cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Kiss or The Lovers is a painting by Gustav Klimt.  It was the last painting in Klimt's Gold Period.  He painted it in 1907 or 1908.  It is one of the most famous paintings in the world.

The Österreichische Galerie Belvedere museum, in the Belvedere palace, in Vienna, Austria is exhibiting the painting.

Painting

The painting shows a couple embracing each other with gold leaf on canvas. The man is kissing the woman, who has green hair. Klimt has said he had obsession for the woman with redheads, and it was reflected in the woman in his painting.

The man and woman are on a flowery grassland. According to the psychoanalytical and biological distinction, Klimt expressed them in different ways. The man wearing a robe with black, white and gray rectangles is described in a rough way, while the woman is expressed with the smooth figures such as a circle, a curve, and flowery patterns. Her hair is also combined with flowers; it looks like she is surrounded with flowers. On the contrary, the part outside the couple in the painting is filled with flat patterning which has small gleaming dots. 

"The Kiss" represents fin-de-siècle spirit because it shows a decadence through opulent and sybaritic images. Also, the painting has some styles recalling the arts of other period. Of them, by using gold leaf, the painting reflects medieval "gold-ground" paintings and earlier mosaics, and the spiral patterns in the clothes recall Bronze Age art.

In the Kiss, Klimt portrays woman as the femme fatale who is a beautiful woman attracting men sexually but brings them unhappiness. It is said that the woman modeled for the painting, however, his life companion Emilie Flöge,who participated as the Viennese bohemian (Bohemianism) and fin-de-siecle circles like Klimt.

The painting is 72 inches high and 72 inches wide (180 cm x 180 cm).  It is decorated with gold leaf.  At the time, people thought the panting was too sexy, even though both people are wearing clothes.

The city of Vienna bought the painting from Klimt before he finished it.  It cost 25,000 crowns.

Influences

Klimt was a Symbolist artist and this painting was part of his Golden Period.  Klimt went to the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, where he saw Byzantine art, which also uses gold.  Also, his father and brother were metalworkers.  This is another reason why he liked to use gold leaf in paintings like The Kiss. Japanese prints also affected the way Klimt made the painting.

Legacy

In 2003, Austria struck a coin with The Kiss on one side and Klimt's face on the other.

As of the 21st century, the painting is in the Belvedere Gallery. Hundreds of thousands of people visit it each year.

References

1900s paintings
1907
Asbestosis is a disease of the lungs caused by inhaling fibers of asbestos. It is not to be confused with mesothelioma, a cancer of the lungs which is also caused by inhaling asbestos fibers. Asbestosis has been the subject of many lawsuits, and many lawyers specialize in asbestosis and mesothelioma.

References

Related pages 
Pneumoconiosis
Silicosis

Diseases
Asbestos
Terraria is an action-adventure/RPG indie game released by independent game studio Re-Logic on May 16, 2011. It was originally available on Microsoft Windows, but different ports are available on the Xbox Live, Playstation, Android, iOS, Windows Phone, and 3DS. It is a 2D side-scrolling format, similar to Mario or Mega Man.

Gameplay 
It is a wide-open sandbox style game; players may edit the terrain and go anywhere they want to.

There are a wide variety of materials (Called blocks or tiles) that players can use, such as Dirt Blocks, Stone Blocks, Copper Ore, Wood, and many more. Players need the right tools to mine any block.  

The game begins with the player creating a custom character, and then is placed in a computer-generated world. The players begins with only a few Copper tools, which are used to gather wood, mine blocks, and attack monsters. From these basic Copper tools, the player moves up to stronger armor and weapons. There are many bosses in Terraria that the player must defeat. Although Terraria might seem similar to Minecraft, it is two dimensional and includes many more items and bosses.

Soundtrack 
In Terraria, the music changes depending on which biome/area the player is in. It can also change if the player is fighting a boss, like the Eye of Cthulhu for example.

References

Notes

Role-playing video games
2011 video games
This is a list of political parties in Azerbaijan.

Azerbaijan is a one-party dominant state, meaning that is a system of majority rule where one political party, in this case the ruling New Azerbaijan Party, has successively won election victories by a very large majority and is therefore the dominant ruling party, which does not have to form coalitions (alliances) with other smaller political parties as a result. The one party dominant state differs from a one-party state, because opposition parties against the New Azerbaijan Party are allowed, but are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power.

Major parties
New Azerbaijan Party (Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası)
Equality Party (Müsavat Partiyası)
Azerbaijan Popular Front Party (Azərbaycan Xalq Cəbhəsi Partiyası)
Azerbaijan Democratic Party (Azərbaycan Demokrat Partiyası)
Motherland Party (Ana Vatan)
Civic Solidarity Party (Vətəndaş Həmrəyliyi Partiyası)

Other parties
Alliance Party for the Sake of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Naminə Alyans Partiyası)
Azerbaijan Communist Party (Azərbaycan Kommunist Partiyası)
Azerbaijan Communist Party (on Platform of Marxism-Leninism) (Azərbaycan Kommunist Partiyası (Marksizm-Leninizm Platformasında))
Azerbaijan Democratic Party (Azərbaycan Demokrat Firqəsı)
Azerbaijan Democratic Party (Azərbaycan Demokrat Partiyası)
Azerbaijan Greens' Party (Azərbaycan Yaşıllar Partiyası) www.azerbaijangreens.org
Azerbaijan Hope Party (Azərbaycan Ümid Partiyasi)
Azerbaijan Liberal Party (Azərbaycan Liberal Partiyası)
Azerbaijan National Democrat Party (Azerbaycan Milli Demokrat Partiyası)
Azerbaijan Social Democratic Party (Azerbaycan Sosial-Demokrat Partiyası)
Azerbaijan Social Prosperity Party (Azərbaycan Sosial Rifah Partiyası)
Civil Union Party (Vətəndas Birliyi Partiyasi)
Compatriot Party (Yurddaş Partiyası)
Democratic Azerbaijan's World (Demokratik Azərbaycan Dünyası)
Great Order Party (Böyük Qurulus Partiyasi)
Azerbaijan National Independence Party (Azərbaycan Milli İstiqlal Partiyası)
Azerbaijan Political Party of Democratic Reforms (Azərbaycan Demokratik Islahatlar Siyasi Partiyasi)
Justice Party (Ədalət Partiyası)
Modern Equality Party (Müasir Müsavat Partiyası)
National Unity (Milli Birlik)
Reformist Communist Party of Azerbaijan (Azerbaycan Islahatçi Kommunist Partiyasi)
United Communist Party of Azerbaijan (Azerbaycan Vahid Kommunist Partiyasi)
Virtue Party (Fəzilət Partiyası)
Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party (Bütöv Azərbaycan Xalq Cəbhəsi Partiyasi)

Related pages
 National Assembly of Azerbaijan
 President of Azerbaijan
 Prime Minister of Azerbaijan

References
 Political Parties of Azerbaijan at Eurasianet 

Politics of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan-related lists
The one-party dominant state is a system of majority rule where one political party has successively won election victories by a very large majority and is, therefore, the dominant ruling party, which does not have to form coalitions (alliances) with other smaller political parties as a result. 

The one-party dominant state differs from a one-party state, because opposition parties against the dominant ruling party are allowed, but have no real chance of gaining power. 

Many one-party dominant states are dictatorships where only one party can by law be in control, but some one-party dominant states are real democracies, where there are no limits by law against other parties.

A case of this was Mexico, where Presidential candidates (the person running for this governmental office) of the Institutional Revolutionary Party were popularly elected for more than 70 years.

Another example is South Africa, where the African National Congress has been the ruling party of post-apartheid South Africa since the democratization of the country with the election of Nelson Mandela in the 1994, winning every election since then. During the apartheid era, the National Party of South Africa ruled from 1948 to 1994 and imposed apartheid. 

In one-party dominant states that are dictatorships, the ruling party often stays in power through electoral fraud and gerrymandering, and also by suppressing the opposition who don't accept this for moral reasons, which totally undermines the political legitimacy of the ruling party and the system.

Political systems
was a  after Genki and before Bunroku.  This period started in July 1573 and ended in December 1592.  During this time, the emperors were   and .

The nengō Tenshō means "Heavenly Virtue".

Events of the Tenshō era

Oda Nobunaga suggested that a new era should begin in 1573.  The general meaning of Tenshō was "heavenly righteousness".

 1573 (Tenshō 1, 7th month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki became a Buddhist priest.
 1576 (Tenshō 3, 5th month): Battle of Nagashino.
 1576 (Tenshō 4): Takeda Katuyori ordered the rebuilding of the Asama Shrine at the base of Mount Fuji in Suruga province.
 1582 (Tenshō 10): Oda Nobunaga orders the destroyed of structures built by Takeda at the Asama Shrine.
 1582 (Tenshō 10, 3rd month):  Battle of Temmokuzan.
 20 February 1582 (Tenshō 10, 28th day of the 10th month):A Jesuit missionary and four Japanese Catholic boys went to Rome to see Pope Gregory XIII. This is sometimes called the "Tenshō Embassy". or the "Boys' Mission of the Tenshō Period" (Tenshō Shōnen Shisetsu).
 1583 (Tenshō 11, 4th month): Battle of Shizugatake.
 1583 (Tenshō 12, 4th month): Battle of Komaki and Nagakute.
 1584 (Tenshō 13, 7th month): Toyotomi Hideyoshi is named kampaku by Emperor Ōgimachi.
 17 December 1586 (Tenshō 14, 7th day of the 11th month):  Emperor Ogimachi abdicated; and his grandson received the succession (senso). Soon after, Emperor Go-Yōzei's role as monarch was confirmed (sokui).
 1586 (Tenshō 14, 12th month): A marriage is arranged between the youngest sister of Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu.
 1586 (Tenshō 14, 12th month): The kampaku, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was nominated to be Daijō-daijin.
 1587 (Tenshō 15): Gold or silver coins called Tenshō-tsūhō were minted.  The gold coins (Tenshō-ōban) were oval shaped.

In 1589-1590 (in the 23rd year of the reign of King Seonjo of Joseon), a diplomatic mission led by Hwang Yun-gil was sent to Japan.  The Joseon ambassador was received by Hideyoshi.

In popular culture 

The fictional plot of the classic Akira Kurosawa film The Seven Samurai takes place in the 15th year of Tenshō.

Related pages
 Tenshō (Heian period)

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1573 establishments
16th-century establishments in Japan
1592 disestablishments
16th-century disestablishments in Japan
was a  after Tenshō and before Keichō.  This period started in December 1592 and ended in 1596.  During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Bunroku means "Enlightened Benevolence".

Events of the Bunroku era

 1592 (Bunroku 1): Toyotomi Hideyoshi invaded Korea (Bunroku no Eki), also known as Bunroku-Keichō no Eki.
 1592 (Bunroku 1):  Ogasawara Sadayori discovered the Bonin Islands; and the territory was granted to him as a fief by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
 1592 (Bunroku 1): Silver coins called Bunroku-tsūhō were minted . Copper coins were issued at the same time, but none are known to have survived.
 1593 (Bunroku 3): Former-Emperor Ōgimachi died.
 1593 (Bunroku 3): Toyotomi Hideyori is born to Hideyoshi's mistress Yodo-Dono.
 1595 (Bunroku 4): Toyotomi Hidetsugu loses his position and power.

Land reform and a general census of the population and a national survey are undertaken in 1589-1595.

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1592 establishments
16th-century establishments in Japan
1596 disestablishments
16th-century disestablishments in Japan
Fray Marcos de Niza (– March 25, 1558) was a Franciscan friar. He was born in Nice (de Niza means of Nice in Spanish), which was at that time under the control of the Italian House of Savoy. He went to America in 1531, and explored the area above Sonora.

1490s births
1558 deaths
Explorers
Franciscans
People from Nice
Religious workers
He was a very hard worker and explorer.
In written Latin, the apex (plural: "apices") is a diacritic. It is close to the shape of an acute accent ( ´ ). The apex is used to show that a vowel is long and not short. That means that the vowel is pronounced for longer.

The shape and length of the apex can be different. It can even sometimes be different within the same writing. While pretty much all apices are made up of a line sloping up to the right, the line can be more or less curved, and is different in length from less than half the height of a letter to more than the height of a letter. Sometimes, it is put at the top with a hook, pointing out to the left. Rather than being centered over the vowel it changes, the apex is often drawn to the right.

Later, it developed into the acute accent, which is still used in some languages to mark vowel length. In particular, Czech and Slovak, Hungarian, Irish, and (a long time ago) Icelandic.

Details 

Although not really known by some modern Latinists, the sign was actually used a lot during classical and postclassical times. The reason why it is not usually noticed is probably because of its smallish size and the fact that it is usually quite thin. People who look carefully will soon start to notice apices in the exhibits of any museum, not only in many of the more formal  epigraphic writings, but also in handwritten  palaeographic things.

Forgetting the apex, modern Latin spelling has recently started marking long vowels by using the macron. The macron is a sign that had always been used, and still is, to mark metrically long syllables (more recently called heavy syllables). This has caused confusion between syllable and vowel length in Latin, and most western dictionaries still cannot describe the nature of Latin vowels properly because of this. To make even more confusion, the acute accent is sometimes used in Latin to mark stressed syllables, just like in Spanish, when the macron is not used.

Identification with the sicilicus 

The apex is often thought to be the opposite of another ancient Latin diacritic, the sicilicus, which is said to have been used above consonants to show that they should be pronounced as doubles. However, in his article Apex and Sicilicus, Revilo P. Oliver says that they are the same sign, a geminationis nota. This was used over any letter to show that the letter should be read twice. 

If Revilo P. Oliver is right, the apex as a sign showing vowel length would have been made in the time when long vowels were written double. Then, when long vowels were not regularly written twice. 

However, Oliver's view that the two marks were the same has recently been challenged.

Related pages 
 Acute accent

References 

Alphabetic diacritics
Latin language
Differential geometry is a field of mathematics. It uses differential and integral calculus as well as linear algebra to study problems of geometry. The theory of the plane, as well as curves and surfaces in Euclidean space are the basis of this study. Big discoveries were made in the 18th and 19th century. In geometry, the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees. Carl Friedrich Gauß wondered whether triangle bearings of ships really has a sum of angles of exactly 180 degrees; with this question he was among the pioneers of modern differential geometry.

A long time ago, differential geometry was used for map projections. Today, it is used for fields as diverse as general relativity theory, or satellite navigation. Grigori Perelman's proof of the Poincaré conjecture uses differential geometry.

Differential geometry
The New Azerbaijan Party (Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası, YAP) is the ruling political party in Azerbaijan since 1993.

It was formed on 18 December 1992 by the former President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, who led it until his retirement and death in 2003. It is now led by his son, Ilham Aliyev, who succeeded his father as the party leader and as President of Azerbaijan since October 31, 2003. The founder of the party, Heydar Aliyev, was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until July 1991 before the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of Azerbaijan later that year. The headquarters of the party is in the capital city Baku.

The party's stated ideologies are lawfulness, secularism, and Azerbaijani nationalism. It wants to build a "social-oriented" economy, meaning a middle path between socialism and "laissez-faire" capitalism (a mixed economy), and lists civil solidarity and social justice as the basis of its ideology.

Current and historical representation in the National Assembly of Azerbaijan
 5 November, 2000  Members of Parliament
 6 November, 2005  Members of Parliament
 7 November, 2010  Members of Parliament

Related pages
 List of political parties in Azerbaijan
 National Assembly of Azerbaijan
 President of Azerbaijan
 Prime Minister of Azerbaijan

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Political parties in Azerbaijan
Nationalist organizations in Azerbaijan
Conservative parties
Tonga has been in seven Olympic Summer Games. They have never been in the Winter Games. 

Tonga was the smallest independent nation to win an Olympic medal.   Super Heavyweight Boxer Paea Wolfgram won a silver medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics.

Tonga wanted to enter a delegation for the 2010 Winter Olympics.  The Tonga Amateur Sports Association (TASA) said they had one athlete to compete in the luge event. In December 2008, two male athletes were selected to travel to Germany for training, but only one of them would be at the Olympics.   Bruno Banani was selected as Tonga's candidate.  He failed to qualify by crashing in the final round of qualifications.

Medalists

Silver 
 Paea Wolfgramm — Boxing, Men's Super Heavyweight (>91 kg), 1996

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Tonga profile at London2012.com
 

Nations at the Olympics
Tonga
Forgery is producing a fake document, signature, banknote, or work of art in order to deceive. It is illegal, as it is fraud. Forging money and certain other items is called counterfeiting. 

Types of crime
Crazyracing Kartrider () is an online computer racing game. Nexon opened a beta version of this game in 2004. There are various kinds of karts and items that you can use in this game. The game has three major modes. In item mode, players can use items such as  missiles, water balls, shields, bananas, and devils. In a speed mode, players use a booster. In flag mode, players try to bring back a flag to your team zone.

It is easy to play. Only arrow keys and Ctrl, Alt keys are needed to control your kart. Decorating and changing your character and kart is another interesting part of this game. Lucci is game money. You can get it by racing. You need Lucci to buy a kart, or character accessories.

Recently Nexon launched Kartrider Rush to Apple App store. Kartrider Rush is minimized version of Crazyracing Kartrider.

Computer System requirements
OS: Windows 98/2000/ME/XP and above
CPU: Pentium IIII 2.0GHz (Above 3.0GHz is recommended)
RAM: 1GB (2GB and above is recommended)
Video Card-NVidia: Geforce4 MX and above(Geforce 6200 and above is recommended) 
-ATI: Radeon 8500 and above(Radeon 9500 and above is recommended)
DirectX: DirextX 9.0 and later

References
http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110311005839/en/Nexons-KartRider-Rush-Races-iOS

Online games
A hanok is a type of house. It is built in a traditional Korean style of architecture.

Features 
The main feature of a hanok is that it has combination of ondol, the Korean under-floor heating system, and wooden floor for heating and cooling. This style is mainly used in Korea because of problems caused by the area having both a continental climate and an oceanic climate.

Shape

Regional differences 
Hanoks have different shapes in different parts of Korea. In the northern part of the Korean peninsula, hanoks have the structure of a house with several wings. The wings are often built in either a square or the letter L. This helps keep the wind out of the house in the colder northern places and helps keep the house warm. These kind of house also has low roofs. In the warmer southern Korean peninsula, hanoks have a single wing and a wooden floor. This helps let the air in and out.

Class differences
The hanoks is also different based on the class of the people who live it.  Hanok of upper class people usually have tiled roofs (called giwa) while lower class houses have roofs made of rice-straw (called choga). Hanok for the upper-class people are built not only to be homes, but also to be very ornamental.

Buildings and structures in Korea
Houses
A cappella music is music where people sing without instruments.

In a choir, there are up to 5 parts: soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, and bass. A cappella can also have those 5 parts. A difference is with percussion. With musical instruments, percussion is done with musical instruments that you hit, such as drums. In an a cappella performance, a person makes the percussion sound. For a beatbox performance, performers make sounds like electric drums, synthesizer and electric guitar. Another part of percussion in a cappella performance is making classical drum sounds for tapping the beat.

The word a cappella is Italian for "in the manner of the church" or "in the manner of the chapel".  It was first used in religious music.  Gregorian chant is an example of a cappella singing.

History 
For the first 1000 years of Christianity, all hymns in the church were sung without instrumental accompaniment. This style of singing came to be known as a cappella, meaning "of the church" or "in the style of the church".

Genres 
There are several kinds of music in a cappella, such as barbershop, classical, contemporary, gospel, doo-wop, jazz, and world.

A barbershop group has 4 people. The name of this genre came from the tradition that when many men gathered in a barbershop they would sing with no musical instruments. A barbershop quartet has four male voices or four female voices.  Mixed barbershop quartets are also possible, usually with two male and two female voices.  The voices parts are called bass, baritone, lead, and tenor. In music in the barbershop style, the melody (the "tune") is sung by the lead part.

In classical a cappella, people perform classical music such as 'a Turkish march', 'Overture William Tell', madrigal, etc.

Contemporary is the most popular kind of a cappella these days. For this kind, the "bass" line should be stronger, and the "chorus" (all the singers except for bass, percussion, and solo) should have variety. The percussion should make their sound more like drums. This genre is similar to 'doo-wop' but the "chorus" part is more complex and has a variety of sound effects.

Doo-wop is also getting more popular because of its simple style. Even though it has simple moto (Italian for "progression of music"), it can be interesting with great vocal and chorus.

References 

CASA Homepage
KACS Homepage
Kissing - Korean A Cappella Club
blog.me

Other websites
Club for five 
The Real Group
The Idea of North 
Suade 
Naturally 7
CASA - The Contemporary A Cappella Society
CASHM 
KACS - Korea A Cappella Society

Singing
Boxer briefs are men's underwear.  They are tight like briefs, but still have long legs like boxer shorts. They are becoming increasingly popular and are worn by lots of teenagers and young men.

Boxer briefs are usually made of soft material, and can be made in different colours. Some boxer briefs have an opening with buttons on the front. Others just have an elastic waistband and can be pulled on or off like briefs. The waistband is often a separate piece of elastic, and is sometimes in a color. Some boxer briefs have elastic at the end of the legs, and stitching across the bottom.

underwear
was a  coming after Keichō and before Kan'ei.  This period started in July 1615 and ended in February 1624. During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Genna means "Commencement of Concord".

Events of the Genna era

 1615 (Genna 1): Tokugawa forces burned Osaka Castle.
 1 September 1615 (Genna 1, 9th day of the 7th month): Tokugawa Ieyasu pulled down Hōkoku-jinja.
 1616 (Genna 2): Kida Kōan publishes Genna kokaisho, which is a book on ocean navigation.
 1 June 1616 (Genna 2, 17th day of the 4th month): Ieyasu died at Suruga Castle.
 26 September 1617 (Genna 3, 26th day of the 8th month): Former-Emperor Go-Yōzei died. He was buried at Nikkō.
 1618 (Genna 4, 8th month): A comet appeared in the sky.
 5 July 1620 (Genna 6, 6th day of the 6th month): The emperor married Tokugawa Kazuko who was the daughter of the shogun.
 1620 (Genna 6): There were destructive fires in Kyoto in the 2nd and 3rd month.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1615 establishments
17th-century establishments in Japan
1624 disestablishments
17th-century disestablishments in Japan
Ragunan Zoo is a 140-hectare (350-acre) zoo in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta, Indonesia. It was founded in 1864. The zoo has over 295 species of animals, 171 species of flora and 3,122 animal specimens including birds.

Ragunan Zoo is a combination of a zoo and park, so it is also known as Ragunan Zoological Park. It holds a lot of Indonesian species such as komodo dragon, orangutan, tapir, anoa, sumatran tiger, Javan Hawk-eagle and various colored birds like the southern cassowary. Other popular animals are sumatran elephant, kangaroo, giraffe, and zebra.

References

Other websites 

Zoos
A memristor, or memory resistor, is described as one of the basic elements (resistor, capacitor, inductor) of electronic circuits, because it can’t be replaced by any combination of these elements. This element can change its resistivity according to the voltage, but even after disconnection it remembers resistivity for unlimited time. It can work like analog memory or a resistive switch, which can have an infinite number of states.

History
Professor Leon Chua mathematically described this element in 1971.
In 2008 scientists from HP labs described a material that appeared to be a good candidate to construct the hypothetical memristor.

How it works
The fourth element can change its conductivity by the voltage, and after power interruption the amount of the resistivity stays the same. No combination of the other three circuit elements can replace a memristor. Only the memristor allows reconfiguring properties so it allows changing a whole electronic circuit. Analogy behaviour is similar to synapses in the brain.

Future usage
Memristors have great potential for use in computers. For example, computers today have to boot from hard drives because the data is erased from operating memory immediately after shutting down the computer. The process of booting takes much time and energy. Memristors could be used for loading data quicker because it remembers data even after power interruption. Therefore, Memristors could be used to speed the booting process.

The first products using Memristor technology are expected to become available in 2013.

References

Further reading
 YAN Kun(2011). Nonlinstor-An electronic circuit element based on the form of the nonlinear differential equation (Brief annotation of the connection equation(R)), Xi'an: Xi'an Modern Nonlinear Science Applying Institute.

Electronic components
Weevils are herbivorous beetles. They have a long 'snout' at the front of their head, called a rostrum. Weevils are a family, the Curculionidae, which may be the largest beetle family, with about 45,000+ named living species. That makes it the largest family in the animal kingdom. In addition, the superfamily Curculionoidea has ten more families of closely related weevil-type beetles.

Damaging pests 
The family has some pests which damage plants of interest to humans. The most famous weevil is the boll weevil, which ruins cotton crops.

The Ips genus, feeding on Ponderosa pine, introduces a fungus to the tree. The fungus blocks resin canals, which leaves the weevil free to eat. Resin would normally wash the insects out; it is a defence mechanism. The fungus often kills the tree, and groups of dead trees are a focus for forest fires. In this way the insect is indirectly responsible for serious fires.

The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, is a major pest. It attacks both standing crops and stored cereal products, including wheat, rice, sorghum, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, peas, and cottonseed.

New species 
Over 100 new species of weevil have been found on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi.

References 

Polyphaga
4D, meaning the common 4 dimensions, is a concept in mathematics. It has been studied by mathematicians and philosophers since the 18th century.  Mathematicians who studied four-dimension space in the 19th century include Möbius, Schläfi, Bernhard Riemann, and Charles Howard Hinton.

In geometry, the fourth dimension is related to the other three dimensions  of length, width, and depth by imagining another direction through space. Just as the dimension of depth can be added to a square to create a cube, a fourth dimension can be added to a cube to create a tesseract.

4D is also an important idea in physics, developed in the 20th century. In physics, it refers to the idea of time as a fourth dimension, added to the (3D) spatial dimensions.  Albert Einstein developed the idea of spacetime by connecting space and time together. The difference is that spacetime is not a Euclidean space, but instead is called "Minkowski spacetime".

Further reading
RAq2w, Paradoxy vedomi. Praha: PedF UK 1994, str. 78n

Other websites
The Cube shown in Five Dimensions

Geometry
Physics
Profiling is collecting information about someone in order to describe them and/or predict their behaviour and actions. It is often used for criminals or people believed to behaving illegally. More recently used on employees in the work place to improve success

Three main types of criminal profiling 

A basic profile consists of an all points bulletin (APB). It is a visual description based on eyewitness information. 

A psychological profile is created in the absence of eyewitness information, or in addition to, using evidence to create a picture of the suspect and help the police force to understand how the suspect is behaving.

Predictive profiling attempts to predict which people might commit crimes in the future.

Criminal profiling – criminal profiling is a tool used by police forces to create a picture or idea of a suspect based on eyewitness information and any other evidence they have.

Concerns about Profiling 

Some people fear profiling is taken too far by police forces and can lead to harassment and arrest based on skin colour, religious beliefs, culture, nation of origin, or any social type or group that can be stereotyped by characteristic behaviour.

Profiling in Business 

Behavioural profiling is used in business to help recruit the right person for a job, to understand how to improve morale and to drive down staff turnover, pinpoint who is ready for development and in precisely which areas; and boost people management abilities.

References

Psychology
Criminal justice
A fa’afafine is a boy who is raised as a girl all the way through adulthood. Historically, this has been classified as a third gender in the tradition of Samoan society.

This usually occurs when there are too many sons and not enough daughters in a family. They identify themselves as females in a male’s body. People from societies that do not recognize a third gender may mistake them for being either homosexual or transsexual.

Gender roles 
They take on the role of both male and female in the society e.g. teaching, construction and also domestic work. They tend to have sexual intercourse with both sexes, however rarely with another fa’afafine.

References 
http://www.wcc.hawaii.edu/facstaff/dagrossa-p/articles/Faafafine.pdf
http://www.acp-eucourier.info/Fa-afafine-querendo.800.0.html%3F%2526L%3D0

Gender
Samoa
Maslenitsa is one of the most popular and cheerful religious holidays in Russia. It originated from pagan times before Russia was converted to Christianity. At first, this holiday was a symbol of the spring solstice but nowadays it is considered a Christian holiday which goes right before the Great Lent. During Maslenitsa people enjoy almost any food, except meat. Usually Maslenitsa lasts for seven days and on the last day of this holiday people burn a doll which is made of branches and straw and dressed in bright clothes. This doll is called “Maslenitsa” and it symbolizes the cold and severe winter. By burning “Maslenitsa” people say goodbye to winter and greet a warm spring.

Celebration 

Every day of Maslenitsa plays a great role.  On Monday people greet the holiday with games such as sledding, snowballs, riding on swings and so on. Russian people believe that happiness and joy which they feel during this day will accompany them throughout a year. On Tuesday people play games and bake pancakes which are called "blini". Blini are the most popular food which is made during this holiday. These pancakes have a round form and symbolize the Sun and warmth. On Wednesday people usually visit their friends and relatives and treat each other with blini. On Thursday by tradition people try to drive away winter by riding on horses around the village or around the places they live. Friday is usually called “Mothers’-in-law evenings” because sons-in-law come to visit their mothers-in-law. On merry Saturday everyone goes to visit their relatives. All people drink and eat as much as they want and play different games. Sunday is the last day of the holiday. It is also called the Sunday of forgiveness because on this day everyone asks forgiveness from relatives and friends for offences and mistakes committed against them. The most appropriate answer is “God will forgive”. After that people usually sing songs, dance and at the end of the day they burn the doll.

Wedding superstition 
Maslenitsa is also considered as a family holiday because spring is a symbol of new life.  People who marry during this time are considered as very strong and happy couples who will give a birth to many children. During Maslenitsa some people even “punish” those who did not marry yet by throwing them into snow.

Holidays
Russia
The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is a family of single-seat, single-engine, fifth generation multirole Fighter aircraft under development to perform ground attack, reconnaissance, and air defense missions with stealth capability.

The development of the F-35 has been very controversial. Many people feel like the US Air Force has been spending too much money on the F-35 project, and that the government should halt all development of the project.

Simulacrum of stealth multirole fighter 
Su-57 - Simulacrum of the F-22.

On 7 December 2020, the CEO of the corporation Rostec, Sergey Chemezov, said that the first serially manufactured Sukhoi-57 with a first stage engine would be provided for the Russian military by the end of 2020, and the first Sukhoi-57 equipped with the second stage engine would be assembled in 2022. Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu told the Defense Ministry’s board meeting that a total of 22 Sukhoi-57 planes would be provided by the end of 2024. Under a contract concluded in 2019 a total of 76 Sukhoi-57s are to be delivered by the end of 2028.

  - on TASS Official Infographic

References

Military aircraft
F-35
The Blues Band is a British blues band. The band was formed in 1979 by veteran musicians of British blues of the 1960s.

Band history
The band was formed in 1979. 

In the 1960s Paul Jones and Tom McGuinness played for Manfred Mann. Jones worked also as actor and radio DJ.As a harmonica man, he has performed publicly and/or recorded with Memphis Slim, Alexis Korner, Henry Gray, Alvin "Youngblood" Hart, Susan Tedeschi, Eric Bibb and Otis Grand. Hughie Flint was the drummer of  John Mayall's Bluesbreakers. Together with McGuinness he later formed McGuiness Flint who had a hit with "When I´m dead and gone". Dave Kelly was guitarist in the John Dummer Blues Band and in the touring bands of Howlin' Wolf and John Lee Hooker. They played together mostly in London pubs just for fun about playing rhythm ´n blues.

Their first album "The Official Blues Band Bootleg Album" raised no interest with record labels, so they sold it during concerts and via mail order. The record was a fine mixture of blues standards and own songs. Arista signed with the band and the album reached #40 in the charts. 1982 Hughie Flint left the band and was replaced by Rob Townsend. In 1983 they parted but they came together soon.

When not playing with the Blues Band Jones, McGuinness and Townsend are playing with "The Manfreds". The band can be seen as the 1960s Manfred Mann Band without the leader. Dave Kelly plays often with his  "The Dave Kelly Band".

By playing a lot of concerts all over Europe they had and still have a lot of fans. Till present they recorded over 20 albums. It is said, that three generations of a family can be seen in their concerts.

Discography(album) 
1980: The Official Blues Band Bootleg Album
1980: Ready
1981: Itchy Feet
1982: Brand Loyalty
1983: Bye Bye Blues (Live)
1986: These Kind of Blues
1989: Back for More
1991: Fat City
1993: Homage
1995: Wireless
1996: Live at the BBC
1997: 18 Years Old & Alive
1999: The Best of the Blues Band (USA)
2000: Brassed Up
2001: Scratchin' on My Screen
2002: Stepping Out
2004: Be My Guest
2004: The Official Gary Fletcher Bootleg Album (demos)
2005: Blues Band Box (4-CD-Kompilation)
2005: These Kind of Blues
2006: Thank You Brother Ray
2009: Live!
2009: Wire Less

Singles

 Come on in/The Blues Band Song (1980)
 Find yourself another Fool/SUS Blues (1980)
 Nadine/That's all right (1980)
 Who's right, who's wrong?/Itchy Feet (1981)
 Come on/Green Stuff (1981)
 Take me Home/So bad (1982)
 Hey Hey Little Girl/SUS Blues (1982) - limitierte live single
 Seemed like a good Idea/Rolling Log (1982)
 Blue Collar/Duisburg Blues (1989)

DVD 
 Across Borders -Live (2004)
 Steppin' Out on Main (2005)

Quotes
"The music industry doesn’t bother us and we don’t bother them." (Gary Fletcher)

Reading
Roy Bainton: Talk to Me Baby - The Story of the Blues Band, Firebird Books,

Other websites
The Blues Band
The Blues Band Rockpalast-Archiv (German)
Homepage Gary Fletcher

References

Blues bands
Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. It is the subject-matter of toxicology.

A central idea in toxicology is that almost everything is toxic when taken to excess. Effects are dose-dependent: even water can lead to 'water intoxication' when taken in too much. For even a very toxic substance such as elapid snake venom there is a dose below which there is no toxic effect. 

Toxicity is species-specific. A dose which is toxic to one animal may not be toxic to another.

Acute toxicity 
Acute toxicity describes the bad effects of a substance that come either from a single exposure, or from many exposures in a short amount of time (usually less than 24 hours). To be known as acute toxicity, the bad effects should happen within 14 days of the substance thouching something.

Acute toxicity is different from chronic toxicity. Chronic toxicity talks about the bad health effects from many exposures, often at lower levels, to a substance over a longer amount of time (months or years).

It is widely thought to be wrong to use humans as tests for acute (or chronic) toxicity research. However, some information can be picked up from investigating cases when humans accidentally make contact with the substance (e.g., factory accidents). Otherwise, most acute toxicity data comes from animal testing or, more recently, in vitro testing methods and inference from data on similar substances.

References
was a  after Genna and before Shōhō.  This period started in February 1624 and ended in December 1643. During this time, the emperors and empress were , and .

The nengō Kan'ei means "Permanent Liberality".

Events of the Kan'ei era

 1625 (Kan'ei 2): Founding of Kan'ei-ji, which is a Buddhist temple in Ueno.
 4 November 1626 (Kan'ei 3, 16th day of the 9th month): Emperor Go-Mizunoo visited to Nijō Castle.
 22 December 1629 ( Kan'ei 6, 8th day of the 11th month): Go-Mizunoo abdicated; and his daughter received the succession (senso). Soon after, Empress Meishō's role as monarch was confirmed in ceremonies (sokui).
 14 March 1632 (Kan'ei 9, 24th day of the 1st month): Former Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada died.
 28 February 1633 (Kan'ei 10, 20th day of the 1st month): There was an earthquake in Sagami Province.
 1634 (Kan'ei 11, 7th month): Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu visited the new empress in her court; and he visited ex-emperor Go-Mizunoo.
 1635 (Kan'ei 12): Ambassador from the King of Korea was received in Heian-kyō.
 1636 (Kan'ei 13): Coins were minted which stayed in use until 1853.
 1637 (Kan'ei 14): Christian rebellion at Shimabara Castle.
 1638 (Kan'ei 15): Christian religion was made illegal in Japan.
 1643 (Kan'ei 20): An ambassador from the king of Korea was received in Heian-kyō.
 10 November 1643 (Kan'ei 20, 29th day of the 9th month): In the 15th year of Empress Meishō's reign (明正天皇15年), the empress abdicated; and her brother became Emperor Go-Komyō in ceremonies of senso and sokui.

Hayashi Razan and his son wrote Kan'ei shoka kezuden in 1641-1643.  The shogun ordered the writing of this history of the great clans of Japan.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 Bank of Japan (BOJ):  Kan'ei Tsuho ,  Bunsen (copper coin = one mon)

Japanese eras
1624 establishments
17th-century establishments in Japan
1643 disestablishments
17th-century disestablishments in Japan
1640s disestablishments in Asia
1620s establishments in Asia
Fresca is a drink produced by Coca-Cola Company. It is made of citrus. The drink is similar to Squirt from 7UP company.

Drinks
The , also known as , is the central bank of Japan.  The main offices of the bank are in Chuo, Tokyo.

History
Matsukata Masayoshi founded the Bank of Japan in 1882 (Meiji 15).  The bank was adapted from a Belgian banking model.

Changes based on other national banks were made part of bank regulations.  BOJ was given a monopoly on controlling Japan's money supply in 1884.

The Bank of Japan issued its banknotes in 1885  (Meiji 18). In 1897, Japan joined the gold standard.

Location
The Bank of Japan is headquartered in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, on the site of a former gold mint (the Kinza).  It is near the Tokyo's Ginza district The Neo-baroque Bank of Japan building in Tokyo was designed by Tatsuno Kingo in 1896.

Related pages
Japanese yen
Bank of England
European Central Bank
Federal Reserve

Notes

More reading 
 Werner, Richard A. (2003). Princes of the Yen: Japan's Central Bankers and the Transformation of the Economy. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. ;  OCLC 471605161

Other websites 

 Bank of Japan official site ;  
 Building a National Currency—Japan, 1868-1899 

1882 establishments
1880s establishments in Japan
Banks of Asia
Companies of Japan
The 1938 New England Hurricane was an extremely damaging and highly deadly Atlantic tropical cyclone which struck Long Island, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont with strong winds of Category 4 hurricane level. The hurricane didn't curve out to sea like hurricanes usually do. The 1938 storm caused over 300 million in property damage (1938 USD) and killed between 682 and 800 people. Tropical cyclones were not given human names at the time, so the 1938 storm had a number instead.

Hurricanes in the United States
1938 in North America
September events
20th century in the Bahamas
1930s in the United States
20th century in New Jersey
1930s in New York (state)
20th century in Connecticut
20th century in Rhode Island
20th century in Massachusetts
History of Vermont
20th century in New Hampshire
20th century in Maine
1930s in Canada
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Deadly storms
Pygmalion is a play by George Bernard Shaw.

Plot 
A street girl selling flowers, Eliza, meets Professor Higgins. Higgins was writing down her pronunciation for his study, but Eliza misunderstood him as a policeman and caused trouble. Higgins says he can make her a duchess. It was changing her pronunciation. Later she remembers what he said and goes to learn pronunciation with a desire to be an upper class woman. 

Higgins decides to do an experiment with her. He deceives all the people at a party. It was making them believe that she is a duchess. After this success, Higgins suggests two options for Eliza. One is marrying based on her beauty. The other is running a flower shop with money from Colonel Pickering who is a rich man. Eliza refuses to do both of them and she leaves his home. Higgins and Colonel Pickering look for Eliza as soon as they know that she left. They find her in Mrs. Higgins’ house but Eliza refuses to go back. She says she would marry Freddy.

Background 
George Bernard Shaw is famous for giving audiences a twist by not doing what they expect. In comedy, people expect someone in a bad situation to be in a better one at the end. They expect a poor person to marry a rich man. They expect a villain to be punished. In Pygmalion, the flower girl in the bad situation gets better in the end. This girl selling flowers on the street rises to the upper class. It was through changing her language.

However, contrary to the audience's expectation, romance between flower girl and Professor Higgins doesn’t happen. She doesn’t marry a rich man. Also, George Bernard Shaw reflected his beliefs to reform the society in this play. 

In the 20th century, there were many poor people on the street. Especially little girls worked all day for a tiny amount of money. The author had much interest in poor people and women’s freedom. And he believed speech was one of the things that separated rich and poor people. That is the starting point of Pygmalion. He used the change of language as a means to rise to the upper class.

Interpretation 
In mythology, Pygmalion was a sculptor who did not like women. He could not find a woman to love. And he decided to make a statue, Galatea. In the play, Pygmalion is compared to Professor Higgins. And Galatea is compared to Eliza. Pygmalion made Galatea to be his ideal woman. And Professor Higgins changed Eliza into a perfect upper class woman. He taught her everything from how to talk to how to behave in front of people. This process of making Eliza an upper class woman is criticized as playing with a live doll, as though she didn’t have her own soul. Higgins treats her as an object.

Also, the common expectation of audiences that women’s fate is determined by men is criticized. It is because of Eliza’s reaction after the success of pretending to be a duchess. She thought the two options suggested by Higgins would be selling herself. 

When she was selling flowers, at least she didn’t have to sell herself. She doesn’t want to rely on a rich man, but decides to marry a poor man, Freddy. She says she can make something of him. She values love more than anything else.

Plays