cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Wayanad district is the 12th District in the state of Kerala in India. Mananthavady, Sulthanbathery, and Vythiri Taluks are all in Wayanad. The name Wayanad comes from Vayal Nadu and it means the land of paddy fields. It is a high, flat land between 700 meters and 2100 meters above sea level. It is in northeaster Kerala, in the Western Ghat mountains. Wayandad is one of the biggest foreign exchange earners in Kerala because it makes money-earning crops like pepper, cardamom, coffee, tea, and other spices.

History 
In ancient times the Vedar Rajas ruled Wayanad. Later the Pazhassi Raja of the Kottayam Royal Dynasty ruled. Then there was a Mysorean invasion.  Later, the British took over India, which lasted for 200 years. The British fought the Pazhassi Rajah. When the state of Kerala started in 1956, Wayanad was part of the Cannannore district. In 1957, south Wayanad was added to Kozhikode district and north Wayanad stayed with Cannannore district. The district was formed on 1 November 1980 as the 12th district in Kerala by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts.

People 
According to the 2011 census Wayanad district had a population of 816,558. Many Adivasi people live in Wayanad. Many settlers also live in Wayanad. People came to Wayanad from almost all the other parts of Kerala because the farmland is good. Wayanad has a small Jain community made of Gowders who came from Karnataka. They built temples all over the district. There are also many different kinds of Christians living in Wayanad. One fourth of the population of Wayanad is Christian. Another fourth of the population is Muslims, and the rest of the people are Hindus. The entire Wayanad region fell under the Kannada speaking area as per the linguistic survey and history of Colonel Wilks.

References 

Districts of Kerala
Universal Children's Day is an annual celebration of children's rights. It is celebrated on the 20th of November each year.

Background 
On the 14th of December 1954, the United Nations General Assembly recommended that countries celebrate a Universal Children's Day. The date 20 November marks the day on which the assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child. On 20 November 1959 they adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child. 

According to UNICEF millions of children in the world are victims of violence every year. In addition to violence, these children are subject to abuse, neglect and exploitation. This is at home, at work, at school and in the community. It also takes place during wars and natural disasters. Many forms of abuse including corporal punishment and sexual abuse remain legal in many countries. It also remains socially acceptable in many places.

Observance 
Many children around the world live in poor conditions. They do not have access to education or health care. Other children are subject to violence and child labor. Universal Children's Day is celebrated to promote the wellbeing of children everywhere.

Children's Rights 
The Declaration of the Rights of the Child and The Convention on the Rights of the Child describe children's rights. Children's rights include the right to survive and thrive, to be educated, to be free from violence and abuse, to participate and to be heard.

References 

United Nations
Gerald Wayne Clough (born September 24, 1941) is an American educator and engineer. He was the President Emeritus of the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (2008-2015). He retired in October 2014. A graduate of Georgia Tech in civil engineering, he was the first alumnus to serve as President of the Institute.

References

Other websites

G. Wayne Clough speeches collection from Georgia Tech Archives
Biography of G. Wayne Clough  on the Smithsonian website
G. Wayne Clough from the Smithsonian Institution Archives

1941 births
Living people
Educators from Georgia (US)
American engineers
Scientists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Guy Vernon Lewis, II (March 19, 1922 – November 26, 2015) was an American basketball player and coach. He served as the head men's basketball coach at the University of Houston from 1956 to 1986. He was born in Arp, Texas.

Lewis led his Houston Cougars to five appearances in the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament, in 1967, 1968, 1982, 1983, and 1984. He was inducted into National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame in 2007 and the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2013.

Lewis died on the morning of November 26, 2015 at his home in Kyle, Texas from complications following a stroke he suffered about 10 years ago. He was 93 years old.

References

1922 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American basketball players
Sportspeople from Texas
College basketball coaches
John William "Johnny" Bach (July 10, 1924 – January 18, 2016) was an American former professional basketball player and coach. Bach played college basketball at Fordham University and Brown University. He was born in Brooklyn, New York City.

He was selected by the Boston Celtics in the 1948 Basketball Association of America (BAA) Draft, and played 24 games for the Celtics. He coached the Golden State Warriors from 1983 through 1986. He became the assistant coach for the Chicago Bulls from 1986 through 2003. He retired in 2006.

Bach died on January 18, 2016 in Chicago, Illinois at the age of 91.

References

Other websites
 BasketballReference.com: Johnny Bach (as coach)
 BasketballReference.com: Johnny Bach (as player)
 NBA.com Coach File: John Bach

1924 births
2016 deaths
Boston Celtics players
National Basketball Association coaches
Sportspeople from Brooklyn
Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I is a greatest hits album by American musician Stevie Wonder. It was released on May 4, 1982 by Tamla. It is Wonder's second greatest hits album as his first one Looking Back had been released five years before it.

Track listing and personnel
All songs written by Stevie Wonder except "Front Line" by Wonder and Gary Byrd. Arrangements and all vocals and instruments by Wonder except as indicated.

Side one
"Superstition" (from Talking Book) — 4:25
 Trevor Laurence - saxophone; Steve Madaio - trumpet
"You Haven't Done Nothin'" (from Fulfillingness' First Finale) — 3:29
 Reggie McBride - bass; The Jackson 5 - vocals
"Living for the City" (different version as the one from Innervisions) — 7:26
"Front Line" — 5:52
 Benjamin Bridges - electric guitar; Nathan Watts - bass

Side two
"Superwoman (Where Were You When I Needed You)" (from Music of My Mind) — 7:57
 Buzzy Feiten - electric guitar
"Send One Your Love"  (from Stevie Wonder's Journey through the Secret Life of Plants) — 4:02
 Benjamin Bridges, Rick Zunigar - electric guitar
"You Are the Sunshine of My Life" (single version; original version from Talking Book) — 2:51
 Gloria Barley, Lani Groves, Jim Gilstrap - vocals; Scott Edwards - bass; Daniel Ben Zebulon - congas
"Ribbon in the Sky" — 5:35
 Benjamin Bridges - acoustic guitar

Side three
"Higher Ground" (from Innervisions) — 3:46
"Sir Duke" (from Songs in the Key of Life) — 3:52
 Steve Madaio, Raymond Maldonado - trumpets; Trevor Laurence, Hank Redd - saxophones; Michael Sembello - lead guitar; Benjamin Bridges - rhythm guitar; Nathan Watts - bass; Raymond Pounds - drums
"Master Blaster (Jammin')" (from Hotter Than July) — 5:08
 Larry Gittens - trumpet; Trevor Laurence - saxophone; Isaiah Sanders - organ; Benjamin Bridges, Rick Zunigar - electric guitars; Nathan Watts - bass; Dennis Davis - drums; Earl DeRouen - percussion; Shirley Brewer, Alexandra Brown Evans, Marva Holcom, Angela Winbush - vocals
"Boogie On Reggae Woman" (with intro not included on Fulfillingness' First Finale) — 4:55
 Rocky Dzidzornu] - congas
"That Girl" — 5:15

Side four
"I Wish" (from Songs in the Key of Life) — 4:12
 Steve Madaio, Raymond Maldonado - trumpets; Trevor Laurence, Hank Redd - saxophones; Nathan Watts - bass; Raymond Pounds - drums; Renee Hardaway - vocals
"Isn't She Lovely" (from Songs in the Key of Life) — 6:32
 Greg Phillinganes - keyboards; Brenda Barrett, Shirley Brewer, Colleen Carleton, Carole Cole, Nelson Hayes, Dave Henson, Artece May, Edna Orso, Josette Valentino - handclaps
"Do I Do" — 10:27
 Clifton Anderson, Robert Eldgridge, Eugene Ghee, Larry Gittens, Virgil Jones, Earl McIntyre, J.D. Parran, Victor Paz, Janice Robinson, Robert Rutledge, Anthony Tooley, Frank Wess, Alfred Wilson, Britt Woodman, Lorenzo Wyche - horns; Dizzy Gillespie - trumpet; Isaiah Sanders - fender rhodes; Benjamin Bridges, Rick Zunigar - electric guitars; Nathan Watts - bass; Dennis Davis - drums; Earl DeRouen - percussion; Wendy Barnes, Shirley Brewer, Alexandra Brown, Melody McCully - vocals; Paul Riser - string section arrangements

References

1982 albums
Greatest hits albums
R&B albums
Soul albums
Funk albums
A smoke sensor or smoke detector is a device that can detect smoke, which may be an indicator of a fire. There are two basic systems: Simple, standalone sensors usually make a sound or flash a light when they detect smoke. More sophisticated sensors usually send a signal to an fire alarm panel, or system. Most smoke detectors use either an optical sensor, or they use a physical process called ionization. Many simple smoke sensors use batteries. Very often dead batteries are not replaced; when this happens, the smoke sensors stop working.  But, the detector may "chirp" when the battery is low to try and stop this from happening. There are also systems which are directly connected to electrical power; these may use batteries just as a backup.

Smoke detectors are housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like a disk about  in diameter and  thick, but shape and size vary. Smoke can be detected either  optically (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization); detectors may use either, or both, methods. Sensitive alarms can be used to detect, and thus deter, smoking in areas where it is banned. Smoke detectors in large commercial, industrial, and residential buildings are usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is powered by the building power with a battery backup. Domestic smoke detectors range from individual battery-powered units, to several interlinked mains-powered units with battery backup; with these interlinked units, if any unit detects smoke, all trigger even if household power has gone out.

Design

Photoelectric
Photoelectric smoke detectors rely on detecting a lack of light to set the alarm off. The light used could be infrared, visible light, or ultraviolet. When smoke blocks out the light inside a photoelectric smoke detector, the smoke detector detects that there is less light. Below a certain brightness, whether or not it comes from smoke or not, the photoelectric smoke detector will beep.

Ionization
Ionization smoke detectors use radioactive elements to ionize the air. Alpha particles are released from the radioactive element onto air particles so that those air particles become charged. An ionization smoke detector will detect smoke if there is a change in voltage. If smoke enters the smoke detector, some of the alpha particles will attach to the smoke instead of the air particles. This will change the voltage inside the smoke detector, so the smoke detector will beep.

Ionization smoke detectors are cheaper than photoelectric smoke detectors, but they cause more false alarms than photoelectric smoke detectors. Additionally, ionization smoke detectors are slower to react in real house fires.

References

Security
In Square Circle is the twentieth studio album by American singer-songwriter Stevie Wonder. It was released on September 13, 1985 by Tamla. It is his first studio since 1980's Hotter Than July.

Track listing
All songs written, produced and arranged by Stevie Wonder.

Side one
"Part-Time Lover" – 4:09
Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, synthesizers, drums
Luther Vandross – lead vocal, background vocal
Syreeta Wright – background vocal
Philip Bailey - background vocal
*Keith John - background vocal
Melody McCully, Billy Durham, Peter Byrne, Renee Hardaway, Darryl Phinnessee - background vocal
"I Love You Too Much" – 5:30
Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocal, synthesizers, drums, percussion
"Whereabouts" – 4:17
Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, synthesizers, drums, percussion
Keith John - background vocal
Darryl Phinnessee - background vocal
Deniece Williams - background vocal
Howard Smith - background vocal
"Stranger on the Shore of Love" – 5:01
Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocal, synthesizers, drums, harpsichord, accordion
"Never in Your Sun" – 4:07
Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocal, synthesizers, drums, percussion, harmonica

Side two
"Spiritual Walkers" – 5:12
Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, Yamaha CS-80 synthesizer, drums, percussion
Edwin Birdsong - Yamaha CS-80 synthesizer
Larry Gittens - trumpet
Bob Malach - saxophone
Janice Moore, Cheta Akins, Carolyn Garrett, Ruthell Holmes, Kay Gibbs, Valencia Cox - background vocal
"Land of La La" – 5:14
Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocal, synthesizers, electric piano, percussion, drums
Ben Bridges – guitar
Rick Zunigar - guitar
Renee Hardaway - background vocal
"Go Home" – 5:18
Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocal, synthesizers, drums, vocoder
Bob Malach – saxophone
Larry Gittens - trumpet
"Overjoyed" – 3:42
Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, background vocal, acoustic piano, environmental percussion (incl.: crickets, bird sounds, ocean, pebbles in pond, stone dropped, crushing leaves), Yamaha CS-80 synthesizer
Earl Klugh - guitar
Paul Riser - string arrangement
"It's Wrong (Apartheid)" – 6:52 
Stevie Wonder – lead vocal, synthesizers, drums, percussion, kora
Musa Dludla, Thandeka Ngono-Raasch, Linda Bottoman-Tshabalala, Muntu Myuyana, Lorraine Mahlangu-Richards, Fana Kekana, Tsepo Mokone - background vocal

References

1985 albums
R&B albums
Soul albums
Funk albums
Donald Crisp (born George William Crisp, 27 July 188225 May 1974) was an English-born American actor, director, producer and screenwriter. He began his career as a silent movie actor. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1942 for his role in How Green Was My Valley.

Crisp was born in London, England. He studied at the University of Oxford. Crisp died in Los Angeles, California from a stroke at the age of 91.

References

Other websites

Academy Award winning actors
1882 births
1974 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Naturalized citizens of the United States
English movie actors
English stage actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
Actors from London
Movie directors from London
Movie producers from London
Screenwriters from London
Martin Karplus (born March 15, 1930) is an Austrian-born American theoretical chemist. He is the Theodore William Richards Professor of Chemistry, emeritus at Harvard University. He is also Director of the Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory. He is of Jewish descent.

Karplus received the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, together with Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel, for "the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems".

References

Other websites

 Martin Karplus academic genealogy and list of PhD & Postdoc trainees
 Publications
 Karplus research group at Harvard University
 Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory at University of Strasbourg
 Biography at Michigan State University website 
 Martin Karplus photography website
 Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy

1930 births
Living people
American chemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Austrian Jews
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scientists from Vienna
Harvard University faculty
Educators from Virginia
Ezzatolah Entezami (, June 21, 1924 – August 17, 2018) was an Iranian actor. He was born in Tehran, Iran. His first role was as Masht Hassan in the 1969 movie The Cow. He later appeared in many movies such as Mr. Naive, Hamoun, and in 40 Years Old. He also appeared in the television series Hezar Dastan.

Entezami died in Tehran on August 17, 2018 from complications of a stroke at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
 
 An interview with Ezzatollah Entezami in connection with the recently produced biopic "... and the Blue Sky", directed by Ghazaleh Soltani and produced by Ghasem Gholipour, Mehr News Agency, 21 November 2010,   (in Persian). Photo reportage of the interview:  .

1924 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Iranian actors
People from Tehran
Mohamad Ali Keshavarz (, April 15, 1930 – June 14, 2020) was an Iranian movie and theater actor. He was born in Isfahan, Iran. He was known for his role in the television series Hezar Dastan. He also appeared in movies such as Shabe Quzi, Mr. Naive, and in Del Shodegan.

Keshavarz died from a lung infection on June 14, 2020 in Tehran, aged 90.

References

Other websites

 Naghsh Āfarin-i az Esfahan (A Character Actor from Esfahan), in Persian, Jadid Online, 27 January 2009, .A series of photographs of Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz, old and new, Jadid Online: .

1930 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from respiratory tract infection
Iranian actors
Jamshid Mashayekhi (, 26 November 1934 – 2 April 2019) was an Iranian actor. He was born in Tehran, Iran. Mashayekhi was known for his roles in The Cow, Kaiser, and in Adobe and Mirror. He appeared in the television series Hezar Dastan.

Mashayekhi died on 2 April 2019 at a hospital in Tehran from pneumonia complicated by laryngeal cancer, aged 84.

References

Other websites

Celebrating 50-year acting career of Jamshid Mashayekhi, BBC 

1934 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from laryngeal cancer
Iranian actors
People from Tehran
Ali Nassirian (, born 4 February 1935) is an Iranian movie and theater actor. He was born in Tehran, Iran. His career began in 1947 and would last until his retirement in 2008. Nassirian was known for his role in the popular Iranian television series Hezar Dastan (1979-1987). He also appeared in movies such as The Mandrake (1975), Kamalolmolk (1983), Captain Khorshid (1987), and Iron Island (2005).

References

Other websites

1935 births
Living people
Iranian actors
People from Tehran
The People's Republic of China and the Republic of China insist sole legitimacy of China against each other. Practically, the former is administering Mainland China and the two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau and the latter is administering the Taiwan area.

Mainland China

Inner Mongolia

 Ethnic group: Mongolian
 Proposed state: Republic of South Mongol 
 Political parties: Inner Mongolian People's Party (member of the UNO), Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance, Mongolian Liberal Union Party

Tibet Autonomous Region

 Ethnic group: Tibetan
 Proposed state:  Tibet
 Government-in-exile: Lobsang Sangay, Head of the Tibetan Government in Exile (member of the UNO)
 Political parties: International Tibet Independence Movement, National Democratic Party of Tibet
 Advocacy group: Students for a Free Tibet, Tibetan Youth Congress, International Campaign for Tibet
 

Xinjiang Autonomous Region
 Ethnic group: Uyghur
 Proposed state:  East Turkestān 
 Political parties: Uyghurstan Independence Movement
 Militant organisations: East Turkestan Islamic Movement, Uyghurstan National Front
 Advocacy groups: World Uyghur Congress (member of the UNO)

Special administrative regions

Hong Kong
 Proposed state: Republic of Hong Kong 
 Advocacy group: Hong Kong Independence Party

Taiwan area 

Taiwan

Proposed state:  Republic of Taiwan
 Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party)

In perspective of the laws of the Republic of China, the Taiwan Independence movement is considered as secessionism, but practically, the movement seeks to replace the ROC with the Republic of Taiwan because Taiwan area is the only practical region administered by the ROC.

In perspective of the laws of the People's Republic of China, the Taiwan Independence movement is considered as secessionism, too because the PRC considers the Taiwan area as its integral part as a rogue province.

See also
Movies banned in China

References

Other websites
 

Politics of China
National liberation movements
The party was formed on December 28, 1989 under the Chairmanship of Nawaz Khan Naji. The first time reorganized in July 30 1993. In 1947 at the time of Independence of Pakistan the people of the area were predominantly Shia Muslims.  However over the years the ethnic composition has been changed  as sunni Kashmiri and other Pakistanis have settled in this area leading to discontent - although Shias remain the outright majority. A 2008 report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees determined that Pakistan-administered Kashmir, which included Gilgit-Baltistan, was 'Not Free'. In 2009 as part of Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order Act of 2009, the region was granted self-rule for the first time with an elected legislature in its history, despite protests from the Republic of India it asserts that Gilgit-Baltistan is a part of the former Princely state of Kashmir and Jammu which they regard it as so-called an 'integral part' of India. which illegally regards the disputed region as Indian territory.

References

B
Mad was an American animated sketch comedy television series produced by Warner Bros. Animation. The series was based on Mad magazine. Each episode is a collection of short animated parodies of television shows, movies, games, celebrities etc. The humor is both witty and juvenile appealing mostly to tween and teen boys.

It uses various types of animation (CGI, claymation, stop-motion, etc.) instead of the usual animation style that Warner Bros. Animation is known for. The series premiered on the evening of September 6, 2010 on Cartoon Network. The series ended its 4-year run after airing 103 episodes. The series has an age rating of TV-MA.

Voice cast

Principal cast
 Kevin Shinick
 Hugh Davidson
 Mikey Day
 Larry Dorf
 Rachel Ramras
 Gary Anthony Williams

Guest/Other voices

 Jason Antoon
 Eric Artell
 Diedrich Bader
 James Barbour
 Josh Beren
 Gregg Berger
 Jeff Bergman
 Gregg Bissonette
 Steven Blum
 Rachel Butera
 Jen Cohn
 Chris Cox
 Daniel Cummings
 Brian T. Delaney
 Grey DeLisle
 Barry Dennen
 John DiMaggio
 Ben Diskin
 Chris Edgerly
 Eden Espinosa
 Keith Ferguson
 Quinton Flynn
 Will Friedle
 Tamara Garfield
 Ralph Garman
 Mark-Paul Gosselaar
 Gilbert Gottfried
 Clare Grant
 Seth Green
 Nikki Griffin
 Melinda Hamilton
 Anthony Hansen
 Whit Hertford
 Aldis Hodge
 Richard Steven Horvitz
 Tom Kane
 Tom Kenny
 Arif S. Kinchen
 Seana Kofoed
 Stan Lee
 Matthew Lillard
 Beth Littleford
 Eric Lopez
 Biz Markie
 Deborah Marlowe
 Jason Marsden
 Julia McIlvaine
 Jim Meskimen
 Breckin Meyer
 Piotr Michael
 Dan Milano
 Shirley Mitchell
 Jason Nash
 Julie Nathanson
 Nolan North
 Jason Palmer
 Nicole Parker
 Rob Paulsen
 Christopher "Kid" Reid
 Corinne Reilly
 Peter Renaday
 Kevin Michael Richardson
 Joey Richter
 Elizabeth Rodriguez
 Rico Rodriguez
 Salli Saffioti
 Meredith Salenger
 Ben Schwartz
 Michael Sinterniklaas
 Dana Snyder
 Kath Soucie
 Stephen Stanton
 Brody Stevens
 Tara Strong
 James Patrick Stuart
 Cree Summer
 Catherine Taber
 Fred Tatasciore
 Kirk Thornton
 Ho-Kwan Tse
 Christine Tucci
 Alanna Ubach
 Andrew W.K.
 Windy Wagner
 Audrey Wasilewski
 Michaela Watkins
 Frank Welker
 Scott Whyte
 Billy Dee Williams
 Debra Wilson
 Thomas F. Wilson
 Henry Winkler
 Adam Wylie
 "Weird Al" Yankovic
 Victor Yerrid
 Keone Young

Awards and Nominations

2012 Emmy Awards
Outstanding Short Format Animated Program for "Kitchen Nightmares Before Christmas / How I Met Your Mummy" (Nominated).

2012 PAAFTJ Television Awards
Best Animated Series (Nominated)

References 

American comedy television series
English-language television programs
2010 television series debuts
2013 television series endings
Ethan Suplee (born May 25, 1976) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Frankie "The Enforcer" Stechino in Boy Meets World and Randy Hickey in My Name Is Earl. Supplee was born in Manhattan, the son of Debbie and Bill Suplee.

References

Other websites 

1976 births
Living people
Actors from Manhattan
American movie actors
American television actors
VC Zenit-Kazan (Russian: Зенит-Казань) (formerly "Dinamo Tattransgaz Kazan") is a professional volleyball team based in Kazan, Russia. It plays in the Russian Volleyball Super League (7-time champion). The team won the 2007–08, 2011–12 and 2014–15 CEV Champions League titles.

The club was founded on 13 May 2000.

Other websites 
web site

Volleyball clubs
Sport in Russia
2000 establishments
20th-century establishments in Russia
The Nordertor (Danish: Nørreport) is an old town gate of the city of Flensburg. The gate was built around 1595. Today, the little landmark is in use as a symbol for the German town Flensburg.

History 
In 1345 the town of Flensburg began to build its town wall. A gate was built on the north side of the town. It was called Norder Porte. It was replaced by a building in the 16th century called the Nordertor. This marked the northern boundary of the town. It was a checkpoint that was closed in the night.

On the north side of the gate are two plaques. The left one shows the royal coat of arms of King Christian IV, 1577-1648 and the Latin words: „Regna Firmat Pietas“ — Piety strengthens the Realms. The right one shows the coat of arms of Flensburg with the German words: „Friede ernährt, Unfrieden verzehrt“ — Peace nurtures, strife devours. There is also a date- 1767. This means that the town gate was restored in the time of Christian VII, 1749-1808.

After 1796 the town grew beyond the town wall. There had been a ban on building outside the wall before then. The Neustadt (Newtown), in the neighborhood of the Nordertor was built. In 1913 and 1914 it was restored by the architect Paul Ziegler. The Nordertor got a clock. In 1966 the Deutsche Bundespost made a stamp with a picture of the gate on it. It was a 30 Pfennig stamp, used to send letters within Germany. The Nordertor stamps were sold over 3 billion times. In the 1990s the gate was again restored and the clock was removed. In 2004 the gate was licensed as a venue for civil weddings, so that the weddings could be performed since then directly above the archway of the gate.

References

Flensburg
Fortification
Gates
Nymphaea nouchali, (or red and blue water-lily, blue star water-lily, or star lotus) is an aquatic flowering plant in the Nymphaeaceae (water-lily family). It is native to southern and eastern Asia.

N. nouchali grows from rhizomes or tubers rooted under the water. Leaves are oval to round, 13–15 cm (5–6 in), with an open sinus at the leaf base where it attaches to the petiole (leaf stem). Leaves may spread 1.4–1.5 m (4–5 feet) from where the rhizome is rooted. Flowers, which have little fragrance, are star-shaped with 4 sepals and 10–16 petals, and are 5–13 cm (2–5 in) in diameter. Although leaves float on the water surface, flowers are generally held 30 cm (12 in) above water. They are usually pale blue (but can be pink or white) with pale yellow stamens and anthers. 

N. nouchali has been cultivated in southeast Asia for centuries, especially around temples. It is also cultivated in Sri Lanka and gathered from dried ponds in the Republic of India for the rhizomes, which are used as food and animal fodder as a source of starch. In Ayurvedic medicine, it is used to treat indigestion.

Cultivars include N. stellata var. cyanea, which has medium-sized pale to deep blue flowers, and N. stellata var. versicolor, which is commonly exported in the form of tubers from Sri Lanka to Europe and the U.S. for use in the aquariums; the tubers grow quickly after exposure to warm water, making an “instant” aquarium plant.

Symbolism
N. stellata was the state flower of Hyderabad Deccan. A pale blue-flowered N. stellatai is the National flower of Sri Lanka, where it is known as nil mānel or nil mahanel (Singhalese:නිල් මානෙල්).

References

Nymphaeales
Plants of Asia
National symbols of Sri Lanka
The Indian roller (Coracias benghalensis), is a member of the roller family of birds. They are found widely across tropical Asia stretching from Iraq eastward across the Indian subcontinent to Indochina and are best known for the aerobatic displays of the male during the breeding season. They are very commonly seen perched along roadside trees and wires and are commonly seen in open grassland and scrub forest habitats. It is not migratory, but undertakes some seasonal movements.

Birds of Pakistan
Coraciiformes
Philippe Washer (; 6 August 1924 – 27 November 2015) was a Belgian tennis player. He competed in the Davis Cup a number of times, from 1946 to 1961. He was born in Brussels, Belgium. Washer retired from tennis in 1961.

Washer died on 27 November 2015 in Knokke, West Flanders, Belgium from heart failure at the age of 91.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Golfers
Sportspeople from Brussels
Tennis players
Olene Smith Walker (November 15, 1930 – November 28, 2015) was an American politician. She served as the 15th Governor of Utah. She was sworn into office on November 5, 2003, shortly before her 73rd birthday. She became Utah's first female governor. She was a member of the Republican Party.

Walker died from a stroke on November 28, 2015 at her home in Salt Lake City, Utah, aged 85.

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
American Latter Day Saints
Deaths from stroke
Governors of Utah
People from Ogden, Utah
US Republican Party politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Utah
Gerald "Gerry" Byrne (29 August 1938 – 28 November 2015) was an English footballer. He spent his entire playing career at Liverpool Football Club, playing from 1953 through 1969. He later played for the England national football team from 1963 through 1966. He was born in Liverpool, England.

Byrne died in at a nursing home in Wrexham, Wales from Alzheimer's disease at the age of 77.

References

1938 births
2015 deaths
1966 FIFA World Cup players
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in the United Kingdom
English footballers

Sportspeople from Liverpool
Barbro Hiort af Ornäs (28 August 1921 – 28 November 2015) was a Swedish actress. She was born in Gothenburg, Sweden. She won the Best Actress Award at the 1958 Cannes Film Festival for the movie Brink of Life. She was also known for her roles in While the City Sleeps, All These Women, The Passion of Anna, and in The Sense of Marriage. 

Af Ornäs died on November 28, 2015 in Gothenburg from natural causes, aged 94.

References

Other websites

1921 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Swedish movie actors
People from Gothenburg
Maurice F. Strong (April 29, 1929 – November 27, 2015) was a Canadian businessman and diplomat. He represented Canada as Under-Secretary General of the United Nations.

Strong had his start as an entrepreneur in the Alberta oil patch and was President of Power Corporation of Canada until 1966. In the early 1970s he was Secretary General of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment and then became the first executive director of the United Nations Environment Programme. He returned to Canada to become Chief Executive Officer of Petro-Canada from 1976 to 1978. He was President of the Council of the University for Peace from 1998 to 2006.

Strong was born in Manitoba, Canada. He died at the age of 86 on November 27, 2015.

References

1929 births
2015 deaths
Canadian businesspeople
Canadian politicians
Activists
People from Manitoba
Theodore "Ted" Schwinden (born August 31, 1925) is an American politician. He served as the 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Montana serving from 1977 through 1981. He later served as the 19th Governor of Montana serving from 1981 through 1989.

References

1925 births
Living people
Governors of Montana
US Democratic Party politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Montana
Philip Eugene "Phil"  Batt (born March 4, 1927) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was the 29th Governor of Idaho serving from 1995 to 1999. Between 1979 until 1983, Batt was the Lieutenant Governor of Idaho. He was born in Wilder, Idaho

References

Other websites

 Idaho Public Television: Phil Batt 
 The Almanac of American Politics: Phil Batt 
 National Governors Association 

1927 births
Living people
Governors of Idaho
US Republican Party politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Idaho
George Patterson Nigh (born June 9, 1927) is an American politician. He served as the 17th and 22nd Governor of Oklahoma serving from January 6, 1963 through January 14, 1963 and then again from January 3, 1979 through January 12, 1987. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was born in McAlester, Oklahoma.

References

Other websites
Voices of Oklahoma interview with George Nigh. First person interview conducted on May 1, 2009 with George Nigh. Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project.

1927 births
Living people
Governors of Oklahoma
US Democratic Party politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Oklahoma
Robert Dolph Ray (September 26, 1928 – July 8, 2018) was an American politician. He served as the 38th Governor of Iowa serving from January 16, 1969 to January 14, 1983. He was a member of the Republican Party. Ray was born in Des Moines, Iowa.

Ray served as acting Mayor of Des Moines in 1997 and also served as President of Drake University in 1998.

Ray died in Des Moines on July 8, 2018 from Parkinson's disease, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 Robert D. Ray Collection - personal papers and official documents 1987-1999, at Cowles Library, Drake University

1928 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Governors of Iowa
American mayors
Politicians from Des Moines, Iowa
US Republican Party politicians
Albert Preston Brewer (October 26, 1928 – January 2, 2017) was an American politician. He was the 47th Governor of Alabama serving from May 7, 1968, until January 18, 1971. He was a member of the Democratic Party. 

Brewer was born in Bethel Springs, Tennessee. He studied at the University of Alabama. He was married to Martha Farmer from 1950 until her death in 2006. Brewer died on January 2, 2017 in a hospital in Birmingham, Alabama, aged 88.

References

Other websites
 Albert Brewer's biography from Cumberland School of Law website 

1928 births
2017 deaths
Governors of Alabama
Politicians from Tennessee
US Democratic Party politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Alabama
Robert David Fulton (born May 13, 1929) is an American politician. He briefly served as the 37th Governor of Iowa during the first 16 days of 1969. He also served as the 38th Lieutenant Governor of Iowa from 1965 to 1969. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Fulton was born in Waterloo, Iowa.

References

1929 births
Living people
Governors of Iowa
Lieutenant Governors of Iowa
US Democratic Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
People from Waterloo, Iowa
Stanley Graham Stephens (September 16, 1929 – April 3, 2021) was an American politician and broadcaster. He served as the 20th Governor of Montana from 1989 until 1993. He was born in Calgary, Alberta. Stephens is a member of the Republican Party.

Stephens died on April 3, 2021 in Kalispell, Montana at the age of 91.

References

Other websites
Montana Broadcasters Association 
National Governors Association 
Montana Historical Society 
The Political Graveyard

1929 births
2021 deaths
Governors of Montana
Politicians from Calgary
US Republican Party politicians
Murphy James Foster, Jr., known as Mike Foster (July 11, 1930 – October 4, 2020) was an American politician. He served as the 53rd Governor of Louisiana. He served from January 1996 until January 2004. Foster is a businessman, landowner, and sportsman in St. Mary Parish.

Foster died in Franklin, Louisiana on October 4, 2020 at the age of 90.

References

Other websites
State of Louisiana – Biography 
DuBos, Clancy.  “Foster on Fire.”  Gambit Weekly.  October 3, 1995.
Kurtz, David.  “Mike’s Millions:  He may be a working man, but Mike Foster certainly doesn’t have to.”  New Orleans Magazine, May 1996.
Reeves, Miriam.  The Governors of Louisiana.  Gretna: Pelican Publishing, 1998.
Warner, Chris.  “Mike Foster’s Legacy: What Will it Be?” State Business Louisiana. Winter 2002.
Governor Murphy J. "Mike" Foster, Jr. 

1930 births
2020 deaths
Businesspeople from Louisiana
American military personnel of the Korean War
Episcopalians
Governors of Louisiana
Ranchers
US Republican Party politicians
Edward Walter "Ed" Gillespie (born August 1, 1961) is an American Republican politician. He served as the 61st Chairman of the Republican National Committee and Counselor to the President during George W. Bush's administration.

Gillespie, along with Democrat Jack Quinn, founded Quinn Gillespie & Associates, a bipartisan lobbying firm. In January 2014, Gillespie announced he was running for Virginia's U.S. Senate seat currently held by Mark Warner in the 2014 election, and on June 7, 2014, he received the Republican nomination.

In October 2015, Gillespie announced his plans to run for Governor of Virginia in 2017. In June 2017, he became the Republican Party's candidate for governor in Virginia's 2017 election, facing Democratic nominee Ralph Northam who later won the election.

References

Other websites
 Official Senate Campaign Website
 Quinn & Gillespie 
 
 Chris Oakes, "Selling America on Crypto," Wired, March 4, 1998.
 The United States Needs a Clear and Realistic Encryption Policy , Statement of Edward Gillespie, executive director, Americans for Computer Privacy, March 4, 1999.
 Jim VandeHei, "Bush Policies Ease Transition For Aides Into Lobbyist Jobs," Wall Street Journal, March 19, 2001.https://web.archive.org/web/20030226013426/http://www.counterpunch.org/pipermail/counterpunch-list/2001-March/007364.html
 Ryan Lizza, "The Insider," New Republic, June 19, 2001.https://web.archive.org/web/20021030041000/http://www.tnr.com/073001/lizza073001_print.html
 A look at the 2004 presidential field , CNN.com, January 1, 2003: Ed Gillespie joined "Crossfire" hosts James Carville and Tucker Carlson.
 Robert Novak, "Bush on the Hill," Creators Syndicate, May 24, 2003.
 Mike Allen, "Bush Picks Campaign Chief, RNC Chairman ," Washington Post, June 17, 2003.
 Elisabeth Bumiller, "Fierce Defender of President to Lead Campaign for Court", New York Times, July 6, 2005.
 Thomas B. Edsall, "Lobbyist to Campaign For Bush Court Nominee: Gillespie Choice Marks Bid to Use GOP Muscle", Washington Post, July 8, 2005.
 

1961 births
Living people
American lobbyists
American Roman Catholics
Politicians from New Jersey
Politicians from Virginia
US Republican Party politicians
James Edward "Joe" Marston MBE (7 January 1926 – 29 November 2015) was an Australian association football player. He became the first Australian to appear in a FA Cup Final when he turned out for Preston North End in their 1954 defeat to West Bromwich Albion. He was born in Leichhardt, New South Wales, Australia.

Martson's death was announced on 29 November 2015. He was 89 years old.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
Australian footballers
Sportspeople from New South Wales
Fernando de la Rúa (15 September 1937 – 9 July 2019) was an Argentine politician. He was president of the country from December 10, 1999 to December 21, 2001. He resigned during the December 2001 riots.

He died of heart and kidney failure in Belén de Escobar, Argentina on 9 July 2019 at the age of 81.

References

Other websites

 Biography and tenure by CIDOB (in Spanish)

1937 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from renal failure
Presidents of Argentina
Loretta Elizabeth Lynch (born May 21, 1959) is an American politician. She was the 83rd Attorney General of the United States from April 27, 2015 to January 20, 2017. Before, she served as United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York from 1999 through 2001 and again from 2010 through 2015. 

Lynch was nominated by President Barack Obama on November 8, 2014. Her appointment was confirmed on April 23, 2015 by a 56 to 43 vote. Her nomination process was one of the longest in the history of the United States, taking 166 days after she was first nominated for the post.

References

Other websites

 

1959 births
Living people
United States Attorneys General
African American lawyers
Politicians from North Carolina
Politicians from New York City
People from Greensboro, North Carolina
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from North Carolina
Lawyers from New York City
Michael Bernard Mukasey
(;
born July 28, 1941)
is an American lawyer and former judge. He served as the 81st Attorney General of the United States. Mukasey was appointed following the resignation of Alberto Gonzales. Mukasey also served for 18 years as a judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, appointed by Ronald Reagan, six of those years as Chief Judge.

References

1941 births
Living people
United States Attorneys General
American judges
Lawyers from New York City
Politicians from New York City
US Republican Party politicians
William Pelham "Bill" Barr (born May 23, 1950) is an American attorney. He was the 85th Attorney General of the United States from February 14, 2019 to December 23, 2020 under the Donald Trump presidency. Before, he was the 77th Attorney General under the George H. W. Bush presidency from 1991 to 1993.

On December 7, 2018, President Donald Trump announced that he would nominate Barr to again serve as Attorney General of the United States. He was confirmed, for a second time, as Attorney General on February 14, 2019, and assumed office later the same day.

On December 14, 2020, Trump announced that Barr would be resigning as attorney general, effective December 23.

References

1950 births
Living people
United States Attorneys General
Lawyers from New York City
Politicians from New York City
US Republican Party politicians
Nicholas deBelleville "Nick" Katzenbach (January 17, 1922 –  May 8, 2012) was an American lawyer. He was the United States Attorney General during the Lyndon B. Johnson administration. He was Attorney General from February 1965 through October 1966.

Other websites

Oral History Interviews with Nicholas Katzenbach, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library 
Artículo en español del diario "El País", 26 de mayo de 2012, "Nicholas Katzenbach, crucial político en la sombra"

1922 births
2012 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Lawyers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American military personnel of World War II
Episcopalians
Politicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Princeton University alumni
United States Attorneys General
US Democratic Party politicians
Yale University alumni
United States Deputy Attorneys General
Elliot Lee Richardson (July 20, 1920 December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a member of the cabinet of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. As U.S. Attorney General, he was a known figure in the Watergate Scandal, and resigned rather than obey President Nixon's order to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox.

Richardson served as Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare from 1970 to 1973, Secretary of Defense from January to May 1973, Attorney General from May to October 1973, and Secretary of Commerce from 1976 to 1977. That makes him one of only two individuals to have held four Cabinet positions within the United States government (the other such individual being George Shultz).

On December 31, 1999, Richardson died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Boston, Massachusetts, at the age of 79.

References

Other websites
 Social Security Administration Biography - Elliot L. Richardson
 

1920 births
1999 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
United States Secretaries of Commerce
United States Secretaries of Defense
United States Attorneys General
Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
US Republican Party politicians
Lawyers from Boston
Frequency probability or Frequentism is one of the interpretations of probability theory. Repeating a scientific experiment very often gives a number of results. It is then possible, to count the number of times that a given event happened and compare it to the total number of experiments.

This interpretation of probabiilty was very important for statistics. People who use this interpretation are often called Frequentists. Well-known frequentists include  Richard von Mises, Egon Pearson, Jerzy Neyman, R. A. Fisher and John Venn.

Other interpretations of probability are Bayesian probability and Axiomatic probability theory

Mathematics
Bad Santa is a 2003 American Christmas criminal black comedy movie.

Cast
 Billy Bob Thornton
 Tony Cox
 Brett Kelly
 Lauren Graham

Soundtrack
 Nocturne No. 2 in E-Flat Minor Op 9
 Jingle Bell Rock by Bobby Sherman

References

2003 comedy-drama movies
2003 crime movies
2000s crime drama movies
2000s criminal comedy movies
American comedy-drama movies
American crime drama movies
American criminal comedy movies
American black comedy movies
Christmas movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Arizona
Phoenix, Arizona in fiction
Property law covers two types of property in the common law legal system, real property and personal property. In the civil law system, there is a division between movable and immovable property. Movable property is more or less the same as personal property. It includes money, stocks, notes, copyrights and patents.

History 
The idea behind all property law is property. In some jurisdictions, historically all property was owned by the monarch. Land ownership was through land tenure in feudal systems. The first legal right of absolute ownership was under Roman law and was called dominion.

The Napoleonic Code was among the first government acts of modern times to introduce the notion of absolute ownership into statute. But protection of personal property rights was present in medieval Islamic law.

References 

Law
Legal terms
Super Mario 128 refers to a series of development projects that were originally to be used only to create a sequel to Super Mario 64. As debuted at Nintendo's Space World trade show in 2000, the demonstrated graphics and physics concepts were gradually incorporated into various games across many years.  This includes the rapid object generation in Pikmin, the "sphere walking" technology used in The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess and Super Mario Galaxy, and the physics of Metroid Prime.

History

Super Mario 64 sequel
The name Super Mario 128 was first used as early as January 1997 by Shigeru Miyamoto, as a possible name for a Super Mario 64 sequel. This rumored expansion and sequel to Super Mario 64 called Super Mario 64-2 was said to be developed for the 64DD, but ended up being cancelled due to the 64DD's commercial failure. Shigeru Miyamoto mentioned at E3's 1997 convention that he was "just getting started" on the project.

In November 1999, Shigeru Miyamoto said, "Well, for over a year now at my desk, a prototype program of Mario and Luigi has been running on my monitor. We've been thinking about the game, and it may be something that could work on a completely new game system." The game had only a demo of one level made for it. Miyamoto claimed that multiplayer functionality was the first aspect of the game that he wanted to include.

References

Mario video games
Cancelled Nintendo GameCube games