cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
{{SouthPark character
|name=Kenneth "Kenny" McCormick|gender=Male
|hair=Blond
|job=Student
|appearance="The spirit of the christmas" (Short) "Cartman gets an anal probe" (South Park)
|voiceactor=Matt Stone
}}
Kenny McCormick is a fictional character in the animated television series South Park''. Kenny comes from a very poor family. He is the most cosmopolitan of the four boys. The others often ask him to explain sexual terms they do not understand. Kenny's voice is hard to understand because of his parka. This is done mainly because the things he says are usually vulgar. Even though his dialog is not understood by the viewer, Stan, Kyle, and Cartman can understand him clearly.

It was an on-going part during the earlier episodes of the series that Kenny dies in most of the episodes. His death is not permanent. He usually returned for the next episode but characters rarely talk about him having ever died. Kenny's face is always somewhat hidden by his parka or other things that can cover his face.

McCormick, Kenny

Fictional characters introduced in 1992
Fictional American people
See also: Education
Pedagogy is the art or science of being a teacher and of learning.
The word pedagogy comes from the Greek word paidagōgeō, which means "to lead the child."   In Ancient Greece, rich men had a slave to instruct their sons as a tutor, or to take them to the academy.  Girls were almost entirely home schooled, but many boys went to school even if they had a tutor.

Academic degree
An academic degree is sometimes given for pedagogy. In the United States of America and Great Britain, you can earn a degree in education at the Bachelor's (undergraduate; BA or BS) or Master's (graduate; MA or MS) level. You can also earn an advanced degree called either a Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), or a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.); you can also get a degree for specific things, like a Doctor of Music degree in piano pedagogy.

Criticism
Some people do not like the idea of pedagogy. They say that learning is something that a person does for themselves, not something that a person imposes on a person. Pedagogy is mainly credited and acknowledged in Western society, but it is not regarded as a good thing in some Eastern secular and fundamentalist societies.

References

Education
A penal colony is a settlement used to hold prisoners and use them for working in part of the state's (usually colonial) territories. This is much bigger than a prison farm. A famous penal colony was Devil's Island in French Guiana. The British Empire used its colonies in North America as penal colonies for more than 150 years. The first British settlements in Australia were started as penal colonies.

Common Features

Life in penal colony was often very hard, sometimes including severe physical punishment. Some prisoners were sentenced for the rest of their natural lives. Many died from hunger, disease, neglect, working too hard, or trying to escape.

In the penal colony system, prisoners were sent far away to stop escapes and to make it hard to get home after their prison term finished.  Penal colonies were often in unsettled lands, especially places where no else wanted to work or live. The prisoners' unpaid work would help the government develop new areas without spending a lot of money.

British Empire
The British used parts of North America as a penal colony. Convicts would be transported by private companies and sold by auction to plantation owners. About 50,000 British convicts were sent to colonial America. This was about one quarter of British settlers during the 1700s.

After the American Revolution, Britain had to find somewhere else to send its prisoners. They established Sydney, Norfolk Island, Van Diemen's Land and Western Australia as big penal colonies. 

In colonial India, the British had made various penal colonies.  Two of the most infamous ones are on the Andaman islands and Hijli Detention Camp.  In the early days of settlement, Singapore was sent Indian convicts. Their job was to clear the jungles for settlement and early public works.

Related pages
 Convict
 Prison

References

Punishments
A hamming code is an error-correcting block code. The code is named after Richard Hamming who developed it in the 1950s. At the time, Hamming worked with machines that had relays and used punched cards to read the data. Because they were heavily used, the punched cards often had errors, which needed to be corrected by employees.

Hamming codes are used for digital signal processing and telecommunications. Hamming codes are generated according to certain rules. Hamming codes use multiple parity bits. A parity bit tells whether a group of bits is even or odd. In a hamming code, each bit of data is covered by several parity bits. This allows to detect errors, and in certain cases, to correct them as well.  A hamming code uses redundancy. If there are three parity bits per code word, the code word must have a length of 7 (, for k as the number of parity bits). This leaves 4 bits of user data per code word, in the example. Usually, this is written as (N,n), where the first number is the total length of a code word, and the second is the number of bits for user data. The example above is (7,4). 

The shortest possible Hamming code is (3,1), 2 parity bits are used for one data bit. This code has two valid values 000 and 111 - The codes 001, 010 and 100 are transmission errors, and will be assigned to the valid code word 000. The other possibilities 011, 101 and 110 will be changed to 111.

Encodings
The ZFS is a computer file system.
FS stands for file system.
The letter Z was chosen, because it is the last letter in the English alphabet.
This is supposed to mean ZFS was the last, “ultimate” file system ever made.

Development 
Originally ZFS has been developed by Sun Microsystems for Solaris.
Later, ZFS has been ported to other versions of Unix, including Linux and FreeBSD.

Design 
Traditional file systems focus on managing data and ensuring integrity.
Additional features like RAID had to be added externally, outside of the file system’s realm.
This potentially led to difficulties and increased complexity of systems.

The ZFS takes a different approach.
It integrates many useful features into its ecosystem.
This ensures all subsystems work together without problems and increases performance.

Some features include
 disk encryption
 RAID
 logical volume management
 snapshots
 data deduplication
 delegating file system administration rights

Furthermore, during development of ZFS there was a continuing trend to disks having larger capacities.
In designing of ZFS it was taken account of that fact.
The ZFS can handle (in comparison to traditional file systems) very large files, a large number of files, large number of disks, disks having large capacities, and so on.

Application 
FreeBSD and Solaris use ZFS as the standard main file system.
Ubuntu’s kernel includes ZFS, but it is not the default choice.

 Computer file formats
 Sun Microsystems
 Oracle Corporation
Killswitch Engage is an American metalcore band from Massachusetts. The band is signed to Roadrunner Records and has released six albums and one live DVD. Currently, the band is in the studio with producer Brendan O'Brein working on their 5th studio album, Killswitch Engage. Their current line-up consists of Howard Jones, Adam Dutkiewicz, Mike D'antonio, Joel Stroetzel, and Justin Foley. On stage, they are known for their humorous antics while performing.

In December 2013 Killswitch Engage were nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 2014 Grammy Awards for their song "In Due Time".

Band members 
Current lineup
 Jesse Leach – lead vocals (1999–2002, 2012–present)
 Joel Stroetzel – rhythm guitar (1999–2000, 2001–present); lead guitar (1999–2002)
 Mike D'Antonio – bass (1999–present)
 Adam Dutkiewicz – lead guitar, backing vocals (2002–present); drums (1999–2002)
 Justin Foley – drums (2003–present)

Former
 Pete Cortese – rhythm guitar (2000–2001)
 Tom Gomes – drums (2002–2003)
 Howard Jones – lead vocals (2002–2011)

Timeline

Albums
Studio albums
 Killswitch Engage (2000)
 Alive or Just Breathing (2002)
 The End of Heartache (2004)
 As Daylight Dies (2006)
 Killswitch Engage (2009)
 Disarm the Descent (2013)
 Incarnate (2016)
 Atonement (2019)

Video albums
 (Set This) World Ablaze (2005)

References

1999 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Massachusetts
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups established in 1999
Musical groups from Massachusetts
Roadrunner Records
Harvest Moon 64, known in Japan as , is a farm simulation video game made by Victor Interactive Software and published in North America by Natsume Co., Ltd. It is about a farmer who has to build a great farm before three years is up. The player can also try to get married and have a baby.

1999 video games
Nintendo 64 games
Roadrunner Records is an American record label. The company mainly deals with heavy metal bands. They are a subsidiary of Warner Music Group.

Current Roadrunner Artists 

 3 Inches of Blood
 7th Son
 8 Foot Sativa (NZ)
 Adelleda (NZ)
 Airborne
 Amanda Palmer
 The Amity Affliction
 Atreyu (excluding US)
 Behind Crimson Eyes (Australia)
 Betzefer (excluding US)
 Biffy Clyro  (US and Japan only)  Black Stone Cherry
 Bleeding Through (excluding US) Blood Has Been Shed (Netherlands and UK only) Caliban   (excluding US) Cavalera Conspiracy
 CKY
 Cradle of Filth
 Convent of Mercy  (Australia Only)  DÅÅTH
 Delain (Europe only) Delight (Poland) De Novo Dahl
 Devilicious (United Kingdom) DevilDriver
 Divine Heresy (excluding US) Dommin
 Down (excluding US) DragonForce (US and UK only) Dream Theater
 The Dresden Dolls (US, UK, Australia) Dry Ivory
 Electric Eel Shock (Japan only) Emperor (Norway,Sweden,Finland,Iceland, and Denmark only) Every Time I Die (UK) Fear Factory (UK only) FC Five (Japan) Flames Go Higher (Australia) Hopesfall (UK, Australia) Jeopardy Theory (New Zealand) Jonas Goldbaum (Germany) Khoma (UK) Kill Hannah (Excluding US) Killswitch Engage
 Kids In Glass Houses (UK Only) Lamb of God (Excluding North America) Liv Kristine (Europe only) Machine Head
 Madina Lake
 Megadeth
 Most Precious Blood (UK, Australia) Mutiny
 Negative (Europe only) Nickelback (excluding Canada) Nightwish (US only) Opeth
 Pain (Nordic Territories, Europe only) Poison the Well (UK) Porcupine Tree (Excluding North America and Japan) Port Amoral
 Satyricon (excluding US and Norway) Slipknot (excluding Scandinavia) Soulfly
 Staind
 Steadlür
 Stereoside
 Stone Sour
 The Cult
 The Parlor Mob
 The White Room  (Australia) The Wombats (US) Theory of a Deadman
 Terror  (UK, Australia) Throwdown (excluding US) Trivium
 Walls of Jericho (UK, Australia)''
 Within Temptation
Face is a 1997 British crime drama thriller movie. It was directed by Antonia Bird and written by Ronan Bennett.  The movie stars Robert Carlyle and Ray Winstone and features the rock singer Damon Albarn (Blur, Gorillaz) in his first acting job.

Other websites

1997 crime movies
1997 thriller movies
1990s crime drama movies
1990s crime thriller movies
British crime drama movies

Movies set in London
"Rape Me" is a song by the American grunge band, Nirvana. It was the second single from their last album, In Utero. But there was much controversy about the song, so the single was a double-A-side single. The other song was "All Apologies."

Controversy 
There was much controversy about the title of the song. Although many people were shocked about it, Kurt Cobain, the writer of the song, said that the song is about a man who rapes a woman. He is sent to prison for it, and he is raped there. There was a music video that was planned to be made. It was going to be set in a women's prison. However, Nirvana needed a break from the controversy and did not make it.

Chart positions 

Nirvana songs
1993 songs
Mickey Rooney (born Joseph Yule; September 23, 1920 – April 6, 2014) was an American actor and producer.

In his career, he won many awards, such as an Oscar, a Golden Globe and an Emmy Award. Best known for his work as the Andy Hardy character, Rooney had one of the longest movie careers of any actor.

Rooney married eight times and had nine children. He separated from his eighth wife in 2012.

Rooney died after a long illness on April 6, 2014 at his home in Los Angeles, California. He was 93 years old.

References

Other websites

 The official website of Mickey Rooney
 The Official Home of Mickey Rooney 
 
 Mickey Rooney on the Phil Silvers Show 

1920 births
2014 deaths
Actors from New York City
American child actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Emmy Award winners
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
A syllogism  is a  deduction. It is a kind of logical argument in which one proposition (the conclusion) is inferred from two or more others (the premises). The idea is an invention of Aristotle.

In the Prior Analytics, Aristotle defines the syllogism as "a discourse in which, certain things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so". (24b18–20)

Each proposition must have some form of the verb 'to be' in it. A categorical syllogism is like a little machine built of three parts: the major premise, the minor premise and the conclusion. Each of these parts is a proposition and, from the first two, the "truth value" of the third part is decided.

Examples
Major premise: All men are mortal.
Minor premise: All Greeks are men.
Conclusion: All Greeks are mortal.

Each of the three distinct terms represents a category. In the above example, "men," "mortal," and "Greeks."  "Mortal" is the major term; "Greeks", the minor term.  The premises also have one term in common with each other, which is known as the middle term; in this example, "man." Both of the premises are universal, as is the conclusion.

Major premise: All mortals die.
Minor premise: Some men are mortals.
Conclusion: Some men die.

Here, the major term is "die", the minor term is "men," and the middle term is "mortals". The major premise is universal; the minor premise and the conclusion are particular. Aristotle studied different syllogisms and identified valid syllogisms as syllogisms with conclusion true if both premises are true. The examples above are valid syllogisms.

A sorites is a form of argument in which a series of incomplete syllogisms is so arranged that the predicate of each premise forms the subject of the next until the subject of the first is joined with the predicate of the last in the conclusion. For example, if one argues that a given number of grains of sand does not make a heap and that an additional grain does not either, then to conclude that no additional amount of sand will make a heap is to construct a sorites argument.

Logic today 
The syllogism was replaced by first-order logic after the work of Gottlob Frege, published in 1879. This logic is suitable for mathematics, computers, linguistics and other subjects, because it uses numbers (quantified variables) instead of sentences.

References 

Logic
The Book of 1 Maccabees (pronounced First Maccabees) is a book of the Bible written in Hebrew around the year 100 BC by a Jewish author. It is part of the Old Testament in Catholic and Orthodox Christianity but is generally not seen as canonical in Protestantism. It talks about the period in Jewish history between 175 BC and 134 BC, when the Seleucid Empire ruled over Israel and forced their culture and religion onto the Jewish people. Angry at these developments, many Jews rebelled against the imperialists and overthrew the tyranny. Their struggles and battles form the majority of the Book of 1 Maccabees.

Old Testament books
Hanukkah
Lizzie McGuire is an American children's situation comedy television show. It was shown from 2001 through 2004 on the Disney Channel. It is about the life of a young girl (Hilary Duff as Lizzie McGuire) growing up. There was a 2003 film based on the show called The Lizzie McGuire Movie. There was also a series of books, a magazine and toys. The soundtrack to the show was released on CD and sold a million copies.

Cast 

Hilary Duff as Elizabeth "Lizzie" Brooke McGuire
Lalaine as Miranda Isabella Sanchez
Adam Lamberg as David "Gordo" Gordon
Jake Thomas as Matthew "Matt" McGuire
Hallie Todd as Jo McGuire
Robert Carradine as Sam McGuire
Ashlie Brillault as Kate Sanders
Clayton Snyder as Ethan Craft

Other websites 

2001 American television series debuts
2004 American television series endings
2000s American sitcoms
2000s teen television series
American teen comedy television series

Television series about families
Television series about friendship
Television series about siblings
English-language television programs
Reprise Records is an American record label, founded in 1960 by Frank Sinatra, which is owned by Warner Music Group, and operated through Warner Bros. Records. Reprise is best known for recording  Green Day since 1994.

Company history 
Reprise was formed in 1960 by Frank Sinatra in order to allow more artistic freedom for his own recordings. He had earlier been with Capitol Records, but was upset when Capitol issued an album, Come Fly with Me, whose cover had a picture of him in front of an airplane with a Trans-World Airlines (TWA) logo. He believed Capitol and TWA were profiting together from his image, and left him out.

Reprise's artists included Sinatra's longtime friend Dean Martin, who was a singer and comedian, with a popular television show. Sinatra's daughter, Nancy Sinatra, became a recording artist and singer, and signed with her father's label. (His advice to her, whoever she signed with, was to "Own your own masters", and she did that. Years later, her  was valuable, and she earned more money from her records than if she was not their owner.) Reprise also released records by Jimi Hendrix, and later Neil Young.

Subsidiaries 
 Kinetic Records (1992–2000)
 Grand Jury Records (1990–1993)
 Giant Records (1990-1994, Warner Brothers took over the duties until Giant folded.)
 Vapor Records (1995–present; current status unknown)
 Elementree Records (1995–2000)
 In Bloom Records (1998–2000)
 Chrysalis Records (1969-1972)

Related pages
 List of record labels

References

Other websites 
 A discography of American Reprise singles from 1961 to 1970

American record labels
1960 establishments in the United States
Rob Cavallo (born March 21, 1963) is a record producer. He both signed and produced Green Day. He has made a number of other albums. He is now a senior vice-president at Reprise Records.

Partial discography


Dave Matthews Band
Yet-To-Be-Titled Album (2008/9)

David Cook (singer)
Yet-To-Be-Titled Album (2008)

Flashlight Brown
My Degeneration (2003)

Fleetwood Mac
Say You Will (2003)

Goo Goo Dolls
Dizzy Up The Girl (1998)
Gutterflower (2002)

L7
"the Beauty Process" (1997)

Green Day
Dookie (1994)
Insomniac (1995)
Nimrod (1997)

Shenanigans (2002)
American Idiot (2004)

Hot Hot Heat
Let Me In single (2007)

Jawbreaker
Dear You (1995)

Jewel
Goodbye Alice in Wonderland (2006)

Kid Rock 
    Rock And Roll Jesus (2007)

Avril Lavigne 
  The Best Damn Thing (2007)  (Innocence)

Less Than Jake
B is for B-Sides (2004)
Anthem (2003)

Alanis Morissette
"Uninvited" (1998)

The Muffs
Blonder and Blonder (1995)

My Chemical Romance
The Black Parade (2006)

Shinedown
 The Sound of Madness (2008)

Sixpence None the Richer
Divine Discontent (2002)

Sleeper 
  Rain  (1994)

Other work
Rent: The Motion Picture Soundtrack (2005)

References

Other websites
Exclusive Video Interview With Rob Cavallo 
Article on recent work with Dave Matthews 

Grammy Award winners
Living people
American record producers
1963 births
"Longview" is the first major-label single released by punk band Green Day, from their 1994 album, Dookie.

Chart position 
 #1  (US Modern Rock) 
 #13  (US Mainstream Rock) 
 #30  (UK) 
 #34  (Australia) 
 #36  (US Radio Airplay) 

1994 songs
Green Day songs
Songs about drugs
"Basket Case" is a song by the band, Green Day from its third album Dookie. The song ended up being a huge hit, spending five weeks at the top of the Modern Rock Tracks chart after it was released. The song was written by frontman Billie Joe Armstrong about his struggle with anxiety; before he was diagnosed with a panic disorder, and he thought he was going crazy.

Track listing

Initial Pressing 
"Basket Case" - 3:01
"On The Wagon" (Non-LP Track) - 2:48
"Tired Of Waiting For You" (Non-LP Track) - 2:30
"409 In Your Coffeemaker" (Unmixed) - 2:49

Alternate Pressing 
"Basket Case" - 3:01
"Longview" (live) - 3:30
"Burnout" (live) - 2:11
"2,000 Light Years Away" (Live) - 2:49
(Live tracks recorded March 11, 1994 at Jannus Landing, St. Petersburg, Florida)

Chart positions 

It should be noted that, while the song was extremely popular in the United States, even reaching hit number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay, the lack of a commercial single stopped the song from charting on the Billboard Hot 100.

Footnotes

Other websites 
Song Review  at Allmusic

Green Day songs
1994 songs
"When I Come Around" is a 1994 single from Green Day's album, Dookie. It was the final single from the album and it was #1 on the Modern Rock Tracks for seven weeks.

Track listing

Initial Pressing
"When I Come Around" - 2:58
"Coming Clean" (Live) - 1:36
"She" (Live) - 2:14
(Live tracks recorded November 18, 1994 at Aragon Ballroom, Chicago)

AU Single
"When I Come Around" - 2:58
"Longview" (Live) - 3:30
"Burnout" (Live) - 2:11
"2,000 Light Years Away" (Live) - 2:48
(Live tracks recorded March 11, 1994, at Jannus Landing, St. Petersburg, Florida)

7" Picture Disc
Side A.
"When I Come Around" - 2:58

Side B.
"She" (Live) - 2:14

Chart positions

1994 songs
Green Day songs
Aquila is a constellation. The name means 'eagle' in Latin. The constellation is normally represented as an eagle.

Aquila is just a few degrees North of the celestial equator. The constellation is best seen in the summer as it is along the Milky Way. Because of this location along the line of our galaxy, many clusters and nebulae are within its borders. However, they are dim and there are not many galaxies.

History
Aquila was one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy. It had been earlier mentioned by Eudoxus in the 4th century BC and Aratus in the 3rd century BC. It is now one of the 88 constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union.

The Greek Aquila is probably based on the Babylonian constellation of the Eagle (MUL.A.MUSHEN), which is in the same area as the Greek constellation.

Novae
Two major novae have been observed in Aquila. The first one was in 389 BC and was recorded as being as bright as Venus. The other was in 1918 and is known as (Nova Aquilae 1918). It briefly shone brighter than Altair, the brightest star in Aquila.

Deep-sky objects
Three interesting planetary nebulae lie in Aquila:
NGC 6804 shows a small but bright ring
NGC 6781 which bears some resemblance with the Owl Nebula in Ursa Major.
NGC 6751: also known as the Glowing Eye, a planetary nebula

Illustrations
In illustrations of Aquila that represent it as an eagle, a nearly straight line of three stars symbolizes part of the wings. The center and brightest of these three stars is Altair. The tips of the wings spread out to the southeast and northwest. The head of the eagle stretches off to the southwest.

Mythology

In mythology, Aquila was owned by the Roman god Jupiter and did many tasks for him.

In a book by Gavin White, the Babylonian Eagle carried the constellation called the Dead Man (LU.USH) in its talons. The author also draws a comparison to the Classical stories of Antinous and Ganymede.

In classical Greek mythology, Aquila was identified as Αετός Δίας (Aetos Dios). He was the eagle that carried the thunderbolts of Zeus. He was sent by Zeus to carry the shepherd boy Ganymede to Mount Olympus. The constellation of Aquarius is sometimes identified with Ganymede.

In the Chinese love story of Qi Xi, Niu Lang (Altair) and his two children (β and γ Aquilae) are separated forever from their wife and mother Zhi Nu (Vega) who is on the far side of the river, the Milky Way.

In Hinduism, the constellation Aquila is identified with the half-eagle half-human deity Garuda.

Chinese astronomy
In Chinese astronomy, ζ Aql is within the Heavenly Market Enclosure (天市垣, Tiān Shì Yuán), and the other stars of the constellation are placed within the Black Tortoise of the North (北方玄武, Běi Fāng Xuán Wǔ).

References

Sources

Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). Stars and Planets Guide, Collins, London. . Princeton University Press, Princeton. .

Other websites 

NightSkyInfo.com: Constellation Aquila
Star Tales – Aquila
The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Aquila
WIKISKY.ORG: Aquila constellation

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Libra (, , symbol , Unicode ) is a constellation of the zodiac. It lies between Virgo to the west and Scorpius to the east. It once represented the claws of Scorpius.

Some features 
The brightest stars in Libra form a rectangle:

 α Librae, Zubenelgenubi ("southern claw"), a visual binary;
 β Librae, Zubeneschamali ("northern claw");
 γ Librae, Zubenelakrab ("scorpion's claw");
 σ Librae, Brachium an eclipsing variable.

α and β Librae are the scales' balance beam, and γ and σ are the weighing pans.

σ Librae was formerly known as γ Scorpii even though it is well inside the boundaries of Libra. It was not renamed as σ Librae until 1851 (by Benjamin A. Gould).

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Scorpius (Latin for scorpion, symbol , Unicode ♏) is one of the constellations of the zodiac. In western astrology it is also known as "Scorpio". It is a large constellation in the Southern Hemisphere near the center of the Milky Way.

Deep-sky objects
 Messier 7
 NGC 6302
 NGC 6334

Bibliography 
 Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). Collins Stars and Planets Guide, HarperCollins, London. .

Other websites 
 The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Scorpius
 Star Tales – Scorpius

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Ursa Major is a constellation that can be seen in the northern hemisphere and part of the southern hemisphere. Its name means Great Bear in Latin. It was named that because many different groups of people around the world have thought that its stars look a lot like a bear with a long tail. It is often used as a symbol for north.

According to Greek mythology, Ursa Major was once the beautiful maiden Callisto, whom the god Zeus had an affair with. In order to protect her and their son, Arcas, from his jealous wife Hera, Zeus turned Callisto and Arcas into bears. He then picked up the bears by their short, stubby tails and threw them into the sky.

Deep-sky objects
Several bright galaxies are found in Ursa Major, including the pair Messier 81 (one of the brightest galaxies in the sky) and Messier 82 above the bear's head, and the Pinwheel galaxy (M101), a beautiful spiral galaxy northwest of the star η Ursae Majoris. Other well-known spiral galaxies are NGC 4102, NGC 4605, Messier 108 and Messier 109. The constellation has about 50 galaxies that can be seen with a small telescope. The Owl nebula, the brightest planetary nebula, can be found along the bottom of the bowl of the Big Dipper.

The Big Dipper 

The seven stars in the northeast corner of Ursa Major form an  called the Big Dipper (or the Plough in Great Britain).  This group has been recognized by almost all groups of people who live or lived in places where it can be seen in the sky and it is one of the best-known star patterns. The Big Dipper is helpful in finding the north star because an imaginary line drawn through the two stars on the right side will point directly at the north star. These two stars are called The Pointers and they are very important on navigation by stars.

All of the stars in the Big Dipper except Dubhe and Alkaid are moving toward the same point in the sky through proper motion. This group of stars is known as the Ursa Major Moving Group.

References

Other websites 
 The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Ursa Major

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Ursa Minor is a constellation in the northern sky. It is often called the Little Bear or the Little Dipper. Just like the related constellation Ursa Major, or the Big Bear or Big Dipper, it seems to have a long handle leading to a cup or ladle. The end of the handle is the North Star, called Polaris.

The ancient astronomer Ptolemy included Ursa Minor in his list of 48 constellations. It is now one of the 88 modern constellations. Ursa Minor is special because it includes the north celestial pole. However, this will change after several hundred years because the Earth will change the direction of its axis. That movement is called precession

Special features

Stars
Ursa Minor is often called the Little Dipper because its seven brightest stars seem to be in the shape of a dipper (ladle or scoop). The star at the end of the dipper handle is Polaris, the North Star.

Polaris is the brightest star in the constellation. It is a 'yellow-white' supergiant shining at 2.02 apparent magnitude. It belongs to an unusual class of stars called Cepheid variables. The brightness of Polaris can change. The second brightest star is β UMi (Kochab). It is a 2.08 orange giant star.

The four stars in the "bowl" of the little dipper are very useful for star watchers. They are of second, third, fourth and fifth magnitude. These stars are an easy guide to knowing what magnitude stars are visible. This is helpful for people who live in cities where light can make dim stars hard to see. It is also a way of testing your eyesight.

Named stars

Deep sky objects
There is one dwarf galaxy in the area of the constellation. It is called Ursa Minor Dwarf.

History and mythology

Drawings of Ursa Minor often show it as a baby bear with an unusually long tail. In some stories, the tail is so long because the baby bear was held by the tail and spun around the pole.

Greek mythology connected Ursa Minor and Ursa Major to the story of Callisto and Arcas. However, one older version of the story has Boötes in place of Arcas. In that story Ursa Minor was a dog. This earlier tradition explains both the length of the tail and an older name for Polaris. The North Star used to be called Cynosura which means the dog's tail.

In another story from early Greek mythology, the seven stars of the Little Dipper were seven sisters. They were Atlas' daughters, the Hesperides. They were part of a story with the nearby constellations Boötes, Ursa Major, and Draco.

Related pages
 Ursa Major
 Ursa Minor Beta, a place in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

References

Bibliography
 Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). Stars and Planets Guide, Collins, London. . Princeton University Press, Princeton. .

Other websites

 The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Ursa Minor
 Star Tales – Ursa Minor

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris) is the Pole Star or North Star. 

It is the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor. It is almost straight above Earth's North Pole. Because of this, when it is seen from Earth, it looks like it always stays in the same place in the sky. For centuries, sailors in the northern hemisphere used Polaris to help them figure out where they were on the ocean and what way they were moving.

Polaris is part of a triple star system. It has a very close dwarf binary, and a larger star, Polaris B, which orbits 2,400 AU away.

The main star, Polaris A, is a giant with 4.5 times the mass of the Sun and a diameter of 45 million kilometers. It is a classic Cepheid variable, the closest to us in the whole Milky Way. Polaris B can be seen even with a modest telescope. It was found by William Herschel in 1780 using one of the most powerful telescopes of the time: his own reflecting telescope. The nearby dwarf star, Ab, was predicted in 1929, but only seen quite recently. The dwarf orbits as close to A as Uranus is to our sun.

Even though Polaris is the North Star today, this has not always been the case. The place in the sky that the Earth's north pole points at changes slowly over time. This movement is called stellar precession. In 3000 BC, a faint star called Thuban in the constellation of Draco was the North Star. Polaris did not become the North Star until about AD 500. It will get closer to straight above the Earth's north pole until sometime in 2102. Then it will move away again. It will be the closest star to the pole until about AD 3000.

Surprisingly, considering its relative nearness, its distance is not yet known for certain. Many recent papers calculate the distance to Polaris at about 434 light-years (133 parsecs). However, some suggest it may be as much as 30% closer. If correct, this would be especially notable because Polaris is the closest Cepheid variable to Earth. Its physical parameters are critical to the whole astronomical distance scale.

There is no star in the southern hemisphere  which plays a similar role to Polaris.

References 

Northern pole stars
Variable stars
Binary stars
In geometry, a hypercube is an n-dimensional analogue of a square () and a cube (). It is a closed, compact, convex figure whose 1-skeleton consists of groups of opposite parallel line segments aligned in each of the space's dimensions, perpendicular to each other and of the same length.  A unit hypercube's longest diagonal in n dimension is equal to .

An n-dimensional hypercube is also called an n-cube or an n-dimensional cube.  The term "measure polytope" is also used, notably in the work of H. S. M. Coxeter (originally from Elte, 1912), but it has now been superseded.

The hypercube is the special case of a hyperrectangle (also called an n-orthotope).

A unit hypercube is a hypercube whose side has length one unit.  Often, the hypercube whose corners (or vertices) are the 2n points in Rn with each coordinate equal to 0 or 1 is called "the" unit hypercube.

Construction

A hypercube can be defined by increasing the numbers of dimensions of a shape:

0 – A point is a hypercube of dimension zero.
1 – If one moves this point one unit length, it will sweep out a line segment, which is a unit hypercube of dimension one.
2 – If one moves this line segment its length in a perpendicular direction from itself; it sweeps out a 2-dimensional square.
3 – If one moves the square one unit length in the direction perpendicular to the plane it lies on, it will generate a 3-dimensional cube.
4 – If one moves the cube one unit length into the fourth dimension, it generates a 4-dimensional unit hypercube (a unit tesseract).

This can be generalized to any number of dimensions. This process of sweeping out volumes can be formalized mathematically as a Minkowski sum: the d-dimensional hypercube is the Minkowski sum of d mutually perpendicular unit-length line segments, and is therefore an example of a zonotope.

The 1-skeleton of a hypercube is a hypercube graph.

Related pages
 Simplex - the n-dimensional analogue of the triangle
 Hyperrectangle - the general case of the hypercube, where the base is a rectangle.

Notes

Other websites 
 
 
 Olshevsky, George, Measure polytope at Glossary for Hyperspace.
 www.4d-screen.de (Rotation of 4D – 7D-Cube)
  Rotating a Hypercube by Enrique Zeleny, Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
 Stereoscopic Animated Hypercube

Shapes
Iron Man 2 is a 2010 American superhero movie. It is based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man. It is the sequel to the 2008 movie Iron Man and the third movie for the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

It was directed by Jon Favreau and written by Justin Theroux. It stars Robert Downey, Jr., Gwyneth Paltrow, Don Cheadle, Scarlett Johansson, Sam Rockwell and Mickey Rourke. The story is set six months after the events of Iron Man. Tony Stark has revealed his identity as Iron Man. He is resisting calls by the United States government to hand over the technology. Ivan Vanko, meanwhile, has developed the same technology and built weapons of his own.

After the successful release of Iron Man, Marvel Studios announced and immediately set to work on producing a sequel. In July of that same same year, Theroux was hired to write the script. Favreau was signed to return and direct. Downey and Paltrow were to repeat their roles from Iron Man. Cheadle was brought in to replace Terrence Howard in the role of James Rhodes. In early 2009, Rourke, Rockwell and Johansson completed the supporting cast. The movie went into production that summer. Like its predecessor, the movie was shot mostly in California, except for a key sequence in Monaco.

Release Dates 

2010s superhero movies
Marvel Cinematic Universe movies
Movies directed by Jon Favreau
Iron Man movies
Drone movies
Hot Modern Rock Tracks (used to be called Modern Rock Tracks) is a music chart in the United States. Since September 10 1988, Hot Modern Rock Tracks has appeared in Billboard magazine.

Other websites 
 Billboard.com - This week's Hot Modern Rock Tracks 

Record charts
Non-fiction is writing about facts.  Although non-fiction is supposed to be truthful, sometimes it may not be.  People normally assume that authors mean to be truthful, but they might make mistakes.  Writing is normally split into two parts: non-fiction and fiction.  As well as non-fiction books, there are also pictures and films.

Types of non-fiction 

Autobiography 
Biography 
Diagram
Dictionary
Documentary
Encyclopedia
Essay
History

Journal
Journalism
Letter
Natural history
Philosophy
Photograph
Textbook

Other websites 
 Nonfiction Book Awards

 
Writing
A sphinx is a mythological figure, which looks like a lion with a human head. It dates back to the Old Kingdom of Egypt, and its name comes from the Ancient Greek name for a "stranger". The Sphinx is also common in South and South-East Asia, and was popular in Europe from the times of the Renaissance. The Sphinx was famous for posing riddles. It was used to protect the pyramids of Giza. Giza has ahead of a man and the body of a lion. One notable sphinx appears in the legend of Oedipus and killed travellers who failed to correctly answer a riddle about the three ages of man ("Which creature has one voice, but travels on four legs in the morning, two in the afternoon and three in the evening?"). Oedipus correctly solved it ("Man-he crawls on all fours as a baby, in adulthood, he walks upright, and in old age, he walks with a cane"). e

Mythology
Legendary creatures
Safe sex (also called Safer sex or protected sex) is to have sex in a safe way. There are many dangers with having sex. Perhaps the most well-known are:
Unwanted pregnancy; contraception can help this. 
Catching diseases that can be spread through having sex. Some of these, such as Syphilis, Gonorrhea or Trichomoniasis can be cured. Others conditions, such as AIDS, Hepatitis, and Herpes simplex are caused by viruses. Such diseases or conditions are hard to cure, or they cannot be cured at all. Condoms can help limit the spread of these diseases.

There are many ways of having safe sex. Some of these include:
Using a condom or dental dam to create a barrier between the individuals. This is the way which most people have safe sex.
Masturbating rather than having normal sex. This is because the body parts never come into contact making it harder for diseases to spread.
Oral Sex is also lots safer although there is still a high risk. Using a condom or dam while having oral sex is even safer.
Abstinence, or not having sex at all.

Sexually transmitted diseases
Michael Francis "Mick" Foley, Sr (born March 31, 1966 is an American author, actor and professional wrestler. He has wrestled under the names Dude Love, Cactus Jack, and Mankind. He is currently signed to a WWE  on  smackdown  brand  as  mankind.

Careers 
A hardcore specialist, Foley is known as "The King of Hardcore Wrestling". He is a former ECW, WCW and WWE Tag Team Champion and was a part of the "Rock and Sock Connection" with wrestler The Rock.

He has held the WWE Championship 3 times. He has held the TNA World Heavyweight Championship after defeating Sting at Lockdown 2008. In WWE he has won a total of 17 championships.

He was announced as the first inductee into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2013.

Works
Memoirs
(1999) Have a Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks. ReganBooks. . (credited as Mankind/Mick Foley)
(2001) Foley Is Good: And the Real World Is Faker than Wrestling. ReganBooks. .
(2007) The Hardcore Diaries. PocketBooks. 
(2010) Countdown to Lockdown: A Hardcore Journal. Grand Central Publishing. 

Children's fiction
(2000) Mick Foley's Christmas Chaos. ReganBooks. .
(2001) Mick Foley's Halloween Hijinx. HarperCollins Publishers. .
(2004) Tales From Wrescal Lane. World Wrestling Entertainment..

Contemporary fiction
(2003) Tietam Brown. Knopf. .
(2005) Scooter. Knopf. .

Filmography
2012: 30 Rock - as Mankind (1 Episode, "The Ballad of Kennith Parcell")
2010: Family Feud - as Himself (5 episodes)
2010:  "Warren the Ape: Anger Management" - as Himself.
2010: Savage Hot Babe Massacre
2009–2010: The Daily Show - Himself (Job Title: "Senior Ass Kicker")(2 episodes)
2009: Hard Knocks - as TBA (Post-Production)
2009: Squidbillies - as Thunderclap (1 Episode, Anabolic-Holic)
2009: Bloodstained Memoirs - as Himself
2007: Anamorph - as Antique Store Owner
2007: Staten Island - as Pawn Shop Owner
2006–2007: Avatar: The Last Airbender - as The Boulder (Voice, 2 Episodes)
2003: Jimmy Kimmel Live! - as Himself (Guest Co-Host, 5 Episodes)
2001: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno - as Himself (1 Episode)
2001: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? - as Himself (Contestant)
2001: Robot Wars: Extreme Wars - as Himself (Host)
2000: Saturday Night Live - as Himself (1 Episode)
2000: Big Money Hustlas - as Cactus Sac
2000: Now and Again - as Charlie (1 Episode, "The Eggman Cometh")
2000: Celebrity Death Match - as Mankind (1 Episode, "Battle of the Heavy Metal Headbangers")
1999: Late Night with Conan O'Brien - as Himself (1 Episode)
1999: The Martin Short Show - as Himself (1 Episode)
1999: The Howard Stern Show - as Himself (1 Episode)
1999–2001: The Howard Stern Radio Show - as Himself (3 Episodes)
1999: G vs E - as Himself (1 Episode, "Sunday Night Evil")
1999: Boy Meets World - as Mankind (1 Episode, "For Love And Apartments")
1999: Total Request Live - as Mankind (1 Episode)
1999: Beyond the Mat - as Himself

References

1965 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Bloomington, Indiana
Sportspeople from Indiana
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Writers from Indiana
WWE Hall of Fame
A Cyclic redundancy check (often shortened to CRC) is a way to calculate a checksum, based on a polynomial. In computer science, CRCs are used to check that no errors occurred transmitting the data. The transmitted messages are divided into predetermined lengths which, used as dividends, are divided by a fixed divisor. The remainder of the calculation is appended onto and sent with the computer recalculates the remainder. If it does not match the transmitted remainder, an error is detected. At this point, the data is re-sent. Ethernet packets have a (CRC) code.  

For example: 

If 'm' is your message of 16 bits, and you are calculating a CRC of 8 bits (CRC-8), then let 'x' be message 'm' appended by 7 zeroes. Let 'y' be a "magic" number. Divide 'x' by 'y', until you obtain a remainder that is not divisible further. Take this remainder and subtract it from the "magic" number 'y' and add this result to 'x' to obtain 'z'. 'z' is now a multiple of the "magic" number 'y' and dividing 'z' by 'y' will give a zero remainder. 'z' can now be transmitted to the receiver. The receiver will perform this division and check if the remainder is zero to confirm that there were no errors in transmission. The message can be recovered by simply reading the most significant 16 bits in the 24 bit transmission. 

In real world systems, these long division operations are performed in hardware by bit-shifting and XORing, a feat which is trivial for digital electronics to perform at extremely high speeds. 

Computing
Binary arithmetics
A padded cell is a special room in a hospital for mentally ill people. It's made so that the patients can be put there when they go through a crisis (or they have a fit or seizure). They are put there so they can go through their crisis on their own, without putting others into danger. Padded cells are made in special ways so that those having the crisis cannot hurt themselves. Padded cells have been used for a long time in psychiatry. In the 1980s, their use declined in Europe. This is because there are drugs that can be given that make them nearly unnecessary. 

They are still widely used, especially in Africa and Asia. 

Seizures and crises are usually very tiring. For this reason, patients usually only spend a short time in these cells. They usually collapse because of fatigue rather quickly. When they do, they need medical attention quickly.

Psychology
Rüttenen is a municipality in Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Mangwal is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 33°6'30N 72°49'32E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Mangwal is a village in Kunar Province, Afghanistan. It is at 34°36'7N 70°49'41E. Its height is .

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Afghanistan is in the middle of Asia. The country is landlocked and mountainous, and has most of the Hindu Kush mountains. There are four major rivers in the country: the Amu Darya, the Hari River, the Kabul River and the Helmand River. The country also contains a number of smaller rivers, lakes, and streams.

Borders
Afghanistan has 5529 km of borders. They are with neighbouring countries:
Pakistan: 2,430 km, known as the Durand Line. This is in the south and southeast of Afghanistan. 
Iran, to the west of Afghanistan. The border is 936 km long 
Tajikistan has a border of 1,206 km with Afghanistan to the north 
Turkmenistan has a border of 744 km 
Uzbekistan has a border of 137 km
Afghanistan also has a disputed border with China. It is 76 km in length and is in the far northeast of the country. This is disputed by Pakistan and Tajikistan which both claim the area.

The borders are called "porous". That means that in many places people can cross over with not much official control.

Land
Afghanistan has a lot of rugged mountains known as the Hindu Kush as well areas of desert.

 Highest and lowest
 Lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m
 Highest point: Noshaq 7,492 m

 Natural hazards
 Damaging earthquakes occur in the Hindsh mountains; flooding and droughts in the south and south-west of the country.

 Natural resources 
Afghanistan's natural resources include: natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, uranium, gold, silver, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones.

Mountain systems

The Hindu Kush reaches a height of 7485 m. / 24,557 ft. at Nowshak, Afghanistan's highest peak. Of the ranges extending southwestward from the Hindu Kush, the Koh-i-Baba reaches the greatest height (Shah Fuladi, 5,142 m /16,870 ft). The Safed Koh range, which includes the Tora Bora area, dominates the border area southeast of Kabul.

The area towards the Khyber Pass across the Safed Koh are in eastern Afghanistan; at the top the height is 1070 m. / 3,509 ft. at Landi Kotal. This area is near to Pakistan, the town of Torkham is five kilometres from Pakistan.

References

Other websites
Topographic map of Afghanistan (1 : 300 000) www.cesty.in
Persia (Iran), Afghanistan and Baluchistan is an old map, featuring Afghanistan, from 1897. It's written in English.
Afghanistan, Beloochistan, etc. is another old map, from 1893. It was published by the Methodist church.