory of Public Officials
Maps
 Pratt County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

 
1867 establishments in Kansas
Rawlins County (standard abbreviation: RA) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 2,519 people lived there. The county seat is Atwood. Atwood is also the biggest city in Rawlins County. It was named after Union Civil War General John Aaron Rawlins.

History
In 1873, Rawlins County was created.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.1%) is water.

Major highways
 U.S. Highway 36
 Kansas Highway 25
 Kansas Highway 117

People

Government

Presidential elections

The county is part of the very Republican Kansas's 1st congressional district. It has voted for the Republican candidate for President in each of the last eighteen elections. The last Democrat to win the county was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936. In the last five Presidential elections the Democratic candidate has never won more than 21% of the county's vote.

Education

Unified school districts
 Rawlins County USD 105

Communities

Incorporated cities
 Atwood
 Herndon
 McDonald

References

More reading
 Standard Atlas of Rawlins County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 64 pages; 1906.

Other websites

County
 
 Rawlins County - Directory of Public Officials
 Rawlins County - Community Development
Other
 Rawlins County Square Deal News, newspaper
Maps
 Rawlins County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

Kansas counties
1873 establishments in Kansas
Meade County (standard abbreviation: ME) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 4,575 people lived there. The county seat is Meade. Meade is also the biggest city in Meade County. The county was created in 1873. It was named after General George G. Meade.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.1%) is water.

People

Government
Meade County is often won by Republican Candidates. The last time a democratic candidate has won this county was in 1936 by Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Presidential elections

Education

Unified school districts
 Fowler USD 225
 Meade USD 226

Communities

Cities
 Fowler
 Meade
 Plains

References

Notes

More reading
 Plat Book of Meade County, Kansas; R. P. Ice Co; 43 pages; 1909.

Other websites

County
 
 Meade County - Directory of Public Officials
General county information
 Meade County Economic Development
 Meade Chamber of Commerce
 Meade County History
Maps
 Meade County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

 
1873 establishments in Kansas
Mitchell County (standard abbreviation: MC) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 6,373 people lived there. The county seat is Beloit. Beloit is also the biggest city in Mitchell County.

History
In 1867, Mitchell County was created.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (2.4%) is water.

People

Government

Presidential elections
Before 1940, Mitchell County was a swing county. They voted for the national winner in every presidential election from 1900 to 1936. Since 1940, it has become very Republican. Only George H. W. Bush in 1992 failed win a majority in the county due to Ross Perot's strong showing in Kansas.

Education

Unified school districts
 Waconda USD 272
Glen Elder and Cawker City
 Beloit USD 273
most of county, except those zoned to Waconda and Hunter and Tipton, which are zoned to Sylvan Unified USD 299

Private schools
 St. John's Catholic High School
 Tipton Catholic High School

Colleges and universities
 North Central Kansas Technical College (Beloit)

Communities

Cities
 Beloit
 Cawker City
 Glen Elder
 Hunter
 Tipton
 Scottsville
 Simpson (partly in Cloud County)

References

More reading
 Standard Atlas of Mitchell County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 73 pages; 1917.
 Standard Atlas of Mitchell County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 56 pages; 1902.
 Atlas of Mitchell County, Kansas; Gillen & Davy; 45 pages; 1884.

Other websites

County
 
 Mitchell County - Directory of Public Officials
Maps
 Mitchell County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

1867 establishments in Kansas
Russell County (standard abbreviation: RS) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 6,970 people lived there. The county seat is Russell. Russell is also the biggest city in Russell County.

History
In 1867, Russell County was established.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.5%) is water.

People

Government

Presidential elections

Education

Unified school districts
 Central Plains USD 112 (serves Dorrance and southeastern part of county south of I-70; extends into Barton, Ellsworth and Rice Counties)
 Sylvan-Lucas Unified USD 299 (serves Lucas, Luray and northeast part of county along K-18; extends into Lincoln County)
 Natoma/Paradise/Waldo USD 399 (serves Paradise, Waldo and northwest part of county along K-18; extends into Osborne and Rooks Counties)
 Russell USD 407 (serves cities of Russell, Gorham, Bunker Hill and rural south central and southwest parts of county; does not extend into any other counties)

Communities

Cities

 Bunker Hill
 Dorrance
 Gorham
 Lucas
 Luray
 Paradise
 Russell
 Waldo

References

Notes

More reading
County
 Russell County in the War : Being a Record of the War Activities of the County and the Part that it Played in the Great Struggle; John E. Wilson; Capper Printing; 190 pages; 1921.
 Plat Book of Russell County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 47 pages; 1901.
Trails
 Guide Map of the Best and Shortest Cattle Trail to the Kansas Pacific Railway; Kansas Pacific Railway Company; 1875. (Read Online)(Map)

Other websites

County
 
 Russell County - Directory of Public Officials
Other
 Russell County Fair, held the first week of August
Maps
 Russell County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

 
1867 establishments in Kansas
Rush County (standard abbreviation: RH) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 3,307 people lived there. The county seat is La Crosse. La Crosse is also the biggest city in Rush County.

History

19th century
In 1867, Rush County was created. Rush County was organized on December 5, 1874. La Crosse and Rush Center competed to become the county seat. This lasted 10 years until La Crosse finally became the county seat.

20th century
The first county fair was held in 1910 south of Rush Center.

21st century
In 2015, the "Alexander Wind Farm" was built south of Alexander. It cost about $85 million. It generates 48 megawatts of power.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.03%) is water.

Walnut Creek, a tributary of the Arkansas River, goes through the county. Other streams help provide it water.

People

Government

Presidential elections

Rush County is very Republican.

Education

Unified school districts
 LaCrosse USD 395
 Otis-Bison USD 403

Communities

Cities

 Alexander
 Bison
 La Crosse
 Liebenthal
 McCracken
 Otis
 Rush Center
 Timken

References

More reading
 Plat book of Rush County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 33 pages; 1901.

Other websites

County
 
 Rush County - Directory of Public Officials
Historical
 History of Cities in Rush County
Maps
 Rush County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

 
1867 establishments in Kansas
Phillips County (standard abbreviation: PL) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 5,642 people lived there. The county seat is Phillipsburg. Phillipsburg is also the biggest city in Phillips County.

History
In 1867, Phillips County was created.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.0%) is water.

People

Government

Presidential elections

Phillips County is very Republican. No Democratic Presidential candidate has won Phillips County since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932.

Education

Unified school districts 
 Thunder Ridge USD 110 (Consolidation of Agra-Eastern Heights and Kensington-West Smith County)
Agra and small eastern portion of county; extends into western third of Smith County
 Northern Valley USD 212
Long Island and northwestern corner of county; extends into northeastern Norton County
 Phillipsburg USD 325
city of Phillipsburg and areas near and along US 183
 Logan USD 326
southwestern corner of county along and south of K-9; goes into southeastern Norton County

Communities

Cities

 Agra
 Glade
 Kirwin
 Logan
 Long Island
 Phillipsburg
 Prairie View
 Speed

References

Notes

More reading
 Standard Atlas of Phillips County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 78 pages; 1917.
 Plat Book of Phillips County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 49 pages; 1900.

Other websites

County
 
 Phillips County - Directory of Public Officials
 Phillips County - Economic Development
Maps
 Phillips County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

 
1867 establishments in Kansas
Pawnee County (standard abbreviation: PN) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 6,973 people lived there. The county seat is Larned. Larned is also the biggest city in Pawnee County.

The county is named after the Pawnee Tribe.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.05%) is water.

People

Government

Presidential elections
Pawnee County has been mostly Republican for its history. However, there have been multiple time where it was considered a swing county. This means backing the national winner in all presidential elections from 1904 to 1936 as well as 1964 to 1988. It has moved away from bellwether status since 1988.

Education

Unified school districts
 Ft. Larned USD 495 
 Pawnee Heights USD 496

Communities

Cities
 Burdett
 Garfield
 Larned
 Rozel

References

More reading
County
 Along the Old Trail; Tucker Vernon Co; 190 pages; 1910.  History of Pawnee County (page 113 to 134).  Larned and Pawnee County at Present (page 135 to 190).
 Atlas and Plat Book of Pawnee County, Kansas; Kenyon Co; 37 pages; 1916.
 Plat Book of Pawnee County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 36 pages; 1902.
Trails
 
 The National Old Trails Road To Southern California, Part 1 (LA to KC); Automobile Club Of Southern California; 64 pages; 1916. (Download 6.8MB PDF eBook)

Other websites

County
 
 Pawnee County - Directory of Public Officials
Maps
 Pawnee County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

1867 establishments in Kansas
Chautauqua County (county code CQ) is a county in Southeast Kansas. In 2010, 3,669 people lived there. Its county seat is Sedan. Sedan is also the biggest city in Chautauqua County. Chautauqua County is named after Chautauqua County, New York, where Edward Jaquins was born. Jaquins was a Kansas politician who was important in getting the county created.

History
Chautauqua County was created by an act of the Kansas legislature on June 1, 1875. They divided Howard County into Elk County (the northern half) and Chautauqua County (the southern half). At the time of its creation, about 7,400 people lived there.

The first white settlers in the area that became Chautauqua County came in July 1868.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.9%) is water.

Major highways
Sources:  National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 U.S. Route 166
 Kansas Highway 38
 Kansas Highway 99

People

Government

Presidential elections

Chautauqua is a very Republican county. The only Republican to ever lose the county has been Herbert Hoover in 1932. Other than the never-Democratic, historically Yankee Doniphan County, Chautauqua County was the only Kansas county to give incumbent President William Howard Taft a plurality in 1912. The last Democrat to win thirty percent of the county’s vote was Michael Dukakis in 1988. In 2016 Hillary Clinton won only thirteen percent.

Education

Unified school districts
 Cedar Vale USD 285
 Sedan USD 286

Communities

Cities
Cedar Vale
Chautauqua
Elgin
Niotaze
Peru
Sedan

References

Notes

More reading
 Handbook of Elk and Chautauqua Counties, Kansas; C.S. Burch Publishing Co; 24 pages; 1886.
 Standard Atlas of Chautauqua County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 66 pages; 1921.
 Standard Atlas of Chautauqua County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 32 pages; 1903.

Other websites

County
 
 Chautauqua County - Directory of Public Officials
Maps
 Chautauqua County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

1875 establishments in Kansas
Chase County (county code CS) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 2,790 people lived there. Its county seat is Cottonwood Falls. Cottonwood Falls is also the biggest city in Chase County.  The center of population of Kansas is in Chase County, about four miles north of Strong City.

History
In 1859, Chase County was created in the Kansas Territory.

In 1871, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a railroad from Emporia to Newton.  In 1887, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a railroad from Neva (3 miles west of Strong City) to Superior, Nebraska.  This railroad connected Strong City, Neva, Rockland, Diamond Springs, Burdick, Lost Springs, Jacobs, Hope, Navarre, Enterprise, Abilene, Talmage, Manchester, Longford, Oak Hill, Miltonvale, Aurora, Huscher, Concordia, Kackley, Courtland, Webber, Superior.

The south-western border one mile "notch" into Marion County was created under strange circumstances. There was a murder. Marion County didn't want to have the trial, so a section one mile wide and eighteen miles long was given to Chase County. This was to make it so that the murder had happened there. The one mile strip of land is still part of Chase County.

Historical markers
 Landmark of Distinction - The Chase County Courthouse.
 Chase County and The Bluestem Pasture Region of Kansas.
 The Bluestem Pasture Region of Kansas.
 W. B. Strong Memorial Railroad Park.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.6%) is water.

Major highways
Sources:  National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 Interstate 35 All of I-35 in Chase County is part of the Kansas Turnpike. The general public can't get to it from inside the county.
 U.S. Route 50
 K-150
 K-177

People

Government

Presidential elections

Education

Unified school districts
 USD 284, Chase County
 Cottonwood Falls, Strong City, Matfield Green, Cedar Point, Elmdale, Clements, Saffordville, Bazaar, Rural Areas
 Chase County Junior/Senior High School

District Office In Neighboring County
 USD 398, Peabody-Burns
 Wonsevu, Rural Areas
 Peabody-Burns Junior/Senior High School

Communities

Cities
 Cedar Point
 Cottonwood Falls
 Elmdale
 Matfield Green
 Strong City

References

More reading
 
 Chase County - Its Past, Present, and Future; Chase County Leader; May 28, 1914.
 Plat Book of Chase County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 39 pages; 1901.

Other websites

 
 Chase County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

1859 establishments in Kansas Territory
Cheyenne County (county code CN) is a county in the northwest corner of the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 2,726 people lived there. Its county seat is St. Francis. St. Francis is also the biggest city in Cheyenne County.

History
In 1873, Cheyenne County was created.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.1%) is water.

Major highways
Sources:  National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 U.S. Route 36
 Kansas Highway 27
 Kansas Highway 161

Time Zones
The county is in the Central Time zone, but is bordered by the Mountain Time Zone in three directions; it is the only county in the United States to be like this. Dundy County, Nebraska to the north, Yuma County, Colorado and Kit Carson County, Colorado to the west, and Sherman County to the south are all in the Mountain Time Zone. Because of this, Rawlins County is Cheyenne County's only neighbor to also practice Central Time.

People

Government

Presidential elections
Cheyenne County is very Republican. Only four Republican presidential candidates since 1888 have lost the county.

Education

Unified school districts
 Cheylin USD 103
 St. Francis Schools USD 297

Communities

Cities
Bird City
St. Francis

References

More reading
 Standard Atlas of Cheyenne County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 48 pages; 1907.

Other websites

County
 
 Cheyenne County - Directory of Public Officials
Other
 Cheyenne County Hospital
 St. Francis Herald
Maps
 Cheyenne County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

 
1873 establishments in Kansas
The Rouran () ruled northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. 

They were either proto-Mongols or Turkic. They spoke the Ruanruan language, an Altaic or Sino–Tibetan language.  

They descended from the Xianbei. The Rouran are the first to use the words "khan" or "khagan". The Rouran Khaganate existed between the 4-6 centuries. They were then overthrown by the Gokturks. This led to the rise of the Turkic peoples. 

The Rouran may have fled west after that and become part of the Pannonian Avars. The Göktürks chased after these "Avars" into the Byzantine Empire.

Where are they from? 
The Rouran were nomads. They lived in the eastern Eurasian Steppe (Mongolia and northeast China). They overthrew the Xianbei. Most Xianbei moved south and lived in Northern China. Kwok Kin Poon argues the Rouran descended from the Donghu Xianbei.

History 
The founder of the Rouran Khaganate was Yujiulu Shelun. He descended from slaves of the Xianbei. The Xianbei used the word rouran to mean "wriggling worms". 

After the Xianbei moved south in the 3rd century, the Rouran took over and conquered a lot of land.

In 402 Shelun unified all of the Rouran. They defeated the neighboring Tiele and expanded to the Silk Roads. They then conquered and vassalized the Hephthalites (of Central Asia) until 5th century. 

The Hepthalites then moved towards India and replaced the Yuezhi in Bactria. The Hephtalites borrowed much culture and language from the Rouran: including the word "Khan".

In 429, Northern Wei (where the Xianbei settled) attacked the Rouran and killed many.

In 434, the Rouran made a heqin with Northern Wei.

Between 440-460, the Northern Wei attacked and defeated the Rouran several times.

The Rouran made a heqin with the Han-Chinese ruler Gao Huan of Eastern Wei.

In 508, the Tiele defeated the Rouran.  

In 516, the Rouran defeated the Tiele.

Overthrow by Gokturks 
In 551, Bumin of the Ashina Göktürks () defeated the Tiele revolt for the Rouran. In return Bumin asked for a Rouran princess (heqin). Rouran refused, so Bumin declared independence. 

Bumin made a heqin with the Western Wei (descend from Northern Wei). Bumin then attacked the Rouran in 552, killing Yujiulü Anagui. Bumin then conquered Otuken. 

He declared himself Illig Khagan and started the Turkic Khaganate. He died soon Bumin but his son Issik Qaghan succeeded him. Issik continued attacking the Rouran but died a year later in 553. His brother Muqan Qaghan finished the job and annihilated the Rouran in 555.

References

Eurasian nomads
History of Mongolia
Pages with unreviewed translations
The Chu (or Shu, from Chinese:  chǔ) is a river in northern Kyrgyzstan and southern Kazakhstan. It is 1067 km long and is one of the longest rivers in Central Asia, a landlocked region. They are the homeplace of the Dungan people, who moved there during the Qing dynasty.

Sources 

Coordinates on Wikidata
Rivers of Asia
Geography of Kyrgyzstan
Geography of Kazakhstan
The North–South Corridor (NSC), at first known as the North–South Expressway, will be the 11th expressway of Singapore. It will serve extra traffic along the north-south corridor that is currently being served by the Central Expressway (CTE). It was announced on 30 January 2008. It was announced during a major review of Singapore's transport network by the Land Transport Authority (LTA). The  expressway would cost about S$7–8 billion when to build. It is planned to be finished being built in 2026. It will connect the East Coast Parkway (ECP) with the northern parts of Singapore.

The NSC will have 16 entrances and 17 exits to connect towns along the north-south corridor. They are Woodlands, Sembawang, Yishun, Ang Mo Kio, Bishan and Toa Payoh. It will connect them with the city centre. The NSC will also connect with already-built expressways, like the Seletar Expressway (SLE), Pan-Island Expressway (PIE) and East Coast Parkway (ECP).

According to the Land Transport Authority, the bus lanes along the NSC will reduce bus travelling times from Woodlands, Sembawang, Yishun and Ang Mo Kio to the city by up to 30 minutes. It is done through morning and evening peak express bus services. It can speed up bus routes between towns along the NSC faster by allowing buses to use the ramps and bus lanes in it. A cycling path along the entire length of the highway will link up Park Connector Networks and cycling path networks within HDB towns along the entire road to the city centre.

At first, it was supposed to be built by 2023. Because of construction delays, it now can only be built by 2026.

History 
On 19 January 2011, the government allowed the expressway to be built. It was to be built between the roads Admiralty Road West and Toa Payoh Rise. On 15 November 2011, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) revealed the whole route of the North-South Corridor. 

It was first planned to be an expressway for vehicles to be built by 2020. However, the corridor will now be built as Singapore's first "integrated transport corridor". It will have bus routes and cycling path along the entire expressway. Its construction was supposed to start in 2017, and it was supposed to be finally built by 2023. However, the first contract was only given in November 2017, with construction work starting in early 2018. 

Now, it is planned to be finished by 2026.

Route 
The NSC will stat at Admiralty Road West in the North of Singapore. It would go south and pass by Woodlands and Sembawang. It would have a junction with the Seletar Expressway. It would then go through Toa Payoh. It would run parallel with the Central Expressway, and then join the East Coast Parkway in the city.

The LTA tried to use as much state land as possible. This makes sure that as few private properties are take  as possible. Even though the expressway is underground in its Southern part, some land had to be taken. This is because there are MRT tunnels blocking its way. The Rochor Centre had to be demolished because of this. Some underpasses at Novena Square had to be demolished. The Ellison Building may also have to be demolished.

References 

Transport in Singapore
The expressways of Singapore are:
 East Coast Parkway
 Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway
 Central Expressway
 Pan Island Expressway
 Marina Coastal Expressway
 Tampines Expressway
 Ayer Rajah Expressway
 Seletar Expressway
 Kranji Expressway
 Bukit Timah Expressway

References 

Lists of roads
Transport in Singapore
The 7.62 x 54mmR round is a bullet used for Russian guns. It is used for guns like the Mosin–Nagant rifle, the SVD rifle, and the PK machine gun.

Pistol and rifle cartridges
Military cartridges
The Bamar (Burmese: ဗမာလူမျိုး bama loo-myo), Burmese or Burmans are the largest ethnic group in Myanmar. The Bamar live around the Irrawaddy River. They speak the Burmese language, the official language of Myanmar.

Where they are from 
The Burmese-speaking people first migrated from Yunnan, China to the Irrawaddy valley in the 7th century. Over the following centuries, the Burmese absorbed other groups like the Pyu. DNA tests show that the Bamar are East Eurasian, related to Southeast Asian and Northeast Asian people. But they also have "Indian influences".

What they speak 
The Bamar speak Burmese, a Sino-Tibetan language. So basic words are related to Chinese language and Tibetan language. Many words related to Buddhism are borrowed from Pali. The Burmese alphabet itself is based on Indian scripts.

References

Pages using deprecated image syntax
Pages with unreviewed translations
Nanzhao are a Sino-Tibetan kingdom that existed southern China and Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. It was centered in Yunnan, China.

History 
Most Nanzhao were Bai people. They spoke Nuosu (Yi), a Tibeto-Burman language related to Burmese. They descended from the Cuan clan. The Cuan migrated from Taiyuan to Yunnan during Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign in 225. By the fourth century they controlled Yunnan.

In 593, they rebelled against the Sui dynasty. But in 602 the Sui destroyed the rebellion. The Cuan split into two groups: the Black and White Mywa.

The White Mywa tribes lived near lake Erhai. In 704 the Tubo made these kingdoms into vassals or tributaries.

In 737, the Tang dynasty helped unify the tribes and create a new kingdom called the Nanzhao (南诏 "Southern Zhao"). In 738 the capital was established in Taihe (south of Dali). It was in the Erhai valley; the mountains made it easy to defend; and there was a lot of farmland.

Tubo alliance 
In 750 the Nanzhao attacked the Tang. In 751 Tang governor of Sichuan, Xianyu Zhongtong then attacked Nanzhao with an army of 80,000 soldiers. He was defeated by Duan Jianwei (段俭魏).

In 754, the Tang sent another 100,000 soldiers, led by General Li Mi (李宓), but never made it past Mu'ege. The Tubo then became friends with the Tubo. This alliance then ended in 794.

Nanzhao attacks on Tang 
In 801 the Nanzhao and Tang defeated Tibetan and their slave Abbasid soldiers. Nanzhao then expanded into Myanmar and conquered Pyu city-states from 820-832.

In 829, the Nanzhao failed to attack Chengdu (Sichuan). In the 830s, they conquered Kunlun to the east and Nuwang to the south.

In 846, 859, 863, the Nanzhao attacked Annam (Vietnam, then part of the Tang). In 869, the Nanzhao again failed to capture Chengdu.

In 873, the Yang family of Shanxi kicked the Nanzhao were out of Sichuan. In 877 the Yang kicked them out of Guizhou. The Nanzhao retreated to Yunnan, and they slowly died. In 902, their chief minister murdered most of the royal family, including the heir apparent. In 937, Duan Siping seized power and created the Dali Kingdom.

They were Buddhists 

They were Vajrayana Buddhists. Many people living in Yunnan still are.

They called it Azhali. Azhali is a bit different from Han Buddhist schools like Zen (Chan Buddhism). But it has Han, Tibetan, and Burmese influences. Nanzhao likely had strong religious connections with the Pagan Kingdom (Myanmar), Tibet, and Bengal (Pala Empire).

It was started around 821-824 by an Indian monk from India called Candragupta (赞陀崛多, Zantuojueduo). More monks from India arrived in 825 and 828 and helped build a temple in Heqing.

The last king of Nanzhao made Buddhism the official religion.

References

Former monarchies of Asia
Roseanne Park is a New Zealand-born Australian singer. She is based in South Korea and goes by the mononym Rosé. She a member of Blackpink, which as of 2019 is the highest-charting female K-pop group. On March 12 2021, she debuted as a solo artist with her single album -R-, which received lots of positive feedback from listeners. Rosé is also well known on social media as she has over 40.2 million of followers on Instagram. 

Rosé was born in New Zealand on 11 February 1997. At the age of seven, she moved to Australia. In 2012, she had an audition for YG Entertainment at the age of 16.  She later signed with YG Entertainment and moved to South Korea. In 2018 it was announced that BLACKPINK has been signed to INTERSCOPE Records.

Discography 
"-R-" (2021)

References

Other websites 

1997 births
Living people
K-pop singers
Blackpink members
New Zealand singers
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) does not use some letters and numbers to identify routes on the New York City Subway.

Unused letters 

 : the letter I could be confused with Line 1.
 : the letter O could be confused with the number 0, which the MTA uses to help their computers recognize the 42nd Street Shuttle.
 : the letter P could sound funny or rude, because it sounds like the word “pee”.
 : the letter U could be confused with with the word “you”.
 : the letter Y could be confused with with the word “why”.

Internal numbers and letters 

The MTA privately (or internally) uses the number 0 and the letter H, to help their computers recognize the three separate shuttles. The three shuttles use the letter S on maps and posters, and this can confuse computers.

 : The number 0 represents the 42nd Street Shuttle.
 : The letter H represents the Rockaway Park Shuttle. The last time that the MTA used the letter H on maps and posters was in 2012, because the damage from Hurricane Sandy prevented the MTA from running Line A.

Reserved letters 

The MTA reserves the letters T and X to identify the services that they want to build or run in the future.

 : the letter T represents a service that the MTA plans to run, when they finish building the Second Avenue Subway.
 : the letter X represents a service that the MTA plans to run in the future, but have not decided on what number or letter to use.

Defunct letters and numbers 

 : the number 8 used to represent trains that ran on the IRT Third Avenue Line. Line 8 stopped running on April 28, 1973, when the MTA closed the Third Avenue Line.
 : the number 9 used to represent trains that made fewer stops along the same route as Line 1. Line 9 stopped running on May 27, 2005, because it caused riders to wait too long for other trains on the IRT Broadway - Seventh Avenue Line.
 : the letter K used to represent trains that ran via the IND Eighth Avenue Line, between 168th Street and World Trade Center. Line K stopped running on  December 11, 1988.
 : the letter V used to represent trains that ran via the IND Sixth Avenue Line, between Forest Hills–71st Avenue and Lower East Side–Second Avenue. Line V stopped running on June 25, 2010, because the MTA did not have enough money to operate the service.

Unused or defunct letters and numbers on trains 

 : Trains of the R62 and R62A type can display the numbers 8, 10, 11, 12, and 13. When the trains first entered service, the MTA was thinking of replacing diamond-shaped symbols with separate numbers to represent fast trains.
 : Trains of the R32 and R32A type can display the letters P, T, U, X, and Y. The extra letters allow the MTA to use any of those letters for a special service, during an emergency.

Trains of the R142, R143, R160, R179 and R188 types use digital displays, meaning that they can easily display any service number or letter.
The .30-06 Springfield cartridge, pronounced "thirty-aught-six", is a bullet used for guns made in the United States. It was first used for the M1903 Springfield rifle.

The ".30" means that the bullet is .30 inches (7.62 millimeters) in diameter, and the "06" means it was first used in the US military in the year 1906

The .30-06 is known for having high stopping power (meaning it does a lot of damage to a human or animal body), high penetration power (it can pierce through thick layers), and a long effective range (it is accurate for a long distance).

In the US military, it was the main bullet used for rifles and light machine guns for the first half of the 20th century. Guns that shot the .30-06 include the M1903 Springfield, the M1 Garand, the M1917, the M1919 Browning machine gun, and the BAR.

However, when the US created NATO, it replaced all the .30-06 military weapons with those that used the 7.62 x 51mm NATO bullet. This is because NATO requires the militaries of all its member countries to use the same kinds of ammunition.

However, there are still many American hunting and sporting rifles made today that fire the .30-06 because it is still very popular with hunters and competitive shooters.

References 

Ammunition
Shirley Vivian Teresa Brittain Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby,  (née Catlin; 27 July 1930 – 12 April 2021) was a retired British politician. 

Williams was originally a Labour MP - first elected to the House of Commons in 1964 - but left to found the Social Democratic Party (later the Liberal Democrats) in 1981. She served in government through the 1960s and 70s, but was defeated as an MP in 1983. She was awarded a life peerage in 1993 and retired in 2016. She was made a Companion of Honour in 2017.

Williams was the daughter of the author Vera Brittain and Sir George Catlin. She died on 12 April 2021, aged 90.

References

1930 births
2021 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Oxford
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Columbia University alumni
English Roman Catholics
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former Liberal Democrats MPs (UK)
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Harvard University faculty
Journalists from London
Members of the House of Lords
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
Social Democratic Party MPs (UK)
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
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Politicians from London
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Lady Antonia Margaret Caroline Fraser CH DBE (née Pakenham; born 27 August 1932) is a British historian and author. She is best known for history books, biographies and detective stories.

Lady Antonia was the daughter of the 7th Earl and Countess of Longford. She was married to Hugh Fraser from 1956 until their divorce in 1977. She was then married to the playwright Harold Pinter from 1980 until his death in 2008. She attended the University of Oxford. Her first major book - a biography of Mary, Queen of Scots was published in 1969.

She was awarded a damehood in 2011 and was made a Companion of Honour in 2018.

1932 births
Living people
British writers
The terajoule (TJ) is equal to one trillion (1012) joules; or about 0.278 GWh (which is often used in energy tables). About 63 TJ of energy was released by the atomic bomb that exploded over Hiroshima. The International Space Station, with a mass of approximately 450 megagrams and orbital velocity of 7.7 km/s, has a kinetic energy of roughly 13 TJ. In 2017 Hurricane Irma was estimated to have a peak wind energy of 112 TJ.

References 

Units of measurement
Energy
The Hipercor bombing was a car bombing by Basque separatist group ETA. It happened on 19 June 1987 at the Hipercor shopping centre on Avinguda Meridiana, Barcelona, Spain. It killed 21 people and injured another 45.

References 

1987 in Europe
1980s building bombings
1980s explosions in Europe
1980s murders in Europe
Attacks on shops
Building bombings in Europe
Car and truck bombings in Europe
Crime in Spain

History of Barcelona
June events
Terrorist incidents in Europe in the 1980s
Lady Mary Elizabeth Peters LG CH DBE (born 6 July 1939) is a retired athlete and sportsperson from Northern Ireland. She won a gold medal at the 1972 Olympic Games for pentathlon, as well as three gold medals in the Commonwealth Games in shot put and pentathlon.

She founded the Mary Peters Trust which helps young people in Northern Ireland to take part in sport. She was also Lord Lieutenant of Belfast from 2009 to 2014.

She was made a dame in 2000, a Companion of Honour in 2015, and a Lady Companion of the Order of the Garter in 2019.

1939 births
Living people
British athletes
Dame Kathleen Lonsdale DBE FRS (née Yardley; 28 January 1903 – 1 April 1971) was a British scientist.

She got her degree from University College London in 1924, and was awarded a doctorate in 1934. She used X-ray diffraction to work out the structure of lots of chemicals, and used X-rays to study crystals.

Lonsdale was the first woman to be made a professor at University College London (1949), one of the first women to be made a Fellow of the Royal Society (1945), and was made a dame in 1956.

1903 births
1971 deaths
British scientists