cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Hubble Deep Field, sometimes called the HDF, is an image of a small part of the night sky. The image was taken in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995.

It is important because it shows some of the earliest (farthest away) galaxies ever seen, over 3000 in total.

The area of the sky the HDF was taken in makes up less than 1/10th the width of a full Moon, yet it contains over 3,000 galaxies.

Because of the time it takes for light from these galaxies to reach Earth, many in the picture look exactly as they did over 10 billion (10,000,000,000) years ago. Because of this it allows scientists to look at what the Universe was like at that time, and how it changed to become what it is now. Add to this the cosmological principle, which suggests that on large scales the Universe is roughly the same no matter what direction you look, and the HDF becomes a very important tool for astronomers studying how the Universe has changed.

For these reasons the HDF is sometimes called 'the most important image ever taken'.

Related pages
 Hubble Ultra Deep Field
 Hubble Extreme Deep Field
 Hubble Space Telescope

References 

Cosmology
Galaxies
Space
Orem is a city in Utah County in the state of Utah, United States.  As of the year 2000, about 84,300 people live in Orem.

References 

Cities in Utah
Year 838 (DCCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Births 
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari.
Acetonitrile (also known as ACN) is a kind of chemical compound with formula CH3CN. It is a clear liquid and is the simplest molecule in a group called nitriles. Acetonitrile is made when plastics are being made so is quite cheap. Chemists use it as a solvent for chemical reactions and in cromatography.

Acetonitrile is flammable and can hurt our eyes.

Related pages
Solvent

Other websites
Safety Data

Chemical compounds
Organic compounds
Ranunculaceae is a family of flowering plants also known as the "buttercup family" or "crowfoot family". Members include Anemone (anemones), Ranunculus (buttercup), Aconitum (aconite), and Clematis. 

Ranunculales
In cryptography, the Secure Hashing Algorithms are a group of cryptographic hash functions released by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The algorithms take an input and produce a hash value (often shown in hexadecimal). The length of the hash depends on the digest length of the algorithm.

Family 

 SHA-0: It was the name used for the original Secure Hashing Algorithm that was released in 1993. It was no longer used because it was not safe to use and was quickly replaced with SHA-1.
 SHA-1: It is the first name used for the official Secure Hashing Algorithm. It was released after a weakness in SHA-0. It was made by the National Security Agency (NSA). It was also found to be weak and unsafe.
 SHA-2: It is one the most popular type of SHA. There are options to set the length (by changing the digest size) of the hash to 256 or 512 bits. SHA256 and SHA512 refer to these algorithms. It was also made by the National Security Agency.
 SHA-3 (Keccak):  The latest type of SHA. It was made by Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen, Michaël Peeters and Gilles Van Assche. It was selected after a competition held by the NIST.

The Secure Hashing Algorithms, being Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) compliant algorithms are subject to the Cryptographic Algorithm Validation Program

References 

Cryptography
An urban legend is an often circulated story that is not necessarily based on truth, but merely conjecture and rumor. However, there may or may not be a grain of truth from which the story originated.

Urban legends and the Internet
The Internet has made it easier for urban legends to spread, as people often spread them to their friends or family using e-mail. As a result, some websites such as Snopes.com and TruthOrFiction.com, among others, have been made that look at urban legends and try to see whether or not they are true.

An example of an urban legend is a report that years after the defeat of St Clair in 1791 at Ft Recovery Mercer Country Ohio - a skeleton of a Captain Roger Vanderberg was found in Miami County Ohio inside a tree along with a diary; in fact no one of this name was a casualty of the 1791 battle - it was a story that orginated in 1864 from a Scottish novel! Another example of a urban legend is a young woman and her mother going to visit the Paris Exposition; the mother falls ill, the daughter rushes off to get help only to find her mother gone! The woman either goes insane or is told the truth-her mother had the plague which was the reason for the coverup. This became the premise of a 1950s movie So Long at the Fair. In fact the basis for the legend was a story in 1897 in a Philadelphia newspaper...and no other sources in fact!

Other urban legends concern the Chase Burial Vault in Barbadoes although the lone account has no other basis in fact. Another urban legend concerns organized crime: In New York city at the turn of the century there was a "Murder Stable" where criminals killed one another. In fact, the report was exaggerated. Allegedly, an unknown killer named "Shotgun Man" committed dozens of murders with a shotgun in Chicago, Illinois after the turn of the century between 1910 and 1911 - although a check of a database of Chicago murders from that time period shows only one shotgun killings between 1900 and 1920.

References 

Folklore
The Orange-bellied euphonia (Euphonia xanthogaster) is a species of bird in the Fringillidae (finch) family.  It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

Finches
Hurricane Floyd was the strongest, costliest, and deadliest hurricane of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season. Floyd, at first looked as if it were headed for Florida as a category 4 hurricane. It was about twice as large as Hurricane Andrew, which if Floyd struck Florida it could have caused even more damage than Andrew. Instead of striking Florida, Floyd struck North Carolina and caused flooding from North Carolina up to some states in New England. Floyd left $4.5 billion in damage from Florida to Maine. Floyd also killed about 76-86 people in the United States. One person was also killed in the Bahamas.

Retirement

The name Floyd got retired in the Spring of 2000. The name Franklin was used in 2005 instead.

1999 Atlantic hurricane season
Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
September events
1990s in the Bahamas
1999 in the United States
1999 in Canada
Hurricanes in North Carolina
1990s in Florida
20th century in Maine
1990s in North Carolina
Hurricane Irene was an Atlantic tropical cyclone. The storm caused heavy damage across Florida and North Carolina in October 1999. Irene developed in the western Caribbean Sea on October 13 from a tropical wave.

Irene was a wet hurricane for Florida, similar to many hurricanes of the 1930s and 1940s. In North Carolina and Virginia, the storm produced heavy rainfall of more than 10 inches.

Irene caused 18 deaths and $800 million in damage in the United States.

References

Hurricanes
1999
Hurricanes in the United States
Hurricane Lenny was the last major hurricane, hurricane, named storm and depression of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season. There are three main reasons to remember Lenny. One, it was strongest November Atlantic hurricane; two, the damage it caused in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and three, it moved the opposite way storms usually moved across the Caribbean Sea. Some people at the National Hurricane Center nicknamed it "Wrong Way Lenny". Lenny left $330 million in damage, this amount is likely not all the damage. This is because it was reported for U.S. territories only, such as Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Retirement

Because the damage was high and likely higher, the name Lenny was retired. In 2005 the name Lee was used instead. The name Lee in 2005 was not retired, so Lee is on the list for 2011 and 2017.

Reference

1999 Atlantic hurricane season
November events
20th century in Colombia
20th century in Puerto Rico
1999 in the United States
1990s in South America
The 1980 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1980, and ended on November 30, 1980. This season had about average activity with 15 storms, of which 11 got named. This season featured the very powerful Hurricane Allen.

Storms
Tropical Depression One 
Hurricane Allen 
Hurricane Bonnie 
Tropical Depression Four 
Hurricane Charley 
Tropical Depression Six 
Tropical Storm Danielle 
Hurricane Earl 
Hurricane Frances 
Hurricane Georges 
Tropical Storm Hermine 
Hurricane Ivan 
Hurricane Jeanne 
Tropical Depression Fourteen 
Hurricane Karl

Unused names

Retirement
In the spring of 1981 the name "Allen" was retired and replaced by Andrew in 1986.

Other websites
 Monthly Weather Review

1980
Atlantic hurricane season
The 1981 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1981 and ended on November 30, 1981. However this season a storm formed on May 6. This season was high in activity. The only notable storms of this season were Hurricane Dennis, Tropical Depression Eight, and Hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Dennis and Tropical Depression Eight caused the most damage. However, Hurricane Katrina was the only storm that killed people in 1981.

Storms
Tropical Storm Arlene 
Tropical Depression Two 
Tropical Storm Bret 
Tropical Depression Four 
Tropical Storm Cindy 
Hurricane Dennis 
Tropical Depression Seven 
Tropical Depression Eight 
Hurricane Emily 
Hurricane Floyd 
Hurricane Gert 
Hurricane Harvey 
Tropical Depression Thirteen 
Hurricane Irene 
Tropical Depression Fifteen 
Tropical Storm Jose 
Hurricane Katrina 
Subtropical Storm Three

Unused names

Retirement
No names retired in 1982. As a result, all names would be repeated in 1987.

Other websites
 Monthly Weather Review
 HPC Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages for 1981 

1981
Atlantic hurricane season
Cuentos del Sil (Tales of the Sil) is a Leonese language book written by nine leonese language writers. It was sponsored by the Provincial Government of León, and Leonese language associations "El Fueyu" and "El Toralín". The authors com from the Sil Valley, specially from El Bierzu and it is the collective book in the Leonese language where there are more authors.

The writers are from teenagers to those who are in their eighties:

 Severiano Álvarez
 Alejandro Díez
 Daniel Fernández
 Eva González
 Roberto González-Quevedo
 Xuasús González
 Félix Llópez
 Adrianu Martín
 Abel Pardo

Related pages

 Leonese language
 Leonese language writers
 Kingdom of León

References

Other websites 

 Cuentos del Sil website (in Leonese language) 
 Leonese Language Association from El Bierzu (in Leonese language)
 Leonese Language Association "El Fueyu" (in Leonese language and English)
 Top Level Domain for Leonese Language (Leonese language, English, Italian, Catalan, French Romanian, and other languages)

Leonese language
Books
This is a list of writers who have worked  in the Leonese language (Llingua Llïonesa in Leonese), a language developed from Vulgar Latin with contributions from the pre-Roman languages which were spoken in the territory of the Spanish provinces of León, Zamora, and Salamanca and in some villages in the District of Bragança, Portugal. The Leonese language belongs to Leonese or Astur-Leonese subgroup of Iberian languages.

 Abel Pardo (1974-)
 Adrianu Martín (1986-)
 Alejandro Díez (1985-)
 Amando Álvarez Cabeza
 Caitano Bardón (1881-1924)
 Daniel Fernández (writer) (1974-)
 Emilce Núñez
 Eva González (1918-2007)
 Félix Llópez (1988-)
 Germán Suárez Blanco
 Gumersindo Álvarez Cabeza
 José Aragón Escacena (1891-1945)
 Roberto González-Quevedo (1953-)
 Severiano Álvarez (1933-)
 Xuasús González (1981-)

Related pages
 Leonese language
 Cuentos del Sil

Other websites 
 http://www.eltoralin.com/cuentosdelsil  Cuentos del Sil website (in Leonese language)
 http://www.eltoralin.com Leonese Language Association from El Bierzo (in Leonese language)
 http://www.elfueyu.net Leonese Language Association "El Fueyu" (in Leonese language and English)
 http://www.puntuLLI.org Top Level Domain for Leonese Language (Leonese language, English, Italian, Catalan, French Romanian, and other languages)

Writers
In Australia, a stockman is the name given to a person who looks after the livestock on large farms known as a station. Stations are owned by a  or a grazing company. A stockman can also be the persons employed at abattoirs, feedlots, on live export ships or with stock and station agencies.

People who work on station, including stockmen, are also known as “station hands”. Men learning how to become station managers are known as "jackaroos", while women are known as "jillaroos". Girls are often stockmen on farms. Some stations are now making it easier for women to work on stations by building female living quarters and putting in machinery to do some of the heavy work.

A related job is that of the drover, who, like the shearer may be an temporary seasonal worker. Drovers are employed in looking after the livestock while they are travelling on a stock route. 

The word stockman was used in the United States and Canada as meaning a person who raised livestock, mainly cattle. The word stockgrower is used now. This meaning is very different from the Australian use of the word stockman.

References 

Australian culture
Agriculture in Australia
Agricultural occupations
In mathematics, the Riemann zeta function is an important function in number theory. It is related to the distribution of prime numbers. It also has uses in other areas such as physics, probability theory, and applied statistics. It is named after the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann, who wrote about it in the memoir "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Quantity", published in 1859. 

The Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture about the distribution of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function. Many mathematicians consider the Riemann hypothesis to be the most important unsolved problem in pure mathematics.
 In the year 2000, the Clay Mathematics Institute included the Riemann hypothesis as one of their Millennium Prize Problems, promising a reward of US$1 million to anyone who could solve it.

Definition
When using mathematical symbols to describe the Riemann zeta function, it is represented as an analytic continuation of infinite series:
 
where  is the real part of the complex number . For example, if , then  (where ).

This makes a sequence. The first few terms of this sequence would be, 

  and so on

However, this doesn't apply for numbers where , since if we interpret this function as an infinite sum, the sum does not converge. Instead, it diverges. This means that instead of nearing a specific value, it will get infinitely large. Riemann used analytic continuation, so that he could give a value to all numbers except 1.  does not have a limit in that point and thus the function is not defined there. 

Leonhard Euler discovered the first results about the series that this function represents in the eighteenth century. He proved that the Zeta function can be written as an infinite product of prime numbers. In mathematical notation: 

This is an infinite product.  means that only prime numbers are included in the product. The first few terms of the product would look like:

Zeros, the critical line, and the Riemann hypothesis 

Mathematicians are interested in those values of  for which the function is equal to zero. The Riemann hypothesis conjectures that all the "non-trivial zeros" lie on the critical line , meaning they are guessed to be of the form  for some real value t. It is already known that all of the non-trivial zeroes must lie in a region called the "critical strip" for which . So far, all of the computed nontrivial zeros are on the critical line.   

Proving or disproving the hypothesis has been very difficult, and is still troubling mathematicians to this day.

Related pages 

 P-series

References 

Functions and mappings
Star Trek III: The Search for Spock was the third movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was made in 1984 by Paramount Pictures. It happens after the events of the last movie, The Wrath of Khan. The crew of the USS Enterprise go home to Earth after losing their friend Spock. Admiral James T. Kirk finds out that Spock's essence (his soul) is inside Leonard McCoy. They return to Genesis, where Spock died, to find his remains and take them to Vulcan.

Star Trek movies
1984 movies
Paramount movies
Star Trek V: The Final Frontier was the fifth movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was made in 1989 by Paramount Pictures. It happens after the events of The Voyage Home. Spock's half-brother Sybok goes on a spiritual journey to find "God" and takes the Enterprise to the centre of the galaxy.

Other websites
 

1989 movies
Star Trek movies
Paramount movies
Movies set in California
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
Dracaena sanderiana, also called Ribbon Dracaena, Lucky Bamboo, Belgian Evergreen or sometimes Ribbon Plant, is a kind of Dracaena. It comes from Central Africa. It is one of a group of small, shrubby plants with slender stems and flexible strap-shaped leaves.  They grow in rainforests as an upright shrub that can be up to 1.5 m tall. Its leaves are 15-25 cm long and 1.5-4 cm broad at the base. It is sold in the developed world as "Lucky Bamboo" often cited as being good for feng shui. This name is a misnomer however, as the plant is not related to bamboo. New plants come from short cuttings which are often kept in water.

Cultivation and uses 
Dracaena sanderiana and related plants are popular houseplants. There are many cultivars. The plant can survive in many indoor conditions, but indirect lighting is best. Direct sunlight can cause the leaves to turn yellow and burn.

Although it grows better in soil, it often is sold with the roots in water. The water should be completely changed every two weeks. The water should be bottled water, soft tap water with very little fluoride, or even water from a filtered, established aquarium. It does best in bright, indirect lighting and temperatures between 15 °C and 25 °C.

Pet stores often sell this plant in black plastic pots with slots in them. They say that it can live under the water. Dracaena sanderiana will only live for a few months under the water. It will start to rot unless the leaves are allowed to grow above the water's surface.

Yellow or brown leaf edges may be caused by too much direct light, crowded roots, or fluoridated or chlorinated water. Salty or softened water can also cause brown leaf edges. 

Twisted shapes are made by rotating the plant so that it bends towards the light. This is hard to do for many people, but patient people can make the plant take on new shapes.

Other useful information 

 It is not related to the bamboo plant 
 in the United States it is often sold as "lucky bamboo" 
 Dracaena sanderiana can be bought in Chinatown convenience stores, shopping mall kiosks, pet stores, and botánicas. 
 Dracaena sanderiana is toxic to pets .
 Dracaena sanderiana is also a popular plant used in Feng Shui.
 This plant can flower in Autumn, Winter and early Spring.

References 

Asparagales
Shrubs
The 1974 Atlantic hurricane season began on June 1, 1974 and ended on November 30, 1974. This season was about average in activity 11 storms, 7 of which got named. This season was one of the deadliest on record, most deaths were caused by Hurricane Fifi. This season also had the most Subtropical storms (4).

Storms
Subtropical Storm One
Subtropical Storm Two
Subtropical Storm Three
Tropical Storm Alma
Hurricane Becky
Hurricane Carmen
Tropical Storm Dolly
Tropical Storm Elaine
Hurricane Fifi
Hurricane Gertrude
Subtropical Storm Four

Unused names

Retirement
In 1975 the names Carmen and Fifi were retired.

Other websites
 HPC rainfall page for 1974 tropical cyclones 
 Monthly Weather Review

1974
Atlantic hurricane season
Dracaena is a genus of about 40 trees and succulent shrubs. The name comes from Ancient Greek drakaina, meaning female dragon. Most of them are native to tropical Africa, some occur in Southeast Asia, and tropical South America. They are usually classified into Dragon trees and shrubby dracenas according to how they grow; the latter are also often grown as house plants.

Asparagales
Trees
The 1960 Atlantic hurricane season began June 1, 1960 and ended November 30, 1960. This season had low activity, with only 7 storms. This season featured the powerful, Hurricane Donna and also Hurricane Ethel.

Storms
Tropical Storm One 
Hurricane Abby 
Tropical Storm Brenda 
Hurricane Cleo 
Hurricane Donna 
Hurricane Ethel 
Tropical Storm Florence

Unused names

Retirement
The name "Donna" was retired.

Other websites
 Monthly Weather Review

1960
Atlantic hurricane season
Bolingbroke Castle is at Bolingbroke (or Old Bolingbroke) in Lincolnshire. Henry IV of England was born here. This is why he is sometimes called Henry Bolingbroke.

Castles in England
10370 Hylonome is an asteroid orbiting in the farther part of the solar system. It belongs to the group of icy minor planets called centaurs, with an orbit that crosses the orbits of Neptune and Uranus. It was found on February 27, 1995.

Sightings with the Spitzer Space Telescope show that it's diameter is about 70 km (43 miles) plus or minus 20 km (50 to 90 km in diameter), or a 35 km radius.

Related pages 

 Centaur (planetoid)
 Minor planet
 Solar system

References

Other websites 
 List of Centaurs and SDOs.

Hylonome
Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country was the sixth movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was the last movie to be about the crew from Star Trek: The Original Series. It was made in 1991 by Paramount Pictures. The Klingons turn to the United Federation of Planets for help when their world is in danger. The crew of the USS Enterprise must help keep the peace.

1991 movies
Star Trek movies
Paramount movies
Star Trek: Generations is the seventh movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was made in 1994 by Paramount Pictures. It is the first movie to have the crew from the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation. Captain Kirk and Picard meet in a place called the Nexus where time is meaningless.

Other websites
 

1994 movies
Star Trek movies
Paramount movies
Star Trek: First Contact is the eighth movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was made in 1996 by Paramount Pictures. The Borg travel back in time to destroy Phoenix, the Earth's first warp ship. Captain Picard and his crew must follow them to save the Earth from assimilation by the Borg.

The movie was very successful at the box office. The movie also got very good reviews from movie critics.

Other websites
 
 

1996 movies
Star Trek movies
Paramount movies
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
Star Trek: Insurrection is the ninth movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was made in 1998 by Paramount Pictures. Captain Picard fights a Starfleet admiral who wants to move a race from their planet to use its natural resources.

Other websites
 
 

1998 movies
1990s science fiction movies
Star Trek movies
Paramount movies
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
Star Trek: Nemesis is the tenth movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was made in 2002 by Paramount Pictures. The Romulans create a clone of Captain Picard, and the clone tries to destroy the Federation.

Other websites
 
 

2002 movies
2002 science fiction movies
Star Trek movies
Paramount movies
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (7 March 1904, Halle – 4 June 1942, Prague) was a high-ranking Nazi officer in World War II.

In 1922 he joined the Kriegsmarine, the German Navy. In 1931 he was expelled and got a job with the Nazis.

Heydrich became German SS-Obergruppenführer (General) of the Sicherheitsdienst. He was the head of the RSHA, which included the police and the Gestapo. He was one of those responsible for the Holocaust.

In 1941 Hermann Göring gave Heydrich the order to arrange the "Final Solution". Heydrich also governed Bohemia and Moravia. He was attacked in Prague on 27 May 1942 byCzech and Slovak soldiers trained by the British Special Operations Executive (SOE). They had been sent (with a small support team) by the Czechoslovak government-in-exile. Heydrich died a week later in hospital from sepsis caused by his injuries. Afterwards the Germans killed the male population of the village Lidice, because the Germans accused that the people in the village helped the assassins.

References 

1904 births
1942 deaths
Assassinated people
German aviators
German military personnel of World War II
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Military people killed in World War II
Nazi leaders
People from Halle, Saxony-Anhalt
Politicians from Saxony-Anhalt
Politicians of the Nazi Party
RSHA people
SS officers
Former Roman Catholics
The Condor Legion () was a unit of volunteers from the German Air Force (Luftwaffe). This group served during the Spanish Civil War of July 1936 to March 1939. Hugo Sperrle commanded the aircraft units of the Condor Legion and Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma commanded the non-aircraft units.

Military of Germany
Andrew James Robert Patrick Martin (March 17, 1975 – March 17, 2009) was a Canadian professional wrestler. He was best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation (later World Wrestling Entertainment) under the ring name Test. He last worked for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as "The Punisher" Andrew Martin.

Career 
While in the WWF/E Martin was a former European, Hardcore, and Intercontinental champion. In addition to singles success, Martin has won both the WCW Tag Team Championship and World Tag Team Championship with Booker T.

Death
On March 13, 2009, Martin was found dead in his Tampa, Florida home 4 days before his 34th birthday. He is believed to have died the day before. It was ruled that his death was from an accidental overdose of oxycodone.

Championships
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked him #37 of the 500 top singles wrestlers of the year in the PWI 500 in 2001.

Wild West Wrestling
WWW Heavyweight Championship (one time)

World Wrestling Federation
WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Booker T)
WWF European Championship (one time)
WWF Hardcore Championship (two times)
WWF Intercontinental Championship (one time)
World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Booker T)

References

Other websites

1975 births
2009 deaths
Canadian professional wrestlers
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Ontario
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Anise (Pimpinella anisum), also anís and aniseed is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to the eastern Mediterranean region and southwest Asia known for its flavor that resembles liquorice, fennel, and tarragon.

Anise was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages.

Spices
7066 Nessus is a centaur (a type of icy planetoid) that was found  by David L. Rabinowitz, working with Spacewatch, at Kitt Peak on 26 April, 1993. It was the second centaur found by him (5145 Pholus being his first), and the third centaur to be found (2060 Chiron was the first). It was officially announced on May 13, 1993 in IAUC 5789 with designation .

Orbit 
Nessus finishes one orbit around the Sun in 122.4 years, an eccentricity of 0.52 and an inclination to the ecliptic of 15.6 degrees. At perihelion (closest approach to the Sun), it moves closer to the Sun than Uranus, while at aphelion (farthest approach to the Sun) it goes even farther thanNeptune.

The orbits of centaurs change from time to time because of interactions with the giant planets. Nessus is thought to have a fairly long orbital half-life of about 4.9 Myr.

References

Other websites 
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
 Spacewatch 
 Asteroid/Comet connection 
 The Centaur Research Project
 Astrological keywords for Nessus

Asteroids
A kibbutz (, plural kibbutzim) is a type of farming settlement in modern Israel. In a kibbutz, everyone shares the work that is traditionally based on agriculture. The kibbutz is a form of communal living that combines socialism and Zionism. The word means "gathering" or "clustering".

Green politics
Israeli culture
Agriculture
Estadio Juan Carmelo Zerillo is a multi-use stadium in La Plata, Argentina. It was used mostly for the football matches of Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata until closed by government orders before the beginning of the 2006 Clausura tournament. Gimnasia has relocated its own games to the newer Estadio Ciudad de La Plata.

June 2008 :
Gimnasia have now secured the full permit required to return, and played their first game back at
El Bosque since 2006 in the final round of Clausura 2008 against Lanus, on Saturday June 21.

The stadium, built in 1924, has a capacity of 31,460 people.

Other websites 
 Stadium entry 
 Stadium Juan Carmelo Zerillo 

Juan Carmelo Zerillo
Sport in Argentina
Buildings and structures in Argentina
1924 establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Argentina
Parallax is the perceived change in position of an object seen from two different places.

In astronomy, annual parallax is the only direct way to measure distance to stars outside the solar system.
In essence, parallax is the perceived shifting phenomenon which occurs when an object is viewed from different positions.

It is measured by the angle between two lines of observation. Nearby objects have a larger parallax than more distant objects when observed from identical positions, so parallax can be used to determine distances.

Astronomers use the principle of parallax to measure distances to celestial objects including to the Moon, the Sun, and to stars beyond the Solar System. Here, the term "parallax" is the angle between two sight-lines to the star.

Astronomical measurement of position are taken at different times of the year. Since the Earth's orbit is known exactly, the distance from position 1 to position 2 can be worked out. The angle from the horizon to the object can be measured precisely. This gives a triangle whose baseline and angles are known accurately. From the triangle, the distance is calculated by trigonometry and expressed in parsecs.

The method only fails with objects which are so distant that the earth's orbit is too small to get a large enough parallax angle to measure accurately. This distance is about 100 light-years. Astronomers have invented various ways to solve this problem, though none are so accurate as the parallax method is for relatively nearby objects. This provides a basis for the cosmic distance ladder of techniques to calculate greater distances.

From 1989 to 1993 the Hipparcos satellite took measurements for over 100,000 nearby stars. Gaia (spacecraft) is intended to make similar measurements of about a Billion stars.

Many animals, including humans, have two eyes which provide  depth perception; this is called stereopsis. Because the two eyes are at different places on the head, this gives the basis for an automatic sense of distance. We perceive this as a normal 3-D scene.

References

Other websites 
 Parallax Citizendium

Astronomical distances
Vision
DragonForce is an English power metal band formed in 1999 in London. They are known for fast guitar solos, fantasy-based lyrics, and electronic sounds in their music.

In March 2010, the band have announced the departure of the singer ZP Theart, due to musical disputes. He moved on to form heavy metal group I Am I. After that Mark Hudson joined as new singer and they released a new album The Power Within.

History 
DragonForce was founded in 1999 by singer ZP Theart, bassist Steve Scott, guitarists Sam Totman and Herman Li, drummer Didier Almouzni, and keyboardist Steve Williams. They first called themselves "DragonHeart", but found that a band with this same name already existed. Their song "Through the Fire and Flames" is one of their most famous songs and is featured on the game "Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock" The first song and first single, "Heroes of Our Time", from their album, Ultra Beatdown, was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance on December 3, 2008, and is also in the video game Skate 2.

Band members

Current members 
 Herman Li - lead and rhythm guitars, backing vocals  (founder)
 Sam Totman - lead and rhythm guitars, backing vocals (founder)
 Vadim Pruzhanov - keyboards, backing vocals (2001-present)
 Dave Mackintosh - drums, percussion, backing vocals (2004-present)
 Frédéric Leclercq - bass guitar, backing vocals (2006-present)
 Marc Hudson - lead singer

Former members 
 ZP Theart - lead vocals (founder)
 Adrian Lambert - bass guitar (2003-2005)
 Didier Almouzni - drums, backing vocals (1999-2003)
 Diccon Harper - bass guitar, backing vocals (2001-2003)
 Steve Williams - keyboards, backing vocals (1999-2000)
 Steve Scott - bass guitar, backing vocals (1999-2000)

Studio albums 
 2003: Valley of the Damned
 2004: Sonic Firestorm
 2006: Inhuman Rampage
 2008: Ultra Beatdown
 2012: The Power Within
 2014: Maximum Overload
 2017: Reaching into Infinity
 2019: Extreme Power Metal

References 

 
Power metal bands
Herman Li (, Hanyu Pinyin: Lǐ Kāng Mǐn, born 3 October 1976) is the lead and rhythm guitarist, backing vocalist and producer in the power metal band DragonForce.

Personal life
He was born in Hong Kong. His interests other than music are computer technology and martial arts. He practices Jiu-Jitsu five days a week. He speaks three languages.

Herman Li has played in many bands, including the black metal band Demoniac.

Playing influences
Li likes video game music and mimics sounds from popular retro games from the late 80s, early-90s arcade, and PC games. He has been known for making several Pac-Man-type noises in the song "Through the Fire and Flames" on Inhuman Rampage.

References

1976 births
Living people
Power metal
DragonForce
People from Hong Kong
Vadim Igorevich Pruzhanov (Ukrainian: Вадим Пружанов) (born June 18, 1982 in Chernihiv, Ukraine, Soviet Union) is a musician, and was the keyboardist of the UK power metal band DragonForce until his departure in 2018.

Personal life
He was born in Chernihiv, Ukraine. He started to learn piano when he was 8 years old, and enrolled in music school.

He was interested in rock music when he was 12 years old, and started to compose. 

He met DragonForce members in London in his school days. After that he met Herman Li again at club house, and joined DragonForce. Many songs of DragonForce are composed by him and Herman Li.

In 2018 he left Dragonforce since he didn't like  the direction in which the group began to move

Discography
 Valley of the Damned - (2003)
 Sonic Firestorm - (2004)
 Inhuman Rampage - (2006)
 Ultra Beatdown - (2008)
 The Power Within - (2012)
 Maximum Overload - (2014)
Reaching into Infinity

Playing influence
He is famous for very fast keyboard playing. Sometimes he plays shoulder keyboard with his tongue or head. 
 
He sticks to making sounds. He doesn't like ordinary sounds such as strings and chorus.

References

Other websites
 Vadim's page on Metal Archives
 Vadim's page on DragonForce.com 

Keyboardists
Heavy metal musicians
Ukrainian entertainers
Living people
1982 births
DragonForce
People from Chernihiv
Sophora macnabiana is the scientific name derived from Edwardsia macnabiana, a tree formerly described from cultivated material 
Indeed it is suitable for gardens, with showy flowers, numerous leaflets and tender pods.
Native from central Chile, and Gough Island, also disseminated as ornamental in New Zealand, where challenges with S.tetraptera, the local Large-leaved Kowhai.

References

Related pages
Wace NM 1961. The vegetation of Gough Island.  Ecological Monographs, 31, 337-367

Fabaceae
The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft is a transport museum that has old trolleybuses. It is near to the village of Sandtoft, near Belton on the Isle of Axholme in the English county of Lincolnshire.

Related pages
 Black Country Living Museum - with trolleybuses
 East Anglia Transport Museum - with trolleybuses
 National Tramway Museum
 Summerlee Heritage Park
 List of trolleybus systems in the United Kingdom

Other websites 

  for The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft.
 Official website of The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft.

Museums in England
Lincolnshire
Transport in the United Kingdom
Bus transport
The Fox and the Hound is a 1967 book by Daniel Pratt Mannix IV. It is about the lives of two canines, a hound dog named Copper and a red fox named Tod. The book is Mannix's best-known work, and was later made into a movie of the same name from Walt Disney Productions.

The Story 

The book follows Tod from his first contact with humans as a kit and Copper from his first encounter with Tod. They are living in a changing world; the wilderness present at the beginning of the book gradually gives way to a more urbanized setting, causing problems for Copper, his Master, and Tod.

It changes between Tod and Copper's point of view. Of the ten chapters in the book, four are from Copper's point of view and six are from Tod's. Both of the animals are presented as smart if not on a level with humans, and the book constantly emphasizes the point that both are creatures who rely on their sense of smell as much as humans rely on sight, particularly Copper.

Copper's chapters focus on his relationship with the Master as he assists him in hunting, mostly for Tod, who killed the Master's new dog, Chief, earlier in the book. Tod's chapters focus on his life as a wild fox, avoiding death both natural and man-made while attempting to father kits. 

1967 books
American novels
Children's literature
English-language novels
Eugene Wesley "Gene" Roddenberry (August 19, 1921 – October 24, 1991) was an American screenwriter and producer. He is best known as the creator of Star Trek, an American sci-fi series. He was sometimes called the "Great Bird of the Galaxy" because he helped start Star Trek.  He was one of the first people to have his ashes "buried" in space.

Personal life 

Gene Roddenberry was born in El Paso, Texas in 1921. His parents were Eugene Edward Roddenberry and Caroline Glen. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father worked in the police. He became interested in engineering and got a pilot's license. In 1941, he joined the United States Army Air Force. He flew many combat missions as a bomber pilot and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and Air Medal. 

After he left the military, he became an airline pilot with Pan American World Airways.  He then stopped flying in 1949 so he could write television shows. While writing he also worked in the police so he could provide for (look after) his family. In 1956, he quit his job as a policeman to write full time.

Roddenberry was married twice and had three children. He married Eileen Rexroat first, and they were married for 27 years. They had two daughters, Darlene (1947-1995) and Dawn (1953-). In the 1960s, he also started romantically seeing Nichelle Nichols  and Majel Barrett (1932-2008). He divorced Rexroat and married Barrett in Japan in a traditional Shinto ceremony on August 6, 1969. They had a son, Eugene Wesley, Jr. Roddenberry's marriage to Barrett lasted until his death in 1991.

He died in 1991 of heart failure. He was 70 years old. In 1992, some of his ashes were sent into space on board the Space Shuttle Columbia. In 2012, some more of his ashes will be sent into space with his wife Majel's ashes.

Sources 

1921 births
1991 deaths
American screenwriters
Writers from El Paso, Texas
American aviators
Venus is a resort in Romania on the coast of the Black Sea.  It is about 3 kilometers north of Mangalia.

Romania
Kung-fu or gongfu or gung fu () is a term often used by speakers of the English language to refer to Chinese martial arts. It is the art of self-defence and fighting, including without any weapons, as developed in ancient China.

In Chinese, kung fu means "hard work", and it´s not only used for martial arts.

Chinese culture
Martial arts
Dave "Compact Dynamo" Mackintosh is the drummer and backup vocalist for the band DragonForce. The band changed their genre to 'Extreme Power Metal' after Dave started playing in the band. Dave does extreme metal drumming in DragonForce's music, such as blast beats.

Living people
DragonForce
English drummers
Year of birth missing (living people)
The Bavand dynasty (in Mazandarani: Bävendiyun) was an Iranian dynasty that began in the early 7th century. Its rulers reigned for about 700 years over Tabaristan, on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. The name of the dynasty comes from Bäv (also known as Farrukhzad), who ruled from 651 to 665. He was from the House of Ispahbudhan, a noble Parthian family which served the Sasanian Empire. The Bavandid rulers were originally Zoroastrian, but they later converted to Islam during the reign of Qarin I.

Bavand rulers
The Kayusiyya are named after Kawus, the son of the Sasanian ruler Kavadh I. It was founded by Bav (Farrukhzad), who repelled the Muslim Arabs from Tabaristan and ruled until he was murdered by the Karenid Valash in 665.

Kayusiyya
 Farrukhzad (651–665)
 Valash (usurper, 665–688)
 Surkhab I (688–717)
 Mihr Mardan (717–755)
 Surkhab II (755–772)
 Sharwin I (772–817)
 Shahriyar I (817–825)
 Shapur (825)
 Rule by the Karenid Mazyar (825-839)
 Qarin I (839–867)
 Rustam I (867–895)
 Sharwin II (896–930)
 Shahriyar II (930–964)
 Rustam II (964–979)
 Al-Marzuban (979–986)
 Sharwin III (986)
 Shahriyar III (986-987)
 Al-Marzuban (987–998)
 Shahriyar III (998)
 Al-Marzuban (998-1006)
 Abu Ja'far Muhammad (???-1027)
 Qarin II (???-1074)

Ispahbadhiyya
 Shahriyar IV (1074–1114)
 Qarin III (1114–1117)
 Rustam III (1117–1118)
 Ali I (1118–1142)
 Shah Ghazi Rustam IV (1142–1165)
 Hasan I (1165–1173)
 Ardashir I (1173–1205)
 Rustam V (1205–1210)

Kinkhwariyya

 Ardashir II (1238–1249)
 Muhammad (1249–1271)
 Ali II (1271)
 Yazdagird (1271–1300)
 Shahriyar V (1300–1310)
 Kay Khusraw ibn Yazdagird (1310–1328)
 Sharaf al-Muluk (1328-1334)
 Hasan II (1334–1349)

References 
History of Tabaristan Ibn Isfandiyar
 

Mazandaran
History of Iran
Royal dynasties
7th-century establishments in Asia
651 establishments
1349 disestablishments
1340s disestablishments in Asia
A Dyson sphere is an idea about a structure that surrounds a star, first thought up by physicist Freeman Dyson, and then used in some science fiction works. 

The idea of the Dyson sphere was the result of a thought experiment. Dyson noted that civilizations constantly increased their need for energy. He reasoned that as human civilization went on, there would come a time when it demanded more energy than the Earth could provide.

He proposed a system of structures designed to intercept and collect all energy produced by the Sun. Dyson's proposal did not detail how such a system would be constructed. His 1960 paper "Search for artificial stellar sources of infra-red radiation",  in the journal Science, was the first to present the concept of the Dyson sphere.

There are at least three types of Dyson spheres: 
A Dyson shell that is a solid structure and the inside could even become habitable if the sphere produces artificial gravity by spinning on itself. It would be extremely difficult, if not impossible to build (particularly because of the enormous quantity of material needed, the instability of the sphere and the strong gravity of the star affecting the whole structure).
A Dyson swarm, which is not exactly a sphere, but millions of smaller bodies orbiting the star and thus forming a more or less spherical structure around it. The most physically realistic structure to build.
A Dyson bubble that is made up of small bodies (like a Dyson swarm), but linked together with an extremely light and thin (but very large) structure such as a light sail around a star that keeps it centered because of stellar winds.

References 

Space colonization
Science fiction
Thought
The Concert of Europe was a group of countries in Europe who worked together and agreed on policies to maintain a steady balance of power which included alliances between the great powers in 1814 and 1914. The member countries were the United Kingdom, Austria,  Russia, France (from 1815), Prussia (Germany from 1871) and Italy (from 1871). 

It started as a quadruple alliance. After Napoleon, ruler of France, was no longer in power, France joined the Concert of Europe. Its importance diminished with the revolutions of 1848 and subsequent wars between the big powers. Otto von Bismarck re-established the Concert of Europe after the unifications of Germany and Italy. The Concert definitively collapsed with World War I.

Leaders

The leaders of this concert include:
 British Foreign Secretary - Lord Castlereagh
 Austrian Chancellor - Prince Klemenz von Metternich
 Russian Czar - Alexander I

The Concert was also known as the Congress System, where leaders would meet and reach decisions by mutual agreement.

Goals

Important goals of the Concert: 
 Control France after many years of war
 Develop a "balance of power" among the nations of Europe
 Uphold the agreements set by the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
 Prevent another dictator from gaining too much power (like Napoleon)

Benefits: 
 Helped Greece and Belgium gain independence
 Helped end the eight-year Egyptian control of Syria

Decline: 
 Fell apart after years of disagreement between the countries
 Mainly between Great Britain (England) and the other conservative countries in the Concert
 Finally fell after the following wars: Crimean War, Italian War for Independence, Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War.

Treaties
Diplomacy
History of international relations

sl:Metternichov absolutizem
Freital is the biggest town in the Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the small river Weißeritz, 8 km southwest of Dresden.

References

Other website
 Official website

Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge Rural District
Limbach-Oberfrohna is a town in the district of Zwickau in the German Free State of Saxony.

References

Zwickau Rural District
Zittau (Czech: Žitava, Polish: Żytawa, Upper Lusatian dialect: Sitte) is a city in the southeast of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is close to the border triangle between Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic. It is part of the Görlitz rural district.

References

Görlitz Rural District
Glauchau (Thurginian-Upper Saxon dialect: Glauche) is a town in Saxony, Germany. It is near the river Mulde, 7 miles north of Zwickau and 17 miles west of Chemnitz by rail. It is part of the Zwickau district.

Population

References

Zwickau Rural District
Delitzsch (Sorbian languages: Děľc and Delč)  () is a German city in Saxony, near Leipzig. It is part of the rural district of Nordsachsen.

References

Nordsachsen Rural District
Weißwasser (, ) is a town in Upper Lusatia in the east of Saxony, Germany.

Weißwasser is the third largest town in the Görlitz district after Görlitz and Zittau. The town's landmark is its water tower.

References

Görlitz Rural District
Conduit current collection is a system of electric current collection used by electric trams. The power supply is in a channel under the roadway, rather than in overhead wires.

Related pages
Ground-level power supply
Kingsway tramway subway
Railway electrification system
Tramway tracks
Third rail

Other websites

Article on NYC conduits
Illustrated articles on London's conduits and the Kingsway Tram Subway. 
Description on the underground conduit system - as of December 2006 link appears to no longer be valid.
Information, photographs and some sound clips about the ground level power supply system currently being used in Bordeaux, France.

Electric rail transport
Tram technology
Metre gauge is a type of railway track gauge. Railways with a gauge of  millimetres are called metre gauge. It is used in many regions across the world, though some railways were upgraded to standard gauge in the 20th century.

Related pages
 Narrow gauge railways, by gauge and country

Other websites 
http://parovoz.com/spravka/gauges-en.php

Rail transport
Leimen is a town in the northwestern part of Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is the third biggest town of the Rhein-Neckar district. Weinheim and Sinsheim are the two towns that are bigger.

References

Towns in Baden-Württemberg