cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Robert Selden Duvall (born January 5, 1931) is an American actor and director.  Duvall won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Tender Mercies (1983). He has also won the Screen Actors Guild Award, several Golden Globe Awards, and a BAFTA Award.

Early life 
Duvall was born in San Diego, California. His parents were Mildred Virginia Hart and William Howard Duvall. He studied at Severn School in Severna Park, Maryland and The Principia in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated, in 1953, from Principia College in Elsah, Illinois.

Career 
Duvall's career began in 1952. His first role was as Arthur "Boo" Radley in the 1962 movie To Kill A Mockingbird. He then appeared on Captain Newman, M.D. (1963).

He landed many of his most famous roles during the early 1970s, such as Major Frank Burns in the blockbuster comedy MASH (1970) and the lead role in THX 1138 (1971), as well as Horton Foote's adaptation of William Faulkner's Tomorrow (1972). This was followed by a series of critically lauded performances in commercially successful films.

Personal life 
Duvall's political views are variously described as libertarian or conservative.

Duvall was married to Barbara Benjamin from 1964 until they divorced in 1975. Then, he was married to Gail Youngs from 1982 through 1985. Then he was married to Sharon Brophy from 1991 through 1996. He has been married to Argentine actress Luciana Pedraza since 2005.

Duvall has no children. He lives in The Plains, Virginia.

Movies 
He has appeared in many other films including:

 To Kill A Mockingbird (1962)
 M*A*S*H (1970)
 The Godfather (1972)
 Tomorrow (1972)
 Network (1976)
 Apocalypse Now (1979)
 True Confessions (1981)
 Colors (1988)
 The Apostle (1997)
 The Judge (2014)
 Widows (2018)

Legacy 
In 2015, at age 84, Duvall became the oldest person ever nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards, with a nomination for the movie The Judge.

References

Other websites 

 
 

Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Actors from San Diego, California
Actors from Virginia
Actors from Maryland
Actors from Illinois
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
Movie directors from California
Movie directors from Illinois
Republicans (United States)
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American activists
1931 births
Living people
Motown is a famous record label founded in Detroit, Michigan in the late 1950s by Berry Gordy. It is known for signing many well-known rhythm and blues singers and groups. Some of the artists who sang on the label include:
 Smokey Robinson and the Miracles
 The Temptations
 The Supremes
 The Jackson 5
 The Four Tops
 Gladys Knight and the Pips
 Marvin Gaye
 The Isley Brothers
 Rick James

"Motown" can also refer to the city of Detroit itself, or to the genre of music made by artists like those listed above.

Other websites

1959 establishments in the United States
American record labels
Detroit, Michigan
Music genres
1950s establishments in Michigan
Vanilla Ninja is a music group made up of four girls named Lenna Kuurmaa, Katrin Siska, Piret Järvis. Previous members are Triinu Kivilaan & Maarja Kivi.
The band has had some popular songs in Europe and they were in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005.

Discography 
 All released singles and their chart peak position: Estonia (EST), Germany (GER), Austria (AUT), Switzerland (SWI), Poland (POL), and Finland (FIN).

Albums

Singles

Music videos

DVDs 
 2004 - Traces of Sadness (Live in Estonia)
 2005 - Best Of: The Video Collection

Band members

Current 
 Lenna Kuurmaa – vocals, guitar
 Katrin Siska – keyboard, vocals
 Piret Järvis – guitar, vocals

Former 
 Maarja Kivi – vocals, bass (2002 - 2004)
 Triinu Kivilaan – bass, vocals (2004 - 2005)

Other websites 

 Vanilla Ninja Official Estonian Website
 Vanilla Ninja Official Latinoamerican Website 
 Vanilla Ninja Fansite in English 
 Vanilla Ninja Portaal 
 VN-VIP Community  (German)
 Vanilla Ninja Lithuania (Lietuva)
 Vanilla Ninja Argentina 
 Vanilla Ninja Mexico 
 Vanilla Ninja Chile 
  VN-LINN The International Vanilla Ninja Fanclub
 
 

 
Estonian musical entertainers
2000s music groups
Rock bands
Pop music groups
Events 
 January 1 – Ole Pedersen Hoiland breaks into the Bank of Norway and steals 64.000 dalers (Swedish dollars)
 January 30 – Unsuccessful assassination attempt against President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol – first assassination attempt against a President of the United States.
 February 20 – Concepción, Chile is destroyed by an earthquake
 March 2 – Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria.
 April 18 – Lord Melbourne becomes the new British Prime Minister.
 May 5 – In Belgium a railroad opens from Brussels to Mechelen. It is the first railway in continental Europe.
 May 6 – James Gordon Bennett, Sr. makes the first issue of the New York Herald.
 July 4 – The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad finishes the Thomas Viaduct, at the time the longest bridge in the United States, and the second longest in the world. (London Bridge was the longest in the world at the time)
 September 7 – Charles Darwin gets to the Galapagos Islands aboard HMS Beagle.
 October 2 – Texas Revolution begins: Battle of Gonzales – Mexican soldiers try to get the people of Gonzales, Texas to give up their weapons, but the Texans fight back
 December 9 – The Army of the Republic of Texas captures San Antonio.
 December 16 – Fire in New York City destroys 530 buildings
 December 19 – Toledo Blade newspaper begins publishing.
 December 28 – Seminole fighter Osceola and his warriors attack U.S. government agent Thompson outside Fort King in Central Florida, starting the Second Seminole War.
 The State of Ohio and the Michigan Territory fight the Toledo War over the city of Toledo and the Toledo Strip.
 De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestum, Copernicus' book on the motion of the Earth, is removed from the Index of Prohibited Books.
 Samuel Colt patents the first revolver
 Civil war erupts in Uruguay between supporters of Blanco and Colorado parties
 The first Bulgarian-language school opens in the Ottoman Empire.
 The French word for their language changes to français, from françois
 The Australian city of Melbourne is founded by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner.

Art, music, theatre, and literature 
 May 8 – Hans Christian Andersen publishes his first four fairy tales
 June 2 – P.T. Barnum and his circus begin their first tour of the United States
 September 26 – Donizetti's opera Lucia di Lammermoor is performed for the first time

Births 
 March 15 – Eduard Strauss, Austrian composer (d. 1916)
 April 9 – King Léopold II of Belgium (d. 1909)
 June 2 – Pope Pius X (d. 1914)
 October 23 – Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice President of the United States (d. 1914)
 November 25 – Andrew Carnegie, American industrialist and philanthropist (d. 1919)
 November 30 – Mark Twain, American writer and humorist (d. 1910)

Deaths 
 March 2 – Emperor Francis I of Austria (b. 1768)
 April 21 – Samuel Slater, American industrialist (b. 1768)
 May 13 – John Nash, English architect (b. 1752)
 June 18 – William Cobbett, English journalist and writer (b. 1763)
 July 28 – Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, French marshal (b. 1768)
 September 23 – Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (b. 1801)
Vanuatu is a country in the Pacific Ocean. The official languages of Vanuatu are Bislama, English and French. Vanuatu has a population of over 250,000 people. The capital of Vanuatu is Port Vila. The country was ruled as a colony by England and France. It got its independence in 1980. During the colonial time, it was named the "New Hebrides" or "Nouvelles Hebrides".

History 
Evidence shows, that people lived in Vanuatu by 1300 BC. Portuguese explorer Pedro Fernández de Quirós first discovered the islands in 1606. British explorer, navigator James Cook discovered the islands in 1774. Cook mapped the islands and named them New Hebrides.

Geography
Vanuatu is an island archipelago.  It has about 82 small islands.  The islands were made from volcanoes. 65 of the islands are inhabited. There is about  north to south distance between the outermost islands. Two of the islands (Matthew and Hunter) are also claimed by France. Fourteen of Vanuatu's islands have surface areas of more than .

The highest point in Vanuatu is Mount Tabwemasana, at , on the island of Espiritu Santo.

Flora and fauna
Even though it has tropical forests, Vanuatu has a small number of plant and animal species. There are no large mammals. The 19 species of native reptiles include the flowerpot snake, found only on Efate. The Fiji Banded Iguana (Brachylophus fasciatus) was introduced as a feral animal in the 1960s. There are 11 species of bats and 61 species of land and water birds.

The region is rich in sea life. There are more than 4,000 species of marine molluscs. Coneshell and stonefish carry poison that will kill humans. The giant East African land snail arrived only in the 1970s but already has spread from the Port-Vila region to Luganville.

There are three or possibly four adult saltwater crocodiles living in Vanuatu's mangroves and no current breeding population.  It is said the crocodiles reach the northern part of the islands after cyclones.   This is because of the island chain's closeness to the Solomon Islands and New Guinea, where crocodiles are very common.

Cuisine
The national dish of Vanuatu is the lap lap.

Locations
There are six provinces in Vanuatu. They are Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, Tafea and Torba.

Some of the cities are:
Bunlap
Forari
Ipikil
Ipota
Isangel
Lakatoro
Lamap
Loltong
Longana
Lorevilko
Luganville
Lénakel
Port Olry
Port Vila - Capital
Rovo Bay
Sola
Sulphur Bay
Whitesands

Gallery

References

 
Commonwealth member states
Least developed countries
1980 establishments in Oceania
Jack is a male given name. It might also mean:

Jack (1996 movie), a 1996 movie directed by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Robin Williams
Jack (Tekken), a character in the Tekken series of video games
Jack (tool), a tool used for lifting
A playing card that has a J on it
A Phone connector
Crayola is an American brand of crayons and other writing and drawing utensils, such as markers, chalk and colored pencils. The company used to be called "Binney & Smith Company". It is based in Northampton, Massachusetts. Since 1984, it has been owned by the company Hallmark Cards.

History
Binney and Smith made industrial products before 1900, but in 1903 started to make Crayola crayons.  The name came from a word used by the wife of Mr. Binney.  The first box had eight colors: blue, green, red, yellow, black, brown, orange and violet.  They became well-known because they were the best crayons at that time.  Later, the company made more products, including boxes of 48, 64, 96, 120 and 200 Crayons, colored pencils and markers.

References

Art
Sir Richard Starkey MBE (born 7 July 1940), known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English actor and musician. He is known as a former member of the Beatles. He joined the group in 1962 as a replacement for their first drummer Pete Best. He quickly became well-liked and very popular. He sang lead on some of the band's songs including "Yellow Submarine", "Act Naturally", "Don't Pass Me By", and "Octopus's Garden".

After the group broke up he became a solo artist; his songs included "It Don't Come Easy", "Photograph" (written with George Harrison), "You're Sixteen" (featuring Paul McCartney and Harry Nilsson), and "Only You (And You Alone)" (with John Lennon and again with Nilsson).

Starr acted in several movies aside from the ones he did with the Beatles, including The Magic Christian (1969), That'll Be The Day (1973), Caveman (1980), and the role of Mr. Conductor on the children's show Shining Time Station, during its first season (1989). (Comedian George Carlin later took over the role). He also narrated the children's show Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends for the first two seasons (1984-1986). He also made a movie with the Beatles called A Hard Day's Night in 1964. He guest starred in the first episode of Courage the Cowardly Dog as an Alien Duck.

Discography
Studio albums
 Sentimental Journey (1970)
 Beaucoups of Blues (1970)
 Ringo (1973)
 Goodnight Vienna (1974)
 Ringo's Rotogravure (1976)
 Ringo the 4th (1977)
 Bad Boy (1978)
 Stop the Smell the Roses (1981)
 Old Wave (1983)
 Time Takes Time (1992)
 Vertical Man (1998)
 Ringo Rama (2003)
 Choose Love (2005)
 Liverpool 8 (2008)
 Y Not (2010)
 Ringo 2012 (2012)

References

Other websites
Ringo Starr's official website

 
1940 births
Living people
Academy Award winners
Actors from Liverpool
English drummers
English movie actors
English movie producers
English voice actors
Grammy Award winners
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Musicians from Liverpool
The Beatles members
Oslo is the capital city of Norway. It is Norway's largest city, with a population of 647,676 people in 2015. The area near the city has a total population of 1,546,706. The city government of Oslo and the county are the same thing.

Oslo today 
The city is an economic and cultural epicenter. Many important institutions are in Oslo. Among these are the Norwegian government and parliament, the University of Oslo and Ullevål Stadium, the stadium of Norway's soccer team. The city also has many museums, theaters and concert venues. Some good cultural places are Frognerparken, the Oslo Opera, the National Museum and the National Theatre. Travelling inside the city is easy with public transportation. Using tram, subway and bus is easy.

Oslo feels divided into to two parts. West end and East end, with the West traditionally being the upper/middle class area and the East end being a working class and poor area. This has faded in the last 50 years. Fewer people are manual workers and more people are employed in better paid middle-class jobs. Oslo is a very expensive city, with high prices in bars and restaurants, as well as high prices for houses and apartments.

Currently, the mayor of Oslo is Marianne Borgen from The Socialist Left Party.

Oslo has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

History
The Saga of Norwegian Kings (written by Snorre Sturlason) says that king Harald III Sigurdsson founded Oslo around 1048. Recent archaeological research has found Christian graves from before 1000. Because of these two facts, Oslo celebrated its 900-year anniversary in 1950 and its 1000-year anniversary in 2000.

One of the more famous landmarks in Oslo is Akershus Fortress. It was first built around 1290. Oslo was destroyed in fire in 1624, and the fortress was rebuilt closer to Akershus Fortress by the order of King Christian IV of Norway. The king gave the new city the name Christiania, which later also written as Kristiania. In 1925 the name of the city was changed back to Oslo.

Other websites 
Oslo Kommune official website

Olympic cities
 
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
11th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Norway
Lincoln Thompson (June 18, 1949 - January 23, 1999) was a Jamaican reggae musician, songwriter and Rastafarian. He spent 2 years in the Tartans as a teenager before working under Coxsone Dodd in the early 1970s. In 1974 he released his first record, Humanity. The album had popular singles but it did not sell many copies until Thompson made a deal with Ballistics Records, a part of the record label United Artists, in 1979. This album was released commercially and there were 2 other albums recorded with Ballistics. These albums were recorded in 1979 and 1980. Experience was recorded in Jamaica. The next album, Natural Wild, was recorded in England with Joe Jackson. Ballistics went bankrupt, and Thompson returned to Jamaica. There, he recorded the album, Ride with the Rasses in 1982. The next year, he took his family to live in London where he recorded a 5th album, Rootsman Blues. He then set up an Ital grocery shop named The Rasses Fish and Grocery Store in London. Thanks to an American sponsor, a 6th album came out in 1996, called 21st century. He died in 1999 of cancer.

Other websites 
 Album lyrics

1949 births
1999 deaths
Jamaican entertainers
Reggae musicians
Rastafari
Songwriters
Tom Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor, director, producer, screenwriter, and writer.

Career
Many of Hanks' early movies were comedies. He was made famous by his roles in Splash and Big. He made his way into drama with A League of Their Own and Philadelphia. He combined the two genres with Forrest Gump. Hanks has starred in many more famous movies since, including Apollo 13, Saving Private Ryan, Toy Story (only his voice was used), Cast Away, The Terminal, The Da Vinci Code, The Green Mile, Captain Phillips, Sully, Bridge of Spies and The Post.

Hanks played Fred Rogers in Marielle Heller's biographical movie A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood (2019), a role which earned him a Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations.

Hanks has won several awards for acting. He won both a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Philadelphia. He also won a Golden Globe, an Academy Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and a People's Choice Award for Best Actor for his role in Forrest Gump.

In 2014, he received a Kennedy Center Honor and, in 2016, he received a Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama, as well as the French Legion of Honor.

Personal life
For his role in Saving Private Ryan, Hanks was honored as an honorary member of the United States Army Rangers Hall of Fame.

In December 2019, he was naturalized as an honorary Greek citizen by the President of Greece.

On March 12, 2020, Hanks announced that he and his wife Rita had tested positive for COVID-19 while shooting Elvis in Australia.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music video appearances

Stage

References

1956 births
Living people
Actors from Contra Costa County, California
American Christians
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Concord, California
People's Choice Award winners
Saturn Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Writers from California
Sir Mix-a-Lot (born Anthony Ray on August 12, 1963) is an American rapper and producer.

His style of music is called "hip-hop." He was born in Seattle, Washington. He is best known for his hit song "Baby Got Back". That song has catchy phrases and cheap humor, and it talks about liking women with big buttocks. This made it popular in the United States during the 1990s.

Sir Mix-a-Lot is not actually a peer of the realm but has assumed the title 'Sir' for humorous or ironic effect.

Other websites 
 Official website 
 

Actors from Seattle, Washington
African American actors
American movie actors
American rap musicians
African-American rappers
American television actors
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Seattle, Washington
1963 births
Living people
James Earl Jones (born Todd Jones on January 17, 1931) is an American actor. He is famous for doing the voice of Darth Vader in the Star Wars movies, for doing the voice of Mufasa in The Lion King and in the 2019 remake, and for the CNN tagline ("This...is CNN").  He starred in Lincoln Portrait which has music by Aaron Copland.

Jones has won two Tony Awards for his live theatre work on Broadway. He won an Emmy Award for his role on the television series Gabriel's Fire.

He is a son of actor Robert Earl Jones.

References

Other websites

 
 
 James Earl Jones  at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
 
 James Earl Jones at Emmys.com
 TonyAwards.com Interview with James Earl Jones 
 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof All African-American Production Website 

1931 births
Living people
Actors from Mississippi
African American actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
A lesbian is a homosexual woman. This means a woman who is sexually attracted to other women, and not to men.

The word lesbian comes from Lesbos (), an island in Greece. An ancient poet, Sappho, lived on Lesbos. Sappho wrote mostly poems about love. Many of her love poems are written to women. So her name and the island where she lived make people think about women who love women. Sometimes lesbians are also called Sapphists from the name Sappho. Sapphic can be used as an umbrella term for love between women, regardless of their sexual or romantic orientation.

Lesbians and feminism
Lesbians were involved in the early feminist (a movement of women who want to be treated equally to men) movement. Feminism is the political and social movements that promote women's equality and rights. However, there was conflict between lesbians and straight (heterosexual) women in the feminist movement. In the 1960s and 1970s some straight (women who like men) feminists wanted the lesbians out of the women's rights movement. They wanted feminism to be accepted by society. They believed lesbians were less accepted by society and might hurt the feminist movement.

Eventually, the women's rights movement accepted its lesbian members. Now many important feminist leaders are out (out means that they make it known that they are lesbians) lesbians.

Lesbians as parents
Many lesbian couples want to have children of their own. In order to raise children, they sometimes adopt. However some places do not allow homosexual couples to adopt children, so many of them want to be able to adopt children.

Some lesbian couples also have their own biological children. To do this they may have artificial insemination. This is when sperm from a donor male is placed in a woman to make a pregnancy. Some lesbian women do this at home with a friend they choose to be the donor. However many may use sperm banks. These are medical businesses that match couples who need donor sperm with men who will donate. Sometimes this is done anonymously which means the couple does not know the donor. Sometimes this is done with the donor known and even chosen by the couple.

Law and religion

Unlike gay sex between males, lesbian sex is not against the law in as many places. Some religions that condemn gay male sex say nothing about lesbian sex. Abrahamic religions usually see gay as well as lesbian relations as immoral. Saint Paul in Epistle to the Romans 1:26 describes lesbianism as 'unnatural' and 'shameful'. There are some religions, however, mostly new religious movements that accept lesbian relations.

In most parts of the world lesbian couples cannot marry. This means they do not have the legal benefits and protection of marriage. This can cause lesbians, and gay men, many problems. A lesbian relationship wherein one of the partners is underage is called korephilia.

Related pages 

 Homosexuality

References

LGBT variations
Births 
 May 8 – Harry S. Truman
 October 11 – Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States, wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt (d. 1962)
 December 30 – Hideki Tōjō, 40th Prime Minister of Japan, Led the Attack on Pearl Harbour (d. 1948)

Deaths 
 January 25 – Johann Gottfried Piefke, German conductor and composer (b. 1815)
 March 21 – Ezra Abbot, American Bible scholar (b. 1819)
 April 4 – Marie Bashkirtseff, Russian artist (b. 1858)
 May 12 – Bedrich Smetana, Czech composer (b. 1824)
 May 13 –  Cyrus McCormick, American inventor (b. 1809)
 June 25 – Hans Rott, Austrian composer (b. 1858)
 July 1 – Allan Pinkerton, American detective (b. 1819)
 July 10 – Paul Morphy, American chess player (b. 1837)
 November 25 – Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, German chemist (b. 1818)
Niuatoputapu is an island in Tonga. It has a population of about 1200 people. Niuatoputapu is located in the north of the country, near to Samoa.
Tonga
The Independent State of Samoa is a country in the Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. It has two islands, including Upolu and Savai'i. The capital of Samoa is Apia. It is on the island of Upolu. The head of the country is Va'aletoa Sualauvi II. 

The languages spoken in Samoa include Samoan and English. 

The sport that is most popular in Samoa is Rugby, and many Samoan people play Rugby.

Samoa was admitted to the United Nations on 18 September 1962.

A measles outbreak began in October 2019 and continued through December. As of December 28, there were 81 deaths out of 5667 cases.

Districts
Samoa has eleven political districts.  These are called itūmālō. These are the traditional eleven districts that were made well before European arrival.

1 including islands Manono, Apolima and Nu'ulopa
2 including the Aleipata Islands and Nu'usafe'e Island
3 smaller parts also on Upolu (Salamumu (incl. Salamumu-Utu) and Leauvaa villages)

Geography

Samoa is south of the equator.  It is about halfway between Hawai‘i and New Zealand in the Polynesian part of the Pacific Ocean. The main island of Upolu is home to nearly three-quarters of Samoa's people

The two large islands of Upolu and Savai'i are 99% of the total land area.  There are eight small islets. These are the three islets in the Apolima Strait: Manono Island, Apolima and Nu'ulopa. There are four Aleipata Islands off the eastern end of Upolu.  They are: Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, Namua, and Fanuatapu.  And there is Nu'usafe'e.

East of Samoa is a group of islands called American Samoa. They are part of the United States, but they are similar to the country Samoa, because they also speak Samoan.

Samoa used to be east of the international date line. In 2011, the line changed, so that Samoa would be to the west of the date line. This change took effect on the night of 29 December.  Friday was skipped altogether and the following day was Saturday 31 December.

Demographics

Samoa has 194,320 people. 92.6% are Samoans, 7% Euronesians (people of mixed, European and Polynesian ancestors) and 0.4% are Europeans.

Religion in Samoa includes the following: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa 35.5%, Roman Catholic 19.6%, Methodist 15%, Latter-day Saints 12.7%, Samoan Assemblies of God 10.6%, Seventh-day Adventist 3.5%, Worship Centre 1.3%, unspecified 0.8%.There is also about 522 Jehovah's Witnessses in Samoa since 1931. Samoa has one of seven Bahá'í Houses of Worship in the world. It is in Tiapapata.
 
Many people say that Samoan people are related to Māori people because lots of the language words are very similar to Maori language.

As with other Polynesian cultures (Hawai'ian, Tahitian and Māori), Samoans have two gender specific and culturally important tattoos. For males, it is called the Pe'a,  It is intricate and geometrical patterns tattooed on areas from the knees up towards the ribs. A male who has such a tatau is called a soga'imiti. A Samoan girl or teine is given a malu.  It covers the area from just below her knees to her upper thighs.

References
David Thomas "Davy" Jones (December 30, 1945– February 29, 2012) was an English singer and actor. He was born in Manchester, England. 

His father wanted him to be a jockey, but he wanted to be a performer. He appeared in the television programme, Coronation Street and in the London and Broadway versions of Oliver!. In 1966, he joined The Monkees, a musical group created for a television series of the same name. The series was cancelled in 1968 and the group disbanded in 1970. 

Jones continued to perform until his death from a heart attack caused by atherosclerosis in 2012 in Stuart, Florida.

References

Other websites

Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English movie actors
English pop musicians
English singers
English television actors
Musical theater actors
Musicians from Manchester
1945 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from atherosclerosis
Robert Michael Nesmith (December 30, 1942 – December 10, 2021) was an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman and philanthropist.

Nesmith was born in Dallas, Texas on December 30, 1942. His mother, Bette Nesmith Graham invented Liquid Paper in 1951 and made the family very rich.

In the 1960s, Nesmith moved to Los Angeles to start a recording career. He wrote the song "Different Drum" which was a hit for Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys. In 1966, he became a member of the Monkees, a made-for-TV rock band. He left the group in 1969 and started a solo career.

Nesmith is considered one of the forefathers of the country-rock movement of the 1970s with his song Joanne. He also worked as a producer and is considered one of the pioneers of the music video industry. Nesmith's 1981 video-movie Elephant Parts won the first Grammy Award for a music video

Nesmith died from heart failure at his home in Carmel Valley, California on December 10, 2021, at the age of 78.

References

Musicians from Texas
American songwriters
American television actors
American rock musicians
Grammy Award winners
Actors from Dallas, Texas
1942 births
2021 deaths
American philanthropists
Deaths from heart failure
American country guitarists
Peter Tork (February 13, 1942 – February 21, 2019) was an American actor and musician. His real name was Peter Halsten Thorkelson. He was born in Washington, D.C. He started as a folk musician in Greenwich Village. In 1966, he became famous as a member of The Monkees. He was recommended for the group by his friend Stephen Stills. Shortly after The Monkees television series ended 1968, he left the band. He played with the other members of the group at times, but often played with his own bands and tours.I

Tork died on February 21, 2019 in Mansfield, Connecticut, aged 77. He suffered from a rare form of throat cancer in the years before his death.

References

1942 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from throat cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American guitarists
American pop musicians
George Michael Dolenz, Jr. (born March 8, 1945), better known as Micky Dolenz is an American actor, singer, director, and voice artist. He is most famous as a member of The Monkees.

1945 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Musicians from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
Events 
January 3 – The Treaty of Tripoli (a peace treaty between the United States and Tripoli) is signed at Algiers.
January 7 – The parliament of the Cisalpine Republic adopts the Italian green-white-red tricolour as official flag. It is the birthday of the flag of Italy.
February 14 – The Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797), part of the Wars of the French Revolution.
February 18 – Spanish Governor Chacon peacefully surrenders the colony of Trinidad and Tobago to a British naval force.
February 22 – Attempted invasion of Britain at Fishguard in Wales by French forces
February 26 – The Bank of England (national bank of Britain) issues the first one-pound note (discontinued March 11, 1988).
March 4 – John Adams succeeds George Washington as the President of the United States of America.
 May 12 – First Coalition: Napoleon I of France conquers Venice, ending the 1100 years of independence of the city. Last doge of Venice, Ludovico Manin, steps down.
 July 24 – Horatio Nelson is wounded at Tenerife, causing a loss of one arm.
 September 7 – Treaty of Campo Formio ends the War of the First Coalition.
 October 21 – In Boston Harbor, the 44-gun United States Navy frigate USS Constitution is launched to fight Barbary pirates off the coast of Tripoli.
 December 17 – Napoleon leads a successful French charge against Fort l'Aiguilette to secure Toulon for French
 Large-scale mutinies in Royal Navy
 Joseph Haydn composes the music to "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser," the tune of which also became the music to the German national anthem, "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit."

Births 
 Date unknown – Mahmud Bayazidi, Kurdish polymath
 August 30 – Mary Shelley, British writer of Frankenstein

Deaths 
 September 10 – Mary Wollstonecraft, female philosopher (b. 1759)
Events 
 January 23 – The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in Oregon is named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning.
 March 1 – Victor Hugo gives speech at the French national assembly and uses the phrase United States of Europe several times
 March 27 – First reported case of white men seeing Yosemite Valley.
 March 30 – A population census was taken of all people living in the United Kingdom.
 May 1 – The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London is opened by Queen Victoria. It runs until October 18.
 May 15 – Rama IV is crowed King of Thailand.
 July – The immortal game, a famous chess game, is played.
 July 1 – Colony of Victoria separates from New South Wales.
 July 29 – Annibale de Gasparis, in Naples, Italy discovers asteroid 15 Eunomia.
 August 22 – The yacht America wins the first America's Cup race (see Yachting).
 October 18 – The Great Exhibition in London is closed.
 November 13 – The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, the first settlers of what will become Seattle, Washington.
 December 2 – Louis Napoleon, president of France, dissolves French National Assembly and declares a new constitution to extend his term. Later he declares himself as an emperor Napoleon III. End of the Second Republic.
 December 24 – The Library of Congress burns.
 December 29 – The first YMCA opens, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Births 
 January 17 – A. B. Frost, American illustrator (d. 1928)
 January 19 – Jacobus Kapteyn, Dutch astronomer (d. 1922)
 February 8 – Kate Chopin, American writer (d. 1904)
 March 27 – Vincent d'Indy, French composer and teacher (d. 1931)
 April 21 – Charles Barrois, French geologist (d. 1939)
 May 6 – Aristide Bruant, French cabaret singer and comedian (d. 1925)
 May 20 – Emil Berliner, telephone and recording pioneer (d. 1929)
 August 14 – Doc Holliday, American gambler and gunfighter (d. 1887)
 October 2 – Ferdinand Foch, French commander of allied forces in World War I (d. 1929)
 October 31 – Princess Louise of Sweden
 Robert Abbe, American surgeon (d. 1928)
 Ruperto Chapí, Spanish zarzuelist
 Tom Morris, Jr., Scottish golfer (d. 1875)

Deaths 
 February 1 – Mary Shelley, British writer of Frankenstein
 August 28 – Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, Australian explorer
 September 14 – James Fenimore Cooper

Art, music, theatre, and literature 
 The House of the Seven Gables by Nathaniel Hawthorne.
 Moby-Dick by Herman Melville.
Dominique Marie François René Galouzeau de Villepin (born November 14, 1953), simply known as Dominique de Villepin, was Premier (or Prime Minister) of France from 31 May 2005 to 17 May 2007. He was made Premier by Jacques Chirac after the French President removed Jean-Pierre Raffarin from the premiership. Raffarin failed to gain the support of the French people for the European Constitution.

Dominique de Villepin said that his government's most important task would be job creation. He knew that the French people were concerned about the condition of the French economy. This was one of the reasons they had voted against the European Constitution in the referendum on 29 May 2005.

On 15 May 2007, the last full day of President Jacques Chirac's term, Villepin gave his resignation from the office of Prime Minister and it was accepted by the President. He was replaced two days later by François Fillon.

References

1953 births
Living people
Alumni of the Institut d'études politiques de Paris
French diplomats
French lawyers
Government ministers of France
Prime Ministers of France
Vice Admiral Sir Francis Drake (1540 – 27 January 1596) was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, and politician of the Elizabethan era. He was born in Tavistock and grew up in Kent, where he learned to be a sailor. Soon he was a shipmaster (captain). Queen Elizabeth I awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581, which he received on the Golden Hind in Deptford. He was second-in-command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588. He also carried out the second circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580 during which he attacked towns of the Spanish Empire. He had always been a powerful enemy to the Spanish.

He died of dysentery in January 1596 after he had unsuccessfully attacked San Juan, Puerto Rico.

His exploits were legendary. He was a hero to the English but a pirate to the Spaniards. King Philip II was reported to have offered a reward of 20,000 ducats, today worth about £4,000,000 (about US $6,5000,000) for him to be killed.

References 

1540 births
1596 deaths
Admirals
English businesspeople
English explorers
Sailors
Slavers
Deaths from dysentery
The term House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is made up of Members of Parliament elected by the people. Sometimes it is called the 'lower house'. (The 'upper house' is called the House of Lords.) Other countries also have a bicameral parliament with a House of Commons working in the same way.

In the British parliament, there are 650 Members of Parliament or MPs. Each MP represents a constituency, which covers an area of the country. The people of each constituency vote at a general election or a by-election to choose one person to represent them in the House of Commons. Usually, the people choose someone who belongs to a political party. When all the parties get together, the party or coalition with the most members is the government and runs the country. The leader of that party is called the Prime Minister. 

The House of Commons hold their meetings in the Palace of Westminster.  Their chief officer is the Speaker of the House who elected by MPs. The current Speaker is Lindsay Hoyle, who was elected in 2019. The Clerk of the House of Commons is the Principal Adviser to the Speaker. The Serjeant-at-Arms is in charge of the security.

Election Results Since 1945 

United Kingdom
Government of the United Kingdom
Henry Louis Aaron (February 5, 1934 – January 22, 2021) was a professional baseball player who played right field.  He played baseball professionally for 22 years and hit 755 home runs. Even though he has 755 home runs in his career, he never hit 50 or more in a season. He was selected for 25 All-Star games.  He was put into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982. Hank Aaron was born in Mobile, Alabama.

Aaron said he got the COVID-19 vaccination on 5 January 2021. A few weeks later, he died in his sleep on January 22, 2021, two weeks before his 87th birthday, in Atlanta.

References

Other websites 

Hank Aaron at Baseball Aha 

1934 births
African-American baseball players
Atlanta Braves players
2021 deaths
Milwaukee Braves players
Milwaukee Brewers players
National League All-Stars
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Sportspeople from Alabama
Money laundering is something some criminals do to hide the money they make from crimes. Criminals do money laundering to make it hard for the police to find out where the criminal got the money.

One way criminals launder money is by using the money earned from illegal activities to buy things (like gold and silver, shares or casino chips, other legitimate business activities like food or liquor stores) and then selling those items to get the money back. If a criminal buys and sells things many times it is hard for the police to find out where the criminal got the money.

Some countries have laws to try to stop money laundering. These laws help the police to find out when criminals try to do money laundering. Under the laws in some countries, business people must:
tell the Government when someone pays them a lot of money (for example $10,000) or when someone puts a lot of money in their bank
tell the Government if they think someone is doing money laundering, and
write down on paper, or on a computer, every time someone gives them a lot of money or they give someone a lot of money.

In 1989, some countries set up a group of people from different Governments to tell countries the best ways to stop money laundering. This organization is called the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering. The following countries have joined the Financial Action Task Force (FATF/GAFI):

Argentina
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Bahrain
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
China
Curaçao 
Denmark
European Commission
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong, China
Iceland
India
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Kuwait
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Oman
Portugal
Qatar
Republic of Korea  
Russian Federation
Saint Maarten
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States

Money laundering in Canada

In Canada money laundering is a serious issue. The government of Canada has allocated more than $70 million to fight money laundering.

The province of British Columbia announced it is holding a public inquiry into this issue.

References

Organized crime
Types of crime
Money
Zeus is the god of the sky, lightning and the thunder in Ancient Greek religion and mythology, and ruler of all the gods on Mount Olympus. Zeus is the sixth child of Cronos and Rhea, king and queen of the Titans respectively. His father, Cronos, swallowed his children as soon as they were born for fear of a prophecy which foretold that one of them would overthrow him. When Zeus was born, Rhea hid him in a cave on Mount Ida in Crete, giving Cronos a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes to swallow instead. When Zeus was older he went to free his brothers and sisters; together with their allies, the Hekatonkheires and the Elder Cyclopes, Zeus and his siblings fought against the Titans in a ten-year war known as the Titanomachy. At the end of the war, Zeus took Kronos' scythe and cut him into pieces, throwing his remains into Tartarus. He then became the king of gods. 

The supreme deity of the Greek pantheon, Zeus was universally respected and revered throughout Ancient Greece; the ancient Olympic Games were held at the site of  Olympia every four years in honor of him. Highly temperamental, Zeus was armed with the mighty thunderbolt, said to be the most powerful weapon among the gods. Zeus was married to his sister, Hera, though he was infamous for his infidelity, taking on an almost innumerable amount of lovers and consorts, both mortal and divine including Karis and Hercules' mother. Zeus was known for throwing thunderbolts at people. 

The god of honor and justice, Zeus was the one who both established and enforced law, and served as the standard for kings to follow, ensuring they did not abuse the power of their position. His symbols were the thunderbolt, a sceptre, an oak tree, and the eagle and bull were his sacred animals. His Roman equivalent is Jupiter. Zeus was the strongest Greek god, the ruler of all gods. He also had a lot of children that he was not supposed to have.

Related pages 
 Tinia - Etruscan mythology version of Zeus
 Jupiter - Roman mythology version of Zeus
Indra - Hindu mythology version of Zeus

References

Twelve Olympians
Births 
 January 6 – Helius Eobanus Hessus, German Latin poet (d. 1540)
 January 20
 John George, Marquess of Montferrat, Italian noble (d. 1533)
 Sebastian Münster, German scholar, cartographer, and cosmographer (d. 1552)
 March 19 – Johannes Magnus, last Catholic Archbishop of Sweden (d. 1544)
 April 16 – Jungjong of Joseon (d. 1544)
 April 21 – Ulrich von Hutten, German religious reformer (d. 1523)
 May 1 – Sidonie of Bavaria, eldest daughter of Duke Albrecht IV of Bavaria-Munich (d. 1505)
 May 5 – Lê Uy Mục, Eighth king of the later Lê dynasty of Vietnam (d. 1509)
 May 7 – John III of the Palatinate, Administrator of the Bishopric of Regensburg (d. 1538)
 June – Heinrich Glarean, Swiss music theorist (d. 1563)
 June 29 – Pedro Pacheco de Villena, Catholic cardinal (d. 1560)
 July 15 – Juan Álvarez de Toledo, Catholic cardinal (d. 1557)
 October 17 – Ursula of Brandenburg, Duchess consort of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1510)
 December 1 – Elisabeth of Nassau-Dillenburg, Countess of Wied, German noblewoman (d. 1559)
 December 15 – Ferdinand, Duke of Calabria (d. 1550)
 date unknown
 Rabbi Yosef Karo, Jewish scholar (d. 1575)
 Oswald Myconius, Swiss religious reformer (d. 1552)
 Jan Tarnowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1561)
 Thomas of Villanova, Spanish bishop (d. 1555)
 Gustav Trolle, Archbishop of Uppsala (d. 1533)
 probable
 Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, Lord Chancellor of England (d. 1544)
 Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet, French soldier (d. 1525)
 Myles Coverdale, English Bible translator (d. 1568)
 Lütfi Pasha, Ottoman statesman (d. 1564)

Deaths 
 April 14 – Girolamo Riario, Lord of Imola and Forli (b. 1443)
 June 11 – King James III of Scotland (b. c. 1451)
 July 18 – Alvise Cadamosto, Italian explorer (b. 1432)
 July 28 – Edward Woodville, Lord Scales (at the Battle of St. Aubin-du-Cormier)
 September 9 – Francis II, Duke of Brittany (fell from a horse) (b. 1433)
 September 13 – Charles II, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1434)
 October 10 – Andrea del Verrocchio, Italian sculptor (b. c. 1435)
 date unknown
 John II, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1426)
 Iizasa Ienao, Japanese swordsman (b. c. 1387)
Events 
 July 2 – Pitcairn Islands discovered (found) by Captain Philip Cartaret in HMS Swallow

Births 
 March 15 – Andrew Jackson
 July 11 – John Quincy Adams
Leonard Albert "Lenny" Kravitz (born May 26, 1964) is an American actor, rock singer, songwriter and musician. Some of his biggest hit songs include "It Ain't Over Til It's Over", "Again", and "Fly Away". He sung on "(I Can't Make It) Another Day" Michael Jackson's 2010 album Michael. He also wrote and produced the song.

Early life
He is of African-American, Afro-Bahamian and Ashkenazi Jewish (from Russia and Ukraine) descent. His mother, Roxie Roker (1929-1995), was an actress on The Jeffersons in the 1970s and His daughter Zoë Kravitz who is also an actress.

The family of his father Sy Kravitz has Ukrainian roots

Albums

Singles
 1989 Let Love Rule
 1990 I Build This Garden for Us
 1990 Be
 1990 Mr. Cab Driver
 1990 Does Anybody Out There Even Care
 1991 Always on the Run 
 1991 It Ain't Over 'Til It's Over
 1991 Fields of Joy
 1991 Stand by My Woman 
 1991 What the Fuck Are We Saying?
 1991 Stop Draggin' Around
 1991 What Goes Around Comes Around
 1993 Are You Gonna Go My Way
 1993 Believe
 1993 Heaven Help
 1993 Spinning Around Over You
 1993 Is There Any Love in Your Heart
 1993 The Buddha of Suburbia(with David Bowie)
 1994 Deuce
 1995 Rock and Roll Is Dead
 1995 Circus
 1996 Can't Get You Off My Mind 
 1996 The Resurrection
 1998 I Belong to You
 1998 If You Can't Say No
 1998 Thinking of You
 1998 Fly Away
 1999 Black Velveteen
 1999 American Woman
 2000 Again
 2001 Dig In
 2002 Stillness of Heart
 2002 Believe in Me
 2002 If I Could Fall in Love
 2002 Yesterday Is Gone (My Dear Kay)
 2004 Show Me Your Soul(with P. Diddy, Loon and Pharrell)
 2004 Where Are We Runnin'?
 2004 California
 2004 Storm(with Jay-Z)
 2005 Calling All Angels
 2005 Lady
 2005 Breathe
 2007 Bring It On
 2007 I'll Be Waiting
 2008 Love Love Love
 2008 Dancin' Til Dawn
 2011 Come On Get It
 2011 Stand
 2011 Rock Star City Life
 2011 Black and White America
 2011 Push
 2012 Superlove
 2014 The Chamber
 2014 Sex

Related pages
Ukrainian Americans

References

1964 births
Living people
Actors from Manhattan
African American actors
African American musicians
Jewish American actors
Jewish American musicians
American Christians
American drummers
American pianists
American R&B musicians
American rock guitarists
American soul musicians
Musicians from Manhattan
Singer-songwriters from New York City