{"context":["Document [1](Title: Home computer) Home computers were a class of microcomputers entering the market in 1977, and becoming common during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that, for the first time, were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user. These computers were a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business, scientific or engineering-oriented computers of the time such as the IBM PC, and were generally less powerful in terms of memory and expandability. However, a home computer often had better graphics and sound than contemporary business computers. Their most common uses were playing","Document [2](Title: Computers in the classroom) schools became a major issue, leaving many teachers unable to provide enough computers for students to use. Despite this, by 1989 computer usage shifted from being a relative rarity in American public schools, to being present in nearly every school district. The early 1990s marked the beginning of modern media technology such as CD-ROMs as well as the development of modern presentation software such as Microsoft PowerPoint. Other computer-based technology including the electronic whiteboard and the laptop computer became widely available to students. In 1990, the Methodist Ladies' College became the first campus to require every student to purchase a","Document [3](Title: Computers in the classroom) 13% of the nation's public high schools used computers for instruction, although non-users still outnumbered users at a ratio of 2 to 1. The study also concluded that computers proved to be very popular with students, and that applications run on early models included sports statistic managers, administration tools, and physics simulators. In 1975, Apple Inc. began donating Apple 1 model computers to schools, and mainframes began to lose their former dominance over academic research. Computer usage continued to grow rapidly throughout this era. In 1977, it was estimated that over 90% of students at Dartmouth College had used computers","Document [4](Title: Participatory culture) not enough to ensure youth and adults learn how to use the tools effectively. Most American youths now have at least minimal access to networked computers, be it at school or in public libraries, but \"children who have access to home computers demonstrate more positive attitudes towards computers, show more enthusiasm, and report more enthusiast and ease when using computer than those who do not (Page 8 Wartella, O'Keefe, and Scantlin (2000)). As the children with more access to computers gain more comfort in using them, the less tech-savvy students get pushed aside. It is important to note that it","Document [5](Title: Computer literacy) computers have made Numbers more flexible to some extent. In the United Kingdom, the BBC Computer Literacy Project and the BBC Micro, which ran from 1980 to 1989, educated a generation of coders in schools and at home, prior to the development of mass market PCs in the 1990s. The ZX Spectrum, released in 1982, helped to popularize home computing, coding and gaming in Britain and was also popular in other countries. On development, many computers have long since evolved to use data computing, and now use computers in three standard ways: batch, online, and real-time. Reading and writing are","Document [6](Title: Computers in the classroom) continuing support of government funding, the prevalence of educational computer usage boomed during this era. Between 1997 and 1999, the ratio of students to multimedia computers decreased from 21 students per machine to less than 10 students per machine. Colleges began creating specialized classrooms designed to provide students with access to the utilization of the most modern technology available. Classrooms such as the \"Classroom 2000\" built at Georgia Tech in 1999 which featured computers with audio and video equipment designed to capture detailed recordings of lectures as a replacement for traditional note taking began to become more common. By 2000,","Document [7](Title: Computers in the classroom) is not simply about typical concepts or facts as laid out in school curricula. Instead, it is about the process of building connections As a result, the awareness of the importance and the value of communication is becoming instilled into children. Today, with a single laptop, Webcam, projector, and an Internet connection, a teacher can broadcast and begin collaboration with any other classroom. As groups of learners coalesce around shared passions online, they experience something that is difficult to replicate in physical space. Classroom computer access to Web 2.0 applications such as online learning communities and interactive educational tools offer","Document [8](Title: Computers in the classroom) laptop. Governments around the world began to take notice of the effectiveness of this policy, and began financial initiatives to significantly increase the use of laptop computers in other colleges as well. In 1996, Bill Clinton made over $2 billion in grants available in the Technology Literacy Challenge Fund, a program which challenged schools to make computers available to every student, connected to the outside world, and engaging. This marked a significant increase in the demand for computer technology in many public school systems throughout the globe. Correlating with the development of modern operating systems like Windows 98 and the","Document [9](Title: Computers in the classroom) Computers in the classroom Computers in the classroom include any digital technology used to enhance, supplement, or replace a traditional educational curriculum. As computers have become more accessible, inexpensive, and powerful, the demand for this technology has increased, leading to more frequent use of computer resources within classes, and a decrease in the student-to-computer ratio within schools. College campuses used computer mainframes in education since the initial days of this technology, and throughout the initial development of computers. The earliest large-scale study of educational computer usage conducted for the National Science Foundation by The American Institute for Research concluded that","Document [10](Title: Information and communications technology) classroom. As technology evolved and became more widely used, efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa were also expanded. In the 1990s a massive effort to push computer hardware and software into schools was undertaken, with the goal of familiarizing both students and teachers with computers in the classroom. Since then, multiple projects have endeavored to continue the expansion of ICT's reach in the region, including the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project, which by 2015 had distributed over 2.4 million laptops to nearly 2 million students and teachers. The inclusion of ICT in the classroom, often referred to as M-Learning, has expanded"],"query":"when did computer become widespread in homes and schools?","answers":["1980s"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Computers in the classroom) schools became a major issue, leaving many teachers unable to provide enough computers for students to use. Despite this, by 1989 computer usage shifted from being a relative rarity in American public schools, to being present in nearly every school district. The early 1990s marked the beginning of modern media technology such as CD-ROMs as well as the development of modern presentation software such as Microsoft PowerPoint. Other computer-based technology including the electronic whiteboard and the laptop computer became widely available to students. In 1990, the Methodist Ladies' College became the first campus to require every student to purchase a","Document [2](Title: Computers in the classroom) 13% of the nation's public high schools used computers for instruction, although non-users still outnumbered users at a ratio of 2 to 1. The study also concluded that computers proved to be very popular with students, and that applications run on early models included sports statistic managers, administration tools, and physics simulators. In 1975, Apple Inc. began donating Apple 1 model computers to schools, and mainframes began to lose their former dominance over academic research. Computer usage continued to grow rapidly throughout this era. In 1977, it was estimated that over 90% of students at Dartmouth College had used computers","Document [3](Title: Participatory culture) not enough to ensure youth and adults learn how to use the tools effectively. Most American youths now have at least minimal access to networked computers, be it at school or in public libraries, but \"children who have access to home computers demonstrate more positive attitudes towards computers, show more enthusiasm, and report more enthusiast and ease when using computer than those who do not (Page 8 Wartella, O'Keefe, and Scantlin (2000)). As the children with more access to computers gain more comfort in using them, the less tech-savvy students get pushed aside. It is important to note that it","Document [4](Title: Computer literacy) computers have made Numbers more flexible to some extent. In the United Kingdom, the BBC Computer Literacy Project and the BBC Micro, which ran from 1980 to 1989, educated a generation of coders in schools and at home, prior to the development of mass market PCs in the 1990s. The ZX Spectrum, released in 1982, helped to popularize home computing, coding and gaming in Britain and was also popular in other countries. On development, many computers have long since evolved to use data computing, and now use computers in three standard ways: batch, online, and real-time. Reading and writing are","Document [5](Title: Home computer) Home computers were a class of microcomputers entering the market in 1977, and becoming common during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that, for the first time, were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user. These computers were a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business, scientific or engineering-oriented computers of the time such as the IBM PC, and were generally less powerful in terms of memory and expandability. However, a home computer often had better graphics and sound than contemporary business computers. Their most common uses were playing","Document [6](Title: Computers in the classroom) continuing support of government funding, the prevalence of educational computer usage boomed during this era. Between 1997 and 1999, the ratio of students to multimedia computers decreased from 21 students per machine to less than 10 students per machine. Colleges began creating specialized classrooms designed to provide students with access to the utilization of the most modern technology available. Classrooms such as the \"Classroom 2000\" built at Georgia Tech in 1999 which featured computers with audio and video equipment designed to capture detailed recordings of lectures as a replacement for traditional note taking began to become more common. By 2000,","Document [7](Title: Computers in the classroom) is not simply about typical concepts or facts as laid out in school curricula. Instead, it is about the process of building connections As a result, the awareness of the importance and the value of communication is becoming instilled into children. Today, with a single laptop, Webcam, projector, and an Internet connection, a teacher can broadcast and begin collaboration with any other classroom. As groups of learners coalesce around shared passions online, they experience something that is difficult to replicate in physical space. Classroom computer access to Web 2.0 applications such as online learning communities and interactive educational tools offer","Document [8](Title: Computers in the classroom) laptop. Governments around the world began to take notice of the effectiveness of this policy, and began financial initiatives to significantly increase the use of laptop computers in other colleges as well. In 1996, Bill Clinton made over $2 billion in grants available in the Technology Literacy Challenge Fund, a program which challenged schools to make computers available to every student, connected to the outside world, and engaging. This marked a significant increase in the demand for computer technology in many public school systems throughout the globe. Correlating with the development of modern operating systems like Windows 98 and the","Document [9](Title: Computers in the classroom) Computers in the classroom Computers in the classroom include any digital technology used to enhance, supplement, or replace a traditional educational curriculum. As computers have become more accessible, inexpensive, and powerful, the demand for this technology has increased, leading to more frequent use of computer resources within classes, and a decrease in the student-to-computer ratio within schools. College campuses used computer mainframes in education since the initial days of this technology, and throughout the initial development of computers. The earliest large-scale study of educational computer usage conducted for the National Science Foundation by The American Institute for Research concluded that","Document [10](Title: Information and communications technology) classroom. As technology evolved and became more widely used, efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa were also expanded. In the 1990s a massive effort to push computer hardware and software into schools was undertaken, with the goal of familiarizing both students and teachers with computers in the classroom. Since then, multiple projects have endeavored to continue the expansion of ICT's reach in the region, including the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project, which by 2015 had distributed over 2.4 million laptops to nearly 2 million students and teachers. The inclusion of ICT in the classroom, often referred to as M-Learning, has expanded"],"query":"when did computer become widespread in homes and schools?","answers":["1980s"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Computers in the classroom) schools became a major issue, leaving many teachers unable to provide enough computers for students to use. Despite this, by 1989 computer usage shifted from being a relative rarity in American public schools, to being present in nearly every school district. The early 1990s marked the beginning of modern media technology such as CD-ROMs as well as the development of modern presentation software such as Microsoft PowerPoint. Other computer-based technology including the electronic whiteboard and the laptop computer became widely available to students. In 1990, the Methodist Ladies' College became the first campus to require every student to purchase a","Document [2](Title: Computers in the classroom) 13% of the nation's public high schools used computers for instruction, although non-users still outnumbered users at a ratio of 2 to 1. The study also concluded that computers proved to be very popular with students, and that applications run on early models included sports statistic managers, administration tools, and physics simulators. In 1975, Apple Inc. began donating Apple 1 model computers to schools, and mainframes began to lose their former dominance over academic research. Computer usage continued to grow rapidly throughout this era. In 1977, it was estimated that over 90% of students at Dartmouth College had used computers","Document [3](Title: Participatory culture) not enough to ensure youth and adults learn how to use the tools effectively. Most American youths now have at least minimal access to networked computers, be it at school or in public libraries, but \"children who have access to home computers demonstrate more positive attitudes towards computers, show more enthusiasm, and report more enthusiast and ease when using computer than those who do not (Page 8 Wartella, O'Keefe, and Scantlin (2000)). As the children with more access to computers gain more comfort in using them, the less tech-savvy students get pushed aside. It is important to note that it","Document [4](Title: Computer literacy) computers have made Numbers more flexible to some extent. In the United Kingdom, the BBC Computer Literacy Project and the BBC Micro, which ran from 1980 to 1989, educated a generation of coders in schools and at home, prior to the development of mass market PCs in the 1990s. The ZX Spectrum, released in 1982, helped to popularize home computing, coding and gaming in Britain and was also popular in other countries. On development, many computers have long since evolved to use data computing, and now use computers in three standard ways: batch, online, and real-time. Reading and writing are","Document [5](Title: Computers in the classroom) continuing support of government funding, the prevalence of educational computer usage boomed during this era. Between 1997 and 1999, the ratio of students to multimedia computers decreased from 21 students per machine to less than 10 students per machine. Colleges began creating specialized classrooms designed to provide students with access to the utilization of the most modern technology available. Classrooms such as the \"Classroom 2000\" built at Georgia Tech in 1999 which featured computers with audio and video equipment designed to capture detailed recordings of lectures as a replacement for traditional note taking began to become more common. By 2000,","Document [6](Title: Computers in the classroom) is not simply about typical concepts or facts as laid out in school curricula. Instead, it is about the process of building connections As a result, the awareness of the importance and the value of communication is becoming instilled into children. Today, with a single laptop, Webcam, projector, and an Internet connection, a teacher can broadcast and begin collaboration with any other classroom. As groups of learners coalesce around shared passions online, they experience something that is difficult to replicate in physical space. Classroom computer access to Web 2.0 applications such as online learning communities and interactive educational tools offer","Document [7](Title: Computers in the classroom) laptop. Governments around the world began to take notice of the effectiveness of this policy, and began financial initiatives to significantly increase the use of laptop computers in other colleges as well. In 1996, Bill Clinton made over $2 billion in grants available in the Technology Literacy Challenge Fund, a program which challenged schools to make computers available to every student, connected to the outside world, and engaging. This marked a significant increase in the demand for computer technology in many public school systems throughout the globe. Correlating with the development of modern operating systems like Windows 98 and the","Document [8](Title: Computers in the classroom) Computers in the classroom Computers in the classroom include any digital technology used to enhance, supplement, or replace a traditional educational curriculum. As computers have become more accessible, inexpensive, and powerful, the demand for this technology has increased, leading to more frequent use of computer resources within classes, and a decrease in the student-to-computer ratio within schools. College campuses used computer mainframes in education since the initial days of this technology, and throughout the initial development of computers. The earliest large-scale study of educational computer usage conducted for the National Science Foundation by The American Institute for Research concluded that","Document [9](Title: Information and communications technology) classroom. As technology evolved and became more widely used, efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa were also expanded. In the 1990s a massive effort to push computer hardware and software into schools was undertaken, with the goal of familiarizing both students and teachers with computers in the classroom. Since then, multiple projects have endeavored to continue the expansion of ICT's reach in the region, including the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project, which by 2015 had distributed over 2.4 million laptops to nearly 2 million students and teachers. The inclusion of ICT in the classroom, often referred to as M-Learning, has expanded","Document [10](Title: Home computer) Home computers were a class of microcomputers entering the market in 1977, and becoming common during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that, for the first time, were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user. These computers were a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business, scientific or engineering-oriented computers of the time such as the IBM PC, and were generally less powerful in terms of memory and expandability. However, a home computer often had better graphics and sound than contemporary business computers. Their most common uses were playing"],"query":"when did computer become widespread in homes and schools?","answers":["1980s"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: As You Like It) As You Like It is a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in 1599 and first published in the First Folio in 1623. The play's first performance is uncertain, though a performance at Wilton House in 1603 has been suggested as a possibility.","Document [2](Title: As You Like It) productions of \"As You Like It\" include the 1936 Old Vic Theatre production starring Edith Evans and the 1961 Shakespeare Memorial Theatre production starring Vanessa Redgrave. The longest running Broadway production starred Katharine Hepburn as Rosalind, Cloris Leachman as Celia, William Prince as Orlando, and Ernest Thesiger as Jaques, and was directed by Michael Benthall. It ran for 145 performances in 1950. Another notable production was at the 2005 Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario, which was set in the 1960s and featured Shakespeare's lyrics set to music written by Barenaked Ladies. In 2014, theatre critic Michael Billington said his favourite","Document [3](Title: Laurie Woolery) adaptation of \"As You Like It\" premiered on September 1, 2017 at the Delacorte Theatre in New York City. As part of Public Works at The Public Theater\u2019s mission of community engagement, the musical featured over 200 actors and community members and tickets were completely free to the public for all five nights of its run. Adapted from William Shakespeare's classic story, \u201cAs You Like It\u201d is a dreamy production exploring themes of friendship, family, and love. Orlando, Duke Senior, his daughter Rosalind and niece Celia are exiled from their homes and flee to the magical and welcoming Forest of","Document [4](Title: Charlie Fink) received a five star review from Michael Billington at the Guardian, who called it \"the best family show since Matilda.\" The original production ran from 2 December 2015 to 16 January 2016. The production returned to The Old Vic in 2017 to further five star reviews. \" It has since gone on to tour in Toronto, Minneapolis and San Diego. It was announced that Fink was writing the music for a production of 'As You Like It' in Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in July 2018. The show opened to positive reviews with the Times describing it as 'Gorgeous'. Fink","Document [5](Title: As You Like It (1936 film)) As You Like It (1936 film) As You Like It is a 1936 British film, directed by Paul Czinner and starring Laurence Olivier as Orlando and Elisabeth Bergner as Rosalind. It is based on William Shakespeare's play of the same name. It was Olivier's first performance of Shakespeare on screen. It was the final film of stage actors Leon Quartermaine and Henry Ainley, and featured an early screen role for Ainley's son Richard as Sylvius, as well as for John Laurie, who played Orlando's brother Oliver. (Laurie would go on to co-star with Olivier in the three Shakespearean films that","Document [6](Title: As You Like It) Ayres\", published in London in 1600 contains a musical setting for the song \"It was a lover and his lass\" from \"As You Like It\". This evidence implies that the play was in existence in some shape or other before 1600. It seems likely this play was written after 1598, since Francis Meres did not mention it in his \"Palladis Tamia\". Although twelve plays are listed in \"Palladis Tamia\", it was an incomplete inventory of Shakespeare's plays to that date (1598). The new Globe Theatre opened some time in the summer of 1599, and tradition has it that the new","Document [7](Title: As You Like It) the First Folio among those which \"are not formerly entered to other men.\" By means of evidences, external and internal, the date of composition of the play has been approximately fixed at a period between the end of 1598 and the middle of 1599. \"As You Like It\" was entered into the Register of the Stationers' Company on 4 August 1600 as a work which was \"to be stayed\", i.e., not published till the Stationers' Company were satisfied that the publisher in whose name the work was entered was the undisputed owner of the copyright. Thomas Morley's \"First Book of","Document [8](Title: As You Like It) band Johnny Flynn and The Sussex Wit. The production included Pippa Nixon as Rosalind, Luke Norris as Orlando, Adrian Scarborough as Touchstone, William Houston as Jaques, Ellie Kendrick as Celia and Jude Akuwudike as Corin. \"As You Like It\" was Laurence Olivier's first Shakespeare film. Olivier, however, served only in an acting capacity (performing the role of Orlando), rather than producing or directing the film. Made in England and released in 1936, \"As You Like It\" also starred director Paul Czinner's wife Elizabeth Bergner, who played Rosalind with a thick German accent. Although it is much less \"Hollywoody\" than the","Document [9](Title: As You Like It) Sir Oliver Martext's possible reference to the Marprelate Controversy which transpired between 1588 and 1589. On the basis of these references, it seems that \"As You Like It\" may have been composed in 1599\u20131600, but it remains impossible to say with any certainty. Though the play is consistently one of Shakespeare's most frequently performed comedies, scholars have long disputed over its merits. George Bernard Shaw complained that \"As You Like It\" is lacking in the high artistry of which Shakespeare was capable. Shaw liked to think that Shakespeare wrote the play as a mere crowdpleaser, and signalled his own middling","Document [10](Title: As You Like It (1936 film)) not simply represent, as Celia sees it, a place to spend time and relax so much as an escape to freedom. This view is reflected in the film created by refugees, and speaks to other refugees and exiles. The film is notable for being scored by William Walton, who was to become Olivier's longtime musical collaborator, scoring his films of \"Henry V\", \"Hamlet\" and \"Richard III\", and defending his score for the film \"Battle of Britain\" against its replacement by Ron Goodwin's. As You Like It (1936 film) As You Like It is a 1936 British film, directed by Paul"],"query":"when was as you like it first performed?","answers":["1603"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: As You Like It) productions of \"As You Like It\" include the 1936 Old Vic Theatre production starring Edith Evans and the 1961 Shakespeare Memorial Theatre production starring Vanessa Redgrave. The longest running Broadway production starred Katharine Hepburn as Rosalind, Cloris Leachman as Celia, William Prince as Orlando, and Ernest Thesiger as Jaques, and was directed by Michael Benthall. It ran for 145 performances in 1950. Another notable production was at the 2005 Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario, which was set in the 1960s and featured Shakespeare's lyrics set to music written by Barenaked Ladies. In 2014, theatre critic Michael Billington said his favourite","Document [2](Title: Laurie Woolery) adaptation of \"As You Like It\" premiered on September 1, 2017 at the Delacorte Theatre in New York City. As part of Public Works at The Public Theater\u2019s mission of community engagement, the musical featured over 200 actors and community members and tickets were completely free to the public for all five nights of its run. Adapted from William Shakespeare's classic story, \u201cAs You Like It\u201d is a dreamy production exploring themes of friendship, family, and love. Orlando, Duke Senior, his daughter Rosalind and niece Celia are exiled from their homes and flee to the magical and welcoming Forest of","Document [3](Title: Charlie Fink) received a five star review from Michael Billington at the Guardian, who called it \"the best family show since Matilda.\" The original production ran from 2 December 2015 to 16 January 2016. The production returned to The Old Vic in 2017 to further five star reviews. \" It has since gone on to tour in Toronto, Minneapolis and San Diego. It was announced that Fink was writing the music for a production of 'As You Like It' in Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in July 2018. The show opened to positive reviews with the Times describing it as 'Gorgeous'. Fink","Document [4](Title: As You Like It (1936 film)) As You Like It (1936 film) As You Like It is a 1936 British film, directed by Paul Czinner and starring Laurence Olivier as Orlando and Elisabeth Bergner as Rosalind. It is based on William Shakespeare's play of the same name. It was Olivier's first performance of Shakespeare on screen. It was the final film of stage actors Leon Quartermaine and Henry Ainley, and featured an early screen role for Ainley's son Richard as Sylvius, as well as for John Laurie, who played Orlando's brother Oliver. (Laurie would go on to co-star with Olivier in the three Shakespearean films that","Document [5](Title: As You Like It) As You Like It is a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in 1599 and first published in the First Folio in 1623. The play's first performance is uncertain, though a performance at Wilton House in 1603 has been suggested as a possibility.","Document [6](Title: As You Like It) Ayres\", published in London in 1600 contains a musical setting for the song \"It was a lover and his lass\" from \"As You Like It\". This evidence implies that the play was in existence in some shape or other before 1600. It seems likely this play was written after 1598, since Francis Meres did not mention it in his \"Palladis Tamia\". Although twelve plays are listed in \"Palladis Tamia\", it was an incomplete inventory of Shakespeare's plays to that date (1598). The new Globe Theatre opened some time in the summer of 1599, and tradition has it that the new","Document [7](Title: As You Like It) the First Folio among those which \"are not formerly entered to other men.\" By means of evidences, external and internal, the date of composition of the play has been approximately fixed at a period between the end of 1598 and the middle of 1599. \"As You Like It\" was entered into the Register of the Stationers' Company on 4 August 1600 as a work which was \"to be stayed\", i.e., not published till the Stationers' Company were satisfied that the publisher in whose name the work was entered was the undisputed owner of the copyright. Thomas Morley's \"First Book of","Document [8](Title: As You Like It) band Johnny Flynn and The Sussex Wit. The production included Pippa Nixon as Rosalind, Luke Norris as Orlando, Adrian Scarborough as Touchstone, William Houston as Jaques, Ellie Kendrick as Celia and Jude Akuwudike as Corin. \"As You Like It\" was Laurence Olivier's first Shakespeare film. Olivier, however, served only in an acting capacity (performing the role of Orlando), rather than producing or directing the film. Made in England and released in 1936, \"As You Like It\" also starred director Paul Czinner's wife Elizabeth Bergner, who played Rosalind with a thick German accent. Although it is much less \"Hollywoody\" than the","Document [9](Title: As You Like It) Sir Oliver Martext's possible reference to the Marprelate Controversy which transpired between 1588 and 1589. On the basis of these references, it seems that \"As You Like It\" may have been composed in 1599\u20131600, but it remains impossible to say with any certainty. Though the play is consistently one of Shakespeare's most frequently performed comedies, scholars have long disputed over its merits. George Bernard Shaw complained that \"As You Like It\" is lacking in the high artistry of which Shakespeare was capable. Shaw liked to think that Shakespeare wrote the play as a mere crowdpleaser, and signalled his own middling","Document [10](Title: As You Like It (1936 film)) not simply represent, as Celia sees it, a place to spend time and relax so much as an escape to freedom. This view is reflected in the film created by refugees, and speaks to other refugees and exiles. The film is notable for being scored by William Walton, who was to become Olivier's longtime musical collaborator, scoring his films of \"Henry V\", \"Hamlet\" and \"Richard III\", and defending his score for the film \"Battle of Britain\" against its replacement by Ron Goodwin's. As You Like It (1936 film) As You Like It is a 1936 British film, directed by Paul"],"query":"when was as you like it first performed?","answers":["1603"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: As You Like It) productions of \"As You Like It\" include the 1936 Old Vic Theatre production starring Edith Evans and the 1961 Shakespeare Memorial Theatre production starring Vanessa Redgrave. The longest running Broadway production starred Katharine Hepburn as Rosalind, Cloris Leachman as Celia, William Prince as Orlando, and Ernest Thesiger as Jaques, and was directed by Michael Benthall. It ran for 145 performances in 1950. Another notable production was at the 2005 Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario, which was set in the 1960s and featured Shakespeare's lyrics set to music written by Barenaked Ladies. In 2014, theatre critic Michael Billington said his favourite","Document [2](Title: Laurie Woolery) adaptation of \"As You Like It\" premiered on September 1, 2017 at the Delacorte Theatre in New York City. As part of Public Works at The Public Theater\u2019s mission of community engagement, the musical featured over 200 actors and community members and tickets were completely free to the public for all five nights of its run. Adapted from William Shakespeare's classic story, \u201cAs You Like It\u201d is a dreamy production exploring themes of friendship, family, and love. Orlando, Duke Senior, his daughter Rosalind and niece Celia are exiled from their homes and flee to the magical and welcoming Forest of","Document [3](Title: Charlie Fink) received a five star review from Michael Billington at the Guardian, who called it \"the best family show since Matilda.\" The original production ran from 2 December 2015 to 16 January 2016. The production returned to The Old Vic in 2017 to further five star reviews. \" It has since gone on to tour in Toronto, Minneapolis and San Diego. It was announced that Fink was writing the music for a production of 'As You Like It' in Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in July 2018. The show opened to positive reviews with the Times describing it as 'Gorgeous'. Fink","Document [4](Title: As You Like It (1936 film)) As You Like It (1936 film) As You Like It is a 1936 British film, directed by Paul Czinner and starring Laurence Olivier as Orlando and Elisabeth Bergner as Rosalind. It is based on William Shakespeare's play of the same name. It was Olivier's first performance of Shakespeare on screen. It was the final film of stage actors Leon Quartermaine and Henry Ainley, and featured an early screen role for Ainley's son Richard as Sylvius, as well as for John Laurie, who played Orlando's brother Oliver. (Laurie would go on to co-star with Olivier in the three Shakespearean films that","Document [5](Title: As You Like It) Ayres\", published in London in 1600 contains a musical setting for the song \"It was a lover and his lass\" from \"As You Like It\". This evidence implies that the play was in existence in some shape or other before 1600. It seems likely this play was written after 1598, since Francis Meres did not mention it in his \"Palladis Tamia\". Although twelve plays are listed in \"Palladis Tamia\", it was an incomplete inventory of Shakespeare's plays to that date (1598). The new Globe Theatre opened some time in the summer of 1599, and tradition has it that the new","Document [6](Title: As You Like It) the First Folio among those which \"are not formerly entered to other men.\" By means of evidences, external and internal, the date of composition of the play has been approximately fixed at a period between the end of 1598 and the middle of 1599. \"As You Like It\" was entered into the Register of the Stationers' Company on 4 August 1600 as a work which was \"to be stayed\", i.e., not published till the Stationers' Company were satisfied that the publisher in whose name the work was entered was the undisputed owner of the copyright. Thomas Morley's \"First Book of","Document [7](Title: As You Like It) band Johnny Flynn and The Sussex Wit. The production included Pippa Nixon as Rosalind, Luke Norris as Orlando, Adrian Scarborough as Touchstone, William Houston as Jaques, Ellie Kendrick as Celia and Jude Akuwudike as Corin. \"As You Like It\" was Laurence Olivier's first Shakespeare film. Olivier, however, served only in an acting capacity (performing the role of Orlando), rather than producing or directing the film. Made in England and released in 1936, \"As You Like It\" also starred director Paul Czinner's wife Elizabeth Bergner, who played Rosalind with a thick German accent. Although it is much less \"Hollywoody\" than the","Document [8](Title: As You Like It) Sir Oliver Martext's possible reference to the Marprelate Controversy which transpired between 1588 and 1589. On the basis of these references, it seems that \"As You Like It\" may have been composed in 1599\u20131600, but it remains impossible to say with any certainty. Though the play is consistently one of Shakespeare's most frequently performed comedies, scholars have long disputed over its merits. George Bernard Shaw complained that \"As You Like It\" is lacking in the high artistry of which Shakespeare was capable. Shaw liked to think that Shakespeare wrote the play as a mere crowdpleaser, and signalled his own middling","Document [9](Title: As You Like It (1936 film)) not simply represent, as Celia sees it, a place to spend time and relax so much as an escape to freedom. This view is reflected in the film created by refugees, and speaks to other refugees and exiles. The film is notable for being scored by William Walton, who was to become Olivier's longtime musical collaborator, scoring his films of \"Henry V\", \"Hamlet\" and \"Richard III\", and defending his score for the film \"Battle of Britain\" against its replacement by Ron Goodwin's. As You Like It (1936 film) As You Like It is a 1936 British film, directed by Paul","Document [10](Title: As You Like It) As You Like It is a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in 1599 and first published in the First Folio in 1623. The play's first performance is uncertain, though a performance at Wilton House in 1603 has been suggested as a possibility."],"query":"when was as you like it first performed?","answers":["1603"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Banquo) Lord Banquo \/\u02c8b\u00e6\u014bkwo\u028a\/, the Thane of Lochaber, is a character in William Shakespeare's 1606 play Macbeth. In the play, he is at first an ally to Macbeth (both are generals in the King's army) and they meet the Three Witches together. After prophesying that Macbeth will become king, the witches tell Banquo that he will not be king himself, but that his descendants will be. Later, Macbeth in his lust for power sees Banquo as a threat and has him murdered by two hired assassins\u00a0; Banquo's son, Fleance, escapes. Banquo's ghost returns in a later scene [Banquet Scene] , causing Macbeth to react with alarm during a public feast.","Document [2](Title: Macbeth) would already be aware that a ghost enters at that point. Ferdinand Fleck, notable as the first German actor to present Shakespeare's tragic roles in their fullness, played Macbeth at the Berlin National Theatre from 1787. Unlike his English counterparts, he portrayed the character as achieving his stature after the murder of Duncan, growing in presence and confidence: thereby enabling stark contrasts, such as in the banquet scene, which he ended babbling like a child. Performances outside the patent theatres were instrumental in bringing the monopoly to an end. Robert Elliston, for example, produced a popular adaptation of \"Macbeth\" in","Document [3](Title: Lady Macbeth) Lady Macbeth Lady Macbeth is a leading character in William Shakespeare's tragedy \"Macbeth\" (c.1603\u20131607). The wife of the play's tragic hero, Macbeth (a Scottish nobleman), Lady Macbeth goads her husband into committing regicide, after which she becomes queen of Scotland. Later, however, she suffers pangs of guilt for her part in the crime, which drives her to sleepwalk. She dies off-stage in the last act, an apparent suicide. According to some genealogists, Lady Macbeth and King Duncan's wife were siblings or cousins, where Duncan's wife had a stronger claim to the throne than Lady Macbeth. It was this that incited","Document [4](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) show him a vision of slain soldiers who tell him to beware of Macduff, and that Macbeth shall be King until Great Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill, where the royal castle is built. Finally, the ghost of the slain boy soldier who gave him the dagger tells Macbeth that he won't be slain by any man born of a woman. The King is found wandering the hills by Lennox who tells him that Macduff has fled to England. Anxious at this, in a fit of rage, Macbeth orders Macduff's family and servants to be killed. Lady Macduff and her","Document [5](Title: Macduff (Macbeth)) Macduff (Macbeth) Lord Macduff, the Thane of Fife, is a character in William Shakespeare's \"Macbeth\" (c.1603\u20131607). Macduff plays a pivotal role in the play: he suspects Macbeth of regicide and eventually kills Macbeth in the final act. He can be seen as the avenging hero who helps save Scotland from Macbeth's tyranny in the play. The character is first known from \"Chronica Gentis Scotorum\" (late 14th century) and \"Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland\" (early 15th century). Shakespeare drew mostly from \"Holinshed's Chronicles\" (1587). Although characterised sporadically throughout the play, Macduff serves as a foil to Macbeth and a figure of morality.","Document [6](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) done, and how her hands are covered in blood. She then sees the ghost of her dead child, which she urges to go to bed. Then she wanders in the hills and sees the three witches as she walks towards them. In the castle, rumours spread that Macbeth has gone mad and his subjects fear his anger and tyrannical behaviour. Macbeth is told that his wife is dead. Saying \"tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow\", he then lifts her body and carries it around the chamber in despair. Seyton then brings him news that Malcolm is leading an army against him","Document [7](Title: Macduff (Macbeth)) 2, scene 3 to the drunken porter to report to his duty of awaking King Duncan when he is sleeping for the night at Macbeth's castle. When he discovers the corpse of King Duncan (murdered by Macbeth, but it appears that nearby guards are guilty since Macbeth\u2014at the prodding of Lady Macbeth\u2014put his knife by them and smeared them with Duncan's blood), he raises an alarm, informing the castle that the king has been murdered. Macduff begins to suspect Macbeth of regicide when Macbeth says, \"O, yet I do repent me of my fury \/ That I did kill them\"","Document [8](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) sees the ghost of one of the dead boy soldiers who gives him a dagger and leads him towards Duncan's tent. Macbeth brutally slays Duncan. Malcolm enters the tent and, seeing what Macbeth has done, flees in fear. Shaken, Macbeth goes to his wife and gives her the dagger he has used to kill the King. Lady Macbeth rebukes him, saying that he should have left it in the tent and she goes herself to place the dagger in the hands of the sleeping chamberlains. Later she meets Macbeth in the church where they both wash the blood from their","Document [9](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) hands and she tells him that the water has washed their deed away. In the morning, Macduff finds Duncan dead, and Macbeth slaughters the sleeping servants to prevent their denial of the murder. Macduff and Lennox, a Scottish noble, discuss that as Malcolm has fled to England that puts him under suspicion of being involved in the murder. They also admire Macbeth's justice on the supposedly-treacherous servants. With Malcolm gone, Macbeth is asked to become King of Scotland. After the coronation he sits in a sour mood in his chamber where Lady Macbeth comes to him. He complains that killing","Document [10](Title: Duncan I of Scotland) probably on 14 August 1040. He is thought to have been buried at Elgin before later relocation to the Isle of Iona. Duncan is depicted as an elderly King in the play \"Macbeth\" (1606) by William Shakespeare. He is killed in his sleep by the protagonist, Macbeth. In the historical novel \"Macbeth the King\" (1978) by Nigel Tranter, Duncan is portrayed as a schemer who is fearful of Macbeth as a possible rival for the throne. He tries to assassinate Macbeth by poisoning and then when this fails, attacks his home with an army. In self-defence Macbeth meets him in"],"query":"character in macbeth who is murdered and appears as a ghost?","answers":["Lord Banquo","Banquo"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Macbeth) would already be aware that a ghost enters at that point. Ferdinand Fleck, notable as the first German actor to present Shakespeare's tragic roles in their fullness, played Macbeth at the Berlin National Theatre from 1787. Unlike his English counterparts, he portrayed the character as achieving his stature after the murder of Duncan, growing in presence and confidence: thereby enabling stark contrasts, such as in the banquet scene, which he ended babbling like a child. Performances outside the patent theatres were instrumental in bringing the monopoly to an end. Robert Elliston, for example, produced a popular adaptation of \"Macbeth\" in","Document [2](Title: Lady Macbeth) Lady Macbeth Lady Macbeth is a leading character in William Shakespeare's tragedy \"Macbeth\" (c.1603\u20131607). The wife of the play's tragic hero, Macbeth (a Scottish nobleman), Lady Macbeth goads her husband into committing regicide, after which she becomes queen of Scotland. Later, however, she suffers pangs of guilt for her part in the crime, which drives her to sleepwalk. She dies off-stage in the last act, an apparent suicide. According to some genealogists, Lady Macbeth and King Duncan's wife were siblings or cousins, where Duncan's wife had a stronger claim to the throne than Lady Macbeth. It was this that incited","Document [3](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) show him a vision of slain soldiers who tell him to beware of Macduff, and that Macbeth shall be King until Great Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill, where the royal castle is built. Finally, the ghost of the slain boy soldier who gave him the dagger tells Macbeth that he won't be slain by any man born of a woman. The King is found wandering the hills by Lennox who tells him that Macduff has fled to England. Anxious at this, in a fit of rage, Macbeth orders Macduff's family and servants to be killed. Lady Macduff and her","Document [4](Title: Macduff (Macbeth)) Macduff (Macbeth) Lord Macduff, the Thane of Fife, is a character in William Shakespeare's \"Macbeth\" (c.1603\u20131607). Macduff plays a pivotal role in the play: he suspects Macbeth of regicide and eventually kills Macbeth in the final act. He can be seen as the avenging hero who helps save Scotland from Macbeth's tyranny in the play. The character is first known from \"Chronica Gentis Scotorum\" (late 14th century) and \"Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland\" (early 15th century). Shakespeare drew mostly from \"Holinshed's Chronicles\" (1587). Although characterised sporadically throughout the play, Macduff serves as a foil to Macbeth and a figure of morality.","Document [5](Title: Banquo) Lord Banquo \/\u02c8b\u00e6\u014bkwo\u028a\/, the Thane of Lochaber, is a character in William Shakespeare's 1606 play Macbeth. In the play, he is at first an ally to Macbeth (both are generals in the King's army) and they meet the Three Witches together. After prophesying that Macbeth will become king, the witches tell Banquo that he will not be king himself, but that his descendants will be. Later, Macbeth in his lust for power sees Banquo as a threat and has him murdered by two hired assassins\u00a0; Banquo's son, Fleance, escapes. Banquo's ghost returns in a later scene [Banquet Scene] , causing Macbeth to react with alarm during a public feast.","Document [6](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) done, and how her hands are covered in blood. She then sees the ghost of her dead child, which she urges to go to bed. Then she wanders in the hills and sees the three witches as she walks towards them. In the castle, rumours spread that Macbeth has gone mad and his subjects fear his anger and tyrannical behaviour. Macbeth is told that his wife is dead. Saying \"tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow\", he then lifts her body and carries it around the chamber in despair. Seyton then brings him news that Malcolm is leading an army against him","Document [7](Title: Macduff (Macbeth)) 2, scene 3 to the drunken porter to report to his duty of awaking King Duncan when he is sleeping for the night at Macbeth's castle. When he discovers the corpse of King Duncan (murdered by Macbeth, but it appears that nearby guards are guilty since Macbeth\u2014at the prodding of Lady Macbeth\u2014put his knife by them and smeared them with Duncan's blood), he raises an alarm, informing the castle that the king has been murdered. Macduff begins to suspect Macbeth of regicide when Macbeth says, \"O, yet I do repent me of my fury \/ That I did kill them\"","Document [8](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) sees the ghost of one of the dead boy soldiers who gives him a dagger and leads him towards Duncan's tent. Macbeth brutally slays Duncan. Malcolm enters the tent and, seeing what Macbeth has done, flees in fear. Shaken, Macbeth goes to his wife and gives her the dagger he has used to kill the King. Lady Macbeth rebukes him, saying that he should have left it in the tent and she goes herself to place the dagger in the hands of the sleeping chamberlains. Later she meets Macbeth in the church where they both wash the blood from their","Document [9](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) hands and she tells him that the water has washed their deed away. In the morning, Macduff finds Duncan dead, and Macbeth slaughters the sleeping servants to prevent their denial of the murder. Macduff and Lennox, a Scottish noble, discuss that as Malcolm has fled to England that puts him under suspicion of being involved in the murder. They also admire Macbeth's justice on the supposedly-treacherous servants. With Malcolm gone, Macbeth is asked to become King of Scotland. After the coronation he sits in a sour mood in his chamber where Lady Macbeth comes to him. He complains that killing","Document [10](Title: Duncan I of Scotland) probably on 14 August 1040. He is thought to have been buried at Elgin before later relocation to the Isle of Iona. Duncan is depicted as an elderly King in the play \"Macbeth\" (1606) by William Shakespeare. He is killed in his sleep by the protagonist, Macbeth. In the historical novel \"Macbeth the King\" (1978) by Nigel Tranter, Duncan is portrayed as a schemer who is fearful of Macbeth as a possible rival for the throne. He tries to assassinate Macbeth by poisoning and then when this fails, attacks his home with an army. In self-defence Macbeth meets him in"],"query":"character in macbeth who is murdered and appears as a ghost?","answers":["Lord Banquo","Banquo"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Macbeth) would already be aware that a ghost enters at that point. Ferdinand Fleck, notable as the first German actor to present Shakespeare's tragic roles in their fullness, played Macbeth at the Berlin National Theatre from 1787. Unlike his English counterparts, he portrayed the character as achieving his stature after the murder of Duncan, growing in presence and confidence: thereby enabling stark contrasts, such as in the banquet scene, which he ended babbling like a child. Performances outside the patent theatres were instrumental in bringing the monopoly to an end. Robert Elliston, for example, produced a popular adaptation of \"Macbeth\" in","Document [2](Title: Lady Macbeth) Lady Macbeth Lady Macbeth is a leading character in William Shakespeare's tragedy \"Macbeth\" (c.1603\u20131607). The wife of the play's tragic hero, Macbeth (a Scottish nobleman), Lady Macbeth goads her husband into committing regicide, after which she becomes queen of Scotland. Later, however, she suffers pangs of guilt for her part in the crime, which drives her to sleepwalk. She dies off-stage in the last act, an apparent suicide. According to some genealogists, Lady Macbeth and King Duncan's wife were siblings or cousins, where Duncan's wife had a stronger claim to the throne than Lady Macbeth. It was this that incited","Document [3](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) show him a vision of slain soldiers who tell him to beware of Macduff, and that Macbeth shall be King until Great Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill, where the royal castle is built. Finally, the ghost of the slain boy soldier who gave him the dagger tells Macbeth that he won't be slain by any man born of a woman. The King is found wandering the hills by Lennox who tells him that Macduff has fled to England. Anxious at this, in a fit of rage, Macbeth orders Macduff's family and servants to be killed. Lady Macduff and her","Document [4](Title: Macduff (Macbeth)) Macduff (Macbeth) Lord Macduff, the Thane of Fife, is a character in William Shakespeare's \"Macbeth\" (c.1603\u20131607). Macduff plays a pivotal role in the play: he suspects Macbeth of regicide and eventually kills Macbeth in the final act. He can be seen as the avenging hero who helps save Scotland from Macbeth's tyranny in the play. The character is first known from \"Chronica Gentis Scotorum\" (late 14th century) and \"Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland\" (early 15th century). Shakespeare drew mostly from \"Holinshed's Chronicles\" (1587). Although characterised sporadically throughout the play, Macduff serves as a foil to Macbeth and a figure of morality.","Document [5](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) done, and how her hands are covered in blood. She then sees the ghost of her dead child, which she urges to go to bed. Then she wanders in the hills and sees the three witches as she walks towards them. In the castle, rumours spread that Macbeth has gone mad and his subjects fear his anger and tyrannical behaviour. Macbeth is told that his wife is dead. Saying \"tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow\", he then lifts her body and carries it around the chamber in despair. Seyton then brings him news that Malcolm is leading an army against him","Document [6](Title: Macduff (Macbeth)) 2, scene 3 to the drunken porter to report to his duty of awaking King Duncan when he is sleeping for the night at Macbeth's castle. When he discovers the corpse of King Duncan (murdered by Macbeth, but it appears that nearby guards are guilty since Macbeth\u2014at the prodding of Lady Macbeth\u2014put his knife by them and smeared them with Duncan's blood), he raises an alarm, informing the castle that the king has been murdered. Macduff begins to suspect Macbeth of regicide when Macbeth says, \"O, yet I do repent me of my fury \/ That I did kill them\"","Document [7](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) sees the ghost of one of the dead boy soldiers who gives him a dagger and leads him towards Duncan's tent. Macbeth brutally slays Duncan. Malcolm enters the tent and, seeing what Macbeth has done, flees in fear. Shaken, Macbeth goes to his wife and gives her the dagger he has used to kill the King. Lady Macbeth rebukes him, saying that he should have left it in the tent and she goes herself to place the dagger in the hands of the sleeping chamberlains. Later she meets Macbeth in the church where they both wash the blood from their","Document [8](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) hands and she tells him that the water has washed their deed away. In the morning, Macduff finds Duncan dead, and Macbeth slaughters the sleeping servants to prevent their denial of the murder. Macduff and Lennox, a Scottish noble, discuss that as Malcolm has fled to England that puts him under suspicion of being involved in the murder. They also admire Macbeth's justice on the supposedly-treacherous servants. With Malcolm gone, Macbeth is asked to become King of Scotland. After the coronation he sits in a sour mood in his chamber where Lady Macbeth comes to him. He complains that killing","Document [9](Title: Duncan I of Scotland) probably on 14 August 1040. He is thought to have been buried at Elgin before later relocation to the Isle of Iona. Duncan is depicted as an elderly King in the play \"Macbeth\" (1606) by William Shakespeare. He is killed in his sleep by the protagonist, Macbeth. In the historical novel \"Macbeth the King\" (1978) by Nigel Tranter, Duncan is portrayed as a schemer who is fearful of Macbeth as a possible rival for the throne. He tries to assassinate Macbeth by poisoning and then when this fails, attacks his home with an army. In self-defence Macbeth meets him in","Document [10](Title: Banquo) Lord Banquo \/\u02c8b\u00e6\u014bkwo\u028a\/, the Thane of Lochaber, is a character in William Shakespeare's 1606 play Macbeth. In the play, he is at first an ally to Macbeth (both are generals in the King's army) and they meet the Three Witches together. After prophesying that Macbeth will become king, the witches tell Banquo that he will not be king himself, but that his descendants will be. Later, Macbeth in his lust for power sees Banquo as a threat and has him murdered by two hired assassins\u00a0; Banquo's son, Fleance, escapes. Banquo's ghost returns in a later scene [Banquet Scene] , causing Macbeth to react with alarm during a public feast."],"query":"character in macbeth who is murdered and appears as a ghost?","answers":["Lord Banquo","Banquo"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo. Following the life of a china rabbit, the book won the 2006 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award in Fiction category.","Document [2](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) Awards finalist in the children's chapter book category. In 2007 the U.S. National Education Association named it one of \"Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children\" based on an online poll. In 2012 it was ranked number 59 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by \"School Library Journal\" \u2013 the third of three books by DiCamillo in the Top 100. The book was featured in \"My Love from the Star\", a 2014 Korean drama about an alien living on Earth for 400 years who falls in love with a popular actress. This propelled the novel to the top of","Document [3](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) until a storm frees him from the seabed and a passing fisherman and his buddy pull him from their fishing net. The man takes him home to his wife where he is renamed and forced to wear dresses. Edward is passed from hand to hand of a succession of life-altering characters, such as a hobo and his dog and a four-year-old girl with tuberculosis and her brother. Edward's journeys not only take him far from home, but even farther from the selfish rabbit he once was. Eventually, Edward is cruelly broken against a counter top edge, repaired and then offered","Document [4](Title: Kate DiCamillo) In 2012 \"Winn-Dixie\" was ranked number 30 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by \"School Library Journal\", a monthly with primarily U.S. audience. \"Despereaux\" (51) and \"Edward Tulane\" (59) also made the Top 100 list. DiCamillo is the fourth U.S. National Ambassador for Young People's Literature. In 2005, \"Because of Winn-Dixie\" was released as a film by 20th Century Fox. Universal Pictures released \"The Tale of Despereaux\" on December 19, 2008. \"The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane\" was optioned by New Line Cinema and is in early pre-production. In 2013, Robert Zemeckis signed on to direct the \"Edward","Document [5](Title: Paul Tulane) Paul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 \u2013 March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years touring the southern United States with a well-educated male cousin, who was a member of the bar in France. It was from this tour that Tulane developed a keen interest in New Orleans. In 1822, he established","Document [6](Title: William Marbury Carpenter) near Port Hudson, East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. In 1842, he was a professor of \"materia medica\" at the University of Louisiana, where he was appointed dean in 1845. In 1844, he published a study on the habit of dirt eating among Negro slaves, and he published several other significant studies. He was a leading proponent of research into disease transportability and transmission as related to importation of disease and outbreak of epidemics. He joined the faculty of the Medical College of Louisiana as Professor of Botany and Geology, and from 1845-1846 he was Dean of the Tulane University School","Document [7](Title: Rudolph Matas) Rudolph Matas Rudolph Matas (September 12, 1860 \u2013 September 23, 1957), a prominent and innovative surgeon was born outside of New Orleans in Bonnet Carre, Louisiana. He spent much of his childhood in his parents' native land of Spain, returning to the New Orleans in 1877 to begin his medical training at the Medical School of the University of Louisiana, now known as Tulane University School of Medicine, receiving his medical degree in 1880 at 19 years old. Dr. Matas is one of Tulane's most distinguished alumni, with 42 years of teaching in the medical school and a vast array","Document [8](Title: Tulane Review) the design award of the AWP Literary Magazine. Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The \"Review\" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the","Document [9](Title: Tulane Review) Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The \"Review\" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the fall and spring. \"Review\" is the recipient of","Document [10](Title: John Lyon (poet)) prayer and gospel sermons. Because of these daily sermons and good relations between voyagers, all 48 non-Mormon passengers were baptized, including the captain and crew, making this specific emigration voyage unique. On 23 April 1853 the \"International\" docked in New Orleans. On their last day on the \"International\", Lyon was appointed to lead the 237 Ten Pound Saints (referring to the fact that they each paid ten pounds for the journey to Zion). The Ten Pound Saints stayed in New Orleans for four days before boarding the a Mississippi steamer called the \"Leah Tunah\" and prepared for the 1,200 mile,"],"query":"when was the miraculous journey of edward tulane published?","answers":["2006","March 30, 2006"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) Awards finalist in the children's chapter book category. In 2007 the U.S. National Education Association named it one of \"Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children\" based on an online poll. In 2012 it was ranked number 59 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by \"School Library Journal\" \u2013 the third of three books by DiCamillo in the Top 100. The book was featured in \"My Love from the Star\", a 2014 Korean drama about an alien living on Earth for 400 years who falls in love with a popular actress. This propelled the novel to the top of","Document [2](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) until a storm frees him from the seabed and a passing fisherman and his buddy pull him from their fishing net. The man takes him home to his wife where he is renamed and forced to wear dresses. Edward is passed from hand to hand of a succession of life-altering characters, such as a hobo and his dog and a four-year-old girl with tuberculosis and her brother. Edward's journeys not only take him far from home, but even farther from the selfish rabbit he once was. Eventually, Edward is cruelly broken against a counter top edge, repaired and then offered","Document [3](Title: Kate DiCamillo) In 2012 \"Winn-Dixie\" was ranked number 30 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by \"School Library Journal\", a monthly with primarily U.S. audience. \"Despereaux\" (51) and \"Edward Tulane\" (59) also made the Top 100 list. DiCamillo is the fourth U.S. National Ambassador for Young People's Literature. In 2005, \"Because of Winn-Dixie\" was released as a film by 20th Century Fox. Universal Pictures released \"The Tale of Despereaux\" on December 19, 2008. \"The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane\" was optioned by New Line Cinema and is in early pre-production. In 2013, Robert Zemeckis signed on to direct the \"Edward","Document [4](Title: Paul Tulane) Paul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 \u2013 March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years touring the southern United States with a well-educated male cousin, who was a member of the bar in France. It was from this tour that Tulane developed a keen interest in New Orleans. In 1822, he established","Document [5](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo. Following the life of a china rabbit, the book won the 2006 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award in Fiction category.","Document [6](Title: William Marbury Carpenter) near Port Hudson, East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. In 1842, he was a professor of \"materia medica\" at the University of Louisiana, where he was appointed dean in 1845. In 1844, he published a study on the habit of dirt eating among Negro slaves, and he published several other significant studies. He was a leading proponent of research into disease transportability and transmission as related to importation of disease and outbreak of epidemics. He joined the faculty of the Medical College of Louisiana as Professor of Botany and Geology, and from 1845-1846 he was Dean of the Tulane University School","Document [7](Title: Rudolph Matas) Rudolph Matas Rudolph Matas (September 12, 1860 \u2013 September 23, 1957), a prominent and innovative surgeon was born outside of New Orleans in Bonnet Carre, Louisiana. He spent much of his childhood in his parents' native land of Spain, returning to the New Orleans in 1877 to begin his medical training at the Medical School of the University of Louisiana, now known as Tulane University School of Medicine, receiving his medical degree in 1880 at 19 years old. Dr. Matas is one of Tulane's most distinguished alumni, with 42 years of teaching in the medical school and a vast array","Document [8](Title: Tulane Review) the design award of the AWP Literary Magazine. Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The \"Review\" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the","Document [9](Title: Tulane Review) Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The \"Review\" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the fall and spring. \"Review\" is the recipient of","Document [10](Title: John Lyon (poet)) prayer and gospel sermons. Because of these daily sermons and good relations between voyagers, all 48 non-Mormon passengers were baptized, including the captain and crew, making this specific emigration voyage unique. On 23 April 1853 the \"International\" docked in New Orleans. On their last day on the \"International\", Lyon was appointed to lead the 237 Ten Pound Saints (referring to the fact that they each paid ten pounds for the journey to Zion). The Ten Pound Saints stayed in New Orleans for four days before boarding the a Mississippi steamer called the \"Leah Tunah\" and prepared for the 1,200 mile,"],"query":"when was the miraculous journey of edward tulane published?","answers":["2006","March 30, 2006"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) Awards finalist in the children's chapter book category. In 2007 the U.S. National Education Association named it one of \"Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children\" based on an online poll. In 2012 it was ranked number 59 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by \"School Library Journal\" \u2013 the third of three books by DiCamillo in the Top 100. The book was featured in \"My Love from the Star\", a 2014 Korean drama about an alien living on Earth for 400 years who falls in love with a popular actress. This propelled the novel to the top of","Document [2](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) until a storm frees him from the seabed and a passing fisherman and his buddy pull him from their fishing net. The man takes him home to his wife where he is renamed and forced to wear dresses. Edward is passed from hand to hand of a succession of life-altering characters, such as a hobo and his dog and a four-year-old girl with tuberculosis and her brother. Edward's journeys not only take him far from home, but even farther from the selfish rabbit he once was. Eventually, Edward is cruelly broken against a counter top edge, repaired and then offered","Document [3](Title: Kate DiCamillo) In 2012 \"Winn-Dixie\" was ranked number 30 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by \"School Library Journal\", a monthly with primarily U.S. audience. \"Despereaux\" (51) and \"Edward Tulane\" (59) also made the Top 100 list. DiCamillo is the fourth U.S. National Ambassador for Young People's Literature. In 2005, \"Because of Winn-Dixie\" was released as a film by 20th Century Fox. Universal Pictures released \"The Tale of Despereaux\" on December 19, 2008. \"The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane\" was optioned by New Line Cinema and is in early pre-production. In 2013, Robert Zemeckis signed on to direct the \"Edward","Document [4](Title: Paul Tulane) Paul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 \u2013 March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years touring the southern United States with a well-educated male cousin, who was a member of the bar in France. It was from this tour that Tulane developed a keen interest in New Orleans. In 1822, he established","Document [5](Title: William Marbury Carpenter) near Port Hudson, East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. In 1842, he was a professor of \"materia medica\" at the University of Louisiana, where he was appointed dean in 1845. In 1844, he published a study on the habit of dirt eating among Negro slaves, and he published several other significant studies. He was a leading proponent of research into disease transportability and transmission as related to importation of disease and outbreak of epidemics. He joined the faculty of the Medical College of Louisiana as Professor of Botany and Geology, and from 1845-1846 he was Dean of the Tulane University School","Document [6](Title: Rudolph Matas) Rudolph Matas Rudolph Matas (September 12, 1860 \u2013 September 23, 1957), a prominent and innovative surgeon was born outside of New Orleans in Bonnet Carre, Louisiana. He spent much of his childhood in his parents' native land of Spain, returning to the New Orleans in 1877 to begin his medical training at the Medical School of the University of Louisiana, now known as Tulane University School of Medicine, receiving his medical degree in 1880 at 19 years old. Dr. Matas is one of Tulane's most distinguished alumni, with 42 years of teaching in the medical school and a vast array","Document [7](Title: Tulane Review) the design award of the AWP Literary Magazine. Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The \"Review\" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the","Document [8](Title: Tulane Review) Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The \"Review\" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the fall and spring. \"Review\" is the recipient of","Document [9](Title: John Lyon (poet)) prayer and gospel sermons. Because of these daily sermons and good relations between voyagers, all 48 non-Mormon passengers were baptized, including the captain and crew, making this specific emigration voyage unique. On 23 April 1853 the \"International\" docked in New Orleans. On their last day on the \"International\", Lyon was appointed to lead the 237 Ten Pound Saints (referring to the fact that they each paid ten pounds for the journey to Zion). The Ten Pound Saints stayed in New Orleans for four days before boarding the a Mississippi steamer called the \"Leah Tunah\" and prepared for the 1,200 mile,","Document [10](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo. Following the life of a china rabbit, the book won the 2006 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award in Fiction category."],"query":"when was the miraculous journey of edward tulane published?","answers":["2006","March 30, 2006"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Geocentric model) The geocentric model was eventually replaced by the heliocentric model. The earliest heliocentric model, Copernican heliocentrism, could remove Ptolemy's epicycles because the retrograde motion could be seen to be the result of the combination of Earth and planet movement and speeds. Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity, and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of new epicycles was entirely equivalent. Astronomers often continued using the equants instead of the epicycles because the former was easier to calculate, and gave the same result.","Document [2](Title: Heliocentrism) of Samos's heliocentric scheme had centuries earlier necessarily placed the stars at least two orders of magnitude more distant. Problems with Ptolemy's system were well recognized in medieval astronomy, and an increasing effort to criticize and improve it in the late medieval period eventually led to the Copernican heliocentrism developed in Renaissance astronomy. The non-geocentric model of the Universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus (d. 390 BC), who taught that at the center of the Universe was a \"central fire\", around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and planets revolved in uniform circular motion. This system postulated the existence","Document [3](Title: Johannes van Heeck) the universe, known as the Aristotelian model or the Ptolmaic system. This held that the stars were remote, fixed in their positions and unchanging, while movement and variance were associated with the planets, closer to the earth. An unusual event in the sky might take place close to the earth, and could therefore be explained within the standard cosmological model. However if it took place beyond the planets, this indicated that the stars, contrary to what was commonly believed, could not be fixed in a 'firmament'. Astronomers (still working with the unaided naked eye at this time) took measurements of","Document [4](Title: Geocentric model) Alpetragius proposed a planetary model that abandoned the equant, epicycle and eccentric mechanisms, though this resulted in a system that was mathematically less accurate. Alpetragius also declared the Ptolemaic system as an imaginary model that was successful at predicting planetary positions but not real or physical. His alternative system spread through most of Europe during the 13th century. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149\u20131209), in dealing with his conception of physics and the physical world in his \"Matalib\", rejects the Aristotelian and Avicennian notion of the Earth's centrality within the universe, but instead argues that there are \"a thousand thousand worlds (\"alfa","Document [5](Title: Geocentric model) 17th century competition between astronomical cosmologies focused on variations of Tycho Brahe's Tychonic system (in which the Earth was still at the center of the universe, and around it revolved the Sun, but all other planets revolved around the Sun in one massive set of epicycles), or variations on the Copernican system. Johannes Kepler analysed Tycho Brahe's famously accurate observations and afterwards constructed his three laws in 1609 and 1619, based on a heliocentric view where the planets move in elliptical paths. Using these laws, he was the first astronomer to successfully predict a transit of Venus (for the year","Document [6](Title: History of physics) mainstream scientific paradigm in Europe until the time of Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. Early in Classical Greece, knowledge that the Earth is spherical (\"round\") was common. Around 240 BCE, as the result a seminal experiment, Eratosthenes (276\u2013194 BCE) accurately estimated its circumference. In contrast to Aristotle's geocentric views, Aristarchus of Samos (; c.310 \u2013 c.230 BCE) presented an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the Solar system, i.e. for placing the Sun, not the Earth, at its centre. Seleucus of Seleucia, a follower of Aristarchus' heliocentric theory, stated that the Earth rotated around its own axis, which, in","Document [7](Title: Geocentric model) motion based on Plato's dictum stating that all phenomena in the heavens can be explained with uniform circular motion. Aristotle elaborated on Eudoxus' system. In the fully developed Aristotelian system, the spherical Earth is at the center of the universe, and all other heavenly bodies are attached to 47\u201355 transparent, rotating spheres surrounding the Earth, all concentric with it. (The number is so high because several spheres are needed for each planet.) These spheres, known as crystalline spheres, all moved at different uniform speeds to create the revolution of bodies around the Earth. They were composed of an incorruptible substance","Document [8](Title: Copernican Revolution) is much older; it can be traced to Aristarchus of Samos, a Hellenistic author writing in the 3rd century BC, who may in turn have been drawing on even older concepts in Pythagoreanism. Ancient heliocentrism was, however, eclipsed by the geocentric model presented by Ptolemy and accepted in Aristotelianism. European scholars were well aware of the problems with Ptolemaic astronomy since the 13th century. The debate was precipitated by the reception by Averroes' criticism of Ptolemy, and it was again revived by the recovery of Ptolemy's text and its translation into Latin in the mid-15th century. Otto E. Neugebauer in","Document [9](Title: Aristarchus of Samos) Aristarchus of Samos Aristarchus of Samos (; , \"Aristarkhos ho Samios\"; c. 310 \u2013 c. 230 BC) was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it. He was influenced by Philolaus of Croton, but Aristarchus identified the \"central fire\" with the Sun, and he put the other planets in their correct order of distance around the Sun. Like Anaxagoras before him, he suspected that the stars were just other bodies like the Sun, albeit further away from Earth.","Document [10](Title: Heliocentrism) the Copernican Revolution. While a moving Earth was proposed at least from the 4th century BC in Pythagoreanism, and a fully developed heliocentric model was developed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC, these ideas were not successful in replacing the view of a static spherical Earth, and from the 2nd century AD the predominant model, which would be inherited by medieval astronomy, was the geocentric model described in Ptolemy's \"Almagest\". The Ptolemaic system was a sophisticated astronomical system that managed to calculate the positions for the planets to a fair degree of accuracy. Ptolemy himself, in his"],"query":"who challenged the aristotelian model of a geocentric universe?","answers":["Copernicus"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Heliocentrism) of Samos's heliocentric scheme had centuries earlier necessarily placed the stars at least two orders of magnitude more distant. Problems with Ptolemy's system were well recognized in medieval astronomy, and an increasing effort to criticize and improve it in the late medieval period eventually led to the Copernican heliocentrism developed in Renaissance astronomy. The non-geocentric model of the Universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus (d. 390 BC), who taught that at the center of the Universe was a \"central fire\", around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and planets revolved in uniform circular motion. This system postulated the existence","Document [2](Title: Johannes van Heeck) the universe, known as the Aristotelian model or the Ptolmaic system. This held that the stars were remote, fixed in their positions and unchanging, while movement and variance were associated with the planets, closer to the earth. An unusual event in the sky might take place close to the earth, and could therefore be explained within the standard cosmological model. However if it took place beyond the planets, this indicated that the stars, contrary to what was commonly believed, could not be fixed in a 'firmament'. Astronomers (still working with the unaided naked eye at this time) took measurements of","Document [3](Title: Geocentric model) Alpetragius proposed a planetary model that abandoned the equant, epicycle and eccentric mechanisms, though this resulted in a system that was mathematically less accurate. Alpetragius also declared the Ptolemaic system as an imaginary model that was successful at predicting planetary positions but not real or physical. His alternative system spread through most of Europe during the 13th century. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149\u20131209), in dealing with his conception of physics and the physical world in his \"Matalib\", rejects the Aristotelian and Avicennian notion of the Earth's centrality within the universe, but instead argues that there are \"a thousand thousand worlds (\"alfa","Document [4](Title: Geocentric model) 17th century competition between astronomical cosmologies focused on variations of Tycho Brahe's Tychonic system (in which the Earth was still at the center of the universe, and around it revolved the Sun, but all other planets revolved around the Sun in one massive set of epicycles), or variations on the Copernican system. Johannes Kepler analysed Tycho Brahe's famously accurate observations and afterwards constructed his three laws in 1609 and 1619, based on a heliocentric view where the planets move in elliptical paths. Using these laws, he was the first astronomer to successfully predict a transit of Venus (for the year","Document [5](Title: Geocentric model) The geocentric model was eventually replaced by the heliocentric model. The earliest heliocentric model, Copernican heliocentrism, could remove Ptolemy's epicycles because the retrograde motion could be seen to be the result of the combination of Earth and planet movement and speeds. Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity, and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of new epicycles was entirely equivalent. Astronomers often continued using the equants instead of the epicycles because the former was easier to calculate, and gave the same result.","Document [6](Title: History of physics) mainstream scientific paradigm in Europe until the time of Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. Early in Classical Greece, knowledge that the Earth is spherical (\"round\") was common. Around 240 BCE, as the result a seminal experiment, Eratosthenes (276\u2013194 BCE) accurately estimated its circumference. In contrast to Aristotle's geocentric views, Aristarchus of Samos (; c.310 \u2013 c.230 BCE) presented an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the Solar system, i.e. for placing the Sun, not the Earth, at its centre. Seleucus of Seleucia, a follower of Aristarchus' heliocentric theory, stated that the Earth rotated around its own axis, which, in","Document [7](Title: Geocentric model) motion based on Plato's dictum stating that all phenomena in the heavens can be explained with uniform circular motion. Aristotle elaborated on Eudoxus' system. In the fully developed Aristotelian system, the spherical Earth is at the center of the universe, and all other heavenly bodies are attached to 47\u201355 transparent, rotating spheres surrounding the Earth, all concentric with it. (The number is so high because several spheres are needed for each planet.) These spheres, known as crystalline spheres, all moved at different uniform speeds to create the revolution of bodies around the Earth. They were composed of an incorruptible substance","Document [8](Title: Copernican Revolution) is much older; it can be traced to Aristarchus of Samos, a Hellenistic author writing in the 3rd century BC, who may in turn have been drawing on even older concepts in Pythagoreanism. Ancient heliocentrism was, however, eclipsed by the geocentric model presented by Ptolemy and accepted in Aristotelianism. European scholars were well aware of the problems with Ptolemaic astronomy since the 13th century. The debate was precipitated by the reception by Averroes' criticism of Ptolemy, and it was again revived by the recovery of Ptolemy's text and its translation into Latin in the mid-15th century. Otto E. Neugebauer in","Document [9](Title: Aristarchus of Samos) Aristarchus of Samos Aristarchus of Samos (; , \"Aristarkhos ho Samios\"; c. 310 \u2013 c. 230 BC) was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it. He was influenced by Philolaus of Croton, but Aristarchus identified the \"central fire\" with the Sun, and he put the other planets in their correct order of distance around the Sun. Like Anaxagoras before him, he suspected that the stars were just other bodies like the Sun, albeit further away from Earth.","Document [10](Title: Heliocentrism) the Copernican Revolution. While a moving Earth was proposed at least from the 4th century BC in Pythagoreanism, and a fully developed heliocentric model was developed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC, these ideas were not successful in replacing the view of a static spherical Earth, and from the 2nd century AD the predominant model, which would be inherited by medieval astronomy, was the geocentric model described in Ptolemy's \"Almagest\". The Ptolemaic system was a sophisticated astronomical system that managed to calculate the positions for the planets to a fair degree of accuracy. Ptolemy himself, in his"],"query":"who challenged the aristotelian model of a geocentric universe?","answers":["Copernicus"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Heliocentrism) of Samos's heliocentric scheme had centuries earlier necessarily placed the stars at least two orders of magnitude more distant. Problems with Ptolemy's system were well recognized in medieval astronomy, and an increasing effort to criticize and improve it in the late medieval period eventually led to the Copernican heliocentrism developed in Renaissance astronomy. The non-geocentric model of the Universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus (d. 390 BC), who taught that at the center of the Universe was a \"central fire\", around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and planets revolved in uniform circular motion. This system postulated the existence","Document [2](Title: Johannes van Heeck) the universe, known as the Aristotelian model or the Ptolmaic system. This held that the stars were remote, fixed in their positions and unchanging, while movement and variance were associated with the planets, closer to the earth. An unusual event in the sky might take place close to the earth, and could therefore be explained within the standard cosmological model. However if it took place beyond the planets, this indicated that the stars, contrary to what was commonly believed, could not be fixed in a 'firmament'. Astronomers (still working with the unaided naked eye at this time) took measurements of","Document [3](Title: Geocentric model) Alpetragius proposed a planetary model that abandoned the equant, epicycle and eccentric mechanisms, though this resulted in a system that was mathematically less accurate. Alpetragius also declared the Ptolemaic system as an imaginary model that was successful at predicting planetary positions but not real or physical. His alternative system spread through most of Europe during the 13th century. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149\u20131209), in dealing with his conception of physics and the physical world in his \"Matalib\", rejects the Aristotelian and Avicennian notion of the Earth's centrality within the universe, but instead argues that there are \"a thousand thousand worlds (\"alfa","Document [4](Title: Geocentric model) 17th century competition between astronomical cosmologies focused on variations of Tycho Brahe's Tychonic system (in which the Earth was still at the center of the universe, and around it revolved the Sun, but all other planets revolved around the Sun in one massive set of epicycles), or variations on the Copernican system. Johannes Kepler analysed Tycho Brahe's famously accurate observations and afterwards constructed his three laws in 1609 and 1619, based on a heliocentric view where the planets move in elliptical paths. Using these laws, he was the first astronomer to successfully predict a transit of Venus (for the year","Document [5](Title: History of physics) mainstream scientific paradigm in Europe until the time of Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. Early in Classical Greece, knowledge that the Earth is spherical (\"round\") was common. Around 240 BCE, as the result a seminal experiment, Eratosthenes (276\u2013194 BCE) accurately estimated its circumference. In contrast to Aristotle's geocentric views, Aristarchus of Samos (; c.310 \u2013 c.230 BCE) presented an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the Solar system, i.e. for placing the Sun, not the Earth, at its centre. Seleucus of Seleucia, a follower of Aristarchus' heliocentric theory, stated that the Earth rotated around its own axis, which, in","Document [6](Title: Geocentric model) motion based on Plato's dictum stating that all phenomena in the heavens can be explained with uniform circular motion. Aristotle elaborated on Eudoxus' system. In the fully developed Aristotelian system, the spherical Earth is at the center of the universe, and all other heavenly bodies are attached to 47\u201355 transparent, rotating spheres surrounding the Earth, all concentric with it. (The number is so high because several spheres are needed for each planet.) These spheres, known as crystalline spheres, all moved at different uniform speeds to create the revolution of bodies around the Earth. They were composed of an incorruptible substance","Document [7](Title: Copernican Revolution) is much older; it can be traced to Aristarchus of Samos, a Hellenistic author writing in the 3rd century BC, who may in turn have been drawing on even older concepts in Pythagoreanism. Ancient heliocentrism was, however, eclipsed by the geocentric model presented by Ptolemy and accepted in Aristotelianism. European scholars were well aware of the problems with Ptolemaic astronomy since the 13th century. The debate was precipitated by the reception by Averroes' criticism of Ptolemy, and it was again revived by the recovery of Ptolemy's text and its translation into Latin in the mid-15th century. Otto E. Neugebauer in","Document [8](Title: Aristarchus of Samos) Aristarchus of Samos Aristarchus of Samos (; , \"Aristarkhos ho Samios\"; c. 310 \u2013 c. 230 BC) was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it. He was influenced by Philolaus of Croton, but Aristarchus identified the \"central fire\" with the Sun, and he put the other planets in their correct order of distance around the Sun. Like Anaxagoras before him, he suspected that the stars were just other bodies like the Sun, albeit further away from Earth.","Document [9](Title: Heliocentrism) the Copernican Revolution. While a moving Earth was proposed at least from the 4th century BC in Pythagoreanism, and a fully developed heliocentric model was developed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC, these ideas were not successful in replacing the view of a static spherical Earth, and from the 2nd century AD the predominant model, which would be inherited by medieval astronomy, was the geocentric model described in Ptolemy's \"Almagest\". The Ptolemaic system was a sophisticated astronomical system that managed to calculate the positions for the planets to a fair degree of accuracy. Ptolemy himself, in his","Document [10](Title: Geocentric model) The geocentric model was eventually replaced by the heliocentric model. The earliest heliocentric model, Copernican heliocentrism, could remove Ptolemy's epicycles because the retrograde motion could be seen to be the result of the combination of Earth and planet movement and speeds. Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity, and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of new epicycles was entirely equivalent. Astronomers often continued using the equants instead of the epicycles because the former was easier to calculate, and gave the same result."],"query":"who challenged the aristotelian model of a geocentric universe?","answers":["Copernicus"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Wentworth (TV series)) A sixth season was commissioned by Foxtel on 9 May 2017, which will premiere on 19 June 2018. A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019.","Document [2](Title: Wentworth (season 5)) for our regular characters, along with some new faces in the yard and on the outside. With series producer Pino Amenta at the helm, our ambition to keep lifting the bar and reward our audience both locally and internationally couldn\u2019t be stronger.\" Penny Win, the Head of Drama at Foxtel stated, \"\"Wentworth\" has gone from strength to strength over the past four seasons. Not only is it an international television success story, now showing in 141 territories, it is a ratings blockbuster and fan favourite for Foxtel audiences. We are extremely proud of this long-running drama juggernaut. It was a","Document [3](Title: Wentworth (TV series)) Saturday nights at 10:00 pm. The series premiered in the Republic of Ireland broadcasting as \"Wentworth\" on TV3 from June 2014. Season 2 premiered on TV3 on 15 January 2015. In Canada the first two seasons broadcast on Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in late 2015. Although the series has a strong fan base in many countries, Angela Perez of Australia Network News said, in 2016, that Foxtel was considering cancelling the show [after the then current fourth season] due to audiences viewing new episodes via pirate websites following the Australian premiere. Foxtel stated that the piracy is \"a serious problem","Document [4](Title: Wentworth (season 1)) announced by Foxtel on 4 March 2012. Developed by Lara Radulovich and David Hannam from the original concept by Reg Watson, it is produced by Fremantle's new head of drama, Jo Porter, and is filmed in Melbourne. FremantleMedia Chief Executive Asia Pacific, Ian Hogg, said: \"An entire generation of Australians grew up watching Prisoner and another is about to do the same with Wentworth.\" The ten-part season began filming in Melbourne for five months from 10 October 2012 and the shoot employed 300 cast and crew. \"Wentworth\" is filmed on a purpose built set in the suburb of Clayton. The","Document [5](Title: Wentworth (season 4)) in Australia, and on DVD-only format in the United Kingdom, and for the first time, it had only received a DVD release in Germany. It is not yet available in North America. Wentworth (season 4) The fourth season of the television drama series \"Wentworth\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on 10 May 2016. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprises 12 episodes. Season four picks up four months after the fire at Wentworth. Four months after the fire at Wentworth, Bea and the other inmates have been housed offsite while they wait for","Document [6](Title: Wentworth (TV series)) Kingdom, all five seasons are available for streaming on Amazon Video, while additional services include Google Play and YouTube. In Australia, Foxtel Now provides a catch-up service for the \"Wentworth\", while the series is made available for catch-up viewing via TVNZ OnDemand in New Zealand and My5 in the United Kingdom for a limited time. The show has received critical acclaim throughout its run. Following a screening of the pilot episode for the media in February 2013, Ben Pobjie from \"The Age\" called \"Wentworth\" \"a triumph\". He praised the writing and the cast, saying \"So rarely in Australian TV do","Document [7](Title: Wentworth (season 5)) On 21 July 2016, it was announced that FremantleMedia had renewed \"Wentworth\" for a fifth season, set to air in 2017. Jo Porter, the Director of Drama at FremantleMedia stated, \"As season four comes to a close, the audience has witnessed a dangerous shift in the power base at \"Wentworth\" which is building to an unmissable conclusion next week. \"Wentworth\" has built a reputation for delivering a world with unexpected twists and turns where no character is safe. The season\u2019s end provides a chilling platform for our script producer Marcia Gardner and the writing team to shape the next chapter","Document [8](Title: Wentworth (TV series)) 10 October 2012. \"Wentworth\" began airing on Foxtel's SoHo channel from 1 May 2013. Filming for the second season began on 23 September 2013 and wrapped on 13 February 2014. The second season began airing on 20 May 2014. Production for the third season resumed in March and filming was completed in late July. In the same month, it was announced that the property in which \"Wentworth\" was filmed had been sold, and the set would be knocked down. A new alternative was being sought and a \"TV Week\" reporter commented that it was unclear if the loss of the","Document [9](Title: Wentworth (season 4)) Wentworth (season 4) The fourth season of the television drama series \"Wentworth\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on 10 May 2016. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprises 12 episodes. Season four picks up four months after the fire at Wentworth. Four months after the fire at Wentworth, Bea and the other inmates have been housed offsite while they wait for construction to be completed. Season four will see Bea battle two formidable enemies. There is Kaz, made so dangerous by her extremist feminist ideology, who regards Bea as the great betrayer to","Document [10](Title: Wentworth (season 4)) the cause, and Ferguson who is on a mission to exonerate herself \u2013 will the walls of Wentworth be enough to protect the Top Dog? <onlyinclude><\/onlyinclude> On 27 February 2015, it was announced that FremantleMedia had renewed \"Wentworth\" for a fourth season, set to air in 2016. Jo Porter, the Director of Drama at FremantleMedia stated, \"Without wanting to give away any specific spoilers from season three, suffice to say it builds to a fabulous crescendo that in turn has given our season four writers a fantastic launch pad to explore what is next for the complex and compelling characters"],"query":"when is the new season of wentworth coming out?","answers":["19 June 2018"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Wentworth (season 5)) for our regular characters, along with some new faces in the yard and on the outside. With series producer Pino Amenta at the helm, our ambition to keep lifting the bar and reward our audience both locally and internationally couldn\u2019t be stronger.\" Penny Win, the Head of Drama at Foxtel stated, \"\"Wentworth\" has gone from strength to strength over the past four seasons. Not only is it an international television success story, now showing in 141 territories, it is a ratings blockbuster and fan favourite for Foxtel audiences. We are extremely proud of this long-running drama juggernaut. It was a","Document [2](Title: Wentworth (TV series)) Saturday nights at 10:00 pm. The series premiered in the Republic of Ireland broadcasting as \"Wentworth\" on TV3 from June 2014. Season 2 premiered on TV3 on 15 January 2015. In Canada the first two seasons broadcast on Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in late 2015. Although the series has a strong fan base in many countries, Angela Perez of Australia Network News said, in 2016, that Foxtel was considering cancelling the show [after the then current fourth season] due to audiences viewing new episodes via pirate websites following the Australian premiere. Foxtel stated that the piracy is \"a serious problem","Document [3](Title: Wentworth (season 1)) announced by Foxtel on 4 March 2012. Developed by Lara Radulovich and David Hannam from the original concept by Reg Watson, it is produced by Fremantle's new head of drama, Jo Porter, and is filmed in Melbourne. FremantleMedia Chief Executive Asia Pacific, Ian Hogg, said: \"An entire generation of Australians grew up watching Prisoner and another is about to do the same with Wentworth.\" The ten-part season began filming in Melbourne for five months from 10 October 2012 and the shoot employed 300 cast and crew. \"Wentworth\" is filmed on a purpose built set in the suburb of Clayton. The","Document [4](Title: Wentworth (season 4)) in Australia, and on DVD-only format in the United Kingdom, and for the first time, it had only received a DVD release in Germany. It is not yet available in North America. Wentworth (season 4) The fourth season of the television drama series \"Wentworth\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on 10 May 2016. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprises 12 episodes. Season four picks up four months after the fire at Wentworth. Four months after the fire at Wentworth, Bea and the other inmates have been housed offsite while they wait for","Document [5](Title: Wentworth (TV series)) A sixth season was commissioned by Foxtel on 9 May 2017, which will premiere on 19 June 2018. A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019.","Document [6](Title: Wentworth (TV series)) Kingdom, all five seasons are available for streaming on Amazon Video, while additional services include Google Play and YouTube. In Australia, Foxtel Now provides a catch-up service for the \"Wentworth\", while the series is made available for catch-up viewing via TVNZ OnDemand in New Zealand and My5 in the United Kingdom for a limited time. The show has received critical acclaim throughout its run. Following a screening of the pilot episode for the media in February 2013, Ben Pobjie from \"The Age\" called \"Wentworth\" \"a triumph\". He praised the writing and the cast, saying \"So rarely in Australian TV do","Document [7](Title: Wentworth (season 5)) On 21 July 2016, it was announced that FremantleMedia had renewed \"Wentworth\" for a fifth season, set to air in 2017. Jo Porter, the Director of Drama at FremantleMedia stated, \"As season four comes to a close, the audience has witnessed a dangerous shift in the power base at \"Wentworth\" which is building to an unmissable conclusion next week. \"Wentworth\" has built a reputation for delivering a world with unexpected twists and turns where no character is safe. The season\u2019s end provides a chilling platform for our script producer Marcia Gardner and the writing team to shape the next chapter","Document [8](Title: Wentworth (TV series)) 10 October 2012. \"Wentworth\" began airing on Foxtel's SoHo channel from 1 May 2013. Filming for the second season began on 23 September 2013 and wrapped on 13 February 2014. The second season began airing on 20 May 2014. Production for the third season resumed in March and filming was completed in late July. In the same month, it was announced that the property in which \"Wentworth\" was filmed had been sold, and the set would be knocked down. A new alternative was being sought and a \"TV Week\" reporter commented that it was unclear if the loss of the","Document [9](Title: Wentworth (season 4)) Wentworth (season 4) The fourth season of the television drama series \"Wentworth\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on 10 May 2016. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprises 12 episodes. Season four picks up four months after the fire at Wentworth. Four months after the fire at Wentworth, Bea and the other inmates have been housed offsite while they wait for construction to be completed. Season four will see Bea battle two formidable enemies. There is Kaz, made so dangerous by her extremist feminist ideology, who regards Bea as the great betrayer to","Document [10](Title: Wentworth (season 4)) the cause, and Ferguson who is on a mission to exonerate herself \u2013 will the walls of Wentworth be enough to protect the Top Dog? <onlyinclude><\/onlyinclude> On 27 February 2015, it was announced that FremantleMedia had renewed \"Wentworth\" for a fourth season, set to air in 2016. Jo Porter, the Director of Drama at FremantleMedia stated, \"Without wanting to give away any specific spoilers from season three, suffice to say it builds to a fabulous crescendo that in turn has given our season four writers a fantastic launch pad to explore what is next for the complex and compelling characters"],"query":"when is the new season of wentworth coming out?","answers":["19 June 2018"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Wentworth (season 5)) for our regular characters, along with some new faces in the yard and on the outside. With series producer Pino Amenta at the helm, our ambition to keep lifting the bar and reward our audience both locally and internationally couldn\u2019t be stronger.\" Penny Win, the Head of Drama at Foxtel stated, \"\"Wentworth\" has gone from strength to strength over the past four seasons. Not only is it an international television success story, now showing in 141 territories, it is a ratings blockbuster and fan favourite for Foxtel audiences. We are extremely proud of this long-running drama juggernaut. It was a","Document [2](Title: Wentworth (TV series)) Saturday nights at 10:00 pm. The series premiered in the Republic of Ireland broadcasting as \"Wentworth\" on TV3 from June 2014. Season 2 premiered on TV3 on 15 January 2015. In Canada the first two seasons broadcast on Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in late 2015. Although the series has a strong fan base in many countries, Angela Perez of Australia Network News said, in 2016, that Foxtel was considering cancelling the show [after the then current fourth season] due to audiences viewing new episodes via pirate websites following the Australian premiere. Foxtel stated that the piracy is \"a serious problem","Document [3](Title: Wentworth (season 1)) announced by Foxtel on 4 March 2012. Developed by Lara Radulovich and David Hannam from the original concept by Reg Watson, it is produced by Fremantle's new head of drama, Jo Porter, and is filmed in Melbourne. FremantleMedia Chief Executive Asia Pacific, Ian Hogg, said: \"An entire generation of Australians grew up watching Prisoner and another is about to do the same with Wentworth.\" The ten-part season began filming in Melbourne for five months from 10 October 2012 and the shoot employed 300 cast and crew. \"Wentworth\" is filmed on a purpose built set in the suburb of Clayton. The","Document [4](Title: Wentworth (season 4)) in Australia, and on DVD-only format in the United Kingdom, and for the first time, it had only received a DVD release in Germany. It is not yet available in North America. Wentworth (season 4) The fourth season of the television drama series \"Wentworth\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on 10 May 2016. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprises 12 episodes. Season four picks up four months after the fire at Wentworth. Four months after the fire at Wentworth, Bea and the other inmates have been housed offsite while they wait for","Document [5](Title: Wentworth (TV series)) Kingdom, all five seasons are available for streaming on Amazon Video, while additional services include Google Play and YouTube. In Australia, Foxtel Now provides a catch-up service for the \"Wentworth\", while the series is made available for catch-up viewing via TVNZ OnDemand in New Zealand and My5 in the United Kingdom for a limited time. The show has received critical acclaim throughout its run. Following a screening of the pilot episode for the media in February 2013, Ben Pobjie from \"The Age\" called \"Wentworth\" \"a triumph\". He praised the writing and the cast, saying \"So rarely in Australian TV do","Document [6](Title: Wentworth (season 5)) On 21 July 2016, it was announced that FremantleMedia had renewed \"Wentworth\" for a fifth season, set to air in 2017. Jo Porter, the Director of Drama at FremantleMedia stated, \"As season four comes to a close, the audience has witnessed a dangerous shift in the power base at \"Wentworth\" which is building to an unmissable conclusion next week. \"Wentworth\" has built a reputation for delivering a world with unexpected twists and turns where no character is safe. The season\u2019s end provides a chilling platform for our script producer Marcia Gardner and the writing team to shape the next chapter","Document [7](Title: Wentworth (TV series)) 10 October 2012. \"Wentworth\" began airing on Foxtel's SoHo channel from 1 May 2013. Filming for the second season began on 23 September 2013 and wrapped on 13 February 2014. The second season began airing on 20 May 2014. Production for the third season resumed in March and filming was completed in late July. In the same month, it was announced that the property in which \"Wentworth\" was filmed had been sold, and the set would be knocked down. A new alternative was being sought and a \"TV Week\" reporter commented that it was unclear if the loss of the","Document [8](Title: Wentworth (season 4)) Wentworth (season 4) The fourth season of the television drama series \"Wentworth\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on 10 May 2016. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprises 12 episodes. Season four picks up four months after the fire at Wentworth. Four months after the fire at Wentworth, Bea and the other inmates have been housed offsite while they wait for construction to be completed. Season four will see Bea battle two formidable enemies. There is Kaz, made so dangerous by her extremist feminist ideology, who regards Bea as the great betrayer to","Document [9](Title: Wentworth (season 4)) the cause, and Ferguson who is on a mission to exonerate herself \u2013 will the walls of Wentworth be enough to protect the Top Dog? <onlyinclude><\/onlyinclude> On 27 February 2015, it was announced that FremantleMedia had renewed \"Wentworth\" for a fourth season, set to air in 2016. Jo Porter, the Director of Drama at FremantleMedia stated, \"Without wanting to give away any specific spoilers from season three, suffice to say it builds to a fabulous crescendo that in turn has given our season four writers a fantastic launch pad to explore what is next for the complex and compelling characters","Document [10](Title: Wentworth (TV series)) A sixth season was commissioned by Foxtel on 9 May 2017, which will premiere on 19 June 2018. A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019."],"query":"when is the new season of wentworth coming out?","answers":["19 June 2018"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Red-eared slider) 36 days apart. The time between mating and egg-laying can be days or weeks. The actual egg fertilization takes place during the egg-laying. This process also permits the laying of fertile eggs the following season, as the sperm can remain viable and available in the female's body in the absence of mating. During the last weeks of gestation, the female spends less time in the water and smells and scratches at the ground, indicating she is searching for a suitable place to lay her eggs. The female excavates a hole, using her hind legs, and lays her eggs in it.","Document [2](Title: Red-eared slider) and Florida. In nature, they inhabit areas with a source of still, warm water, such as ponds, lakes, swamps, creeks, streams, or slow-flowing rivers. They live in areas of calm water where they are able to leave the water easily by climbing onto rocks or tree trunks so they can warm up in the sun. Individuals are often found sunbathing in a group or even on top of each other. They also require abundant aquatic plants, as these are the adults' main food, although they are omnivores. Turtles in the wild always remain close to water unless they are searching","Document [3](Title: Red-eared slider) species with which they compete for food and breeding space. Red-eared sliders are almost entirely aquatic, but as they are cold-blooded, they leave the water to sunbathe to regulate their temperature. Red-eared sliders do not hibernate, but actually brumate; while they become less active, they do occasionally rise to the surface for food or air. Brumation can occur to varying degrees. In the wild, red-eared sliders brumate over the winter at the bottoms of ponds or shallow lakes. They generally become inactive in October, when temperatures fall below . During this time, the turtles enter a state of sopor, during","Document [4](Title: Red-eared slider) unusual color varieties such as albino and pastel red-eared sliders, which are derived from captive breeding, are still allowed for sale. In Australia, breeding populations have been found in New South Wales and Queensland, and individual turtles have been found in the wild in Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory and Western Australia. Red-eared slider turtles are considered a significant threat to native turtle species \u2013 they mature more quickly, grow larger, produce more offspring and are more aggressive. Numerous studies provide evidence that red-eared slider turtles can out-compete native turtles for food and nesting and basking sites. Because red-eared slider","Document [5](Title: Red-eared slider) for a new habitat or when females leave the water to lay their eggs. Owing to their popularity as pets, red-eared sliders have been released or escaped into the wild in many parts of the world. The turtle is considered one of the world\u2019s worst invasive species. Feral populations are now found in Australia, Europe, South Africa, the Caribbean Islands, Israel, Bahrain, the Mariana Islands, Guam, and southeast and far-east Asia. In Australia, it is illegal for members of the public to import, keep, trade, or release red-eared sliders, as they are regarded as an invasive species - see below.","Document [6](Title: Red-eared slider) flip over with the yolk sac, which would allow air into the body cavity and cause death. The other fatal danger is water getting into the body cavity before the sac is absorbed completely and while the opening has not completely healed yet. The sex of red-eared sliders is determined by the incubation temperature during critical phases of the embryos' development. Only males are produced when eggs are incubated at temperatures of , whereas females develop at warmer temperatures. Colder temperatures result in the death of the embryos. Red-eared slider turtles are the world\u2019s most commonly traded reptile, due to","Document [7](Title: Red-eared slider) turtles eat plants as well as animals, they could also have a negative impact on a range of native aquatic species, including rare frogs. There is also a significant risk that red-eared slider turtles will transfer diseases and parasites to native reptile species. There is evidence that a malaria-like parasite was spread to two wild turtle populations in Lane Cove River, Sydney. Social and economic costs are also likely to be substantial. The Queensland government has invested close to $1 million AUD in eradication programs to date. As outlined in the foregoing section, the turtle may also have significant public","Document [8](Title: Red-eared slider) Red-eared slider The red-eared slider (\"Trachemys scripta elegans\"), also known as the red-eared terrapin, is a semiaquatic turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. It is a subspecies of the pond slider. It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States and is also popular as a pet in the rest of the world. It has, therefore, become the most commonly traded turtle in the world. It is native to the southern United States and northern Mexico, but has become established in other places because of pet releases, and has become an invasive species in many areas, where it","Document [9](Title: Turtle) them down for copulation. Red-eared sliders are an example of a fully aquatic species in which the male performs a courtship behavior. In this case the male extends his forelegs with the palms facing out and flutters his forelegs in the female's face. Female choice is important in this method, and the females of some species, such as green sea turtles, aren't always receptive. As such, they've evolved certain behaviors to avoid the male's attempts at copulation, such as swimming away, confronting the male followed by biting, or a refusal position in which the female assumes a vertical position with","Document [10](Title: Spreckels Lake) appear to be red-eared sliders, a non-native species originally from the southern United States that was extremely popular as a children's pet. At least a couple turtles living in the lake do not display the red markings typical of the red-eared slider and may be western painted turtles, a native species. There is at least one large (12 to possibly 14-inch) soft shelled turtle of unknown species also living in the lake. Most of the turtles were probably introduced to the lake as discarded pets though a thriving population of turtles was noted as far back as 1912. There seem"],"query":"where do red ear slider turtles lay eggs?","answers":["a hole"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Red-eared slider) and Florida. In nature, they inhabit areas with a source of still, warm water, such as ponds, lakes, swamps, creeks, streams, or slow-flowing rivers. They live in areas of calm water where they are able to leave the water easily by climbing onto rocks or tree trunks so they can warm up in the sun. Individuals are often found sunbathing in a group or even on top of each other. They also require abundant aquatic plants, as these are the adults' main food, although they are omnivores. Turtles in the wild always remain close to water unless they are searching","Document [2](Title: Red-eared slider) species with which they compete for food and breeding space. Red-eared sliders are almost entirely aquatic, but as they are cold-blooded, they leave the water to sunbathe to regulate their temperature. Red-eared sliders do not hibernate, but actually brumate; while they become less active, they do occasionally rise to the surface for food or air. Brumation can occur to varying degrees. In the wild, red-eared sliders brumate over the winter at the bottoms of ponds or shallow lakes. They generally become inactive in October, when temperatures fall below . During this time, the turtles enter a state of sopor, during","Document [3](Title: Red-eared slider) unusual color varieties such as albino and pastel red-eared sliders, which are derived from captive breeding, are still allowed for sale. In Australia, breeding populations have been found in New South Wales and Queensland, and individual turtles have been found in the wild in Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory and Western Australia. Red-eared slider turtles are considered a significant threat to native turtle species \u2013 they mature more quickly, grow larger, produce more offspring and are more aggressive. Numerous studies provide evidence that red-eared slider turtles can out-compete native turtles for food and nesting and basking sites. Because red-eared slider","Document [4](Title: Red-eared slider) for a new habitat or when females leave the water to lay their eggs. Owing to their popularity as pets, red-eared sliders have been released or escaped into the wild in many parts of the world. The turtle is considered one of the world\u2019s worst invasive species. Feral populations are now found in Australia, Europe, South Africa, the Caribbean Islands, Israel, Bahrain, the Mariana Islands, Guam, and southeast and far-east Asia. In Australia, it is illegal for members of the public to import, keep, trade, or release red-eared sliders, as they are regarded as an invasive species - see below.","Document [5](Title: Red-eared slider) 36 days apart. The time between mating and egg-laying can be days or weeks. The actual egg fertilization takes place during the egg-laying. This process also permits the laying of fertile eggs the following season, as the sperm can remain viable and available in the female's body in the absence of mating. During the last weeks of gestation, the female spends less time in the water and smells and scratches at the ground, indicating she is searching for a suitable place to lay her eggs. The female excavates a hole, using her hind legs, and lays her eggs in it.","Document [6](Title: Red-eared slider) flip over with the yolk sac, which would allow air into the body cavity and cause death. The other fatal danger is water getting into the body cavity before the sac is absorbed completely and while the opening has not completely healed yet. The sex of red-eared sliders is determined by the incubation temperature during critical phases of the embryos' development. Only males are produced when eggs are incubated at temperatures of , whereas females develop at warmer temperatures. Colder temperatures result in the death of the embryos. Red-eared slider turtles are the world\u2019s most commonly traded reptile, due to","Document [7](Title: Red-eared slider) turtles eat plants as well as animals, they could also have a negative impact on a range of native aquatic species, including rare frogs. There is also a significant risk that red-eared slider turtles will transfer diseases and parasites to native reptile species. There is evidence that a malaria-like parasite was spread to two wild turtle populations in Lane Cove River, Sydney. Social and economic costs are also likely to be substantial. The Queensland government has invested close to $1 million AUD in eradication programs to date. As outlined in the foregoing section, the turtle may also have significant public","Document [8](Title: Red-eared slider) Red-eared slider The red-eared slider (\"Trachemys scripta elegans\"), also known as the red-eared terrapin, is a semiaquatic turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. It is a subspecies of the pond slider. It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States and is also popular as a pet in the rest of the world. It has, therefore, become the most commonly traded turtle in the world. It is native to the southern United States and northern Mexico, but has become established in other places because of pet releases, and has become an invasive species in many areas, where it","Document [9](Title: Turtle) them down for copulation. Red-eared sliders are an example of a fully aquatic species in which the male performs a courtship behavior. In this case the male extends his forelegs with the palms facing out and flutters his forelegs in the female's face. Female choice is important in this method, and the females of some species, such as green sea turtles, aren't always receptive. As such, they've evolved certain behaviors to avoid the male's attempts at copulation, such as swimming away, confronting the male followed by biting, or a refusal position in which the female assumes a vertical position with","Document [10](Title: Spreckels Lake) appear to be red-eared sliders, a non-native species originally from the southern United States that was extremely popular as a children's pet. At least a couple turtles living in the lake do not display the red markings typical of the red-eared slider and may be western painted turtles, a native species. There is at least one large (12 to possibly 14-inch) soft shelled turtle of unknown species also living in the lake. Most of the turtles were probably introduced to the lake as discarded pets though a thriving population of turtles was noted as far back as 1912. There seem"],"query":"where do red ear slider turtles lay eggs?","answers":["a hole"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Red-eared slider) and Florida. In nature, they inhabit areas with a source of still, warm water, such as ponds, lakes, swamps, creeks, streams, or slow-flowing rivers. They live in areas of calm water where they are able to leave the water easily by climbing onto rocks or tree trunks so they can warm up in the sun. Individuals are often found sunbathing in a group or even on top of each other. They also require abundant aquatic plants, as these are the adults' main food, although they are omnivores. Turtles in the wild always remain close to water unless they are searching","Document [2](Title: Red-eared slider) species with which they compete for food and breeding space. Red-eared sliders are almost entirely aquatic, but as they are cold-blooded, they leave the water to sunbathe to regulate their temperature. Red-eared sliders do not hibernate, but actually brumate; while they become less active, they do occasionally rise to the surface for food or air. Brumation can occur to varying degrees. In the wild, red-eared sliders brumate over the winter at the bottoms of ponds or shallow lakes. They generally become inactive in October, when temperatures fall below . During this time, the turtles enter a state of sopor, during","Document [3](Title: Red-eared slider) unusual color varieties such as albino and pastel red-eared sliders, which are derived from captive breeding, are still allowed for sale. In Australia, breeding populations have been found in New South Wales and Queensland, and individual turtles have been found in the wild in Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory and Western Australia. Red-eared slider turtles are considered a significant threat to native turtle species \u2013 they mature more quickly, grow larger, produce more offspring and are more aggressive. Numerous studies provide evidence that red-eared slider turtles can out-compete native turtles for food and nesting and basking sites. Because red-eared slider","Document [4](Title: Red-eared slider) for a new habitat or when females leave the water to lay their eggs. Owing to their popularity as pets, red-eared sliders have been released or escaped into the wild in many parts of the world. The turtle is considered one of the world\u2019s worst invasive species. Feral populations are now found in Australia, Europe, South Africa, the Caribbean Islands, Israel, Bahrain, the Mariana Islands, Guam, and southeast and far-east Asia. In Australia, it is illegal for members of the public to import, keep, trade, or release red-eared sliders, as they are regarded as an invasive species - see below.","Document [5](Title: Red-eared slider) flip over with the yolk sac, which would allow air into the body cavity and cause death. The other fatal danger is water getting into the body cavity before the sac is absorbed completely and while the opening has not completely healed yet. The sex of red-eared sliders is determined by the incubation temperature during critical phases of the embryos' development. Only males are produced when eggs are incubated at temperatures of , whereas females develop at warmer temperatures. Colder temperatures result in the death of the embryos. Red-eared slider turtles are the world\u2019s most commonly traded reptile, due to","Document [6](Title: Red-eared slider) turtles eat plants as well as animals, they could also have a negative impact on a range of native aquatic species, including rare frogs. There is also a significant risk that red-eared slider turtles will transfer diseases and parasites to native reptile species. There is evidence that a malaria-like parasite was spread to two wild turtle populations in Lane Cove River, Sydney. Social and economic costs are also likely to be substantial. The Queensland government has invested close to $1 million AUD in eradication programs to date. As outlined in the foregoing section, the turtle may also have significant public","Document [7](Title: Red-eared slider) Red-eared slider The red-eared slider (\"Trachemys scripta elegans\"), also known as the red-eared terrapin, is a semiaquatic turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. It is a subspecies of the pond slider. It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States and is also popular as a pet in the rest of the world. It has, therefore, become the most commonly traded turtle in the world. It is native to the southern United States and northern Mexico, but has become established in other places because of pet releases, and has become an invasive species in many areas, where it","Document [8](Title: Turtle) them down for copulation. Red-eared sliders are an example of a fully aquatic species in which the male performs a courtship behavior. In this case the male extends his forelegs with the palms facing out and flutters his forelegs in the female's face. Female choice is important in this method, and the females of some species, such as green sea turtles, aren't always receptive. As such, they've evolved certain behaviors to avoid the male's attempts at copulation, such as swimming away, confronting the male followed by biting, or a refusal position in which the female assumes a vertical position with","Document [9](Title: Spreckels Lake) appear to be red-eared sliders, a non-native species originally from the southern United States that was extremely popular as a children's pet. At least a couple turtles living in the lake do not display the red markings typical of the red-eared slider and may be western painted turtles, a native species. There is at least one large (12 to possibly 14-inch) soft shelled turtle of unknown species also living in the lake. Most of the turtles were probably introduced to the lake as discarded pets though a thriving population of turtles was noted as far back as 1912. There seem","Document [10](Title: Red-eared slider) 36 days apart. The time between mating and egg-laying can be days or weeks. The actual egg fertilization takes place during the egg-laying. This process also permits the laying of fertile eggs the following season, as the sperm can remain viable and available in the female's body in the absence of mating. During the last weeks of gestation, the female spends less time in the water and smells and scratches at the ground, indicating she is searching for a suitable place to lay her eggs. The female excavates a hole, using her hind legs, and lays her eggs in it."],"query":"where do red ear slider turtles lay eggs?","answers":["a hole"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Leibniz\u2013Newton calculus controversy) The calculus controversy (often referred to with the German term Priorit\u00e4tsstreit, meaning \"priority dispute\") was an argument between 17th-century mathematicians Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz (begun or fomented in part by their disciples and associates) over who had first invented the mathematical study of change, calculus. It is a question that had been the cause of a major intellectual controversy, one that began simmering in 1699 and broke out in full force in 1711.","Document [2](Title: Calculus) and Newton are usually both given credit for independently inventing and developing calculus. Newton was the first to apply calculus to general physics and Leibniz developed much of the notation used in calculus today. The basic insights that both Newton and Leibniz provided were the laws of differentiation and integration, second and higher derivatives, and the notion of an approximating polynomial series. By Newton's time, the fundamental theorem of calculus was known. When Newton and Leibniz first published their results, there was great controversy over which mathematician (and therefore which country) deserved credit. Newton derived his results first (later to","Document [3](Title: History of calculus) at the turn of the century, but after 1711 both of them became personally involved, accusing each other of plagiarism. The priority dispute had an effect of separating English-speaking mathematicians from those in the continental Europe for many years. Only in the 1820s, due to the efforts of the Analytical Society, did Leibnizian analytical calculus become accepted in England. Today, both Newton and Leibniz are given credit for independently developing the basics of calculus. It is Leibniz, however, who is credited with giving the new discipline the name it is known by today: \"calculus\". Newton's name for it was \"the","Document [4](Title: Jacob Bernoulli) that were to make up \"Ars Conjectandi\" were discovered. He was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Basel in 1687, remaining in this position for the rest of his life. By that time, he had begun tutoring his brother Johann Bernoulli on mathematical topics. The two brothers began to study the calculus as presented by Leibniz in his 1684 paper on the differential calculus in \"Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis\" published in \"Acta Eruditorum\". They also studied the publications of von Tschirnhaus. It must be understood that Leibniz's publications on the calculus were very obscure to mathematicians","Document [5](Title: History of calculus) who first \"invented\" calculus. This argument, the Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy, involving Leibniz, who was German, and the Englishman Newton, led to a rift in the European mathematical community lasting over a century. Leibniz was the first to publish his investigations; however, it is well established that Newton had started his work several years prior to Leibniz and had already developed a theory of tangents by the time Leibniz became interested in the question. It is not known how much this may have influenced Leibniz. The initial accusations were made by students and supporters of the two great scientists","Document [6](Title: Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics) considered a part of calculus. According to V.J. Katz, they were yet to \"combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral, show the connection between the two, and turn calculus into the great problem-solving tool we have today\", like Newton and Leibniz. The intellectual careers of both Newton and Leibniz are well-documented and there is no indication of their work not being their own; however, it is not known with certainty whether the immediate \"predecessors\" of Newton and Leibniz, \"including, in particular, Fermat and Roberval, learned of some of the ideas of the","Document [7](Title: Isaac Newton) the college's teachings were based on those of Aristotle, whom Newton supplemented with modern philosophers such as Descartes, and astronomers such as Galileo and Thomas Street, through whom he learned of Kepler's work. He set down in his notebook a series of \"\"Quaestiones\"\" about mechanical philosophy as he found it. In 1665, he discovered the generalised binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that later became calculus. Soon after Newton had obtained his BA degree in August 1665, the university temporarily closed as a precaution against the Great Plague. Although he had been undistinguished as a Cambridge student,","Document [8](Title: George Green (mathematician)) form of calculus derived from Leibniz that was virtually unheard of, or even actively discouraged, in England at the time (due to Leibniz being a contemporary of Newton who had his own methods that were championed in England). This form of calculus, and the developments of mathematicians such as Laplace, Lacroix and Poisson were not taught even at Cambridge, let alone Nottingham, and yet Green had not only heard of these developments, but also improved upon them. It is speculated that only one person educated in mathematics, John Toplis, headmaster of Nottingham High School 1806\u20131819, graduate from Cambridge and an","Document [9](Title: History of calculus) be found in the Egyptian Moscow papyrus (c. 1820 BC), but the formulas are only given for concrete numbers, some are only approximately true, and they are not derived by deductive reasoning. Babylonians may have discovered the trapezoidal rule while doing astronomical observations of Jupiter. From the age of Greek mathematics, Eudoxus (c. 408\u2212355 BC) used the method of exhaustion, which foreshadows the concept of the limit, to calculate areas and volumes, while Archimedes (c. 287\u2212212 BC) developed this idea further, inventing heuristics which resemble the methods of integral calculus. Greek mathematicians are also credited with a significant use of","Document [10](Title: History of mathematics) differential calculus, and the calculus of variations, and Laplace who, in the age of Napoleon, did important work on the foundations of celestial mechanics and on statistics. Throughout the 19th century mathematics became increasingly abstract. Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777\u20131855) epitomizes this trend. He did revolutionary work on functions of complex variables, in geometry, and on the convergence of series, leaving aside his many contributions to science. He also gave the first satisfactory proofs of the fundamental theorem of algebra and of the quadratic reciprocity law. This century saw the development of the two forms of non-Euclidean geometry, where the parallel"],"query":"who were the two mathematicians that invented calculus?","answers":["Gottfried Leibniz","Isaac Newton"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Calculus) and Newton are usually both given credit for independently inventing and developing calculus. Newton was the first to apply calculus to general physics and Leibniz developed much of the notation used in calculus today. The basic insights that both Newton and Leibniz provided were the laws of differentiation and integration, second and higher derivatives, and the notion of an approximating polynomial series. By Newton's time, the fundamental theorem of calculus was known. When Newton and Leibniz first published their results, there was great controversy over which mathematician (and therefore which country) deserved credit. Newton derived his results first (later to","Document [2](Title: History of calculus) at the turn of the century, but after 1711 both of them became personally involved, accusing each other of plagiarism. The priority dispute had an effect of separating English-speaking mathematicians from those in the continental Europe for many years. Only in the 1820s, due to the efforts of the Analytical Society, did Leibnizian analytical calculus become accepted in England. Today, both Newton and Leibniz are given credit for independently developing the basics of calculus. It is Leibniz, however, who is credited with giving the new discipline the name it is known by today: \"calculus\". Newton's name for it was \"the","Document [3](Title: Jacob Bernoulli) that were to make up \"Ars Conjectandi\" were discovered. He was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Basel in 1687, remaining in this position for the rest of his life. By that time, he had begun tutoring his brother Johann Bernoulli on mathematical topics. The two brothers began to study the calculus as presented by Leibniz in his 1684 paper on the differential calculus in \"Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis\" published in \"Acta Eruditorum\". They also studied the publications of von Tschirnhaus. It must be understood that Leibniz's publications on the calculus were very obscure to mathematicians","Document [4](Title: History of calculus) who first \"invented\" calculus. This argument, the Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy, involving Leibniz, who was German, and the Englishman Newton, led to a rift in the European mathematical community lasting over a century. Leibniz was the first to publish his investigations; however, it is well established that Newton had started his work several years prior to Leibniz and had already developed a theory of tangents by the time Leibniz became interested in the question. It is not known how much this may have influenced Leibniz. The initial accusations were made by students and supporters of the two great scientists","Document [5](Title: Leibniz\u2013Newton calculus controversy) The calculus controversy (often referred to with the German term Priorit\u00e4tsstreit, meaning \"priority dispute\") was an argument between 17th-century mathematicians Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz (begun or fomented in part by their disciples and associates) over who had first invented the mathematical study of change, calculus. It is a question that had been the cause of a major intellectual controversy, one that began simmering in 1699 and broke out in full force in 1711.","Document [6](Title: Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics) considered a part of calculus. According to V.J. Katz, they were yet to \"combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral, show the connection between the two, and turn calculus into the great problem-solving tool we have today\", like Newton and Leibniz. The intellectual careers of both Newton and Leibniz are well-documented and there is no indication of their work not being their own; however, it is not known with certainty whether the immediate \"predecessors\" of Newton and Leibniz, \"including, in particular, Fermat and Roberval, learned of some of the ideas of the","Document [7](Title: Isaac Newton) the college's teachings were based on those of Aristotle, whom Newton supplemented with modern philosophers such as Descartes, and astronomers such as Galileo and Thomas Street, through whom he learned of Kepler's work. He set down in his notebook a series of \"\"Quaestiones\"\" about mechanical philosophy as he found it. In 1665, he discovered the generalised binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that later became calculus. Soon after Newton had obtained his BA degree in August 1665, the university temporarily closed as a precaution against the Great Plague. Although he had been undistinguished as a Cambridge student,","Document [8](Title: George Green (mathematician)) form of calculus derived from Leibniz that was virtually unheard of, or even actively discouraged, in England at the time (due to Leibniz being a contemporary of Newton who had his own methods that were championed in England). This form of calculus, and the developments of mathematicians such as Laplace, Lacroix and Poisson were not taught even at Cambridge, let alone Nottingham, and yet Green had not only heard of these developments, but also improved upon them. It is speculated that only one person educated in mathematics, John Toplis, headmaster of Nottingham High School 1806\u20131819, graduate from Cambridge and an","Document [9](Title: History of calculus) be found in the Egyptian Moscow papyrus (c. 1820 BC), but the formulas are only given for concrete numbers, some are only approximately true, and they are not derived by deductive reasoning. Babylonians may have discovered the trapezoidal rule while doing astronomical observations of Jupiter. From the age of Greek mathematics, Eudoxus (c. 408\u2212355 BC) used the method of exhaustion, which foreshadows the concept of the limit, to calculate areas and volumes, while Archimedes (c. 287\u2212212 BC) developed this idea further, inventing heuristics which resemble the methods of integral calculus. Greek mathematicians are also credited with a significant use of","Document [10](Title: History of mathematics) differential calculus, and the calculus of variations, and Laplace who, in the age of Napoleon, did important work on the foundations of celestial mechanics and on statistics. Throughout the 19th century mathematics became increasingly abstract. Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777\u20131855) epitomizes this trend. He did revolutionary work on functions of complex variables, in geometry, and on the convergence of series, leaving aside his many contributions to science. He also gave the first satisfactory proofs of the fundamental theorem of algebra and of the quadratic reciprocity law. This century saw the development of the two forms of non-Euclidean geometry, where the parallel"],"query":"who were the two mathematicians that invented calculus?","answers":["Gottfried Leibniz","Isaac Newton"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Calculus) and Newton are usually both given credit for independently inventing and developing calculus. Newton was the first to apply calculus to general physics and Leibniz developed much of the notation used in calculus today. The basic insights that both Newton and Leibniz provided were the laws of differentiation and integration, second and higher derivatives, and the notion of an approximating polynomial series. By Newton's time, the fundamental theorem of calculus was known. When Newton and Leibniz first published their results, there was great controversy over which mathematician (and therefore which country) deserved credit. Newton derived his results first (later to","Document [2](Title: History of calculus) at the turn of the century, but after 1711 both of them became personally involved, accusing each other of plagiarism. The priority dispute had an effect of separating English-speaking mathematicians from those in the continental Europe for many years. Only in the 1820s, due to the efforts of the Analytical Society, did Leibnizian analytical calculus become accepted in England. Today, both Newton and Leibniz are given credit for independently developing the basics of calculus. It is Leibniz, however, who is credited with giving the new discipline the name it is known by today: \"calculus\". Newton's name for it was \"the","Document [3](Title: Jacob Bernoulli) that were to make up \"Ars Conjectandi\" were discovered. He was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Basel in 1687, remaining in this position for the rest of his life. By that time, he had begun tutoring his brother Johann Bernoulli on mathematical topics. The two brothers began to study the calculus as presented by Leibniz in his 1684 paper on the differential calculus in \"Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis\" published in \"Acta Eruditorum\". They also studied the publications of von Tschirnhaus. It must be understood that Leibniz's publications on the calculus were very obscure to mathematicians","Document [4](Title: History of calculus) who first \"invented\" calculus. This argument, the Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy, involving Leibniz, who was German, and the Englishman Newton, led to a rift in the European mathematical community lasting over a century. Leibniz was the first to publish his investigations; however, it is well established that Newton had started his work several years prior to Leibniz and had already developed a theory of tangents by the time Leibniz became interested in the question. It is not known how much this may have influenced Leibniz. The initial accusations were made by students and supporters of the two great scientists","Document [5](Title: Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics) considered a part of calculus. According to V.J. Katz, they were yet to \"combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral, show the connection between the two, and turn calculus into the great problem-solving tool we have today\", like Newton and Leibniz. The intellectual careers of both Newton and Leibniz are well-documented and there is no indication of their work not being their own; however, it is not known with certainty whether the immediate \"predecessors\" of Newton and Leibniz, \"including, in particular, Fermat and Roberval, learned of some of the ideas of the","Document [6](Title: Isaac Newton) the college's teachings were based on those of Aristotle, whom Newton supplemented with modern philosophers such as Descartes, and astronomers such as Galileo and Thomas Street, through whom he learned of Kepler's work. He set down in his notebook a series of \"\"Quaestiones\"\" about mechanical philosophy as he found it. In 1665, he discovered the generalised binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that later became calculus. Soon after Newton had obtained his BA degree in August 1665, the university temporarily closed as a precaution against the Great Plague. Although he had been undistinguished as a Cambridge student,","Document [7](Title: George Green (mathematician)) form of calculus derived from Leibniz that was virtually unheard of, or even actively discouraged, in England at the time (due to Leibniz being a contemporary of Newton who had his own methods that were championed in England). This form of calculus, and the developments of mathematicians such as Laplace, Lacroix and Poisson were not taught even at Cambridge, let alone Nottingham, and yet Green had not only heard of these developments, but also improved upon them. It is speculated that only one person educated in mathematics, John Toplis, headmaster of Nottingham High School 1806\u20131819, graduate from Cambridge and an","Document [8](Title: History of calculus) be found in the Egyptian Moscow papyrus (c. 1820 BC), but the formulas are only given for concrete numbers, some are only approximately true, and they are not derived by deductive reasoning. Babylonians may have discovered the trapezoidal rule while doing astronomical observations of Jupiter. From the age of Greek mathematics, Eudoxus (c. 408\u2212355 BC) used the method of exhaustion, which foreshadows the concept of the limit, to calculate areas and volumes, while Archimedes (c. 287\u2212212 BC) developed this idea further, inventing heuristics which resemble the methods of integral calculus. Greek mathematicians are also credited with a significant use of","Document [9](Title: History of mathematics) differential calculus, and the calculus of variations, and Laplace who, in the age of Napoleon, did important work on the foundations of celestial mechanics and on statistics. Throughout the 19th century mathematics became increasingly abstract. Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777\u20131855) epitomizes this trend. He did revolutionary work on functions of complex variables, in geometry, and on the convergence of series, leaving aside his many contributions to science. He also gave the first satisfactory proofs of the fundamental theorem of algebra and of the quadratic reciprocity law. This century saw the development of the two forms of non-Euclidean geometry, where the parallel","Document [10](Title: Leibniz\u2013Newton calculus controversy) The calculus controversy (often referred to with the German term Priorit\u00e4tsstreit, meaning \"priority dispute\") was an argument between 17th-century mathematicians Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz (begun or fomented in part by their disciples and associates) over who had first invented the mathematical study of change, calculus. It is a question that had been the cause of a major intellectual controversy, one that began simmering in 1699 and broke out in full force in 1711."],"query":"who were the two mathematicians that invented calculus?","answers":["Gottfried Leibniz","Isaac Newton"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Peripheral nervous system) mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), along with the retina. The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon. Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS. However, the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS. The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands. ","Document [2](Title: Peripheral nervous system) Peripheral nervous system The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of two components that make up the nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull, or by the blood\u2013brain barrier, which leaves","Document [3](Title: Nervous system) Nervous system The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events. Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed","Document [4](Title: Segmentation in the human nervous system) cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the nerve fibers that branch off from the spinal cord to all parts of the body. Both parts of the nervous system are actively involved in communicating signals between various parts of the body to ensure the smooth and efficient transfer of information that controls and coordinates the movement of muscles, and regulates organ functions. Neurons, which form the elemental unit of the nervous system, receive messages from their dendrites, relay the information as an electrical signal down the axon and releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters, thus converting the electrical signal","Document [5](Title: Physiological psychology) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the control center of the body and contains millions of neural connections. This organ is responsible for sending and receiving messages from the body and its environment. Each part of the brain is specialized for different aspects of the human being. For example, the temporal lobe has a major role in vision and audition, whereas the frontal lobe is significant for motor function and problem solving. The spinal cord is attached to the brain and serves as the main connector of","Document [6](Title: Nerve) converted from electrical to chemical and then back to electrical. Nerves can be categorized into two groups based on function: The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. Nerves","Document [7](Title: Head and neck anatomy) cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), cranial nerves and spinal nerves. The CNS is located within the dorsal cavity, and the PNS extends through the ventral cavity. The central nervous system provides control and coordination of all eleven body systems and utilizes the endocrine system to form hormone chemical messengers that transport through the blood to influence the activity of individual cells of the body and their associated tissues, organs and systems. The CNS receives sensory (afferent) input from the PNS and directs the flow of information to association neurons (interneurons) to create chemical synapse responses which in turn","Document [8](Title: Neuroscience) of other neurons, muscles, or glands at their termination points. A nervous system emerges from the assemblage of neurons that are connected to each other. In vertebrates, the nervous system can be split into two parts, the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and the peripheral nervous system. In many species \u2014 including all vertebrates \u2014 the nervous system is the most complex organ system in the body, with most of the complexity residing in the brain. The human brain alone contains around one hundred billion neurons and one hundred trillion synapses; it consists of thousands of distinguishable substructures,","Document [9](Title: Peripheral nervous system) system which influences the function of organs outside voluntary control, such as the heart rate, or the functions of the digestive system. The somatic system includes the sensory nervous system and the somatosensory system and consists of sensory nerves and somatic nerves, and many nerves which hold both functions. In the head and neck, cranial nerves carry somatosensory data. There are twelve cranial nerves, ten of which originate from the brainstem, and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions. The nuclei of the olfactory nerve and the optic nerves lie in the forebrain","Document [10](Title: Human body) contain bone marrow, the site of production of blood cells. Also, all bones are major storage sites for calcium and phosphate. This system can be split up into the muscular system and the skeletal system. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the organ of thought, emotion, memory, and sensory processing, and serves many aspects of communication and controls various systems and functions. The special senses consist of vision, hearing, taste, and smell."],"query":"what parts make up the peripheral nervous system?","answers":["autonomic nervous system","somatic nervous system"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Peripheral nervous system) Peripheral nervous system The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of two components that make up the nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull, or by the blood\u2013brain barrier, which leaves","Document [2](Title: Nervous system) Nervous system The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events. Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed","Document [3](Title: Segmentation in the human nervous system) cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the nerve fibers that branch off from the spinal cord to all parts of the body. Both parts of the nervous system are actively involved in communicating signals between various parts of the body to ensure the smooth and efficient transfer of information that controls and coordinates the movement of muscles, and regulates organ functions. Neurons, which form the elemental unit of the nervous system, receive messages from their dendrites, relay the information as an electrical signal down the axon and releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters, thus converting the electrical signal","Document [4](Title: Physiological psychology) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the control center of the body and contains millions of neural connections. This organ is responsible for sending and receiving messages from the body and its environment. Each part of the brain is specialized for different aspects of the human being. For example, the temporal lobe has a major role in vision and audition, whereas the frontal lobe is significant for motor function and problem solving. The spinal cord is attached to the brain and serves as the main connector of","Document [5](Title: Peripheral nervous system) mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), along with the retina. The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon. Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS. However, the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS. The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands. ","Document [6](Title: Nerve) converted from electrical to chemical and then back to electrical. Nerves can be categorized into two groups based on function: The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. Nerves","Document [7](Title: Head and neck anatomy) cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), cranial nerves and spinal nerves. The CNS is located within the dorsal cavity, and the PNS extends through the ventral cavity. The central nervous system provides control and coordination of all eleven body systems and utilizes the endocrine system to form hormone chemical messengers that transport through the blood to influence the activity of individual cells of the body and their associated tissues, organs and systems. The CNS receives sensory (afferent) input from the PNS and directs the flow of information to association neurons (interneurons) to create chemical synapse responses which in turn","Document [8](Title: Neuroscience) of other neurons, muscles, or glands at their termination points. A nervous system emerges from the assemblage of neurons that are connected to each other. In vertebrates, the nervous system can be split into two parts, the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and the peripheral nervous system. In many species \u2014 including all vertebrates \u2014 the nervous system is the most complex organ system in the body, with most of the complexity residing in the brain. The human brain alone contains around one hundred billion neurons and one hundred trillion synapses; it consists of thousands of distinguishable substructures,","Document [9](Title: Peripheral nervous system) system which influences the function of organs outside voluntary control, such as the heart rate, or the functions of the digestive system. The somatic system includes the sensory nervous system and the somatosensory system and consists of sensory nerves and somatic nerves, and many nerves which hold both functions. In the head and neck, cranial nerves carry somatosensory data. There are twelve cranial nerves, ten of which originate from the brainstem, and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions. The nuclei of the olfactory nerve and the optic nerves lie in the forebrain","Document [10](Title: Human body) contain bone marrow, the site of production of blood cells. Also, all bones are major storage sites for calcium and phosphate. This system can be split up into the muscular system and the skeletal system. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the organ of thought, emotion, memory, and sensory processing, and serves many aspects of communication and controls various systems and functions. The special senses consist of vision, hearing, taste, and smell."],"query":"what parts make up the peripheral nervous system?","answers":["autonomic nervous system","somatic nervous system"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Peripheral nervous system) Peripheral nervous system The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of two components that make up the nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull, or by the blood\u2013brain barrier, which leaves","Document [2](Title: Nervous system) Nervous system The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events. Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed","Document [3](Title: Segmentation in the human nervous system) cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the nerve fibers that branch off from the spinal cord to all parts of the body. Both parts of the nervous system are actively involved in communicating signals between various parts of the body to ensure the smooth and efficient transfer of information that controls and coordinates the movement of muscles, and regulates organ functions. Neurons, which form the elemental unit of the nervous system, receive messages from their dendrites, relay the information as an electrical signal down the axon and releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters, thus converting the electrical signal","Document [4](Title: Physiological psychology) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the control center of the body and contains millions of neural connections. This organ is responsible for sending and receiving messages from the body and its environment. Each part of the brain is specialized for different aspects of the human being. For example, the temporal lobe has a major role in vision and audition, whereas the frontal lobe is significant for motor function and problem solving. The spinal cord is attached to the brain and serves as the main connector of","Document [5](Title: Nerve) converted from electrical to chemical and then back to electrical. Nerves can be categorized into two groups based on function: The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. Nerves","Document [6](Title: Head and neck anatomy) cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), cranial nerves and spinal nerves. The CNS is located within the dorsal cavity, and the PNS extends through the ventral cavity. The central nervous system provides control and coordination of all eleven body systems and utilizes the endocrine system to form hormone chemical messengers that transport through the blood to influence the activity of individual cells of the body and their associated tissues, organs and systems. The CNS receives sensory (afferent) input from the PNS and directs the flow of information to association neurons (interneurons) to create chemical synapse responses which in turn","Document [7](Title: Neuroscience) of other neurons, muscles, or glands at their termination points. A nervous system emerges from the assemblage of neurons that are connected to each other. In vertebrates, the nervous system can be split into two parts, the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and the peripheral nervous system. In many species \u2014 including all vertebrates \u2014 the nervous system is the most complex organ system in the body, with most of the complexity residing in the brain. The human brain alone contains around one hundred billion neurons and one hundred trillion synapses; it consists of thousands of distinguishable substructures,","Document [8](Title: Peripheral nervous system) system which influences the function of organs outside voluntary control, such as the heart rate, or the functions of the digestive system. The somatic system includes the sensory nervous system and the somatosensory system and consists of sensory nerves and somatic nerves, and many nerves which hold both functions. In the head and neck, cranial nerves carry somatosensory data. There are twelve cranial nerves, ten of which originate from the brainstem, and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions. The nuclei of the olfactory nerve and the optic nerves lie in the forebrain","Document [9](Title: Human body) contain bone marrow, the site of production of blood cells. Also, all bones are major storage sites for calcium and phosphate. This system can be split up into the muscular system and the skeletal system. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the organ of thought, emotion, memory, and sensory processing, and serves many aspects of communication and controls various systems and functions. The special senses consist of vision, hearing, taste, and smell.","Document [10](Title: Peripheral nervous system) mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), along with the retina. The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon. Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS. However, the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS. The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands. "],"query":"what parts make up the peripheral nervous system?","answers":["autonomic nervous system","somatic nervous system"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) and the Autobots land near the Giza pyramid complex but are attacked by a large force of Decepticons. During the battle, many Constructicons combine to form Devastator, who destroys one of the pyramids to reveal the Sun Harvester inside, before he is killed by a destroyer's railgun called in by Simmons. Ravage and the Decepticon Rampage attempt to spring a trap with Sam's captured parents as bait, in order to force Sam to give them the Matrix, but Bumblebee interferes and kills them both. Major William Lennox and Master Sergeant Robert Epps call in an airstrike, which kills a majority","Document [2](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) the orders of an ancient Decepticon named The Fallen, who seeks to get revenge on Earth by finding and activating a machine that would provide the Decepticons with an energon source, destroying the Sun and all life on Earth in the process. Returning Transformers include Optimus Prime, Bumblebee, Ironhide, Ratchet, Megatron, Starscream, and Scorponok. With deadlines jeopardized by possible strikes by the Directors Guild of America and the Screen Actors Guild, Bay managed to finish the production on time with the help of previsualization and a scriptment by his writers David Marconi, Roberto Orci, Alex Kurtzman, and series newcomer Ehren","Document [3](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) the Fallen, who orders him to capture Sam alive and kill Optimus, as he is the only Transformer who can defeat the Fallen. After killing Alice, a Decepticon Pretender disguised as a college student, Sam, Mikaela and his college roommate, Leo are captured by the Decepticon Grindor and taken to an abandoned factory. Megatron reveals that the symbols in Sam's mind will lead the Decepticons to a new Energon source before Optimus and Bumblebee arrive to rescue the trio. Optimus engages Megatron, Starscream, and Grindor; though Optimus injures Starscream by cutting his arm off and killing Grindor, Megatron kills Optimus","Document [4](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) in a Visual Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture, a SAG Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble, and an MTV Movie Award for Best WTF Moment (Isabel Lucas turning into a Decepticon). Shia LaBeouf, the film and Megan Fox was nominated for a Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Actor, Favorite Movie and Favorite Movie Actress, but all lost to Taylor Lautner, \"\" and Miley Cyrus, respectively. On the other hand, it was nominated for seven Razzie Awards including Worst Actress for Megan Fox (also for \"Jennifer's Body\"), Worst Supporting Actress for Julie White, Worst Screen Couple (for","Document [5](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen is a 2009 American science fiction action film directed by Michael Bay and based on the Transformers toy line. It is the sequel to 2007's \"Transformers\", as well as the second installment in the live-action \"Transformers\" film series. Taking place two years after its predecessor, the plot revolves around Sam Witwicky, who is caught in the war between two factions of alien robots, the Autobots, led by Optimus Prime and the Decepticons, led by Megatron. Sam is having strange visions of Cybertronian symbols, and being hunted by the Decepticons under","Document [6](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) by impaling him through the chest, destroying his spark. The other Autobots arrive and repel the Decepticons, forcing Megatron and Starscream to retreat. The Decepticons launch devastating simultaneous attacks around the world, destroying ships in the Second Fleet and damaging Paris. The Fallen hijacks Earth's telecommunications systems, demanding that Sam be handed to him. Sam, Mikaela, and Leo enlist the help of former Sector Seven agent, Seymour Simmons, who reveals that the Transformers visited Earth eons ago and the most ancient, known as Seekers, remained on Earth, hiding in secret. With help from Wheelie, they track down a Decepticon Seeker","Document [7](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) two Decepticons, Demolisher and Sideways. Sideways is killed by the Autobot Sideswipe, while Optimus Prime kills Demolisher, but not before he warns them of the Fallen's return. At NEST's secure headquarters in Diego Garcia, National Security Adviser Theodore Galloway concludes the Decepticons are still on Earth to hunt the Autobots, since Megatron's corpse is at the bottom of the Laurentian Abyss and the last-known AllSpark shard is secured in the base. Soundwave hacks into a military satellite, overhears the information, and sends Ravage to retrieve the shard. Meanwhile, Sam Witwicky is preparing to attend college, leaving his girlfriend Mikaela Banes","Document [8](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (toy line)) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (toy line) Pictures of the first \"Revenge of the Fallen\" toys started to appear in on the internet in late 2008. Hasbro files for a trademark on the name \"Revenge of the Fallen\" as a toy line in May 2008. The toy line continued on mid-2010 simply as \"Transformers\" (also known as \"Hunt for the Decepticons\"). MechAlive is a feature available on selected Deluxe, Voyager and Leader Class figures, as well as Combiner Class Constructicon Devastator. Characteristics of this feature include visible moving gears in the character's body and parts that move independently during transformation","Document [9](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)) counterpart with a few exceptions. Hugo Weaving, who voices Megatron in the live action films, does not voice Megatron in the game. Instead Frank Welker, who voiced Megatron in \"The Transformers\" animated series returns to voice the character. Devastator, who was voiced by Welker in the film, is voiced by Fred Tatasciore in the game. The game features Neil Kaplan, the voice of Optimus Prime in the series \"\". Kaplan does not voice Prime, but instead voices the character Long Haul as well as additional minor characters. Electronic rock band Julien-K, who contributed one track to the first movie's ,","Document [10](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen is a third-person shooter video game based on the 2009 live action film \"\". The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were developed by Luxoflux, and ported to Microsoft Windows by Beenox. The PlayStation 2 and Wii versions were developed by Krome Studios, and the PlayStation Portable version was developed by Savage Entertainment. The game was released on June 23, 2009 in the United States. Australia received the game one day later, and Europe on June 26. The series of games loosely follow the plot of their movie"],"query":"who dies in transformers revenge of the fallen?","answers":["Ravage and the Decepticon Rampage","Jetfire"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) the orders of an ancient Decepticon named The Fallen, who seeks to get revenge on Earth by finding and activating a machine that would provide the Decepticons with an energon source, destroying the Sun and all life on Earth in the process. Returning Transformers include Optimus Prime, Bumblebee, Ironhide, Ratchet, Megatron, Starscream, and Scorponok. With deadlines jeopardized by possible strikes by the Directors Guild of America and the Screen Actors Guild, Bay managed to finish the production on time with the help of previsualization and a scriptment by his writers David Marconi, Roberto Orci, Alex Kurtzman, and series newcomer Ehren","Document [2](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) the Fallen, who orders him to capture Sam alive and kill Optimus, as he is the only Transformer who can defeat the Fallen. After killing Alice, a Decepticon Pretender disguised as a college student, Sam, Mikaela and his college roommate, Leo are captured by the Decepticon Grindor and taken to an abandoned factory. Megatron reveals that the symbols in Sam's mind will lead the Decepticons to a new Energon source before Optimus and Bumblebee arrive to rescue the trio. Optimus engages Megatron, Starscream, and Grindor; though Optimus injures Starscream by cutting his arm off and killing Grindor, Megatron kills Optimus","Document [3](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) in a Visual Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture, a SAG Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble, and an MTV Movie Award for Best WTF Moment (Isabel Lucas turning into a Decepticon). Shia LaBeouf, the film and Megan Fox was nominated for a Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Actor, Favorite Movie and Favorite Movie Actress, but all lost to Taylor Lautner, \"\" and Miley Cyrus, respectively. On the other hand, it was nominated for seven Razzie Awards including Worst Actress for Megan Fox (also for \"Jennifer's Body\"), Worst Supporting Actress for Julie White, Worst Screen Couple (for","Document [4](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen is a 2009 American science fiction action film directed by Michael Bay and based on the Transformers toy line. It is the sequel to 2007's \"Transformers\", as well as the second installment in the live-action \"Transformers\" film series. Taking place two years after its predecessor, the plot revolves around Sam Witwicky, who is caught in the war between two factions of alien robots, the Autobots, led by Optimus Prime and the Decepticons, led by Megatron. Sam is having strange visions of Cybertronian symbols, and being hunted by the Decepticons under","Document [5](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) and the Autobots land near the Giza pyramid complex but are attacked by a large force of Decepticons. During the battle, many Constructicons combine to form Devastator, who destroys one of the pyramids to reveal the Sun Harvester inside, before he is killed by a destroyer's railgun called in by Simmons. Ravage and the Decepticon Rampage attempt to spring a trap with Sam's captured parents as bait, in order to force Sam to give them the Matrix, but Bumblebee interferes and kills them both. Major William Lennox and Master Sergeant Robert Epps call in an airstrike, which kills a majority","Document [6](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) by impaling him through the chest, destroying his spark. The other Autobots arrive and repel the Decepticons, forcing Megatron and Starscream to retreat. The Decepticons launch devastating simultaneous attacks around the world, destroying ships in the Second Fleet and damaging Paris. The Fallen hijacks Earth's telecommunications systems, demanding that Sam be handed to him. Sam, Mikaela, and Leo enlist the help of former Sector Seven agent, Seymour Simmons, who reveals that the Transformers visited Earth eons ago and the most ancient, known as Seekers, remained on Earth, hiding in secret. With help from Wheelie, they track down a Decepticon Seeker","Document [7](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) two Decepticons, Demolisher and Sideways. Sideways is killed by the Autobot Sideswipe, while Optimus Prime kills Demolisher, but not before he warns them of the Fallen's return. At NEST's secure headquarters in Diego Garcia, National Security Adviser Theodore Galloway concludes the Decepticons are still on Earth to hunt the Autobots, since Megatron's corpse is at the bottom of the Laurentian Abyss and the last-known AllSpark shard is secured in the base. Soundwave hacks into a military satellite, overhears the information, and sends Ravage to retrieve the shard. Meanwhile, Sam Witwicky is preparing to attend college, leaving his girlfriend Mikaela Banes","Document [8](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (toy line)) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (toy line) Pictures of the first \"Revenge of the Fallen\" toys started to appear in on the internet in late 2008. Hasbro files for a trademark on the name \"Revenge of the Fallen\" as a toy line in May 2008. The toy line continued on mid-2010 simply as \"Transformers\" (also known as \"Hunt for the Decepticons\"). MechAlive is a feature available on selected Deluxe, Voyager and Leader Class figures, as well as Combiner Class Constructicon Devastator. Characteristics of this feature include visible moving gears in the character's body and parts that move independently during transformation","Document [9](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)) counterpart with a few exceptions. Hugo Weaving, who voices Megatron in the live action films, does not voice Megatron in the game. Instead Frank Welker, who voiced Megatron in \"The Transformers\" animated series returns to voice the character. Devastator, who was voiced by Welker in the film, is voiced by Fred Tatasciore in the game. The game features Neil Kaplan, the voice of Optimus Prime in the series \"\". Kaplan does not voice Prime, but instead voices the character Long Haul as well as additional minor characters. Electronic rock band Julien-K, who contributed one track to the first movie's ,","Document [10](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen is a third-person shooter video game based on the 2009 live action film \"\". The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were developed by Luxoflux, and ported to Microsoft Windows by Beenox. The PlayStation 2 and Wii versions were developed by Krome Studios, and the PlayStation Portable version was developed by Savage Entertainment. The game was released on June 23, 2009 in the United States. Australia received the game one day later, and Europe on June 26. The series of games loosely follow the plot of their movie"],"query":"who dies in transformers revenge of the fallen?","answers":["Ravage and the Decepticon Rampage","Jetfire"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) the orders of an ancient Decepticon named The Fallen, who seeks to get revenge on Earth by finding and activating a machine that would provide the Decepticons with an energon source, destroying the Sun and all life on Earth in the process. Returning Transformers include Optimus Prime, Bumblebee, Ironhide, Ratchet, Megatron, Starscream, and Scorponok. With deadlines jeopardized by possible strikes by the Directors Guild of America and the Screen Actors Guild, Bay managed to finish the production on time with the help of previsualization and a scriptment by his writers David Marconi, Roberto Orci, Alex Kurtzman, and series newcomer Ehren","Document [2](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) the Fallen, who orders him to capture Sam alive and kill Optimus, as he is the only Transformer who can defeat the Fallen. After killing Alice, a Decepticon Pretender disguised as a college student, Sam, Mikaela and his college roommate, Leo are captured by the Decepticon Grindor and taken to an abandoned factory. Megatron reveals that the symbols in Sam's mind will lead the Decepticons to a new Energon source before Optimus and Bumblebee arrive to rescue the trio. Optimus engages Megatron, Starscream, and Grindor; though Optimus injures Starscream by cutting his arm off and killing Grindor, Megatron kills Optimus","Document [3](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) in a Visual Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture, a SAG Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble, and an MTV Movie Award for Best WTF Moment (Isabel Lucas turning into a Decepticon). Shia LaBeouf, the film and Megan Fox was nominated for a Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Actor, Favorite Movie and Favorite Movie Actress, but all lost to Taylor Lautner, \"\" and Miley Cyrus, respectively. On the other hand, it was nominated for seven Razzie Awards including Worst Actress for Megan Fox (also for \"Jennifer's Body\"), Worst Supporting Actress for Julie White, Worst Screen Couple (for","Document [4](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen is a 2009 American science fiction action film directed by Michael Bay and based on the Transformers toy line. It is the sequel to 2007's \"Transformers\", as well as the second installment in the live-action \"Transformers\" film series. Taking place two years after its predecessor, the plot revolves around Sam Witwicky, who is caught in the war between two factions of alien robots, the Autobots, led by Optimus Prime and the Decepticons, led by Megatron. Sam is having strange visions of Cybertronian symbols, and being hunted by the Decepticons under","Document [5](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) by impaling him through the chest, destroying his spark. The other Autobots arrive and repel the Decepticons, forcing Megatron and Starscream to retreat. The Decepticons launch devastating simultaneous attacks around the world, destroying ships in the Second Fleet and damaging Paris. The Fallen hijacks Earth's telecommunications systems, demanding that Sam be handed to him. Sam, Mikaela, and Leo enlist the help of former Sector Seven agent, Seymour Simmons, who reveals that the Transformers visited Earth eons ago and the most ancient, known as Seekers, remained on Earth, hiding in secret. With help from Wheelie, they track down a Decepticon Seeker","Document [6](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) two Decepticons, Demolisher and Sideways. Sideways is killed by the Autobot Sideswipe, while Optimus Prime kills Demolisher, but not before he warns them of the Fallen's return. At NEST's secure headquarters in Diego Garcia, National Security Adviser Theodore Galloway concludes the Decepticons are still on Earth to hunt the Autobots, since Megatron's corpse is at the bottom of the Laurentian Abyss and the last-known AllSpark shard is secured in the base. Soundwave hacks into a military satellite, overhears the information, and sends Ravage to retrieve the shard. Meanwhile, Sam Witwicky is preparing to attend college, leaving his girlfriend Mikaela Banes","Document [7](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (toy line)) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (toy line) Pictures of the first \"Revenge of the Fallen\" toys started to appear in on the internet in late 2008. Hasbro files for a trademark on the name \"Revenge of the Fallen\" as a toy line in May 2008. The toy line continued on mid-2010 simply as \"Transformers\" (also known as \"Hunt for the Decepticons\"). MechAlive is a feature available on selected Deluxe, Voyager and Leader Class figures, as well as Combiner Class Constructicon Devastator. Characteristics of this feature include visible moving gears in the character's body and parts that move independently during transformation","Document [8](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)) counterpart with a few exceptions. Hugo Weaving, who voices Megatron in the live action films, does not voice Megatron in the game. Instead Frank Welker, who voiced Megatron in \"The Transformers\" animated series returns to voice the character. Devastator, who was voiced by Welker in the film, is voiced by Fred Tatasciore in the game. The game features Neil Kaplan, the voice of Optimus Prime in the series \"\". Kaplan does not voice Prime, but instead voices the character Long Haul as well as additional minor characters. Electronic rock band Julien-K, who contributed one track to the first movie's ,","Document [9](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen is a third-person shooter video game based on the 2009 live action film \"\". The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were developed by Luxoflux, and ported to Microsoft Windows by Beenox. The PlayStation 2 and Wii versions were developed by Krome Studios, and the PlayStation Portable version was developed by Savage Entertainment. The game was released on June 23, 2009 in the United States. Australia received the game one day later, and Europe on June 26. The series of games loosely follow the plot of their movie","Document [10](Title: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) and the Autobots land near the Giza pyramid complex but are attacked by a large force of Decepticons. During the battle, many Constructicons combine to form Devastator, who destroys one of the pyramids to reveal the Sun Harvester inside, before he is killed by a destroyer's railgun called in by Simmons. Ravage and the Decepticon Rampage attempt to spring a trap with Sam's captured parents as bait, in order to force Sam to give them the Matrix, but Bumblebee interferes and kills them both. Major William Lennox and Master Sergeant Robert Epps call in an airstrike, which kills a majority"],"query":"who dies in transformers revenge of the fallen?","answers":["Ravage and the Decepticon Rampage","Jetfire"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Roberts (surname)) Roberts is a surname of Norman origin, deriving from the Norman given name Robert, meaning \"bright renown\" \u2013 from the Germanic elements \"hrod\" meaning renown and \"beraht\" meaning bright. Roberts may mean either \"servant of Robert\" or \"son of Robert\"; the latter is more common in Wales, while the former is more common in England. Although the name Robert was known in the British isles before the Norman Conquest in 1066, it was mainly introduced into Britain by the Normans. Today the surname Roberts is common in England, Wales, Ireland and the Isle of Man, with the biggest concentration by","Document [2](Title: Roberts, Idaho) Roberts, Idaho Roberts is a city in Jefferson County, Idaho, United States. It is part of the Idaho Falls, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 580 at the 2010 census. Roberts is located at (43.719599, -112.129048). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $31,071, and the median income for a family was $33,125. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $17,000 for females. The per capita income for the city","Document [3](Title: Tom Roberts) (1895), he also achieved renown as a portraitist. Roberts was born in Dorchester, Dorset, England, although some mystery surrounds his actual birthdate: his birth certificate says 8 March 1856, whereas his tombstone is inscribed 9 March. Roberts migrated with his family to Australia in 1869 to live with relatives. Settling in Collingwood, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. He worked as a photographer's assistant through the 1870s, while studying art at night under Louis Buvelot and befriending others who were to become prominent artists, notably Frederick McCubbin. During this period, his mother had remarried to a man whom Roberts did not","Document [4](Title: Stage name) Scicolone), Charles Bronson (born Charles Dennis Buchinsky), and Rita Hayworth (born Margarita Carmen Cansino), are four more well known examples of this trend. Similarly, retired veteran broadcaster Dave Roberts was born David T. Boreanaz but is known professionally as Dave Thomas and later Dave Roberts as ethnic surnames were discouraged when he first began his career during the 1950s; however, his son actor David Boreanaz chose not to adopt a stage name. The use of stage names for ethnic purposes may vary widely depending on the media market the personality is representing. For example, in Buffalo, New York, a city","Document [5](Title: Lee Roberts (basketball)) parents. He lived in Seattle for seven years before moving to Alaska, where he spent 2\u00bd years before to moving to Cleveland, Ohio. He attended middle school and high school in the Cleveland area, as he played basketball for Midpark High School in Middleburg Heights. He received recognition playing for Midpark; in 2014, Roberts said \"I was actually recruited for high jump, I was waiting for a couple of schools to ask about basketball and then Findlay offered me a full scholarship. I went to visit them and I was sold.\" Roberts played four years of college basketball for the","Document [6](Title: Roberts, Illinois) Roberts, Illinois Roberts is a village in Ford County, Illinois, United States. The population was 362 at the 2010 census. Roberts was named for the first permanent settlers in the area, Jesse and Livingston Roberts. Roberts is located at (40.613310, -88.182685). According to the 2010 census, Roberts has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 387 people, 169 households, and 103 families residing in the village. The population density was 746.9 people per square mile (287.3\/km\u00b2). There were 194 housing units at an average density of 374.4 per square mile (144.0\/km\u00b2). The","Document [7](Title: Roberts, Idaho) the age of 18; 10.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 21.1% were from 45 to 64; and 8.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.4% male and 47.6% female. Roberts has a general store, a caf\u00e9, a restaurant, a library, a gas station, and an elementary school. Middle school or high school-age students living in Roberts typically attend school in Rigby. Roberts, Idaho Roberts is a city in Jefferson County, Idaho, United States. It is part of the Idaho Falls, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical","Document [8](Title: Virginia, Mayfield) changed their surname to Roberts during this time. In 1834, Maria Roberts and her children boarded the Margaret bound for Sydney, Australia, accompanied by her brother-in-law Robert Roberts (who had also changed his name) and his wife Mary. It is not known when John Roberts arrived in Sydney, but it is speculated that he had arrived before his wife and brother to search for suitable land for the families to settle. It is also possible that John Roberts was a \"remittance man\", meaning that his family paid him to stay away. Shortly after disembarkation, the two Roberts families lived on","Document [9](Title: Alfred Roberts) Alfred Roberts Alfred Roberts (18 April 1892 \u2013 10 February 1970) was an English grocer, local preacher, and politician. He served as Alderman of Grantham from 1943 to 1952 and Mayor of Grantham from 1945 to 1946. His second daughter Margaret was the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Roberts was born in Ringstead, Northamptonshire. He was the fifth of seven children. His father was Benjamin Ebenezer Roberts (28 December 1857 \u2013 17 September 1925), from a Ringstead family, and his mother was Ellen Smith (20 November 1857 \u2013 1 May 1935), whose own mother, Catherine Sullivan, was","Document [10](Title: Roberts, Wisconsin) Roberts, Wisconsin Roberts is a village in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,651 at the 2010 census. The village is surrounded by the town of Warren. Roberts was named in 1873 for a railroad engineer. A post office called Roberts has been in operation since 1884. Roberts is located at (44.983807, -92.553790). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all of it land. At the 2010 census, there were 1,651 people, 625 households and 442 families in the village. The population density was . There were 724 housing"],"query":"where does the last name roberts come from?","answers":["Norman","Norman origin"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Roberts, Idaho) Roberts, Idaho Roberts is a city in Jefferson County, Idaho, United States. It is part of the Idaho Falls, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 580 at the 2010 census. Roberts is located at (43.719599, -112.129048). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $31,071, and the median income for a family was $33,125. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $17,000 for females. The per capita income for the city","Document [2](Title: Tom Roberts) (1895), he also achieved renown as a portraitist. Roberts was born in Dorchester, Dorset, England, although some mystery surrounds his actual birthdate: his birth certificate says 8 March 1856, whereas his tombstone is inscribed 9 March. Roberts migrated with his family to Australia in 1869 to live with relatives. Settling in Collingwood, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. He worked as a photographer's assistant through the 1870s, while studying art at night under Louis Buvelot and befriending others who were to become prominent artists, notably Frederick McCubbin. During this period, his mother had remarried to a man whom Roberts did not","Document [3](Title: Stage name) Scicolone), Charles Bronson (born Charles Dennis Buchinsky), and Rita Hayworth (born Margarita Carmen Cansino), are four more well known examples of this trend. Similarly, retired veteran broadcaster Dave Roberts was born David T. Boreanaz but is known professionally as Dave Thomas and later Dave Roberts as ethnic surnames were discouraged when he first began his career during the 1950s; however, his son actor David Boreanaz chose not to adopt a stage name. The use of stage names for ethnic purposes may vary widely depending on the media market the personality is representing. For example, in Buffalo, New York, a city","Document [4](Title: Lee Roberts (basketball)) parents. He lived in Seattle for seven years before moving to Alaska, where he spent 2\u00bd years before to moving to Cleveland, Ohio. He attended middle school and high school in the Cleveland area, as he played basketball for Midpark High School in Middleburg Heights. He received recognition playing for Midpark; in 2014, Roberts said \"I was actually recruited for high jump, I was waiting for a couple of schools to ask about basketball and then Findlay offered me a full scholarship. I went to visit them and I was sold.\" Roberts played four years of college basketball for the","Document [5](Title: Roberts (surname)) Roberts is a surname of Norman origin, deriving from the Norman given name Robert, meaning \"bright renown\" \u2013 from the Germanic elements \"hrod\" meaning renown and \"beraht\" meaning bright. Roberts may mean either \"servant of Robert\" or \"son of Robert\"; the latter is more common in Wales, while the former is more common in England. Although the name Robert was known in the British isles before the Norman Conquest in 1066, it was mainly introduced into Britain by the Normans. Today the surname Roberts is common in England, Wales, Ireland and the Isle of Man, with the biggest concentration by","Document [6](Title: Roberts, Illinois) Roberts, Illinois Roberts is a village in Ford County, Illinois, United States. The population was 362 at the 2010 census. Roberts was named for the first permanent settlers in the area, Jesse and Livingston Roberts. Roberts is located at (40.613310, -88.182685). According to the 2010 census, Roberts has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 387 people, 169 households, and 103 families residing in the village. The population density was 746.9 people per square mile (287.3\/km\u00b2). There were 194 housing units at an average density of 374.4 per square mile (144.0\/km\u00b2). The","Document [7](Title: Roberts, Idaho) the age of 18; 10.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 21.1% were from 45 to 64; and 8.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.4% male and 47.6% female. Roberts has a general store, a caf\u00e9, a restaurant, a library, a gas station, and an elementary school. Middle school or high school-age students living in Roberts typically attend school in Rigby. Roberts, Idaho Roberts is a city in Jefferson County, Idaho, United States. It is part of the Idaho Falls, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical","Document [8](Title: Virginia, Mayfield) changed their surname to Roberts during this time. In 1834, Maria Roberts and her children boarded the Margaret bound for Sydney, Australia, accompanied by her brother-in-law Robert Roberts (who had also changed his name) and his wife Mary. It is not known when John Roberts arrived in Sydney, but it is speculated that he had arrived before his wife and brother to search for suitable land for the families to settle. It is also possible that John Roberts was a \"remittance man\", meaning that his family paid him to stay away. Shortly after disembarkation, the two Roberts families lived on","Document [9](Title: Alfred Roberts) Alfred Roberts Alfred Roberts (18 April 1892 \u2013 10 February 1970) was an English grocer, local preacher, and politician. He served as Alderman of Grantham from 1943 to 1952 and Mayor of Grantham from 1945 to 1946. His second daughter Margaret was the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Roberts was born in Ringstead, Northamptonshire. He was the fifth of seven children. His father was Benjamin Ebenezer Roberts (28 December 1857 \u2013 17 September 1925), from a Ringstead family, and his mother was Ellen Smith (20 November 1857 \u2013 1 May 1935), whose own mother, Catherine Sullivan, was","Document [10](Title: Roberts, Wisconsin) Roberts, Wisconsin Roberts is a village in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,651 at the 2010 census. The village is surrounded by the town of Warren. Roberts was named in 1873 for a railroad engineer. A post office called Roberts has been in operation since 1884. Roberts is located at (44.983807, -92.553790). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all of it land. At the 2010 census, there were 1,651 people, 625 households and 442 families in the village. The population density was . There were 724 housing"],"query":"where does the last name roberts come from?","answers":["Norman","Norman origin"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Roberts, Idaho) Roberts, Idaho Roberts is a city in Jefferson County, Idaho, United States. It is part of the Idaho Falls, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 580 at the 2010 census. Roberts is located at (43.719599, -112.129048). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $31,071, and the median income for a family was $33,125. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $17,000 for females. The per capita income for the city","Document [2](Title: Tom Roberts) (1895), he also achieved renown as a portraitist. Roberts was born in Dorchester, Dorset, England, although some mystery surrounds his actual birthdate: his birth certificate says 8 March 1856, whereas his tombstone is inscribed 9 March. Roberts migrated with his family to Australia in 1869 to live with relatives. Settling in Collingwood, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. He worked as a photographer's assistant through the 1870s, while studying art at night under Louis Buvelot and befriending others who were to become prominent artists, notably Frederick McCubbin. During this period, his mother had remarried to a man whom Roberts did not","Document [3](Title: Stage name) Scicolone), Charles Bronson (born Charles Dennis Buchinsky), and Rita Hayworth (born Margarita Carmen Cansino), are four more well known examples of this trend. Similarly, retired veteran broadcaster Dave Roberts was born David T. Boreanaz but is known professionally as Dave Thomas and later Dave Roberts as ethnic surnames were discouraged when he first began his career during the 1950s; however, his son actor David Boreanaz chose not to adopt a stage name. The use of stage names for ethnic purposes may vary widely depending on the media market the personality is representing. For example, in Buffalo, New York, a city","Document [4](Title: Lee Roberts (basketball)) parents. He lived in Seattle for seven years before moving to Alaska, where he spent 2\u00bd years before to moving to Cleveland, Ohio. He attended middle school and high school in the Cleveland area, as he played basketball for Midpark High School in Middleburg Heights. He received recognition playing for Midpark; in 2014, Roberts said \"I was actually recruited for high jump, I was waiting for a couple of schools to ask about basketball and then Findlay offered me a full scholarship. I went to visit them and I was sold.\" Roberts played four years of college basketball for the","Document [5](Title: Roberts, Illinois) Roberts, Illinois Roberts is a village in Ford County, Illinois, United States. The population was 362 at the 2010 census. Roberts was named for the first permanent settlers in the area, Jesse and Livingston Roberts. Roberts is located at (40.613310, -88.182685). According to the 2010 census, Roberts has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 387 people, 169 households, and 103 families residing in the village. The population density was 746.9 people per square mile (287.3\/km\u00b2). There were 194 housing units at an average density of 374.4 per square mile (144.0\/km\u00b2). The","Document [6](Title: Roberts, Idaho) the age of 18; 10.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 21.1% were from 45 to 64; and 8.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.4% male and 47.6% female. Roberts has a general store, a caf\u00e9, a restaurant, a library, a gas station, and an elementary school. Middle school or high school-age students living in Roberts typically attend school in Rigby. Roberts, Idaho Roberts is a city in Jefferson County, Idaho, United States. It is part of the Idaho Falls, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical","Document [7](Title: Virginia, Mayfield) changed their surname to Roberts during this time. In 1834, Maria Roberts and her children boarded the Margaret bound for Sydney, Australia, accompanied by her brother-in-law Robert Roberts (who had also changed his name) and his wife Mary. It is not known when John Roberts arrived in Sydney, but it is speculated that he had arrived before his wife and brother to search for suitable land for the families to settle. It is also possible that John Roberts was a \"remittance man\", meaning that his family paid him to stay away. Shortly after disembarkation, the two Roberts families lived on","Document [8](Title: Alfred Roberts) Alfred Roberts Alfred Roberts (18 April 1892 \u2013 10 February 1970) was an English grocer, local preacher, and politician. He served as Alderman of Grantham from 1943 to 1952 and Mayor of Grantham from 1945 to 1946. His second daughter Margaret was the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Roberts was born in Ringstead, Northamptonshire. He was the fifth of seven children. His father was Benjamin Ebenezer Roberts (28 December 1857 \u2013 17 September 1925), from a Ringstead family, and his mother was Ellen Smith (20 November 1857 \u2013 1 May 1935), whose own mother, Catherine Sullivan, was","Document [9](Title: Roberts, Wisconsin) Roberts, Wisconsin Roberts is a village in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,651 at the 2010 census. The village is surrounded by the town of Warren. Roberts was named in 1873 for a railroad engineer. A post office called Roberts has been in operation since 1884. Roberts is located at (44.983807, -92.553790). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all of it land. At the 2010 census, there were 1,651 people, 625 households and 442 families in the village. The population density was . There were 724 housing","Document [10](Title: Roberts (surname)) Roberts is a surname of Norman origin, deriving from the Norman given name Robert, meaning \"bright renown\" \u2013 from the Germanic elements \"hrod\" meaning renown and \"beraht\" meaning bright. Roberts may mean either \"servant of Robert\" or \"son of Robert\"; the latter is more common in Wales, while the former is more common in England. Although the name Robert was known in the British isles before the Norman Conquest in 1066, it was mainly introduced into Britain by the Normans. Today the surname Roberts is common in England, Wales, Ireland and the Isle of Man, with the biggest concentration by"],"query":"where does the last name roberts come from?","answers":["Norman","Norman origin"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Hyderabad State (1948\u201356)) Hyderabad State was a state in Independent India, formed after the accession of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union on 24 November 1949. It existed from 1948 to 1956.","Document [2](Title: History of Hyderabad) into the coastal Andhra region of the Madras state of India, the Indian Government under Home Minister Sardar Patel initiated a police action titled Operation Polo. On 16 September 1948, Indian Army moved into Hyderabad State from five fronts. Four days later, the Hyderabad forces surrendered. The number of dead was a little over 800. The Police Action achieved success within a matter of days. The Nizam finally surrendered and signed the Instrument of Accession to the Indian Union and Hyderabad was integrated into the Indian Union as a state. In 1955, B. R. Ambedkar, the then chairman of the","Document [3](Title: Hyderabad State) Hyderabad State Hyderabad State (), also known as Hyderabad Deccan, was an Indian princely state located in the south-central region of India with its capital at the city of Hyderabad. It is now divided into Telangana state, Hyderabad-Karnataka region of Karnataka and Marathwada region of Maharashtra. The state was ruled from 1724 to 1857 by the Nizam who was initially a viceroy of the Great Mogul in the Deccan. Hyderabad gradually became the first princely state to come under British paramountcy signing a subsidiary alliance agreement. Later, under the leadership of Asaf Jah V it changed its traditional heraldic flag.","Document [4](Title: Hyderabad) state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form the modern states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine Telugu- and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh, with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010. The city suffered several explosions: one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two","Document [5](Title: Hyderabad) lives; terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots; and two bombs exploded in February 2013. On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state, and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal, and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent","Document [6](Title: Warangal Urban district) sultanate ruled Warangal. The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered Golconda in 1687, and it remained part of the Mughal empire until the southern provinces of the empire split away to become the state of Hyderabad in 1724 which included the Telangana region and some parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka. Hyderabad became an Indian state in 1948. In 1956 Hyderabad was partitioned as part of the States Reorganisation Act, and Telangana, the Telugu-speaking region of Hyderabad state which includes Warangal, became part of Andhra Pradesh. After the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh, the district became a part of the new","Document [7](Title: Unification of Karnataka) the state that were under the rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad. Hyderabad consisted of large portions of what were later to be the north eastern districts of Bidar, Gulbarga and Raichur of Karnataka state. The Lingayat minority in these regions also largely believed that they had been neglected and resented the oppression of the Nizam and the Razakars. The Nizam refused to accede to India until his rule was overthrown by force. Following the 'police action' against the Nizam, Hyderabad province and its citizens became independent on 17 September 1948. This day is celebrated by the Karnataka government as","Document [8](Title: Hyderabad-Karnataka) Indian Union. The historical background of the movement started with a new era in Indian history. Hyderabad-Karnataka Hyderabad\u2013Karnataka is the name given to north-east Karnataka, India. It is the Kannada-speaking part of the Hyderabad State, that was ruled by the Nizams of Hyderabad until 1948. After merging with the Indian union, the region was part of Hyderabad State until 1956. The Hyderabad-Karnataka\/Northeast Karnataka region comprises Bidar, Yadgir, Raichur, Koppal and Gulbarga of Hyderabad state and, Bellary of Madras that are in the present state of Karnataka. The Northeast-Karnataka region is the second largest arid region in India. 17 September 1948","Document [9](Title: Hyderabad State) was split up among Andhra Pradesh and Bombay state (later divided into states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960 with the original portions of Hyderabad becoming part of the state of Maharashtra) and Karnataka. Wilfred Cantwell Smith states that Hyderabad was an area where the political and social structure from medieval Muslim rule had been preserved more or less intact into the modern times. At the head of the social order was the Nizam, who owned 5 million acres (10% of the land area) of the state, earning him Rs. 25 million a year. Another Rs. 5 million was granted","Document [10](Title: P. K. Monnappa) Mysore. The unified state police got a uniform dress code under Mysore Police. Similarly the Telugu speaking parts of Hyderabad and Madras were brought together. At the time of India's independence, Hyderabad was the largest Indian princely state in terms of population and GNP. Its territory of was more than that of England and Scotland put together. The 1941 census had estimated its population to be 16.34 million, over 85% of who were Hindus and with Muslims accounting for about 12%. It was also a multi-lingual state consisting of peoples speaking Telugu (48.2%), Marathi (26.4%), Kannada (12.3%) and Urdu (10.3%)."],"query":"when did hyderabad became a part of india?","answers":["24 November 1949"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: History of Hyderabad) into the coastal Andhra region of the Madras state of India, the Indian Government under Home Minister Sardar Patel initiated a police action titled Operation Polo. On 16 September 1948, Indian Army moved into Hyderabad State from five fronts. Four days later, the Hyderabad forces surrendered. The number of dead was a little over 800. The Police Action achieved success within a matter of days. The Nizam finally surrendered and signed the Instrument of Accession to the Indian Union and Hyderabad was integrated into the Indian Union as a state. In 1955, B. R. Ambedkar, the then chairman of the","Document [2](Title: Hyderabad State) Hyderabad State Hyderabad State (), also known as Hyderabad Deccan, was an Indian princely state located in the south-central region of India with its capital at the city of Hyderabad. It is now divided into Telangana state, Hyderabad-Karnataka region of Karnataka and Marathwada region of Maharashtra. The state was ruled from 1724 to 1857 by the Nizam who was initially a viceroy of the Great Mogul in the Deccan. Hyderabad gradually became the first princely state to come under British paramountcy signing a subsidiary alliance agreement. Later, under the leadership of Asaf Jah V it changed its traditional heraldic flag.","Document [3](Title: Hyderabad) state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form the modern states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine Telugu- and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh, with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010. The city suffered several explosions: one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two","Document [4](Title: Hyderabad) lives; terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots; and two bombs exploded in February 2013. On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state, and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal, and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent","Document [5](Title: Hyderabad State (1948\u201356)) Hyderabad State was a state in Independent India, formed after the accession of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union on 24 November 1949. It existed from 1948 to 1956.","Document [6](Title: Warangal Urban district) sultanate ruled Warangal. The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered Golconda in 1687, and it remained part of the Mughal empire until the southern provinces of the empire split away to become the state of Hyderabad in 1724 which included the Telangana region and some parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka. Hyderabad became an Indian state in 1948. In 1956 Hyderabad was partitioned as part of the States Reorganisation Act, and Telangana, the Telugu-speaking region of Hyderabad state which includes Warangal, became part of Andhra Pradesh. After the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh, the district became a part of the new","Document [7](Title: Unification of Karnataka) the state that were under the rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad. Hyderabad consisted of large portions of what were later to be the north eastern districts of Bidar, Gulbarga and Raichur of Karnataka state. The Lingayat minority in these regions also largely believed that they had been neglected and resented the oppression of the Nizam and the Razakars. The Nizam refused to accede to India until his rule was overthrown by force. Following the 'police action' against the Nizam, Hyderabad province and its citizens became independent on 17 September 1948. This day is celebrated by the Karnataka government as","Document [8](Title: Hyderabad-Karnataka) Indian Union. The historical background of the movement started with a new era in Indian history. Hyderabad-Karnataka Hyderabad\u2013Karnataka is the name given to north-east Karnataka, India. It is the Kannada-speaking part of the Hyderabad State, that was ruled by the Nizams of Hyderabad until 1948. After merging with the Indian union, the region was part of Hyderabad State until 1956. The Hyderabad-Karnataka\/Northeast Karnataka region comprises Bidar, Yadgir, Raichur, Koppal and Gulbarga of Hyderabad state and, Bellary of Madras that are in the present state of Karnataka. The Northeast-Karnataka region is the second largest arid region in India. 17 September 1948","Document [9](Title: Hyderabad State) was split up among Andhra Pradesh and Bombay state (later divided into states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960 with the original portions of Hyderabad becoming part of the state of Maharashtra) and Karnataka. Wilfred Cantwell Smith states that Hyderabad was an area where the political and social structure from medieval Muslim rule had been preserved more or less intact into the modern times. At the head of the social order was the Nizam, who owned 5 million acres (10% of the land area) of the state, earning him Rs. 25 million a year. Another Rs. 5 million was granted","Document [10](Title: P. K. Monnappa) Mysore. The unified state police got a uniform dress code under Mysore Police. Similarly the Telugu speaking parts of Hyderabad and Madras were brought together. At the time of India's independence, Hyderabad was the largest Indian princely state in terms of population and GNP. Its territory of was more than that of England and Scotland put together. The 1941 census had estimated its population to be 16.34 million, over 85% of who were Hindus and with Muslims accounting for about 12%. It was also a multi-lingual state consisting of peoples speaking Telugu (48.2%), Marathi (26.4%), Kannada (12.3%) and Urdu (10.3%)."],"query":"when did hyderabad became a part of india?","answers":["24 November 1949"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: History of Hyderabad) into the coastal Andhra region of the Madras state of India, the Indian Government under Home Minister Sardar Patel initiated a police action titled Operation Polo. On 16 September 1948, Indian Army moved into Hyderabad State from five fronts. Four days later, the Hyderabad forces surrendered. The number of dead was a little over 800. The Police Action achieved success within a matter of days. The Nizam finally surrendered and signed the Instrument of Accession to the Indian Union and Hyderabad was integrated into the Indian Union as a state. In 1955, B. R. Ambedkar, the then chairman of the","Document [2](Title: Hyderabad State) Hyderabad State Hyderabad State (), also known as Hyderabad Deccan, was an Indian princely state located in the south-central region of India with its capital at the city of Hyderabad. It is now divided into Telangana state, Hyderabad-Karnataka region of Karnataka and Marathwada region of Maharashtra. The state was ruled from 1724 to 1857 by the Nizam who was initially a viceroy of the Great Mogul in the Deccan. Hyderabad gradually became the first princely state to come under British paramountcy signing a subsidiary alliance agreement. Later, under the leadership of Asaf Jah V it changed its traditional heraldic flag.","Document [3](Title: Hyderabad) state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form the modern states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine Telugu- and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh, with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010. The city suffered several explosions: one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two","Document [4](Title: Hyderabad) lives; terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots; and two bombs exploded in February 2013. On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state, and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal, and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent","Document [5](Title: Warangal Urban district) sultanate ruled Warangal. The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered Golconda in 1687, and it remained part of the Mughal empire until the southern provinces of the empire split away to become the state of Hyderabad in 1724 which included the Telangana region and some parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka. Hyderabad became an Indian state in 1948. In 1956 Hyderabad was partitioned as part of the States Reorganisation Act, and Telangana, the Telugu-speaking region of Hyderabad state which includes Warangal, became part of Andhra Pradesh. After the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh, the district became a part of the new","Document [6](Title: Unification of Karnataka) the state that were under the rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad. Hyderabad consisted of large portions of what were later to be the north eastern districts of Bidar, Gulbarga and Raichur of Karnataka state. The Lingayat minority in these regions also largely believed that they had been neglected and resented the oppression of the Nizam and the Razakars. The Nizam refused to accede to India until his rule was overthrown by force. Following the 'police action' against the Nizam, Hyderabad province and its citizens became independent on 17 September 1948. This day is celebrated by the Karnataka government as","Document [7](Title: Hyderabad-Karnataka) Indian Union. The historical background of the movement started with a new era in Indian history. Hyderabad-Karnataka Hyderabad\u2013Karnataka is the name given to north-east Karnataka, India. It is the Kannada-speaking part of the Hyderabad State, that was ruled by the Nizams of Hyderabad until 1948. After merging with the Indian union, the region was part of Hyderabad State until 1956. The Hyderabad-Karnataka\/Northeast Karnataka region comprises Bidar, Yadgir, Raichur, Koppal and Gulbarga of Hyderabad state and, Bellary of Madras that are in the present state of Karnataka. The Northeast-Karnataka region is the second largest arid region in India. 17 September 1948","Document [8](Title: Hyderabad State) was split up among Andhra Pradesh and Bombay state (later divided into states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960 with the original portions of Hyderabad becoming part of the state of Maharashtra) and Karnataka. Wilfred Cantwell Smith states that Hyderabad was an area where the political and social structure from medieval Muslim rule had been preserved more or less intact into the modern times. At the head of the social order was the Nizam, who owned 5 million acres (10% of the land area) of the state, earning him Rs. 25 million a year. Another Rs. 5 million was granted","Document [9](Title: P. K. Monnappa) Mysore. The unified state police got a uniform dress code under Mysore Police. Similarly the Telugu speaking parts of Hyderabad and Madras were brought together. At the time of India's independence, Hyderabad was the largest Indian princely state in terms of population and GNP. Its territory of was more than that of England and Scotland put together. The 1941 census had estimated its population to be 16.34 million, over 85% of who were Hindus and with Muslims accounting for about 12%. It was also a multi-lingual state consisting of peoples speaking Telugu (48.2%), Marathi (26.4%), Kannada (12.3%) and Urdu (10.3%).","Document [10](Title: Hyderabad State (1948\u201356)) Hyderabad State was a state in Independent India, formed after the accession of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union on 24 November 1949. It existed from 1948 to 1956."],"query":"when did hyderabad became a part of india?","answers":["24 November 1949"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Megatsunami) On July 9, 1958, a giant landslide at the head of Lituya Bay in Alaska, caused by an earthquake, generated a wave that washed out trees to a maximum altitude of 520 metres (1,710\u00a0ft) at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet. The wave surged over the headland, stripping trees and soil down to bedrock, and surged along the fjord which forms Lituya Bay, destroying a fishing boat anchored there and killing two people. Howard Ulrich and his son managed to ride the wave in their boat, and both survived.","Document [2](Title: Tsunami) Bay, Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 metres (over 1700 feet). The wave did not travel far, as it struck land almost immediately. Two people fishing in the bay were killed, but another boat managed to ride the wave. Another landslide-tsunami event occurred in 1963 when a massive landslide from Monte Toc entered the Vajont Dam in Italy. The resulting wave surged over the 262 m (860 ft) high dam by 250 metres (820 ft) and destroyed several towns. Around 2,000 people died. Scientists named these waves megatsunamis. Some geologists claim that large","Document [3](Title: Physical oceanography) coastline regions where the waves strike with sufficient energy. The tsunami that occurred in Lituya Bay, Alaska on July 9, 1958 was high and is the biggest tsunami ever measured, almost taller than the Sears Tower in Chicago and about taller than the former World Trade Center in New York. The wind generates ocean surface waves, which have a large impact on offshore structures, ships, coastal erosion and sedimentation, as well as harbours. After their generation by the wind, ocean surface waves can travel (as swell) over long distances. Physical oceanography Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions and","Document [4](Title: Nazare\u0301, Portugal) and entered the Guinness World Record for the biggest wave ever surfed. Social media wrongly attributed a footage of German surfer Sebastian Steudtne surfing another big wave also in Nazar\u00e9 to Koxa; both have made public statements in attempts to correct the original misinformation. In the meantime, Portuguese surfer Hugo Vau surfed a potentially high wave, known as \"the big mama\", on 19 January 2018. This achievement yet to be validated. The waves at this point can also be dangerous to those ashore. In August 2012, a freak wave killed a 5 year old British girl and her grandfather walking","Document [5](Title: Rodrigo Koxa) Monica, CA-based Big Wave Awards as the biggest wave ever surfed in history. He now holds the position in the Guinness World Records with the biggest wave ever surfed in the history of the World Surf League. Koxa surfed the wave on November 8, 2017, in the village of Nazar\u00e9, city of Leiria, in Portugal. The feat was declared as the new world record, the wave's height having been about , supplanting the previous record of an estimated set in 2011 by Koxa's mentor Garrett McNamara. In August 2010, Koxa had reached a previous record. In Chile, he surfed the","Document [6](Title: Draupner wave) Draupner wave The Draupner wave or New Year's wave was the first rogue wave to be detected by a measuring instrument, occurring at the Draupner platform in the North Sea off the coast of Norway on 1 January 1995. In an area with significant wave height of approximately , a freak wave with a maximum wave height of occurred (peak elevation above still water level was ). Prior to that measurement, no instrument-recorded evidence for rogue waves existed\u2013just anecdotal evidence provided by those who had encountered them at sea, although ships such as the British Ocean Weather Reporter had recorded","Document [7](Title: Andrea Gail) but ocean buoy monitors recorded a peak wave height of , and so waves of were deemed \"unlikely\" by \"Science Daily\". However, data from a series of weather buoys in the general vicinity of the vessel's last known location recorded peak wave action exceeding in height from October 28 through 30, 1991. On October 30, 1991, the vessel was reported overdue. An extensive air and land search was launched by the 106th Rescue Wing from the New York Air National Guard, United States Coast Guard and Canadian Coast Guard forces. The search would eventually cover over . On November 6,","Document [8](Title: Crescent City, California) these incidents were barely perceptible, eleven events included wave measurements exceeding one meter, four events caused damage, and one event in particular is commonly cited as \"the largest and most destructive recorded tsunami to ever strike the United States Pacific Coast.\" On 27 March 1964, the Good Friday earthquake off Anchorage, Alaska, set in motion local landslide tsunamis, as well as a trans-Pacific wave. The tsunami wave travel time to Crescent City was 4.1 hours after the earthquake, but it only produced localized flooding. The second and third waves to hit Crescent City were both smaller than the first wave,","Document [9](Title: 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake) U.S., Hawaii was also placed on alert, and over 100,000 people were evacuated to higher ground. The maximum wave height recorded at tide gauges in Hawaii was 0.79m (31 in). Other warnings were issued for the states of Oregon and California, but were subsequently lifted. Despite the earthquake's large magnitude, no major structural damage was reported from any of the population centres in the vicinity. This can be explained by the remoteness of the tremor's epicentre. No casualties or major injuries were recorded from the quake, likely due to the sparsely populated nature of the region. As a result of","Document [10](Title: 1964 Alaska earthquake) tsunamis were produced by this subduction zone earthquake. There was a tectonic tsunami produced in addition to about 20 smaller and local tsunamis. These smaller tsunamis were produced by submarine and subaerial landslides and were responsible for the majority of the tsunami damage. Tsunami waves were noted in over 20 countries, including Peru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Japan, Mexico, and Antarctica. The largest tsunami wave was recorded in Shoup Bay, Alaska, with a height of about . Tremors were detected in water wells in Australia. As a result of the earthquake, 139 people are believed to have died: Fifteen"],"query":"where did the world's largest recorded wave occur?","answers":["Lituya Bay in Alaska"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Tsunami) Bay, Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 metres (over 1700 feet). The wave did not travel far, as it struck land almost immediately. Two people fishing in the bay were killed, but another boat managed to ride the wave. Another landslide-tsunami event occurred in 1963 when a massive landslide from Monte Toc entered the Vajont Dam in Italy. The resulting wave surged over the 262 m (860 ft) high dam by 250 metres (820 ft) and destroyed several towns. Around 2,000 people died. Scientists named these waves megatsunamis. Some geologists claim that large","Document [2](Title: Physical oceanography) coastline regions where the waves strike with sufficient energy. The tsunami that occurred in Lituya Bay, Alaska on July 9, 1958 was high and is the biggest tsunami ever measured, almost taller than the Sears Tower in Chicago and about taller than the former World Trade Center in New York. The wind generates ocean surface waves, which have a large impact on offshore structures, ships, coastal erosion and sedimentation, as well as harbours. After their generation by the wind, ocean surface waves can travel (as swell) over long distances. Physical oceanography Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions and","Document [3](Title: Nazare\u0301, Portugal) and entered the Guinness World Record for the biggest wave ever surfed. Social media wrongly attributed a footage of German surfer Sebastian Steudtne surfing another big wave also in Nazar\u00e9 to Koxa; both have made public statements in attempts to correct the original misinformation. In the meantime, Portuguese surfer Hugo Vau surfed a potentially high wave, known as \"the big mama\", on 19 January 2018. This achievement yet to be validated. The waves at this point can also be dangerous to those ashore. In August 2012, a freak wave killed a 5 year old British girl and her grandfather walking","Document [4](Title: Rodrigo Koxa) Monica, CA-based Big Wave Awards as the biggest wave ever surfed in history. He now holds the position in the Guinness World Records with the biggest wave ever surfed in the history of the World Surf League. Koxa surfed the wave on November 8, 2017, in the village of Nazar\u00e9, city of Leiria, in Portugal. The feat was declared as the new world record, the wave's height having been about , supplanting the previous record of an estimated set in 2011 by Koxa's mentor Garrett McNamara. In August 2010, Koxa had reached a previous record. In Chile, he surfed the","Document [5](Title: Megatsunami) On July 9, 1958, a giant landslide at the head of Lituya Bay in Alaska, caused by an earthquake, generated a wave that washed out trees to a maximum altitude of 520 metres (1,710\u00a0ft) at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet. The wave surged over the headland, stripping trees and soil down to bedrock, and surged along the fjord which forms Lituya Bay, destroying a fishing boat anchored there and killing two people. Howard Ulrich and his son managed to ride the wave in their boat, and both survived.","Document [6](Title: Draupner wave) Draupner wave The Draupner wave or New Year's wave was the first rogue wave to be detected by a measuring instrument, occurring at the Draupner platform in the North Sea off the coast of Norway on 1 January 1995. In an area with significant wave height of approximately , a freak wave with a maximum wave height of occurred (peak elevation above still water level was ). Prior to that measurement, no instrument-recorded evidence for rogue waves existed\u2013just anecdotal evidence provided by those who had encountered them at sea, although ships such as the British Ocean Weather Reporter had recorded","Document [7](Title: Andrea Gail) but ocean buoy monitors recorded a peak wave height of , and so waves of were deemed \"unlikely\" by \"Science Daily\". However, data from a series of weather buoys in the general vicinity of the vessel's last known location recorded peak wave action exceeding in height from October 28 through 30, 1991. On October 30, 1991, the vessel was reported overdue. An extensive air and land search was launched by the 106th Rescue Wing from the New York Air National Guard, United States Coast Guard and Canadian Coast Guard forces. The search would eventually cover over . On November 6,","Document [8](Title: Crescent City, California) these incidents were barely perceptible, eleven events included wave measurements exceeding one meter, four events caused damage, and one event in particular is commonly cited as \"the largest and most destructive recorded tsunami to ever strike the United States Pacific Coast.\" On 27 March 1964, the Good Friday earthquake off Anchorage, Alaska, set in motion local landslide tsunamis, as well as a trans-Pacific wave. The tsunami wave travel time to Crescent City was 4.1 hours after the earthquake, but it only produced localized flooding. The second and third waves to hit Crescent City were both smaller than the first wave,","Document [9](Title: 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake) U.S., Hawaii was also placed on alert, and over 100,000 people were evacuated to higher ground. The maximum wave height recorded at tide gauges in Hawaii was 0.79m (31 in). Other warnings were issued for the states of Oregon and California, but were subsequently lifted. Despite the earthquake's large magnitude, no major structural damage was reported from any of the population centres in the vicinity. This can be explained by the remoteness of the tremor's epicentre. No casualties or major injuries were recorded from the quake, likely due to the sparsely populated nature of the region. As a result of","Document [10](Title: 1964 Alaska earthquake) tsunamis were produced by this subduction zone earthquake. There was a tectonic tsunami produced in addition to about 20 smaller and local tsunamis. These smaller tsunamis were produced by submarine and subaerial landslides and were responsible for the majority of the tsunami damage. Tsunami waves were noted in over 20 countries, including Peru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Japan, Mexico, and Antarctica. The largest tsunami wave was recorded in Shoup Bay, Alaska, with a height of about . Tremors were detected in water wells in Australia. As a result of the earthquake, 139 people are believed to have died: Fifteen"],"query":"where did the world's largest recorded wave occur?","answers":["Lituya Bay in Alaska"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Tsunami) Bay, Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 metres (over 1700 feet). The wave did not travel far, as it struck land almost immediately. Two people fishing in the bay were killed, but another boat managed to ride the wave. Another landslide-tsunami event occurred in 1963 when a massive landslide from Monte Toc entered the Vajont Dam in Italy. The resulting wave surged over the 262 m (860 ft) high dam by 250 metres (820 ft) and destroyed several towns. Around 2,000 people died. Scientists named these waves megatsunamis. Some geologists claim that large","Document [2](Title: Physical oceanography) coastline regions where the waves strike with sufficient energy. The tsunami that occurred in Lituya Bay, Alaska on July 9, 1958 was high and is the biggest tsunami ever measured, almost taller than the Sears Tower in Chicago and about taller than the former World Trade Center in New York. The wind generates ocean surface waves, which have a large impact on offshore structures, ships, coastal erosion and sedimentation, as well as harbours. After their generation by the wind, ocean surface waves can travel (as swell) over long distances. Physical oceanography Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions and","Document [3](Title: Nazare\u0301, Portugal) and entered the Guinness World Record for the biggest wave ever surfed. Social media wrongly attributed a footage of German surfer Sebastian Steudtne surfing another big wave also in Nazar\u00e9 to Koxa; both have made public statements in attempts to correct the original misinformation. In the meantime, Portuguese surfer Hugo Vau surfed a potentially high wave, known as \"the big mama\", on 19 January 2018. This achievement yet to be validated. The waves at this point can also be dangerous to those ashore. In August 2012, a freak wave killed a 5 year old British girl and her grandfather walking","Document [4](Title: Rodrigo Koxa) Monica, CA-based Big Wave Awards as the biggest wave ever surfed in history. He now holds the position in the Guinness World Records with the biggest wave ever surfed in the history of the World Surf League. Koxa surfed the wave on November 8, 2017, in the village of Nazar\u00e9, city of Leiria, in Portugal. The feat was declared as the new world record, the wave's height having been about , supplanting the previous record of an estimated set in 2011 by Koxa's mentor Garrett McNamara. In August 2010, Koxa had reached a previous record. In Chile, he surfed the","Document [5](Title: Draupner wave) Draupner wave The Draupner wave or New Year's wave was the first rogue wave to be detected by a measuring instrument, occurring at the Draupner platform in the North Sea off the coast of Norway on 1 January 1995. In an area with significant wave height of approximately , a freak wave with a maximum wave height of occurred (peak elevation above still water level was ). Prior to that measurement, no instrument-recorded evidence for rogue waves existed\u2013just anecdotal evidence provided by those who had encountered them at sea, although ships such as the British Ocean Weather Reporter had recorded","Document [6](Title: Andrea Gail) but ocean buoy monitors recorded a peak wave height of , and so waves of were deemed \"unlikely\" by \"Science Daily\". However, data from a series of weather buoys in the general vicinity of the vessel's last known location recorded peak wave action exceeding in height from October 28 through 30, 1991. On October 30, 1991, the vessel was reported overdue. An extensive air and land search was launched by the 106th Rescue Wing from the New York Air National Guard, United States Coast Guard and Canadian Coast Guard forces. The search would eventually cover over . On November 6,","Document [7](Title: Crescent City, California) these incidents were barely perceptible, eleven events included wave measurements exceeding one meter, four events caused damage, and one event in particular is commonly cited as \"the largest and most destructive recorded tsunami to ever strike the United States Pacific Coast.\" On 27 March 1964, the Good Friday earthquake off Anchorage, Alaska, set in motion local landslide tsunamis, as well as a trans-Pacific wave. The tsunami wave travel time to Crescent City was 4.1 hours after the earthquake, but it only produced localized flooding. The second and third waves to hit Crescent City were both smaller than the first wave,","Document [8](Title: 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake) U.S., Hawaii was also placed on alert, and over 100,000 people were evacuated to higher ground. The maximum wave height recorded at tide gauges in Hawaii was 0.79m (31 in). Other warnings were issued for the states of Oregon and California, but were subsequently lifted. Despite the earthquake's large magnitude, no major structural damage was reported from any of the population centres in the vicinity. This can be explained by the remoteness of the tremor's epicentre. No casualties or major injuries were recorded from the quake, likely due to the sparsely populated nature of the region. As a result of","Document [9](Title: 1964 Alaska earthquake) tsunamis were produced by this subduction zone earthquake. There was a tectonic tsunami produced in addition to about 20 smaller and local tsunamis. These smaller tsunamis were produced by submarine and subaerial landslides and were responsible for the majority of the tsunami damage. Tsunami waves were noted in over 20 countries, including Peru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Japan, Mexico, and Antarctica. The largest tsunami wave was recorded in Shoup Bay, Alaska, with a height of about . Tremors were detected in water wells in Australia. As a result of the earthquake, 139 people are believed to have died: Fifteen","Document [10](Title: Megatsunami) On July 9, 1958, a giant landslide at the head of Lituya Bay in Alaska, caused by an earthquake, generated a wave that washed out trees to a maximum altitude of 520 metres (1,710\u00a0ft) at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet. The wave surged over the headland, stripping trees and soil down to bedrock, and surged along the fjord which forms Lituya Bay, destroying a fishing boat anchored there and killing two people. Howard Ulrich and his son managed to ride the wave in their boat, and both survived."],"query":"where did the world's largest recorded wave occur?","answers":["Lituya Bay in Alaska"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Financial accounting) The balance sheet is the financial statement showing a firm's assets, liabilities and equity (capital) at a set point in time, usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement. The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity in dollar amount. This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation - Assets = Liabilities + Equity. The statement can be used to help show the status of a company.","Document [2](Title: Accounting equation) economics are thus diverse. A company\u2019s quarterly and annual reports are basically derived directly from the accounting equations used in bookkeeping practices. These equations, entered in a business\u2019s general ledger, will provide the material that eventually makes up the foundation of a business\u2019s financial statements. This includes expense reports, cash flow, interest and loan payments, salaries, and company investments. The accounting equation plays a significant role as the foundation of the double entry bookkeeping system. The primary aim of the double entry system is to keep track of debits and credits, and ensure that the sum of these always matches","Document [3](Title: Accounting equation) up to the company assets, a calculation carried out by the accounting equation. It is based on the idea that each transaction has an equal effect. It is used to transfer totals from books of prime entry into the nominal ledger. Every transaction is recorded twice so that the debit is balanced by a credit. The income and retained earnings of the accounting equation is also an essential component in computing, understanding, and analyzing a firm\u2019s income statement. This statement reflects profits and losses that are themselves determined by the calculations that make up the basic accounting equation. In other","Document [4](Title: Financial statement) accrual accounting, or cost accounting, or a combination of the two (OCBOA). A complete set of chart of accounts is also used that is substantially different from the chart of a profit-oriented business. Personal financial statements may be required from persons applying for a personal loan or financial aid. Typically, a personal financial statement consists of a single form for reporting personally held assets and liabilities (debts), or personal sources of income and expenses, or both. The form to be filled out is determined by the organization supplying the loan or aid. Although laws differ from country to country, an","Document [5](Title: Income statement) Income statement An income statement or profit and loss account (also referred to as a profit and loss statement (P&L), statement of profit or loss, revenue statement, statement of financial performance, earnings statement, operating statement, or statement of operations) is one of the financial statements of a company and shows the company\u2019s revenues and expenses during a particular period. It indicates how the revenues (money received from the sale of products and services before expenses are taken out, also known as the \"\u201ctop line\u201d\") are transformed into the net income (the result after all revenues and expenses have been accounted","Document [6](Title: Financial accounting) Financial accounting Financial accounting (or financial accountancy) is the field of accounting concerned with the summary, analysis and reporting of financial transactions pertaining to a business. This involves the preparation of financial statements available for public consumption. Stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, government agencies, business owners, and other stakeholders are examples of people interested in receiving such information for decision making purposes. Financial accountancy is governed by both local and international accounting standards. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction. It includes the standards, conventions and rules that accountants","Document [7](Title: Financial statement) statements are considered an integral part of the financial statements. \"The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions.\" Financial statements should be understandable, relevant, reliable and comparable. Reported assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses are directly related to an organization's financial position. Financial statements are intended to be understandable by readers who have \"a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and who are willing to study the information diligently.\" Financial","Document [8](Title: Financial accounting) financial statement showing a firm's assets, liabilities and equity (capital) at a set point in time, usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement. The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity in dollar amount. This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation - \"Assets = Liabilities + Equity\". The statement can be used to help show the status of a company. Accounting standards often set out a general format that companies are expected to follow when presenting their balance sheets. International Financial Reporting Standards normally require that companies report current assets","Document [9](Title: Accounting) of an entity, the analysis, verification and reporting of such records and \"the principles and procedures of accounting\"; it also refers to the job of being an accountant. Accountancy refers to the occupation or profession of an accountant, particularly in British English. Accounting has several subfields or subject areas, including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing, taxation and accounting information systems. Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information to external users of the information, such as investors, potential investors and creditors. It calculates and records business transactions and prepares financial statements for the external users in accordance","Document [10](Title: Statement of changes in financial position) Statement of changes in financial position In business accounting, the statement of change in financial position is a financial statement that outlines the sources and uses of funds and explains any changes in cash or working capital. It contains activities from operations that alter the cash of a company has on hand. Changes in financial position include cash outflows, such as capital expenditures, and cash inflows, such as revenue. It may also include certain non-cash changes, such as depreciation. The use of this statement is to provide relevant and focused on a period, so that users of financial statements with"],"query":"which financial statement involves all aspects of the accounting\u200b equation?","answers":["balance sheet","The balance sheet"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Accounting equation) economics are thus diverse. A company\u2019s quarterly and annual reports are basically derived directly from the accounting equations used in bookkeeping practices. These equations, entered in a business\u2019s general ledger, will provide the material that eventually makes up the foundation of a business\u2019s financial statements. This includes expense reports, cash flow, interest and loan payments, salaries, and company investments. The accounting equation plays a significant role as the foundation of the double entry bookkeeping system. The primary aim of the double entry system is to keep track of debits and credits, and ensure that the sum of these always matches","Document [2](Title: Accounting equation) up to the company assets, a calculation carried out by the accounting equation. It is based on the idea that each transaction has an equal effect. It is used to transfer totals from books of prime entry into the nominal ledger. Every transaction is recorded twice so that the debit is balanced by a credit. The income and retained earnings of the accounting equation is also an essential component in computing, understanding, and analyzing a firm\u2019s income statement. This statement reflects profits and losses that are themselves determined by the calculations that make up the basic accounting equation. In other","Document [3](Title: Financial statement) accrual accounting, or cost accounting, or a combination of the two (OCBOA). A complete set of chart of accounts is also used that is substantially different from the chart of a profit-oriented business. Personal financial statements may be required from persons applying for a personal loan or financial aid. Typically, a personal financial statement consists of a single form for reporting personally held assets and liabilities (debts), or personal sources of income and expenses, or both. The form to be filled out is determined by the organization supplying the loan or aid. Although laws differ from country to country, an","Document [4](Title: Income statement) Income statement An income statement or profit and loss account (also referred to as a profit and loss statement (P&L), statement of profit or loss, revenue statement, statement of financial performance, earnings statement, operating statement, or statement of operations) is one of the financial statements of a company and shows the company\u2019s revenues and expenses during a particular period. It indicates how the revenues (money received from the sale of products and services before expenses are taken out, also known as the \"\u201ctop line\u201d\") are transformed into the net income (the result after all revenues and expenses have been accounted","Document [5](Title: Financial accounting) The balance sheet is the financial statement showing a firm's assets, liabilities and equity (capital) at a set point in time, usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement. The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity in dollar amount. This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation - Assets = Liabilities + Equity. The statement can be used to help show the status of a company.","Document [6](Title: Financial accounting) Financial accounting Financial accounting (or financial accountancy) is the field of accounting concerned with the summary, analysis and reporting of financial transactions pertaining to a business. This involves the preparation of financial statements available for public consumption. Stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, government agencies, business owners, and other stakeholders are examples of people interested in receiving such information for decision making purposes. Financial accountancy is governed by both local and international accounting standards. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction. It includes the standards, conventions and rules that accountants","Document [7](Title: Financial statement) statements are considered an integral part of the financial statements. \"The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions.\" Financial statements should be understandable, relevant, reliable and comparable. Reported assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses are directly related to an organization's financial position. Financial statements are intended to be understandable by readers who have \"a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and who are willing to study the information diligently.\" Financial","Document [8](Title: Financial accounting) financial statement showing a firm's assets, liabilities and equity (capital) at a set point in time, usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement. The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity in dollar amount. This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation - \"Assets = Liabilities + Equity\". The statement can be used to help show the status of a company. Accounting standards often set out a general format that companies are expected to follow when presenting their balance sheets. International Financial Reporting Standards normally require that companies report current assets","Document [9](Title: Accounting) of an entity, the analysis, verification and reporting of such records and \"the principles and procedures of accounting\"; it also refers to the job of being an accountant. Accountancy refers to the occupation or profession of an accountant, particularly in British English. Accounting has several subfields or subject areas, including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing, taxation and accounting information systems. Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information to external users of the information, such as investors, potential investors and creditors. It calculates and records business transactions and prepares financial statements for the external users in accordance","Document [10](Title: Statement of changes in financial position) Statement of changes in financial position In business accounting, the statement of change in financial position is a financial statement that outlines the sources and uses of funds and explains any changes in cash or working capital. It contains activities from operations that alter the cash of a company has on hand. Changes in financial position include cash outflows, such as capital expenditures, and cash inflows, such as revenue. It may also include certain non-cash changes, such as depreciation. The use of this statement is to provide relevant and focused on a period, so that users of financial statements with"],"query":"which financial statement involves all aspects of the accounting\u200b equation?","answers":["balance sheet","The balance sheet"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Accounting equation) economics are thus diverse. A company\u2019s quarterly and annual reports are basically derived directly from the accounting equations used in bookkeeping practices. These equations, entered in a business\u2019s general ledger, will provide the material that eventually makes up the foundation of a business\u2019s financial statements. This includes expense reports, cash flow, interest and loan payments, salaries, and company investments. The accounting equation plays a significant role as the foundation of the double entry bookkeeping system. The primary aim of the double entry system is to keep track of debits and credits, and ensure that the sum of these always matches","Document [2](Title: Accounting equation) up to the company assets, a calculation carried out by the accounting equation. It is based on the idea that each transaction has an equal effect. It is used to transfer totals from books of prime entry into the nominal ledger. Every transaction is recorded twice so that the debit is balanced by a credit. The income and retained earnings of the accounting equation is also an essential component in computing, understanding, and analyzing a firm\u2019s income statement. This statement reflects profits and losses that are themselves determined by the calculations that make up the basic accounting equation. In other","Document [3](Title: Financial statement) accrual accounting, or cost accounting, or a combination of the two (OCBOA). A complete set of chart of accounts is also used that is substantially different from the chart of a profit-oriented business. Personal financial statements may be required from persons applying for a personal loan or financial aid. Typically, a personal financial statement consists of a single form for reporting personally held assets and liabilities (debts), or personal sources of income and expenses, or both. The form to be filled out is determined by the organization supplying the loan or aid. Although laws differ from country to country, an","Document [4](Title: Income statement) Income statement An income statement or profit and loss account (also referred to as a profit and loss statement (P&L), statement of profit or loss, revenue statement, statement of financial performance, earnings statement, operating statement, or statement of operations) is one of the financial statements of a company and shows the company\u2019s revenues and expenses during a particular period. It indicates how the revenues (money received from the sale of products and services before expenses are taken out, also known as the \"\u201ctop line\u201d\") are transformed into the net income (the result after all revenues and expenses have been accounted","Document [5](Title: Financial accounting) Financial accounting Financial accounting (or financial accountancy) is the field of accounting concerned with the summary, analysis and reporting of financial transactions pertaining to a business. This involves the preparation of financial statements available for public consumption. Stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, government agencies, business owners, and other stakeholders are examples of people interested in receiving such information for decision making purposes. Financial accountancy is governed by both local and international accounting standards. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction. It includes the standards, conventions and rules that accountants","Document [6](Title: Financial statement) statements are considered an integral part of the financial statements. \"The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions.\" Financial statements should be understandable, relevant, reliable and comparable. Reported assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses are directly related to an organization's financial position. Financial statements are intended to be understandable by readers who have \"a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and who are willing to study the information diligently.\" Financial","Document [7](Title: Financial accounting) financial statement showing a firm's assets, liabilities and equity (capital) at a set point in time, usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement. The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity in dollar amount. This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation - \"Assets = Liabilities + Equity\". The statement can be used to help show the status of a company. Accounting standards often set out a general format that companies are expected to follow when presenting their balance sheets. International Financial Reporting Standards normally require that companies report current assets","Document [8](Title: Accounting) of an entity, the analysis, verification and reporting of such records and \"the principles and procedures of accounting\"; it also refers to the job of being an accountant. Accountancy refers to the occupation or profession of an accountant, particularly in British English. Accounting has several subfields or subject areas, including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing, taxation and accounting information systems. Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information to external users of the information, such as investors, potential investors and creditors. It calculates and records business transactions and prepares financial statements for the external users in accordance","Document [9](Title: Statement of changes in financial position) Statement of changes in financial position In business accounting, the statement of change in financial position is a financial statement that outlines the sources and uses of funds and explains any changes in cash or working capital. It contains activities from operations that alter the cash of a company has on hand. Changes in financial position include cash outflows, such as capital expenditures, and cash inflows, such as revenue. It may also include certain non-cash changes, such as depreciation. The use of this statement is to provide relevant and focused on a period, so that users of financial statements with","Document [10](Title: Financial accounting) The balance sheet is the financial statement showing a firm's assets, liabilities and equity (capital) at a set point in time, usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement. The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity in dollar amount. This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation - Assets = Liabilities + Equity. The statement can be used to help show the status of a company."],"query":"which financial statement involves all aspects of the accounting\u200b equation?","answers":["balance sheet","The balance sheet"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Mughal Empire) The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder Babur over Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The Mughal emperors had roots in the Turco-Mongol Timurid dynasty of Central Asia, claiming direct descent from both Genghis Khan (founder of the Mongol Empire, through his son Chagatai Khan) and Timur (Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire). During the reign of Humayun, the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire. The \"classic period\" of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. ","Document [2](Title: Mughal emperors) came under the influence of rival court cliques. During the reign of Jahangir's son, Shah Jahan, the culture and splendour of the luxurious Mughal court reached its zenith as exemplified by the Taj Mahal. The maintenance of the court, at this time, began to cost more than the revenue. Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. However, a younger son, Aurangzeb, allied with the Islamic orthodoxy against his brother, who championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim religion and culture, and ascended to the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and","Document [3](Title: History of India) less followed his father's policy. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal era is considered to be \"India's last golden age\". It was the second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent, and surpassed China to be become the world's largest economic power, controlling 24.4% of","Document [4](Title: Delhi) founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi and Agra. The Mughal dynasty ruled Delhi for more than three centuries, with a sixteen-year hiatus during the reigns of Sher Shah Suri and Hemu from 1540 to 1556. In 1553, the Hindu king Hemu acceded to the throne of Delhi by defeating forces of Mughal Emperor Humayun at Agra and Delhi. However, the Mughals re-established their rule after Akbar's army defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556. Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that bears his name \"Shahjahanabad\", which served as the capital of the Mughal","Document [5](Title: Mughal emperors) continued until after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Thereafter, the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. After a crushed rebellion which he nominally led in 1857-58, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British government, who then assumed formal control of a large part of the former empire, marking the start of the British Raj. Family tree of the first seven Mughal emperors: Mughal emperors The Mughal Emperors, from the early 16th century to the mid 19th century, built and ruled the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to","Document [6](Title: Shah Jahan) under house arrest in Agra Fort from July 1658 until his death in January 1666. On 31 July 1658, Aurangzeb crowned himself emperor under the title \"Alamgir\". The Mughal Empire reached the pinnacle of its glory during Shah Jahan's reign and he is widely considered to be one of the greatest Mughal emperors. Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram was born on 5 January 1592 in Lahore, in modern-day Pakistan, and was the third son of Prince Salim (later known as 'Jahangir' upon his accession). His mother was a Rajput princess from Marwar called Princess Jagat Gosaini (her official name in Mughal chronicles","Document [7](Title: Balaji Vishwanath) 1707, and that of his successor Bahadur Shah, leading to continual internecine conflict within the imperial family and the leading Mughal grandees. Farrukhsiyar came to the throne in 1713 with the help of the two powerful nobles, Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan and Sayyid Abdullah Khan. Claiming descent from the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, the Sayyid Brothers had turned king-makers in the Mughal court. Soon after, differences arose between them and the Emperor Farruksiyar. And while the Mughals were intriguing in the civil war between the factions of Shahu and Tarabai, the Marathas themselves became a major factor in the quarrels between","Document [8](Title: Pakistan) and the Delhi Sultanate (1206\u20131526 CE). The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526\u20131857 CE). The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of Indo-Persian culture in the region. From the region of modern-day Pakistan, key cities during the Mughal rule were Lahore and Thatta, both of which were chosen as the site of impressive Mughal buildings. In the early 16th century, the region remained under the Mughal Empire ruled by Muslim emperors. By the early 18th century, increasing European influence contributed to the slow disintegration of the Mughal","Document [9](Title: Sapta Puri) Mathura and decamped with all religious treasures made of gold and silver. This was followed by ushering in the rule of Slave Dynasty or Delhi Sultanate from 1193 AD and subsequently by the Mughal Dynasty rule, which lasted till the British took over. The Mughal rule, in particular of Aurangzeb saw the highest level of persecution, when in 1669 the Keshava temple was demolished and in its place a mosque was built. Even though the jat community of the region tried unsuccessfully to restore some of the temples but repeated Muslim depredation continued and it was not until the British","Document [10](Title: Mughal emperors) Mughal emperors The Mughal Emperors, from the early 16th century to the mid 19th century, built and ruled the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. The Mughals were a branch of the Timurid dynasty of Turco-Mongol origin from Central Asia. Their power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last of the emperors was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the British Raj. Mughal emperors were of direct descent from Timur (generally known in western nations as Tamerlane), and also affiliated with Genghis Khan, because of"],"query":"the era of the great mughals began with the accession of?","answers":["Akbar the Great","Babur"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Mughal emperors) came under the influence of rival court cliques. During the reign of Jahangir's son, Shah Jahan, the culture and splendour of the luxurious Mughal court reached its zenith as exemplified by the Taj Mahal. The maintenance of the court, at this time, began to cost more than the revenue. Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. However, a younger son, Aurangzeb, allied with the Islamic orthodoxy against his brother, who championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim religion and culture, and ascended to the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and","Document [2](Title: History of India) less followed his father's policy. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal era is considered to be \"India's last golden age\". It was the second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent, and surpassed China to be become the world's largest economic power, controlling 24.4% of","Document [3](Title: Delhi) founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi and Agra. The Mughal dynasty ruled Delhi for more than three centuries, with a sixteen-year hiatus during the reigns of Sher Shah Suri and Hemu from 1540 to 1556. In 1553, the Hindu king Hemu acceded to the throne of Delhi by defeating forces of Mughal Emperor Humayun at Agra and Delhi. However, the Mughals re-established their rule after Akbar's army defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556. Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that bears his name \"Shahjahanabad\", which served as the capital of the Mughal","Document [4](Title: Mughal emperors) continued until after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Thereafter, the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. After a crushed rebellion which he nominally led in 1857-58, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British government, who then assumed formal control of a large part of the former empire, marking the start of the British Raj. Family tree of the first seven Mughal emperors: Mughal emperors The Mughal Emperors, from the early 16th century to the mid 19th century, built and ruled the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to","Document [5](Title: Mughal Empire) The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder Babur over Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The Mughal emperors had roots in the Turco-Mongol Timurid dynasty of Central Asia, claiming direct descent from both Genghis Khan (founder of the Mongol Empire, through his son Chagatai Khan) and Timur (Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire). During the reign of Humayun, the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire. The \"classic period\" of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. ","Document [6](Title: Shah Jahan) under house arrest in Agra Fort from July 1658 until his death in January 1666. On 31 July 1658, Aurangzeb crowned himself emperor under the title \"Alamgir\". The Mughal Empire reached the pinnacle of its glory during Shah Jahan's reign and he is widely considered to be one of the greatest Mughal emperors. Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram was born on 5 January 1592 in Lahore, in modern-day Pakistan, and was the third son of Prince Salim (later known as 'Jahangir' upon his accession). His mother was a Rajput princess from Marwar called Princess Jagat Gosaini (her official name in Mughal chronicles","Document [7](Title: Balaji Vishwanath) 1707, and that of his successor Bahadur Shah, leading to continual internecine conflict within the imperial family and the leading Mughal grandees. Farrukhsiyar came to the throne in 1713 with the help of the two powerful nobles, Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan and Sayyid Abdullah Khan. Claiming descent from the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, the Sayyid Brothers had turned king-makers in the Mughal court. Soon after, differences arose between them and the Emperor Farruksiyar. And while the Mughals were intriguing in the civil war between the factions of Shahu and Tarabai, the Marathas themselves became a major factor in the quarrels between","Document [8](Title: Pakistan) and the Delhi Sultanate (1206\u20131526 CE). The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526\u20131857 CE). The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of Indo-Persian culture in the region. From the region of modern-day Pakistan, key cities during the Mughal rule were Lahore and Thatta, both of which were chosen as the site of impressive Mughal buildings. In the early 16th century, the region remained under the Mughal Empire ruled by Muslim emperors. By the early 18th century, increasing European influence contributed to the slow disintegration of the Mughal","Document [9](Title: Sapta Puri) Mathura and decamped with all religious treasures made of gold and silver. This was followed by ushering in the rule of Slave Dynasty or Delhi Sultanate from 1193 AD and subsequently by the Mughal Dynasty rule, which lasted till the British took over. The Mughal rule, in particular of Aurangzeb saw the highest level of persecution, when in 1669 the Keshava temple was demolished and in its place a mosque was built. Even though the jat community of the region tried unsuccessfully to restore some of the temples but repeated Muslim depredation continued and it was not until the British","Document [10](Title: Mughal emperors) Mughal emperors The Mughal Emperors, from the early 16th century to the mid 19th century, built and ruled the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. The Mughals were a branch of the Timurid dynasty of Turco-Mongol origin from Central Asia. Their power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last of the emperors was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the British Raj. Mughal emperors were of direct descent from Timur (generally known in western nations as Tamerlane), and also affiliated with Genghis Khan, because of"],"query":"the era of the great mughals began with the accession of?","answers":["Akbar the Great","Babur"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Mughal emperors) came under the influence of rival court cliques. During the reign of Jahangir's son, Shah Jahan, the culture and splendour of the luxurious Mughal court reached its zenith as exemplified by the Taj Mahal. The maintenance of the court, at this time, began to cost more than the revenue. Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. However, a younger son, Aurangzeb, allied with the Islamic orthodoxy against his brother, who championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim religion and culture, and ascended to the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and","Document [2](Title: History of India) less followed his father's policy. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal era is considered to be \"India's last golden age\". It was the second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent, and surpassed China to be become the world's largest economic power, controlling 24.4% of","Document [3](Title: Delhi) founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi and Agra. The Mughal dynasty ruled Delhi for more than three centuries, with a sixteen-year hiatus during the reigns of Sher Shah Suri and Hemu from 1540 to 1556. In 1553, the Hindu king Hemu acceded to the throne of Delhi by defeating forces of Mughal Emperor Humayun at Agra and Delhi. However, the Mughals re-established their rule after Akbar's army defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556. Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that bears his name \"Shahjahanabad\", which served as the capital of the Mughal","Document [4](Title: Mughal emperors) continued until after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Thereafter, the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. After a crushed rebellion which he nominally led in 1857-58, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British government, who then assumed formal control of a large part of the former empire, marking the start of the British Raj. Family tree of the first seven Mughal emperors: Mughal emperors The Mughal Emperors, from the early 16th century to the mid 19th century, built and ruled the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to","Document [5](Title: Shah Jahan) under house arrest in Agra Fort from July 1658 until his death in January 1666. On 31 July 1658, Aurangzeb crowned himself emperor under the title \"Alamgir\". The Mughal Empire reached the pinnacle of its glory during Shah Jahan's reign and he is widely considered to be one of the greatest Mughal emperors. Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram was born on 5 January 1592 in Lahore, in modern-day Pakistan, and was the third son of Prince Salim (later known as 'Jahangir' upon his accession). His mother was a Rajput princess from Marwar called Princess Jagat Gosaini (her official name in Mughal chronicles","Document [6](Title: Balaji Vishwanath) 1707, and that of his successor Bahadur Shah, leading to continual internecine conflict within the imperial family and the leading Mughal grandees. Farrukhsiyar came to the throne in 1713 with the help of the two powerful nobles, Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan and Sayyid Abdullah Khan. Claiming descent from the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, the Sayyid Brothers had turned king-makers in the Mughal court. Soon after, differences arose between them and the Emperor Farruksiyar. And while the Mughals were intriguing in the civil war between the factions of Shahu and Tarabai, the Marathas themselves became a major factor in the quarrels between","Document [7](Title: Pakistan) and the Delhi Sultanate (1206\u20131526 CE). The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526\u20131857 CE). The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of Indo-Persian culture in the region. From the region of modern-day Pakistan, key cities during the Mughal rule were Lahore and Thatta, both of which were chosen as the site of impressive Mughal buildings. In the early 16th century, the region remained under the Mughal Empire ruled by Muslim emperors. By the early 18th century, increasing European influence contributed to the slow disintegration of the Mughal","Document [8](Title: Sapta Puri) Mathura and decamped with all religious treasures made of gold and silver. This was followed by ushering in the rule of Slave Dynasty or Delhi Sultanate from 1193 AD and subsequently by the Mughal Dynasty rule, which lasted till the British took over. The Mughal rule, in particular of Aurangzeb saw the highest level of persecution, when in 1669 the Keshava temple was demolished and in its place a mosque was built. Even though the jat community of the region tried unsuccessfully to restore some of the temples but repeated Muslim depredation continued and it was not until the British","Document [9](Title: Mughal emperors) Mughal emperors The Mughal Emperors, from the early 16th century to the mid 19th century, built and ruled the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. The Mughals were a branch of the Timurid dynasty of Turco-Mongol origin from Central Asia. Their power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last of the emperors was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the British Raj. Mughal emperors were of direct descent from Timur (generally known in western nations as Tamerlane), and also affiliated with Genghis Khan, because of","Document [10](Title: Mughal Empire) The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder Babur over Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The Mughal emperors had roots in the Turco-Mongol Timurid dynasty of Central Asia, claiming direct descent from both Genghis Khan (founder of the Mongol Empire, through his son Chagatai Khan) and Timur (Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire). During the reign of Humayun, the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire. The \"classic period\" of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. "],"query":"the era of the great mughals began with the accession of?","answers":["Akbar the Great","Babur"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: India national cricket team) Test match until 25 June 1932 at Lord's, becoming the sixth team to be granted Test cricket status. In its first fifty years of international cricket, India was one of the weaker teams, winning only 35 of the first 196 Test matches it played. From 1932 India had to wait until 1952, almost 20 years for its first Test victory. The team, however, gained strength in the 1970s with the emergence of players such as batsmen Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Viswanath, all-rounder Kapil Dev and the Indian spin quartet of Erapalli Prasanna, Srinivas Venkataraghavan, Bhagwat Chandrasekhar and Bishen Singh Bedi.","Document [2](Title: India national cricket team record by opponent) matches, and 216 matches were drawn with one being tied. India played their first ODI match against England in 1974, but registered their first win against East Africa in 1975. , India have played 939 ODI matches, winning 483 matches and losing 409; 7 matches were tied and 40 matches had no result. They also won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cups, along with the 2002 and the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy. India played their first Twenty20 International (T20I) against South Africa in 2006, winning the match by six wickets, and won the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 in 2007.","Document [3](Title: India women's national cricket team) 2005, and losing to England by 9 runs in 2017. India has made the semi-finals on three other occasions, in 1997, 2000, and 2009. India has also made the semi-finals of the World Twenty20 on three occasions (2009, 2010, and 2018). The British brought cricket to India in the early 1700s, with the first cricket match played in 1721. The first Indian cricket club was established by the Parsi community in Bombay, in 1848; the club played their first match against the Europeans in 1877. The first official Indian cricket team was formed in 1911 and toured England, where they","Document [4](Title: History of cricket in India from 1918\u201319 to 1945) first winner was Bombay. Since then India has undergone many changes in its cricket history. The lists below give the leading first-class runscorers and wicket-takers in each domestic season. India's debut in Test cricket was in the 1932 English season when they played England at Lord's Cricket Ground. England won by 158 runs. The MCC tour was from October 1926 to February 1927. Captained by Arthur Gilligan, the team played 26 first-class matches in India and a further four first-class matches in Ceylon. Team members included Maurice Leyland, Andy Sandham, Bob Wyatt, Arthur Dolphin, George Geary, Ewart Astill and George","Document [5](Title: Cricket in India) beaten by Australia. In September 2007, India won the first ever Twenty20 World Cup held in South Africa, beating Pakistan by 5 runs in a thrilling final. India won the Cricket World Cup in 2011 under the captainship of Mahendra Singh Dhoni, the first time since 1983 \u2013 they beat Sri Lanka in the final held in Mumbai. India played its 500th Test match against New Zealand at Kanpur from 22 September 2016. India won this match by 197 runs. This test was played under the captaincy of Virat Kohli. International cricket in India generally does not follow a fixed","Document [6](Title: India women's national cricket team) played English county teams. The India team made their Test debut against England in 1932. Around the same time (1934), the first women's Test was played between England and Australia. However, women's cricket arrived in India much later; the Women's Cricket Association of India was formed in 1973. The Indian women's team played their first Test match in 1976, against the West Indies. India recorded its first-ever Test win in November 1978 against West Indies under Shantha Rangaswamy's captaincy at the Moin-ul-Haq Stadium in Patna. As part of the International Cricket Council's initiative to develop women's cricket, the Women's Cricket","Document [7](Title: History of the Indian cricket team) 1960s, starting with their first series win over England in 1961-62. During this time, India's strong record at home started to develop, in which the team won a series against New Zealand in 1965-66 and drew series against Pakistan, Australia and England. In 1967-68, India won their first series outside the subcontinent against New Zealand. Sunil Gavaskar made his debut for India in the West Indies in 1970-71 and immediately made an impact, scoring a total of 774 runs for the series and helping India to a 1-0 series win, their first ever win over the West Indies. Together with","Document [8](Title: Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium) played in this ground was the Pakistani cricket team, when they played a warm-up match against an India A side in 2005. The first One Day International (ODI) at this stadium was played between India and England on 27 January 2013. England won the match by 7 wickets. The first Test at this stadium was played between India and Australia from 25\u201329 March 2017. In November 2015, the HPCA stadium was selected as one of the six new Test match venues in India along with the Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, JSCA International Stadium Complex, Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Holkar Stadium","Document [9](Title: Cricket in India) sports league in the world and the biggest cricket league in the world. The Indian cricket team is also accredited with the honour of winning all the ICC tournaments under M.S. Dhoni's captaincy, which is a world record. The first ever match of first-class cricket played in India was in 1864 which was Madras vs Calcutta. Not many records exist from the match, however, it is known that the Man of the match was Praveen Chauhan. He played for Calcutta, but he was from Panipat. Furthermore, the Best fielder was Ashwani Sharma. Just like Chauhan, he was from Panipat as","Document [10](Title: India national cricket team) against Pakistan. They continued their improvement throughout the early 1950s with a series win against New Zealand in 1956. However, they did not win again in the remainder of the decade and lost badly to strong Australian and English sides. On 24 August 1959, India lost by an innings in the Test to complete the only 5\u20130 whitewash ever inflicted by England. The next decade saw India's reputation develop as a team with a strong record at home. They won their first Test series against England at home in 1961\u201362 and also won a home series against New Zealand. They"],"query":"when did india win their first cricket match?","answers":["1952"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: India national cricket team record by opponent) matches, and 216 matches were drawn with one being tied. India played their first ODI match against England in 1974, but registered their first win against East Africa in 1975. , India have played 939 ODI matches, winning 483 matches and losing 409; 7 matches were tied and 40 matches had no result. They also won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cups, along with the 2002 and the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy. India played their first Twenty20 International (T20I) against South Africa in 2006, winning the match by six wickets, and won the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 in 2007.","Document [2](Title: India women's national cricket team) 2005, and losing to England by 9 runs in 2017. India has made the semi-finals on three other occasions, in 1997, 2000, and 2009. India has also made the semi-finals of the World Twenty20 on three occasions (2009, 2010, and 2018). The British brought cricket to India in the early 1700s, with the first cricket match played in 1721. The first Indian cricket club was established by the Parsi community in Bombay, in 1848; the club played their first match against the Europeans in 1877. The first official Indian cricket team was formed in 1911 and toured England, where they","Document [3](Title: History of cricket in India from 1918\u201319 to 1945) first winner was Bombay. Since then India has undergone many changes in its cricket history. The lists below give the leading first-class runscorers and wicket-takers in each domestic season. India's debut in Test cricket was in the 1932 English season when they played England at Lord's Cricket Ground. England won by 158 runs. The MCC tour was from October 1926 to February 1927. Captained by Arthur Gilligan, the team played 26 first-class matches in India and a further four first-class matches in Ceylon. Team members included Maurice Leyland, Andy Sandham, Bob Wyatt, Arthur Dolphin, George Geary, Ewart Astill and George","Document [4](Title: Cricket in India) beaten by Australia. In September 2007, India won the first ever Twenty20 World Cup held in South Africa, beating Pakistan by 5 runs in a thrilling final. India won the Cricket World Cup in 2011 under the captainship of Mahendra Singh Dhoni, the first time since 1983 \u2013 they beat Sri Lanka in the final held in Mumbai. India played its 500th Test match against New Zealand at Kanpur from 22 September 2016. India won this match by 197 runs. This test was played under the captaincy of Virat Kohli. International cricket in India generally does not follow a fixed","Document [5](Title: India national cricket team) Test match until 25 June 1932 at Lord's, becoming the sixth team to be granted Test cricket status. In its first fifty years of international cricket, India was one of the weaker teams, winning only 35 of the first 196 Test matches it played. From 1932 India had to wait until 1952, almost 20 years for its first Test victory. The team, however, gained strength in the 1970s with the emergence of players such as batsmen Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Viswanath, all-rounder Kapil Dev and the Indian spin quartet of Erapalli Prasanna, Srinivas Venkataraghavan, Bhagwat Chandrasekhar and Bishen Singh Bedi.","Document [6](Title: India women's national cricket team) played English county teams. The India team made their Test debut against England in 1932. Around the same time (1934), the first women's Test was played between England and Australia. However, women's cricket arrived in India much later; the Women's Cricket Association of India was formed in 1973. The Indian women's team played their first Test match in 1976, against the West Indies. India recorded its first-ever Test win in November 1978 against West Indies under Shantha Rangaswamy's captaincy at the Moin-ul-Haq Stadium in Patna. As part of the International Cricket Council's initiative to develop women's cricket, the Women's Cricket","Document [7](Title: History of the Indian cricket team) 1960s, starting with their first series win over England in 1961-62. During this time, India's strong record at home started to develop, in which the team won a series against New Zealand in 1965-66 and drew series against Pakistan, Australia and England. In 1967-68, India won their first series outside the subcontinent against New Zealand. Sunil Gavaskar made his debut for India in the West Indies in 1970-71 and immediately made an impact, scoring a total of 774 runs for the series and helping India to a 1-0 series win, their first ever win over the West Indies. Together with","Document [8](Title: Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium) played in this ground was the Pakistani cricket team, when they played a warm-up match against an India A side in 2005. The first One Day International (ODI) at this stadium was played between India and England on 27 January 2013. England won the match by 7 wickets. The first Test at this stadium was played between India and Australia from 25\u201329 March 2017. In November 2015, the HPCA stadium was selected as one of the six new Test match venues in India along with the Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, JSCA International Stadium Complex, Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Holkar Stadium","Document [9](Title: Cricket in India) sports league in the world and the biggest cricket league in the world. The Indian cricket team is also accredited with the honour of winning all the ICC tournaments under M.S. Dhoni's captaincy, which is a world record. The first ever match of first-class cricket played in India was in 1864 which was Madras vs Calcutta. Not many records exist from the match, however, it is known that the Man of the match was Praveen Chauhan. He played for Calcutta, but he was from Panipat. Furthermore, the Best fielder was Ashwani Sharma. Just like Chauhan, he was from Panipat as","Document [10](Title: India national cricket team) against Pakistan. They continued their improvement throughout the early 1950s with a series win against New Zealand in 1956. However, they did not win again in the remainder of the decade and lost badly to strong Australian and English sides. On 24 August 1959, India lost by an innings in the Test to complete the only 5\u20130 whitewash ever inflicted by England. The next decade saw India's reputation develop as a team with a strong record at home. They won their first Test series against England at home in 1961\u201362 and also won a home series against New Zealand. They"],"query":"when did india win their first cricket match?","answers":["1952"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: India national cricket team record by opponent) matches, and 216 matches were drawn with one being tied. India played their first ODI match against England in 1974, but registered their first win against East Africa in 1975. , India have played 939 ODI matches, winning 483 matches and losing 409; 7 matches were tied and 40 matches had no result. They also won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cups, along with the 2002 and the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy. India played their first Twenty20 International (T20I) against South Africa in 2006, winning the match by six wickets, and won the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 in 2007.","Document [2](Title: India women's national cricket team) 2005, and losing to England by 9 runs in 2017. India has made the semi-finals on three other occasions, in 1997, 2000, and 2009. India has also made the semi-finals of the World Twenty20 on three occasions (2009, 2010, and 2018). The British brought cricket to India in the early 1700s, with the first cricket match played in 1721. The first Indian cricket club was established by the Parsi community in Bombay, in 1848; the club played their first match against the Europeans in 1877. The first official Indian cricket team was formed in 1911 and toured England, where they","Document [3](Title: History of cricket in India from 1918\u201319 to 1945) first winner was Bombay. Since then India has undergone many changes in its cricket history. The lists below give the leading first-class runscorers and wicket-takers in each domestic season. India's debut in Test cricket was in the 1932 English season when they played England at Lord's Cricket Ground. England won by 158 runs. The MCC tour was from October 1926 to February 1927. Captained by Arthur Gilligan, the team played 26 first-class matches in India and a further four first-class matches in Ceylon. Team members included Maurice Leyland, Andy Sandham, Bob Wyatt, Arthur Dolphin, George Geary, Ewart Astill and George","Document [4](Title: Cricket in India) beaten by Australia. In September 2007, India won the first ever Twenty20 World Cup held in South Africa, beating Pakistan by 5 runs in a thrilling final. India won the Cricket World Cup in 2011 under the captainship of Mahendra Singh Dhoni, the first time since 1983 \u2013 they beat Sri Lanka in the final held in Mumbai. India played its 500th Test match against New Zealand at Kanpur from 22 September 2016. India won this match by 197 runs. This test was played under the captaincy of Virat Kohli. International cricket in India generally does not follow a fixed","Document [5](Title: India women's national cricket team) played English county teams. The India team made their Test debut against England in 1932. Around the same time (1934), the first women's Test was played between England and Australia. However, women's cricket arrived in India much later; the Women's Cricket Association of India was formed in 1973. The Indian women's team played their first Test match in 1976, against the West Indies. India recorded its first-ever Test win in November 1978 against West Indies under Shantha Rangaswamy's captaincy at the Moin-ul-Haq Stadium in Patna. As part of the International Cricket Council's initiative to develop women's cricket, the Women's Cricket","Document [6](Title: History of the Indian cricket team) 1960s, starting with their first series win over England in 1961-62. During this time, India's strong record at home started to develop, in which the team won a series against New Zealand in 1965-66 and drew series against Pakistan, Australia and England. In 1967-68, India won their first series outside the subcontinent against New Zealand. Sunil Gavaskar made his debut for India in the West Indies in 1970-71 and immediately made an impact, scoring a total of 774 runs for the series and helping India to a 1-0 series win, their first ever win over the West Indies. Together with","Document [7](Title: Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium) played in this ground was the Pakistani cricket team, when they played a warm-up match against an India A side in 2005. The first One Day International (ODI) at this stadium was played between India and England on 27 January 2013. England won the match by 7 wickets. The first Test at this stadium was played between India and Australia from 25\u201329 March 2017. In November 2015, the HPCA stadium was selected as one of the six new Test match venues in India along with the Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, JSCA International Stadium Complex, Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Holkar Stadium","Document [8](Title: Cricket in India) sports league in the world and the biggest cricket league in the world. The Indian cricket team is also accredited with the honour of winning all the ICC tournaments under M.S. Dhoni's captaincy, which is a world record. The first ever match of first-class cricket played in India was in 1864 which was Madras vs Calcutta. Not many records exist from the match, however, it is known that the Man of the match was Praveen Chauhan. He played for Calcutta, but he was from Panipat. Furthermore, the Best fielder was Ashwani Sharma. Just like Chauhan, he was from Panipat as","Document [9](Title: India national cricket team) against Pakistan. They continued their improvement throughout the early 1950s with a series win against New Zealand in 1956. However, they did not win again in the remainder of the decade and lost badly to strong Australian and English sides. On 24 August 1959, India lost by an innings in the Test to complete the only 5\u20130 whitewash ever inflicted by England. The next decade saw India's reputation develop as a team with a strong record at home. They won their first Test series against England at home in 1961\u201362 and also won a home series against New Zealand. They","Document [10](Title: India national cricket team) Test match until 25 June 1932 at Lord's, becoming the sixth team to be granted Test cricket status. In its first fifty years of international cricket, India was one of the weaker teams, winning only 35 of the first 196 Test matches it played. From 1932 India had to wait until 1952, almost 20 years for its first Test victory. The team, however, gained strength in the 1970s with the emergence of players such as batsmen Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Viswanath, all-rounder Kapil Dev and the Indian spin quartet of Erapalli Prasanna, Srinivas Venkataraghavan, Bhagwat Chandrasekhar and Bishen Singh Bedi."],"query":"when did india win their first cricket match?","answers":["1952"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Dipeptide) A dipeptide is a sometimes ambiguous designation of two classes of organic compounds: Its molecules contain either two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond or one amino acid with two peptide bonds.","Document [2](Title: Dipeptide) Dipeptide A dipeptide is an organic compound derived from two amino acids. The amino acids can be the same or different. When different, two isomers of the dipeptide are possible, depending on the sequence. Similar descriptions apply to tripeptide (three amino acid residues, two peptide bonds), tetrapeptide, and so on; longer chains are called oligopeptide, polypeptide, protein. Dipeptides are produced by coupling amino acids. The amino group on one amino acid is rendered non-nucleophilic (P in eq) and the carboxylic acid group in the second amino acid is deactivated as its methyl ester. The two modified amino acids are then","Document [3](Title: 2,5-Diketopiperazine) dipeptides can be formed by coupling two amino acids together by the many methods of peptide synthesis or by using the Ugi reaction of an isonitrile, amino acid, aldehyde and amine, followed by deprotection. Dipeptides substituted with an amine at one terminus and an ester at the other 1 can spontaneously cyclize to form a 2,5-diketopiperazine at a range of pHs. However, careful selection of reaction conditions is required to limit racemization. This has been achieved in a general, efficient, and environmentally benign solution-phase synthesis of 2,5-diketopiperazines using microwave-assisted heating in water, which in contrast to other published methods is","Document [4](Title: Combinatorial chemistry) 9 dipeptides are formed. In a third and fourth cycles 27 tripeptides and 81 tetrapeptides would form, respectively. The \"split-mix synthesis\" has several outstanding features: In 1990 three groups described methods for preparing peptide libraries by biological methods and one year later Fodor et al. published a remarkable method for synthesis of peptide arrays on small glass slides. A \"parallel synthesis\" method was developed by Mario Geysen and his colleagues for preparation of peptide arrays. They synthesized 96 peptides on plastic rods (pins) coated at their ends with the solid support. The pins were immersed into the solution of reagents","Document [5](Title: Dipeptide) Dietary proteins are digested to dipeptides and amino acids, and the dipeptides are absorbed more rapidly than the amino acids, because their uptake involves a separate mechanism. Dipeptides activate G-cells found in the stomach to secrete gastrin. In this usage, \"X dipeptide\" is taken literally: One amino acid \"X\" is equipped with two minimal peptide bonds: The C terminus COOH becomes COCH, the N terminus NH becomes NHCH. For instance, alanine dipeptide is CHCONHCH(CH)CONHCH. Dipeptide A dipeptide is an organic compound derived from two amino acids. The amino acids can be the same or different. When different, two isomers of","Document [6](Title: Pseudoproline) sequences. Pseudoproline dipeptides have proven particularly effective in the synthesis of intractable peptides, long peptides\/small proteins, and cyclic peptides, enabling in many cases the production of peptides that otherwise could not be made. These dipeptides are extremely easy to use: simply substitute a serine or threonine residue together with the preceding amino acid residue in the peptide sequence with the appropriate pseudoproline dipeptide (see the figure on your right). The native sequence is regenerated on cleavage and deprotection. In recent years, several peptides, such as T-20 (also called DP178), Eptifibatide, Ziconotide, Pramlintide, Exenatide, and Bivalirudin, have been approved by the","Document [7](Title: Diphenylketene) is also evident in the formation of three dimers: and oligomers produced therefrom. Ketenes (of the general formula RRC=C=O) have many parallels to isocyanates (of the general formula R-N=C=O) in their constitution as well as in their reactivity. Diphenyl ketene reacts with water in an addition reaction to form diphenylacetic acid, with ethanol to diphenyl acetic ethyl ester or with ammonia to the corresponding amide. Carboxylic acids produce mixed anhydrides of diphenylacetic acid, which can be used to activate protected amino acids for peptide linkage. The protected dipeptide Z-Leu-Phe-OEt (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester) is thus obtained in 59% yield via the","Document [8](Title: Acetic formic anhydride) was in the synthesis of Quazodine (). Acetic formic anhydride Acetic formic anhydride is an organic compound with the chemical formula and a structural formula of -(C=O)-O-(C=O)H. It can be viewed as the mixed anhydride of acetic acid and formic acid. Acetic formic anhydride can be produced by reacting sodium formate with acetyl chloride in anhydrous diethyl ether between 23\u201327 \u00b0C. It can be prepared by aceticanhydride and formic acid at 0 oC Acetic formic anhydride is a formylation agent for amines, amino acids, and alcohols. It is also a starting material for other compounds such as formyl fluoride. An","Document [9](Title: Eschenmoser sulfide contraction) B\", cocaine,\"diplodialide A\" and \"isoretronecanol\" An example of general synthetic utility is the synthesis of novel carbapenems Eschenmoser sulfide contraction The Eschenmoser sulfide contraction is an organic reaction first described by Albert Eschenmoser for the synthesis of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds from a thioester. The method requires a base and a tertiary phosphine. The method is of some relevance to organic chemistry and has been notably applied in the vitamin B total synthesis. A base abstracts the labile hydrogen atom in the thioester, a sulfide anion is formed through an episulfide intermediate which is removed by the phosphine. The Eschenmoser sulfide contraction","Document [10](Title: Acetic formic anhydride) Acetic formic anhydride Acetic formic anhydride is an organic compound with the chemical formula and a structural formula of -(C=O)-O-(C=O)H. It can be viewed as the mixed anhydride of acetic acid and formic acid. Acetic formic anhydride can be produced by reacting sodium formate with acetyl chloride in anhydrous diethyl ether between 23\u201327 \u00b0C. It can be prepared by aceticanhydride and formic acid at 0 oC Acetic formic anhydride is a formylation agent for amines, amino acids, and alcohols. It is also a starting material for other compounds such as formyl fluoride. An example of Acetic formic anhydride being used"],"query":"what type of reaction occurs to form a dipeptide?","answers":["peptide bond"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Dipeptide) Dipeptide A dipeptide is an organic compound derived from two amino acids. The amino acids can be the same or different. When different, two isomers of the dipeptide are possible, depending on the sequence. Similar descriptions apply to tripeptide (three amino acid residues, two peptide bonds), tetrapeptide, and so on; longer chains are called oligopeptide, polypeptide, protein. Dipeptides are produced by coupling amino acids. The amino group on one amino acid is rendered non-nucleophilic (P in eq) and the carboxylic acid group in the second amino acid is deactivated as its methyl ester. The two modified amino acids are then","Document [2](Title: 2,5-Diketopiperazine) dipeptides can be formed by coupling two amino acids together by the many methods of peptide synthesis or by using the Ugi reaction of an isonitrile, amino acid, aldehyde and amine, followed by deprotection. Dipeptides substituted with an amine at one terminus and an ester at the other 1 can spontaneously cyclize to form a 2,5-diketopiperazine at a range of pHs. However, careful selection of reaction conditions is required to limit racemization. This has been achieved in a general, efficient, and environmentally benign solution-phase synthesis of 2,5-diketopiperazines using microwave-assisted heating in water, which in contrast to other published methods is","Document [3](Title: Combinatorial chemistry) 9 dipeptides are formed. In a third and fourth cycles 27 tripeptides and 81 tetrapeptides would form, respectively. The \"split-mix synthesis\" has several outstanding features: In 1990 three groups described methods for preparing peptide libraries by biological methods and one year later Fodor et al. published a remarkable method for synthesis of peptide arrays on small glass slides. A \"parallel synthesis\" method was developed by Mario Geysen and his colleagues for preparation of peptide arrays. They synthesized 96 peptides on plastic rods (pins) coated at their ends with the solid support. The pins were immersed into the solution of reagents","Document [4](Title: Dipeptide) Dietary proteins are digested to dipeptides and amino acids, and the dipeptides are absorbed more rapidly than the amino acids, because their uptake involves a separate mechanism. Dipeptides activate G-cells found in the stomach to secrete gastrin. In this usage, \"X dipeptide\" is taken literally: One amino acid \"X\" is equipped with two minimal peptide bonds: The C terminus COOH becomes COCH, the N terminus NH becomes NHCH. For instance, alanine dipeptide is CHCONHCH(CH)CONHCH. Dipeptide A dipeptide is an organic compound derived from two amino acids. The amino acids can be the same or different. When different, two isomers of","Document [5](Title: Dipeptide) A dipeptide is a sometimes ambiguous designation of two classes of organic compounds: Its molecules contain either two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond or one amino acid with two peptide bonds.","Document [6](Title: Pseudoproline) sequences. Pseudoproline dipeptides have proven particularly effective in the synthesis of intractable peptides, long peptides\/small proteins, and cyclic peptides, enabling in many cases the production of peptides that otherwise could not be made. These dipeptides are extremely easy to use: simply substitute a serine or threonine residue together with the preceding amino acid residue in the peptide sequence with the appropriate pseudoproline dipeptide (see the figure on your right). The native sequence is regenerated on cleavage and deprotection. In recent years, several peptides, such as T-20 (also called DP178), Eptifibatide, Ziconotide, Pramlintide, Exenatide, and Bivalirudin, have been approved by the","Document [7](Title: Diphenylketene) is also evident in the formation of three dimers: and oligomers produced therefrom. Ketenes (of the general formula RRC=C=O) have many parallels to isocyanates (of the general formula R-N=C=O) in their constitution as well as in their reactivity. Diphenyl ketene reacts with water in an addition reaction to form diphenylacetic acid, with ethanol to diphenyl acetic ethyl ester or with ammonia to the corresponding amide. Carboxylic acids produce mixed anhydrides of diphenylacetic acid, which can be used to activate protected amino acids for peptide linkage. The protected dipeptide Z-Leu-Phe-OEt (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester) is thus obtained in 59% yield via the","Document [8](Title: Acetic formic anhydride) was in the synthesis of Quazodine (). Acetic formic anhydride Acetic formic anhydride is an organic compound with the chemical formula and a structural formula of -(C=O)-O-(C=O)H. It can be viewed as the mixed anhydride of acetic acid and formic acid. Acetic formic anhydride can be produced by reacting sodium formate with acetyl chloride in anhydrous diethyl ether between 23\u201327 \u00b0C. It can be prepared by aceticanhydride and formic acid at 0 oC Acetic formic anhydride is a formylation agent for amines, amino acids, and alcohols. It is also a starting material for other compounds such as formyl fluoride. An","Document [9](Title: Eschenmoser sulfide contraction) B\", cocaine,\"diplodialide A\" and \"isoretronecanol\" An example of general synthetic utility is the synthesis of novel carbapenems Eschenmoser sulfide contraction The Eschenmoser sulfide contraction is an organic reaction first described by Albert Eschenmoser for the synthesis of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds from a thioester. The method requires a base and a tertiary phosphine. The method is of some relevance to organic chemistry and has been notably applied in the vitamin B total synthesis. A base abstracts the labile hydrogen atom in the thioester, a sulfide anion is formed through an episulfide intermediate which is removed by the phosphine. The Eschenmoser sulfide contraction","Document [10](Title: Acetic formic anhydride) Acetic formic anhydride Acetic formic anhydride is an organic compound with the chemical formula and a structural formula of -(C=O)-O-(C=O)H. It can be viewed as the mixed anhydride of acetic acid and formic acid. Acetic formic anhydride can be produced by reacting sodium formate with acetyl chloride in anhydrous diethyl ether between 23\u201327 \u00b0C. It can be prepared by aceticanhydride and formic acid at 0 oC Acetic formic anhydride is a formylation agent for amines, amino acids, and alcohols. It is also a starting material for other compounds such as formyl fluoride. An example of Acetic formic anhydride being used"],"query":"what type of reaction occurs to form a dipeptide?","answers":["peptide bond"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Dipeptide) Dipeptide A dipeptide is an organic compound derived from two amino acids. The amino acids can be the same or different. When different, two isomers of the dipeptide are possible, depending on the sequence. Similar descriptions apply to tripeptide (three amino acid residues, two peptide bonds), tetrapeptide, and so on; longer chains are called oligopeptide, polypeptide, protein. Dipeptides are produced by coupling amino acids. The amino group on one amino acid is rendered non-nucleophilic (P in eq) and the carboxylic acid group in the second amino acid is deactivated as its methyl ester. The two modified amino acids are then","Document [2](Title: 2,5-Diketopiperazine) dipeptides can be formed by coupling two amino acids together by the many methods of peptide synthesis or by using the Ugi reaction of an isonitrile, amino acid, aldehyde and amine, followed by deprotection. Dipeptides substituted with an amine at one terminus and an ester at the other 1 can spontaneously cyclize to form a 2,5-diketopiperazine at a range of pHs. However, careful selection of reaction conditions is required to limit racemization. This has been achieved in a general, efficient, and environmentally benign solution-phase synthesis of 2,5-diketopiperazines using microwave-assisted heating in water, which in contrast to other published methods is","Document [3](Title: Combinatorial chemistry) 9 dipeptides are formed. In a third and fourth cycles 27 tripeptides and 81 tetrapeptides would form, respectively. The \"split-mix synthesis\" has several outstanding features: In 1990 three groups described methods for preparing peptide libraries by biological methods and one year later Fodor et al. published a remarkable method for synthesis of peptide arrays on small glass slides. A \"parallel synthesis\" method was developed by Mario Geysen and his colleagues for preparation of peptide arrays. They synthesized 96 peptides on plastic rods (pins) coated at their ends with the solid support. The pins were immersed into the solution of reagents","Document [4](Title: Dipeptide) Dietary proteins are digested to dipeptides and amino acids, and the dipeptides are absorbed more rapidly than the amino acids, because their uptake involves a separate mechanism. Dipeptides activate G-cells found in the stomach to secrete gastrin. In this usage, \"X dipeptide\" is taken literally: One amino acid \"X\" is equipped with two minimal peptide bonds: The C terminus COOH becomes COCH, the N terminus NH becomes NHCH. For instance, alanine dipeptide is CHCONHCH(CH)CONHCH. Dipeptide A dipeptide is an organic compound derived from two amino acids. The amino acids can be the same or different. When different, two isomers of","Document [5](Title: Pseudoproline) sequences. Pseudoproline dipeptides have proven particularly effective in the synthesis of intractable peptides, long peptides\/small proteins, and cyclic peptides, enabling in many cases the production of peptides that otherwise could not be made. These dipeptides are extremely easy to use: simply substitute a serine or threonine residue together with the preceding amino acid residue in the peptide sequence with the appropriate pseudoproline dipeptide (see the figure on your right). The native sequence is regenerated on cleavage and deprotection. In recent years, several peptides, such as T-20 (also called DP178), Eptifibatide, Ziconotide, Pramlintide, Exenatide, and Bivalirudin, have been approved by the","Document [6](Title: Diphenylketene) is also evident in the formation of three dimers: and oligomers produced therefrom. Ketenes (of the general formula RRC=C=O) have many parallels to isocyanates (of the general formula R-N=C=O) in their constitution as well as in their reactivity. Diphenyl ketene reacts with water in an addition reaction to form diphenylacetic acid, with ethanol to diphenyl acetic ethyl ester or with ammonia to the corresponding amide. Carboxylic acids produce mixed anhydrides of diphenylacetic acid, which can be used to activate protected amino acids for peptide linkage. The protected dipeptide Z-Leu-Phe-OEt (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester) is thus obtained in 59% yield via the","Document [7](Title: Acetic formic anhydride) was in the synthesis of Quazodine (). Acetic formic anhydride Acetic formic anhydride is an organic compound with the chemical formula and a structural formula of -(C=O)-O-(C=O)H. It can be viewed as the mixed anhydride of acetic acid and formic acid. Acetic formic anhydride can be produced by reacting sodium formate with acetyl chloride in anhydrous diethyl ether between 23\u201327 \u00b0C. It can be prepared by aceticanhydride and formic acid at 0 oC Acetic formic anhydride is a formylation agent for amines, amino acids, and alcohols. It is also a starting material for other compounds such as formyl fluoride. An","Document [8](Title: Eschenmoser sulfide contraction) B\", cocaine,\"diplodialide A\" and \"isoretronecanol\" An example of general synthetic utility is the synthesis of novel carbapenems Eschenmoser sulfide contraction The Eschenmoser sulfide contraction is an organic reaction first described by Albert Eschenmoser for the synthesis of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds from a thioester. The method requires a base and a tertiary phosphine. The method is of some relevance to organic chemistry and has been notably applied in the vitamin B total synthesis. A base abstracts the labile hydrogen atom in the thioester, a sulfide anion is formed through an episulfide intermediate which is removed by the phosphine. The Eschenmoser sulfide contraction","Document [9](Title: Acetic formic anhydride) Acetic formic anhydride Acetic formic anhydride is an organic compound with the chemical formula and a structural formula of -(C=O)-O-(C=O)H. It can be viewed as the mixed anhydride of acetic acid and formic acid. Acetic formic anhydride can be produced by reacting sodium formate with acetyl chloride in anhydrous diethyl ether between 23\u201327 \u00b0C. It can be prepared by aceticanhydride and formic acid at 0 oC Acetic formic anhydride is a formylation agent for amines, amino acids, and alcohols. It is also a starting material for other compounds such as formyl fluoride. An example of Acetic formic anhydride being used","Document [10](Title: Dipeptide) A dipeptide is a sometimes ambiguous designation of two classes of organic compounds: Its molecules contain either two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond or one amino acid with two peptide bonds."],"query":"what type of reaction occurs to form a dipeptide?","answers":["peptide bond"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Where Is the Love?) The song was written by will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo, Justin Timberlake, Ron Fair, Printz Board, George Pajon, Fiona Davies M. Fratantuno, and J. Curtis, and co-produced by will.i.am and Ron Fair. In this song, The Black Eyed Peas lament on various worldwide problems. Many issues are discussed, which include but are not limited to terrorism, US government hypocrisy, racism, gang crime, pollution, war, and intolerance","Document [2](Title: Where Is the Love?) Where Is the Love? \"Where Is the Love?\" is a song by American hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas. It was released in June 2003 as the lead single from their third album, \"Elephunk\". The song was written by will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo, Justin Timberlake, Printz Board, Michael Fratantuno and George Pajon. The track features vocals from Timberlake, although he is not officially credited on the single release. It was the group's first song to feature singer Fergie as an official member. \"Where Is the Love?\" saw success on radio airplay charts, peaked at number eight on the US \"Billboard\"","Document [3](Title: Where Is the Love?) release, the song re-entered the official UK singles charts at 40, eventually peaking at 35. The music video for \"Where Is the Love?\" was shot in East Los Angeles and features The Black Eyed Peas and various other people, including various young children, asking the world where the love really is. In the video, will.i.am and Taboo act as a soul music road duo who use music to tell people what is wrong with the world, Fergie appears as a peacemaker who places stickers with question marks on them all over the place to ask people where the love is","Document [4](Title: The Meaning of Love (Michelle McManus song)) The Meaning of Love (Michelle McManus song) \"The Meaning of Love\" is the second single from \"Pop Idol\" winner Michelle McManus, released on 26 January 2004. It did not match the success of her chart-topping debut single \"All This Time\", reaching number 16 in the UK and number 29 in Ireland. Soon after the single's commercial failure, BMG dropped McManus from the label. The music video premiered in the United Kingdom in January 2004. It shows a man and a woman arguing before making up. \"Daily Record\" critic John Dingwall called the song a \"great ballad\"; a colleague of his,","Document [5](Title: Where Is the Love?) in Japanese language and performed his cover version at his solo concert in 2006. At the Mnet Asian Music Awards (commonly abbreviated as MAMA) promotional held in Singapore in 2011, will.i.am apl.de.ap performed the song with friend and collaborator, K-pop vocalist and rapper CL of 2NE1 performing Taboo and Fergie's part. \"The X Factor Israel\" contestant Inbal Bibi sang the song at the live shows and received positive reviews. Ariana Grande joined the Black Eyed Peas for a cover of the song at Grande's 2017 One Love Manchester concert. Gwen Stefani performed the song at Hyundai Genesis G70 launch event","Document [6](Title: Nanga Punga Dost) you will get the real meaning of them\". The song was released on 17 November 2014, along with other tracks in the album. The music video of the song was officially released on 18 November 2014, through the YouTube channel of T-Series. The music video of the song, was the third song released from the album, after the two singles, \"Tharki Chokro\" and \"Love is Waste of Time\". On 21 November 2014, the song debuted at position 81 in iTunes India Chart Top 100. It was ranked at position 20 on 20 December 2014, before jumping to its peak position,","Document [7](Title: Where Is the Love?) gameplay footage of the graphically explicit and controversial video game \"Postal 2\", in which a group of young children are playing the game. This suggests that violence in the media and entertainment industry affects the morals of children. Near the beginning of the video, posters of the video game \"\" are shown. British pop band Busted did a rock version of the song, which features on their live album, \"\". \"The Voice UK\" contestant Frances Wood sang the song at her audition and chose will.i.am to be her mentor. Japanese pop singer Sho Sakurai of Arashi re-wrote the rap lyrics","Document [8](Title: The Meaning of Love (album)) a Gold certification, indicating sales of over 200,000 copies in the region of the United Kingdom alone. The Meaning of Love (album) The Meaning of Love is the debut album by Scottish singer and \"Pop Idol\" winner Michelle McManus, issued by BMG. Released on 16 February 2004, it debuted at #3 on the UK Albums Chart and featured two singles: the #1 UK Singles Chart entry \"All This Time\", and the title track, which peaked at #16. Critics derided the record for its production values and songwriting quality; multiple reviewers also found McManus's singing voice to be unimpressive. The album","Document [9](Title: The Meaning of Love) by the original song, and afterwards has a new arrangement of music. The video for \"The Meaning of Love\" was the second video with Alan Wilder, although he did not contribute to the song. The director was Julien Temple. The video was not included on the \"Some Great Videos\" VHS compilation because it was not well-liked by the band. The single was not released in the United States, but the 12\" \"Fairly Odd Mix\" of the song features on the B-side of the \"See You\" US 12\" single. These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of","Document [10](Title: The Meaning of Love (album)) The Meaning of Love (album) The Meaning of Love is the debut album by Scottish singer and \"Pop Idol\" winner Michelle McManus, issued by BMG. Released on 16 February 2004, it debuted at #3 on the UK Albums Chart and featured two singles: the #1 UK Singles Chart entry \"All This Time\", and the title track, which peaked at #16. Critics derided the record for its production values and songwriting quality; multiple reviewers also found McManus's singing voice to be unimpressive. The album was deemed a commercial failure by Sony BMG, who dropped McManus from the label. The album has"],"query":"where is the love meaning of the song?","answers":["lament on various worldwide problems"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Where Is the Love?) Where Is the Love? \"Where Is the Love?\" is a song by American hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas. It was released in June 2003 as the lead single from their third album, \"Elephunk\". The song was written by will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo, Justin Timberlake, Printz Board, Michael Fratantuno and George Pajon. The track features vocals from Timberlake, although he is not officially credited on the single release. It was the group's first song to feature singer Fergie as an official member. \"Where Is the Love?\" saw success on radio airplay charts, peaked at number eight on the US \"Billboard\"","Document [2](Title: Where Is the Love?) release, the song re-entered the official UK singles charts at 40, eventually peaking at 35. The music video for \"Where Is the Love?\" was shot in East Los Angeles and features The Black Eyed Peas and various other people, including various young children, asking the world where the love really is. In the video, will.i.am and Taboo act as a soul music road duo who use music to tell people what is wrong with the world, Fergie appears as a peacemaker who places stickers with question marks on them all over the place to ask people where the love is","Document [3](Title: The Meaning of Love (Michelle McManus song)) The Meaning of Love (Michelle McManus song) \"The Meaning of Love\" is the second single from \"Pop Idol\" winner Michelle McManus, released on 26 January 2004. It did not match the success of her chart-topping debut single \"All This Time\", reaching number 16 in the UK and number 29 in Ireland. Soon after the single's commercial failure, BMG dropped McManus from the label. The music video premiered in the United Kingdom in January 2004. It shows a man and a woman arguing before making up. \"Daily Record\" critic John Dingwall called the song a \"great ballad\"; a colleague of his,","Document [4](Title: Where Is the Love?) in Japanese language and performed his cover version at his solo concert in 2006. At the Mnet Asian Music Awards (commonly abbreviated as MAMA) promotional held in Singapore in 2011, will.i.am apl.de.ap performed the song with friend and collaborator, K-pop vocalist and rapper CL of 2NE1 performing Taboo and Fergie's part. \"The X Factor Israel\" contestant Inbal Bibi sang the song at the live shows and received positive reviews. Ariana Grande joined the Black Eyed Peas for a cover of the song at Grande's 2017 One Love Manchester concert. Gwen Stefani performed the song at Hyundai Genesis G70 launch event","Document [5](Title: Where Is the Love?) The song was written by will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo, Justin Timberlake, Ron Fair, Printz Board, George Pajon, Fiona Davies M. Fratantuno, and J. Curtis, and co-produced by will.i.am and Ron Fair. In this song, The Black Eyed Peas lament on various worldwide problems. Many issues are discussed, which include but are not limited to terrorism, US government hypocrisy, racism, gang crime, pollution, war, and intolerance","Document [6](Title: Nanga Punga Dost) you will get the real meaning of them\". The song was released on 17 November 2014, along with other tracks in the album. The music video of the song was officially released on 18 November 2014, through the YouTube channel of T-Series. The music video of the song, was the third song released from the album, after the two singles, \"Tharki Chokro\" and \"Love is Waste of Time\". On 21 November 2014, the song debuted at position 81 in iTunes India Chart Top 100. It was ranked at position 20 on 20 December 2014, before jumping to its peak position,","Document [7](Title: Where Is the Love?) gameplay footage of the graphically explicit and controversial video game \"Postal 2\", in which a group of young children are playing the game. This suggests that violence in the media and entertainment industry affects the morals of children. Near the beginning of the video, posters of the video game \"\" are shown. British pop band Busted did a rock version of the song, which features on their live album, \"\". \"The Voice UK\" contestant Frances Wood sang the song at her audition and chose will.i.am to be her mentor. Japanese pop singer Sho Sakurai of Arashi re-wrote the rap lyrics","Document [8](Title: The Meaning of Love (album)) a Gold certification, indicating sales of over 200,000 copies in the region of the United Kingdom alone. The Meaning of Love (album) The Meaning of Love is the debut album by Scottish singer and \"Pop Idol\" winner Michelle McManus, issued by BMG. Released on 16 February 2004, it debuted at #3 on the UK Albums Chart and featured two singles: the #1 UK Singles Chart entry \"All This Time\", and the title track, which peaked at #16. Critics derided the record for its production values and songwriting quality; multiple reviewers also found McManus's singing voice to be unimpressive. The album","Document [9](Title: The Meaning of Love) by the original song, and afterwards has a new arrangement of music. The video for \"The Meaning of Love\" was the second video with Alan Wilder, although he did not contribute to the song. The director was Julien Temple. The video was not included on the \"Some Great Videos\" VHS compilation because it was not well-liked by the band. The single was not released in the United States, but the 12\" \"Fairly Odd Mix\" of the song features on the B-side of the \"See You\" US 12\" single. These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of","Document [10](Title: The Meaning of Love (album)) The Meaning of Love (album) The Meaning of Love is the debut album by Scottish singer and \"Pop Idol\" winner Michelle McManus, issued by BMG. Released on 16 February 2004, it debuted at #3 on the UK Albums Chart and featured two singles: the #1 UK Singles Chart entry \"All This Time\", and the title track, which peaked at #16. Critics derided the record for its production values and songwriting quality; multiple reviewers also found McManus's singing voice to be unimpressive. The album was deemed a commercial failure by Sony BMG, who dropped McManus from the label. The album has"],"query":"where is the love meaning of the song?","answers":["lament on various worldwide problems"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Where Is the Love?) Where Is the Love? \"Where Is the Love?\" is a song by American hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas. It was released in June 2003 as the lead single from their third album, \"Elephunk\". The song was written by will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo, Justin Timberlake, Printz Board, Michael Fratantuno and George Pajon. The track features vocals from Timberlake, although he is not officially credited on the single release. It was the group's first song to feature singer Fergie as an official member. \"Where Is the Love?\" saw success on radio airplay charts, peaked at number eight on the US \"Billboard\"","Document [2](Title: Where Is the Love?) release, the song re-entered the official UK singles charts at 40, eventually peaking at 35. The music video for \"Where Is the Love?\" was shot in East Los Angeles and features The Black Eyed Peas and various other people, including various young children, asking the world where the love really is. In the video, will.i.am and Taboo act as a soul music road duo who use music to tell people what is wrong with the world, Fergie appears as a peacemaker who places stickers with question marks on them all over the place to ask people where the love is","Document [3](Title: The Meaning of Love (Michelle McManus song)) The Meaning of Love (Michelle McManus song) \"The Meaning of Love\" is the second single from \"Pop Idol\" winner Michelle McManus, released on 26 January 2004. It did not match the success of her chart-topping debut single \"All This Time\", reaching number 16 in the UK and number 29 in Ireland. Soon after the single's commercial failure, BMG dropped McManus from the label. The music video premiered in the United Kingdom in January 2004. It shows a man and a woman arguing before making up. \"Daily Record\" critic John Dingwall called the song a \"great ballad\"; a colleague of his,","Document [4](Title: Where Is the Love?) in Japanese language and performed his cover version at his solo concert in 2006. At the Mnet Asian Music Awards (commonly abbreviated as MAMA) promotional held in Singapore in 2011, will.i.am apl.de.ap performed the song with friend and collaborator, K-pop vocalist and rapper CL of 2NE1 performing Taboo and Fergie's part. \"The X Factor Israel\" contestant Inbal Bibi sang the song at the live shows and received positive reviews. Ariana Grande joined the Black Eyed Peas for a cover of the song at Grande's 2017 One Love Manchester concert. Gwen Stefani performed the song at Hyundai Genesis G70 launch event","Document [5](Title: Nanga Punga Dost) you will get the real meaning of them\". The song was released on 17 November 2014, along with other tracks in the album. The music video of the song was officially released on 18 November 2014, through the YouTube channel of T-Series. The music video of the song, was the third song released from the album, after the two singles, \"Tharki Chokro\" and \"Love is Waste of Time\". On 21 November 2014, the song debuted at position 81 in iTunes India Chart Top 100. It was ranked at position 20 on 20 December 2014, before jumping to its peak position,","Document [6](Title: Where Is the Love?) gameplay footage of the graphically explicit and controversial video game \"Postal 2\", in which a group of young children are playing the game. This suggests that violence in the media and entertainment industry affects the morals of children. Near the beginning of the video, posters of the video game \"\" are shown. British pop band Busted did a rock version of the song, which features on their live album, \"\". \"The Voice UK\" contestant Frances Wood sang the song at her audition and chose will.i.am to be her mentor. Japanese pop singer Sho Sakurai of Arashi re-wrote the rap lyrics","Document [7](Title: The Meaning of Love (album)) a Gold certification, indicating sales of over 200,000 copies in the region of the United Kingdom alone. The Meaning of Love (album) The Meaning of Love is the debut album by Scottish singer and \"Pop Idol\" winner Michelle McManus, issued by BMG. Released on 16 February 2004, it debuted at #3 on the UK Albums Chart and featured two singles: the #1 UK Singles Chart entry \"All This Time\", and the title track, which peaked at #16. Critics derided the record for its production values and songwriting quality; multiple reviewers also found McManus's singing voice to be unimpressive. The album","Document [8](Title: The Meaning of Love) by the original song, and afterwards has a new arrangement of music. The video for \"The Meaning of Love\" was the second video with Alan Wilder, although he did not contribute to the song. The director was Julien Temple. The video was not included on the \"Some Great Videos\" VHS compilation because it was not well-liked by the band. The single was not released in the United States, but the 12\" \"Fairly Odd Mix\" of the song features on the B-side of the \"See You\" US 12\" single. These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of","Document [9](Title: The Meaning of Love (album)) The Meaning of Love (album) The Meaning of Love is the debut album by Scottish singer and \"Pop Idol\" winner Michelle McManus, issued by BMG. Released on 16 February 2004, it debuted at #3 on the UK Albums Chart and featured two singles: the #1 UK Singles Chart entry \"All This Time\", and the title track, which peaked at #16. Critics derided the record for its production values and songwriting quality; multiple reviewers also found McManus's singing voice to be unimpressive. The album was deemed a commercial failure by Sony BMG, who dropped McManus from the label. The album has","Document [10](Title: Where Is the Love?) The song was written by will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo, Justin Timberlake, Ron Fair, Printz Board, George Pajon, Fiona Davies M. Fratantuno, and J. Curtis, and co-produced by will.i.am and Ron Fair. In this song, The Black Eyed Peas lament on various worldwide problems. Many issues are discussed, which include but are not limited to terrorism, US government hypocrisy, racism, gang crime, pollution, war, and intolerance"],"query":"where is the love meaning of the song?","answers":["lament on various worldwide problems"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Outback) The Outback is the vast, remote interior of Australia. The term \"the Outback\" is generally used to refer to locations that are comparatively more remote than those areas named \"the bush\" which, colloquially, can refer to any lands outside the main urban areas.","Document [2](Title: Melaleuca interioris) Lyndley Craven and Brendan Lepschi in \"Australian Systematic Botany\" from a specimen collected north of Leinster in Western Australia. The specific epithet (\"interioris\") refers to the interior of Australia, where this species is found. This melaleuca occurs in the central parts of Western Australia, the central parts of South Australia, the southern half of the Northern Territory, far west of New South Wales and the far south-west corner of Queensland. It grows in shrubland in red sand on the edges of salt lakes, and near ephemeral creeks, claypans and floodplains. \"Melaleuca interioris\" is listed as \"not threatened\" by the Government","Document [3](Title: Australia) coastline. Eastern Australia is marked by the Great Dividing Range, which runs parallel to the coast of Queensland, New South Wales and much of Victoria. The name is not strictly accurate, because parts of the range consist of low hills, and the highlands are typically no more than in height. The coastal uplands and a belt of Brigalow grasslands lie between the coast and the mountains, while inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland. These include the western plains of New South Wales, and the Einasleigh Uplands, Barkly Tableland, and Mulga Lands of inland Queensland. The northernmost","Document [4](Title: Rural health care in Australia) Rural health care in Australia Rural health care in Australia involves the delivery of health services by private, community and public hospitals in areas classified as rural and remote. Researchers note that the health of those living in rural areas is quantitatively and qualitatively different to those living in major metropolitan areas. These differences include often significant gaps in service delivery, accessibility and lower health outcomes. Rural areas and those who live in them are often understood as living in a spatially, economically, socially and culturally distinct group, although there are criticisms of this perspective. Despite the questions about the","Document [5](Title: National Rural Health Alliance) (Federal) Government Department of Health. The Alliance's work has remained independent of government and is controlled and managed by its member bodies, through its Council. Current members of Council at any given time are listed on the Alliance's website. The Alliance's interests and constituency are the communities of rural and remote Australia. Rural and remote areas are defined (arbitrarily) by the Alliance as all those places except the nine capital cities and the regional conurbations of Townsville, the Gold Coast, Newcastle, the Central Coast, Wollongong and Geelong. Australia has various formal classification systems of the geographic continuum from 'metropolitan' to","Document [6](Title: Rural City of Benalla) Rural City of Benalla The Rural City of Benalla is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria, Australia, located in the north-east part of the state. It covers an area of and, at the 2016 Census had a population of almost 14,000. It includes the towns of Baddaginnie, Benalla, Devenish, Goorambat, Major Plains, Swanpool, Tatong, Thoona, Warrenbayne and Winton. It was formed in 2002 from the de-amalgamation of the Shire of Delatite into the current rural city and the Shire of Mansfield. The Rural City is governed and administered by the Benalla Rural City Council; its seat","Document [7](Title: Parish of Goorooyarroo) each called Goorooyarroo (NSW) and Mulligan's Flat \/ Goorooyarroo Nature Reserve (ACT), which were originally part of the parish. In Mulligans Flat Nature Reserve within the ACT, the Mulligan's Flat - Goorooyarroo Woodland Experiment is conducting research into remnant plant and animal life in the area, notably reintroduction of the eastern bettong (marsupial) and brown treecreeper (bird), and remnant yellow box (\"Eucalyptus melliodora\") and Blakely's red gum (\"Eucalyptus blakelyi\"). This study is led from the Fenner School of Environment and Society at the Australian National University, along with involvement from the CSIRO and ACT Government. Parish of Goorooyarroo Goorooyarroo Parish","Document [8](Title: Geography of Australia) Geography of Australia The geography of Australia encompasses a wide variety of biogeographic regions being the world's smallest continent but the sixth-largest country in the world. The population of Australia is concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts. The geography of the country is extremely diverse, ranging from the snow-capped mountains of the Australian Alps and Tasmania to large deserts, tropical and temperate forests. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and the French dependency of New Caledonia to the east, and New Zealand to the southeast. Australia is a","Document [9](Title: Rural health care in Australia) framing of rural and remote areas and health services as 'other' to the metropolitan norm or majority, the framing does \"highlight a serious social and equity issue,\" particularly the gap in access and health outcomes for rural and remote populations. Rural and remote areas of Australia are classified according to a number of different schemes in relation to health care services and reporting. Rural areas are classified by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare as those extending from large rural centres (urban centre population 25,000-99,999) through to rural areas with an urban centre population of less than 10,000. Remote","Document [10](Title: Kimberley (Western Australia)) Kuri Bay to Wallal Downs. Significant sections of the coastline between Broome and Wyndham have no means of road access, and boat or helicopter are the only means. Due to the isolation a number of tourist operations on the coastline have been called \"wilderness\" locations. The rugged and varied sandstone landscape is home to a distinctive mixture of wildlife which has been thoroughly mapped and described by the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management. There are similar habitats to the Kimberley across the border in the Northern Territory including the valleys of the Victoria and Daly Rivers but"],"query":"the vast interior rural area of australia is known as the?","answers":["The Outback","Outback"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Melaleuca interioris) Lyndley Craven and Brendan Lepschi in \"Australian Systematic Botany\" from a specimen collected north of Leinster in Western Australia. The specific epithet (\"interioris\") refers to the interior of Australia, where this species is found. This melaleuca occurs in the central parts of Western Australia, the central parts of South Australia, the southern half of the Northern Territory, far west of New South Wales and the far south-west corner of Queensland. It grows in shrubland in red sand on the edges of salt lakes, and near ephemeral creeks, claypans and floodplains. \"Melaleuca interioris\" is listed as \"not threatened\" by the Government","Document [2](Title: Australia) coastline. Eastern Australia is marked by the Great Dividing Range, which runs parallel to the coast of Queensland, New South Wales and much of Victoria. The name is not strictly accurate, because parts of the range consist of low hills, and the highlands are typically no more than in height. The coastal uplands and a belt of Brigalow grasslands lie between the coast and the mountains, while inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland. These include the western plains of New South Wales, and the Einasleigh Uplands, Barkly Tableland, and Mulga Lands of inland Queensland. The northernmost","Document [3](Title: Rural health care in Australia) Rural health care in Australia Rural health care in Australia involves the delivery of health services by private, community and public hospitals in areas classified as rural and remote. Researchers note that the health of those living in rural areas is quantitatively and qualitatively different to those living in major metropolitan areas. These differences include often significant gaps in service delivery, accessibility and lower health outcomes. Rural areas and those who live in them are often understood as living in a spatially, economically, socially and culturally distinct group, although there are criticisms of this perspective. Despite the questions about the","Document [4](Title: National Rural Health Alliance) (Federal) Government Department of Health. The Alliance's work has remained independent of government and is controlled and managed by its member bodies, through its Council. Current members of Council at any given time are listed on the Alliance's website. The Alliance's interests and constituency are the communities of rural and remote Australia. Rural and remote areas are defined (arbitrarily) by the Alliance as all those places except the nine capital cities and the regional conurbations of Townsville, the Gold Coast, Newcastle, the Central Coast, Wollongong and Geelong. Australia has various formal classification systems of the geographic continuum from 'metropolitan' to","Document [5](Title: Outback) The Outback is the vast, remote interior of Australia. The term \"the Outback\" is generally used to refer to locations that are comparatively more remote than those areas named \"the bush\" which, colloquially, can refer to any lands outside the main urban areas.","Document [6](Title: Rural City of Benalla) Rural City of Benalla The Rural City of Benalla is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria, Australia, located in the north-east part of the state. It covers an area of and, at the 2016 Census had a population of almost 14,000. It includes the towns of Baddaginnie, Benalla, Devenish, Goorambat, Major Plains, Swanpool, Tatong, Thoona, Warrenbayne and Winton. It was formed in 2002 from the de-amalgamation of the Shire of Delatite into the current rural city and the Shire of Mansfield. The Rural City is governed and administered by the Benalla Rural City Council; its seat","Document [7](Title: Parish of Goorooyarroo) each called Goorooyarroo (NSW) and Mulligan's Flat \/ Goorooyarroo Nature Reserve (ACT), which were originally part of the parish. In Mulligans Flat Nature Reserve within the ACT, the Mulligan's Flat - Goorooyarroo Woodland Experiment is conducting research into remnant plant and animal life in the area, notably reintroduction of the eastern bettong (marsupial) and brown treecreeper (bird), and remnant yellow box (\"Eucalyptus melliodora\") and Blakely's red gum (\"Eucalyptus blakelyi\"). This study is led from the Fenner School of Environment and Society at the Australian National University, along with involvement from the CSIRO and ACT Government. Parish of Goorooyarroo Goorooyarroo Parish","Document [8](Title: Geography of Australia) Geography of Australia The geography of Australia encompasses a wide variety of biogeographic regions being the world's smallest continent but the sixth-largest country in the world. The population of Australia is concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts. The geography of the country is extremely diverse, ranging from the snow-capped mountains of the Australian Alps and Tasmania to large deserts, tropical and temperate forests. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and the French dependency of New Caledonia to the east, and New Zealand to the southeast. Australia is a","Document [9](Title: Rural health care in Australia) framing of rural and remote areas and health services as 'other' to the metropolitan norm or majority, the framing does \"highlight a serious social and equity issue,\" particularly the gap in access and health outcomes for rural and remote populations. Rural and remote areas of Australia are classified according to a number of different schemes in relation to health care services and reporting. Rural areas are classified by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare as those extending from large rural centres (urban centre population 25,000-99,999) through to rural areas with an urban centre population of less than 10,000. Remote","Document [10](Title: Kimberley (Western Australia)) Kuri Bay to Wallal Downs. Significant sections of the coastline between Broome and Wyndham have no means of road access, and boat or helicopter are the only means. Due to the isolation a number of tourist operations on the coastline have been called \"wilderness\" locations. The rugged and varied sandstone landscape is home to a distinctive mixture of wildlife which has been thoroughly mapped and described by the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management. There are similar habitats to the Kimberley across the border in the Northern Territory including the valleys of the Victoria and Daly Rivers but"],"query":"the vast interior rural area of australia is known as the?","answers":["The Outback","Outback"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Melaleuca interioris) Lyndley Craven and Brendan Lepschi in \"Australian Systematic Botany\" from a specimen collected north of Leinster in Western Australia. The specific epithet (\"interioris\") refers to the interior of Australia, where this species is found. This melaleuca occurs in the central parts of Western Australia, the central parts of South Australia, the southern half of the Northern Territory, far west of New South Wales and the far south-west corner of Queensland. It grows in shrubland in red sand on the edges of salt lakes, and near ephemeral creeks, claypans and floodplains. \"Melaleuca interioris\" is listed as \"not threatened\" by the Government","Document [2](Title: Australia) coastline. Eastern Australia is marked by the Great Dividing Range, which runs parallel to the coast of Queensland, New South Wales and much of Victoria. The name is not strictly accurate, because parts of the range consist of low hills, and the highlands are typically no more than in height. The coastal uplands and a belt of Brigalow grasslands lie between the coast and the mountains, while inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland. These include the western plains of New South Wales, and the Einasleigh Uplands, Barkly Tableland, and Mulga Lands of inland Queensland. The northernmost","Document [3](Title: Rural health care in Australia) Rural health care in Australia Rural health care in Australia involves the delivery of health services by private, community and public hospitals in areas classified as rural and remote. Researchers note that the health of those living in rural areas is quantitatively and qualitatively different to those living in major metropolitan areas. These differences include often significant gaps in service delivery, accessibility and lower health outcomes. Rural areas and those who live in them are often understood as living in a spatially, economically, socially and culturally distinct group, although there are criticisms of this perspective. Despite the questions about the","Document [4](Title: National Rural Health Alliance) (Federal) Government Department of Health. The Alliance's work has remained independent of government and is controlled and managed by its member bodies, through its Council. Current members of Council at any given time are listed on the Alliance's website. The Alliance's interests and constituency are the communities of rural and remote Australia. Rural and remote areas are defined (arbitrarily) by the Alliance as all those places except the nine capital cities and the regional conurbations of Townsville, the Gold Coast, Newcastle, the Central Coast, Wollongong and Geelong. Australia has various formal classification systems of the geographic continuum from 'metropolitan' to","Document [5](Title: Rural City of Benalla) Rural City of Benalla The Rural City of Benalla is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria, Australia, located in the north-east part of the state. It covers an area of and, at the 2016 Census had a population of almost 14,000. It includes the towns of Baddaginnie, Benalla, Devenish, Goorambat, Major Plains, Swanpool, Tatong, Thoona, Warrenbayne and Winton. It was formed in 2002 from the de-amalgamation of the Shire of Delatite into the current rural city and the Shire of Mansfield. The Rural City is governed and administered by the Benalla Rural City Council; its seat","Document [6](Title: Parish of Goorooyarroo) each called Goorooyarroo (NSW) and Mulligan's Flat \/ Goorooyarroo Nature Reserve (ACT), which were originally part of the parish. In Mulligans Flat Nature Reserve within the ACT, the Mulligan's Flat - Goorooyarroo Woodland Experiment is conducting research into remnant plant and animal life in the area, notably reintroduction of the eastern bettong (marsupial) and brown treecreeper (bird), and remnant yellow box (\"Eucalyptus melliodora\") and Blakely's red gum (\"Eucalyptus blakelyi\"). This study is led from the Fenner School of Environment and Society at the Australian National University, along with involvement from the CSIRO and ACT Government. Parish of Goorooyarroo Goorooyarroo Parish","Document [7](Title: Geography of Australia) Geography of Australia The geography of Australia encompasses a wide variety of biogeographic regions being the world's smallest continent but the sixth-largest country in the world. The population of Australia is concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts. The geography of the country is extremely diverse, ranging from the snow-capped mountains of the Australian Alps and Tasmania to large deserts, tropical and temperate forests. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and the French dependency of New Caledonia to the east, and New Zealand to the southeast. Australia is a","Document [8](Title: Rural health care in Australia) framing of rural and remote areas and health services as 'other' to the metropolitan norm or majority, the framing does \"highlight a serious social and equity issue,\" particularly the gap in access and health outcomes for rural and remote populations. Rural and remote areas of Australia are classified according to a number of different schemes in relation to health care services and reporting. Rural areas are classified by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare as those extending from large rural centres (urban centre population 25,000-99,999) through to rural areas with an urban centre population of less than 10,000. Remote","Document [9](Title: Kimberley (Western Australia)) Kuri Bay to Wallal Downs. Significant sections of the coastline between Broome and Wyndham have no means of road access, and boat or helicopter are the only means. Due to the isolation a number of tourist operations on the coastline have been called \"wilderness\" locations. The rugged and varied sandstone landscape is home to a distinctive mixture of wildlife which has been thoroughly mapped and described by the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management. There are similar habitats to the Kimberley across the border in the Northern Territory including the valleys of the Victoria and Daly Rivers but","Document [10](Title: Outback) The Outback is the vast, remote interior of Australia. The term \"the Outback\" is generally used to refer to locations that are comparatively more remote than those areas named \"the bush\" which, colloquially, can refer to any lands outside the main urban areas."],"query":"the vast interior rural area of australia is known as the?","answers":["The Outback","Outback"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Sam Hill (euphemism)) Sam Hill is an American English slang phrase, a euphemism or minced oath for \"the devil\" or \"hell\" personified (as in, \"What in the Sam Hill is that?\"). Etymologist Michael Quinion and others date the expression back to the late 1830s; they and others consider the expression to have been a simple bowdlerization, with, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, an unknown origin.","Document [2](Title: Samuel Hill) Maryhill, Washington. Sam Hill was born into a Quaker family in Deep River, North Carolina. His family was displaced by the American Civil War and Sam grew up after the war in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Hill graduated from Haverford College in 1878 (also his father's alma mater). At Haverford he studied Latin, Greek, French, and German as well as mathematics, science, English literature, logic, rhetoric, and political science. He attended Harvard University for a year to receive a second bachelor's degree in 1879. At Harvard he continued his Latin and history (\"\"Colonial History of America\"\" under Henry Cabot Lodge) and studied","Document [3](Title: Sam Hill (rugby union)) Sam Hill (rugby union) Sam Hill (born 1 July 1993) is a rugby union player for Exeter Chiefs in the Aviva Premiership. He made his debut for the club against Wasps on 28 January 2012 and he plays as a centre. Hill attended Cheriton Bishop Primary School before moving on to Queen Elizabeths Community College in Crediton. Having played for Crediton RFC until the age of 15, Sam was honoured to gain selection for England under 16s and moved to Ivybridge College sixth form for two years. Hill spent the early years of his professional career dual-registered with Cornish Pirates","Document [4](Title: Samuel W Hill) the cuss words. Eventually, the phrase \"What in Sam Hill?\" spread beyond the Keweenaw Peninsula to become part of the American language. Samuel W. Hill married Susan A. Warren, July 16, 1851. Miss Warren was a pioneer school teacher in the Upper Peninsula, and established the first school in the Keweenaw region. The Hills were to make their home in Marshall, Michigan. Hill later served in the Michigan legislature, being twice elected. Samuel W Hill Samuel W. Hill, (November 6, 1815 \u2013 August 28, 1889) was an American surveyor, geologist and mining developer in Michigan's Copper Country. Samuel Worth Hill","Document [5](Title: Sam Hill House (Seattle)) Sam Hill House (Seattle) Sam Hill House is a historic, privately owned home located in Seattle, Washington's Capitol Hill neighborhood. The property forms part of the city-designated Harvard-Belmont Landmark District. The concrete building was constructed between 1909 and 1910 by railroad magnate Sam Hill in preparation for a planned visit to Seattle by a member of the Belgian royal family. Following Hill's 1931 death, the home remained vacant until its purchase in 1937 by Theodore and Guendolen Plestcheeff. Guendolen Plestcheeff, a notable local preservationist, remained resident at the property until her death in 1994. In 2016 the home went on","Document [6](Title: Samuel Hill) across the Columbia River was named the Sam Hill Memorial Bridge. Sam Hill was also a strong advocate of better roads for Japan, and of Japanese-American friendship, which earned him the Third Class Order of the Sacred Treasure in 1922. Sam Hill built two notable monuments and an art museum, and purchased the private Minneapolis Athenaeum and donated it to the city. The Stonehenge replica at Maryhill commemorates the dead of World War I. It was built by Hill as a reminder that in the present day people are still being sacrificed to the god of war. Hill began to","Document [7](Title: Samuel Hill) which was eventually demolished for the construction of the Bonneville Dam. Sam arranged a marriage of convenience for Mona Bell to his cousin Edgar Hill, again allowing his child to be raised as legitimate, and this time as a legal member of his natural father's family. Hill's biographer John E. Tuhy (\"Sam Hill: The Prince of Castle Nowhere\", 1983) occasionally questions aspects of Hill's own account of his life and doings or finds contradictions in anecdotes told at various times. He believes that Hill was at least somewhat manic-depressive and sees strong signs of a manic, or at least hypomanic,","Document [8](Title: Sam H. Hill) Sam H. Hill Samuel Houston Hill (November 20, 1898 \u2013 March 14, 1978) was an American football and basketball coach. Hill was the 14th head football coach for Fairmont College and the University of Wichita (now Wichita State University) located in Wichita, Kansas and he held that position for four seasons, from 1923 until 1924 and again from 1928 until 1929. Fairmount College became the Municipal University of Wichita in 1926. His overall coaching record at Fairmount & Wichita was 14 wins, 14 losses, and 5 ties. This ranks him ninth at Wichita State in terms of total wins and","Document [9](Title: Sam Hill (cyclist)) riding in unfavorable conditions, Sam admits that he rarely rides in the rain. In an interview with Steve Jones of Dirt Magazine featured in the film 'Earthed 5: The Law of Fives', when asked if it rained that hard in Australia and if he was used to riding in such conditions Sam replied \"I don't even see a raindrop when I'm in Australia\". Jones then asked \"So you never ride in the rain?\" Hill's reply was simply, \"My bike gets muddy\". Sam Hill came into this race the reigning world champion. With four riders left on the hill Sam Hill","Document [10](Title: Samuel Hill) Samuel Hill Samuel Hill (13 May 1857 \u2013 26 February 1931), usually known as Sam Hill, was an American businessman, lawyer, railroad executive, and advocate of good roads. He substantially influenced the Pacific Northwest region's economic development in the early 20th century. His projects include the Peace Arch, a monument to 100 years of peace between the United States and Canada, on the border between Blaine, Washington, and Surrey, British Columbia, and the Maryhill Museum of Art. Although his promotion of paved modern roads is possibly his greatest legacy, he is now best remembered for building the Stonehenge replica in"],"query":"where does what in the sam hill come from?","answers":["simple bowdlerization"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Samuel Hill) Maryhill, Washington. Sam Hill was born into a Quaker family in Deep River, North Carolina. His family was displaced by the American Civil War and Sam grew up after the war in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Hill graduated from Haverford College in 1878 (also his father's alma mater). At Haverford he studied Latin, Greek, French, and German as well as mathematics, science, English literature, logic, rhetoric, and political science. He attended Harvard University for a year to receive a second bachelor's degree in 1879. At Harvard he continued his Latin and history (\"\"Colonial History of America\"\" under Henry Cabot Lodge) and studied","Document [2](Title: Sam Hill (rugby union)) Sam Hill (rugby union) Sam Hill (born 1 July 1993) is a rugby union player for Exeter Chiefs in the Aviva Premiership. He made his debut for the club against Wasps on 28 January 2012 and he plays as a centre. Hill attended Cheriton Bishop Primary School before moving on to Queen Elizabeths Community College in Crediton. Having played for Crediton RFC until the age of 15, Sam was honoured to gain selection for England under 16s and moved to Ivybridge College sixth form for two years. Hill spent the early years of his professional career dual-registered with Cornish Pirates","Document [3](Title: Samuel W Hill) the cuss words. Eventually, the phrase \"What in Sam Hill?\" spread beyond the Keweenaw Peninsula to become part of the American language. Samuel W. Hill married Susan A. Warren, July 16, 1851. Miss Warren was a pioneer school teacher in the Upper Peninsula, and established the first school in the Keweenaw region. The Hills were to make their home in Marshall, Michigan. Hill later served in the Michigan legislature, being twice elected. Samuel W Hill Samuel W. Hill, (November 6, 1815 \u2013 August 28, 1889) was an American surveyor, geologist and mining developer in Michigan's Copper Country. Samuel Worth Hill","Document [4](Title: Sam Hill House (Seattle)) Sam Hill House (Seattle) Sam Hill House is a historic, privately owned home located in Seattle, Washington's Capitol Hill neighborhood. The property forms part of the city-designated Harvard-Belmont Landmark District. The concrete building was constructed between 1909 and 1910 by railroad magnate Sam Hill in preparation for a planned visit to Seattle by a member of the Belgian royal family. Following Hill's 1931 death, the home remained vacant until its purchase in 1937 by Theodore and Guendolen Plestcheeff. Guendolen Plestcheeff, a notable local preservationist, remained resident at the property until her death in 1994. In 2016 the home went on","Document [5](Title: Sam Hill (euphemism)) Sam Hill is an American English slang phrase, a euphemism or minced oath for \"the devil\" or \"hell\" personified (as in, \"What in the Sam Hill is that?\"). Etymologist Michael Quinion and others date the expression back to the late 1830s; they and others consider the expression to have been a simple bowdlerization, with, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, an unknown origin.","Document [6](Title: Samuel Hill) across the Columbia River was named the Sam Hill Memorial Bridge. Sam Hill was also a strong advocate of better roads for Japan, and of Japanese-American friendship, which earned him the Third Class Order of the Sacred Treasure in 1922. Sam Hill built two notable monuments and an art museum, and purchased the private Minneapolis Athenaeum and donated it to the city. The Stonehenge replica at Maryhill commemorates the dead of World War I. It was built by Hill as a reminder that in the present day people are still being sacrificed to the god of war. Hill began to","Document [7](Title: Samuel Hill) which was eventually demolished for the construction of the Bonneville Dam. Sam arranged a marriage of convenience for Mona Bell to his cousin Edgar Hill, again allowing his child to be raised as legitimate, and this time as a legal member of his natural father's family. Hill's biographer John E. Tuhy (\"Sam Hill: The Prince of Castle Nowhere\", 1983) occasionally questions aspects of Hill's own account of his life and doings or finds contradictions in anecdotes told at various times. He believes that Hill was at least somewhat manic-depressive and sees strong signs of a manic, or at least hypomanic,","Document [8](Title: Sam H. Hill) Sam H. Hill Samuel Houston Hill (November 20, 1898 \u2013 March 14, 1978) was an American football and basketball coach. Hill was the 14th head football coach for Fairmont College and the University of Wichita (now Wichita State University) located in Wichita, Kansas and he held that position for four seasons, from 1923 until 1924 and again from 1928 until 1929. Fairmount College became the Municipal University of Wichita in 1926. His overall coaching record at Fairmount & Wichita was 14 wins, 14 losses, and 5 ties. This ranks him ninth at Wichita State in terms of total wins and","Document [9](Title: Sam Hill (cyclist)) riding in unfavorable conditions, Sam admits that he rarely rides in the rain. In an interview with Steve Jones of Dirt Magazine featured in the film 'Earthed 5: The Law of Fives', when asked if it rained that hard in Australia and if he was used to riding in such conditions Sam replied \"I don't even see a raindrop when I'm in Australia\". Jones then asked \"So you never ride in the rain?\" Hill's reply was simply, \"My bike gets muddy\". Sam Hill came into this race the reigning world champion. With four riders left on the hill Sam Hill","Document [10](Title: Samuel Hill) Samuel Hill Samuel Hill (13 May 1857 \u2013 26 February 1931), usually known as Sam Hill, was an American businessman, lawyer, railroad executive, and advocate of good roads. He substantially influenced the Pacific Northwest region's economic development in the early 20th century. His projects include the Peace Arch, a monument to 100 years of peace between the United States and Canada, on the border between Blaine, Washington, and Surrey, British Columbia, and the Maryhill Museum of Art. Although his promotion of paved modern roads is possibly his greatest legacy, he is now best remembered for building the Stonehenge replica in"],"query":"where does what in the sam hill come from?","answers":["simple bowdlerization"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Samuel Hill) Maryhill, Washington. Sam Hill was born into a Quaker family in Deep River, North Carolina. His family was displaced by the American Civil War and Sam grew up after the war in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Hill graduated from Haverford College in 1878 (also his father's alma mater). At Haverford he studied Latin, Greek, French, and German as well as mathematics, science, English literature, logic, rhetoric, and political science. He attended Harvard University for a year to receive a second bachelor's degree in 1879. At Harvard he continued his Latin and history (\"\"Colonial History of America\"\" under Henry Cabot Lodge) and studied","Document [2](Title: Sam Hill (rugby union)) Sam Hill (rugby union) Sam Hill (born 1 July 1993) is a rugby union player for Exeter Chiefs in the Aviva Premiership. He made his debut for the club against Wasps on 28 January 2012 and he plays as a centre. Hill attended Cheriton Bishop Primary School before moving on to Queen Elizabeths Community College in Crediton. Having played for Crediton RFC until the age of 15, Sam was honoured to gain selection for England under 16s and moved to Ivybridge College sixth form for two years. Hill spent the early years of his professional career dual-registered with Cornish Pirates","Document [3](Title: Samuel W Hill) the cuss words. Eventually, the phrase \"What in Sam Hill?\" spread beyond the Keweenaw Peninsula to become part of the American language. Samuel W. Hill married Susan A. Warren, July 16, 1851. Miss Warren was a pioneer school teacher in the Upper Peninsula, and established the first school in the Keweenaw region. The Hills were to make their home in Marshall, Michigan. Hill later served in the Michigan legislature, being twice elected. Samuel W Hill Samuel W. Hill, (November 6, 1815 \u2013 August 28, 1889) was an American surveyor, geologist and mining developer in Michigan's Copper Country. Samuel Worth Hill","Document [4](Title: Sam Hill House (Seattle)) Sam Hill House (Seattle) Sam Hill House is a historic, privately owned home located in Seattle, Washington's Capitol Hill neighborhood. The property forms part of the city-designated Harvard-Belmont Landmark District. The concrete building was constructed between 1909 and 1910 by railroad magnate Sam Hill in preparation for a planned visit to Seattle by a member of the Belgian royal family. Following Hill's 1931 death, the home remained vacant until its purchase in 1937 by Theodore and Guendolen Plestcheeff. Guendolen Plestcheeff, a notable local preservationist, remained resident at the property until her death in 1994. In 2016 the home went on","Document [5](Title: Samuel Hill) across the Columbia River was named the Sam Hill Memorial Bridge. Sam Hill was also a strong advocate of better roads for Japan, and of Japanese-American friendship, which earned him the Third Class Order of the Sacred Treasure in 1922. Sam Hill built two notable monuments and an art museum, and purchased the private Minneapolis Athenaeum and donated it to the city. The Stonehenge replica at Maryhill commemorates the dead of World War I. It was built by Hill as a reminder that in the present day people are still being sacrificed to the god of war. Hill began to","Document [6](Title: Samuel Hill) which was eventually demolished for the construction of the Bonneville Dam. Sam arranged a marriage of convenience for Mona Bell to his cousin Edgar Hill, again allowing his child to be raised as legitimate, and this time as a legal member of his natural father's family. Hill's biographer John E. Tuhy (\"Sam Hill: The Prince of Castle Nowhere\", 1983) occasionally questions aspects of Hill's own account of his life and doings or finds contradictions in anecdotes told at various times. He believes that Hill was at least somewhat manic-depressive and sees strong signs of a manic, or at least hypomanic,","Document [7](Title: Sam H. Hill) Sam H. Hill Samuel Houston Hill (November 20, 1898 \u2013 March 14, 1978) was an American football and basketball coach. Hill was the 14th head football coach for Fairmont College and the University of Wichita (now Wichita State University) located in Wichita, Kansas and he held that position for four seasons, from 1923 until 1924 and again from 1928 until 1929. Fairmount College became the Municipal University of Wichita in 1926. His overall coaching record at Fairmount & Wichita was 14 wins, 14 losses, and 5 ties. This ranks him ninth at Wichita State in terms of total wins and","Document [8](Title: Sam Hill (cyclist)) riding in unfavorable conditions, Sam admits that he rarely rides in the rain. In an interview with Steve Jones of Dirt Magazine featured in the film 'Earthed 5: The Law of Fives', when asked if it rained that hard in Australia and if he was used to riding in such conditions Sam replied \"I don't even see a raindrop when I'm in Australia\". Jones then asked \"So you never ride in the rain?\" Hill's reply was simply, \"My bike gets muddy\". Sam Hill came into this race the reigning world champion. With four riders left on the hill Sam Hill","Document [9](Title: Samuel Hill) Samuel Hill Samuel Hill (13 May 1857 \u2013 26 February 1931), usually known as Sam Hill, was an American businessman, lawyer, railroad executive, and advocate of good roads. He substantially influenced the Pacific Northwest region's economic development in the early 20th century. His projects include the Peace Arch, a monument to 100 years of peace between the United States and Canada, on the border between Blaine, Washington, and Surrey, British Columbia, and the Maryhill Museum of Art. Although his promotion of paved modern roads is possibly his greatest legacy, he is now best remembered for building the Stonehenge replica in","Document [10](Title: Sam Hill (euphemism)) Sam Hill is an American English slang phrase, a euphemism or minced oath for \"the devil\" or \"hell\" personified (as in, \"What in the Sam Hill is that?\"). Etymologist Michael Quinion and others date the expression back to the late 1830s; they and others consider the expression to have been a simple bowdlerization, with, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, an unknown origin."],"query":"where does what in the sam hill come from?","answers":["simple bowdlerization"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Moon landing) To date, the United States is the only country to have successfully conducted manned missions to the Moon, with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972.","Document [2](Title: Gene Cernan) standing on the lunar surface: Cernan's status as the last person to walk on the Moon means Purdue University is the \"alma mater\" of both the first person to walk on the Moon\u2014Neil Armstrong\u2014and the most recent. Cernan is one of only three astronauts to travel to the Moon on two occasions; the others being Jim Lovell and John Young. , he is also one of only twelve people to have walked on the Moon. Apollo 10 holds the record for the highest speed attained by any manned vehicle at during its return from the Moon on May 26, 1969.","Document [3](Title: Darlah) of the \"DP7 event on Earth in 2019\" (Mia killing everybody) and have found a letter written by Mia. She says goodbye in this letter, saying she has very little time left and that the space suit's gloves make it hard to write. The report ends. Prior to the US release of \"172 Hours on the Moon\" in July 2012, Little, Brown, the publishing house, created an extensive media campaign to promote the book. A website was made, where visitors were met by the text \"Do you want to go to the moon? Are you between the ages of 14","Document [4](Title: Luna 24) sample for a lunar sample from NASA in December 1976. \"Luna 24\" was the last lunar spacecraft to be launched by the Soviet Union. It was also the last spacecraft to make a soft landing on the Moon until the landing of \"Chang'e 3\" on December 14, 2013, 37 years later. In February 1978 soviet scientists M. Akhmanova, B. Dement'ev, and M. Markov of the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytic Chemistry published a paper claiming a detection of water fairly definitively. Their study showed that the samples returned to Earth by the probe contained about 0.1% water by mass,","Document [5](Title: Apollo 7) complete technical success, giving NASA the confidence to send Apollo 8 into orbit around the Moon two months later. The flight would prove to be the final space flight for all of its three crew members\u2014and the only one for both Cunningham and Eisele\u2014when it splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean on October 22, 1968. It was also the only manned launch from Launch Complex 34, as well as the last launch from the complex. Schirra, Eisele, and Cunningham were first named as an Apollo crew on September 29, 1966. They were to fly a second Earth orbital test of","Document [6](Title: Tranquility Base) Tranquility Base Tranquility Base (Latin: Statio Tranquillitatis) is the site on the Moon where, in 1969, humans landed and walked on another celestial body for the first time. On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 crewmembers Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Apollo Lunar Module \"Eagle\" at approximately 20:17:40 UTC. Six hours later, the two astronauts exited the spacecraft and spent 2 hours 31 minutes on the lunar surface, examining and photographing it, setting up some scientific experiment packages, and collecting of dirt and rock samples for return to Earth. They lifted off the surface on July 21 at 17:54","Document [7](Title: The Dark Side of the Moon) food?\", before moving on to themes more central to the album (such as madness, violence, and death). Questions such as \"When was the last time you were violent?\", followed immediately by \"Were you in the right?\", were answered in the order they were presented. Roger \"The Hat\" Manifold proved difficult to find, and was the only contributor recorded in a conventional sit-down interview, as by then the flashcards had been mislaid. Waters asked him about a violent encounter he had had with another motorist, and Manifold replied \"... give 'em a quick, short, sharp shock ...\" When asked about death","Document [8](Title: Far side of the Moon) 17 missions since that time, and photographed by multiple lunar probes. Spacecraft passing behind the Moon were out of direct radio communication with the Earth, and had to wait until the orbit allowed transmission. During the Apollo missions, the main engine of the Service Module was fired when the vessel was behind the Moon, producing some tense moments in Mission Control before the craft reappeared. Geologist-astronaut Harrison Schmitt, who became the last to step onto the Moon, had aggressively lobbied for his landing site to be on the far side of the Moon, targeting the lava-filled crater Tsiolkovskiy. Schmitt's ambitious","Document [9](Title: Gene Cernan) on a rock. He states in the 2014 documentary \"The Last Man on the Moon\" that he wrote them in the lunar dust as he left the rover to return to the LEM and Earth. The true story of leaving the initials on the lunar surface was prominently mentioned in an episode (Season 3 Episode 20: The Last Walt) of \"Modern Family\". A recording of Cernan's voice during the Apollo 17 mission was sampled by Daft Punk for \"Contact\", the last track on their 2013 album \"Random Access Memories\". Cernan's last words from the lunar surface, along with Lunar Module","Document [10](Title: Gene Cernan) Aldrin spent outside the LM on Apollo 11. During this time Cernan and Schmitt covered more than using the Lunar Rover and spent a great deal of time collecting geologic samples (including a record 34 kilograms (75 lb) of samples, the most of any Apollo mission) that would shed light on the Moon's early history. Cernan piloted the rover on its final sortie, recording a maximum speed of , giving him the unofficial lunar land speed record. As Cernan prepared to climb the ladder for the final time, he spoke these words, currently the last spoken by a human being"],"query":"when was the last time anyone was on the moon?","answers":["14 December 1972 UTC","December 1972"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Gene Cernan) standing on the lunar surface: Cernan's status as the last person to walk on the Moon means Purdue University is the \"alma mater\" of both the first person to walk on the Moon\u2014Neil Armstrong\u2014and the most recent. Cernan is one of only three astronauts to travel to the Moon on two occasions; the others being Jim Lovell and John Young. , he is also one of only twelve people to have walked on the Moon. Apollo 10 holds the record for the highest speed attained by any manned vehicle at during its return from the Moon on May 26, 1969.","Document [2](Title: Darlah) of the \"DP7 event on Earth in 2019\" (Mia killing everybody) and have found a letter written by Mia. She says goodbye in this letter, saying she has very little time left and that the space suit's gloves make it hard to write. The report ends. Prior to the US release of \"172 Hours on the Moon\" in July 2012, Little, Brown, the publishing house, created an extensive media campaign to promote the book. A website was made, where visitors were met by the text \"Do you want to go to the moon? Are you between the ages of 14","Document [3](Title: Luna 24) sample for a lunar sample from NASA in December 1976. \"Luna 24\" was the last lunar spacecraft to be launched by the Soviet Union. It was also the last spacecraft to make a soft landing on the Moon until the landing of \"Chang'e 3\" on December 14, 2013, 37 years later. In February 1978 soviet scientists M. Akhmanova, B. Dement'ev, and M. Markov of the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytic Chemistry published a paper claiming a detection of water fairly definitively. Their study showed that the samples returned to Earth by the probe contained about 0.1% water by mass,","Document [4](Title: Apollo 7) complete technical success, giving NASA the confidence to send Apollo 8 into orbit around the Moon two months later. The flight would prove to be the final space flight for all of its three crew members\u2014and the only one for both Cunningham and Eisele\u2014when it splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean on October 22, 1968. It was also the only manned launch from Launch Complex 34, as well as the last launch from the complex. Schirra, Eisele, and Cunningham were first named as an Apollo crew on September 29, 1966. They were to fly a second Earth orbital test of","Document [5](Title: Moon landing) To date, the United States is the only country to have successfully conducted manned missions to the Moon, with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972.","Document [6](Title: Tranquility Base) Tranquility Base Tranquility Base (Latin: Statio Tranquillitatis) is the site on the Moon where, in 1969, humans landed and walked on another celestial body for the first time. On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 crewmembers Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Apollo Lunar Module \"Eagle\" at approximately 20:17:40 UTC. Six hours later, the two astronauts exited the spacecraft and spent 2 hours 31 minutes on the lunar surface, examining and photographing it, setting up some scientific experiment packages, and collecting of dirt and rock samples for return to Earth. They lifted off the surface on July 21 at 17:54","Document [7](Title: The Dark Side of the Moon) food?\", before moving on to themes more central to the album (such as madness, violence, and death). Questions such as \"When was the last time you were violent?\", followed immediately by \"Were you in the right?\", were answered in the order they were presented. Roger \"The Hat\" Manifold proved difficult to find, and was the only contributor recorded in a conventional sit-down interview, as by then the flashcards had been mislaid. Waters asked him about a violent encounter he had had with another motorist, and Manifold replied \"... give 'em a quick, short, sharp shock ...\" When asked about death","Document [8](Title: Far side of the Moon) 17 missions since that time, and photographed by multiple lunar probes. Spacecraft passing behind the Moon were out of direct radio communication with the Earth, and had to wait until the orbit allowed transmission. During the Apollo missions, the main engine of the Service Module was fired when the vessel was behind the Moon, producing some tense moments in Mission Control before the craft reappeared. Geologist-astronaut Harrison Schmitt, who became the last to step onto the Moon, had aggressively lobbied for his landing site to be on the far side of the Moon, targeting the lava-filled crater Tsiolkovskiy. Schmitt's ambitious","Document [9](Title: Gene Cernan) on a rock. He states in the 2014 documentary \"The Last Man on the Moon\" that he wrote them in the lunar dust as he left the rover to return to the LEM and Earth. The true story of leaving the initials on the lunar surface was prominently mentioned in an episode (Season 3 Episode 20: The Last Walt) of \"Modern Family\". A recording of Cernan's voice during the Apollo 17 mission was sampled by Daft Punk for \"Contact\", the last track on their 2013 album \"Random Access Memories\". Cernan's last words from the lunar surface, along with Lunar Module","Document [10](Title: Gene Cernan) Aldrin spent outside the LM on Apollo 11. During this time Cernan and Schmitt covered more than using the Lunar Rover and spent a great deal of time collecting geologic samples (including a record 34 kilograms (75 lb) of samples, the most of any Apollo mission) that would shed light on the Moon's early history. Cernan piloted the rover on its final sortie, recording a maximum speed of , giving him the unofficial lunar land speed record. As Cernan prepared to climb the ladder for the final time, he spoke these words, currently the last spoken by a human being"],"query":"when was the last time anyone was on the moon?","answers":["14 December 1972 UTC","December 1972"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Gene Cernan) standing on the lunar surface: Cernan's status as the last person to walk on the Moon means Purdue University is the \"alma mater\" of both the first person to walk on the Moon\u2014Neil Armstrong\u2014and the most recent. Cernan is one of only three astronauts to travel to the Moon on two occasions; the others being Jim Lovell and John Young. , he is also one of only twelve people to have walked on the Moon. Apollo 10 holds the record for the highest speed attained by any manned vehicle at during its return from the Moon on May 26, 1969.","Document [2](Title: Darlah) of the \"DP7 event on Earth in 2019\" (Mia killing everybody) and have found a letter written by Mia. She says goodbye in this letter, saying she has very little time left and that the space suit's gloves make it hard to write. The report ends. Prior to the US release of \"172 Hours on the Moon\" in July 2012, Little, Brown, the publishing house, created an extensive media campaign to promote the book. A website was made, where visitors were met by the text \"Do you want to go to the moon? Are you between the ages of 14","Document [3](Title: Luna 24) sample for a lunar sample from NASA in December 1976. \"Luna 24\" was the last lunar spacecraft to be launched by the Soviet Union. It was also the last spacecraft to make a soft landing on the Moon until the landing of \"Chang'e 3\" on December 14, 2013, 37 years later. In February 1978 soviet scientists M. Akhmanova, B. Dement'ev, and M. Markov of the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytic Chemistry published a paper claiming a detection of water fairly definitively. Their study showed that the samples returned to Earth by the probe contained about 0.1% water by mass,","Document [4](Title: Apollo 7) complete technical success, giving NASA the confidence to send Apollo 8 into orbit around the Moon two months later. The flight would prove to be the final space flight for all of its three crew members\u2014and the only one for both Cunningham and Eisele\u2014when it splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean on October 22, 1968. It was also the only manned launch from Launch Complex 34, as well as the last launch from the complex. Schirra, Eisele, and Cunningham were first named as an Apollo crew on September 29, 1966. They were to fly a second Earth orbital test of","Document [5](Title: Tranquility Base) Tranquility Base Tranquility Base (Latin: Statio Tranquillitatis) is the site on the Moon where, in 1969, humans landed and walked on another celestial body for the first time. On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 crewmembers Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Apollo Lunar Module \"Eagle\" at approximately 20:17:40 UTC. Six hours later, the two astronauts exited the spacecraft and spent 2 hours 31 minutes on the lunar surface, examining and photographing it, setting up some scientific experiment packages, and collecting of dirt and rock samples for return to Earth. They lifted off the surface on July 21 at 17:54","Document [6](Title: The Dark Side of the Moon) food?\", before moving on to themes more central to the album (such as madness, violence, and death). Questions such as \"When was the last time you were violent?\", followed immediately by \"Were you in the right?\", were answered in the order they were presented. Roger \"The Hat\" Manifold proved difficult to find, and was the only contributor recorded in a conventional sit-down interview, as by then the flashcards had been mislaid. Waters asked him about a violent encounter he had had with another motorist, and Manifold replied \"... give 'em a quick, short, sharp shock ...\" When asked about death","Document [7](Title: Far side of the Moon) 17 missions since that time, and photographed by multiple lunar probes. Spacecraft passing behind the Moon were out of direct radio communication with the Earth, and had to wait until the orbit allowed transmission. During the Apollo missions, the main engine of the Service Module was fired when the vessel was behind the Moon, producing some tense moments in Mission Control before the craft reappeared. Geologist-astronaut Harrison Schmitt, who became the last to step onto the Moon, had aggressively lobbied for his landing site to be on the far side of the Moon, targeting the lava-filled crater Tsiolkovskiy. Schmitt's ambitious","Document [8](Title: Gene Cernan) on a rock. He states in the 2014 documentary \"The Last Man on the Moon\" that he wrote them in the lunar dust as he left the rover to return to the LEM and Earth. The true story of leaving the initials on the lunar surface was prominently mentioned in an episode (Season 3 Episode 20: The Last Walt) of \"Modern Family\". A recording of Cernan's voice during the Apollo 17 mission was sampled by Daft Punk for \"Contact\", the last track on their 2013 album \"Random Access Memories\". Cernan's last words from the lunar surface, along with Lunar Module","Document [9](Title: Gene Cernan) Aldrin spent outside the LM on Apollo 11. During this time Cernan and Schmitt covered more than using the Lunar Rover and spent a great deal of time collecting geologic samples (including a record 34 kilograms (75 lb) of samples, the most of any Apollo mission) that would shed light on the Moon's early history. Cernan piloted the rover on its final sortie, recording a maximum speed of , giving him the unofficial lunar land speed record. As Cernan prepared to climb the ladder for the final time, he spoke these words, currently the last spoken by a human being","Document [10](Title: Moon landing) To date, the United States is the only country to have successfully conducted manned missions to the Moon, with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972."],"query":"when was the last time anyone was on the moon?","answers":["14 December 1972 UTC","December 1972"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Sorry, Wrong Number) Sorry, Wrong Number conforms to many of the conventions of film noir. The movie plays in real time, with many flashbacks to flesh out the story. Stanwyck's bedroom window overlooks the night skyline of Manhattan. The film is shot very dark, with looming shadows and a circling camera used to maintain a high level of suspense.","Document [2](Title: Sorry, Wrong Number) Again\" and the 2014 action-thriller \"\". The latter two films were directed by Kenneth Branagh. Sorry, Wrong Number Sorry, Wrong Number is a 1948 American thriller film noir directed by Anatole Litvak and starring Barbara Stanwyck and Burt Lancaster. It tells the story of a woman who overhears a murder plot. The film was adapted by Lucille Fletcher from her 1943 radio play. It is one of the few pre-1950 Paramount Pictures films that remained in the studio's library (the rest are currently owned by NBCUniversal). Leona Stevenson is the spoiled, bedridden daughter of wealthy businessman James Cotterell. One day,","Document [3](Title: Sorry, Wrong Number) Sorry, Wrong Number Sorry, Wrong Number is a 1948 American thriller film noir directed by Anatole Litvak and starring Barbara Stanwyck and Burt Lancaster. It tells the story of a woman who overhears a murder plot. The film was adapted by Lucille Fletcher from her 1943 radio play. It is one of the few pre-1950 Paramount Pictures films that remained in the studio's library (the rest are currently owned by NBCUniversal). Leona Stevenson is the spoiled, bedridden daughter of wealthy businessman James Cotterell. One day, while listening to what seems to be a crossed telephone connection, she hears two men","Document [4](Title: Sorry, Right Number) Sorry, Right Number \"Sorry, Right Number\" is a teleplay written by author Stephen King for an episode of the horror anthology series \"Tales from the Darkside\". It was later included in King's short story collection \"Nightmares & Dreamscapes\", and is the only such work that King has included in any of his anthologies. It appears in script format, and begins with an authors' guide for screenplays and abbreviations. The \"Tales from the Darkside\" episode originally aired in 1987, and starred Deborah Harmon and Arthur Taxier as Katie and Bill Weiderman, with Rhonda Dotson as Katie's sister Dawn and Katherine Britton,","Document [5](Title: Wrong Number (2004 film)) Wrong Number (2004 film) Wrong Number also () is a Bangladeshi Bengali-language film. The film released on 25 March 2004 in all over Bangladesh. The film directed by Motin Rahman. And produced-distributed by Impress Telefilm Limited. Stars Riaz, Shrabanti, Abdul Qader, Nasir Rahman, Dolly Johur, Tushar Khan, Amol Bosh, Tahsina, Taskina and many more. The story revolves around different comical events regarding telephonic conversation. Athoi (Shrabanti). a young girl loves to dial wrong numbers and through such an incident, gets involved with a boy Abir ( Riaz ).The story advances through a series of humorous events. Wrong Number films music","Document [6](Title: Sorry, Right Number) Brandon Stewart and Nicole Huntington as the Weiderman children. It was later produced as a short film in 2005, directed and adapted by Brian Berkowitz. The cast included Darrin Stevens, Karla Droege, Michael Brady, Kimberly D'Armond, Karoline Striplin, and Barbara Weetman. The title is a pun on the title of the radio play and film \"Sorry, Wrong Number\". Katie Weiderman is talking to her sister on the phone one night. Her husband, Bill, is in his study trying to find inspiration for a new novel. Her children are arguing about whether or not to watch \"Ghost Kiss\", a gory TV","Document [7](Title: Wrong No.) . Wednesday was the first working day for the film, but it yet registered 90% occupancies, collecting on Wednesday. The film collected on Thursday. The film was again 95% on the second weekend as it collected , taking the total to . In the UK until the second weekend. At the end of its 50 Days run in Pakistan, the film collected 15 crores from local markets emerging as a blockbuster. The film did a business of over 30 crores worldwide Wrong No. Wrong No. (also written as Wrong Number) is a 2015 Pakistani romantic comedy film directed by Yasir","Document [8](Title: Misdialed call) order to attempt to sell or lease the numbers to the named organisation or its local chapters. Misdialled calls serve as a plot device in 1948 film \"Sorry, Wrong Number\", in television series episodes such as the Dad's Army episode \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" and on the Touch-Tone Terrorists prank call CD series. Misdialed call A misdialed call or wrong number is a telephone call to an incorrect telephone number. This may occur because the number has been physically misdialled, the number is simply incorrect, or because the area code or ownership of the number has changed. In North America, toll-free","Document [9](Title: The Right Number) as readers aren't taken out of the experience as they may when using a hyperlink to move to the next page. \"The Right Number\" has an advantage over infinitely-scrollable webcomics in that it preserves the rhythm of reading the comic, while scrollers may start to \"drag on and on.\" The time the webcomic spends zooming in on panels forces the reader to pace themselves. \"The Right Number\" follows a man who accidentally meets up with a stranger rather than his own girlfriend after misdialing a phone call. The woman he meets looks, sounds, and acts significantly like his wife, however,","Document [10](Title: Sorry, Wrong Number) play originally aired on the \"Suspense\" radio program on May 25, 1943, essentially a one-woman show with Agnes Moorehead as Mrs. Stevenson. The play was reprised seven times, each starring Moorehead. The final broadcast was on February 14, 1960. Orson Welles called \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" \"the greatest single radio script ever written\". In 2015, the May 25, 1943 broadcast was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the Library of Congress and selected for inclusion in the National Recording Registry. Clips from \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" were used for the 1982 comedy-mystery \"Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid\", the 1991 thriller \"Dead"],"query":"what is the setting of the story sorry wrong number?","answers":["Manhattan"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Sorry, Wrong Number) Again\" and the 2014 action-thriller \"\". The latter two films were directed by Kenneth Branagh. Sorry, Wrong Number Sorry, Wrong Number is a 1948 American thriller film noir directed by Anatole Litvak and starring Barbara Stanwyck and Burt Lancaster. It tells the story of a woman who overhears a murder plot. The film was adapted by Lucille Fletcher from her 1943 radio play. It is one of the few pre-1950 Paramount Pictures films that remained in the studio's library (the rest are currently owned by NBCUniversal). Leona Stevenson is the spoiled, bedridden daughter of wealthy businessman James Cotterell. One day,","Document [2](Title: Sorry, Wrong Number) Sorry, Wrong Number Sorry, Wrong Number is a 1948 American thriller film noir directed by Anatole Litvak and starring Barbara Stanwyck and Burt Lancaster. It tells the story of a woman who overhears a murder plot. The film was adapted by Lucille Fletcher from her 1943 radio play. It is one of the few pre-1950 Paramount Pictures films that remained in the studio's library (the rest are currently owned by NBCUniversal). Leona Stevenson is the spoiled, bedridden daughter of wealthy businessman James Cotterell. One day, while listening to what seems to be a crossed telephone connection, she hears two men","Document [3](Title: Sorry, Right Number) Sorry, Right Number \"Sorry, Right Number\" is a teleplay written by author Stephen King for an episode of the horror anthology series \"Tales from the Darkside\". It was later included in King's short story collection \"Nightmares & Dreamscapes\", and is the only such work that King has included in any of his anthologies. It appears in script format, and begins with an authors' guide for screenplays and abbreviations. The \"Tales from the Darkside\" episode originally aired in 1987, and starred Deborah Harmon and Arthur Taxier as Katie and Bill Weiderman, with Rhonda Dotson as Katie's sister Dawn and Katherine Britton,","Document [4](Title: Wrong Number (2004 film)) Wrong Number (2004 film) Wrong Number also () is a Bangladeshi Bengali-language film. The film released on 25 March 2004 in all over Bangladesh. The film directed by Motin Rahman. And produced-distributed by Impress Telefilm Limited. Stars Riaz, Shrabanti, Abdul Qader, Nasir Rahman, Dolly Johur, Tushar Khan, Amol Bosh, Tahsina, Taskina and many more. The story revolves around different comical events regarding telephonic conversation. Athoi (Shrabanti). a young girl loves to dial wrong numbers and through such an incident, gets involved with a boy Abir ( Riaz ).The story advances through a series of humorous events. Wrong Number films music","Document [5](Title: Sorry, Wrong Number) Sorry, Wrong Number conforms to many of the conventions of film noir. The movie plays in real time, with many flashbacks to flesh out the story. Stanwyck's bedroom window overlooks the night skyline of Manhattan. The film is shot very dark, with looming shadows and a circling camera used to maintain a high level of suspense.","Document [6](Title: Sorry, Right Number) Brandon Stewart and Nicole Huntington as the Weiderman children. It was later produced as a short film in 2005, directed and adapted by Brian Berkowitz. The cast included Darrin Stevens, Karla Droege, Michael Brady, Kimberly D'Armond, Karoline Striplin, and Barbara Weetman. The title is a pun on the title of the radio play and film \"Sorry, Wrong Number\". Katie Weiderman is talking to her sister on the phone one night. Her husband, Bill, is in his study trying to find inspiration for a new novel. Her children are arguing about whether or not to watch \"Ghost Kiss\", a gory TV","Document [7](Title: Wrong No.) . Wednesday was the first working day for the film, but it yet registered 90% occupancies, collecting on Wednesday. The film collected on Thursday. The film was again 95% on the second weekend as it collected , taking the total to . In the UK until the second weekend. At the end of its 50 Days run in Pakistan, the film collected 15 crores from local markets emerging as a blockbuster. The film did a business of over 30 crores worldwide Wrong No. Wrong No. (also written as Wrong Number) is a 2015 Pakistani romantic comedy film directed by Yasir","Document [8](Title: Misdialed call) order to attempt to sell or lease the numbers to the named organisation or its local chapters. Misdialled calls serve as a plot device in 1948 film \"Sorry, Wrong Number\", in television series episodes such as the Dad's Army episode \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" and on the Touch-Tone Terrorists prank call CD series. Misdialed call A misdialed call or wrong number is a telephone call to an incorrect telephone number. This may occur because the number has been physically misdialled, the number is simply incorrect, or because the area code or ownership of the number has changed. In North America, toll-free","Document [9](Title: The Right Number) as readers aren't taken out of the experience as they may when using a hyperlink to move to the next page. \"The Right Number\" has an advantage over infinitely-scrollable webcomics in that it preserves the rhythm of reading the comic, while scrollers may start to \"drag on and on.\" The time the webcomic spends zooming in on panels forces the reader to pace themselves. \"The Right Number\" follows a man who accidentally meets up with a stranger rather than his own girlfriend after misdialing a phone call. The woman he meets looks, sounds, and acts significantly like his wife, however,","Document [10](Title: Sorry, Wrong Number) play originally aired on the \"Suspense\" radio program on May 25, 1943, essentially a one-woman show with Agnes Moorehead as Mrs. Stevenson. The play was reprised seven times, each starring Moorehead. The final broadcast was on February 14, 1960. Orson Welles called \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" \"the greatest single radio script ever written\". In 2015, the May 25, 1943 broadcast was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the Library of Congress and selected for inclusion in the National Recording Registry. Clips from \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" were used for the 1982 comedy-mystery \"Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid\", the 1991 thriller \"Dead"],"query":"what is the setting of the story sorry wrong number?","answers":["Manhattan"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Sorry, Wrong Number) Again\" and the 2014 action-thriller \"\". The latter two films were directed by Kenneth Branagh. Sorry, Wrong Number Sorry, Wrong Number is a 1948 American thriller film noir directed by Anatole Litvak and starring Barbara Stanwyck and Burt Lancaster. It tells the story of a woman who overhears a murder plot. The film was adapted by Lucille Fletcher from her 1943 radio play. It is one of the few pre-1950 Paramount Pictures films that remained in the studio's library (the rest are currently owned by NBCUniversal). Leona Stevenson is the spoiled, bedridden daughter of wealthy businessman James Cotterell. One day,","Document [2](Title: Sorry, Wrong Number) Sorry, Wrong Number Sorry, Wrong Number is a 1948 American thriller film noir directed by Anatole Litvak and starring Barbara Stanwyck and Burt Lancaster. It tells the story of a woman who overhears a murder plot. The film was adapted by Lucille Fletcher from her 1943 radio play. It is one of the few pre-1950 Paramount Pictures films that remained in the studio's library (the rest are currently owned by NBCUniversal). Leona Stevenson is the spoiled, bedridden daughter of wealthy businessman James Cotterell. One day, while listening to what seems to be a crossed telephone connection, she hears two men","Document [3](Title: Sorry, Right Number) Sorry, Right Number \"Sorry, Right Number\" is a teleplay written by author Stephen King for an episode of the horror anthology series \"Tales from the Darkside\". It was later included in King's short story collection \"Nightmares & Dreamscapes\", and is the only such work that King has included in any of his anthologies. It appears in script format, and begins with an authors' guide for screenplays and abbreviations. The \"Tales from the Darkside\" episode originally aired in 1987, and starred Deborah Harmon and Arthur Taxier as Katie and Bill Weiderman, with Rhonda Dotson as Katie's sister Dawn and Katherine Britton,","Document [4](Title: Wrong Number (2004 film)) Wrong Number (2004 film) Wrong Number also () is a Bangladeshi Bengali-language film. The film released on 25 March 2004 in all over Bangladesh. The film directed by Motin Rahman. And produced-distributed by Impress Telefilm Limited. Stars Riaz, Shrabanti, Abdul Qader, Nasir Rahman, Dolly Johur, Tushar Khan, Amol Bosh, Tahsina, Taskina and many more. The story revolves around different comical events regarding telephonic conversation. Athoi (Shrabanti). a young girl loves to dial wrong numbers and through such an incident, gets involved with a boy Abir ( Riaz ).The story advances through a series of humorous events. Wrong Number films music","Document [5](Title: Sorry, Right Number) Brandon Stewart and Nicole Huntington as the Weiderman children. It was later produced as a short film in 2005, directed and adapted by Brian Berkowitz. The cast included Darrin Stevens, Karla Droege, Michael Brady, Kimberly D'Armond, Karoline Striplin, and Barbara Weetman. The title is a pun on the title of the radio play and film \"Sorry, Wrong Number\". Katie Weiderman is talking to her sister on the phone one night. Her husband, Bill, is in his study trying to find inspiration for a new novel. Her children are arguing about whether or not to watch \"Ghost Kiss\", a gory TV","Document [6](Title: Wrong No.) . Wednesday was the first working day for the film, but it yet registered 90% occupancies, collecting on Wednesday. The film collected on Thursday. The film was again 95% on the second weekend as it collected , taking the total to . In the UK until the second weekend. At the end of its 50 Days run in Pakistan, the film collected 15 crores from local markets emerging as a blockbuster. The film did a business of over 30 crores worldwide Wrong No. Wrong No. (also written as Wrong Number) is a 2015 Pakistani romantic comedy film directed by Yasir","Document [7](Title: Misdialed call) order to attempt to sell or lease the numbers to the named organisation or its local chapters. Misdialled calls serve as a plot device in 1948 film \"Sorry, Wrong Number\", in television series episodes such as the Dad's Army episode \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" and on the Touch-Tone Terrorists prank call CD series. Misdialed call A misdialed call or wrong number is a telephone call to an incorrect telephone number. This may occur because the number has been physically misdialled, the number is simply incorrect, or because the area code or ownership of the number has changed. In North America, toll-free","Document [8](Title: The Right Number) as readers aren't taken out of the experience as they may when using a hyperlink to move to the next page. \"The Right Number\" has an advantage over infinitely-scrollable webcomics in that it preserves the rhythm of reading the comic, while scrollers may start to \"drag on and on.\" The time the webcomic spends zooming in on panels forces the reader to pace themselves. \"The Right Number\" follows a man who accidentally meets up with a stranger rather than his own girlfriend after misdialing a phone call. The woman he meets looks, sounds, and acts significantly like his wife, however,","Document [9](Title: Sorry, Wrong Number) play originally aired on the \"Suspense\" radio program on May 25, 1943, essentially a one-woman show with Agnes Moorehead as Mrs. Stevenson. The play was reprised seven times, each starring Moorehead. The final broadcast was on February 14, 1960. Orson Welles called \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" \"the greatest single radio script ever written\". In 2015, the May 25, 1943 broadcast was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the Library of Congress and selected for inclusion in the National Recording Registry. Clips from \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" were used for the 1982 comedy-mystery \"Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid\", the 1991 thriller \"Dead","Document [10](Title: Sorry, Wrong Number) Sorry, Wrong Number conforms to many of the conventions of film noir. The movie plays in real time, with many flashbacks to flesh out the story. Stanwyck's bedroom window overlooks the night skyline of Manhattan. The film is shot very dark, with looming shadows and a circling camera used to maintain a high level of suspense."],"query":"what is the setting of the story sorry wrong number?","answers":["Manhattan"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Rose (film)) In late 1969, Mary Rose Foster (Bette Midler) is a famous rock and roll diva known as The Rose. Although a success, she is burnt out and lonely but is kept working by her gruff, greedy manager and promoter Rudge Campbell (Alan Bates). Though loud and brassy, Rose is an insecure alcoholic and former drug user who seems to crave approval in her life. As such, she is determined to return to her hometown, now as a superstar. After being humiliated by a country singing star named Billy Ray (Harry Dean Stanton) whose songs she performs in her show, Rose","Document [2](Title: Bette (TV series)) short run. Guest stars included Danny DeVito, George Segal, Brenda Song, Sharon Lawrence, Tim Curry, David James Elliott, Oprah Winfrey, Ashley Tisdale, Tony Danza, Dolly Parton, Olivia Newton-John, Jon Lovitz, and the ladies from rival network ABC's \"The View\" all as themselves. When \"Bette\" went into production, Lindsay Lohan was the original choice to play Rose. After the completion of the pilot episode, Midler decided that the series would shoot in Los Angeles, instead of New York City, where the pilot was filmed. Lohan did not want to continually commute from her family's current residence in New York City, as","Document [3](Title: Bette Midler) critics. Midler fared somewhat better with her other 1991 project \"For the Boys\", on which she reteamed with \"The Rose\" director Mark Rydell. A historical musical drama, it tells the story of 1940s actress and singer Dixie Leonard, played by Midler, who teams up with Eddie Sparks, a famous performer to entertain American troops. While the film received a mixed reception from critics, Midler earned rave review for her portrayal. The following year she was awarded her second Golden Globe and received her second Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. Midler turned down the lead role in the musical comedy","Document [4](Title: Bette Midler) commercial and critical failure and went on to be her all-time lowest charting album, peaking at No. 65 on the \"Billboard\" album chart. Soon afterward, she began a world concert tour, with one of her shows in Pasadena being filmed and released as the concert film \"Divine Madness\" (1980). Her performance in \"The Rose\" earned her a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actress, a role for which she won the Golden Globe for Best Actress (Comedy or Musical). The film's acclaimed soundtrack album sold over two million copies in the United States alone, earning a Double Platinum certification. The","Document [5](Title: Bette Midler) charts, including her renditions of \"The Rose\", \"Wind Beneath My Wings\", \"Do You Want to Dance\", \"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy\", and \"From a Distance\". In 2008, she signed a contract with Caesars Palace in Las Vegas to perform a show titled \"Bette Midler: The Showgirl Must Go On\", which ended in 2010. Midler made her motion picture debut in 1979 with \"The Rose\", which earned her a Golden Globe for Best Actress, as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She has since starred in a number of hit films, which include: \"Down and Out in","Document [6](Title: Bette of Roses) Bette of Roses Bette of Roses is the eighth studio album by the American singer Bette Midler, released on Atlantic Records in 1995. It became Midler's final album for the label, twenty-three years after the release of her debut album \"The Divine Miss M\" (Midler was transferred to Atlantic's sister label Warner Bros. Records for her next two albums, then left the Warner group completely in 2002 when she signed with the Sony-owned Columbia Records). The title \"Bette of Roses\" is a play on one of the tracks, \"Bed of Roses\". \"Bette of Roses\" was Midler's first full-length studio album","Document [7](Title: Bette Midler) was released. It reached number 66 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 chart, and number six in the United Kingdom, where it was certified platinum for sales of over 300,000 copies. As her only film appearance that year, Midler had a small role in Diane English's comedy film \"The Women\", starring Meg Ryan, Annette Bening and Eva Mendes among others. An updated version of the George Cukor-directed 1939 film of the same name based on a 1936 play by Clare Boothe Luce, the film was widely panned by critics, who found it \"...a toothless remake of the 1939 classic, lacking the","Document [8](Title: Bette (TV series)) and \"Family Law\" (a cross promotion by CBS), and starred in a TV Halloween special with Dolly Parton (who appeared as herself and was said to be longtime friend of the Bette character; Parton and Midler are friends in real life). Other stories were out of the spotlight and closer to home; in one, Bette volunteered at Rose's school with surprising results, and in another, flashbacks were shown depicting the first time Bette met Connie, Roy, and Oscar (in that order), along with one featuring the birth of Rose. Many of Midler's celebrity friends appeared as themselves during the show's","Document [9](Title: Bette Midler) remake of the 1975 film of the same name also based on the Ira Levin novel. Also starring Nicole Kidman, Matthew Broderick, Christopher Walken and Glenn Close, Midler played Bobbie Markowitz, a writer and recovering alcoholic. The project underwent numerous production problems that occurred throughout its shooting schedule, with reports of problems on-set between director Oz and the actors being rampant in the press. Oz later blamed Midler \u2014 who was amid recording her next album and rehearsing for her tour \u2014 for being under a lot of stress by other projects and making \"the mistake of bringing her stress","Document [10](Title: The Rose (soundtrack)) The Rose (soundtrack) The Rose is the soundtrack to the feature film of the same name starring Bette Midler which was released in 1979. Midler performs all the songs on the album, with the exception of the instrumental \"Camellia\". Apart from the title track, the soundtrack was entirely recorded live and also features concert monologues, with Midler portraying the character The Rose, loosely based on blues singer Janis Joplin. The soundtrack was produced by Paul A. Rothchild, who in fact also had worked with Joplin on what was to become her final album before her death in 1970, entitled \"Pearl\""],"query":"who did bette midler portray in the rose?","answers":["Mary Rose Foster"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Bette (TV series)) short run. Guest stars included Danny DeVito, George Segal, Brenda Song, Sharon Lawrence, Tim Curry, David James Elliott, Oprah Winfrey, Ashley Tisdale, Tony Danza, Dolly Parton, Olivia Newton-John, Jon Lovitz, and the ladies from rival network ABC's \"The View\" all as themselves. When \"Bette\" went into production, Lindsay Lohan was the original choice to play Rose. After the completion of the pilot episode, Midler decided that the series would shoot in Los Angeles, instead of New York City, where the pilot was filmed. Lohan did not want to continually commute from her family's current residence in New York City, as","Document [2](Title: Bette Midler) critics. Midler fared somewhat better with her other 1991 project \"For the Boys\", on which she reteamed with \"The Rose\" director Mark Rydell. A historical musical drama, it tells the story of 1940s actress and singer Dixie Leonard, played by Midler, who teams up with Eddie Sparks, a famous performer to entertain American troops. While the film received a mixed reception from critics, Midler earned rave review for her portrayal. The following year she was awarded her second Golden Globe and received her second Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. Midler turned down the lead role in the musical comedy","Document [3](Title: Bette Midler) commercial and critical failure and went on to be her all-time lowest charting album, peaking at No. 65 on the \"Billboard\" album chart. Soon afterward, she began a world concert tour, with one of her shows in Pasadena being filmed and released as the concert film \"Divine Madness\" (1980). Her performance in \"The Rose\" earned her a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actress, a role for which she won the Golden Globe for Best Actress (Comedy or Musical). The film's acclaimed soundtrack album sold over two million copies in the United States alone, earning a Double Platinum certification. The","Document [4](Title: Bette Midler) charts, including her renditions of \"The Rose\", \"Wind Beneath My Wings\", \"Do You Want to Dance\", \"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy\", and \"From a Distance\". In 2008, she signed a contract with Caesars Palace in Las Vegas to perform a show titled \"Bette Midler: The Showgirl Must Go On\", which ended in 2010. Midler made her motion picture debut in 1979 with \"The Rose\", which earned her a Golden Globe for Best Actress, as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She has since starred in a number of hit films, which include: \"Down and Out in","Document [5](Title: The Rose (film)) In late 1969, Mary Rose Foster (Bette Midler) is a famous rock and roll diva known as The Rose. Although a success, she is burnt out and lonely but is kept working by her gruff, greedy manager and promoter Rudge Campbell (Alan Bates). Though loud and brassy, Rose is an insecure alcoholic and former drug user who seems to crave approval in her life. As such, she is determined to return to her hometown, now as a superstar. After being humiliated by a country singing star named Billy Ray (Harry Dean Stanton) whose songs she performs in her show, Rose","Document [6](Title: Bette of Roses) Bette of Roses Bette of Roses is the eighth studio album by the American singer Bette Midler, released on Atlantic Records in 1995. It became Midler's final album for the label, twenty-three years after the release of her debut album \"The Divine Miss M\" (Midler was transferred to Atlantic's sister label Warner Bros. Records for her next two albums, then left the Warner group completely in 2002 when she signed with the Sony-owned Columbia Records). The title \"Bette of Roses\" is a play on one of the tracks, \"Bed of Roses\". \"Bette of Roses\" was Midler's first full-length studio album","Document [7](Title: Bette Midler) was released. It reached number 66 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 chart, and number six in the United Kingdom, where it was certified platinum for sales of over 300,000 copies. As her only film appearance that year, Midler had a small role in Diane English's comedy film \"The Women\", starring Meg Ryan, Annette Bening and Eva Mendes among others. An updated version of the George Cukor-directed 1939 film of the same name based on a 1936 play by Clare Boothe Luce, the film was widely panned by critics, who found it \"...a toothless remake of the 1939 classic, lacking the","Document [8](Title: Bette (TV series)) and \"Family Law\" (a cross promotion by CBS), and starred in a TV Halloween special with Dolly Parton (who appeared as herself and was said to be longtime friend of the Bette character; Parton and Midler are friends in real life). Other stories were out of the spotlight and closer to home; in one, Bette volunteered at Rose's school with surprising results, and in another, flashbacks were shown depicting the first time Bette met Connie, Roy, and Oscar (in that order), along with one featuring the birth of Rose. Many of Midler's celebrity friends appeared as themselves during the show's","Document [9](Title: Bette Midler) remake of the 1975 film of the same name also based on the Ira Levin novel. Also starring Nicole Kidman, Matthew Broderick, Christopher Walken and Glenn Close, Midler played Bobbie Markowitz, a writer and recovering alcoholic. The project underwent numerous production problems that occurred throughout its shooting schedule, with reports of problems on-set between director Oz and the actors being rampant in the press. Oz later blamed Midler \u2014 who was amid recording her next album and rehearsing for her tour \u2014 for being under a lot of stress by other projects and making \"the mistake of bringing her stress","Document [10](Title: The Rose (soundtrack)) The Rose (soundtrack) The Rose is the soundtrack to the feature film of the same name starring Bette Midler which was released in 1979. Midler performs all the songs on the album, with the exception of the instrumental \"Camellia\". Apart from the title track, the soundtrack was entirely recorded live and also features concert monologues, with Midler portraying the character The Rose, loosely based on blues singer Janis Joplin. The soundtrack was produced by Paul A. Rothchild, who in fact also had worked with Joplin on what was to become her final album before her death in 1970, entitled \"Pearl\""],"query":"who did bette midler portray in the rose?","answers":["Mary Rose Foster"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Bette (TV series)) short run. Guest stars included Danny DeVito, George Segal, Brenda Song, Sharon Lawrence, Tim Curry, David James Elliott, Oprah Winfrey, Ashley Tisdale, Tony Danza, Dolly Parton, Olivia Newton-John, Jon Lovitz, and the ladies from rival network ABC's \"The View\" all as themselves. When \"Bette\" went into production, Lindsay Lohan was the original choice to play Rose. After the completion of the pilot episode, Midler decided that the series would shoot in Los Angeles, instead of New York City, where the pilot was filmed. Lohan did not want to continually commute from her family's current residence in New York City, as","Document [2](Title: Bette Midler) critics. Midler fared somewhat better with her other 1991 project \"For the Boys\", on which she reteamed with \"The Rose\" director Mark Rydell. A historical musical drama, it tells the story of 1940s actress and singer Dixie Leonard, played by Midler, who teams up with Eddie Sparks, a famous performer to entertain American troops. While the film received a mixed reception from critics, Midler earned rave review for her portrayal. The following year she was awarded her second Golden Globe and received her second Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. Midler turned down the lead role in the musical comedy","Document [3](Title: Bette Midler) commercial and critical failure and went on to be her all-time lowest charting album, peaking at No. 65 on the \"Billboard\" album chart. Soon afterward, she began a world concert tour, with one of her shows in Pasadena being filmed and released as the concert film \"Divine Madness\" (1980). Her performance in \"The Rose\" earned her a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actress, a role for which she won the Golden Globe for Best Actress (Comedy or Musical). The film's acclaimed soundtrack album sold over two million copies in the United States alone, earning a Double Platinum certification. The","Document [4](Title: Bette Midler) charts, including her renditions of \"The Rose\", \"Wind Beneath My Wings\", \"Do You Want to Dance\", \"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy\", and \"From a Distance\". In 2008, she signed a contract with Caesars Palace in Las Vegas to perform a show titled \"Bette Midler: The Showgirl Must Go On\", which ended in 2010. Midler made her motion picture debut in 1979 with \"The Rose\", which earned her a Golden Globe for Best Actress, as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She has since starred in a number of hit films, which include: \"Down and Out in","Document [5](Title: Bette of Roses) Bette of Roses Bette of Roses is the eighth studio album by the American singer Bette Midler, released on Atlantic Records in 1995. It became Midler's final album for the label, twenty-three years after the release of her debut album \"The Divine Miss M\" (Midler was transferred to Atlantic's sister label Warner Bros. Records for her next two albums, then left the Warner group completely in 2002 when she signed with the Sony-owned Columbia Records). The title \"Bette of Roses\" is a play on one of the tracks, \"Bed of Roses\". \"Bette of Roses\" was Midler's first full-length studio album","Document [6](Title: Bette Midler) was released. It reached number 66 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 chart, and number six in the United Kingdom, where it was certified platinum for sales of over 300,000 copies. As her only film appearance that year, Midler had a small role in Diane English's comedy film \"The Women\", starring Meg Ryan, Annette Bening and Eva Mendes among others. An updated version of the George Cukor-directed 1939 film of the same name based on a 1936 play by Clare Boothe Luce, the film was widely panned by critics, who found it \"...a toothless remake of the 1939 classic, lacking the","Document [7](Title: Bette (TV series)) and \"Family Law\" (a cross promotion by CBS), and starred in a TV Halloween special with Dolly Parton (who appeared as herself and was said to be longtime friend of the Bette character; Parton and Midler are friends in real life). Other stories were out of the spotlight and closer to home; in one, Bette volunteered at Rose's school with surprising results, and in another, flashbacks were shown depicting the first time Bette met Connie, Roy, and Oscar (in that order), along with one featuring the birth of Rose. Many of Midler's celebrity friends appeared as themselves during the show's","Document [8](Title: Bette Midler) remake of the 1975 film of the same name also based on the Ira Levin novel. Also starring Nicole Kidman, Matthew Broderick, Christopher Walken and Glenn Close, Midler played Bobbie Markowitz, a writer and recovering alcoholic. The project underwent numerous production problems that occurred throughout its shooting schedule, with reports of problems on-set between director Oz and the actors being rampant in the press. Oz later blamed Midler \u2014 who was amid recording her next album and rehearsing for her tour \u2014 for being under a lot of stress by other projects and making \"the mistake of bringing her stress","Document [9](Title: The Rose (soundtrack)) The Rose (soundtrack) The Rose is the soundtrack to the feature film of the same name starring Bette Midler which was released in 1979. Midler performs all the songs on the album, with the exception of the instrumental \"Camellia\". Apart from the title track, the soundtrack was entirely recorded live and also features concert monologues, with Midler portraying the character The Rose, loosely based on blues singer Janis Joplin. The soundtrack was produced by Paul A. Rothchild, who in fact also had worked with Joplin on what was to become her final album before her death in 1970, entitled \"Pearl\"","Document [10](Title: The Rose (film)) In late 1969, Mary Rose Foster (Bette Midler) is a famous rock and roll diva known as The Rose. Although a success, she is burnt out and lonely but is kept working by her gruff, greedy manager and promoter Rudge Campbell (Alan Bates). Though loud and brassy, Rose is an insecure alcoholic and former drug user who seems to crave approval in her life. As such, she is determined to return to her hometown, now as a superstar. After being humiliated by a country singing star named Billy Ray (Harry Dean Stanton) whose songs she performs in her show, Rose"],"query":"who did bette midler portray in the rose?","answers":["Mary Rose Foster"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Star (2017 film)) The film was released by Columbia Pictures through its parental label Sony Pictures Entertainment on November 17, 2017 in the United States. It was met with mixed reviews and has grossed $61 million worldwide. The film received a nomination for Best Original Song (\"The Star\") at the 75th Golden Globe Awards.","Document [2](Title: Movie Star (song)) Movie Star (song) \"Movie Star\" is a song by Irish singer R\u00f3is\u00edn Murphy from her second studio album, \"Overpowered\" (2007). It was written by Murphy, Paul \"Seiji\" Dolby and Mike Patto, while production was handled by Parrot & Dean. The song was released digitally in the United States on 14 October 2008 as the album's fourth and final single. The track was set to be released as the album's fourth single on 21 July 2008, but was then pushed back many times for a release in November. It was to be released as a double A-side single with a cover","Document [3](Title: The Movie Star) The Movie Star \"The Movie Star\" is the eleventh episode of the American television series, \"Smash\". The episode aired on April 16, 2012. Rehearsal with Rebecca Duvall (Uma Thurman) as Marilyn gets off to a bumpy start. Within minutes, everyone realizes Duvall can't sing very well. Additionally, Duvall is unprofessional and self-centered, continually trying to change the show, blowing off events and showing up late, and creating a scene when a drunken ex-lover crashes rehearsal. In order to compensate for Duvall's lack of theatrical skills, Derek creates bigger parts for Karen (Katharine McPhee) and the newly rehired Ivy (Megan Hilty).","Document [4](Title: Star (2001 film)) Star (2001 film) Star is a 2001 Tamil action film directed by Praveen Gandhi and produced by Vijaykrishna. The film stars Prashanth and Jyothika in the lead roles while Raghuvaran, Vijayakumar, and Praveen Gandhi play other pivotal roles. The film's score and soundtrack are composed by A.R. Rahman, while the film is edited by M. N. Rajan. The film opened to poor reviews and performed below average at the box office in July 2001. Murthy (Prashanth) earns his living taking the blame for the mistakes of other people, and so the jail is his second home. Dhanushkodi (Raghuvaran) has sworn","Document [5](Title: Movie star) Movie star A movie star (also known as a film star and cinema star) is an actor who is famous for their starring, or leading, roles in motion pictures. The term is used for actors who are marketable stars and whose names are used to promote movies, for example in trailers and posters. In the early days of silent movies, the names of the actors and actresses appearing in them were not publicized or credited because producers feared this would result in demands for higher salaries. However, audience curiosity soon undermined this policy. By 1909, actresses such as Florence Lawrence","Document [6](Title: Film Star (film)) Film Star (film) Film Star is a 2005 Hindi film directed by Tanuja Chandra and starring Priyanshu Chatterjee, Mahima Chaudhry Vasundhara Das and Anup Shukla Hira Pandit (Mahima Chaudhry) is an actress who is nothing if not full of herself. Arrogant and thriving on only one thing - people adoring her unabashedly, and without stopping, just loving her! So naturally when this adoration stars to wane, she can't take it. Her vanity can't bear the fact that her popularity is slipping, that she's not getting nominated for awards, that her films simply aren't working like they used to. And at","Document [7](Title: Film Star (film)) out...as she realizes...that life...is much more than films. Film Star (film) Film Star is a 2005 Hindi film directed by Tanuja Chandra and starring Priyanshu Chatterjee, Mahima Chaudhry Vasundhara Das and Anup Shukla Hira Pandit (Mahima Chaudhry) is an actress who is nothing if not full of herself. Arrogant and thriving on only one thing - people adoring her unabashedly, and without stopping, just loving her! So naturally when this adoration stars to wane, she can't take it. Her vanity can't bear the fact that her popularity is slipping, that she's not getting nominated for awards, that her films simply","Document [8](Title: Movie star) as Aaron Aziz and Adi Putra. Movie star A movie star (also known as a film star and cinema star) is an actor who is famous for their starring, or leading, roles in motion pictures. The term is used for actors who are marketable stars and whose names are used to promote movies, for example in trailers and posters. In the early days of silent movies, the names of the actors and actresses appearing in them were not publicized or credited because producers feared this would result in demands for higher salaries. However, audience curiosity soon undermined this policy. By","Document [9](Title: A Star Is Born (1976 film)) with an average rating of 5.3\/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four, writing in his review, \"There is, to begin with, no denying Barbra Streisand's enormous talent. At the end of 'A Star Is Born' the camera stays on her for one unbroken shot of seven or eight minutes, and she sings her heart out, and we concede that she's one of the great stars of the movies, one of","Document [10](Title: Star! (film)) last countries in which the film was released. When the film was in production, 15,000 people responded to promotional ads placed by 20th Century Fox for advance ticket sales in New York City, but a year later, when the studio followed up by mailing them order forms, only a very small percentage actually bought tickets. Sales were higher for Wednesday matinees than for Saturday nights, which indicated that a crucial component\u2014young adults\u2014would not be a large part of the picture's audience. The film opened in the US with little advance sale, and good-to-mediocre reviews. \"Star!\" was a commercial disappointment in"],"query":"when does the movie the star come out?","answers":["November 17, 2017"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Movie Star (song)) Movie Star (song) \"Movie Star\" is a song by Irish singer R\u00f3is\u00edn Murphy from her second studio album, \"Overpowered\" (2007). It was written by Murphy, Paul \"Seiji\" Dolby and Mike Patto, while production was handled by Parrot & Dean. The song was released digitally in the United States on 14 October 2008 as the album's fourth and final single. The track was set to be released as the album's fourth single on 21 July 2008, but was then pushed back many times for a release in November. It was to be released as a double A-side single with a cover","Document [2](Title: The Movie Star) The Movie Star \"The Movie Star\" is the eleventh episode of the American television series, \"Smash\". The episode aired on April 16, 2012. Rehearsal with Rebecca Duvall (Uma Thurman) as Marilyn gets off to a bumpy start. Within minutes, everyone realizes Duvall can't sing very well. Additionally, Duvall is unprofessional and self-centered, continually trying to change the show, blowing off events and showing up late, and creating a scene when a drunken ex-lover crashes rehearsal. In order to compensate for Duvall's lack of theatrical skills, Derek creates bigger parts for Karen (Katharine McPhee) and the newly rehired Ivy (Megan Hilty).","Document [3](Title: Star (2001 film)) Star (2001 film) Star is a 2001 Tamil action film directed by Praveen Gandhi and produced by Vijaykrishna. The film stars Prashanth and Jyothika in the lead roles while Raghuvaran, Vijayakumar, and Praveen Gandhi play other pivotal roles. The film's score and soundtrack are composed by A.R. Rahman, while the film is edited by M. N. Rajan. The film opened to poor reviews and performed below average at the box office in July 2001. Murthy (Prashanth) earns his living taking the blame for the mistakes of other people, and so the jail is his second home. Dhanushkodi (Raghuvaran) has sworn","Document [4](Title: Movie star) Movie star A movie star (also known as a film star and cinema star) is an actor who is famous for their starring, or leading, roles in motion pictures. The term is used for actors who are marketable stars and whose names are used to promote movies, for example in trailers and posters. In the early days of silent movies, the names of the actors and actresses appearing in them were not publicized or credited because producers feared this would result in demands for higher salaries. However, audience curiosity soon undermined this policy. By 1909, actresses such as Florence Lawrence","Document [5](Title: The Star (2017 film)) The film was released by Columbia Pictures through its parental label Sony Pictures Entertainment on November 17, 2017 in the United States. It was met with mixed reviews and has grossed $61 million worldwide. The film received a nomination for Best Original Song (\"The Star\") at the 75th Golden Globe Awards.","Document [6](Title: Film Star (film)) Film Star (film) Film Star is a 2005 Hindi film directed by Tanuja Chandra and starring Priyanshu Chatterjee, Mahima Chaudhry Vasundhara Das and Anup Shukla Hira Pandit (Mahima Chaudhry) is an actress who is nothing if not full of herself. Arrogant and thriving on only one thing - people adoring her unabashedly, and without stopping, just loving her! So naturally when this adoration stars to wane, she can't take it. Her vanity can't bear the fact that her popularity is slipping, that she's not getting nominated for awards, that her films simply aren't working like they used to. And at","Document [7](Title: Film Star (film)) out...as she realizes...that life...is much more than films. Film Star (film) Film Star is a 2005 Hindi film directed by Tanuja Chandra and starring Priyanshu Chatterjee, Mahima Chaudhry Vasundhara Das and Anup Shukla Hira Pandit (Mahima Chaudhry) is an actress who is nothing if not full of herself. Arrogant and thriving on only one thing - people adoring her unabashedly, and without stopping, just loving her! So naturally when this adoration stars to wane, she can't take it. Her vanity can't bear the fact that her popularity is slipping, that she's not getting nominated for awards, that her films simply","Document [8](Title: Movie star) as Aaron Aziz and Adi Putra. Movie star A movie star (also known as a film star and cinema star) is an actor who is famous for their starring, or leading, roles in motion pictures. The term is used for actors who are marketable stars and whose names are used to promote movies, for example in trailers and posters. In the early days of silent movies, the names of the actors and actresses appearing in them were not publicized or credited because producers feared this would result in demands for higher salaries. However, audience curiosity soon undermined this policy. By","Document [9](Title: A Star Is Born (1976 film)) with an average rating of 5.3\/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four, writing in his review, \"There is, to begin with, no denying Barbra Streisand's enormous talent. At the end of 'A Star Is Born' the camera stays on her for one unbroken shot of seven or eight minutes, and she sings her heart out, and we concede that she's one of the great stars of the movies, one of","Document [10](Title: Star! (film)) last countries in which the film was released. When the film was in production, 15,000 people responded to promotional ads placed by 20th Century Fox for advance ticket sales in New York City, but a year later, when the studio followed up by mailing them order forms, only a very small percentage actually bought tickets. Sales were higher for Wednesday matinees than for Saturday nights, which indicated that a crucial component\u2014young adults\u2014would not be a large part of the picture's audience. The film opened in the US with little advance sale, and good-to-mediocre reviews. \"Star!\" was a commercial disappointment in"],"query":"when does the movie the star come out?","answers":["November 17, 2017"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Movie Star (song)) Movie Star (song) \"Movie Star\" is a song by Irish singer R\u00f3is\u00edn Murphy from her second studio album, \"Overpowered\" (2007). It was written by Murphy, Paul \"Seiji\" Dolby and Mike Patto, while production was handled by Parrot & Dean. The song was released digitally in the United States on 14 October 2008 as the album's fourth and final single. The track was set to be released as the album's fourth single on 21 July 2008, but was then pushed back many times for a release in November. It was to be released as a double A-side single with a cover","Document [2](Title: The Movie Star) The Movie Star \"The Movie Star\" is the eleventh episode of the American television series, \"Smash\". The episode aired on April 16, 2012. Rehearsal with Rebecca Duvall (Uma Thurman) as Marilyn gets off to a bumpy start. Within minutes, everyone realizes Duvall can't sing very well. Additionally, Duvall is unprofessional and self-centered, continually trying to change the show, blowing off events and showing up late, and creating a scene when a drunken ex-lover crashes rehearsal. In order to compensate for Duvall's lack of theatrical skills, Derek creates bigger parts for Karen (Katharine McPhee) and the newly rehired Ivy (Megan Hilty).","Document [3](Title: Star (2001 film)) Star (2001 film) Star is a 2001 Tamil action film directed by Praveen Gandhi and produced by Vijaykrishna. The film stars Prashanth and Jyothika in the lead roles while Raghuvaran, Vijayakumar, and Praveen Gandhi play other pivotal roles. The film's score and soundtrack are composed by A.R. Rahman, while the film is edited by M. N. Rajan. The film opened to poor reviews and performed below average at the box office in July 2001. Murthy (Prashanth) earns his living taking the blame for the mistakes of other people, and so the jail is his second home. Dhanushkodi (Raghuvaran) has sworn","Document [4](Title: Movie star) Movie star A movie star (also known as a film star and cinema star) is an actor who is famous for their starring, or leading, roles in motion pictures. The term is used for actors who are marketable stars and whose names are used to promote movies, for example in trailers and posters. In the early days of silent movies, the names of the actors and actresses appearing in them were not publicized or credited because producers feared this would result in demands for higher salaries. However, audience curiosity soon undermined this policy. By 1909, actresses such as Florence Lawrence","Document [5](Title: Film Star (film)) Film Star (film) Film Star is a 2005 Hindi film directed by Tanuja Chandra and starring Priyanshu Chatterjee, Mahima Chaudhry Vasundhara Das and Anup Shukla Hira Pandit (Mahima Chaudhry) is an actress who is nothing if not full of herself. Arrogant and thriving on only one thing - people adoring her unabashedly, and without stopping, just loving her! So naturally when this adoration stars to wane, she can't take it. Her vanity can't bear the fact that her popularity is slipping, that she's not getting nominated for awards, that her films simply aren't working like they used to. And at","Document [6](Title: Film Star (film)) out...as she realizes...that life...is much more than films. Film Star (film) Film Star is a 2005 Hindi film directed by Tanuja Chandra and starring Priyanshu Chatterjee, Mahima Chaudhry Vasundhara Das and Anup Shukla Hira Pandit (Mahima Chaudhry) is an actress who is nothing if not full of herself. Arrogant and thriving on only one thing - people adoring her unabashedly, and without stopping, just loving her! So naturally when this adoration stars to wane, she can't take it. Her vanity can't bear the fact that her popularity is slipping, that she's not getting nominated for awards, that her films simply","Document [7](Title: Movie star) as Aaron Aziz and Adi Putra. Movie star A movie star (also known as a film star and cinema star) is an actor who is famous for their starring, or leading, roles in motion pictures. The term is used for actors who are marketable stars and whose names are used to promote movies, for example in trailers and posters. In the early days of silent movies, the names of the actors and actresses appearing in them were not publicized or credited because producers feared this would result in demands for higher salaries. However, audience curiosity soon undermined this policy. By","Document [8](Title: A Star Is Born (1976 film)) with an average rating of 5.3\/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four, writing in his review, \"There is, to begin with, no denying Barbra Streisand's enormous talent. At the end of 'A Star Is Born' the camera stays on her for one unbroken shot of seven or eight minutes, and she sings her heart out, and we concede that she's one of the great stars of the movies, one of","Document [9](Title: Star! (film)) last countries in which the film was released. When the film was in production, 15,000 people responded to promotional ads placed by 20th Century Fox for advance ticket sales in New York City, but a year later, when the studio followed up by mailing them order forms, only a very small percentage actually bought tickets. Sales were higher for Wednesday matinees than for Saturday nights, which indicated that a crucial component\u2014young adults\u2014would not be a large part of the picture's audience. The film opened in the US with little advance sale, and good-to-mediocre reviews. \"Star!\" was a commercial disappointment in","Document [10](Title: The Star (2017 film)) The film was released by Columbia Pictures through its parental label Sony Pictures Entertainment on November 17, 2017 in the United States. It was met with mixed reviews and has grossed $61 million worldwide. The film received a nomination for Best Original Song (\"The Star\") at the 75th Golden Globe Awards."],"query":"when does the movie the star come out?","answers":["November 17, 2017"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) A. planci has a very wide Indo-Pacific distribution. It is perhaps most common in Australia, but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean, and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America. It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region.","Document [2](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region. The body form of the crown-of-thorns starfish is fundamentally the same as that of a typical starfish, with a central disk and radiating arms. Its special traits, however, include being disc-shaped, multiple-armed, flexible, prehensile, and heavily spined, and having a large ratio of stomach surface to body mass. Its prehensile ability arises from the two rows of numerous tube feet that extend to the tip of each arm. In being multiple-armed, it has lost the five-fold symmetry (pentamerism) typical of starfish, although it begins its life cycle with","Document [3](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) the starfish found no evidence of the starfish in the fish's guts. These carnivorous fish were caught commercially on the coral reefs on the Gulf of Oman and examined at local fish markets. One problem with the concept of predators of large juvenile and adult starfish causing total mortality is that the starfish have good regenerative powers and they wouldn't keep still while being eaten. Also, they would need to be consumed completely or almost completely to die. 17\u201360% of starfish in various populations had missing or regenerating arms. Clearly the starfish experience various levels of sublethal predation. When the","Document [4](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) it eradicates the bulk of the starfish in a given area, human divers can move in and remove the survivors. Field trials of the robot have begun in Moreton Bay in Brisbane to refine its navigation system, according to Queensland University of Technology researcher Matthew Dunbabin. There are no crown-of-thorns starfish in Moreton Bay, but when the navigation has been refined, the robot will be used on the reef. Crown-of-thorns starfish The crown-of-thorns starfish, \"Acanthaster planci\", is a large starfish that preys upon hard, or stony, coral polyps (Scleractinia). The crown-of-thorns starfish receives its name from venomous thorn-like spines that","Document [5](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) was an initial period of relatively slow growth while the starfish were feeding on coralline algae. This was followed by a phase of rapid growth which led to sexual maturity at the end of the second year. The starfish were in the vicinity of 200 mm diameter at this stage. They continued to grow rapidly and were in the order of 300 mm at 3 years of age. Then they reached a plateau between 3 and 4 years and tended to decline after 4 years. Gonad development was greater in the third and subsequent years than at 2 years and","Document [6](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) (four locations), Micronesia (two locations), and samples from one location each of the Great Barrier Reef, Fiji, Hawaii, and Gulf of California. A sample of 10 specimens of \"A. brevispinus\" from the Great Barrier Reef region was included for comparison. There was considerable genetic differentiation between the \"A. brevispinus\" and \"A. planci\" populations (D= 0.20 +\/- 0.02)(D is genetic distance). The genetic differences between geographic populations of \"A. planci\" were, however, small (D = 0.03 +\/- 0.00; Fsr = 0.07 + 0.02) (Fsr is standardized genetic variance for each polymorphic locus) despite the great distances separating them. A positive correlation","Document [7](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) between the Indian and Pacific Ocean populations. Those, however, off northern Western Australia had a strong Pacific affinity. With the exception of the very strong connection of southern Japanese populations to the Great Barrier Reef populations, the patterns of variation within regions were consistent with isolation by distance. Again, the pattern of decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances is apparent. Benzie suggests that the divergence between Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean populations began at least 1.6 million years ago and is likely to reflect responses to changes in climate and sea level. A more recent comprehensive geographic","Document [8](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) spines on the sides of the starfish's arms and upper (aboral) surface resemble thorns and create a crown-like shape, giving the creature its name. The spines are stiff and very sharp, and readily pierce through soft surfaces. Despite the battery of sharp spines on the aboral surface and blunt spines on the oral surface, the crown-of-thorns starfish's general body surface is membranous and soft. When the starfish is removed from the water, the body surface ruptures and the body fluid leaks out, so the body collapses and flattens. The spines bend over and flatten, as well. They recover their shape","Document [9](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) fecundity of this starfish. Babcock et al. (1993) monitored changes in fecundity and fertility (fertilisation rate) over the spawning season of the Crown-of-thorns starfish on Davies Reef, central Great Barrier Reef, from 1990 to 1992. The starfish were observed to spawn (photograph) from December to January (early to mid-summer) in this region with most observations being in January. However, both gonadosomatic index and fertility peaked early and declined to low levels by late January, indicating that most successful reproductive events took place early in the spawning season. In northern hemisphere coral reefs however, crown-of-thorns populations reproduce in April and May,","Document [10](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) in the central (Hawaii) and eastern Pacific (Gulf of California) populations suggests they were derived from those in the western Pacific. Further details of the genetic relationship between \"A. planci\" and \"Acanthaster brevispinus\" are presented in the entry for the latter species. These are clearly sibling species and it is suggested that \"A. planci\", the specialised coral-feeding species arose from \"A. brevispinus\", the less specialised soft-bottom inhabitant. In a very comprehensive geographic study, Benzie examined allozyme loci variation in 20 populations of \" A. planci\", throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The most striking result was a very marked discontinuity"],"query":"where did the crown of thorns starfish come from?","answers":["Indo-Pacific"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region. The body form of the crown-of-thorns starfish is fundamentally the same as that of a typical starfish, with a central disk and radiating arms. Its special traits, however, include being disc-shaped, multiple-armed, flexible, prehensile, and heavily spined, and having a large ratio of stomach surface to body mass. Its prehensile ability arises from the two rows of numerous tube feet that extend to the tip of each arm. In being multiple-armed, it has lost the five-fold symmetry (pentamerism) typical of starfish, although it begins its life cycle with","Document [2](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) the starfish found no evidence of the starfish in the fish's guts. These carnivorous fish were caught commercially on the coral reefs on the Gulf of Oman and examined at local fish markets. One problem with the concept of predators of large juvenile and adult starfish causing total mortality is that the starfish have good regenerative powers and they wouldn't keep still while being eaten. Also, they would need to be consumed completely or almost completely to die. 17\u201360% of starfish in various populations had missing or regenerating arms. Clearly the starfish experience various levels of sublethal predation. When the","Document [3](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) it eradicates the bulk of the starfish in a given area, human divers can move in and remove the survivors. Field trials of the robot have begun in Moreton Bay in Brisbane to refine its navigation system, according to Queensland University of Technology researcher Matthew Dunbabin. There are no crown-of-thorns starfish in Moreton Bay, but when the navigation has been refined, the robot will be used on the reef. Crown-of-thorns starfish The crown-of-thorns starfish, \"Acanthaster planci\", is a large starfish that preys upon hard, or stony, coral polyps (Scleractinia). The crown-of-thorns starfish receives its name from venomous thorn-like spines that","Document [4](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) was an initial period of relatively slow growth while the starfish were feeding on coralline algae. This was followed by a phase of rapid growth which led to sexual maturity at the end of the second year. The starfish were in the vicinity of 200 mm diameter at this stage. They continued to grow rapidly and were in the order of 300 mm at 3 years of age. Then they reached a plateau between 3 and 4 years and tended to decline after 4 years. Gonad development was greater in the third and subsequent years than at 2 years and","Document [5](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) A. planci has a very wide Indo-Pacific distribution. It is perhaps most common in Australia, but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean, and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America. It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region.","Document [6](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) (four locations), Micronesia (two locations), and samples from one location each of the Great Barrier Reef, Fiji, Hawaii, and Gulf of California. A sample of 10 specimens of \"A. brevispinus\" from the Great Barrier Reef region was included for comparison. There was considerable genetic differentiation between the \"A. brevispinus\" and \"A. planci\" populations (D= 0.20 +\/- 0.02)(D is genetic distance). The genetic differences between geographic populations of \"A. planci\" were, however, small (D = 0.03 +\/- 0.00; Fsr = 0.07 + 0.02) (Fsr is standardized genetic variance for each polymorphic locus) despite the great distances separating them. A positive correlation","Document [7](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) between the Indian and Pacific Ocean populations. Those, however, off northern Western Australia had a strong Pacific affinity. With the exception of the very strong connection of southern Japanese populations to the Great Barrier Reef populations, the patterns of variation within regions were consistent with isolation by distance. Again, the pattern of decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances is apparent. Benzie suggests that the divergence between Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean populations began at least 1.6 million years ago and is likely to reflect responses to changes in climate and sea level. A more recent comprehensive geographic","Document [8](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) spines on the sides of the starfish's arms and upper (aboral) surface resemble thorns and create a crown-like shape, giving the creature its name. The spines are stiff and very sharp, and readily pierce through soft surfaces. Despite the battery of sharp spines on the aboral surface and blunt spines on the oral surface, the crown-of-thorns starfish's general body surface is membranous and soft. When the starfish is removed from the water, the body surface ruptures and the body fluid leaks out, so the body collapses and flattens. The spines bend over and flatten, as well. They recover their shape","Document [9](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) fecundity of this starfish. Babcock et al. (1993) monitored changes in fecundity and fertility (fertilisation rate) over the spawning season of the Crown-of-thorns starfish on Davies Reef, central Great Barrier Reef, from 1990 to 1992. The starfish were observed to spawn (photograph) from December to January (early to mid-summer) in this region with most observations being in January. However, both gonadosomatic index and fertility peaked early and declined to low levels by late January, indicating that most successful reproductive events took place early in the spawning season. In northern hemisphere coral reefs however, crown-of-thorns populations reproduce in April and May,","Document [10](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) in the central (Hawaii) and eastern Pacific (Gulf of California) populations suggests they were derived from those in the western Pacific. Further details of the genetic relationship between \"A. planci\" and \"Acanthaster brevispinus\" are presented in the entry for the latter species. These are clearly sibling species and it is suggested that \"A. planci\", the specialised coral-feeding species arose from \"A. brevispinus\", the less specialised soft-bottom inhabitant. In a very comprehensive geographic study, Benzie examined allozyme loci variation in 20 populations of \" A. planci\", throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The most striking result was a very marked discontinuity"],"query":"where did the crown of thorns starfish come from?","answers":["Indo-Pacific"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region. The body form of the crown-of-thorns starfish is fundamentally the same as that of a typical starfish, with a central disk and radiating arms. Its special traits, however, include being disc-shaped, multiple-armed, flexible, prehensile, and heavily spined, and having a large ratio of stomach surface to body mass. Its prehensile ability arises from the two rows of numerous tube feet that extend to the tip of each arm. In being multiple-armed, it has lost the five-fold symmetry (pentamerism) typical of starfish, although it begins its life cycle with","Document [2](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) the starfish found no evidence of the starfish in the fish's guts. These carnivorous fish were caught commercially on the coral reefs on the Gulf of Oman and examined at local fish markets. One problem with the concept of predators of large juvenile and adult starfish causing total mortality is that the starfish have good regenerative powers and they wouldn't keep still while being eaten. Also, they would need to be consumed completely or almost completely to die. 17\u201360% of starfish in various populations had missing or regenerating arms. Clearly the starfish experience various levels of sublethal predation. When the","Document [3](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) it eradicates the bulk of the starfish in a given area, human divers can move in and remove the survivors. Field trials of the robot have begun in Moreton Bay in Brisbane to refine its navigation system, according to Queensland University of Technology researcher Matthew Dunbabin. There are no crown-of-thorns starfish in Moreton Bay, but when the navigation has been refined, the robot will be used on the reef. Crown-of-thorns starfish The crown-of-thorns starfish, \"Acanthaster planci\", is a large starfish that preys upon hard, or stony, coral polyps (Scleractinia). The crown-of-thorns starfish receives its name from venomous thorn-like spines that","Document [4](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) was an initial period of relatively slow growth while the starfish were feeding on coralline algae. This was followed by a phase of rapid growth which led to sexual maturity at the end of the second year. The starfish were in the vicinity of 200 mm diameter at this stage. They continued to grow rapidly and were in the order of 300 mm at 3 years of age. Then they reached a plateau between 3 and 4 years and tended to decline after 4 years. Gonad development was greater in the third and subsequent years than at 2 years and","Document [5](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) (four locations), Micronesia (two locations), and samples from one location each of the Great Barrier Reef, Fiji, Hawaii, and Gulf of California. A sample of 10 specimens of \"A. brevispinus\" from the Great Barrier Reef region was included for comparison. There was considerable genetic differentiation between the \"A. brevispinus\" and \"A. planci\" populations (D= 0.20 +\/- 0.02)(D is genetic distance). The genetic differences between geographic populations of \"A. planci\" were, however, small (D = 0.03 +\/- 0.00; Fsr = 0.07 + 0.02) (Fsr is standardized genetic variance for each polymorphic locus) despite the great distances separating them. A positive correlation","Document [6](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) between the Indian and Pacific Ocean populations. Those, however, off northern Western Australia had a strong Pacific affinity. With the exception of the very strong connection of southern Japanese populations to the Great Barrier Reef populations, the patterns of variation within regions were consistent with isolation by distance. Again, the pattern of decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances is apparent. Benzie suggests that the divergence between Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean populations began at least 1.6 million years ago and is likely to reflect responses to changes in climate and sea level. A more recent comprehensive geographic","Document [7](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) spines on the sides of the starfish's arms and upper (aboral) surface resemble thorns and create a crown-like shape, giving the creature its name. The spines are stiff and very sharp, and readily pierce through soft surfaces. Despite the battery of sharp spines on the aboral surface and blunt spines on the oral surface, the crown-of-thorns starfish's general body surface is membranous and soft. When the starfish is removed from the water, the body surface ruptures and the body fluid leaks out, so the body collapses and flattens. The spines bend over and flatten, as well. They recover their shape","Document [8](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) fecundity of this starfish. Babcock et al. (1993) monitored changes in fecundity and fertility (fertilisation rate) over the spawning season of the Crown-of-thorns starfish on Davies Reef, central Great Barrier Reef, from 1990 to 1992. The starfish were observed to spawn (photograph) from December to January (early to mid-summer) in this region with most observations being in January. However, both gonadosomatic index and fertility peaked early and declined to low levels by late January, indicating that most successful reproductive events took place early in the spawning season. In northern hemisphere coral reefs however, crown-of-thorns populations reproduce in April and May,","Document [9](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) in the central (Hawaii) and eastern Pacific (Gulf of California) populations suggests they were derived from those in the western Pacific. Further details of the genetic relationship between \"A. planci\" and \"Acanthaster brevispinus\" are presented in the entry for the latter species. These are clearly sibling species and it is suggested that \"A. planci\", the specialised coral-feeding species arose from \"A. brevispinus\", the less specialised soft-bottom inhabitant. In a very comprehensive geographic study, Benzie examined allozyme loci variation in 20 populations of \" A. planci\", throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The most striking result was a very marked discontinuity","Document [10](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) A. planci has a very wide Indo-Pacific distribution. It is perhaps most common in Australia, but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean, and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America. It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region."],"query":"where did the crown of thorns starfish come from?","answers":["Indo-Pacific"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)) Kal Ho Naa Ho (Hindi: \u0915\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b, English: Tomorrow May Never Come) is a Hindi song from the 2003 Hindi film Kal Ho Naa Ho directed by Nikhil Advani. The song is one of the most popular Hindi film songs all time. The song was composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy with lyrics penned by Javed Akhtar and sung by Sonu Nigam. It quickly became popular upon release. There is also a sad version of the song in the film on which Sonu Nigam is joined by Alka Yagnik and Richa Sharma.","Document [2](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)) in Rohit's place, romancing Naina. The theme of the song was composed by Loy Mendonsa of the Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy trio and Shankar Mahadevan arranged the groove. In a later interview in the documentary \"Pancham unmixed\", Shankar, Ehsaan and Loy revealed that the music of the segment \"har pal yahaan\" in the song was inspired by the music of R.D.Burman. The song was featured in \"Outlook\" magazine's \"20 Best Hindi Film Songs Ever\" list. The jury was composed of celebrities such as Gulzar, Hariharan, Javed Akhtar, Kumar Sanu and Shantanu Moitra. Each jury member was asked to nominate 10 favorites and the","Document [3](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) music directors for \"Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...\". The soundtrack for \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\" was composed by Shankar\u2013Ehsaan\u2013Loy in their first collaboration with Johar, with lyrics by Javed Akhtar. Unlike many previous Bollywood films, Johar complied with international copyright laws and obtained permission to rework Roy Orbison's 1964 song \"Oh, Pretty Woman\" for the film; the revised song was entitled \"Pretty Woman\". The music for the title song, \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\", was composed by Loy Mendonsa when he and Advani were at the German Bakery in Pune. Advani wanted a song thematically similar to Celine Dion's 1997 recording of","Document [4](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) favourite directors, she immediately changed her mind and accepted. Kajol and Rani Mukherji made special appearances in the song \"Maahi Ve\". \"Vogue India\" fashion director Anaita Shroff Adajania made a cameo appearance as Geeta Parekh, Naina and Rohit's fellow MBA candidate. In addition to writing the story and screenplay, Johar co-produced \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\" with Yash Johar under the banner of Dharma Productions. The film was the last produced by Yash Johar before his death on 26 June 2004. The dialogue was written by Niranjan Iyengar. Anil Mehta and Sanjay Sankla were signed as cinematographer and editor, respectively, and","Document [5](Title: Mahalakshmi Iyer) for her performances in songs like \"Kabhi Sham Dhale\" from \"Sur \u2013 The Melody of Life\" (2002), \"Har Taraf\" from \"Rishtey\" (2002) and for hit songs like \"Chup Chup Ke\" from \"Bunty Aur Babli\" (2005), \"Aaj Ki Raat\" from \"\" (2006) and \"Bol Na Halke Halke\" from \"Jhoom Barabar Jhoom\". She sang on the Academy Award winning song \"Jai Ho\" for A. R. Rahman in the film \"Slumdog Millionaire\" (2008). Specifically, she sang the Hindi words between the short \"Jai Ho\" chants, as well as portions of the verses (most of which were sung by Sukhwinder Singh). In the past,","Document [6](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) Kal Ho Naa Ho Kal Ho Naa Ho (, ), also abbreviated as KHNH, is a 2003 Indian romantic drama film directed by Nikkhil Advani. The film features Jaya Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Saif Ali Khan, and Preity Zinta as the lead characters, with Sushma Seth, Reema Lagoo, Lilette Dubey, and Delnaaz Paul in supporting roles. It narrates the story of Naina Catherine Kapur, a pessimistic and uptight MBA student. She falls in love with her neighbour Aman Mathur, a terminally-ill heart patient who tries to get Naina and her friend Rohit Patel to fall in love with each other,","Document [7](Title: Monali Thakur) Monali Thakur Monali Thakur (born 3 November 1985) is an Indian singer and actress. She is the recipient of a National Film Award and a Filmfare Award.Thakur won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song \"Moh Moh Ke Dhaage\" from the film \"Dum Laga Ke Haisha\" (2015) and the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song \"Sawaar Loon\" from the film \"Lootera\" (2013). She is even now continuously giving various new hits. She was a \"judge\" on Zee TV's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014. She was also an \"expert\"","Document [8](Title: Ka Karoon Sajni Aaye Na Baalam) Ka Karoon Sajni Aaye Na Baalam Ka Karoon Sajni Aye Na Baalam is a classical song of Hindustani classical music. It is a Thumri sung in the raaga, Sindh Bhairavi Thumri. It was popularised by legendary Hindustani vocalist, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Barkat Ali Khan, Bismillah Khan on shehnai, Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty etc. It was part of the Hindi film, \"Swami\" (1977), sung by Yesudas under the music direction of Rajesh Roshan. Yesudas was also nominated for the 1978 Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song. This song of Movie 'SWAMY' composed in raaga 'kirwani' which is","Document [9](Title: Naqsh Lyallpuri) Lyallpuri, rather than her own singing. Lyallpuri is best known for the song \"Tumhe Ho Na Ho\" from the film \"Gharonda\" (1977), sung by Bangladeshi singer Runa Laila. The song is often wrongly ascribed to Gulzar, who wrote the other songs in the film, whereas the song \"Do Deewane Shahar Mein\" in the same film is misattributed to Lyallpuri. The 1979 song \"Yeh Mulaqaat Ek Bahana Hai\" in the film \"Khandaan\" is noted for its unusual ghazal format. His \"Pyar Ka Dard Hai\" from the 1981 film \"Dard\" has been lauded for Kishore Kumar's soft singing and for using \"everyday","Document [10](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) \"My Heart Will Go On\", which he was humming at the time. When he heard it, Mendonsa came up with the tune and recorded it on his phone. After Shankar Mahadevan and Ehsaan Noorani listened to it, the trio composed the song. The soundtrack was released on 27 September 2003 under the Sony Music India label. The audio launch ceremony was held two days later at the Taj Lands End in Mumbai. The album had positive reviews and the title song, \"It's The Time To Disco\", \"Kuch To Hua Hai\" and \"Pretty Woman\" became popular. A Bollywood Hungama critic called"],"query":"who is the singer of kal ho na ho?","answers":["Sonu Nigam","Richa Sharma","Alka Yagnik"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)) in Rohit's place, romancing Naina. The theme of the song was composed by Loy Mendonsa of the Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy trio and Shankar Mahadevan arranged the groove. In a later interview in the documentary \"Pancham unmixed\", Shankar, Ehsaan and Loy revealed that the music of the segment \"har pal yahaan\" in the song was inspired by the music of R.D.Burman. The song was featured in \"Outlook\" magazine's \"20 Best Hindi Film Songs Ever\" list. The jury was composed of celebrities such as Gulzar, Hariharan, Javed Akhtar, Kumar Sanu and Shantanu Moitra. Each jury member was asked to nominate 10 favorites and the","Document [2](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) music directors for \"Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...\". The soundtrack for \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\" was composed by Shankar\u2013Ehsaan\u2013Loy in their first collaboration with Johar, with lyrics by Javed Akhtar. Unlike many previous Bollywood films, Johar complied with international copyright laws and obtained permission to rework Roy Orbison's 1964 song \"Oh, Pretty Woman\" for the film; the revised song was entitled \"Pretty Woman\". The music for the title song, \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\", was composed by Loy Mendonsa when he and Advani were at the German Bakery in Pune. Advani wanted a song thematically similar to Celine Dion's 1997 recording of","Document [3](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) favourite directors, she immediately changed her mind and accepted. Kajol and Rani Mukherji made special appearances in the song \"Maahi Ve\". \"Vogue India\" fashion director Anaita Shroff Adajania made a cameo appearance as Geeta Parekh, Naina and Rohit's fellow MBA candidate. In addition to writing the story and screenplay, Johar co-produced \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\" with Yash Johar under the banner of Dharma Productions. The film was the last produced by Yash Johar before his death on 26 June 2004. The dialogue was written by Niranjan Iyengar. Anil Mehta and Sanjay Sankla were signed as cinematographer and editor, respectively, and","Document [4](Title: Mahalakshmi Iyer) for her performances in songs like \"Kabhi Sham Dhale\" from \"Sur \u2013 The Melody of Life\" (2002), \"Har Taraf\" from \"Rishtey\" (2002) and for hit songs like \"Chup Chup Ke\" from \"Bunty Aur Babli\" (2005), \"Aaj Ki Raat\" from \"\" (2006) and \"Bol Na Halke Halke\" from \"Jhoom Barabar Jhoom\". She sang on the Academy Award winning song \"Jai Ho\" for A. R. Rahman in the film \"Slumdog Millionaire\" (2008). Specifically, she sang the Hindi words between the short \"Jai Ho\" chants, as well as portions of the verses (most of which were sung by Sukhwinder Singh). In the past,","Document [5](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)) Kal Ho Naa Ho (Hindi: \u0915\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b, English: Tomorrow May Never Come) is a Hindi song from the 2003 Hindi film Kal Ho Naa Ho directed by Nikhil Advani. The song is one of the most popular Hindi film songs all time. The song was composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy with lyrics penned by Javed Akhtar and sung by Sonu Nigam. It quickly became popular upon release. There is also a sad version of the song in the film on which Sonu Nigam is joined by Alka Yagnik and Richa Sharma.","Document [6](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) Kal Ho Naa Ho Kal Ho Naa Ho (, ), also abbreviated as KHNH, is a 2003 Indian romantic drama film directed by Nikkhil Advani. The film features Jaya Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Saif Ali Khan, and Preity Zinta as the lead characters, with Sushma Seth, Reema Lagoo, Lilette Dubey, and Delnaaz Paul in supporting roles. It narrates the story of Naina Catherine Kapur, a pessimistic and uptight MBA student. She falls in love with her neighbour Aman Mathur, a terminally-ill heart patient who tries to get Naina and her friend Rohit Patel to fall in love with each other,","Document [7](Title: Monali Thakur) Monali Thakur Monali Thakur (born 3 November 1985) is an Indian singer and actress. She is the recipient of a National Film Award and a Filmfare Award.Thakur won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song \"Moh Moh Ke Dhaage\" from the film \"Dum Laga Ke Haisha\" (2015) and the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song \"Sawaar Loon\" from the film \"Lootera\" (2013). She is even now continuously giving various new hits. She was a \"judge\" on Zee TV's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014. She was also an \"expert\"","Document [8](Title: Ka Karoon Sajni Aaye Na Baalam) Ka Karoon Sajni Aaye Na Baalam Ka Karoon Sajni Aye Na Baalam is a classical song of Hindustani classical music. It is a Thumri sung in the raaga, Sindh Bhairavi Thumri. It was popularised by legendary Hindustani vocalist, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Barkat Ali Khan, Bismillah Khan on shehnai, Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty etc. It was part of the Hindi film, \"Swami\" (1977), sung by Yesudas under the music direction of Rajesh Roshan. Yesudas was also nominated for the 1978 Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song. This song of Movie 'SWAMY' composed in raaga 'kirwani' which is","Document [9](Title: Naqsh Lyallpuri) Lyallpuri, rather than her own singing. Lyallpuri is best known for the song \"Tumhe Ho Na Ho\" from the film \"Gharonda\" (1977), sung by Bangladeshi singer Runa Laila. The song is often wrongly ascribed to Gulzar, who wrote the other songs in the film, whereas the song \"Do Deewane Shahar Mein\" in the same film is misattributed to Lyallpuri. The 1979 song \"Yeh Mulaqaat Ek Bahana Hai\" in the film \"Khandaan\" is noted for its unusual ghazal format. His \"Pyar Ka Dard Hai\" from the 1981 film \"Dard\" has been lauded for Kishore Kumar's soft singing and for using \"everyday","Document [10](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) \"My Heart Will Go On\", which he was humming at the time. When he heard it, Mendonsa came up with the tune and recorded it on his phone. After Shankar Mahadevan and Ehsaan Noorani listened to it, the trio composed the song. The soundtrack was released on 27 September 2003 under the Sony Music India label. The audio launch ceremony was held two days later at the Taj Lands End in Mumbai. The album had positive reviews and the title song, \"It's The Time To Disco\", \"Kuch To Hua Hai\" and \"Pretty Woman\" became popular. A Bollywood Hungama critic called"],"query":"who is the singer of kal ho na ho?","answers":["Sonu Nigam","Richa Sharma","Alka Yagnik"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)) in Rohit's place, romancing Naina. The theme of the song was composed by Loy Mendonsa of the Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy trio and Shankar Mahadevan arranged the groove. In a later interview in the documentary \"Pancham unmixed\", Shankar, Ehsaan and Loy revealed that the music of the segment \"har pal yahaan\" in the song was inspired by the music of R.D.Burman. The song was featured in \"Outlook\" magazine's \"20 Best Hindi Film Songs Ever\" list. The jury was composed of celebrities such as Gulzar, Hariharan, Javed Akhtar, Kumar Sanu and Shantanu Moitra. Each jury member was asked to nominate 10 favorites and the","Document [2](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) music directors for \"Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...\". The soundtrack for \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\" was composed by Shankar\u2013Ehsaan\u2013Loy in their first collaboration with Johar, with lyrics by Javed Akhtar. Unlike many previous Bollywood films, Johar complied with international copyright laws and obtained permission to rework Roy Orbison's 1964 song \"Oh, Pretty Woman\" for the film; the revised song was entitled \"Pretty Woman\". The music for the title song, \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\", was composed by Loy Mendonsa when he and Advani were at the German Bakery in Pune. Advani wanted a song thematically similar to Celine Dion's 1997 recording of","Document [3](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) favourite directors, she immediately changed her mind and accepted. Kajol and Rani Mukherji made special appearances in the song \"Maahi Ve\". \"Vogue India\" fashion director Anaita Shroff Adajania made a cameo appearance as Geeta Parekh, Naina and Rohit's fellow MBA candidate. In addition to writing the story and screenplay, Johar co-produced \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\" with Yash Johar under the banner of Dharma Productions. The film was the last produced by Yash Johar before his death on 26 June 2004. The dialogue was written by Niranjan Iyengar. Anil Mehta and Sanjay Sankla were signed as cinematographer and editor, respectively, and","Document [4](Title: Mahalakshmi Iyer) for her performances in songs like \"Kabhi Sham Dhale\" from \"Sur \u2013 The Melody of Life\" (2002), \"Har Taraf\" from \"Rishtey\" (2002) and for hit songs like \"Chup Chup Ke\" from \"Bunty Aur Babli\" (2005), \"Aaj Ki Raat\" from \"\" (2006) and \"Bol Na Halke Halke\" from \"Jhoom Barabar Jhoom\". She sang on the Academy Award winning song \"Jai Ho\" for A. R. Rahman in the film \"Slumdog Millionaire\" (2008). Specifically, she sang the Hindi words between the short \"Jai Ho\" chants, as well as portions of the verses (most of which were sung by Sukhwinder Singh). In the past,","Document [5](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) Kal Ho Naa Ho Kal Ho Naa Ho (, ), also abbreviated as KHNH, is a 2003 Indian romantic drama film directed by Nikkhil Advani. The film features Jaya Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Saif Ali Khan, and Preity Zinta as the lead characters, with Sushma Seth, Reema Lagoo, Lilette Dubey, and Delnaaz Paul in supporting roles. It narrates the story of Naina Catherine Kapur, a pessimistic and uptight MBA student. She falls in love with her neighbour Aman Mathur, a terminally-ill heart patient who tries to get Naina and her friend Rohit Patel to fall in love with each other,","Document [6](Title: Monali Thakur) Monali Thakur Monali Thakur (born 3 November 1985) is an Indian singer and actress. She is the recipient of a National Film Award and a Filmfare Award.Thakur won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song \"Moh Moh Ke Dhaage\" from the film \"Dum Laga Ke Haisha\" (2015) and the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song \"Sawaar Loon\" from the film \"Lootera\" (2013). She is even now continuously giving various new hits. She was a \"judge\" on Zee TV's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014. She was also an \"expert\"","Document [7](Title: Ka Karoon Sajni Aaye Na Baalam) Ka Karoon Sajni Aaye Na Baalam Ka Karoon Sajni Aye Na Baalam is a classical song of Hindustani classical music. It is a Thumri sung in the raaga, Sindh Bhairavi Thumri. It was popularised by legendary Hindustani vocalist, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Barkat Ali Khan, Bismillah Khan on shehnai, Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty etc. It was part of the Hindi film, \"Swami\" (1977), sung by Yesudas under the music direction of Rajesh Roshan. Yesudas was also nominated for the 1978 Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song. This song of Movie 'SWAMY' composed in raaga 'kirwani' which is","Document [8](Title: Naqsh Lyallpuri) Lyallpuri, rather than her own singing. Lyallpuri is best known for the song \"Tumhe Ho Na Ho\" from the film \"Gharonda\" (1977), sung by Bangladeshi singer Runa Laila. The song is often wrongly ascribed to Gulzar, who wrote the other songs in the film, whereas the song \"Do Deewane Shahar Mein\" in the same film is misattributed to Lyallpuri. The 1979 song \"Yeh Mulaqaat Ek Bahana Hai\" in the film \"Khandaan\" is noted for its unusual ghazal format. His \"Pyar Ka Dard Hai\" from the 1981 film \"Dard\" has been lauded for Kishore Kumar's soft singing and for using \"everyday","Document [9](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) \"My Heart Will Go On\", which he was humming at the time. When he heard it, Mendonsa came up with the tune and recorded it on his phone. After Shankar Mahadevan and Ehsaan Noorani listened to it, the trio composed the song. The soundtrack was released on 27 September 2003 under the Sony Music India label. The audio launch ceremony was held two days later at the Taj Lands End in Mumbai. The album had positive reviews and the title song, \"It's The Time To Disco\", \"Kuch To Hua Hai\" and \"Pretty Woman\" became popular. A Bollywood Hungama critic called","Document [10](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)) Kal Ho Naa Ho (Hindi: \u0915\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b, English: Tomorrow May Never Come) is a Hindi song from the 2003 Hindi film Kal Ho Naa Ho directed by Nikhil Advani. The song is one of the most popular Hindi film songs all time. The song was composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy with lyrics penned by Javed Akhtar and sung by Sonu Nigam. It quickly became popular upon release. There is also a sad version of the song in the film on which Sonu Nigam is joined by Alka Yagnik and Richa Sharma."],"query":"who is the singer of kal ho na ho?","answers":["Sonu Nigam","Richa Sharma","Alka Yagnik"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Alan Autry) Carlos Alan Autry Jr. (also known for a period of time as Carlos Brown; born July 31, 1952), is an American actor, politician, and former National Football League player. During his brief football career, he was known as Carlos Brown. He played the role of Captain Bubba Skinner on the NBC television series, In the Heat of the Night, starring Carroll O'Connor. He has also appeared in films and other television shows. In November 2000, he was elected mayor of Fresno, California, and served for two four-year terms through January 2009. In 2008, Autry was hosting a radio news talk","Document [2](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) ex-partner and Althea's ex-lover (Michael Warren from \"Hill Street Blues\") coming to visit for a reunion that no one would ever forget; Chief Gillespie's having to face his own bigoted past when he arrests a close friend (played by Ed Ames) (who is also the sheriff of the neighboring county) for committing a racially motivated murder; Bubba's getting caught up in a murderous love triangle; Althea's niece \"Nicole\" visiting, and with new friend \"Bobby Skinner\" (Bubba's nephew) stumbling upon criminal malfeasance in the episode \"City Mouse Country Mouse\". Mary Crosby and Judith Chapman stir up trouble when the sisters are","Document [3](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) real father. At the end of the episode, Lana finds out that Bill is her real father but does not want to have anything to do with him because of his nonexistence in her life for 20 years. This hurts Bill deeply, and he has a hard time dealing with it. Other story lines include a taxidermist who is obsessed with a schoolteacher, a game of high-stakes poker that ends in murder, Bubba's finding out that Sheriff McComb's deputy is growing pot on the side, Sweet's finding out the truth about the murder of his grandfather in 1948 (a story","Document [4](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) Tibbs and assists on three of the Sparta PD's cases after having moved into Ben Taylor's law office. Other cases involve a friend of Bubba Skinner's being given the AIDS virus from a lover who knew he had it, a nine-year-old little girl being killed because of a drunk driver (Hagman-directed), a young inter-racial couple being stalked by a white supremacist (Brent Lunay), first seen in the episode \"Odessa\", written by Denise Nicholas. Other cases include Parker's being accused of police brutality, and the return of Daddy Roy and Miz Rhoda. Both Anne Meara and Jerry Stiller make special guest","Document [5](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) for Megan Fowler (the girlfriend) and Lyle Ridley (the older married man) and fatally shoots Lyle while he and Megan are chasing each other outside the cabin that belongs to Lyle Ridley and his wife. Parker and Dee suffer the dreaded task of traveling to the Ridley residence to tell Mrs. Ridley that her husband was shot at their lake home and that he was with a 17-year-old girl. Other highlights this season included the return of Luanne's brother (played by \"Designing Women\"s Meshach Taylor), a faded country music singer (played by Robert Goulet) who ends up committing murder; the","Document [6](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) by the music teacher at Sparta High School. It was also revealed that Parker was a Vietnam veteran. Dee Shaw joined the cast as officer Dee Sheppard. In plot lines, Parker almost crosses the line between police ethics and love when he falls for Kate Morell and her daughter J.C.; a former boxer that used to run for the mob tries to blackmail them. The chief tries unsuccessfully to save him, telling Althea, \"The FBI wants to buy what King Baylor knows before the mob kills him and the mob wants him dead before the FBI can buy him. It's","Document [7](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) reconciliation between Gillespie and his estranged daughter Lana, Bubba's being stalked by an obsessed admirer; Sweet's being falsely accused of accepting a bribe; and a two-part episode directed by Larry Hagman involving the white supremacy that still exists in the new South. In a two-part episode written by O'Connor and Cynthia Deming, titled \"Even Nice People\" and \"Lake Winahatchie\", the mob, led by their real estate connection Lewis Alvin Epp, tries to force Lana off her farmland, first by trying to buy it and then by torching it so that they can build the \"Sparta South Development\". Burgess Meredith (in","Document [8](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) character actors and actresses have made guest appearances, and others were newcomers who went on to become well-known. Some of those appearing in \"The Heat of the Night\" episodes were: Ed Ames, Frances Fisher, Rod Masterson, Mel Stewart, Denzel Washington, Nana Visitor, Gail O'Grady, Peter Fonda, Don Galloway, Corbin Bernsen, Dana Barron, Marco St. John, Larry Black, Ted Lange, Mickey Jones, Mitchell Laurance, Laura Johnson, Jordan Vaughn, Martha Byrne, Walton Goggins, Maury Covington, Earl Holliman, Michael Beck, Randy Brooks, Wayne Brady, Art Evans, Nicolas Cowan, Lou Walker, Alan Arbus, Robert Goulet, Bobby Short, Iman, William Sadler, Michael Spound, Bill McKinney,","Document [9](Title: Brad Leland) and directing. After graduating from college, Leland moved to Dallas where he worked in local theatre and found an agent. He also got a part in one episode of the TV series \"Dallas\" and in an episode of \"In the Heat of the Night\". He later appeared in seven episodes of the TV series \"Walker, Texas Ranger\", in the 2003 \"Texas Chain Saw Massacre\" remake and as an executive in the film \"Hancock\". His most visible roles, though, are that of football booster John Aubrey in the film \"Friday Night Lights\" and the similar character, Buddy Garrity, in the TV","Document [10](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) played by legendary actress Stella Stevens. Georgia Farren asks Bill to help her put some of her affairs in order and to keep all of her \"boyfriends\" as well as her ex-husband away from her assets, which she intends to leave to Lana. Bill immediately puts Ted Marcus on the case to assist Lana in obtaining the property meant to be given to her by her mother. In the meantime, Georgia returns to Gulfport and is murdered. The chief takes this very personally and sets out to find her killer, Ken Farren, who evidently learns that Bill Gillespie is Lana's"],"query":"who played bubba in the heat of the night?","answers":["Carlos Alan Autry Jr."],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) ex-partner and Althea's ex-lover (Michael Warren from \"Hill Street Blues\") coming to visit for a reunion that no one would ever forget; Chief Gillespie's having to face his own bigoted past when he arrests a close friend (played by Ed Ames) (who is also the sheriff of the neighboring county) for committing a racially motivated murder; Bubba's getting caught up in a murderous love triangle; Althea's niece \"Nicole\" visiting, and with new friend \"Bobby Skinner\" (Bubba's nephew) stumbling upon criminal malfeasance in the episode \"City Mouse Country Mouse\". Mary Crosby and Judith Chapman stir up trouble when the sisters are","Document [2](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) real father. At the end of the episode, Lana finds out that Bill is her real father but does not want to have anything to do with him because of his nonexistence in her life for 20 years. This hurts Bill deeply, and he has a hard time dealing with it. Other story lines include a taxidermist who is obsessed with a schoolteacher, a game of high-stakes poker that ends in murder, Bubba's finding out that Sheriff McComb's deputy is growing pot on the side, Sweet's finding out the truth about the murder of his grandfather in 1948 (a story","Document [3](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) Tibbs and assists on three of the Sparta PD's cases after having moved into Ben Taylor's law office. Other cases involve a friend of Bubba Skinner's being given the AIDS virus from a lover who knew he had it, a nine-year-old little girl being killed because of a drunk driver (Hagman-directed), a young inter-racial couple being stalked by a white supremacist (Brent Lunay), first seen in the episode \"Odessa\", written by Denise Nicholas. Other cases include Parker's being accused of police brutality, and the return of Daddy Roy and Miz Rhoda. Both Anne Meara and Jerry Stiller make special guest","Document [4](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) for Megan Fowler (the girlfriend) and Lyle Ridley (the older married man) and fatally shoots Lyle while he and Megan are chasing each other outside the cabin that belongs to Lyle Ridley and his wife. Parker and Dee suffer the dreaded task of traveling to the Ridley residence to tell Mrs. Ridley that her husband was shot at their lake home and that he was with a 17-year-old girl. Other highlights this season included the return of Luanne's brother (played by \"Designing Women\"s Meshach Taylor), a faded country music singer (played by Robert Goulet) who ends up committing murder; the","Document [5](Title: Alan Autry) Carlos Alan Autry Jr. (also known for a period of time as Carlos Brown; born July 31, 1952), is an American actor, politician, and former National Football League player. During his brief football career, he was known as Carlos Brown. He played the role of Captain Bubba Skinner on the NBC television series, In the Heat of the Night, starring Carroll O'Connor. He has also appeared in films and other television shows. In November 2000, he was elected mayor of Fresno, California, and served for two four-year terms through January 2009. In 2008, Autry was hosting a radio news talk","Document [6](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) by the music teacher at Sparta High School. It was also revealed that Parker was a Vietnam veteran. Dee Shaw joined the cast as officer Dee Sheppard. In plot lines, Parker almost crosses the line between police ethics and love when he falls for Kate Morell and her daughter J.C.; a former boxer that used to run for the mob tries to blackmail them. The chief tries unsuccessfully to save him, telling Althea, \"The FBI wants to buy what King Baylor knows before the mob kills him and the mob wants him dead before the FBI can buy him. It's","Document [7](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) reconciliation between Gillespie and his estranged daughter Lana, Bubba's being stalked by an obsessed admirer; Sweet's being falsely accused of accepting a bribe; and a two-part episode directed by Larry Hagman involving the white supremacy that still exists in the new South. In a two-part episode written by O'Connor and Cynthia Deming, titled \"Even Nice People\" and \"Lake Winahatchie\", the mob, led by their real estate connection Lewis Alvin Epp, tries to force Lana off her farmland, first by trying to buy it and then by torching it so that they can build the \"Sparta South Development\". Burgess Meredith (in","Document [8](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) character actors and actresses have made guest appearances, and others were newcomers who went on to become well-known. Some of those appearing in \"The Heat of the Night\" episodes were: Ed Ames, Frances Fisher, Rod Masterson, Mel Stewart, Denzel Washington, Nana Visitor, Gail O'Grady, Peter Fonda, Don Galloway, Corbin Bernsen, Dana Barron, Marco St. John, Larry Black, Ted Lange, Mickey Jones, Mitchell Laurance, Laura Johnson, Jordan Vaughn, Martha Byrne, Walton Goggins, Maury Covington, Earl Holliman, Michael Beck, Randy Brooks, Wayne Brady, Art Evans, Nicolas Cowan, Lou Walker, Alan Arbus, Robert Goulet, Bobby Short, Iman, William Sadler, Michael Spound, Bill McKinney,","Document [9](Title: Brad Leland) and directing. After graduating from college, Leland moved to Dallas where he worked in local theatre and found an agent. He also got a part in one episode of the TV series \"Dallas\" and in an episode of \"In the Heat of the Night\". He later appeared in seven episodes of the TV series \"Walker, Texas Ranger\", in the 2003 \"Texas Chain Saw Massacre\" remake and as an executive in the film \"Hancock\". His most visible roles, though, are that of football booster John Aubrey in the film \"Friday Night Lights\" and the similar character, Buddy Garrity, in the TV","Document [10](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) played by legendary actress Stella Stevens. Georgia Farren asks Bill to help her put some of her affairs in order and to keep all of her \"boyfriends\" as well as her ex-husband away from her assets, which she intends to leave to Lana. Bill immediately puts Ted Marcus on the case to assist Lana in obtaining the property meant to be given to her by her mother. In the meantime, Georgia returns to Gulfport and is murdered. The chief takes this very personally and sets out to find her killer, Ken Farren, who evidently learns that Bill Gillespie is Lana's"],"query":"who played bubba in the heat of the night?","answers":["Carlos Alan Autry Jr."],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) ex-partner and Althea's ex-lover (Michael Warren from \"Hill Street Blues\") coming to visit for a reunion that no one would ever forget; Chief Gillespie's having to face his own bigoted past when he arrests a close friend (played by Ed Ames) (who is also the sheriff of the neighboring county) for committing a racially motivated murder; Bubba's getting caught up in a murderous love triangle; Althea's niece \"Nicole\" visiting, and with new friend \"Bobby Skinner\" (Bubba's nephew) stumbling upon criminal malfeasance in the episode \"City Mouse Country Mouse\". Mary Crosby and Judith Chapman stir up trouble when the sisters are","Document [2](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) real father. At the end of the episode, Lana finds out that Bill is her real father but does not want to have anything to do with him because of his nonexistence in her life for 20 years. This hurts Bill deeply, and he has a hard time dealing with it. Other story lines include a taxidermist who is obsessed with a schoolteacher, a game of high-stakes poker that ends in murder, Bubba's finding out that Sheriff McComb's deputy is growing pot on the side, Sweet's finding out the truth about the murder of his grandfather in 1948 (a story","Document [3](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) Tibbs and assists on three of the Sparta PD's cases after having moved into Ben Taylor's law office. Other cases involve a friend of Bubba Skinner's being given the AIDS virus from a lover who knew he had it, a nine-year-old little girl being killed because of a drunk driver (Hagman-directed), a young inter-racial couple being stalked by a white supremacist (Brent Lunay), first seen in the episode \"Odessa\", written by Denise Nicholas. Other cases include Parker's being accused of police brutality, and the return of Daddy Roy and Miz Rhoda. Both Anne Meara and Jerry Stiller make special guest","Document [4](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) for Megan Fowler (the girlfriend) and Lyle Ridley (the older married man) and fatally shoots Lyle while he and Megan are chasing each other outside the cabin that belongs to Lyle Ridley and his wife. Parker and Dee suffer the dreaded task of traveling to the Ridley residence to tell Mrs. Ridley that her husband was shot at their lake home and that he was with a 17-year-old girl. Other highlights this season included the return of Luanne's brother (played by \"Designing Women\"s Meshach Taylor), a faded country music singer (played by Robert Goulet) who ends up committing murder; the","Document [5](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) by the music teacher at Sparta High School. It was also revealed that Parker was a Vietnam veteran. Dee Shaw joined the cast as officer Dee Sheppard. In plot lines, Parker almost crosses the line between police ethics and love when he falls for Kate Morell and her daughter J.C.; a former boxer that used to run for the mob tries to blackmail them. The chief tries unsuccessfully to save him, telling Althea, \"The FBI wants to buy what King Baylor knows before the mob kills him and the mob wants him dead before the FBI can buy him. It's","Document [6](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) reconciliation between Gillespie and his estranged daughter Lana, Bubba's being stalked by an obsessed admirer; Sweet's being falsely accused of accepting a bribe; and a two-part episode directed by Larry Hagman involving the white supremacy that still exists in the new South. In a two-part episode written by O'Connor and Cynthia Deming, titled \"Even Nice People\" and \"Lake Winahatchie\", the mob, led by their real estate connection Lewis Alvin Epp, tries to force Lana off her farmland, first by trying to buy it and then by torching it so that they can build the \"Sparta South Development\". Burgess Meredith (in","Document [7](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) character actors and actresses have made guest appearances, and others were newcomers who went on to become well-known. Some of those appearing in \"The Heat of the Night\" episodes were: Ed Ames, Frances Fisher, Rod Masterson, Mel Stewart, Denzel Washington, Nana Visitor, Gail O'Grady, Peter Fonda, Don Galloway, Corbin Bernsen, Dana Barron, Marco St. John, Larry Black, Ted Lange, Mickey Jones, Mitchell Laurance, Laura Johnson, Jordan Vaughn, Martha Byrne, Walton Goggins, Maury Covington, Earl Holliman, Michael Beck, Randy Brooks, Wayne Brady, Art Evans, Nicolas Cowan, Lou Walker, Alan Arbus, Robert Goulet, Bobby Short, Iman, William Sadler, Michael Spound, Bill McKinney,","Document [8](Title: Brad Leland) and directing. After graduating from college, Leland moved to Dallas where he worked in local theatre and found an agent. He also got a part in one episode of the TV series \"Dallas\" and in an episode of \"In the Heat of the Night\". He later appeared in seven episodes of the TV series \"Walker, Texas Ranger\", in the 2003 \"Texas Chain Saw Massacre\" remake and as an executive in the film \"Hancock\". His most visible roles, though, are that of football booster John Aubrey in the film \"Friday Night Lights\" and the similar character, Buddy Garrity, in the TV","Document [9](Title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)) played by legendary actress Stella Stevens. Georgia Farren asks Bill to help her put some of her affairs in order and to keep all of her \"boyfriends\" as well as her ex-husband away from her assets, which she intends to leave to Lana. Bill immediately puts Ted Marcus on the case to assist Lana in obtaining the property meant to be given to her by her mother. In the meantime, Georgia returns to Gulfport and is murdered. The chief takes this very personally and sets out to find her killer, Ken Farren, who evidently learns that Bill Gillespie is Lana's","Document [10](Title: Alan Autry) Carlos Alan Autry Jr. (also known for a period of time as Carlos Brown; born July 31, 1952), is an American actor, politician, and former National Football League player. During his brief football career, he was known as Carlos Brown. He played the role of Captain Bubba Skinner on the NBC television series, In the Heat of the Night, starring Carroll O'Connor. He has also appeared in films and other television shows. In November 2000, he was elected mayor of Fresno, California, and served for two four-year terms through January 2009. In 2008, Autry was hosting a radio news talk"],"query":"who played bubba in the heat of the night?","answers":["Carlos Alan Autry Jr."],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Coinage of India) The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II.","Document [2](Title: Alupa dynasty) three dynasties that issued gold coins as early as 8th century CE. The gold that used to mint coins came from trade with the Romans, Arabs and from the adjacent kingdom of Gangas. No other ancient dynasties of the south have issued that many varieties of gold coins as Alupas and Gangas did. The coins of both Gangas and Alupas have inscriptions that helps in dating the period of issue. Unfortunately these coins have not drawn much attention compared to that of Chalukyas or Hoysals. But for sure, they have inspired later dynasties as a prototype or basis to issue","Document [3](Title: Maldivian rufiyaa) city of Mal\u00e9, a fact which it acknowledged on the reverse. The legend \"King of Land and Sea, Iskandhar the Great\" () is found on the edge. After this period, gold coins replaced the existing silver ones during the reign of Sultan Hassan Nooruddin in 1787. He used two different qualities of gold in his coins; one was called Mohoree and the other Baimohoree, of which the former is of higher value. How this gold was obtained is uncertain. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, bronze coins were issued denominated in laari. Sultan Mohamed Imaadhudheen IV (1900\u20131904) introduced what","Document [4](Title: Coinage of Asia) 1 hwan = 5 yang. Tibetan coins were struck in Lhasa and in the Kong-po province between 1763 and 1954. Since 1959 Chinese currency replaces that of Tibet. The first Indian coins were either round, square or long sticks of silver with punch marks issued under various kingdoms starting from around 600 BCE onwards. Issuers included Kashi, Kosala, the Magadha Empire, Kuru, Panchala, Taxila, Gandhara, Kamboja, Avanti in the Narbada Valley, Saurashtra Peninsula, and the Eastern Deccan. The first coins issued by a unified Indian empire was from the Maurya Empire, though they were similar to the older issues. During","Document [5](Title: Satavahana dynasty) states that the element was donated by Ananda, who was the son of Siri Satakarni's foreman of artisans. This inscription is probably from the reign of Satakarni II. The Satavahanas are among the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Kshatrapas he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest. Thousands of lead, copper and potin Satavahana coins have been discovered in the Deccan region; a few gold and silver coins are also available. These coins do not feature","Document [6](Title: Coinage of India) value differential would have incentivised the exchange of gold for silver, resulting in an increasing supply of silver in India. India developed some of the world's first coins, but scholars debate exactly which coin was first and when. Sometime around 600BC in the lower Ganges valley in eastern India a coin called a punchmarked Karshapana was created. According to Hardaker, T.R. the origin of Indian coins can be placed at 575 BCE and according to Gupta in the seventh century BCE. Punch-marked coins were a type of early Coinage of India, dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries","Document [7](Title: Western Satraps) and the date of issue, and have helped clarify the early history of India. From the reigns of Jivadaman and Rudrasimha I, the date of minting of each coin, reckoned in the Saka era, is usually written on the obverse behind the king's head in Brahmi numerals, allowing for a quite precise datation of the rule of each king. This is a rather uncommon case in Indian numismatics. Some, such as the numismat R.C Senior considered that these dates might correspond to the much earlier Azes era instead. Also the father of each king is systematically mentioned in the reverse","Document [8](Title: Coinage of India) of South India. The South Indian kings reissued Roman-like coinage in their own name, either producing their own copies or defacing real ones in order to signify their sovereignty. During the Indo-Scythians period whose era begins from 200 BCE to 400 CE, a new kind of the coins of two dynasties were very popular in circulation in various parts of the then India and parts of central and northern South Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria, Arachosia, Gandhara, Sindh, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar). These dynasties were Saka and The Pahlavas.After the conquest of Bactria by the Sakas in 135","Document [9](Title: Post-Mauryan coinage) Kalinga Brahmi scripts. The Satavahanas at first issued relatively simple designs. Their coins also display various traditional symbols, such as elephants, lions, horses and chaityas (stupas), as well as the \"Ujjain symbol\", a cross with four circles at the end. Later, in the 1st or 2nd century CE, the Satavahanas became the first rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Satraps he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest. Satavahana coins give unique indications as to their chronology, language, and","Document [10](Title: Coinage of India) Coinage of India Coinage of India, issued by imperial dynasties and middle kingdoms, began anywhere between the 1st millennium BCE to the 6th century BCE, and consisted mainly of copper and silver coins in its initial stage. Scholars remain divided over the origins of Indian coinage. Cowry shells was first used in India as commodity money. The Indus Valley Civilization dates back between 2500 BCE and 1750 BCE. What is known, however, is that metal currency was minted in India well before the Mauryan Empire (322\u2013185 BCE), and as radio carbon dating indicates, before the 5th century BCE. The practice"],"query":"first dynasty to issue gold coins in india?","answers":["The Gupta Empire"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Alupa dynasty) three dynasties that issued gold coins as early as 8th century CE. The gold that used to mint coins came from trade with the Romans, Arabs and from the adjacent kingdom of Gangas. No other ancient dynasties of the south have issued that many varieties of gold coins as Alupas and Gangas did. The coins of both Gangas and Alupas have inscriptions that helps in dating the period of issue. Unfortunately these coins have not drawn much attention compared to that of Chalukyas or Hoysals. But for sure, they have inspired later dynasties as a prototype or basis to issue","Document [2](Title: Maldivian rufiyaa) city of Mal\u00e9, a fact which it acknowledged on the reverse. The legend \"King of Land and Sea, Iskandhar the Great\" () is found on the edge. After this period, gold coins replaced the existing silver ones during the reign of Sultan Hassan Nooruddin in 1787. He used two different qualities of gold in his coins; one was called Mohoree and the other Baimohoree, of which the former is of higher value. How this gold was obtained is uncertain. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, bronze coins were issued denominated in laari. Sultan Mohamed Imaadhudheen IV (1900\u20131904) introduced what","Document [3](Title: Coinage of Asia) 1 hwan = 5 yang. Tibetan coins were struck in Lhasa and in the Kong-po province between 1763 and 1954. Since 1959 Chinese currency replaces that of Tibet. The first Indian coins were either round, square or long sticks of silver with punch marks issued under various kingdoms starting from around 600 BCE onwards. Issuers included Kashi, Kosala, the Magadha Empire, Kuru, Panchala, Taxila, Gandhara, Kamboja, Avanti in the Narbada Valley, Saurashtra Peninsula, and the Eastern Deccan. The first coins issued by a unified Indian empire was from the Maurya Empire, though they were similar to the older issues. During","Document [4](Title: Satavahana dynasty) states that the element was donated by Ananda, who was the son of Siri Satakarni's foreman of artisans. This inscription is probably from the reign of Satakarni II. The Satavahanas are among the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Kshatrapas he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest. Thousands of lead, copper and potin Satavahana coins have been discovered in the Deccan region; a few gold and silver coins are also available. These coins do not feature","Document [5](Title: Coinage of India) The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II.","Document [6](Title: Coinage of India) value differential would have incentivised the exchange of gold for silver, resulting in an increasing supply of silver in India. India developed some of the world's first coins, but scholars debate exactly which coin was first and when. Sometime around 600BC in the lower Ganges valley in eastern India a coin called a punchmarked Karshapana was created. According to Hardaker, T.R. the origin of Indian coins can be placed at 575 BCE and according to Gupta in the seventh century BCE. Punch-marked coins were a type of early Coinage of India, dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries","Document [7](Title: Western Satraps) and the date of issue, and have helped clarify the early history of India. From the reigns of Jivadaman and Rudrasimha I, the date of minting of each coin, reckoned in the Saka era, is usually written on the obverse behind the king's head in Brahmi numerals, allowing for a quite precise datation of the rule of each king. This is a rather uncommon case in Indian numismatics. Some, such as the numismat R.C Senior considered that these dates might correspond to the much earlier Azes era instead. Also the father of each king is systematically mentioned in the reverse","Document [8](Title: Coinage of India) of South India. The South Indian kings reissued Roman-like coinage in their own name, either producing their own copies or defacing real ones in order to signify their sovereignty. During the Indo-Scythians period whose era begins from 200 BCE to 400 CE, a new kind of the coins of two dynasties were very popular in circulation in various parts of the then India and parts of central and northern South Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria, Arachosia, Gandhara, Sindh, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar). These dynasties were Saka and The Pahlavas.After the conquest of Bactria by the Sakas in 135","Document [9](Title: Post-Mauryan coinage) Kalinga Brahmi scripts. The Satavahanas at first issued relatively simple designs. Their coins also display various traditional symbols, such as elephants, lions, horses and chaityas (stupas), as well as the \"Ujjain symbol\", a cross with four circles at the end. Later, in the 1st or 2nd century CE, the Satavahanas became the first rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Satraps he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest. Satavahana coins give unique indications as to their chronology, language, and","Document [10](Title: Coinage of India) Coinage of India Coinage of India, issued by imperial dynasties and middle kingdoms, began anywhere between the 1st millennium BCE to the 6th century BCE, and consisted mainly of copper and silver coins in its initial stage. Scholars remain divided over the origins of Indian coinage. Cowry shells was first used in India as commodity money. The Indus Valley Civilization dates back between 2500 BCE and 1750 BCE. What is known, however, is that metal currency was minted in India well before the Mauryan Empire (322\u2013185 BCE), and as radio carbon dating indicates, before the 5th century BCE. The practice"],"query":"first dynasty to issue gold coins in india?","answers":["The Gupta Empire"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Alupa dynasty) three dynasties that issued gold coins as early as 8th century CE. The gold that used to mint coins came from trade with the Romans, Arabs and from the adjacent kingdom of Gangas. No other ancient dynasties of the south have issued that many varieties of gold coins as Alupas and Gangas did. The coins of both Gangas and Alupas have inscriptions that helps in dating the period of issue. Unfortunately these coins have not drawn much attention compared to that of Chalukyas or Hoysals. But for sure, they have inspired later dynasties as a prototype or basis to issue","Document [2](Title: Maldivian rufiyaa) city of Mal\u00e9, a fact which it acknowledged on the reverse. The legend \"King of Land and Sea, Iskandhar the Great\" () is found on the edge. After this period, gold coins replaced the existing silver ones during the reign of Sultan Hassan Nooruddin in 1787. He used two different qualities of gold in his coins; one was called Mohoree and the other Baimohoree, of which the former is of higher value. How this gold was obtained is uncertain. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, bronze coins were issued denominated in laari. Sultan Mohamed Imaadhudheen IV (1900\u20131904) introduced what","Document [3](Title: Coinage of Asia) 1 hwan = 5 yang. Tibetan coins were struck in Lhasa and in the Kong-po province between 1763 and 1954. Since 1959 Chinese currency replaces that of Tibet. The first Indian coins were either round, square or long sticks of silver with punch marks issued under various kingdoms starting from around 600 BCE onwards. Issuers included Kashi, Kosala, the Magadha Empire, Kuru, Panchala, Taxila, Gandhara, Kamboja, Avanti in the Narbada Valley, Saurashtra Peninsula, and the Eastern Deccan. The first coins issued by a unified Indian empire was from the Maurya Empire, though they were similar to the older issues. During","Document [4](Title: Satavahana dynasty) states that the element was donated by Ananda, who was the son of Siri Satakarni's foreman of artisans. This inscription is probably from the reign of Satakarni II. The Satavahanas are among the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Kshatrapas he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest. Thousands of lead, copper and potin Satavahana coins have been discovered in the Deccan region; a few gold and silver coins are also available. These coins do not feature","Document [5](Title: Coinage of India) value differential would have incentivised the exchange of gold for silver, resulting in an increasing supply of silver in India. India developed some of the world's first coins, but scholars debate exactly which coin was first and when. Sometime around 600BC in the lower Ganges valley in eastern India a coin called a punchmarked Karshapana was created. According to Hardaker, T.R. the origin of Indian coins can be placed at 575 BCE and according to Gupta in the seventh century BCE. Punch-marked coins were a type of early Coinage of India, dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries","Document [6](Title: Western Satraps) and the date of issue, and have helped clarify the early history of India. From the reigns of Jivadaman and Rudrasimha I, the date of minting of each coin, reckoned in the Saka era, is usually written on the obverse behind the king's head in Brahmi numerals, allowing for a quite precise datation of the rule of each king. This is a rather uncommon case in Indian numismatics. Some, such as the numismat R.C Senior considered that these dates might correspond to the much earlier Azes era instead. Also the father of each king is systematically mentioned in the reverse","Document [7](Title: Coinage of India) of South India. The South Indian kings reissued Roman-like coinage in their own name, either producing their own copies or defacing real ones in order to signify their sovereignty. During the Indo-Scythians period whose era begins from 200 BCE to 400 CE, a new kind of the coins of two dynasties were very popular in circulation in various parts of the then India and parts of central and northern South Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria, Arachosia, Gandhara, Sindh, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar). These dynasties were Saka and The Pahlavas.After the conquest of Bactria by the Sakas in 135","Document [8](Title: Post-Mauryan coinage) Kalinga Brahmi scripts. The Satavahanas at first issued relatively simple designs. Their coins also display various traditional symbols, such as elephants, lions, horses and chaityas (stupas), as well as the \"Ujjain symbol\", a cross with four circles at the end. Later, in the 1st or 2nd century CE, the Satavahanas became the first rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Satraps he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest. Satavahana coins give unique indications as to their chronology, language, and","Document [9](Title: Coinage of India) Coinage of India Coinage of India, issued by imperial dynasties and middle kingdoms, began anywhere between the 1st millennium BCE to the 6th century BCE, and consisted mainly of copper and silver coins in its initial stage. Scholars remain divided over the origins of Indian coinage. Cowry shells was first used in India as commodity money. The Indus Valley Civilization dates back between 2500 BCE and 1750 BCE. What is known, however, is that metal currency was minted in India well before the Mauryan Empire (322\u2013185 BCE), and as radio carbon dating indicates, before the 5th century BCE. The practice","Document [10](Title: Coinage of India) The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II."],"query":"first dynasty to issue gold coins in india?","answers":["The Gupta Empire"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Hebrew calendar) AM 5778 began at sunset on 20 September 2017 and will end at sunset on 9 September 2018.","Document [2](Title: Hebrew calendar) Hebrew calendar The Hebrew or Jewish calendar (, ) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, \"yahrzeits\" (dates to commemorate the death of a relative), and daily Psalm readings, among many ceremonial uses. In Israel, it is used for religious purposes, provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes, although the latter usage has been steadily declining in favor of the Gregorian calendar. The present Hebrew calendar is the product of evolution, including a Babylonian","Document [3](Title: Seder Olam Rabbah) in \"anno\" 68 CE, rather than in 70 CE. In this and related cases, a difference between the traditional Jewish year and a scientific date in a Gregorian year or in a proleptic Julian calendar date results from a disagreement about when the event happened\u2014and not simply a difference between the Jewish and Gregorian calendars (See the \"Missing Years\" in the Jewish Calendar and below, \"Excursus: Jewish Chronology in the Scroll of Antiochus\"). In Jewish thought the counting is usually considered to be to the creation of the world, as has been emphasized in many ancient texts dealing with creation","Document [4](Title: Hebrew calendar) 932d 2h 31 2\/18m or 1d 2h 31 2\/18m later after removing complete weeks. Allowing for the current difference of thirteen days between the civil and Julian calendars, the Julian date is 13+(248x0d 5h 47 4\/18m) earlier, which is 72d 21h 28 16\/18m earlier. Convert back to the civil calendar by applying the formula. So, in 20874 CE, the Jewish year is due to begin 87d 2h 31 2\/18m later than in 2026 CE and 1d 2h 31 2\/18m later in the week. In 20874 CE, therefore, the Jewish year is due to begin at 11.30 3\/18 A.M. on Friday,","Document [5](Title: Hebrew calendar) moon resulting from tidal friction because astronomy was not sufficiently developed in the 12th century (when Maimonides wrote his book) to detect this. 723\u2013730. Hebrew calendar The Hebrew or Jewish calendar (, ) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, \"yahrzeits\" (dates to commemorate the death of a relative), and daily Psalm readings, among many ceremonial uses. In Israel, it is used for religious purposes, provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes, although the","Document [6](Title: Hebrew calendar) years from the sequence. That is the essential feature of the 353-year leap cycle (). Religious questions abound about how such a system might be implemented and administered throughout the diverse aspects of the world Jewish community. The list below gives a time which can be used to determine the day the Jewish ecclesiastical (spring) year starts over a period of nineteen years: Every nineteen years this time is 2 days, 16 hours, 33 1\/18 minutes later in the week. That is either the same or the previous day in the civil calendar, depending on whether the difference in the","Document [7](Title: Hebrew calendar) and the number of the month to within a month or so. From the 4th century, the number of the month is given exactly and from the 9th century the day of the month is given exactly as well. In the Julian calendar, every 76 years the Jewish year is due to start 5h 47 14\/18m earlier, and 3d 18h 12 4\/18m later in the week. On what civil date does the eighth month begin in CE 20874-5? 20874=2026+(248x76). In (248x76) Julian years the Jewish year is due to start (248x3d 18h 12 4\/18m) later in the week, which is","Document [8](Title: Hebrew calendar) 7 are leap years of 13 months. To determine whether a Jewish year is a leap year, one must find its position in the 19-year Metonic cycle. This position is calculated by dividing the Jewish year number by 19 and finding the remainder. (Since there is no year 0, a remainder of 0 indicates that the year is year 19 of the cycle.) For example, the Jewish year divided by 19 results in a remainder of % 19, indicating that it is year of the Metonic cycle. Years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 of the Metonic cycle","Document [9](Title: Jewish Talmudic Calendar) according to the Rabbinical Chronology (3761 BC) is taken as year 1 in the first Small Mahzor. The Greek cycle begins from an arbitrarily year, usually from the beginning of the Common Era (Anno Domini). If every 13 Small Mahzor is called an Iggul, because 12 times 2 hours is a day, and 30 days are a month, in less than 30 Igguls a whole intercalary month should be removed. The position of the years in a Small Mahzor is called the Golden Number. The pattern of the leap years will change slightly each Iggul, but the Jewish Talmudic Calendar","Document [10](Title: Jewish Talmudic Calendar) (adding in a 30-day Adar I, and making the 29-day month Adar II). There are times when a common year is 353 days, or a leap year is 383 days; these are called the Defective Years. When a common year is 355 days, or a leap year is 385 days, these are called the Excessive Years. In Defective years, the regularly 30-day Kislev is made 29 days; in Excessive Years, the regularly 29-day Heshvan is made 30 days. Jewish Talmudic Calendar is coupled with the Rabbinical Chronology, taking Monday, (Julian) Oct 7, 3761 BC. as the date of creation, and"],"query":"what year is it for the jewish calendar?","answers":["AM 5778","5778"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Hebrew calendar) Hebrew calendar The Hebrew or Jewish calendar (, ) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, \"yahrzeits\" (dates to commemorate the death of a relative), and daily Psalm readings, among many ceremonial uses. In Israel, it is used for religious purposes, provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes, although the latter usage has been steadily declining in favor of the Gregorian calendar. The present Hebrew calendar is the product of evolution, including a Babylonian","Document [2](Title: Seder Olam Rabbah) in \"anno\" 68 CE, rather than in 70 CE. In this and related cases, a difference between the traditional Jewish year and a scientific date in a Gregorian year or in a proleptic Julian calendar date results from a disagreement about when the event happened\u2014and not simply a difference between the Jewish and Gregorian calendars (See the \"Missing Years\" in the Jewish Calendar and below, \"Excursus: Jewish Chronology in the Scroll of Antiochus\"). In Jewish thought the counting is usually considered to be to the creation of the world, as has been emphasized in many ancient texts dealing with creation","Document [3](Title: Hebrew calendar) 932d 2h 31 2\/18m or 1d 2h 31 2\/18m later after removing complete weeks. Allowing for the current difference of thirteen days between the civil and Julian calendars, the Julian date is 13+(248x0d 5h 47 4\/18m) earlier, which is 72d 21h 28 16\/18m earlier. Convert back to the civil calendar by applying the formula. So, in 20874 CE, the Jewish year is due to begin 87d 2h 31 2\/18m later than in 2026 CE and 1d 2h 31 2\/18m later in the week. In 20874 CE, therefore, the Jewish year is due to begin at 11.30 3\/18 A.M. on Friday,","Document [4](Title: Hebrew calendar) moon resulting from tidal friction because astronomy was not sufficiently developed in the 12th century (when Maimonides wrote his book) to detect this. 723\u2013730. Hebrew calendar The Hebrew or Jewish calendar (, ) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, \"yahrzeits\" (dates to commemorate the death of a relative), and daily Psalm readings, among many ceremonial uses. In Israel, it is used for religious purposes, provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes, although the","Document [5](Title: Hebrew calendar) AM 5778 began at sunset on 20 September 2017 and will end at sunset on 9 September 2018.","Document [6](Title: Hebrew calendar) years from the sequence. That is the essential feature of the 353-year leap cycle (). Religious questions abound about how such a system might be implemented and administered throughout the diverse aspects of the world Jewish community. The list below gives a time which can be used to determine the day the Jewish ecclesiastical (spring) year starts over a period of nineteen years: Every nineteen years this time is 2 days, 16 hours, 33 1\/18 minutes later in the week. That is either the same or the previous day in the civil calendar, depending on whether the difference in the","Document [7](Title: Hebrew calendar) and the number of the month to within a month or so. From the 4th century, the number of the month is given exactly and from the 9th century the day of the month is given exactly as well. In the Julian calendar, every 76 years the Jewish year is due to start 5h 47 14\/18m earlier, and 3d 18h 12 4\/18m later in the week. On what civil date does the eighth month begin in CE 20874-5? 20874=2026+(248x76). In (248x76) Julian years the Jewish year is due to start (248x3d 18h 12 4\/18m) later in the week, which is","Document [8](Title: Hebrew calendar) 7 are leap years of 13 months. To determine whether a Jewish year is a leap year, one must find its position in the 19-year Metonic cycle. This position is calculated by dividing the Jewish year number by 19 and finding the remainder. (Since there is no year 0, a remainder of 0 indicates that the year is year 19 of the cycle.) For example, the Jewish year divided by 19 results in a remainder of % 19, indicating that it is year of the Metonic cycle. Years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 of the Metonic cycle","Document [9](Title: Jewish Talmudic Calendar) according to the Rabbinical Chronology (3761 BC) is taken as year 1 in the first Small Mahzor. The Greek cycle begins from an arbitrarily year, usually from the beginning of the Common Era (Anno Domini). If every 13 Small Mahzor is called an Iggul, because 12 times 2 hours is a day, and 30 days are a month, in less than 30 Igguls a whole intercalary month should be removed. The position of the years in a Small Mahzor is called the Golden Number. The pattern of the leap years will change slightly each Iggul, but the Jewish Talmudic Calendar","Document [10](Title: Jewish Talmudic Calendar) (adding in a 30-day Adar I, and making the 29-day month Adar II). There are times when a common year is 353 days, or a leap year is 383 days; these are called the Defective Years. When a common year is 355 days, or a leap year is 385 days, these are called the Excessive Years. In Defective years, the regularly 30-day Kislev is made 29 days; in Excessive Years, the regularly 29-day Heshvan is made 30 days. Jewish Talmudic Calendar is coupled with the Rabbinical Chronology, taking Monday, (Julian) Oct 7, 3761 BC. as the date of creation, and"],"query":"what year is it for the jewish calendar?","answers":["AM 5778","5778"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Hebrew calendar) Hebrew calendar The Hebrew or Jewish calendar (, ) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, \"yahrzeits\" (dates to commemorate the death of a relative), and daily Psalm readings, among many ceremonial uses. In Israel, it is used for religious purposes, provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes, although the latter usage has been steadily declining in favor of the Gregorian calendar. The present Hebrew calendar is the product of evolution, including a Babylonian","Document [2](Title: Seder Olam Rabbah) in \"anno\" 68 CE, rather than in 70 CE. In this and related cases, a difference between the traditional Jewish year and a scientific date in a Gregorian year or in a proleptic Julian calendar date results from a disagreement about when the event happened\u2014and not simply a difference between the Jewish and Gregorian calendars (See the \"Missing Years\" in the Jewish Calendar and below, \"Excursus: Jewish Chronology in the Scroll of Antiochus\"). In Jewish thought the counting is usually considered to be to the creation of the world, as has been emphasized in many ancient texts dealing with creation","Document [3](Title: Hebrew calendar) 932d 2h 31 2\/18m or 1d 2h 31 2\/18m later after removing complete weeks. Allowing for the current difference of thirteen days between the civil and Julian calendars, the Julian date is 13+(248x0d 5h 47 4\/18m) earlier, which is 72d 21h 28 16\/18m earlier. Convert back to the civil calendar by applying the formula. So, in 20874 CE, the Jewish year is due to begin 87d 2h 31 2\/18m later than in 2026 CE and 1d 2h 31 2\/18m later in the week. In 20874 CE, therefore, the Jewish year is due to begin at 11.30 3\/18 A.M. on Friday,","Document [4](Title: Hebrew calendar) moon resulting from tidal friction because astronomy was not sufficiently developed in the 12th century (when Maimonides wrote his book) to detect this. 723\u2013730. Hebrew calendar The Hebrew or Jewish calendar (, ) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, \"yahrzeits\" (dates to commemorate the death of a relative), and daily Psalm readings, among many ceremonial uses. In Israel, it is used for religious purposes, provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes, although the","Document [5](Title: Hebrew calendar) years from the sequence. That is the essential feature of the 353-year leap cycle (). Religious questions abound about how such a system might be implemented and administered throughout the diverse aspects of the world Jewish community. The list below gives a time which can be used to determine the day the Jewish ecclesiastical (spring) year starts over a period of nineteen years: Every nineteen years this time is 2 days, 16 hours, 33 1\/18 minutes later in the week. That is either the same or the previous day in the civil calendar, depending on whether the difference in the","Document [6](Title: Hebrew calendar) and the number of the month to within a month or so. From the 4th century, the number of the month is given exactly and from the 9th century the day of the month is given exactly as well. In the Julian calendar, every 76 years the Jewish year is due to start 5h 47 14\/18m earlier, and 3d 18h 12 4\/18m later in the week. On what civil date does the eighth month begin in CE 20874-5? 20874=2026+(248x76). In (248x76) Julian years the Jewish year is due to start (248x3d 18h 12 4\/18m) later in the week, which is","Document [7](Title: Hebrew calendar) 7 are leap years of 13 months. To determine whether a Jewish year is a leap year, one must find its position in the 19-year Metonic cycle. This position is calculated by dividing the Jewish year number by 19 and finding the remainder. (Since there is no year 0, a remainder of 0 indicates that the year is year 19 of the cycle.) For example, the Jewish year divided by 19 results in a remainder of % 19, indicating that it is year of the Metonic cycle. Years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 of the Metonic cycle","Document [8](Title: Jewish Talmudic Calendar) according to the Rabbinical Chronology (3761 BC) is taken as year 1 in the first Small Mahzor. The Greek cycle begins from an arbitrarily year, usually from the beginning of the Common Era (Anno Domini). If every 13 Small Mahzor is called an Iggul, because 12 times 2 hours is a day, and 30 days are a month, in less than 30 Igguls a whole intercalary month should be removed. The position of the years in a Small Mahzor is called the Golden Number. The pattern of the leap years will change slightly each Iggul, but the Jewish Talmudic Calendar","Document [9](Title: Jewish Talmudic Calendar) (adding in a 30-day Adar I, and making the 29-day month Adar II). There are times when a common year is 353 days, or a leap year is 383 days; these are called the Defective Years. When a common year is 355 days, or a leap year is 385 days, these are called the Excessive Years. In Defective years, the regularly 30-day Kislev is made 29 days; in Excessive Years, the regularly 29-day Heshvan is made 30 days. Jewish Talmudic Calendar is coupled with the Rabbinical Chronology, taking Monday, (Julian) Oct 7, 3761 BC. as the date of creation, and","Document [10](Title: Hebrew calendar) AM 5778 began at sunset on 20 September 2017 and will end at sunset on 9 September 2018."],"query":"what year is it for the jewish calendar?","answers":["AM 5778","5778"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Sauron) With Sauron's assistance, the Elven-smiths forged the Rings of Power, which conferred great power upon their bearers. He then secretly forged the One Ring in the volcanic Mount Doom in Mordor. This \"One Ring to rule them all\" had the power to dominate the other Rings and enslave their wearers to Sauron's will. The Rings of Power were extremely potent, however; to create an instrument that could dominate even them, Sauron was forced to transfer a great part of his native power into it. Yet \"while he wore it, his power on earth was actually enhanced\".","Document [2](Title: Glorfindel) Glorfindel is the most powerful recruitable hero from Lothl\u00f3rien, who is available to the player only after having accumulated a great amount of influence. Glorfindel can also be found in the \"Lord of the Rings Online\" (LotRO), as a non player character (NPC) giving several quests to the players that visit him. In the game, he is in a white robe with purple belt, his hair is blonde, and he gives hope (a game mechanic) to the players around him. The Games Workshop tabletop strategy battle game of The Lord of the Rings features two versions of Glorfindel: In one","Document [3](Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)) with its whip, pulling him down after it. The distraught party leave Moria, entering Lothl\u00f3rien, and meeting Galadriel (Jennifer Hale). She takes Frodo to see the Mirror of Galadriel, where he sees images of the coming War of the Ring. Frodo offers her the One Ring and although she is tempted, she turns it down, explaining that his resistance to its evil is because he has never tried to use it to control others. The party leave Lothl\u00f3rien via the river Anduin. Boromir tries to convince Frodo to take the Ring to Gondor to use it as a weapon against","Document [4](Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age) heir to the throne of Gondor. Aragorn protected the hobbits on their journey to Rivendell, and upon their arrival, Elrond formed a Fellowship with the goal of bringing the Ring to Mordor to destroy it. The Fellowship is composed of Frodo, Sam, Merry, Pippin, Aragorn, Gandalf, a silvan elf from Mirkwood named Legolas, a dwarf from Erebor named Gimli, and a man from Gondor named Boromir, son of Denethor, Steward of Gondor. The game begins with Berethor (voiced by Rhys Lloyd), a captain in the Citadel Guard of Gondor, travelling to Rivendell to find Boromir at the behest of Denethor.","Document [5](Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring) Gandalf, Sam, Merry, Pippin, elf Legolas, dwarf Gimli, Boromir of Gondor, and Strider, who is revealed to be Aragorn, Isildur's heir and the rightful King of Gondor. Bilbo gives Frodo his sword, Sting. The Fellowship of the Ring sets off, but Saruman's magic forces them to travel through the Mines of Moria, much to Gandalf's displeasure. The Fellowship discovers that the dwarves within Moria have been slain, and they are attacked by Orcs and a cave troll. They defeat them, but are confronted by an ancient demon called a Balrog. Gandalf casts the Balrog into a vast chasm, but it","Document [6](Title: The Lord of the Rings) the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle-earth. From quiet beginnings in the Shire, a hobbit land not unlike the English countryside, the story ranges across Middle-earth, following the course of the War of the Ring through the eyes of its characters, not only the hobbits Frodo Baggins, Samwise \"Sam\" Gamgee, Meriadoc \"Merry\" Brandybuck and Peregrin \"Pippin\" Took, but also the hobbits' chief allies and travelling companions: the Men, Aragorn, a Ranger of the North, and Boromir, a Captain of Gondor; Gimli, a Dwarf warrior; Legolas Greenleaf, an Elven","Document [7](Title: Scandinavian folklore) this story, a magic ring owned by a dwarf named Andvari is stolen. When Loki, the god of Deceit and tricks, steals the ring, Andvari shouts \"I curse you for this! The ring will carry my curse forever. All who possesses the ring will be destroyed!\" This only leads to death and destruction, and later Fafnir morphs into a serpentdragon, whose outer body matches his inner evil created by the ring. This theme seems to carry over into the story behind the character Gollum. Also, there is a parallel between the Nordic legend of \"Frotha-Firth\" who stood as a peacemaker,","Document [8](Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring) Gandalf never arrives, and they are instead aided by a ranger named Strider, a friend of Gandalf's, who escorts them to Rivendell. The hobbits are ambushed by the Ringwraiths, and one stabs Frodo with a cursed Morgul blade. Arwen, an elf and Strider's lover, comes to Frodo's aid and successfully takes him to Rivendell, where he is healed. Frodo meets Gandalf, who escaped Isengard on the back of a giant Eagle. Arwen's father, Lord Elrond, holds a council that decides the Ring must be destroyed in Mount Doom. While the members argue, Frodo volunteers to take the Ring, accompanied by","Document [9](Title: Magic ring) the story grew into \"The Lord of the Rings\" the matter expanded, borrowing from Germanic and Norse mythology for many of its themes, creatures, and names. Of twenty magical Rings of Power, four are described in some detail: the extremely powerful and dangerous \"One Ring\" around which the plot revolves; and three rings worn by Gandalf the wizard and the elves Elrond and Galadriel. Seven Rings of Power were given to the dwarves in an only slightly successful attempt to corrupt them. Humans prove to be more susceptible; each of the nine Nazg\u00fbl were once great lords of men who","Document [10](Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)) by Tom Kane) visiting Frodo (Steve Staley) and explaining the significance and history of the Ring. Frodo suggests it be destroyed, and Gandalf explains only the fires that created it are powerful enough to do so; the fires of Mount Doom, deep in Mordor. As Gandalf cannot take the Ring himself, for fear it would corrupt him, Frodo volunteers to do so. An eavesdropping Samwise Gamgee (voiced by Scott Menville in PC & PS2, but Cliff Broadway in Xbox) volunteers to join Frodo and Gandalf agrees, telling them they must head to Rivendell and speak to Elrond. He also tells"],"query":"who has a ring of power in lotr?","answers":["Sauron"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Glorfindel) Glorfindel is the most powerful recruitable hero from Lothl\u00f3rien, who is available to the player only after having accumulated a great amount of influence. Glorfindel can also be found in the \"Lord of the Rings Online\" (LotRO), as a non player character (NPC) giving several quests to the players that visit him. In the game, he is in a white robe with purple belt, his hair is blonde, and he gives hope (a game mechanic) to the players around him. The Games Workshop tabletop strategy battle game of The Lord of the Rings features two versions of Glorfindel: In one","Document [2](Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)) with its whip, pulling him down after it. The distraught party leave Moria, entering Lothl\u00f3rien, and meeting Galadriel (Jennifer Hale). She takes Frodo to see the Mirror of Galadriel, where he sees images of the coming War of the Ring. Frodo offers her the One Ring and although she is tempted, she turns it down, explaining that his resistance to its evil is because he has never tried to use it to control others. The party leave Lothl\u00f3rien via the river Anduin. Boromir tries to convince Frodo to take the Ring to Gondor to use it as a weapon against","Document [3](Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age) heir to the throne of Gondor. Aragorn protected the hobbits on their journey to Rivendell, and upon their arrival, Elrond formed a Fellowship with the goal of bringing the Ring to Mordor to destroy it. The Fellowship is composed of Frodo, Sam, Merry, Pippin, Aragorn, Gandalf, a silvan elf from Mirkwood named Legolas, a dwarf from Erebor named Gimli, and a man from Gondor named Boromir, son of Denethor, Steward of Gondor. The game begins with Berethor (voiced by Rhys Lloyd), a captain in the Citadel Guard of Gondor, travelling to Rivendell to find Boromir at the behest of Denethor.","Document [4](Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring) Gandalf, Sam, Merry, Pippin, elf Legolas, dwarf Gimli, Boromir of Gondor, and Strider, who is revealed to be Aragorn, Isildur's heir and the rightful King of Gondor. Bilbo gives Frodo his sword, Sting. The Fellowship of the Ring sets off, but Saruman's magic forces them to travel through the Mines of Moria, much to Gandalf's displeasure. The Fellowship discovers that the dwarves within Moria have been slain, and they are attacked by Orcs and a cave troll. They defeat them, but are confronted by an ancient demon called a Balrog. Gandalf casts the Balrog into a vast chasm, but it","Document [5](Title: Sauron) With Sauron's assistance, the Elven-smiths forged the Rings of Power, which conferred great power upon their bearers. He then secretly forged the One Ring in the volcanic Mount Doom in Mordor. This \"One Ring to rule them all\" had the power to dominate the other Rings and enslave their wearers to Sauron's will. The Rings of Power were extremely potent, however; to create an instrument that could dominate even them, Sauron was forced to transfer a great part of his native power into it. Yet \"while he wore it, his power on earth was actually enhanced\".","Document [6](Title: The Lord of the Rings) the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle-earth. From quiet beginnings in the Shire, a hobbit land not unlike the English countryside, the story ranges across Middle-earth, following the course of the War of the Ring through the eyes of its characters, not only the hobbits Frodo Baggins, Samwise \"Sam\" Gamgee, Meriadoc \"Merry\" Brandybuck and Peregrin \"Pippin\" Took, but also the hobbits' chief allies and travelling companions: the Men, Aragorn, a Ranger of the North, and Boromir, a Captain of Gondor; Gimli, a Dwarf warrior; Legolas Greenleaf, an Elven","Document [7](Title: Scandinavian folklore) this story, a magic ring owned by a dwarf named Andvari is stolen. When Loki, the god of Deceit and tricks, steals the ring, Andvari shouts \"I curse you for this! The ring will carry my curse forever. All who possesses the ring will be destroyed!\" This only leads to death and destruction, and later Fafnir morphs into a serpentdragon, whose outer body matches his inner evil created by the ring. This theme seems to carry over into the story behind the character Gollum. Also, there is a parallel between the Nordic legend of \"Frotha-Firth\" who stood as a peacemaker,","Document [8](Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring) Gandalf never arrives, and they are instead aided by a ranger named Strider, a friend of Gandalf's, who escorts them to Rivendell. The hobbits are ambushed by the Ringwraiths, and one stabs Frodo with a cursed Morgul blade. Arwen, an elf and Strider's lover, comes to Frodo's aid and successfully takes him to Rivendell, where he is healed. Frodo meets Gandalf, who escaped Isengard on the back of a giant Eagle. Arwen's father, Lord Elrond, holds a council that decides the Ring must be destroyed in Mount Doom. While the members argue, Frodo volunteers to take the Ring, accompanied by","Document [9](Title: Magic ring) the story grew into \"The Lord of the Rings\" the matter expanded, borrowing from Germanic and Norse mythology for many of its themes, creatures, and names. Of twenty magical Rings of Power, four are described in some detail: the extremely powerful and dangerous \"One Ring\" around which the plot revolves; and three rings worn by Gandalf the wizard and the elves Elrond and Galadriel. Seven Rings of Power were given to the dwarves in an only slightly successful attempt to corrupt them. Humans prove to be more susceptible; each of the nine Nazg\u00fbl were once great lords of men who","Document [10](Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)) by Tom Kane) visiting Frodo (Steve Staley) and explaining the significance and history of the Ring. Frodo suggests it be destroyed, and Gandalf explains only the fires that created it are powerful enough to do so; the fires of Mount Doom, deep in Mordor. As Gandalf cannot take the Ring himself, for fear it would corrupt him, Frodo volunteers to do so. An eavesdropping Samwise Gamgee (voiced by Scott Menville in PC & PS2, but Cliff Broadway in Xbox) volunteers to join Frodo and Gandalf agrees, telling them they must head to Rivendell and speak to Elrond. He also tells"],"query":"who has a ring of power in lotr?","answers":["Sauron"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Glorfindel) Glorfindel is the most powerful recruitable hero from Lothl\u00f3rien, who is available to the player only after having accumulated a great amount of influence. Glorfindel can also be found in the \"Lord of the Rings Online\" (LotRO), as a non player character (NPC) giving several quests to the players that visit him. In the game, he is in a white robe with purple belt, his hair is blonde, and he gives hope (a game mechanic) to the players around him. The Games Workshop tabletop strategy battle game of The Lord of the Rings features two versions of Glorfindel: In one","Document [2](Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)) with its whip, pulling him down after it. The distraught party leave Moria, entering Lothl\u00f3rien, and meeting Galadriel (Jennifer Hale). She takes Frodo to see the Mirror of Galadriel, where he sees images of the coming War of the Ring. Frodo offers her the One Ring and although she is tempted, she turns it down, explaining that his resistance to its evil is because he has never tried to use it to control others. The party leave Lothl\u00f3rien via the river Anduin. Boromir tries to convince Frodo to take the Ring to Gondor to use it as a weapon against","Document [3](Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age) heir to the throne of Gondor. Aragorn protected the hobbits on their journey to Rivendell, and upon their arrival, Elrond formed a Fellowship with the goal of bringing the Ring to Mordor to destroy it. The Fellowship is composed of Frodo, Sam, Merry, Pippin, Aragorn, Gandalf, a silvan elf from Mirkwood named Legolas, a dwarf from Erebor named Gimli, and a man from Gondor named Boromir, son of Denethor, Steward of Gondor. The game begins with Berethor (voiced by Rhys Lloyd), a captain in the Citadel Guard of Gondor, travelling to Rivendell to find Boromir at the behest of Denethor.","Document [4](Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring) Gandalf, Sam, Merry, Pippin, elf Legolas, dwarf Gimli, Boromir of Gondor, and Strider, who is revealed to be Aragorn, Isildur's heir and the rightful King of Gondor. Bilbo gives Frodo his sword, Sting. The Fellowship of the Ring sets off, but Saruman's magic forces them to travel through the Mines of Moria, much to Gandalf's displeasure. The Fellowship discovers that the dwarves within Moria have been slain, and they are attacked by Orcs and a cave troll. They defeat them, but are confronted by an ancient demon called a Balrog. Gandalf casts the Balrog into a vast chasm, but it","Document [5](Title: The Lord of the Rings) the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle-earth. From quiet beginnings in the Shire, a hobbit land not unlike the English countryside, the story ranges across Middle-earth, following the course of the War of the Ring through the eyes of its characters, not only the hobbits Frodo Baggins, Samwise \"Sam\" Gamgee, Meriadoc \"Merry\" Brandybuck and Peregrin \"Pippin\" Took, but also the hobbits' chief allies and travelling companions: the Men, Aragorn, a Ranger of the North, and Boromir, a Captain of Gondor; Gimli, a Dwarf warrior; Legolas Greenleaf, an Elven","Document [6](Title: Scandinavian folklore) this story, a magic ring owned by a dwarf named Andvari is stolen. When Loki, the god of Deceit and tricks, steals the ring, Andvari shouts \"I curse you for this! The ring will carry my curse forever. All who possesses the ring will be destroyed!\" This only leads to death and destruction, and later Fafnir morphs into a serpentdragon, whose outer body matches his inner evil created by the ring. This theme seems to carry over into the story behind the character Gollum. Also, there is a parallel between the Nordic legend of \"Frotha-Firth\" who stood as a peacemaker,","Document [7](Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring) Gandalf never arrives, and they are instead aided by a ranger named Strider, a friend of Gandalf's, who escorts them to Rivendell. The hobbits are ambushed by the Ringwraiths, and one stabs Frodo with a cursed Morgul blade. Arwen, an elf and Strider's lover, comes to Frodo's aid and successfully takes him to Rivendell, where he is healed. Frodo meets Gandalf, who escaped Isengard on the back of a giant Eagle. Arwen's father, Lord Elrond, holds a council that decides the Ring must be destroyed in Mount Doom. While the members argue, Frodo volunteers to take the Ring, accompanied by","Document [8](Title: Magic ring) the story grew into \"The Lord of the Rings\" the matter expanded, borrowing from Germanic and Norse mythology for many of its themes, creatures, and names. Of twenty magical Rings of Power, four are described in some detail: the extremely powerful and dangerous \"One Ring\" around which the plot revolves; and three rings worn by Gandalf the wizard and the elves Elrond and Galadriel. Seven Rings of Power were given to the dwarves in an only slightly successful attempt to corrupt them. Humans prove to be more susceptible; each of the nine Nazg\u00fbl were once great lords of men who","Document [9](Title: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)) by Tom Kane) visiting Frodo (Steve Staley) and explaining the significance and history of the Ring. Frodo suggests it be destroyed, and Gandalf explains only the fires that created it are powerful enough to do so; the fires of Mount Doom, deep in Mordor. As Gandalf cannot take the Ring himself, for fear it would corrupt him, Frodo volunteers to do so. An eavesdropping Samwise Gamgee (voiced by Scott Menville in PC & PS2, but Cliff Broadway in Xbox) volunteers to join Frodo and Gandalf agrees, telling them they must head to Rivendell and speak to Elrond. He also tells","Document [10](Title: Sauron) With Sauron's assistance, the Elven-smiths forged the Rings of Power, which conferred great power upon their bearers. He then secretly forged the One Ring in the volcanic Mount Doom in Mordor. This \"One Ring to rule them all\" had the power to dominate the other Rings and enslave their wearers to Sauron's will. The Rings of Power were extremely potent, however; to create an instrument that could dominate even them, Sauron was forced to transfer a great part of his native power into it. Yet \"while he wore it, his power on earth was actually enhanced\"."],"query":"who has a ring of power in lotr?","answers":["Sauron"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Tosca) Tosca (Italian pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8toska; \u02c8t\u0254ska]) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa. It premiered at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome on 14 January 1900. The work, based on Victorien Sardou's 1887 French-language dramatic play, La Tosca, is a melodramatic piece set in Rome in June 1800, with the Kingdom of Naples's control of Rome threatened by Napoleon's invasion of Italy. It contains depictions of torture, murder and suicide, as well as some of Puccini's best-known lyrical arias.","Document [2](Title: Madama Butterfly) it in the summer of that year. The original version of the opera, in two acts, had its premiere on 17 February 1904 at Teatro alla Scala in Milan. It was poorly received, despite such notable singers as soprano Rosina Storchio, tenor Giovanni Zenatello and baritone Giuseppe De Luca in lead roles; this was due in part to a late completion by Puccini, and thus inadequate time for rehearsals. Puccini revised the opera, splitting Act II into two (with the Humming Chorus as a bridge to what became Act III) and making other changes. Success ensued, starting with the first","Document [3](Title: Suor Angelica) Suor Angelica Suor Angelica (Sister Angelica) is an opera in one act by Giacomo Puccini to an original Italian libretto by Giovacchino Forzano. It is the second opera of the trio of operas known as \"Il trittico\" (\"Triptych\"). It received its world premiere at the Metropolitan Opera on December 14, 1918. The opera opens with scenes showing typical aspects of life in the convent \u2013 all the sisters sing hymns, the Monitor scolds two lay-sisters, everyone gathers for recreation in the courtyard. The sisters rejoice because, as the mistress of novices explains, this is the first of three evenings that","Document [4](Title: Suor Angelica) sources Suor Angelica Suor Angelica (Sister Angelica) is an opera in one act by Giacomo Puccini to an original Italian libretto by Giovacchino Forzano. It is the second opera of the trio of operas known as \"Il trittico\" (\"Triptych\"). It received its world premiere at the Metropolitan Opera on December 14, 1918. The opera opens with scenes showing typical aspects of life in the convent \u2013 all the sisters sing hymns, the Monitor scolds two lay-sisters, everyone gathers for recreation in the courtyard. The sisters rejoice because, as the mistress of novices explains, this is the first of three evenings","Document [5](Title: Giacomo Puccini) primary composition in 1887 and orchestration in 1888. \"Edgar\" premiered at La Scala on 21 April 1889 to a lukewarm response. The work was withdrawn for revisions after its third performance. In a Milanese newspaper, Giulio Ricordi published a defense of Puccini's skill as a composer, while criticizing Fontana's libretto. A revised version met with success at the Teatro del Giglio in Puccini's native Lucca on 5 September 1891. In 1892, further revisions reduced the length of the opera from four acts to three, in a version that was well received in Ferrara and was performed in Turin and in","Document [6](Title: Albert Dubosq) boh\u00e8me\", Act II. Premiered on 25 October 1900 under the supervision of the composer and publisher Tito Ricordi, this production enjoyed thirty performances in its first run alone and would keep the stage until 1949. Significantly, Puccini and Riccordi were so enthralled by Dubosq\u2019s effort that they had it photographed and incorporated in Riccardo Salvadori\u2019s new design for Act II of Puccini\u2019s masterpiece. After \"La Boh\u00e8me\", Dubosq received a string of commissions from the Monnaie: Several of this stagings were created by Dubosq in close collaboration with the stage director Charles De Beer and costume designer (and symbolist painter) Fernand","Document [7](Title: Giacomo Puccini) the opera, \"Ch'ella mi creda\", has become a staple of compilation albums by operatic tenors. It is said that during World War I, Italian soldiers sang this aria to maintain their spirits. The 2008 Italian film, \"Puccini e la fanciulla\" (\"Puccini and the Girl\"), is based on the period of his life when he was composing the opera. Puccini completed the score of \"La rondine\", to a libretto by Giuseppe Adami in 1916 after two years of work, and it was premiered at the Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Monte Carlo on 27 March 1917. The opera had been originally commissioned by","Document [8](Title: Giacomo Puccini) referred to her well publicised affair with Arturo Toscanini. This version was in two acts; after its disastrous premiere, Puccini withdrew the opera, revising it for what was virtually a second premiere at Brescia in May 1904 and performances in Buenos Aires, London, the USA and Paris. In 1907, Puccini made his final revisions to the opera in a fifth version, which has become known as the \"standard version\". Today, the standard version of the opera is the version most often performed around the world. However, the original 1904 version is occasionally performed as well, and has been recorded. After","Document [9](Title: La rondine) Sources La rondine La rondine (\"The Swallow\") is a comic opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Giuseppe Adami, based on a libretto by Alfred Maria Willner and . It was first performed at the Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Monte Carlo (or the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre du Casino) in Monte Carlo on 27 March 1917. In autumn 1913, the directors of Vienna's Carltheater commissioned Puccini to compose a Viennese operetta. After confirming that it could take the form of a comic opera with no spoken dialogue in the style of \"Der Rosenkavalier\", \"only more entertaining and more organic,\"","Document [10](Title: La rondine) La rondine La rondine (\"The Swallow\") is a comic opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Giuseppe Adami, based on a libretto by Alfred Maria Willner and . It was first performed at the Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Monte Carlo (or the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre du Casino) in Monte Carlo on 27 March 1917. In autumn 1913, the directors of Vienna's Carltheater commissioned Puccini to compose a Viennese operetta. After confirming that it could take the form of a comic opera with no spoken dialogue in the style of \"Der Rosenkavalier\", \"only more entertaining and more organic,\" he"],"query":"three act puccini opera first performed in 1900?","answers":["Tosca"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Madama Butterfly) it in the summer of that year. The original version of the opera, in two acts, had its premiere on 17 February 1904 at Teatro alla Scala in Milan. It was poorly received, despite such notable singers as soprano Rosina Storchio, tenor Giovanni Zenatello and baritone Giuseppe De Luca in lead roles; this was due in part to a late completion by Puccini, and thus inadequate time for rehearsals. Puccini revised the opera, splitting Act II into two (with the Humming Chorus as a bridge to what became Act III) and making other changes. Success ensued, starting with the first","Document [2](Title: Suor Angelica) Suor Angelica Suor Angelica (Sister Angelica) is an opera in one act by Giacomo Puccini to an original Italian libretto by Giovacchino Forzano. It is the second opera of the trio of operas known as \"Il trittico\" (\"Triptych\"). It received its world premiere at the Metropolitan Opera on December 14, 1918. The opera opens with scenes showing typical aspects of life in the convent \u2013 all the sisters sing hymns, the Monitor scolds two lay-sisters, everyone gathers for recreation in the courtyard. The sisters rejoice because, as the mistress of novices explains, this is the first of three evenings that","Document [3](Title: Suor Angelica) sources Suor Angelica Suor Angelica (Sister Angelica) is an opera in one act by Giacomo Puccini to an original Italian libretto by Giovacchino Forzano. It is the second opera of the trio of operas known as \"Il trittico\" (\"Triptych\"). It received its world premiere at the Metropolitan Opera on December 14, 1918. The opera opens with scenes showing typical aspects of life in the convent \u2013 all the sisters sing hymns, the Monitor scolds two lay-sisters, everyone gathers for recreation in the courtyard. The sisters rejoice because, as the mistress of novices explains, this is the first of three evenings","Document [4](Title: Giacomo Puccini) primary composition in 1887 and orchestration in 1888. \"Edgar\" premiered at La Scala on 21 April 1889 to a lukewarm response. The work was withdrawn for revisions after its third performance. In a Milanese newspaper, Giulio Ricordi published a defense of Puccini's skill as a composer, while criticizing Fontana's libretto. A revised version met with success at the Teatro del Giglio in Puccini's native Lucca on 5 September 1891. In 1892, further revisions reduced the length of the opera from four acts to three, in a version that was well received in Ferrara and was performed in Turin and in","Document [5](Title: Tosca) Tosca (Italian pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8toska; \u02c8t\u0254ska]) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa. It premiered at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome on 14 January 1900. The work, based on Victorien Sardou's 1887 French-language dramatic play, La Tosca, is a melodramatic piece set in Rome in June 1800, with the Kingdom of Naples's control of Rome threatened by Napoleon's invasion of Italy. It contains depictions of torture, murder and suicide, as well as some of Puccini's best-known lyrical arias.","Document [6](Title: Albert Dubosq) boh\u00e8me\", Act II. Premiered on 25 October 1900 under the supervision of the composer and publisher Tito Ricordi, this production enjoyed thirty performances in its first run alone and would keep the stage until 1949. Significantly, Puccini and Riccordi were so enthralled by Dubosq\u2019s effort that they had it photographed and incorporated in Riccardo Salvadori\u2019s new design for Act II of Puccini\u2019s masterpiece. After \"La Boh\u00e8me\", Dubosq received a string of commissions from the Monnaie: Several of this stagings were created by Dubosq in close collaboration with the stage director Charles De Beer and costume designer (and symbolist painter) Fernand","Document [7](Title: Giacomo Puccini) the opera, \"Ch'ella mi creda\", has become a staple of compilation albums by operatic tenors. It is said that during World War I, Italian soldiers sang this aria to maintain their spirits. The 2008 Italian film, \"Puccini e la fanciulla\" (\"Puccini and the Girl\"), is based on the period of his life when he was composing the opera. Puccini completed the score of \"La rondine\", to a libretto by Giuseppe Adami in 1916 after two years of work, and it was premiered at the Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Monte Carlo on 27 March 1917. The opera had been originally commissioned by","Document [8](Title: Giacomo Puccini) referred to her well publicised affair with Arturo Toscanini. This version was in two acts; after its disastrous premiere, Puccini withdrew the opera, revising it for what was virtually a second premiere at Brescia in May 1904 and performances in Buenos Aires, London, the USA and Paris. In 1907, Puccini made his final revisions to the opera in a fifth version, which has become known as the \"standard version\". Today, the standard version of the opera is the version most often performed around the world. However, the original 1904 version is occasionally performed as well, and has been recorded. After","Document [9](Title: La rondine) Sources La rondine La rondine (\"The Swallow\") is a comic opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Giuseppe Adami, based on a libretto by Alfred Maria Willner and . It was first performed at the Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Monte Carlo (or the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre du Casino) in Monte Carlo on 27 March 1917. In autumn 1913, the directors of Vienna's Carltheater commissioned Puccini to compose a Viennese operetta. After confirming that it could take the form of a comic opera with no spoken dialogue in the style of \"Der Rosenkavalier\", \"only more entertaining and more organic,\"","Document [10](Title: La rondine) La rondine La rondine (\"The Swallow\") is a comic opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Giuseppe Adami, based on a libretto by Alfred Maria Willner and . It was first performed at the Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Monte Carlo (or the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre du Casino) in Monte Carlo on 27 March 1917. In autumn 1913, the directors of Vienna's Carltheater commissioned Puccini to compose a Viennese operetta. After confirming that it could take the form of a comic opera with no spoken dialogue in the style of \"Der Rosenkavalier\", \"only more entertaining and more organic,\" he"],"query":"three act puccini opera first performed in 1900?","answers":["Tosca"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Madama Butterfly) it in the summer of that year. The original version of the opera, in two acts, had its premiere on 17 February 1904 at Teatro alla Scala in Milan. It was poorly received, despite such notable singers as soprano Rosina Storchio, tenor Giovanni Zenatello and baritone Giuseppe De Luca in lead roles; this was due in part to a late completion by Puccini, and thus inadequate time for rehearsals. Puccini revised the opera, splitting Act II into two (with the Humming Chorus as a bridge to what became Act III) and making other changes. Success ensued, starting with the first","Document [2](Title: Suor Angelica) Suor Angelica Suor Angelica (Sister Angelica) is an opera in one act by Giacomo Puccini to an original Italian libretto by Giovacchino Forzano. It is the second opera of the trio of operas known as \"Il trittico\" (\"Triptych\"). It received its world premiere at the Metropolitan Opera on December 14, 1918. The opera opens with scenes showing typical aspects of life in the convent \u2013 all the sisters sing hymns, the Monitor scolds two lay-sisters, everyone gathers for recreation in the courtyard. The sisters rejoice because, as the mistress of novices explains, this is the first of three evenings that","Document [3](Title: Suor Angelica) sources Suor Angelica Suor Angelica (Sister Angelica) is an opera in one act by Giacomo Puccini to an original Italian libretto by Giovacchino Forzano. It is the second opera of the trio of operas known as \"Il trittico\" (\"Triptych\"). It received its world premiere at the Metropolitan Opera on December 14, 1918. The opera opens with scenes showing typical aspects of life in the convent \u2013 all the sisters sing hymns, the Monitor scolds two lay-sisters, everyone gathers for recreation in the courtyard. The sisters rejoice because, as the mistress of novices explains, this is the first of three evenings","Document [4](Title: Giacomo Puccini) primary composition in 1887 and orchestration in 1888. \"Edgar\" premiered at La Scala on 21 April 1889 to a lukewarm response. The work was withdrawn for revisions after its third performance. In a Milanese newspaper, Giulio Ricordi published a defense of Puccini's skill as a composer, while criticizing Fontana's libretto. A revised version met with success at the Teatro del Giglio in Puccini's native Lucca on 5 September 1891. In 1892, further revisions reduced the length of the opera from four acts to three, in a version that was well received in Ferrara and was performed in Turin and in","Document [5](Title: Albert Dubosq) boh\u00e8me\", Act II. Premiered on 25 October 1900 under the supervision of the composer and publisher Tito Ricordi, this production enjoyed thirty performances in its first run alone and would keep the stage until 1949. Significantly, Puccini and Riccordi were so enthralled by Dubosq\u2019s effort that they had it photographed and incorporated in Riccardo Salvadori\u2019s new design for Act II of Puccini\u2019s masterpiece. After \"La Boh\u00e8me\", Dubosq received a string of commissions from the Monnaie: Several of this stagings were created by Dubosq in close collaboration with the stage director Charles De Beer and costume designer (and symbolist painter) Fernand","Document [6](Title: Giacomo Puccini) the opera, \"Ch'ella mi creda\", has become a staple of compilation albums by operatic tenors. It is said that during World War I, Italian soldiers sang this aria to maintain their spirits. The 2008 Italian film, \"Puccini e la fanciulla\" (\"Puccini and the Girl\"), is based on the period of his life when he was composing the opera. Puccini completed the score of \"La rondine\", to a libretto by Giuseppe Adami in 1916 after two years of work, and it was premiered at the Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Monte Carlo on 27 March 1917. The opera had been originally commissioned by","Document [7](Title: Giacomo Puccini) referred to her well publicised affair with Arturo Toscanini. This version was in two acts; after its disastrous premiere, Puccini withdrew the opera, revising it for what was virtually a second premiere at Brescia in May 1904 and performances in Buenos Aires, London, the USA and Paris. In 1907, Puccini made his final revisions to the opera in a fifth version, which has become known as the \"standard version\". Today, the standard version of the opera is the version most often performed around the world. However, the original 1904 version is occasionally performed as well, and has been recorded. After","Document [8](Title: La rondine) Sources La rondine La rondine (\"The Swallow\") is a comic opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Giuseppe Adami, based on a libretto by Alfred Maria Willner and . It was first performed at the Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Monte Carlo (or the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre du Casino) in Monte Carlo on 27 March 1917. In autumn 1913, the directors of Vienna's Carltheater commissioned Puccini to compose a Viennese operetta. After confirming that it could take the form of a comic opera with no spoken dialogue in the style of \"Der Rosenkavalier\", \"only more entertaining and more organic,\"","Document [9](Title: La rondine) La rondine La rondine (\"The Swallow\") is a comic opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Giuseppe Adami, based on a libretto by Alfred Maria Willner and . It was first performed at the Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Monte Carlo (or the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre du Casino) in Monte Carlo on 27 March 1917. In autumn 1913, the directors of Vienna's Carltheater commissioned Puccini to compose a Viennese operetta. After confirming that it could take the form of a comic opera with no spoken dialogue in the style of \"Der Rosenkavalier\", \"only more entertaining and more organic,\" he","Document [10](Title: Tosca) Tosca (Italian pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8toska; \u02c8t\u0254ska]) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa. It premiered at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome on 14 January 1900. The work, based on Victorien Sardou's 1887 French-language dramatic play, La Tosca, is a melodramatic piece set in Rome in June 1800, with the Kingdom of Naples's control of Rome threatened by Napoleon's invasion of Italy. It contains depictions of torture, murder and suicide, as well as some of Puccini's best-known lyrical arias."],"query":"three act puccini opera first performed in 1900?","answers":["Tosca"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Party leaders of the United States Senate) The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate, and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference.","Document [2](Title: National Congress of Brazil) common for politicians to switch parties and the proportion of congressional seats held by each party would often change. However, a decision of the Supreme Federal Court has ruled that the seats belong to the parties and not to the politicians, and that one can only change parties and retain his seat in a very limited set of cases. Consequently, politicians who abandon the party for which they were elected now face the loss of their Congressional seat. Each house of the Brazilian Congress elects its President and the other members of its directing board from among its members. The","Document [3](Title: ERepublik) name then they become the leaders of the party and they can choose their party candidates for congress (if party is ranked in the top 5 nationally) or presidency. On the fifth of every month eRepublik holds presidential elections, on the fifteenth the party presidential elections and on the twenty-fifth the congressional elections. Days before the presidential vote the top five parties will select a person to run for president, and then it is decided by a vote by the populace. The congress elections are more complicated than the rest. The party presidents of the top 5 parties select a","Document [4](Title: Page of the United States House of Representatives) of the House, and for minority Pages the decision is made by the minority leader. It is a general rule that only one nominee is permitted per representative, except for party leadership (although during the 104th Congress, Duke Cunningham successfully lobbied for the joint appointment of twin sisters from Encinitas, California and Gene Taylor successfully lobbied for the appointment of three Pages from the Gulf Coast during the 109th Congress after Hurricane Katrina). During the 110th Congress, Rep. Anna Eshoo (D) was allowed to appoint a set of twins as Democratic Pages during the second summer session. Also during the","Document [5](Title: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives) are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door caucus by secret ballot. The Speaker-elect is also chosen in a closed-door session although they are formally installed in their position by a public vote when Congress reconvenes. Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor, Richard Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House,","Document [6](Title: Federal government of Brazil) to each state's population, but each state is eligible for a minimum of eight seats and a maximum of 70 seats. The result is a system weighted in favor of smaller states that are part of the Brazilian federation. Currently, 15 political parties are represented in Congress. Since it is common for politicians to switch parties, the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly. To avoid that, the Supreme Federal Court ruled in 2007 that the term belongs to the parties, and not to the representatives. Brazilian courts function under civil law adversarial system. The Judicial branch","Document [7](Title: 2014 State of the Union Address) The decision was made by House Speaker John Boehner and Republican Senate Leader Mitch McConnell. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen of Florida, the first Cuban-American person elected to Congress, gave a second response, delivering most of McMorris Rodgers' response in Spanish. In addition, Utah Senator Mike Lee gave an address in response to Obama's speech on behalf of the Tea Party Express. Kentucky Senator Rand Paul released his own address on YouTube and Facebook. He had previously given a response on behalf of the Tea Party Express in 2013. The four Republican responses were interpreted as a sign of the party's ideological","Document [8](Title: Prime Minister of Spain) into a two-party system between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and the People's Party, the two major parties usually adopt some aspects of the minor party platforms in an effort to attract them into parliamentary pacts to edge out their rival party in the event that no party is able to command an absolute majority of the Congress by themselves. The monarch is normally able to announce his nominee on the day following a general election. The monarch's order nominating a Prime Ministerial candidate is countersigned by the Speaker of the Congress, who then presents the nominee before the Congress","Document [9](Title: Congressional canvass for the 2016 Philippine presidential election) will furnish a report to be approved by majority vote by both House and Senate voting separately. Instead of the whole Congress canvassing the votes, a committee comprised evenly between the Senate and the House of Representatives will canvass the votes at the Batasang Pambansa Complex in Quezon City, the home of the House of Representatives. Senator Aquilino Pimentel III and House Majority Leader Neptali Gonzales II will co-chair the proceedings instead of Senate President Franklin Drilon and the House Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. Previously, the Senate President and the House Speaker played this role. The composition of the joint","Document [10](Title: Party leader) have been elected by popular vote since 1913. They currently include President of the Senate Mike Pence, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate Orrin Hatch, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Senate Majority Whip John Cornyn on the Republican side, and Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer, Senate Minority Whip Dick Durbin. The Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives are elected by their respective parties in the House by secret ballot. The Republican Party is currently represented in the House by Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy and Majority Whip Steve Scalise, whereas the Democratic Party is represented"],"query":"how are leaders of the two parties in congress chosen?","answers":["Senate Republican Conference","Senate Democratic Caucus"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: National Congress of Brazil) common for politicians to switch parties and the proportion of congressional seats held by each party would often change. However, a decision of the Supreme Federal Court has ruled that the seats belong to the parties and not to the politicians, and that one can only change parties and retain his seat in a very limited set of cases. Consequently, politicians who abandon the party for which they were elected now face the loss of their Congressional seat. Each house of the Brazilian Congress elects its President and the other members of its directing board from among its members. The","Document [2](Title: ERepublik) name then they become the leaders of the party and they can choose their party candidates for congress (if party is ranked in the top 5 nationally) or presidency. On the fifth of every month eRepublik holds presidential elections, on the fifteenth the party presidential elections and on the twenty-fifth the congressional elections. Days before the presidential vote the top five parties will select a person to run for president, and then it is decided by a vote by the populace. The congress elections are more complicated than the rest. The party presidents of the top 5 parties select a","Document [3](Title: Page of the United States House of Representatives) of the House, and for minority Pages the decision is made by the minority leader. It is a general rule that only one nominee is permitted per representative, except for party leadership (although during the 104th Congress, Duke Cunningham successfully lobbied for the joint appointment of twin sisters from Encinitas, California and Gene Taylor successfully lobbied for the appointment of three Pages from the Gulf Coast during the 109th Congress after Hurricane Katrina). During the 110th Congress, Rep. Anna Eshoo (D) was allowed to appoint a set of twins as Democratic Pages during the second summer session. Also during the","Document [4](Title: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives) are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door caucus by secret ballot. The Speaker-elect is also chosen in a closed-door session although they are formally installed in their position by a public vote when Congress reconvenes. Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor, Richard Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House,","Document [5](Title: Party leaders of the United States Senate) The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate, and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference.","Document [6](Title: Federal government of Brazil) to each state's population, but each state is eligible for a minimum of eight seats and a maximum of 70 seats. The result is a system weighted in favor of smaller states that are part of the Brazilian federation. Currently, 15 political parties are represented in Congress. Since it is common for politicians to switch parties, the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly. To avoid that, the Supreme Federal Court ruled in 2007 that the term belongs to the parties, and not to the representatives. Brazilian courts function under civil law adversarial system. The Judicial branch","Document [7](Title: 2014 State of the Union Address) The decision was made by House Speaker John Boehner and Republican Senate Leader Mitch McConnell. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen of Florida, the first Cuban-American person elected to Congress, gave a second response, delivering most of McMorris Rodgers' response in Spanish. In addition, Utah Senator Mike Lee gave an address in response to Obama's speech on behalf of the Tea Party Express. Kentucky Senator Rand Paul released his own address on YouTube and Facebook. He had previously given a response on behalf of the Tea Party Express in 2013. The four Republican responses were interpreted as a sign of the party's ideological","Document [8](Title: Prime Minister of Spain) into a two-party system between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and the People's Party, the two major parties usually adopt some aspects of the minor party platforms in an effort to attract them into parliamentary pacts to edge out their rival party in the event that no party is able to command an absolute majority of the Congress by themselves. The monarch is normally able to announce his nominee on the day following a general election. The monarch's order nominating a Prime Ministerial candidate is countersigned by the Speaker of the Congress, who then presents the nominee before the Congress","Document [9](Title: Congressional canvass for the 2016 Philippine presidential election) will furnish a report to be approved by majority vote by both House and Senate voting separately. Instead of the whole Congress canvassing the votes, a committee comprised evenly between the Senate and the House of Representatives will canvass the votes at the Batasang Pambansa Complex in Quezon City, the home of the House of Representatives. Senator Aquilino Pimentel III and House Majority Leader Neptali Gonzales II will co-chair the proceedings instead of Senate President Franklin Drilon and the House Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. Previously, the Senate President and the House Speaker played this role. The composition of the joint","Document [10](Title: Party leader) have been elected by popular vote since 1913. They currently include President of the Senate Mike Pence, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate Orrin Hatch, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Senate Majority Whip John Cornyn on the Republican side, and Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer, Senate Minority Whip Dick Durbin. The Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives are elected by their respective parties in the House by secret ballot. The Republican Party is currently represented in the House by Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy and Majority Whip Steve Scalise, whereas the Democratic Party is represented"],"query":"how are leaders of the two parties in congress chosen?","answers":["Senate Republican Conference","Senate Democratic Caucus"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: National Congress of Brazil) common for politicians to switch parties and the proportion of congressional seats held by each party would often change. However, a decision of the Supreme Federal Court has ruled that the seats belong to the parties and not to the politicians, and that one can only change parties and retain his seat in a very limited set of cases. Consequently, politicians who abandon the party for which they were elected now face the loss of their Congressional seat. Each house of the Brazilian Congress elects its President and the other members of its directing board from among its members. The","Document [2](Title: ERepublik) name then they become the leaders of the party and they can choose their party candidates for congress (if party is ranked in the top 5 nationally) or presidency. On the fifth of every month eRepublik holds presidential elections, on the fifteenth the party presidential elections and on the twenty-fifth the congressional elections. Days before the presidential vote the top five parties will select a person to run for president, and then it is decided by a vote by the populace. The congress elections are more complicated than the rest. The party presidents of the top 5 parties select a","Document [3](Title: Page of the United States House of Representatives) of the House, and for minority Pages the decision is made by the minority leader. It is a general rule that only one nominee is permitted per representative, except for party leadership (although during the 104th Congress, Duke Cunningham successfully lobbied for the joint appointment of twin sisters from Encinitas, California and Gene Taylor successfully lobbied for the appointment of three Pages from the Gulf Coast during the 109th Congress after Hurricane Katrina). During the 110th Congress, Rep. Anna Eshoo (D) was allowed to appoint a set of twins as Democratic Pages during the second summer session. Also during the","Document [4](Title: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives) are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door caucus by secret ballot. The Speaker-elect is also chosen in a closed-door session although they are formally installed in their position by a public vote when Congress reconvenes. Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor, Richard Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House,","Document [5](Title: Federal government of Brazil) to each state's population, but each state is eligible for a minimum of eight seats and a maximum of 70 seats. The result is a system weighted in favor of smaller states that are part of the Brazilian federation. Currently, 15 political parties are represented in Congress. Since it is common for politicians to switch parties, the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly. To avoid that, the Supreme Federal Court ruled in 2007 that the term belongs to the parties, and not to the representatives. Brazilian courts function under civil law adversarial system. The Judicial branch","Document [6](Title: 2014 State of the Union Address) The decision was made by House Speaker John Boehner and Republican Senate Leader Mitch McConnell. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen of Florida, the first Cuban-American person elected to Congress, gave a second response, delivering most of McMorris Rodgers' response in Spanish. In addition, Utah Senator Mike Lee gave an address in response to Obama's speech on behalf of the Tea Party Express. Kentucky Senator Rand Paul released his own address on YouTube and Facebook. He had previously given a response on behalf of the Tea Party Express in 2013. The four Republican responses were interpreted as a sign of the party's ideological","Document [7](Title: Prime Minister of Spain) into a two-party system between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and the People's Party, the two major parties usually adopt some aspects of the minor party platforms in an effort to attract them into parliamentary pacts to edge out their rival party in the event that no party is able to command an absolute majority of the Congress by themselves. The monarch is normally able to announce his nominee on the day following a general election. The monarch's order nominating a Prime Ministerial candidate is countersigned by the Speaker of the Congress, who then presents the nominee before the Congress","Document [8](Title: Congressional canvass for the 2016 Philippine presidential election) will furnish a report to be approved by majority vote by both House and Senate voting separately. Instead of the whole Congress canvassing the votes, a committee comprised evenly between the Senate and the House of Representatives will canvass the votes at the Batasang Pambansa Complex in Quezon City, the home of the House of Representatives. Senator Aquilino Pimentel III and House Majority Leader Neptali Gonzales II will co-chair the proceedings instead of Senate President Franklin Drilon and the House Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. Previously, the Senate President and the House Speaker played this role. The composition of the joint","Document [9](Title: Party leader) have been elected by popular vote since 1913. They currently include President of the Senate Mike Pence, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate Orrin Hatch, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Senate Majority Whip John Cornyn on the Republican side, and Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer, Senate Minority Whip Dick Durbin. The Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives are elected by their respective parties in the House by secret ballot. The Republican Party is currently represented in the House by Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy and Majority Whip Steve Scalise, whereas the Democratic Party is represented","Document [10](Title: Party leaders of the United States Senate) The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate, and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference."],"query":"how are leaders of the two parties in congress chosen?","answers":["Senate Republican Conference","Senate Democratic Caucus"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Lord's Prayer) Two versions of this prayer are recorded: the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount, and the short form in the Gospel of Luke when \"one of his disciples said to him, 'Lord, teach us to pray, as John taught his disciples.'\"","Document [2](Title: Lord's Prayer) not in all. Older English translations of the Bible, based on late Byzantine Greek manuscripts, included it, but it is excluded in critical editions of the New Testament, such as that of the United Bible Societies. It is absent in the oldest manuscripts and is not considered to be part of the original text of \u2013. The Catholic Church has never attached it to the Lord's Prayer, but has included it in the Roman Rite Mass as revised in 1969, not as part of the Our Father but separated from it by a prayer called the embolism spoken or sung","Document [3](Title: Lord's Prayer) in 52 oriental languages, most of them not previously found in such collections, translated by the brethren of the Serampore Mission and printed at the mission press there in 1818. There are similarities between the Lord's Prayer and both biblical and post-biblical material in Jewish prayer especially Kiddushin 81a (Babylonian). \"Our Father which art in heaven\" (\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d1\u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd, Avinu shebashamayim) is the beginning of many Hebrew prayers. \"Hallowed be thy name\" is reflected in the Kaddish. \"Lead us not into sin\" is echoed in the \"morning blessings\" of Jewish prayer. A blessing said by some Jewish communities after the evening","Document [4](Title: Prayer) (e.g. ) is how Jesus taught his disciples to pray. The Lord's Prayer is a model for prayers of adoration, confession and petition in Christianity. In medieval England, prayers (particularly the \"paternoster\") were frequently used as a measure of time in medical and culinary recipe books. Christians generally pray to God or to the Father. Some Christians (e.g., Catholics, Orthodox) will also ask the righteous in heaven and \"in Christ,\" such as Virgin Mary or other saints to intercede by praying on their behalf (intercession of saints). Formulaic closures include \"through our Lord Jesus Christ, Your Son, who lives and","Document [5](Title: Lord's Prayer) a doxology, a later addendum appearing in some manuscripts of Matthew. Initial words on the topic from the \"Catechism of the Catholic Church\" teach that it \"is truly the summary of the whole gospel\". The prayer is used by most Christian churches in their worship; with few exceptions, the liturgical form is the Matthean. Although theological differences and various modes of worship divide Christians, according to Fuller Seminary professor Clayton Schmit, \"there is a sense of solidarity in knowing that Christians around the globe are praying together ... and these words always unite us.\" In biblical criticism, the prayer's absence","Document [6](Title: Lord's Prayer) the Lord's Prayer with the doxology, sometimes without. Most Protestants append it to the Lord's Prayer. In the course of Christianization, one of the first texts to be translated between many languages has historically been the Lord's Prayer, long before the full Bible would be translated into the respective languages. Since the 16th century, collections of translations of the prayer have often been used for a quick comparison of languages. The first such collection, with 22 versions, was \"Mithridates de differentis linguis\" by Conrad Gessner (1555; the title refers to Mithridates VI of Pontus who according to Pliny the Elder","Document [7](Title: Christian prayer) Christian prayer Prayer is an important activity in Christianity, and there are several different forms of \"Christian prayer\". \"Christian prayers\" are diverse: they can be completely spontaneous, or read entirely from a text, like the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. The most common prayer among Christians is the \"Lord's Prayer\", which according to the gospel accounts (e.g. ) is how Jesus taught his disciples to pray. \"The Lord's Prayer\" is a model for prayers of adoration, confession and petition in Christianity. A broad, three stage characterization of prayer begins with vocal prayer, then moves on to a more structured form","Document [8](Title: Lord's Prayer) the prayer, the priest sings \"For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever and unto ages of ages.\" Latin Church Roman Catholics do not use the doxology when reciting the Lord's Prayer, because it is not part of their received liturgical tradition and is not found in the Latin Vulgate of St. Jerome. Since 1970 it is included in the Roman Rite Mass as an independent item, not as part of the Lord's Prayer. The Anglican Book of Common Prayer sometimes gives","Document [9](Title: Prayer, meditation and contemplation in Christianity) Prayer, which according to the gospel accounts (e.g. ) is how Jesus taught his disciples to pray. The Lord's prayer is a model for prayers of adoration, confession and petition in Christianity. The first centuries of Christianity witnessed an intense growth in religious literature and these often included prayers. The prayers recorded in early Christian literature can be categorized into six types: petition (including intercession), thanksgiving, blessing (or benediction), praise, confession and finally a small number of lamentations. The first five of these types have persisted throughout the centuries and been expressed in a large number of Christian prayers. However","Document [10](Title: Lord's Prayer) in the Gospel of Mark together with its occurrence in Matthew and Luke has caused scholars who accept the two-source hypothesis (against other document hypotheses) to conclude that it is probably a \"logion\" original to Q. Standard edition of Greek text <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> Patriarchal Edition 1904 <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> Roman Missal There are several different English translations of the Lord's Prayer from Greek or Latin, beginning around AD 650 with the Northumbrian translation. Of those in current liturgical use, the three best-known are: The square brackets"],"query":"where is lord's prayer found in bible?","answers":["in the Gospel of Luke"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Lord's Prayer) not in all. Older English translations of the Bible, based on late Byzantine Greek manuscripts, included it, but it is excluded in critical editions of the New Testament, such as that of the United Bible Societies. It is absent in the oldest manuscripts and is not considered to be part of the original text of \u2013. The Catholic Church has never attached it to the Lord's Prayer, but has included it in the Roman Rite Mass as revised in 1969, not as part of the Our Father but separated from it by a prayer called the embolism spoken or sung","Document [2](Title: Lord's Prayer) in 52 oriental languages, most of them not previously found in such collections, translated by the brethren of the Serampore Mission and printed at the mission press there in 1818. There are similarities between the Lord's Prayer and both biblical and post-biblical material in Jewish prayer especially Kiddushin 81a (Babylonian). \"Our Father which art in heaven\" (\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d1\u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd, Avinu shebashamayim) is the beginning of many Hebrew prayers. \"Hallowed be thy name\" is reflected in the Kaddish. \"Lead us not into sin\" is echoed in the \"morning blessings\" of Jewish prayer. A blessing said by some Jewish communities after the evening","Document [3](Title: Prayer) (e.g. ) is how Jesus taught his disciples to pray. The Lord's Prayer is a model for prayers of adoration, confession and petition in Christianity. In medieval England, prayers (particularly the \"paternoster\") were frequently used as a measure of time in medical and culinary recipe books. Christians generally pray to God or to the Father. Some Christians (e.g., Catholics, Orthodox) will also ask the righteous in heaven and \"in Christ,\" such as Virgin Mary or other saints to intercede by praying on their behalf (intercession of saints). Formulaic closures include \"through our Lord Jesus Christ, Your Son, who lives and","Document [4](Title: Lord's Prayer) a doxology, a later addendum appearing in some manuscripts of Matthew. Initial words on the topic from the \"Catechism of the Catholic Church\" teach that it \"is truly the summary of the whole gospel\". The prayer is used by most Christian churches in their worship; with few exceptions, the liturgical form is the Matthean. Although theological differences and various modes of worship divide Christians, according to Fuller Seminary professor Clayton Schmit, \"there is a sense of solidarity in knowing that Christians around the globe are praying together ... and these words always unite us.\" In biblical criticism, the prayer's absence","Document [5](Title: Lord's Prayer) Two versions of this prayer are recorded: the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount, and the short form in the Gospel of Luke when \"one of his disciples said to him, 'Lord, teach us to pray, as John taught his disciples.'\"","Document [6](Title: Lord's Prayer) the Lord's Prayer with the doxology, sometimes without. Most Protestants append it to the Lord's Prayer. In the course of Christianization, one of the first texts to be translated between many languages has historically been the Lord's Prayer, long before the full Bible would be translated into the respective languages. Since the 16th century, collections of translations of the prayer have often been used for a quick comparison of languages. The first such collection, with 22 versions, was \"Mithridates de differentis linguis\" by Conrad Gessner (1555; the title refers to Mithridates VI of Pontus who according to Pliny the Elder","Document [7](Title: Christian prayer) Christian prayer Prayer is an important activity in Christianity, and there are several different forms of \"Christian prayer\". \"Christian prayers\" are diverse: they can be completely spontaneous, or read entirely from a text, like the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. The most common prayer among Christians is the \"Lord's Prayer\", which according to the gospel accounts (e.g. ) is how Jesus taught his disciples to pray. \"The Lord's Prayer\" is a model for prayers of adoration, confession and petition in Christianity. A broad, three stage characterization of prayer begins with vocal prayer, then moves on to a more structured form","Document [8](Title: Lord's Prayer) the prayer, the priest sings \"For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever and unto ages of ages.\" Latin Church Roman Catholics do not use the doxology when reciting the Lord's Prayer, because it is not part of their received liturgical tradition and is not found in the Latin Vulgate of St. Jerome. Since 1970 it is included in the Roman Rite Mass as an independent item, not as part of the Lord's Prayer. The Anglican Book of Common Prayer sometimes gives","Document [9](Title: Prayer, meditation and contemplation in Christianity) Prayer, which according to the gospel accounts (e.g. ) is how Jesus taught his disciples to pray. The Lord's prayer is a model for prayers of adoration, confession and petition in Christianity. The first centuries of Christianity witnessed an intense growth in religious literature and these often included prayers. The prayers recorded in early Christian literature can be categorized into six types: petition (including intercession), thanksgiving, blessing (or benediction), praise, confession and finally a small number of lamentations. The first five of these types have persisted throughout the centuries and been expressed in a large number of Christian prayers. However","Document [10](Title: Lord's Prayer) in the Gospel of Mark together with its occurrence in Matthew and Luke has caused scholars who accept the two-source hypothesis (against other document hypotheses) to conclude that it is probably a \"logion\" original to Q. Standard edition of Greek text <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> Patriarchal Edition 1904 <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> Roman Missal There are several different English translations of the Lord's Prayer from Greek or Latin, beginning around AD 650 with the Northumbrian translation. Of those in current liturgical use, the three best-known are: The square brackets"],"query":"where is lord's prayer found in bible?","answers":["in the Gospel of Luke"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Lord's Prayer) not in all. Older English translations of the Bible, based on late Byzantine Greek manuscripts, included it, but it is excluded in critical editions of the New Testament, such as that of the United Bible Societies. It is absent in the oldest manuscripts and is not considered to be part of the original text of \u2013. The Catholic Church has never attached it to the Lord's Prayer, but has included it in the Roman Rite Mass as revised in 1969, not as part of the Our Father but separated from it by a prayer called the embolism spoken or sung","Document [2](Title: Lord's Prayer) in 52 oriental languages, most of them not previously found in such collections, translated by the brethren of the Serampore Mission and printed at the mission press there in 1818. There are similarities between the Lord's Prayer and both biblical and post-biblical material in Jewish prayer especially Kiddushin 81a (Babylonian). \"Our Father which art in heaven\" (\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d1\u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd, Avinu shebashamayim) is the beginning of many Hebrew prayers. \"Hallowed be thy name\" is reflected in the Kaddish. \"Lead us not into sin\" is echoed in the \"morning blessings\" of Jewish prayer. A blessing said by some Jewish communities after the evening","Document [3](Title: Prayer) (e.g. ) is how Jesus taught his disciples to pray. The Lord's Prayer is a model for prayers of adoration, confession and petition in Christianity. In medieval England, prayers (particularly the \"paternoster\") were frequently used as a measure of time in medical and culinary recipe books. Christians generally pray to God or to the Father. Some Christians (e.g., Catholics, Orthodox) will also ask the righteous in heaven and \"in Christ,\" such as Virgin Mary or other saints to intercede by praying on their behalf (intercession of saints). Formulaic closures include \"through our Lord Jesus Christ, Your Son, who lives and","Document [4](Title: Lord's Prayer) a doxology, a later addendum appearing in some manuscripts of Matthew. Initial words on the topic from the \"Catechism of the Catholic Church\" teach that it \"is truly the summary of the whole gospel\". The prayer is used by most Christian churches in their worship; with few exceptions, the liturgical form is the Matthean. Although theological differences and various modes of worship divide Christians, according to Fuller Seminary professor Clayton Schmit, \"there is a sense of solidarity in knowing that Christians around the globe are praying together ... and these words always unite us.\" In biblical criticism, the prayer's absence","Document [5](Title: Lord's Prayer) the Lord's Prayer with the doxology, sometimes without. Most Protestants append it to the Lord's Prayer. In the course of Christianization, one of the first texts to be translated between many languages has historically been the Lord's Prayer, long before the full Bible would be translated into the respective languages. Since the 16th century, collections of translations of the prayer have often been used for a quick comparison of languages. The first such collection, with 22 versions, was \"Mithridates de differentis linguis\" by Conrad Gessner (1555; the title refers to Mithridates VI of Pontus who according to Pliny the Elder","Document [6](Title: Christian prayer) Christian prayer Prayer is an important activity in Christianity, and there are several different forms of \"Christian prayer\". \"Christian prayers\" are diverse: they can be completely spontaneous, or read entirely from a text, like the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. The most common prayer among Christians is the \"Lord's Prayer\", which according to the gospel accounts (e.g. ) is how Jesus taught his disciples to pray. \"The Lord's Prayer\" is a model for prayers of adoration, confession and petition in Christianity. A broad, three stage characterization of prayer begins with vocal prayer, then moves on to a more structured form","Document [7](Title: Lord's Prayer) the prayer, the priest sings \"For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever and unto ages of ages.\" Latin Church Roman Catholics do not use the doxology when reciting the Lord's Prayer, because it is not part of their received liturgical tradition and is not found in the Latin Vulgate of St. Jerome. Since 1970 it is included in the Roman Rite Mass as an independent item, not as part of the Lord's Prayer. The Anglican Book of Common Prayer sometimes gives","Document [8](Title: Prayer, meditation and contemplation in Christianity) Prayer, which according to the gospel accounts (e.g. ) is how Jesus taught his disciples to pray. The Lord's prayer is a model for prayers of adoration, confession and petition in Christianity. The first centuries of Christianity witnessed an intense growth in religious literature and these often included prayers. The prayers recorded in early Christian literature can be categorized into six types: petition (including intercession), thanksgiving, blessing (or benediction), praise, confession and finally a small number of lamentations. The first five of these types have persisted throughout the centuries and been expressed in a large number of Christian prayers. However","Document [9](Title: Lord's Prayer) in the Gospel of Mark together with its occurrence in Matthew and Luke has caused scholars who accept the two-source hypothesis (against other document hypotheses) to conclude that it is probably a \"logion\" original to Q. Standard edition of Greek text <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> Patriarchal Edition 1904 <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> Roman Missal There are several different English translations of the Lord's Prayer from Greek or Latin, beginning around AD 650 with the Northumbrian translation. Of those in current liturgical use, the three best-known are: The square brackets","Document [10](Title: Lord's Prayer) Two versions of this prayer are recorded: the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount, and the short form in the Gospel of Luke when \"one of his disciples said to him, 'Lord, teach us to pray, as John taught his disciples.'\""],"query":"where is lord's prayer found in bible?","answers":["in the Gospel of Luke"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Non-ferrous metal) Generally more expensive than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. aluminium), higher conductivity (e.g. copper), non-magnetic property or resistance to corrosion (e.g. zinc). Some non-ferrous materials are also used in the iron and steel industries. For example, bauxite is used as flux for blast furnaces, while others such as wolframite, pyrolusite and chromite are used in making ferrous alloys.","Document [2](Title: Ferroaluminum) Ferroaluminum Ferroaluminum (FeAl) is a ferroalloy, consisting of iron and aluminium. The metal usually consists of 40% to 60% aluminium and applications of ferroaluminum include the deoxidation of steel, hardfacing applications, reducing agent, thermite reactions, AlNiCo magnets, and alloying additions to welding wires and fluxes. The alloy is also known for the ability to manufacture low melting point alloys and it's ability to carry out aluminothermic welding. Ferroaluminum does not currently have a CAS Registry Number. The presence of iron in aluminum helps in the decrease of casting defects. improves tensile, yield, hardness, and maintains strength at high temperatures. The","Document [3](Title: Non-ferrous metal) metal tin. It is used in residential, commercial, industrial industry. Material selection for a mechanical or structural application requires some important considerations, including how easily the material can be shaped into a finished part and how its properties can be either intentionally or inadvertently altered in the process. Depending on the end use, metals can be simply cast into the finished part, or cast into an intermediate form, such as an ingot, then worked, or wrought, by rolling, forging, extruding, or other deformation process. Although the same operations are used with ferrous as well as nonferrous metals and alloys, the","Document [4](Title: 5083 aluminium alloy) 5083 aluminium alloy 5083 aluminium alloy is an aluminium alloy with magnesium and traces of manganese and chromium. It is highly resistant to attack by seawater and industrial chemicals. Alloy 5083 retains exceptional strength after welding. It has the highest strength of the non-heat treatable alloys, but is not recommended for use in temperatures in excess of 65\u00b0C. For AA 5083 alloy, the stages of porous structure development are substantially identical with that of pure aluminum, although an increase in oxide growth rate and high conductance of the oxide film were observed. Alloy 5083 is commonly used in: Uses requiring","Document [5](Title: Aluminium alloy) Aluminium alloy Aluminium alloys (or aluminum alloys; see spelling differences) are alloys in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. The typical alloying elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin and zinc. There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are further subdivided into the categories heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable. About 85% of aluminium is used for wrought products, for example rolled plate, foils and extrusions. Cast aluminium alloys yield cost-effective products due to the low melting point, although they generally have lower tensile strengths than wrought alloys. The most important cast aluminium alloy system","Document [6](Title: 5083 aluminium alloy) a weldable moderate-strength alloy having good corrosion resistance are commonly utilizing alloy 5083. 5083 aluminium alloy 5083 aluminium alloy is an aluminium alloy with magnesium and traces of manganese and chromium. It is highly resistant to attack by seawater and industrial chemicals. Alloy 5083 retains exceptional strength after welding. It has the highest strength of the non-heat treatable alloys, but is not recommended for use in temperatures in excess of 65\u00b0C. For AA 5083 alloy, the stages of porous structure development are substantially identical with that of pure aluminum, although an increase in oxide growth rate and high conductance of","Document [7](Title: Aluminium) Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different","Document [8](Title: Aluminium) (not avgas), and laboratory cultures can degrade aluminium. However, these life forms do not directly attack or consume the aluminium; rather, the metal is corroded by microbe waste products. Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. The chief ore of","Document [9](Title: Aluminium alloy inclusions) Aluminium alloy inclusions An inclusion is a solid particle in liquid aluminium alloy. It is usually non-metallic and can be of different nature depending on its source. Inclusions can create problems in the casting when they are large and in too high concentration. Here are examples of problems related to inclusions: In contact with ambient air, liquid aluminium reacts with the oxygen and form an oxide film layer (gamma-AlO). This layer becomes thicker with time. When aluminium is moved, this oxide film gets mixed inside the melt. In primary aluminium production, aluminium carbides (AlC) originates from the reduction of alumina","Document [10](Title: 6105 aluminium alloy) 6105 aluminium alloy 6105 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-magnesium-silicon family (6000 or 6xxx series). It is one of the least common of the alloys in this series. While most wrought aluminium alloys are covered by multiple standards (from any mixture of ASTM, EN, ISO, and national standard bodies), 6105 is only dealt with in \"ASTM B221: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes\". It is formed by extrusion, and supplied in heat treated form. It can alternately referred to by the UNS designation A96105. The alloy composition of 6105 aluminium"],"query":"is aluminium a ferrous or non ferrous metal?","answers":["non-ferrous"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Ferroaluminum) Ferroaluminum Ferroaluminum (FeAl) is a ferroalloy, consisting of iron and aluminium. The metal usually consists of 40% to 60% aluminium and applications of ferroaluminum include the deoxidation of steel, hardfacing applications, reducing agent, thermite reactions, AlNiCo magnets, and alloying additions to welding wires and fluxes. The alloy is also known for the ability to manufacture low melting point alloys and it's ability to carry out aluminothermic welding. Ferroaluminum does not currently have a CAS Registry Number. The presence of iron in aluminum helps in the decrease of casting defects. improves tensile, yield, hardness, and maintains strength at high temperatures. The","Document [2](Title: Non-ferrous metal) metal tin. It is used in residential, commercial, industrial industry. Material selection for a mechanical or structural application requires some important considerations, including how easily the material can be shaped into a finished part and how its properties can be either intentionally or inadvertently altered in the process. Depending on the end use, metals can be simply cast into the finished part, or cast into an intermediate form, such as an ingot, then worked, or wrought, by rolling, forging, extruding, or other deformation process. Although the same operations are used with ferrous as well as nonferrous metals and alloys, the","Document [3](Title: 5083 aluminium alloy) 5083 aluminium alloy 5083 aluminium alloy is an aluminium alloy with magnesium and traces of manganese and chromium. It is highly resistant to attack by seawater and industrial chemicals. Alloy 5083 retains exceptional strength after welding. It has the highest strength of the non-heat treatable alloys, but is not recommended for use in temperatures in excess of 65\u00b0C. For AA 5083 alloy, the stages of porous structure development are substantially identical with that of pure aluminum, although an increase in oxide growth rate and high conductance of the oxide film were observed. Alloy 5083 is commonly used in: Uses requiring","Document [4](Title: Aluminium alloy) Aluminium alloy Aluminium alloys (or aluminum alloys; see spelling differences) are alloys in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. The typical alloying elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin and zinc. There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are further subdivided into the categories heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable. About 85% of aluminium is used for wrought products, for example rolled plate, foils and extrusions. Cast aluminium alloys yield cost-effective products due to the low melting point, although they generally have lower tensile strengths than wrought alloys. The most important cast aluminium alloy system","Document [5](Title: Non-ferrous metal) Generally more expensive than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. aluminium), higher conductivity (e.g. copper), non-magnetic property or resistance to corrosion (e.g. zinc). Some non-ferrous materials are also used in the iron and steel industries. For example, bauxite is used as flux for blast furnaces, while others such as wolframite, pyrolusite and chromite are used in making ferrous alloys.","Document [6](Title: 5083 aluminium alloy) a weldable moderate-strength alloy having good corrosion resistance are commonly utilizing alloy 5083. 5083 aluminium alloy 5083 aluminium alloy is an aluminium alloy with magnesium and traces of manganese and chromium. It is highly resistant to attack by seawater and industrial chemicals. Alloy 5083 retains exceptional strength after welding. It has the highest strength of the non-heat treatable alloys, but is not recommended for use in temperatures in excess of 65\u00b0C. For AA 5083 alloy, the stages of porous structure development are substantially identical with that of pure aluminum, although an increase in oxide growth rate and high conductance of","Document [7](Title: Aluminium) Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different","Document [8](Title: Aluminium) (not avgas), and laboratory cultures can degrade aluminium. However, these life forms do not directly attack or consume the aluminium; rather, the metal is corroded by microbe waste products. Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. The chief ore of","Document [9](Title: Aluminium alloy inclusions) Aluminium alloy inclusions An inclusion is a solid particle in liquid aluminium alloy. It is usually non-metallic and can be of different nature depending on its source. Inclusions can create problems in the casting when they are large and in too high concentration. Here are examples of problems related to inclusions: In contact with ambient air, liquid aluminium reacts with the oxygen and form an oxide film layer (gamma-AlO). This layer becomes thicker with time. When aluminium is moved, this oxide film gets mixed inside the melt. In primary aluminium production, aluminium carbides (AlC) originates from the reduction of alumina","Document [10](Title: 6105 aluminium alloy) 6105 aluminium alloy 6105 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-magnesium-silicon family (6000 or 6xxx series). It is one of the least common of the alloys in this series. While most wrought aluminium alloys are covered by multiple standards (from any mixture of ASTM, EN, ISO, and national standard bodies), 6105 is only dealt with in \"ASTM B221: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes\". It is formed by extrusion, and supplied in heat treated form. It can alternately referred to by the UNS designation A96105. The alloy composition of 6105 aluminium"],"query":"is aluminium a ferrous or non ferrous metal?","answers":["non-ferrous"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Ferroaluminum) Ferroaluminum Ferroaluminum (FeAl) is a ferroalloy, consisting of iron and aluminium. The metal usually consists of 40% to 60% aluminium and applications of ferroaluminum include the deoxidation of steel, hardfacing applications, reducing agent, thermite reactions, AlNiCo magnets, and alloying additions to welding wires and fluxes. The alloy is also known for the ability to manufacture low melting point alloys and it's ability to carry out aluminothermic welding. Ferroaluminum does not currently have a CAS Registry Number. The presence of iron in aluminum helps in the decrease of casting defects. improves tensile, yield, hardness, and maintains strength at high temperatures. The","Document [2](Title: Non-ferrous metal) metal tin. It is used in residential, commercial, industrial industry. Material selection for a mechanical or structural application requires some important considerations, including how easily the material can be shaped into a finished part and how its properties can be either intentionally or inadvertently altered in the process. Depending on the end use, metals can be simply cast into the finished part, or cast into an intermediate form, such as an ingot, then worked, or wrought, by rolling, forging, extruding, or other deformation process. Although the same operations are used with ferrous as well as nonferrous metals and alloys, the","Document [3](Title: 5083 aluminium alloy) 5083 aluminium alloy 5083 aluminium alloy is an aluminium alloy with magnesium and traces of manganese and chromium. It is highly resistant to attack by seawater and industrial chemicals. Alloy 5083 retains exceptional strength after welding. It has the highest strength of the non-heat treatable alloys, but is not recommended for use in temperatures in excess of 65\u00b0C. For AA 5083 alloy, the stages of porous structure development are substantially identical with that of pure aluminum, although an increase in oxide growth rate and high conductance of the oxide film were observed. Alloy 5083 is commonly used in: Uses requiring","Document [4](Title: Aluminium alloy) Aluminium alloy Aluminium alloys (or aluminum alloys; see spelling differences) are alloys in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. The typical alloying elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin and zinc. There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are further subdivided into the categories heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable. About 85% of aluminium is used for wrought products, for example rolled plate, foils and extrusions. Cast aluminium alloys yield cost-effective products due to the low melting point, although they generally have lower tensile strengths than wrought alloys. The most important cast aluminium alloy system","Document [5](Title: 5083 aluminium alloy) a weldable moderate-strength alloy having good corrosion resistance are commonly utilizing alloy 5083. 5083 aluminium alloy 5083 aluminium alloy is an aluminium alloy with magnesium and traces of manganese and chromium. It is highly resistant to attack by seawater and industrial chemicals. Alloy 5083 retains exceptional strength after welding. It has the highest strength of the non-heat treatable alloys, but is not recommended for use in temperatures in excess of 65\u00b0C. For AA 5083 alloy, the stages of porous structure development are substantially identical with that of pure aluminum, although an increase in oxide growth rate and high conductance of","Document [6](Title: Aluminium) Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different","Document [7](Title: Aluminium) (not avgas), and laboratory cultures can degrade aluminium. However, these life forms do not directly attack or consume the aluminium; rather, the metal is corroded by microbe waste products. Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. The chief ore of","Document [8](Title: Aluminium alloy inclusions) Aluminium alloy inclusions An inclusion is a solid particle in liquid aluminium alloy. It is usually non-metallic and can be of different nature depending on its source. Inclusions can create problems in the casting when they are large and in too high concentration. Here are examples of problems related to inclusions: In contact with ambient air, liquid aluminium reacts with the oxygen and form an oxide film layer (gamma-AlO). This layer becomes thicker with time. When aluminium is moved, this oxide film gets mixed inside the melt. In primary aluminium production, aluminium carbides (AlC) originates from the reduction of alumina","Document [9](Title: 6105 aluminium alloy) 6105 aluminium alloy 6105 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-magnesium-silicon family (6000 or 6xxx series). It is one of the least common of the alloys in this series. While most wrought aluminium alloys are covered by multiple standards (from any mixture of ASTM, EN, ISO, and national standard bodies), 6105 is only dealt with in \"ASTM B221: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes\". It is formed by extrusion, and supplied in heat treated form. It can alternately referred to by the UNS designation A96105. The alloy composition of 6105 aluminium","Document [10](Title: Non-ferrous metal) Generally more expensive than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. aluminium), higher conductivity (e.g. copper), non-magnetic property or resistance to corrosion (e.g. zinc). Some non-ferrous materials are also used in the iron and steel industries. For example, bauxite is used as flux for blast furnaces, while others such as wolframite, pyrolusite and chromite are used in making ferrous alloys."],"query":"is aluminium a ferrous or non ferrous metal?","answers":["non-ferrous"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Snow Dogs) Ted travels to Tolketna to claim his inheritance from Lucy: seven Siberian Huskies and a Border Collie named Nana. In Tolketna, he discovers his roots. Totally out of his element, Ted experiences challenges he has never dreamed of: blizzards, thin ice, foxes, skunks, bears, an intimidating, crusty old mountain man named James \"Thunder Jack\" Johnson, and the aggressive, defiant lead dog, Demon. All of this happens with the buzzing excitement of the Arctic Challenge Sled Dog Race, which is only two weeks away.","Document [2](Title: Hawridge Windmill) Nana in the book \"Peter Pan\" and the model for the illustrations of the dog in the first edition of \"Peter Pan\" was Porthos, the Barries' St Bernard. When Porthos subsequently died the Barries replaced him with Luath, a Landseer (black and white Newfoundland) dog whose behaviour was studied by the actor who played Nana in the first stage production of \"Peter Pan\". The costume worn in this production was also black and white. The Mill was dubbed 'a poor man's Garsington' by those who also frequented Garsington Manor near Oxford, the artists' retreat of Lady Ottoline Morrell also a","Document [3](Title: Snow Dogs) a couple and get married. She has become his receptionist and is pregnant, and Nana and Demon have four puppies named Avalanche, Little Aleutia, Chinook, and Demon Jr. Back in Miami, Ted's cousin Rupert (Sisq\u00f3) becomes the new celebrity dentist, now with his face on every city bus. In some scenes, the faces of the dogs are partially animated to give them human expressions like winking or smiling. The animatronic version of Demon was created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop and performed by David Barclay. The film's budget was US$33 million. Canmore, Alberta, Canada was used to film the fictional","Document [4](Title: Wiener-Dog (film)) \"Cancer.\" Nana receives a call from her granddaughter Zoe, who is on her way to visit for the first time in several years, along with her boyfriend Fantasy, a conceptual artist. Once Zoe arrives, she asks for money in order to pay for Fantasy's new art project. Nana agrees to give her the money. While filling out the check, Zoe confides in her Nana, wondering if Fantasy is cheating on her. Once Zoe leaves, Nana goes outside and sits with Wiener-Dog, where she dreams about a younger version of herself coming back to show her what her life could have","Document [5](Title: Peter Pan (1954 musical)) and joins in with all of them (\"1, 2, 3\") watched by the dog Nana, their nursemaid. When Mr. Darling comes in to have his tie tied, he questions having a dog as a nursemaid, but Mrs. Darling defends her. The previous week, while the children slept, Nana saw a boy in the room who flew out of the window before she could catch him, leaving behind his shadow, which Mrs. Darling has put away in a drawer. In spite of this, Mr. Darling insists on Nana spending the night downstairs. Mrs. Darling and the children sing a lullaby (\"Tender","Document [6](Title: NANA Regional Corporation) I\u00f1upiat people of northwest Alaska, and Teck Alaska, Inc. (Teck), a U.S. subsidiary of Teck Resources Limited, a diversified mining and metals company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. NANA owns the land on which Red Dog Mine is situated, and NANA shareholders receive direct and indirect benefits from development at the mine. Under federal law, NANA and its majority-owned subsidiaries, joint ventures and partnerships are deemed to be \"minority and economically disadvantaged business enterprise[s]\" (43 USC 1626(e)). NANA Regional Corporation's subsidiaries include: NDC owns companies that operate in engineering and construction; resource development; facilities management and logistics; real estate","Document [7](Title: Red Dog mine) are exactly coincident with the boundaries of the NANA Regional Corporation. The borough, which is approximately the size of Indiana, has only 11 communities and a population of only 7,208 people, 84% of which are native or part native, and 40% of which report speaking native at home. No roads connect the communities. The nearest permanent settlements to the mine, roughly west and south respectively, are the villages of Kivalina, population 377, and Noatak, population 428, at the 2000 census. Although native populations have historically used areas around the mine and port for seasonal food-gathering there are no permanent residents","Document [8](Title: Snowboard Kids 2) Snow Town. The fastest character in the game tied with Tommy, Mr. Dog has trouble navigating simple turns or jumping trivial gaps in the course, probably due to his weight. When the Shoot Game is beat, he will be unlocked. The game is set in Snow Town, which is the hometown of the protagonists, and follows the lives of Slash, Nancy, Jam, Linda, Tommy and Wendy. The Story Mode shows their daily lives, as they try to arrive at school on time, work part-time delivering newspapers, or take part on trick festivals; as well as the adventures that lead them","Document [9](Title: NANA Regional Corporation) are never again in question. NANA-owned lands are managed by the NANA Lands and Regional Affairs Department. NANA lands are part of the largest, unexplored on-shore basin in North America. The land is mineral-rich and NANA works with its partners to develop the resources to the benefit of its shareholders. NANA states that subsistence is the highest and best use of their lands and all projects must be in alignment with that priority. NANA is land-owner of the Red Dog Mine. The mine was developed in 1982 under an innovative operating agreement between NANA, a Native corporation owned by the","Document [10](Title: NANA Development Corporation) gas operations and associated services. Subsidiaries in the petroleum sector include the following: NANA invests in the Alaska-based motion picture industry: Red Dog Mine, the largest zinc mine in the world, is located on land owned by NANA north of the Arctic Circle and is developed by NANA in partnership with Teck Cominco. Other NANA subsidiaries which serve the mining sector include: NANA Development Corporation NANA Development Corporation headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska, is owned by NANA Regional Corporation\u2014an Alaska Native Corporation formed under provisions of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANSCA)\u2014and functions as the latter's business arm. In 1968,"],"query":"what kind of dog is nana in snow dogs?","answers":["a Border Collie","Border Collie"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Hawridge Windmill) Nana in the book \"Peter Pan\" and the model for the illustrations of the dog in the first edition of \"Peter Pan\" was Porthos, the Barries' St Bernard. When Porthos subsequently died the Barries replaced him with Luath, a Landseer (black and white Newfoundland) dog whose behaviour was studied by the actor who played Nana in the first stage production of \"Peter Pan\". The costume worn in this production was also black and white. The Mill was dubbed 'a poor man's Garsington' by those who also frequented Garsington Manor near Oxford, the artists' retreat of Lady Ottoline Morrell also a","Document [2](Title: Snow Dogs) a couple and get married. She has become his receptionist and is pregnant, and Nana and Demon have four puppies named Avalanche, Little Aleutia, Chinook, and Demon Jr. Back in Miami, Ted's cousin Rupert (Sisq\u00f3) becomes the new celebrity dentist, now with his face on every city bus. In some scenes, the faces of the dogs are partially animated to give them human expressions like winking or smiling. The animatronic version of Demon was created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop and performed by David Barclay. The film's budget was US$33 million. Canmore, Alberta, Canada was used to film the fictional","Document [3](Title: Wiener-Dog (film)) \"Cancer.\" Nana receives a call from her granddaughter Zoe, who is on her way to visit for the first time in several years, along with her boyfriend Fantasy, a conceptual artist. Once Zoe arrives, she asks for money in order to pay for Fantasy's new art project. Nana agrees to give her the money. While filling out the check, Zoe confides in her Nana, wondering if Fantasy is cheating on her. Once Zoe leaves, Nana goes outside and sits with Wiener-Dog, where she dreams about a younger version of herself coming back to show her what her life could have","Document [4](Title: Peter Pan (1954 musical)) and joins in with all of them (\"1, 2, 3\") watched by the dog Nana, their nursemaid. When Mr. Darling comes in to have his tie tied, he questions having a dog as a nursemaid, but Mrs. Darling defends her. The previous week, while the children slept, Nana saw a boy in the room who flew out of the window before she could catch him, leaving behind his shadow, which Mrs. Darling has put away in a drawer. In spite of this, Mr. Darling insists on Nana spending the night downstairs. Mrs. Darling and the children sing a lullaby (\"Tender","Document [5](Title: Snow Dogs) Ted travels to Tolketna to claim his inheritance from Lucy: seven Siberian Huskies and a Border Collie named Nana. In Tolketna, he discovers his roots. Totally out of his element, Ted experiences challenges he has never dreamed of: blizzards, thin ice, foxes, skunks, bears, an intimidating, crusty old mountain man named James \"Thunder Jack\" Johnson, and the aggressive, defiant lead dog, Demon. All of this happens with the buzzing excitement of the Arctic Challenge Sled Dog Race, which is only two weeks away.","Document [6](Title: NANA Regional Corporation) I\u00f1upiat people of northwest Alaska, and Teck Alaska, Inc. (Teck), a U.S. subsidiary of Teck Resources Limited, a diversified mining and metals company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. NANA owns the land on which Red Dog Mine is situated, and NANA shareholders receive direct and indirect benefits from development at the mine. Under federal law, NANA and its majority-owned subsidiaries, joint ventures and partnerships are deemed to be \"minority and economically disadvantaged business enterprise[s]\" (43 USC 1626(e)). NANA Regional Corporation's subsidiaries include: NDC owns companies that operate in engineering and construction; resource development; facilities management and logistics; real estate","Document [7](Title: Red Dog mine) are exactly coincident with the boundaries of the NANA Regional Corporation. The borough, which is approximately the size of Indiana, has only 11 communities and a population of only 7,208 people, 84% of which are native or part native, and 40% of which report speaking native at home. No roads connect the communities. The nearest permanent settlements to the mine, roughly west and south respectively, are the villages of Kivalina, population 377, and Noatak, population 428, at the 2000 census. Although native populations have historically used areas around the mine and port for seasonal food-gathering there are no permanent residents","Document [8](Title: Snowboard Kids 2) Snow Town. The fastest character in the game tied with Tommy, Mr. Dog has trouble navigating simple turns or jumping trivial gaps in the course, probably due to his weight. When the Shoot Game is beat, he will be unlocked. The game is set in Snow Town, which is the hometown of the protagonists, and follows the lives of Slash, Nancy, Jam, Linda, Tommy and Wendy. The Story Mode shows their daily lives, as they try to arrive at school on time, work part-time delivering newspapers, or take part on trick festivals; as well as the adventures that lead them","Document [9](Title: NANA Regional Corporation) are never again in question. NANA-owned lands are managed by the NANA Lands and Regional Affairs Department. NANA lands are part of the largest, unexplored on-shore basin in North America. The land is mineral-rich and NANA works with its partners to develop the resources to the benefit of its shareholders. NANA states that subsistence is the highest and best use of their lands and all projects must be in alignment with that priority. NANA is land-owner of the Red Dog Mine. The mine was developed in 1982 under an innovative operating agreement between NANA, a Native corporation owned by the","Document [10](Title: NANA Development Corporation) gas operations and associated services. Subsidiaries in the petroleum sector include the following: NANA invests in the Alaska-based motion picture industry: Red Dog Mine, the largest zinc mine in the world, is located on land owned by NANA north of the Arctic Circle and is developed by NANA in partnership with Teck Cominco. Other NANA subsidiaries which serve the mining sector include: NANA Development Corporation NANA Development Corporation headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska, is owned by NANA Regional Corporation\u2014an Alaska Native Corporation formed under provisions of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANSCA)\u2014and functions as the latter's business arm. In 1968,"],"query":"what kind of dog is nana in snow dogs?","answers":["a Border Collie","Border Collie"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Hawridge Windmill) Nana in the book \"Peter Pan\" and the model for the illustrations of the dog in the first edition of \"Peter Pan\" was Porthos, the Barries' St Bernard. When Porthos subsequently died the Barries replaced him with Luath, a Landseer (black and white Newfoundland) dog whose behaviour was studied by the actor who played Nana in the first stage production of \"Peter Pan\". The costume worn in this production was also black and white. The Mill was dubbed 'a poor man's Garsington' by those who also frequented Garsington Manor near Oxford, the artists' retreat of Lady Ottoline Morrell also a","Document [2](Title: Snow Dogs) a couple and get married. She has become his receptionist and is pregnant, and Nana and Demon have four puppies named Avalanche, Little Aleutia, Chinook, and Demon Jr. Back in Miami, Ted's cousin Rupert (Sisq\u00f3) becomes the new celebrity dentist, now with his face on every city bus. In some scenes, the faces of the dogs are partially animated to give them human expressions like winking or smiling. The animatronic version of Demon was created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop and performed by David Barclay. The film's budget was US$33 million. Canmore, Alberta, Canada was used to film the fictional","Document [3](Title: Wiener-Dog (film)) \"Cancer.\" Nana receives a call from her granddaughter Zoe, who is on her way to visit for the first time in several years, along with her boyfriend Fantasy, a conceptual artist. Once Zoe arrives, she asks for money in order to pay for Fantasy's new art project. Nana agrees to give her the money. While filling out the check, Zoe confides in her Nana, wondering if Fantasy is cheating on her. Once Zoe leaves, Nana goes outside and sits with Wiener-Dog, where she dreams about a younger version of herself coming back to show her what her life could have","Document [4](Title: Peter Pan (1954 musical)) and joins in with all of them (\"1, 2, 3\") watched by the dog Nana, their nursemaid. When Mr. Darling comes in to have his tie tied, he questions having a dog as a nursemaid, but Mrs. Darling defends her. The previous week, while the children slept, Nana saw a boy in the room who flew out of the window before she could catch him, leaving behind his shadow, which Mrs. Darling has put away in a drawer. In spite of this, Mr. Darling insists on Nana spending the night downstairs. Mrs. Darling and the children sing a lullaby (\"Tender","Document [5](Title: NANA Regional Corporation) I\u00f1upiat people of northwest Alaska, and Teck Alaska, Inc. (Teck), a U.S. subsidiary of Teck Resources Limited, a diversified mining and metals company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. NANA owns the land on which Red Dog Mine is situated, and NANA shareholders receive direct and indirect benefits from development at the mine. Under federal law, NANA and its majority-owned subsidiaries, joint ventures and partnerships are deemed to be \"minority and economically disadvantaged business enterprise[s]\" (43 USC 1626(e)). NANA Regional Corporation's subsidiaries include: NDC owns companies that operate in engineering and construction; resource development; facilities management and logistics; real estate","Document [6](Title: Red Dog mine) are exactly coincident with the boundaries of the NANA Regional Corporation. The borough, which is approximately the size of Indiana, has only 11 communities and a population of only 7,208 people, 84% of which are native or part native, and 40% of which report speaking native at home. No roads connect the communities. The nearest permanent settlements to the mine, roughly west and south respectively, are the villages of Kivalina, population 377, and Noatak, population 428, at the 2000 census. Although native populations have historically used areas around the mine and port for seasonal food-gathering there are no permanent residents","Document [7](Title: Snowboard Kids 2) Snow Town. The fastest character in the game tied with Tommy, Mr. Dog has trouble navigating simple turns or jumping trivial gaps in the course, probably due to his weight. When the Shoot Game is beat, he will be unlocked. The game is set in Snow Town, which is the hometown of the protagonists, and follows the lives of Slash, Nancy, Jam, Linda, Tommy and Wendy. The Story Mode shows their daily lives, as they try to arrive at school on time, work part-time delivering newspapers, or take part on trick festivals; as well as the adventures that lead them","Document [8](Title: NANA Regional Corporation) are never again in question. NANA-owned lands are managed by the NANA Lands and Regional Affairs Department. NANA lands are part of the largest, unexplored on-shore basin in North America. The land is mineral-rich and NANA works with its partners to develop the resources to the benefit of its shareholders. NANA states that subsistence is the highest and best use of their lands and all projects must be in alignment with that priority. NANA is land-owner of the Red Dog Mine. The mine was developed in 1982 under an innovative operating agreement between NANA, a Native corporation owned by the","Document [9](Title: NANA Development Corporation) gas operations and associated services. Subsidiaries in the petroleum sector include the following: NANA invests in the Alaska-based motion picture industry: Red Dog Mine, the largest zinc mine in the world, is located on land owned by NANA north of the Arctic Circle and is developed by NANA in partnership with Teck Cominco. Other NANA subsidiaries which serve the mining sector include: NANA Development Corporation NANA Development Corporation headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska, is owned by NANA Regional Corporation\u2014an Alaska Native Corporation formed under provisions of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANSCA)\u2014and functions as the latter's business arm. In 1968,","Document [10](Title: Snow Dogs) Ted travels to Tolketna to claim his inheritance from Lucy: seven Siberian Huskies and a Border Collie named Nana. In Tolketna, he discovers his roots. Totally out of his element, Ted experiences challenges he has never dreamed of: blizzards, thin ice, foxes, skunks, bears, an intimidating, crusty old mountain man named James \"Thunder Jack\" Johnson, and the aggressive, defiant lead dog, Demon. All of this happens with the buzzing excitement of the Arctic Challenge Sled Dog Race, which is only two weeks away."],"query":"what kind of dog is nana in snow dogs?","answers":["a Border Collie","Border Collie"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Trials of Apollo) The Burning Maze is the third book in the series. It is scheduled to be released on May 1, 2018.","Document [2](Title: The Hidden Oracle) at the Harvard Book Store on the day of publication. \"The Hidden Oracle\" was released in the United States by Disney-Hyperion on May 3, 2016. An audiobook, narrated by Robbie Daymond, was published on the same date by Books on Tape. On May 4, Thorndike Press published a large-print edition in hardcover. The book also received e-book and paperback versions, and has been translated into 19 languages. For the first printing, Disney-Hyperion offered different gifts that varied according to where the book was purchased: a letter from Apollo to Zeus at Barnes & Noble, an illustrated map of Apollo's trials","Document [3](Title: The Trials of Apollo) It will be released in October 2019, and the story will be set in the Bay Area, most likely around Camp Jupiter. A companion book titled \"From Percy Jackson: Camp Half-Blood Confidential\" was released on May 2, 2017. The Trials of Apollo The Trials of Apollo is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure and mythological fiction novels written by American author Rick Riordan that collectively form a sequel to the \"Heroes of Olympus\" series. It is set in the same world as other Riordan tales, and references characters and happenings from earlier series. A supplementary book, \"Camp Half-Blood Confidential\", has also","Document [4](Title: The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland) on Pyralidae and Pterophoridae, and volume 8 on Geometridae. At the same time they took over the remaining stock of the previous seven volumes of the series. From 1 January 2013, Apollo Books announced that all Harley Books titles and the majority of the Apollo Books titles, have been taken over by the Dutch publisher Brill Publishers. The change was necessary to ensure that the book series can continue to be published in the years ahead Eleven volumes were originally planned in total. So far, volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9 and 10 have been published. Volumes 4,","Document [5](Title: Midnighter and Apollo) secondary role in comparison to Midnighter has been somewhat criticized. The title was first announced as a six-issue series in June 2016. The first issue was announced for an October 5, 2016 release. On writing the series, Orlando stated that \"\"Midnighter and Apollo\" is the book we need right now. Comics\u2019 most iconic queer couple face down a new enemy and show us that we can never give in to fear, hatred, and evil\u2014and they do it with their own brand of action-movie wit and punching.\" One of the things Orlando wanted to explore when writing the series is examining","Document [6](Title: Camp Half-Blood chronicles) in the horizon. The book was released on October 7, 2014. \"The Trials of Apollo\" is a five-part series of books written by Rick Riordan. It chronicles the life of Apollo after his being made mortal by Zeus as a punishment for his actions during the Second Gigantomachy. The first book \"The Hidden Oracle,\" was published on May 3, 2016. It also features most of the characters from \"The Heroes of Olympus\" and \"Percy Jackson and the Olympians\" series. \"The Hidden Oracle\" is the first book in \"The Trials of Apollo\" series. It features Apollo as a 16 year old","Document [7](Title: The Trials of Apollo) The Trials of Apollo The Trials of Apollo is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure and mythological fiction novels written by American author Rick Riordan that collectively form a sequel to the \"Heroes of Olympus\" series. It is set in the same world as other Riordan tales, and references characters and happenings from earlier series. A supplementary book, \"Camp Half-Blood Confidential\", has also been released in addition to the main series. The first book in the series, \"The Hidden Oracle\", was released on May 3, 2016. The second book in the series, \"The Dark Prophecy\", was released on May 2, 2017.","Document [8](Title: Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness (comics)) Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness (comics) Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness is a graphic novel released in September of 2005 along with the Coheed and Cambria . It is written by Claudio Sanchez, illustrated by Christopher Shy, and published by Evil Ink Comics The story of Good Apollo takes a step outside the science fiction narrative of the first three chapters and examines the life of the Writer, a character who is crafting the lives of the protagonist Claudio and","Document [9](Title: Midnighter and Apollo) Midnighter and Apollo Midnighter and Apollo is a six-issue American comic book limited series published by DC Comics. It is written by Steve Orlando and illustrated by Fernando Blanco, with covers by ACO. The series debuted on October, 2016 and finished in March, 2017. The story takes some time after the end of \"Midnighter\", with Midnighter and Apollo having gotten back together. Following a battle with demons, Apollo's soul is dragged to Hell and Midnighter attempts to bring him back. The series was announced shortly after the cancellation of \"Midnighter\", that came with the end of \"The New 52\" continuity","Document [10](Title: The Amory Wars) has been abandoned), and the graphic novel \"Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through The Eyes Of Madness\" illustrated by Christopher Shy, which tells the story of the first volume of Chapter 4. The first issue of \"The Second Stage Turbine Blade\" is now out of print, and the second is in limited supply. The \"Good Apollo\" graphic novel is no longer in print and are limited as well. Recently, The Amory Wars Sketchbook, an intro piece, has been sold in limited release. During an interview, Claudio explained that the whole series would be re-done chronologically"],"query":"when does the next apollo book come out?","answers":["May 1, 2018"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Hidden Oracle) at the Harvard Book Store on the day of publication. \"The Hidden Oracle\" was released in the United States by Disney-Hyperion on May 3, 2016. An audiobook, narrated by Robbie Daymond, was published on the same date by Books on Tape. On May 4, Thorndike Press published a large-print edition in hardcover. The book also received e-book and paperback versions, and has been translated into 19 languages. For the first printing, Disney-Hyperion offered different gifts that varied according to where the book was purchased: a letter from Apollo to Zeus at Barnes & Noble, an illustrated map of Apollo's trials","Document [2](Title: The Trials of Apollo) It will be released in October 2019, and the story will be set in the Bay Area, most likely around Camp Jupiter. A companion book titled \"From Percy Jackson: Camp Half-Blood Confidential\" was released on May 2, 2017. The Trials of Apollo The Trials of Apollo is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure and mythological fiction novels written by American author Rick Riordan that collectively form a sequel to the \"Heroes of Olympus\" series. It is set in the same world as other Riordan tales, and references characters and happenings from earlier series. A supplementary book, \"Camp Half-Blood Confidential\", has also","Document [3](Title: The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland) on Pyralidae and Pterophoridae, and volume 8 on Geometridae. At the same time they took over the remaining stock of the previous seven volumes of the series. From 1 January 2013, Apollo Books announced that all Harley Books titles and the majority of the Apollo Books titles, have been taken over by the Dutch publisher Brill Publishers. The change was necessary to ensure that the book series can continue to be published in the years ahead Eleven volumes were originally planned in total. So far, volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9 and 10 have been published. Volumes 4,","Document [4](Title: Midnighter and Apollo) secondary role in comparison to Midnighter has been somewhat criticized. The title was first announced as a six-issue series in June 2016. The first issue was announced for an October 5, 2016 release. On writing the series, Orlando stated that \"\"Midnighter and Apollo\" is the book we need right now. Comics\u2019 most iconic queer couple face down a new enemy and show us that we can never give in to fear, hatred, and evil\u2014and they do it with their own brand of action-movie wit and punching.\" One of the things Orlando wanted to explore when writing the series is examining","Document [5](Title: The Trials of Apollo) The Burning Maze is the third book in the series. It is scheduled to be released on May 1, 2018.","Document [6](Title: Camp Half-Blood chronicles) in the horizon. The book was released on October 7, 2014. \"The Trials of Apollo\" is a five-part series of books written by Rick Riordan. It chronicles the life of Apollo after his being made mortal by Zeus as a punishment for his actions during the Second Gigantomachy. The first book \"The Hidden Oracle,\" was published on May 3, 2016. It also features most of the characters from \"The Heroes of Olympus\" and \"Percy Jackson and the Olympians\" series. \"The Hidden Oracle\" is the first book in \"The Trials of Apollo\" series. It features Apollo as a 16 year old","Document [7](Title: The Trials of Apollo) The Trials of Apollo The Trials of Apollo is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure and mythological fiction novels written by American author Rick Riordan that collectively form a sequel to the \"Heroes of Olympus\" series. It is set in the same world as other Riordan tales, and references characters and happenings from earlier series. A supplementary book, \"Camp Half-Blood Confidential\", has also been released in addition to the main series. The first book in the series, \"The Hidden Oracle\", was released on May 3, 2016. The second book in the series, \"The Dark Prophecy\", was released on May 2, 2017.","Document [8](Title: Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness (comics)) Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness (comics) Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness is a graphic novel released in September of 2005 along with the Coheed and Cambria . It is written by Claudio Sanchez, illustrated by Christopher Shy, and published by Evil Ink Comics The story of Good Apollo takes a step outside the science fiction narrative of the first three chapters and examines the life of the Writer, a character who is crafting the lives of the protagonist Claudio and","Document [9](Title: Midnighter and Apollo) Midnighter and Apollo Midnighter and Apollo is a six-issue American comic book limited series published by DC Comics. It is written by Steve Orlando and illustrated by Fernando Blanco, with covers by ACO. The series debuted on October, 2016 and finished in March, 2017. The story takes some time after the end of \"Midnighter\", with Midnighter and Apollo having gotten back together. Following a battle with demons, Apollo's soul is dragged to Hell and Midnighter attempts to bring him back. The series was announced shortly after the cancellation of \"Midnighter\", that came with the end of \"The New 52\" continuity","Document [10](Title: The Amory Wars) has been abandoned), and the graphic novel \"Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through The Eyes Of Madness\" illustrated by Christopher Shy, which tells the story of the first volume of Chapter 4. The first issue of \"The Second Stage Turbine Blade\" is now out of print, and the second is in limited supply. The \"Good Apollo\" graphic novel is no longer in print and are limited as well. Recently, The Amory Wars Sketchbook, an intro piece, has been sold in limited release. During an interview, Claudio explained that the whole series would be re-done chronologically"],"query":"when does the next apollo book come out?","answers":["May 1, 2018"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Hidden Oracle) at the Harvard Book Store on the day of publication. \"The Hidden Oracle\" was released in the United States by Disney-Hyperion on May 3, 2016. An audiobook, narrated by Robbie Daymond, was published on the same date by Books on Tape. On May 4, Thorndike Press published a large-print edition in hardcover. The book also received e-book and paperback versions, and has been translated into 19 languages. For the first printing, Disney-Hyperion offered different gifts that varied according to where the book was purchased: a letter from Apollo to Zeus at Barnes & Noble, an illustrated map of Apollo's trials","Document [2](Title: The Trials of Apollo) It will be released in October 2019, and the story will be set in the Bay Area, most likely around Camp Jupiter. A companion book titled \"From Percy Jackson: Camp Half-Blood Confidential\" was released on May 2, 2017. The Trials of Apollo The Trials of Apollo is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure and mythological fiction novels written by American author Rick Riordan that collectively form a sequel to the \"Heroes of Olympus\" series. It is set in the same world as other Riordan tales, and references characters and happenings from earlier series. A supplementary book, \"Camp Half-Blood Confidential\", has also","Document [3](Title: The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland) on Pyralidae and Pterophoridae, and volume 8 on Geometridae. At the same time they took over the remaining stock of the previous seven volumes of the series. From 1 January 2013, Apollo Books announced that all Harley Books titles and the majority of the Apollo Books titles, have been taken over by the Dutch publisher Brill Publishers. The change was necessary to ensure that the book series can continue to be published in the years ahead Eleven volumes were originally planned in total. So far, volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9 and 10 have been published. Volumes 4,","Document [4](Title: Midnighter and Apollo) secondary role in comparison to Midnighter has been somewhat criticized. The title was first announced as a six-issue series in June 2016. The first issue was announced for an October 5, 2016 release. On writing the series, Orlando stated that \"\"Midnighter and Apollo\" is the book we need right now. Comics\u2019 most iconic queer couple face down a new enemy and show us that we can never give in to fear, hatred, and evil\u2014and they do it with their own brand of action-movie wit and punching.\" One of the things Orlando wanted to explore when writing the series is examining","Document [5](Title: Camp Half-Blood chronicles) in the horizon. The book was released on October 7, 2014. \"The Trials of Apollo\" is a five-part series of books written by Rick Riordan. It chronicles the life of Apollo after his being made mortal by Zeus as a punishment for his actions during the Second Gigantomachy. The first book \"The Hidden Oracle,\" was published on May 3, 2016. It also features most of the characters from \"The Heroes of Olympus\" and \"Percy Jackson and the Olympians\" series. \"The Hidden Oracle\" is the first book in \"The Trials of Apollo\" series. It features Apollo as a 16 year old","Document [6](Title: The Trials of Apollo) The Trials of Apollo The Trials of Apollo is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure and mythological fiction novels written by American author Rick Riordan that collectively form a sequel to the \"Heroes of Olympus\" series. It is set in the same world as other Riordan tales, and references characters and happenings from earlier series. A supplementary book, \"Camp Half-Blood Confidential\", has also been released in addition to the main series. The first book in the series, \"The Hidden Oracle\", was released on May 3, 2016. The second book in the series, \"The Dark Prophecy\", was released on May 2, 2017.","Document [7](Title: Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness (comics)) Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness (comics) Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness is a graphic novel released in September of 2005 along with the Coheed and Cambria . It is written by Claudio Sanchez, illustrated by Christopher Shy, and published by Evil Ink Comics The story of Good Apollo takes a step outside the science fiction narrative of the first three chapters and examines the life of the Writer, a character who is crafting the lives of the protagonist Claudio and","Document [8](Title: Midnighter and Apollo) Midnighter and Apollo Midnighter and Apollo is a six-issue American comic book limited series published by DC Comics. It is written by Steve Orlando and illustrated by Fernando Blanco, with covers by ACO. The series debuted on October, 2016 and finished in March, 2017. The story takes some time after the end of \"Midnighter\", with Midnighter and Apollo having gotten back together. Following a battle with demons, Apollo's soul is dragged to Hell and Midnighter attempts to bring him back. The series was announced shortly after the cancellation of \"Midnighter\", that came with the end of \"The New 52\" continuity","Document [9](Title: The Amory Wars) has been abandoned), and the graphic novel \"Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through The Eyes Of Madness\" illustrated by Christopher Shy, which tells the story of the first volume of Chapter 4. The first issue of \"The Second Stage Turbine Blade\" is now out of print, and the second is in limited supply. The \"Good Apollo\" graphic novel is no longer in print and are limited as well. Recently, The Amory Wars Sketchbook, an intro piece, has been sold in limited release. During an interview, Claudio explained that the whole series would be re-done chronologically","Document [10](Title: The Trials of Apollo) The Burning Maze is the third book in the series. It is scheduled to be released on May 1, 2018."],"query":"when does the next apollo book come out?","answers":["May 1, 2018"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Widely considered to be one of the greatest films in cinema history, it is the best-known and most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 children's book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming (who left production to take over direction on the troubled Gone with the Wind production). It stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale, alongside Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, Frank Morgan, Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton, with Charley Grapewin, Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick, Terry (billed","Document [2](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1933 film)) by Carl W. Stalling. The film was originally made in Technicolor, but because it was made without proper licensing from the Technicolor Corporation (which limited use of its 3-strip process to Disney), it never received a theatrical release. A tornado sweeps through the plains of Kansas, lifting Dorothy and Toto. The two tumble into Oz, landing on the Scarecrow. After freeing him from his pole, the trio stroll together, soon finding a Tin Woodman and oiling him. After the four watch mating rituals of various animals set to strains of Camille Saint-Sa\u00ebns's \"The Swan\", they are welcomed into the Emerald","Document [3](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) it left the stage and an unsuccessful motion picture made in 1978, starring Diana Ross as Dorothy and Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow. In 1985, Walt Disney Productions released the live-action fantasy film \"Return to Oz\", which starred (and introduced) Fairuza Balk as a young Dorothy Gale. Based loosely on \"The Marvelous Land of Oz\" (1904) and \"Ozma of Oz\" (1907), it fared rather poorly with critics who were unfamiliar with the \"Oz\" books and was not successful at the box office, although it has since become a popular cult film, with many considering it a more loyal and faithful","Document [4](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) written at the age of 10, was titled \"Over the Rainbow\". In a 2009 retrospective article about the film, \"San Francisco Chronicle\" film critic and author Mick LaSalle declared that the film's \"entire Munchkinland sequence, from Dorothy's arrival in Oz to her departure on the yellow brick road, has to be one of the greatest in cinema history \u2013 a masterpiece of set design, costuming, choreography, music, lyrics, storytelling, and sheer imagination.\" On the film critic aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 98% based on 111 reviews, with an average score of 9.4\/10. The site's","Document [5](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) should have no trouble apprehending Dorothy and her friends because \"I've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them.\" Another musical number cut before release occurred right after the Wicked Witch of the West was melted and before Dorothy and her friends returned to the Wizard. This was a reprise of \"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead\" (blended with \"We're Off to See the Wizard\" and \"The Merry Old Land of Oz\") with the lyrics altered to \"Hail! Hail! The Witch is Dead!\" This started with the Witch's guard saying \"Hail to Dorothy! The Wicked Witch","Document [6](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) in his or her costume so that they could correctly apply the same costume and makeup each day of production. Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch. She became unhappy when the witch's persona shifted from sly and glamorous (thought to emulate the wicked queen in Disney's \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\") into the familiar \"ugly hag\". She turned down the role and was replaced on October 10, 1938, just three days before filming started, by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton. Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no","Document [7](Title: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a 1910 American silent fantasy film and the earliest surviving film version of L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\", made by the Selig Polyscope Company without Baum's direct input. It was created to fulfill a contractual obligation associated with Baum's personal bankruptcy caused by \"The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays\", from which it was once thought to have been derived. It was partly based on the 1902 stage musical \"The Wizard of Oz\", though much of the film deals with the Wicked Witch of the","Document [8](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) the 3D version received a PG rating for \"Some scary moments\", although no change was made to the film's original story content. The 2D version still retains its G rating. The film was rereleased on January 11 and 14, 2015, as part of the \"TCM Presents\" series by Turner Classic Movies. The film was first shown on television on November 3, 1956, by CBS, as the last installment of the \"Ford Star Jubilee\". The film was released multiple times for the home-video commercial market (on a limited scale) on Super 8 film (8 mm format) during the 1970s. These releases","Document [9](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) in honor of its 70th anniversary and as a promotion for various new disc releases later in the month. An encore of this event was released in theaters on November 17, 2009. An IMAX 3D theatrical re-release played at 300 theaters in North America for one week only beginning September 20, 2013, as part of the film's 75th anniversary. Warner Bros. spent $25 million on advertising. The studio hosted a premiere of the film's first IMAX 3D release on September 15, 2013, from the newly remodeled TCL Chinese Theatre (formerly Grauman's Chinese Theatre, the site of the film's Hollywood premiere)","Document [10](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) Harlow as a loan from MGM. The tale is almost certainly untrue, as Harlow died in 1937, before MGM had even purchased the rights to the story. Despite this, the story appears in many film biographies (including Temple's own autobiography). The documentary \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: The Making of a Movie Classic\" states that Mervyn LeRoy was under pressure to cast Temple, then the most popular child star, but at an unofficial audition, MGM musical mainstay Roger Edens listened to her sing and felt that an actress with a different style was needed; a 50th anniversary documentary for the"],"query":"when was the movie the wizard of oz made?","answers":["1939","August\u00a025,\u00a01939"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1933 film)) by Carl W. Stalling. The film was originally made in Technicolor, but because it was made without proper licensing from the Technicolor Corporation (which limited use of its 3-strip process to Disney), it never received a theatrical release. A tornado sweeps through the plains of Kansas, lifting Dorothy and Toto. The two tumble into Oz, landing on the Scarecrow. After freeing him from his pole, the trio stroll together, soon finding a Tin Woodman and oiling him. After the four watch mating rituals of various animals set to strains of Camille Saint-Sa\u00ebns's \"The Swan\", they are welcomed into the Emerald","Document [2](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) it left the stage and an unsuccessful motion picture made in 1978, starring Diana Ross as Dorothy and Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow. In 1985, Walt Disney Productions released the live-action fantasy film \"Return to Oz\", which starred (and introduced) Fairuza Balk as a young Dorothy Gale. Based loosely on \"The Marvelous Land of Oz\" (1904) and \"Ozma of Oz\" (1907), it fared rather poorly with critics who were unfamiliar with the \"Oz\" books and was not successful at the box office, although it has since become a popular cult film, with many considering it a more loyal and faithful","Document [3](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) written at the age of 10, was titled \"Over the Rainbow\". In a 2009 retrospective article about the film, \"San Francisco Chronicle\" film critic and author Mick LaSalle declared that the film's \"entire Munchkinland sequence, from Dorothy's arrival in Oz to her departure on the yellow brick road, has to be one of the greatest in cinema history \u2013 a masterpiece of set design, costuming, choreography, music, lyrics, storytelling, and sheer imagination.\" On the film critic aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 98% based on 111 reviews, with an average score of 9.4\/10. The site's","Document [4](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) should have no trouble apprehending Dorothy and her friends because \"I've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them.\" Another musical number cut before release occurred right after the Wicked Witch of the West was melted and before Dorothy and her friends returned to the Wizard. This was a reprise of \"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead\" (blended with \"We're Off to See the Wizard\" and \"The Merry Old Land of Oz\") with the lyrics altered to \"Hail! Hail! The Witch is Dead!\" This started with the Witch's guard saying \"Hail to Dorothy! The Wicked Witch","Document [5](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Widely considered to be one of the greatest films in cinema history, it is the best-known and most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 children's book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming (who left production to take over direction on the troubled Gone with the Wind production). It stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale, alongside Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, Frank Morgan, Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton, with Charley Grapewin, Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick, Terry (billed","Document [6](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) in his or her costume so that they could correctly apply the same costume and makeup each day of production. Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch. She became unhappy when the witch's persona shifted from sly and glamorous (thought to emulate the wicked queen in Disney's \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\") into the familiar \"ugly hag\". She turned down the role and was replaced on October 10, 1938, just three days before filming started, by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton. Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no","Document [7](Title: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a 1910 American silent fantasy film and the earliest surviving film version of L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\", made by the Selig Polyscope Company without Baum's direct input. It was created to fulfill a contractual obligation associated with Baum's personal bankruptcy caused by \"The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays\", from which it was once thought to have been derived. It was partly based on the 1902 stage musical \"The Wizard of Oz\", though much of the film deals with the Wicked Witch of the","Document [8](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) the 3D version received a PG rating for \"Some scary moments\", although no change was made to the film's original story content. The 2D version still retains its G rating. The film was rereleased on January 11 and 14, 2015, as part of the \"TCM Presents\" series by Turner Classic Movies. The film was first shown on television on November 3, 1956, by CBS, as the last installment of the \"Ford Star Jubilee\". The film was released multiple times for the home-video commercial market (on a limited scale) on Super 8 film (8 mm format) during the 1970s. These releases","Document [9](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) in honor of its 70th anniversary and as a promotion for various new disc releases later in the month. An encore of this event was released in theaters on November 17, 2009. An IMAX 3D theatrical re-release played at 300 theaters in North America for one week only beginning September 20, 2013, as part of the film's 75th anniversary. Warner Bros. spent $25 million on advertising. The studio hosted a premiere of the film's first IMAX 3D release on September 15, 2013, from the newly remodeled TCL Chinese Theatre (formerly Grauman's Chinese Theatre, the site of the film's Hollywood premiere)","Document [10](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) Harlow as a loan from MGM. The tale is almost certainly untrue, as Harlow died in 1937, before MGM had even purchased the rights to the story. Despite this, the story appears in many film biographies (including Temple's own autobiography). The documentary \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: The Making of a Movie Classic\" states that Mervyn LeRoy was under pressure to cast Temple, then the most popular child star, but at an unofficial audition, MGM musical mainstay Roger Edens listened to her sing and felt that an actress with a different style was needed; a 50th anniversary documentary for the"],"query":"when was the movie the wizard of oz made?","answers":["1939","August\u00a025,\u00a01939"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1933 film)) by Carl W. Stalling. The film was originally made in Technicolor, but because it was made without proper licensing from the Technicolor Corporation (which limited use of its 3-strip process to Disney), it never received a theatrical release. A tornado sweeps through the plains of Kansas, lifting Dorothy and Toto. The two tumble into Oz, landing on the Scarecrow. After freeing him from his pole, the trio stroll together, soon finding a Tin Woodman and oiling him. After the four watch mating rituals of various animals set to strains of Camille Saint-Sa\u00ebns's \"The Swan\", they are welcomed into the Emerald","Document [2](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) it left the stage and an unsuccessful motion picture made in 1978, starring Diana Ross as Dorothy and Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow. In 1985, Walt Disney Productions released the live-action fantasy film \"Return to Oz\", which starred (and introduced) Fairuza Balk as a young Dorothy Gale. Based loosely on \"The Marvelous Land of Oz\" (1904) and \"Ozma of Oz\" (1907), it fared rather poorly with critics who were unfamiliar with the \"Oz\" books and was not successful at the box office, although it has since become a popular cult film, with many considering it a more loyal and faithful","Document [3](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) written at the age of 10, was titled \"Over the Rainbow\". In a 2009 retrospective article about the film, \"San Francisco Chronicle\" film critic and author Mick LaSalle declared that the film's \"entire Munchkinland sequence, from Dorothy's arrival in Oz to her departure on the yellow brick road, has to be one of the greatest in cinema history \u2013 a masterpiece of set design, costuming, choreography, music, lyrics, storytelling, and sheer imagination.\" On the film critic aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 98% based on 111 reviews, with an average score of 9.4\/10. The site's","Document [4](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) should have no trouble apprehending Dorothy and her friends because \"I've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them.\" Another musical number cut before release occurred right after the Wicked Witch of the West was melted and before Dorothy and her friends returned to the Wizard. This was a reprise of \"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead\" (blended with \"We're Off to See the Wizard\" and \"The Merry Old Land of Oz\") with the lyrics altered to \"Hail! Hail! The Witch is Dead!\" This started with the Witch's guard saying \"Hail to Dorothy! The Wicked Witch","Document [5](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) in his or her costume so that they could correctly apply the same costume and makeup each day of production. Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch. She became unhappy when the witch's persona shifted from sly and glamorous (thought to emulate the wicked queen in Disney's \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\") into the familiar \"ugly hag\". She turned down the role and was replaced on October 10, 1938, just three days before filming started, by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton. Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no","Document [6](Title: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a 1910 American silent fantasy film and the earliest surviving film version of L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\", made by the Selig Polyscope Company without Baum's direct input. It was created to fulfill a contractual obligation associated with Baum's personal bankruptcy caused by \"The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays\", from which it was once thought to have been derived. It was partly based on the 1902 stage musical \"The Wizard of Oz\", though much of the film deals with the Wicked Witch of the","Document [7](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) the 3D version received a PG rating for \"Some scary moments\", although no change was made to the film's original story content. The 2D version still retains its G rating. The film was rereleased on January 11 and 14, 2015, as part of the \"TCM Presents\" series by Turner Classic Movies. The film was first shown on television on November 3, 1956, by CBS, as the last installment of the \"Ford Star Jubilee\". The film was released multiple times for the home-video commercial market (on a limited scale) on Super 8 film (8 mm format) during the 1970s. These releases","Document [8](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) in honor of its 70th anniversary and as a promotion for various new disc releases later in the month. An encore of this event was released in theaters on November 17, 2009. An IMAX 3D theatrical re-release played at 300 theaters in North America for one week only beginning September 20, 2013, as part of the film's 75th anniversary. Warner Bros. spent $25 million on advertising. The studio hosted a premiere of the film's first IMAX 3D release on September 15, 2013, from the newly remodeled TCL Chinese Theatre (formerly Grauman's Chinese Theatre, the site of the film's Hollywood premiere)","Document [9](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) Harlow as a loan from MGM. The tale is almost certainly untrue, as Harlow died in 1937, before MGM had even purchased the rights to the story. Despite this, the story appears in many film biographies (including Temple's own autobiography). The documentary \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: The Making of a Movie Classic\" states that Mervyn LeRoy was under pressure to cast Temple, then the most popular child star, but at an unofficial audition, MGM musical mainstay Roger Edens listened to her sing and felt that an actress with a different style was needed; a 50th anniversary documentary for the","Document [10](Title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)) The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Widely considered to be one of the greatest films in cinema history, it is the best-known and most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 children's book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming (who left production to take over direction on the troubled Gone with the Wind production). It stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale, alongside Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, Frank Morgan, Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton, with Charley Grapewin, Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick, Terry (billed"],"query":"when was the movie the wizard of oz made?","answers":["1939","August\u00a025,\u00a01939"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Lion King (musical)) The musical debuted on July 8, 1997 in Minneapolis, Minnesota at the Orpheum Theatre and was an instant success before premiering on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theater on October 15, 1997 in many previews with the official opening on November 13, 1997. On June 13, 2006, the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the musical version of Mary Poppins, where it is still running after more than 6,700 performances. It is Broadway's third longest-running show in history and the highest grossing Broadway production of all time, having grossed more than $1 billion.","Document [2](Title: The Lion King (musical)) honors, including six Tony Awards, one for Best Musical and Best Direction of a Musical, making director Julie Taymor the first woman to earn such an honor. The show opened in the West End's Lyceum Theatre on October 19, 1999, and is still running after more than 7,500 performances. The cast of the West End production were invited to perform at the Royal Variety Performance in 1999 and 2008, in the presence of senior members of the British Royal Family. In September 2014, \"The Lion King\" became the top-earning title in box-office history for both stage productions and films, surpassing","Document [3](Title: The Lion King (musical)) the new theatre. The cast featured 53 artists, of whom all were South African. The opening night in Johannesburg was celebrated with key persons involving the creation of the musical and American talk show host Oprah Winfrey who had recently opened an educational academy for girls in Johannesburg The show closed on February 17, 2008. The show was translated into Japanese and staged by the Shiki Theatre Company. The Tokyo production began in 1998 and continues to the present day at the Shiki Theatre HARU. The production achieved its 10,000th performance on July 15, 2015. The show played at the","Document [4](Title: The Lion King (musical)) for nearly four years at the Princess of Wales Theatre. The show was directed by the original director Julie Taymor and premiered on April 25, 2000. The Lion King ran until January 2004 when it had its final performance. This first Canadian staging comprised 1,560 performances and was seen by 2.9 million people according to David Mirvish, whose Mirvish Productions theater and management company owns and operates the theater. The \"\" star Raymond Ablack starred as Young Simba In 2001. The show returned for a five-week engagement that began in April 2011, as part of the North American tour The","Document [5](Title: The Lion King (musical)) Capitol Theatre in Sydney, Australia, from October 16, 2003, until June 26, 2005. The production then ran at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne from July 28, 2005, until June 4, 2006. \"The Lion King\" returned to Sydney's Capitol Theatre on December 12, 2013. The musical had a Korean production from October 28, 2006, to October 28, 2007, at the Charlotte Theater in Seoul, where it ran for 330 performances. In August 2008, a production opened in Taipei, Taiwan, closing on August 24, 2009. The show had a limited run at Shanghai's Grand Theatre from July to September 2006. This production","Document [6](Title: The Lion King (musical)) This production won several Moli\u00e9re Awards and closed on July 25, 2010, after being watched by over a million people. On October 20, 2011, the first Spanish production opened at Teatro Lope de Vega in Madrid, where it is still running after more than 2,900 performances. In Basel, Switzerland, the musical was performed for the first time from March 12, 2015, until October 11, 2015. Beginning in June 2007, \"The Lion King\" debuted its first-ever performance on the African continent in Johannesburg, South Africa at the Teatro at Montecasino. \"The Lion King\" was the first production to take place in","Document [7](Title: The Lion King (musical)) musical had a Mexican limited run (in English) between January 3 and January 27, 2008, in Mexico City, as part of the U.S. national tour. In May 2014, it was confirmed a new production of the musical, this time in Spanish. The production ran from May 7, 2015 to January 14, 2018 at the Teatro Telcel in Mexico City for 950 performances. Carlos Rivera returned to the role of Simba, which he also took in Spain four years earlier. The lyrics of the songs of this production differed from the European Spanish one. South-African actress Shirley Hlahatse was chosen as","Document [8](Title: The Lion King (musical)) March 2015. The West End cast of the show performed twice at the traditional Royal Variety Performance: in 1999 (led by Josette Bushell-Mingo) and 2008 (led by Brown Lindiwe Mkhize). In both performances, the song \"Circle of Life\" was performed. The company also performed at the show \"Strictly Come Dancing\" special \"Strictly African Dancing\", broadcast in 2005, led once again by Mkhize and performed the same song. The German production has been playing in Hamburg at the Theater in Hafen since December 2001 and had its 5000th performance on January 14, 2014. Access to the theater is by ferry, where","Document [9](Title: The Lion King (musical)) was led by Buyi Zama and was performed in English, though a couple of Chinese elements were added to the story. From June 14, 2016, until October 8, 2017, \"The Lion King\" returned to China, in a new production that was staged at the 1,200 capacity Walt Disney Grand Theatre, in the Shanghai Disney Resort, where it ran for 500 performances. This production was performed in Mandarin and led by Ntsepa Pitjeng. On March 28, 2018, the first international tour officially opened at the Solaire Resort & Casino in Manila, with confirmed stops in Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and South","Document [10](Title: Ragtime (musical)) in \"The New York Times\" was headlined \"A diorama with nostalgia rampant.\" It led the 1998 Tony Awards with thirteen Tony Award nominations, but Disney's \"The Lion King\" won as Best Musical. The musical won awards for Best Featured Actress (McDonald), Original Score, Book, and Orchestrations. According to \"The New York Times\", \"The chief competition for \"The Lion King\" was \"Ragtime\", a lavish musical.\" The \"New York Times\" also noted that \"The season was an artistic success as well, creating one of the most competitive Tony contests in years, with a battle in almost every category capped by the titanic"],"query":"when did the lion king start on broadway?","answers":["Broadway","October 15, 1997","July 8, 1997","November 13, 1997"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Lion King (musical)) honors, including six Tony Awards, one for Best Musical and Best Direction of a Musical, making director Julie Taymor the first woman to earn such an honor. The show opened in the West End's Lyceum Theatre on October 19, 1999, and is still running after more than 7,500 performances. The cast of the West End production were invited to perform at the Royal Variety Performance in 1999 and 2008, in the presence of senior members of the British Royal Family. In September 2014, \"The Lion King\" became the top-earning title in box-office history for both stage productions and films, surpassing","Document [2](Title: The Lion King (musical)) the new theatre. The cast featured 53 artists, of whom all were South African. The opening night in Johannesburg was celebrated with key persons involving the creation of the musical and American talk show host Oprah Winfrey who had recently opened an educational academy for girls in Johannesburg The show closed on February 17, 2008. The show was translated into Japanese and staged by the Shiki Theatre Company. The Tokyo production began in 1998 and continues to the present day at the Shiki Theatre HARU. The production achieved its 10,000th performance on July 15, 2015. The show played at the","Document [3](Title: The Lion King (musical)) for nearly four years at the Princess of Wales Theatre. The show was directed by the original director Julie Taymor and premiered on April 25, 2000. The Lion King ran until January 2004 when it had its final performance. This first Canadian staging comprised 1,560 performances and was seen by 2.9 million people according to David Mirvish, whose Mirvish Productions theater and management company owns and operates the theater. The \"\" star Raymond Ablack starred as Young Simba In 2001. The show returned for a five-week engagement that began in April 2011, as part of the North American tour The","Document [4](Title: The Lion King (musical)) Capitol Theatre in Sydney, Australia, from October 16, 2003, until June 26, 2005. The production then ran at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne from July 28, 2005, until June 4, 2006. \"The Lion King\" returned to Sydney's Capitol Theatre on December 12, 2013. The musical had a Korean production from October 28, 2006, to October 28, 2007, at the Charlotte Theater in Seoul, where it ran for 330 performances. In August 2008, a production opened in Taipei, Taiwan, closing on August 24, 2009. The show had a limited run at Shanghai's Grand Theatre from July to September 2006. This production","Document [5](Title: The Lion King (musical)) The musical debuted on July 8, 1997 in Minneapolis, Minnesota at the Orpheum Theatre and was an instant success before premiering on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theater on October 15, 1997 in many previews with the official opening on November 13, 1997. On June 13, 2006, the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the musical version of Mary Poppins, where it is still running after more than 6,700 performances. It is Broadway's third longest-running show in history and the highest grossing Broadway production of all time, having grossed more than $1 billion.","Document [6](Title: The Lion King (musical)) This production won several Moli\u00e9re Awards and closed on July 25, 2010, after being watched by over a million people. On October 20, 2011, the first Spanish production opened at Teatro Lope de Vega in Madrid, where it is still running after more than 2,900 performances. In Basel, Switzerland, the musical was performed for the first time from March 12, 2015, until October 11, 2015. Beginning in June 2007, \"The Lion King\" debuted its first-ever performance on the African continent in Johannesburg, South Africa at the Teatro at Montecasino. \"The Lion King\" was the first production to take place in","Document [7](Title: The Lion King (musical)) musical had a Mexican limited run (in English) between January 3 and January 27, 2008, in Mexico City, as part of the U.S. national tour. In May 2014, it was confirmed a new production of the musical, this time in Spanish. The production ran from May 7, 2015 to January 14, 2018 at the Teatro Telcel in Mexico City for 950 performances. Carlos Rivera returned to the role of Simba, which he also took in Spain four years earlier. The lyrics of the songs of this production differed from the European Spanish one. South-African actress Shirley Hlahatse was chosen as","Document [8](Title: The Lion King (musical)) March 2015. The West End cast of the show performed twice at the traditional Royal Variety Performance: in 1999 (led by Josette Bushell-Mingo) and 2008 (led by Brown Lindiwe Mkhize). In both performances, the song \"Circle of Life\" was performed. The company also performed at the show \"Strictly Come Dancing\" special \"Strictly African Dancing\", broadcast in 2005, led once again by Mkhize and performed the same song. The German production has been playing in Hamburg at the Theater in Hafen since December 2001 and had its 5000th performance on January 14, 2014. Access to the theater is by ferry, where","Document [9](Title: The Lion King (musical)) was led by Buyi Zama and was performed in English, though a couple of Chinese elements were added to the story. From June 14, 2016, until October 8, 2017, \"The Lion King\" returned to China, in a new production that was staged at the 1,200 capacity Walt Disney Grand Theatre, in the Shanghai Disney Resort, where it ran for 500 performances. This production was performed in Mandarin and led by Ntsepa Pitjeng. On March 28, 2018, the first international tour officially opened at the Solaire Resort & Casino in Manila, with confirmed stops in Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and South","Document [10](Title: Ragtime (musical)) in \"The New York Times\" was headlined \"A diorama with nostalgia rampant.\" It led the 1998 Tony Awards with thirteen Tony Award nominations, but Disney's \"The Lion King\" won as Best Musical. The musical won awards for Best Featured Actress (McDonald), Original Score, Book, and Orchestrations. According to \"The New York Times\", \"The chief competition for \"The Lion King\" was \"Ragtime\", a lavish musical.\" The \"New York Times\" also noted that \"The season was an artistic success as well, creating one of the most competitive Tony contests in years, with a battle in almost every category capped by the titanic"],"query":"when did the lion king start on broadway?","answers":["Broadway","October 15, 1997","July 8, 1997","November 13, 1997"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Lion King (musical)) honors, including six Tony Awards, one for Best Musical and Best Direction of a Musical, making director Julie Taymor the first woman to earn such an honor. The show opened in the West End's Lyceum Theatre on October 19, 1999, and is still running after more than 7,500 performances. The cast of the West End production were invited to perform at the Royal Variety Performance in 1999 and 2008, in the presence of senior members of the British Royal Family. In September 2014, \"The Lion King\" became the top-earning title in box-office history for both stage productions and films, surpassing","Document [2](Title: The Lion King (musical)) the new theatre. The cast featured 53 artists, of whom all were South African. The opening night in Johannesburg was celebrated with key persons involving the creation of the musical and American talk show host Oprah Winfrey who had recently opened an educational academy for girls in Johannesburg The show closed on February 17, 2008. The show was translated into Japanese and staged by the Shiki Theatre Company. The Tokyo production began in 1998 and continues to the present day at the Shiki Theatre HARU. The production achieved its 10,000th performance on July 15, 2015. The show played at the","Document [3](Title: The Lion King (musical)) for nearly four years at the Princess of Wales Theatre. The show was directed by the original director Julie Taymor and premiered on April 25, 2000. The Lion King ran until January 2004 when it had its final performance. This first Canadian staging comprised 1,560 performances and was seen by 2.9 million people according to David Mirvish, whose Mirvish Productions theater and management company owns and operates the theater. The \"\" star Raymond Ablack starred as Young Simba In 2001. The show returned for a five-week engagement that began in April 2011, as part of the North American tour The","Document [4](Title: The Lion King (musical)) Capitol Theatre in Sydney, Australia, from October 16, 2003, until June 26, 2005. The production then ran at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne from July 28, 2005, until June 4, 2006. \"The Lion King\" returned to Sydney's Capitol Theatre on December 12, 2013. The musical had a Korean production from October 28, 2006, to October 28, 2007, at the Charlotte Theater in Seoul, where it ran for 330 performances. In August 2008, a production opened in Taipei, Taiwan, closing on August 24, 2009. The show had a limited run at Shanghai's Grand Theatre from July to September 2006. This production","Document [5](Title: The Lion King (musical)) This production won several Moli\u00e9re Awards and closed on July 25, 2010, after being watched by over a million people. On October 20, 2011, the first Spanish production opened at Teatro Lope de Vega in Madrid, where it is still running after more than 2,900 performances. In Basel, Switzerland, the musical was performed for the first time from March 12, 2015, until October 11, 2015. Beginning in June 2007, \"The Lion King\" debuted its first-ever performance on the African continent in Johannesburg, South Africa at the Teatro at Montecasino. \"The Lion King\" was the first production to take place in","Document [6](Title: The Lion King (musical)) musical had a Mexican limited run (in English) between January 3 and January 27, 2008, in Mexico City, as part of the U.S. national tour. In May 2014, it was confirmed a new production of the musical, this time in Spanish. The production ran from May 7, 2015 to January 14, 2018 at the Teatro Telcel in Mexico City for 950 performances. Carlos Rivera returned to the role of Simba, which he also took in Spain four years earlier. The lyrics of the songs of this production differed from the European Spanish one. South-African actress Shirley Hlahatse was chosen as","Document [7](Title: The Lion King (musical)) March 2015. The West End cast of the show performed twice at the traditional Royal Variety Performance: in 1999 (led by Josette Bushell-Mingo) and 2008 (led by Brown Lindiwe Mkhize). In both performances, the song \"Circle of Life\" was performed. The company also performed at the show \"Strictly Come Dancing\" special \"Strictly African Dancing\", broadcast in 2005, led once again by Mkhize and performed the same song. The German production has been playing in Hamburg at the Theater in Hafen since December 2001 and had its 5000th performance on January 14, 2014. Access to the theater is by ferry, where","Document [8](Title: The Lion King (musical)) was led by Buyi Zama and was performed in English, though a couple of Chinese elements were added to the story. From June 14, 2016, until October 8, 2017, \"The Lion King\" returned to China, in a new production that was staged at the 1,200 capacity Walt Disney Grand Theatre, in the Shanghai Disney Resort, where it ran for 500 performances. This production was performed in Mandarin and led by Ntsepa Pitjeng. On March 28, 2018, the first international tour officially opened at the Solaire Resort & Casino in Manila, with confirmed stops in Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and South","Document [9](Title: Ragtime (musical)) in \"The New York Times\" was headlined \"A diorama with nostalgia rampant.\" It led the 1998 Tony Awards with thirteen Tony Award nominations, but Disney's \"The Lion King\" won as Best Musical. The musical won awards for Best Featured Actress (McDonald), Original Score, Book, and Orchestrations. According to \"The New York Times\", \"The chief competition for \"The Lion King\" was \"Ragtime\", a lavish musical.\" The \"New York Times\" also noted that \"The season was an artistic success as well, creating one of the most competitive Tony contests in years, with a battle in almost every category capped by the titanic","Document [10](Title: The Lion King (musical)) The musical debuted on July 8, 1997 in Minneapolis, Minnesota at the Orpheum Theatre and was an instant success before premiering on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theater on October 15, 1997 in many previews with the official opening on November 13, 1997. On June 13, 2006, the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the musical version of Mary Poppins, where it is still running after more than 6,700 performances. It is Broadway's third longest-running show in history and the highest grossing Broadway production of all time, having grossed more than $1 billion."],"query":"when did the lion king start on broadway?","answers":["Broadway","October 15, 1997","July 8, 1997","November 13, 1997"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) In 1911, the House of Representatives passed House Joint Resolution 39 proposing a constitutional amendment for direct election of senators. The original resolution passed by the House contained the following clause:","Document [2](Title: National Assembly (Burundi)) president of the republic. He took office on 26 August 2005. National Assembly (Burundi) The National Assembly is the lower chamber of Parliament in Burundi. It consists of 100 directly elected members (or deputies) and between 18 and 21 co-opted members who serve five-year terms. Deputies are elected in 17 multi-member constituencies using a party-list proportional representation system in accordance with the d'Hondt method. Political parties and lists of independent candidates must receive over 2% of the vote nationally to gain representation in the National Assembly. As a country that has been devastated by civil war and persistent ethnic violence","Document [3](Title: Elections in Namibia) Elections in Namibia Elections in Namibia gives information on election and election results in Namibia. Namibia elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The Parliament is bicameral in nature. Until 2014 the National Assembly had 78 members of which 72 were elected by direct popular vote using the proportional representation and a maximum of 6 non-voting members are appointed by the president. The members are elected for a five-year term. Since then the number of elected seats to the National Assembly","Document [4](Title: Elections in Zimbabwe) Elections in Zimbabwe The Zimbabwe government consists of an elected head of state, the president, and a legislature. The presidential term lasts for 5 years, and is elected by majority, with a second round if no candidate receives a majority in the first round. The Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Assembly and Senate. Following the 2013 constitution, the House of Assembly has 270 members. 210 are elected for five-year terms by single-member constituencies. Furthermore, the constitution specifies that for the two first parliaments, there are 60 additional seats reserved for women, 6 seats per province, which are","Document [5](Title: Elections in Burundi) Elections in Burundi Elections in Burundi gives information on election and election results in Burundi. Burundi elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The National Assembly (\"Assembl\u00e9e nationale\") has 118 members, elected for a five-year term by proportional representation with a 2% barrier. The Senate (\"S\u00e9nat\") has 49 members, elected for a five-year term by electoral colleges of communal councilors. Extra seats in both chambers can be added to ensure that ethnic and gender quotas are met. Burundi has a multi-party system, with two or three strong parties and a third party","Document [6](Title: Elections in Belarus) Independent States (CIS) recognised the election as legitimate. Elections in Belarus Belarus elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly (\"\u041d\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044f\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\", \"Nacyyanal'ny skhod\") has two chambers. The House of Representatives (\"\u041f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u045e\u043d\u0456\u043a\u043e\u045e\", \"Palata Pradstawnikow\") has 110 members elected in single-seat constituencies elected for a four-year term. The Council of the Republic (\"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u044d\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0456\", \"Saviet Respubliki\") has 64 members, 56 members indirectly elected and eight members appointed by the president. Belarus is a state in which the president, currently","Document [7](Title: 2011 Argentine provincial elections) members of the provincial Judiciary Council. The ticket for Governor and Vice-Governor is elected by simple majority on a direct election, for a 4-year period. They can be re-elected for a single consecutive time, either in the same order or in alternating positions. The unicameral legislature, the Chamber of Deputies, is renewed every four years. The provincial deputies can be re-elected. The legislative election is direct in a single district: the most voted party gains 16 seats (60%) and the remaining 11 seats are proportionally divided among the following party lists, by D'Hondt method, without threshold. The main candidates for","Document [8](Title: Politics of Albania) four-year term on the basis of direct, universal, periodic and equal suffrage by secret ballot. As of Article 45 of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to vote, the People of Albania exercise their power through their elected representatives in the Parliament. When the Parliament is elected, the first session shall be held no later than 20 days after the completion of elections with the President as the speaker. There are 15 permanent committees. Extraordinary meets can be called by the President, by the Chairperson of the Parliament, by the Prime Minister or by the one fifth of the members.","Document [9](Title: Constitution of Ivory Coast) direct universal suffrage for a 5-year term concurrently with the president. It passes on legislation typically introduced by the president, although it also can introduce legislation. The judicial system culminates in the Supreme Court. The High Court of Justice is competent to try government officials for major offenses. There is also an independent Constitutional Council which has seven members appointed by the president that is responsible for, amongst other duties, the determination of candidate eligibility in presidential and legislative elections, the announcement of final election results, the conduct of referendums, and the constitutionality of legislation. Ivory Coast is divided into","Document [10](Title: Elections in Lithuania) in the parliament and coalition governments are common. The head of the state - the president - is elected to a five-year term in a majority vote, with the president eligible for up to two terms in office. More than 1500 municipal council members are elected in local elections to four-year terms, with the majority of the seats allocated using proportional representation and the mayors elected directly by residents in a majority vote. The Lithuanian representatives in the European Parliament, currently numbering 11, are elected using proportional representation every five years. 12 referendums have been organized in Lithuania, initiated by"],"query":"who is directly elected according to the constitution?","answers":["senators"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: National Assembly (Burundi)) president of the republic. He took office on 26 August 2005. National Assembly (Burundi) The National Assembly is the lower chamber of Parliament in Burundi. It consists of 100 directly elected members (or deputies) and between 18 and 21 co-opted members who serve five-year terms. Deputies are elected in 17 multi-member constituencies using a party-list proportional representation system in accordance with the d'Hondt method. Political parties and lists of independent candidates must receive over 2% of the vote nationally to gain representation in the National Assembly. As a country that has been devastated by civil war and persistent ethnic violence","Document [2](Title: Elections in Namibia) Elections in Namibia Elections in Namibia gives information on election and election results in Namibia. Namibia elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The Parliament is bicameral in nature. Until 2014 the National Assembly had 78 members of which 72 were elected by direct popular vote using the proportional representation and a maximum of 6 non-voting members are appointed by the president. The members are elected for a five-year term. Since then the number of elected seats to the National Assembly","Document [3](Title: Elections in Zimbabwe) Elections in Zimbabwe The Zimbabwe government consists of an elected head of state, the president, and a legislature. The presidential term lasts for 5 years, and is elected by majority, with a second round if no candidate receives a majority in the first round. The Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Assembly and Senate. Following the 2013 constitution, the House of Assembly has 270 members. 210 are elected for five-year terms by single-member constituencies. Furthermore, the constitution specifies that for the two first parliaments, there are 60 additional seats reserved for women, 6 seats per province, which are","Document [4](Title: Elections in Burundi) Elections in Burundi Elections in Burundi gives information on election and election results in Burundi. Burundi elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The National Assembly (\"Assembl\u00e9e nationale\") has 118 members, elected for a five-year term by proportional representation with a 2% barrier. The Senate (\"S\u00e9nat\") has 49 members, elected for a five-year term by electoral colleges of communal councilors. Extra seats in both chambers can be added to ensure that ethnic and gender quotas are met. Burundi has a multi-party system, with two or three strong parties and a third party","Document [5](Title: Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) In 1911, the House of Representatives passed House Joint Resolution 39 proposing a constitutional amendment for direct election of senators. The original resolution passed by the House contained the following clause:","Document [6](Title: Elections in Belarus) Independent States (CIS) recognised the election as legitimate. Elections in Belarus Belarus elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly (\"\u041d\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044f\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\", \"Nacyyanal'ny skhod\") has two chambers. The House of Representatives (\"\u041f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u045e\u043d\u0456\u043a\u043e\u045e\", \"Palata Pradstawnikow\") has 110 members elected in single-seat constituencies elected for a four-year term. The Council of the Republic (\"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u044d\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0456\", \"Saviet Respubliki\") has 64 members, 56 members indirectly elected and eight members appointed by the president. Belarus is a state in which the president, currently","Document [7](Title: 2011 Argentine provincial elections) members of the provincial Judiciary Council. The ticket for Governor and Vice-Governor is elected by simple majority on a direct election, for a 4-year period. They can be re-elected for a single consecutive time, either in the same order or in alternating positions. The unicameral legislature, the Chamber of Deputies, is renewed every four years. The provincial deputies can be re-elected. The legislative election is direct in a single district: the most voted party gains 16 seats (60%) and the remaining 11 seats are proportionally divided among the following party lists, by D'Hondt method, without threshold. The main candidates for","Document [8](Title: Politics of Albania) four-year term on the basis of direct, universal, periodic and equal suffrage by secret ballot. As of Article 45 of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to vote, the People of Albania exercise their power through their elected representatives in the Parliament. When the Parliament is elected, the first session shall be held no later than 20 days after the completion of elections with the President as the speaker. There are 15 permanent committees. Extraordinary meets can be called by the President, by the Chairperson of the Parliament, by the Prime Minister or by the one fifth of the members.","Document [9](Title: Constitution of Ivory Coast) direct universal suffrage for a 5-year term concurrently with the president. It passes on legislation typically introduced by the president, although it also can introduce legislation. The judicial system culminates in the Supreme Court. The High Court of Justice is competent to try government officials for major offenses. There is also an independent Constitutional Council which has seven members appointed by the president that is responsible for, amongst other duties, the determination of candidate eligibility in presidential and legislative elections, the announcement of final election results, the conduct of referendums, and the constitutionality of legislation. Ivory Coast is divided into","Document [10](Title: Elections in Lithuania) in the parliament and coalition governments are common. The head of the state - the president - is elected to a five-year term in a majority vote, with the president eligible for up to two terms in office. More than 1500 municipal council members are elected in local elections to four-year terms, with the majority of the seats allocated using proportional representation and the mayors elected directly by residents in a majority vote. The Lithuanian representatives in the European Parliament, currently numbering 11, are elected using proportional representation every five years. 12 referendums have been organized in Lithuania, initiated by"],"query":"who is directly elected according to the constitution?","answers":["senators"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: National Assembly (Burundi)) president of the republic. He took office on 26 August 2005. National Assembly (Burundi) The National Assembly is the lower chamber of Parliament in Burundi. It consists of 100 directly elected members (or deputies) and between 18 and 21 co-opted members who serve five-year terms. Deputies are elected in 17 multi-member constituencies using a party-list proportional representation system in accordance with the d'Hondt method. Political parties and lists of independent candidates must receive over 2% of the vote nationally to gain representation in the National Assembly. As a country that has been devastated by civil war and persistent ethnic violence","Document [2](Title: Elections in Namibia) Elections in Namibia Elections in Namibia gives information on election and election results in Namibia. Namibia elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The Parliament is bicameral in nature. Until 2014 the National Assembly had 78 members of which 72 were elected by direct popular vote using the proportional representation and a maximum of 6 non-voting members are appointed by the president. The members are elected for a five-year term. Since then the number of elected seats to the National Assembly","Document [3](Title: Elections in Zimbabwe) Elections in Zimbabwe The Zimbabwe government consists of an elected head of state, the president, and a legislature. The presidential term lasts for 5 years, and is elected by majority, with a second round if no candidate receives a majority in the first round. The Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Assembly and Senate. Following the 2013 constitution, the House of Assembly has 270 members. 210 are elected for five-year terms by single-member constituencies. Furthermore, the constitution specifies that for the two first parliaments, there are 60 additional seats reserved for women, 6 seats per province, which are","Document [4](Title: Elections in Burundi) Elections in Burundi Elections in Burundi gives information on election and election results in Burundi. Burundi elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The National Assembly (\"Assembl\u00e9e nationale\") has 118 members, elected for a five-year term by proportional representation with a 2% barrier. The Senate (\"S\u00e9nat\") has 49 members, elected for a five-year term by electoral colleges of communal councilors. Extra seats in both chambers can be added to ensure that ethnic and gender quotas are met. Burundi has a multi-party system, with two or three strong parties and a third party","Document [5](Title: Elections in Belarus) Independent States (CIS) recognised the election as legitimate. Elections in Belarus Belarus elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly (\"\u041d\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044f\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\", \"Nacyyanal'ny skhod\") has two chambers. The House of Representatives (\"\u041f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u045e\u043d\u0456\u043a\u043e\u045e\", \"Palata Pradstawnikow\") has 110 members elected in single-seat constituencies elected for a four-year term. The Council of the Republic (\"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u044d\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0456\", \"Saviet Respubliki\") has 64 members, 56 members indirectly elected and eight members appointed by the president. Belarus is a state in which the president, currently","Document [6](Title: 2011 Argentine provincial elections) members of the provincial Judiciary Council. The ticket for Governor and Vice-Governor is elected by simple majority on a direct election, for a 4-year period. They can be re-elected for a single consecutive time, either in the same order or in alternating positions. The unicameral legislature, the Chamber of Deputies, is renewed every four years. The provincial deputies can be re-elected. The legislative election is direct in a single district: the most voted party gains 16 seats (60%) and the remaining 11 seats are proportionally divided among the following party lists, by D'Hondt method, without threshold. The main candidates for","Document [7](Title: Politics of Albania) four-year term on the basis of direct, universal, periodic and equal suffrage by secret ballot. As of Article 45 of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to vote, the People of Albania exercise their power through their elected representatives in the Parliament. When the Parliament is elected, the first session shall be held no later than 20 days after the completion of elections with the President as the speaker. There are 15 permanent committees. Extraordinary meets can be called by the President, by the Chairperson of the Parliament, by the Prime Minister or by the one fifth of the members.","Document [8](Title: Constitution of Ivory Coast) direct universal suffrage for a 5-year term concurrently with the president. It passes on legislation typically introduced by the president, although it also can introduce legislation. The judicial system culminates in the Supreme Court. The High Court of Justice is competent to try government officials for major offenses. There is also an independent Constitutional Council which has seven members appointed by the president that is responsible for, amongst other duties, the determination of candidate eligibility in presidential and legislative elections, the announcement of final election results, the conduct of referendums, and the constitutionality of legislation. Ivory Coast is divided into","Document [9](Title: Elections in Lithuania) in the parliament and coalition governments are common. The head of the state - the president - is elected to a five-year term in a majority vote, with the president eligible for up to two terms in office. More than 1500 municipal council members are elected in local elections to four-year terms, with the majority of the seats allocated using proportional representation and the mayors elected directly by residents in a majority vote. The Lithuanian representatives in the European Parliament, currently numbering 11, are elected using proportional representation every five years. 12 referendums have been organized in Lithuania, initiated by","Document [10](Title: Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) In 1911, the House of Representatives passed House Joint Resolution 39 proposing a constitutional amendment for direct election of senators. The original resolution passed by the House contained the following clause:"],"query":"who is directly elected according to the constitution?","answers":["senators"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)) the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch, a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools. The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892, and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942. The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954, when the words \"under God\" were added.","Document [2](Title: Pledge of Allegiance) the phrase \"under God\" violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. In 2004, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, but to Lincoln and his contemporaries, \"under God\" meant \"God willing\", so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd. Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah's Witnesses, a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God, and who objected to policies","Document [3](Title: Pledge of Allegiance) not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US. The words \"of America\" were added a year later. Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time, in the following form, on June 22, 1942: Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was the first to suggest the addition of \"under God\" to the pledge. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea. He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American","Document [4](Title: Pledge of Allegiance) Revolution. At a meeting on February 12, 1948, he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words \"under God\" added. He said that the words came from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words \"under God\", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said \"that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom.\" Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings. In 1951, the","Document [5](Title: Pledge of Allegiance) Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, also began including the words \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance. In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words \"under God\" after the words \"one nation.\" Over the next two years, the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952,","Document [6](Title: Pledge of Allegiance) upheld the words \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of \"Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District\". In a 2\u20131 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a \"ceremonial and patriotic nature\" and did not constitute an establishment of religion. Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that \"the state-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Allegiance... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution.\" On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed","Document [7](Title: Becket Fund for Religious Liberty) Both cases were resolved in favor of the current Pledge language. Most recently the Becket Fund helped the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District in New Jersey. A group of atheists challenged the words \"under God\" who considered the phrase a violation of the Establishment Clause. The case was taken to the Superior Court of New Jersey where the phrase \"under God\" was once again ruled constitutional. The atheist group did not appeal. Another Becket Fund client is a mosque in Murfreesboro, Tennessee that was denied the right to use its building by a local court after complaints that the mosque was","Document [8](Title: In God We Trust) School District brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers \"second-class citizens\". He noted; \"As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since","Document [9](Title: Pledge Protection Act) of his daughter, promised to appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. The first decision of the Ninth Circuit was handed down on June 26, 2002, declaring that the words \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance violated the Establishment Clause. The 'Pledge Protection Act' would be introduced into the House of Representatives for the first time on July 8, 2002, as part of the 107th Congress. Had the bill been successfully enacted into law, the decision of the Ninth Circuit would have stood, and the inclusion of \"under God\" in the Pledge remained unconstitutional. The law would have","Document [10](Title: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance) the dedication of our Nation and our people to the Almighty.\" The matter of the Pledge's constitutionality simmered for decades below the public eye. In 1992, the Chicago-based Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals decided the first challenge to the constitutionality of the words \"under God\", ruling in \"Sherman v. Community Consolidated School District 21\" that the use of the words \"under God\" in the Pledge did not violate the Establishment Clause. On June 26, 2002, in a case (\"Newdow v. United States Congress\") brought by an atheist father objecting to the Pledge being taught in his daughter's school, the Ninth"],"query":"when were the words under god added to the pledge?","answers":["on Flag Day in 1954","1954","Flag Day in 1954"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Pledge of Allegiance) the phrase \"under God\" violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. In 2004, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, but to Lincoln and his contemporaries, \"under God\" meant \"God willing\", so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd. Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah's Witnesses, a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God, and who objected to policies","Document [2](Title: Pledge of Allegiance) not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US. The words \"of America\" were added a year later. Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time, in the following form, on June 22, 1942: Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was the first to suggest the addition of \"under God\" to the pledge. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea. He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American","Document [3](Title: Pledge of Allegiance) Revolution. At a meeting on February 12, 1948, he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words \"under God\" added. He said that the words came from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words \"under God\", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said \"that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom.\" Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings. In 1951, the","Document [4](Title: Pledge of Allegiance) Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, also began including the words \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance. In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words \"under God\" after the words \"one nation.\" Over the next two years, the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952,","Document [5](Title: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)) the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch, a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools. The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892, and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942. The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954, when the words \"under God\" were added.","Document [6](Title: Pledge of Allegiance) upheld the words \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of \"Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District\". In a 2\u20131 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a \"ceremonial and patriotic nature\" and did not constitute an establishment of religion. Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that \"the state-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Allegiance... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution.\" On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed","Document [7](Title: Becket Fund for Religious Liberty) Both cases were resolved in favor of the current Pledge language. Most recently the Becket Fund helped the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District in New Jersey. A group of atheists challenged the words \"under God\" who considered the phrase a violation of the Establishment Clause. The case was taken to the Superior Court of New Jersey where the phrase \"under God\" was once again ruled constitutional. The atheist group did not appeal. Another Becket Fund client is a mosque in Murfreesboro, Tennessee that was denied the right to use its building by a local court after complaints that the mosque was","Document [8](Title: In God We Trust) School District brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers \"second-class citizens\". He noted; \"As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since","Document [9](Title: Pledge Protection Act) of his daughter, promised to appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. The first decision of the Ninth Circuit was handed down on June 26, 2002, declaring that the words \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance violated the Establishment Clause. The 'Pledge Protection Act' would be introduced into the House of Representatives for the first time on July 8, 2002, as part of the 107th Congress. Had the bill been successfully enacted into law, the decision of the Ninth Circuit would have stood, and the inclusion of \"under God\" in the Pledge remained unconstitutional. The law would have","Document [10](Title: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance) the dedication of our Nation and our people to the Almighty.\" The matter of the Pledge's constitutionality simmered for decades below the public eye. In 1992, the Chicago-based Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals decided the first challenge to the constitutionality of the words \"under God\", ruling in \"Sherman v. Community Consolidated School District 21\" that the use of the words \"under God\" in the Pledge did not violate the Establishment Clause. On June 26, 2002, in a case (\"Newdow v. United States Congress\") brought by an atheist father objecting to the Pledge being taught in his daughter's school, the Ninth"],"query":"when were the words under god added to the pledge?","answers":["on Flag Day in 1954","1954","Flag Day in 1954"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Pledge of Allegiance) the phrase \"under God\" violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. In 2004, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, but to Lincoln and his contemporaries, \"under God\" meant \"God willing\", so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd. Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah's Witnesses, a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God, and who objected to policies","Document [2](Title: Pledge of Allegiance) not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US. The words \"of America\" were added a year later. Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time, in the following form, on June 22, 1942: Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was the first to suggest the addition of \"under God\" to the pledge. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea. He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American","Document [3](Title: Pledge of Allegiance) Revolution. At a meeting on February 12, 1948, he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words \"under God\" added. He said that the words came from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words \"under God\", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said \"that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom.\" Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings. In 1951, the","Document [4](Title: Pledge of Allegiance) Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, also began including the words \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance. In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words \"under God\" after the words \"one nation.\" Over the next two years, the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952,","Document [5](Title: Pledge of Allegiance) upheld the words \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of \"Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District\". In a 2\u20131 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a \"ceremonial and patriotic nature\" and did not constitute an establishment of religion. Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that \"the state-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Allegiance... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution.\" On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed","Document [6](Title: Becket Fund for Religious Liberty) Both cases were resolved in favor of the current Pledge language. Most recently the Becket Fund helped the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District in New Jersey. A group of atheists challenged the words \"under God\" who considered the phrase a violation of the Establishment Clause. The case was taken to the Superior Court of New Jersey where the phrase \"under God\" was once again ruled constitutional. The atheist group did not appeal. Another Becket Fund client is a mosque in Murfreesboro, Tennessee that was denied the right to use its building by a local court after complaints that the mosque was","Document [7](Title: In God We Trust) School District brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers \"second-class citizens\". He noted; \"As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since","Document [8](Title: Pledge Protection Act) of his daughter, promised to appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. The first decision of the Ninth Circuit was handed down on June 26, 2002, declaring that the words \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance violated the Establishment Clause. The 'Pledge Protection Act' would be introduced into the House of Representatives for the first time on July 8, 2002, as part of the 107th Congress. Had the bill been successfully enacted into law, the decision of the Ninth Circuit would have stood, and the inclusion of \"under God\" in the Pledge remained unconstitutional. The law would have","Document [9](Title: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance) the dedication of our Nation and our people to the Almighty.\" The matter of the Pledge's constitutionality simmered for decades below the public eye. In 1992, the Chicago-based Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals decided the first challenge to the constitutionality of the words \"under God\", ruling in \"Sherman v. Community Consolidated School District 21\" that the use of the words \"under God\" in the Pledge did not violate the Establishment Clause. On June 26, 2002, in a case (\"Newdow v. United States Congress\") brought by an atheist father objecting to the Pledge being taught in his daughter's school, the Ninth","Document [10](Title: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)) the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch, a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools. The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892, and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942. The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954, when the words \"under God\" were added."],"query":"when were the words under god added to the pledge?","answers":["on Flag Day in 1954","1954","Flag Day in 1954"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Ra\u00fal Esparza) Ra\u00fal Eduardo Esparza (born October 24, 1970) is an American stage and television actor, singer, and voice artist, best known for his role as New York Assistant District Attorney (ADA) Rafael Barba in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. He has received Tony nominations for his role as Philip Salon in the Boy George musical Taboo in 2004; Robert, an empty man devoid of connection in the musical comedy Company in 2006; a lazy and snarky man in Harold Pinter's The Homecoming; and an aggressive volatile movie producer in David Mamet's Speed the Plow. He played the role of Riff","Document [2](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 11)) 28. She played , the new assistant district attorney for a four-episode arc. \"SVU\" executive producer Baer described her character as \"a funny adrenaline junkie who loves to be in the middle of everything and shares a past with Stabler. She's been married before and has a lot of secrets.\" She began filming her scenes in March. Her performances were not well received by television critics. Ken Tucker of \"Entertainment Weekly\" concluded her first episode as, \"an episode filled with such clunky dialogue and improbable details that by the end, she seemed like a 'special victim' herself\". Wentworth Miller guest","Document [3](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 16)) Rifkin returns to \"SVU\" portraying defense attorney Marvin Exley in an episode which aired in October, \"Producer\u2019s Backend\". Exley represents Tensley (portrayed by Stevie Lynn Jones), a young Hollywood celebrity in conflict with the law. Brian d'Arcy James stars as the top-level producer who gave Tensley a score. Dana Wheeler-Nicholson also guest stars as Tensley's mother. Delaney Williams returns to \"SVU\" as Counselor John Buchanan in the episode, \"Pornstar's Requiem\". Buchanan represents a student accused of raping a pornstar. Buchanan may have a difficult case but there are certain elements that play in his and his clients favor. He makes","Document [4](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)) as ADA Barba), also struggles to keep the case from turning into a media frenzy. Kathryn Erbe guest starred in the episode \"\" as her \"\" character, Detective Alexandra Eames, who is now working for a joint City\/Federal Homeland Security Task Force (and promoted to Lieutenant), Eames crosses paths with the SVU squad when their investigation of a sex trafficking ring uncovers a connection to terrorists. Erbe will likely guest star in more episode later in the season. Warren Leight tweeted Erbe would be in the fourth episode of the season. Tom Sizemore, Hamish Linklater, and Alex Karpovsky guest starred","Document [5](Title: Donald Cragen) be much more actively involved.\" When \"Law & Order: SVU\" first aired, Dave Mason, television editor for \"Ventura County Star\", said Cragen was \"played brilliantly\" by Florek, and called the relationship between Cragen and Stabler the strongest aspect of the series. Alan Sepinwall, television columnist for \"The Star-Ledger\", said the Cragen character \"showed off more personality\" in the film \"Exiled\" and on \"Special Victims Unit\" than the character exhibited in the original \"Law & Order\". Donald Cragen Donald Cragen is a fictional character played by Dann Florek in the American crime drama television series \"Law & Order\" and its spinoff","Document [6](Title: Alexandra Cabot) reappearance on \"SVU\", Cabot returns to New York and resumes her work in the district attorney's office as the homicide bureau chief (replacing Tracey Kibre from \"\") in the \"Law & Order\" spinoff \"Conviction\". She plays a tough but understanding supervisor to a young group of ADAs. Her attitude and personality in this role were much different from those of the young ADA who prosecuted cases in \"SVU\". Cabot's departure from witness protection and return to New York as a bureau chief was not explained during the show's airing, as she was a last-minute addition to the cast and most","Document [7](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 2)) played a police officer accused of spousal rape, was the first of two guest appearances \"SVU\" for Nestor Serrano. Amy Carlson guest-starred as his wife. In the thirteenth episode, \"Victims,\" Eric Roberts guest-starred as a vigilante ex-cop. His character killed sex offenders known to be spreading HIV every time they raped. In this episode, after a visit to a crime scene exposes him to the blood of an HIV-positive victim, Elliot Stabler begins taking antiretrovirals, which is mentioned in the next episode, \"Paranoia,\" in which Khandi Alexander guest-starred as a police officer who secretly works for internal affairs. In episode","Document [8](Title: Comic Perversion) as her character Erin Lindsay. It was said, \"Sophia Bush, who plays Det. Erin Lindsay on the new NBC drama, is traveling to New York this coming week to shoot a scene for Law & Order: SVU with star Mariska Hargitay.\" The Comic's Comic wrote about Silverman's casting, \"Jonathan Silverman plays Josh Galloway, a stand-up comedian who makes a name for himself with rape jokes and a crime for himself in alleged rapes in tonight\u2019s episode, \u201cComic Perversions.\u201d\" It was posted on Skyler Day's website \"Skyler is bringing her character \u201cRenee Clark\u201d back to Law & Order: SVU on February","Document [9](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)) LaRay Harvey portrayed Sam Randall, Detective Tutuola's ex-wife's brother in the episode. Despite Sam's former criminal record and various stints behind bars, Fin doesn't think Sam is their man and asks his SVU partners for help getting to the bottom of the case. Theo Rossi also guest stars in the episode as Enrique Rodriguez, a working-class Catholic who is determined to seek justice for his sister when he finds that she was part of a church cover-up. Jane Kaczmarek guest starred in the episode \"Beautiful Frame\", as Suffolk County District Attorney Pamela James, who lands the same murder case as","Document [10](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 13)) Down\", in which he played Jake Stanton, a former all-star quarterback caught up in a sting operation with an underage prostitute. Stanton is represented by famed defense attorney Bayard Ellis (Andre Braugher). Beth Chamberlin guest starred as Georgia Stanton, the wife of Treat Williams' Jake Stanton. Real-life football pros Jerry Rice and Warren Sapp also made special appearances. Kevin Pollak guest starred in the episode \"Theatre Tricks\", playing a judge who finds himself on the wrong side of the law. Pollak tweeted on December 2, 2011; \"Big ass props to the crew and cast of \"Law & Order: SVU\" for"],"query":"who plays the prosecutor on law and order svu?","answers":["Ra\u00fal Eduardo Esparza"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 11)) 28. She played , the new assistant district attorney for a four-episode arc. \"SVU\" executive producer Baer described her character as \"a funny adrenaline junkie who loves to be in the middle of everything and shares a past with Stabler. She's been married before and has a lot of secrets.\" She began filming her scenes in March. Her performances were not well received by television critics. Ken Tucker of \"Entertainment Weekly\" concluded her first episode as, \"an episode filled with such clunky dialogue and improbable details that by the end, she seemed like a 'special victim' herself\". Wentworth Miller guest","Document [2](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 16)) Rifkin returns to \"SVU\" portraying defense attorney Marvin Exley in an episode which aired in October, \"Producer\u2019s Backend\". Exley represents Tensley (portrayed by Stevie Lynn Jones), a young Hollywood celebrity in conflict with the law. Brian d'Arcy James stars as the top-level producer who gave Tensley a score. Dana Wheeler-Nicholson also guest stars as Tensley's mother. Delaney Williams returns to \"SVU\" as Counselor John Buchanan in the episode, \"Pornstar's Requiem\". Buchanan represents a student accused of raping a pornstar. Buchanan may have a difficult case but there are certain elements that play in his and his clients favor. He makes","Document [3](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)) as ADA Barba), also struggles to keep the case from turning into a media frenzy. Kathryn Erbe guest starred in the episode \"\" as her \"\" character, Detective Alexandra Eames, who is now working for a joint City\/Federal Homeland Security Task Force (and promoted to Lieutenant), Eames crosses paths with the SVU squad when their investigation of a sex trafficking ring uncovers a connection to terrorists. Erbe will likely guest star in more episode later in the season. Warren Leight tweeted Erbe would be in the fourth episode of the season. Tom Sizemore, Hamish Linklater, and Alex Karpovsky guest starred","Document [4](Title: Donald Cragen) be much more actively involved.\" When \"Law & Order: SVU\" first aired, Dave Mason, television editor for \"Ventura County Star\", said Cragen was \"played brilliantly\" by Florek, and called the relationship between Cragen and Stabler the strongest aspect of the series. Alan Sepinwall, television columnist for \"The Star-Ledger\", said the Cragen character \"showed off more personality\" in the film \"Exiled\" and on \"Special Victims Unit\" than the character exhibited in the original \"Law & Order\". Donald Cragen Donald Cragen is a fictional character played by Dann Florek in the American crime drama television series \"Law & Order\" and its spinoff","Document [5](Title: Ra\u00fal Esparza) Ra\u00fal Eduardo Esparza (born October 24, 1970) is an American stage and television actor, singer, and voice artist, best known for his role as New York Assistant District Attorney (ADA) Rafael Barba in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. He has received Tony nominations for his role as Philip Salon in the Boy George musical Taboo in 2004; Robert, an empty man devoid of connection in the musical comedy Company in 2006; a lazy and snarky man in Harold Pinter's The Homecoming; and an aggressive volatile movie producer in David Mamet's Speed the Plow. He played the role of Riff","Document [6](Title: Alexandra Cabot) reappearance on \"SVU\", Cabot returns to New York and resumes her work in the district attorney's office as the homicide bureau chief (replacing Tracey Kibre from \"\") in the \"Law & Order\" spinoff \"Conviction\". She plays a tough but understanding supervisor to a young group of ADAs. Her attitude and personality in this role were much different from those of the young ADA who prosecuted cases in \"SVU\". Cabot's departure from witness protection and return to New York as a bureau chief was not explained during the show's airing, as she was a last-minute addition to the cast and most","Document [7](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 2)) played a police officer accused of spousal rape, was the first of two guest appearances \"SVU\" for Nestor Serrano. Amy Carlson guest-starred as his wife. In the thirteenth episode, \"Victims,\" Eric Roberts guest-starred as a vigilante ex-cop. His character killed sex offenders known to be spreading HIV every time they raped. In this episode, after a visit to a crime scene exposes him to the blood of an HIV-positive victim, Elliot Stabler begins taking antiretrovirals, which is mentioned in the next episode, \"Paranoia,\" in which Khandi Alexander guest-starred as a police officer who secretly works for internal affairs. In episode","Document [8](Title: Comic Perversion) as her character Erin Lindsay. It was said, \"Sophia Bush, who plays Det. Erin Lindsay on the new NBC drama, is traveling to New York this coming week to shoot a scene for Law & Order: SVU with star Mariska Hargitay.\" The Comic's Comic wrote about Silverman's casting, \"Jonathan Silverman plays Josh Galloway, a stand-up comedian who makes a name for himself with rape jokes and a crime for himself in alleged rapes in tonight\u2019s episode, \u201cComic Perversions.\u201d\" It was posted on Skyler Day's website \"Skyler is bringing her character \u201cRenee Clark\u201d back to Law & Order: SVU on February","Document [9](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)) LaRay Harvey portrayed Sam Randall, Detective Tutuola's ex-wife's brother in the episode. Despite Sam's former criminal record and various stints behind bars, Fin doesn't think Sam is their man and asks his SVU partners for help getting to the bottom of the case. Theo Rossi also guest stars in the episode as Enrique Rodriguez, a working-class Catholic who is determined to seek justice for his sister when he finds that she was part of a church cover-up. Jane Kaczmarek guest starred in the episode \"Beautiful Frame\", as Suffolk County District Attorney Pamela James, who lands the same murder case as","Document [10](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 13)) Down\", in which he played Jake Stanton, a former all-star quarterback caught up in a sting operation with an underage prostitute. Stanton is represented by famed defense attorney Bayard Ellis (Andre Braugher). Beth Chamberlin guest starred as Georgia Stanton, the wife of Treat Williams' Jake Stanton. Real-life football pros Jerry Rice and Warren Sapp also made special appearances. Kevin Pollak guest starred in the episode \"Theatre Tricks\", playing a judge who finds himself on the wrong side of the law. Pollak tweeted on December 2, 2011; \"Big ass props to the crew and cast of \"Law & Order: SVU\" for"],"query":"who plays the prosecutor on law and order svu?","answers":["Ra\u00fal Eduardo Esparza"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 11)) 28. She played , the new assistant district attorney for a four-episode arc. \"SVU\" executive producer Baer described her character as \"a funny adrenaline junkie who loves to be in the middle of everything and shares a past with Stabler. She's been married before and has a lot of secrets.\" She began filming her scenes in March. Her performances were not well received by television critics. Ken Tucker of \"Entertainment Weekly\" concluded her first episode as, \"an episode filled with such clunky dialogue and improbable details that by the end, she seemed like a 'special victim' herself\". Wentworth Miller guest","Document [2](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 16)) Rifkin returns to \"SVU\" portraying defense attorney Marvin Exley in an episode which aired in October, \"Producer\u2019s Backend\". Exley represents Tensley (portrayed by Stevie Lynn Jones), a young Hollywood celebrity in conflict with the law. Brian d'Arcy James stars as the top-level producer who gave Tensley a score. Dana Wheeler-Nicholson also guest stars as Tensley's mother. Delaney Williams returns to \"SVU\" as Counselor John Buchanan in the episode, \"Pornstar's Requiem\". Buchanan represents a student accused of raping a pornstar. Buchanan may have a difficult case but there are certain elements that play in his and his clients favor. He makes","Document [3](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)) as ADA Barba), also struggles to keep the case from turning into a media frenzy. Kathryn Erbe guest starred in the episode \"\" as her \"\" character, Detective Alexandra Eames, who is now working for a joint City\/Federal Homeland Security Task Force (and promoted to Lieutenant), Eames crosses paths with the SVU squad when their investigation of a sex trafficking ring uncovers a connection to terrorists. Erbe will likely guest star in more episode later in the season. Warren Leight tweeted Erbe would be in the fourth episode of the season. Tom Sizemore, Hamish Linklater, and Alex Karpovsky guest starred","Document [4](Title: Donald Cragen) be much more actively involved.\" When \"Law & Order: SVU\" first aired, Dave Mason, television editor for \"Ventura County Star\", said Cragen was \"played brilliantly\" by Florek, and called the relationship between Cragen and Stabler the strongest aspect of the series. Alan Sepinwall, television columnist for \"The Star-Ledger\", said the Cragen character \"showed off more personality\" in the film \"Exiled\" and on \"Special Victims Unit\" than the character exhibited in the original \"Law & Order\". Donald Cragen Donald Cragen is a fictional character played by Dann Florek in the American crime drama television series \"Law & Order\" and its spinoff","Document [5](Title: Alexandra Cabot) reappearance on \"SVU\", Cabot returns to New York and resumes her work in the district attorney's office as the homicide bureau chief (replacing Tracey Kibre from \"\") in the \"Law & Order\" spinoff \"Conviction\". She plays a tough but understanding supervisor to a young group of ADAs. Her attitude and personality in this role were much different from those of the young ADA who prosecuted cases in \"SVU\". Cabot's departure from witness protection and return to New York as a bureau chief was not explained during the show's airing, as she was a last-minute addition to the cast and most","Document [6](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 2)) played a police officer accused of spousal rape, was the first of two guest appearances \"SVU\" for Nestor Serrano. Amy Carlson guest-starred as his wife. In the thirteenth episode, \"Victims,\" Eric Roberts guest-starred as a vigilante ex-cop. His character killed sex offenders known to be spreading HIV every time they raped. In this episode, after a visit to a crime scene exposes him to the blood of an HIV-positive victim, Elliot Stabler begins taking antiretrovirals, which is mentioned in the next episode, \"Paranoia,\" in which Khandi Alexander guest-starred as a police officer who secretly works for internal affairs. In episode","Document [7](Title: Comic Perversion) as her character Erin Lindsay. It was said, \"Sophia Bush, who plays Det. Erin Lindsay on the new NBC drama, is traveling to New York this coming week to shoot a scene for Law & Order: SVU with star Mariska Hargitay.\" The Comic's Comic wrote about Silverman's casting, \"Jonathan Silverman plays Josh Galloway, a stand-up comedian who makes a name for himself with rape jokes and a crime for himself in alleged rapes in tonight\u2019s episode, \u201cComic Perversions.\u201d\" It was posted on Skyler Day's website \"Skyler is bringing her character \u201cRenee Clark\u201d back to Law & Order: SVU on February","Document [8](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)) LaRay Harvey portrayed Sam Randall, Detective Tutuola's ex-wife's brother in the episode. Despite Sam's former criminal record and various stints behind bars, Fin doesn't think Sam is their man and asks his SVU partners for help getting to the bottom of the case. Theo Rossi also guest stars in the episode as Enrique Rodriguez, a working-class Catholic who is determined to seek justice for his sister when he finds that she was part of a church cover-up. Jane Kaczmarek guest starred in the episode \"Beautiful Frame\", as Suffolk County District Attorney Pamela James, who lands the same murder case as","Document [9](Title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 13)) Down\", in which he played Jake Stanton, a former all-star quarterback caught up in a sting operation with an underage prostitute. Stanton is represented by famed defense attorney Bayard Ellis (Andre Braugher). Beth Chamberlin guest starred as Georgia Stanton, the wife of Treat Williams' Jake Stanton. Real-life football pros Jerry Rice and Warren Sapp also made special appearances. Kevin Pollak guest starred in the episode \"Theatre Tricks\", playing a judge who finds himself on the wrong side of the law. Pollak tweeted on December 2, 2011; \"Big ass props to the crew and cast of \"Law & Order: SVU\" for","Document [10](Title: Ra\u00fal Esparza) Ra\u00fal Eduardo Esparza (born October 24, 1970) is an American stage and television actor, singer, and voice artist, best known for his role as New York Assistant District Attorney (ADA) Rafael Barba in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. He has received Tony nominations for his role as Philip Salon in the Boy George musical Taboo in 2004; Robert, an empty man devoid of connection in the musical comedy Company in 2006; a lazy and snarky man in Harold Pinter's The Homecoming; and an aggressive volatile movie producer in David Mamet's Speed the Plow. He played the role of Riff"],"query":"who plays the prosecutor on law and order svu?","answers":["Ra\u00fal Eduardo Esparza"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Turlough (lake)) A turlough, or turlach, is a type of disappearing lake found mostly in limestone areas of Ireland, west of the River Shannon. The name comes from the Irish tuar, meaning \"dry\", with the suffix -lach, meaning \"a place\" (in an abstract sense). The -lach suffix is often mistakenly spelled and\/or thought to refer to the word loch, the Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Scots word for \"lake\". The landforms are found in Irish karst (exposed limestone) areas.","Document [2](Title: Lough Lene) 1995. Since then, a further outbreak of the crayfish fungus plague has once again led to the disappearance of the species from Lough Lene. Lough Lene Lough Lene (Irish: \"Loch L\u00e9inn\") is a lake situated in north County Westmeath, Ireland, between the villages of Castlepollard, Collinstown and Fore. It possesses a rich and varied history. It also boasts the existence of prehistoric burial sites, old ruins, many ancient village-type communal circular dwellings locally called ringforts, stiles, and mass paths. Lough Lene also has claims to being the home to kings and Vikings, such as Turgesius who had one of his","Document [3](Title: Lough Sheelin) Lough Sheelin Lough Sheelin (), in standard Irish \"Loch S\u00edleann\", is a limestone freshwater lough (lake) in Ireland located in County Westmeath, County Meath and County Cavan near the villages of Finnea (also spelled Finea) and Mountnugent and the town of Granard, (County Longford). The 1900-hectare lake is naturally populated by brown trout whose native stocks have been depleted in recent years. Phosphorus originating from intensive agricultural developments has caused a progressive enrichment of the Lough's waters which has led to a substantial decrease in the number of trout. The level of phosphorus in the lake is currently being monitored","Document [4](Title: Lake-burst) Lake-burst A lake-burst () is a phenomenon referred to in Irish mythology, in which a previously non-existent lake comes into being, often when a grave is being dug. Part of the lake-burst stories may originate in sudden hydrographic changes around limestone-based inland plains or turloughs. Other so-called lake-bursts refer to marine estuaries, bays and inlets, such as Galway Bay, Strangford Lough, Dundrum Bay, Belfast Lough, Waterford Harbour and the mouth of the River Erne. Some of these coastal districts were renowned for the drowned prehistoric forests, which gave rise to several flood-myths. Medieval bards had a special genre of lake-burst","Document [5](Title: Mushroom stones) such as The Burren, are studded with lakes containing many partly-submerged Carboniferous limestone erratics. A requirement for limestone solution is that water must essentially be \u2018acidic\u2019 (pH below 7). Yet, a study of six wavestone sites in Ireland, namely Ballard Bridge, Cornaseer, Creevagh, Gortlecka, Killinaboy and Rinnamona, found that nearby lakes, in which the wavestones are said to have formed, are \u2018alkaline' (pH above 7) with a pH range from 7.6 to 8.5. In fact, the water in three of the lakes, Loughs Geal\u00e1in and Ree, and Rinnamona Lough, is so alkaline that marl (lime mud) is being precipitated. The","Document [6](Title: Geography of Ireland) into disuse, the soil began to leach and become more acidic, producing a suitable environment for the growth of heather and rushes. The debris from these plants accumulated and a layer of peat formed. One of the largest expanses of Atlantic blanket bog in Ireland is to be found in County Mayo. Raised bogs are most common in the Shannon basin. They formed when depressions left behind after the ice age filled with water to form lakes. Debris from reeds in these lakes formed a layer at the bottom of the water. This eventually choked the lakes and raised above","Document [7](Title: Mushroom stones) County Offaly, which marks the position of what must have been the north-western edge of ancient Lough Boora, on whose shores the first people of the Irish midlands camped in Mesolithic times 8,500 or so years ago. This ancient lake disappeared long ago, swamped by the growing expanse of bog, which buried not only the lake itself, but preserved the campsites of the early midlanders. No scientific evidence has been published to verify that the Irish wavestones have formed in lakes. Furthermore, no wavestones have been described from present-day lakes in Ireland, which is puzzling as parts of the country,","Document [8](Title: Lough Sheelin) of the song \"Lough Sheelin Eviction\", made popular by the Wolfe Tones. The song is purportedly based on an account of an eviction witnessed by Dr. Thomas Nulty, Roman Catholic bishop of Meath, in 1848 in his first year as a priest in the diocese. Lough Sheelin Lough Sheelin (), in standard Irish \"Loch S\u00edleann\", is a limestone freshwater lough (lake) in Ireland located in County Westmeath, County Meath and County Cavan near the villages of Finnea (also spelled Finea) and Mountnugent and the town of Granard, (County Longford). The 1900-hectare lake is naturally populated by brown trout whose native","Document [9](Title: Turlough (lake)) or joints in the rock become widened to such an extent that eventually all of the rain falling on the limestone disappears underground, and the water moves through the rock openings ranging from cracks a few millimetres wide to large cave passages. The limestone is then said to be \"karstified\". To the east of the Shannon, the limestone is often covered by great thicknesses of glacial drift deposited during the last glacial period, but in many areas to the west of the Shannon where the limestone is pure and the drift cover is thin, there is no proper surface river","Document [10](Title: Lough Owel) both in Westmeath, and from there through the town of Clara (County Offaly) into the Shannon. The Viking chieftain Turgesius was drowned in Lough Owel by M\u00e1el Sechnaill mac Ma\u00edl Ruanaid in 845. Since 1996 the lough has received international protection as a Ramsar site. It is noted for its birdlife and is also well known amongst anglers, and holds a few char along with brown trout. Lough Owel Lough Owel () is a mesotrophic lough in the Midlands of Ireland, situated north of Mullingar, the county town of Westmeath. It has a maximum depth of 22m. Water from Lough"],"query":"type of disappearing lake found in limestone areas in the west of ireland?","answers":["turlough","turlough, or turlach","A turlough, or turlach"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Lough Lene) 1995. Since then, a further outbreak of the crayfish fungus plague has once again led to the disappearance of the species from Lough Lene. Lough Lene Lough Lene (Irish: \"Loch L\u00e9inn\") is a lake situated in north County Westmeath, Ireland, between the villages of Castlepollard, Collinstown and Fore. It possesses a rich and varied history. It also boasts the existence of prehistoric burial sites, old ruins, many ancient village-type communal circular dwellings locally called ringforts, stiles, and mass paths. Lough Lene also has claims to being the home to kings and Vikings, such as Turgesius who had one of his","Document [2](Title: Lough Sheelin) Lough Sheelin Lough Sheelin (), in standard Irish \"Loch S\u00edleann\", is a limestone freshwater lough (lake) in Ireland located in County Westmeath, County Meath and County Cavan near the villages of Finnea (also spelled Finea) and Mountnugent and the town of Granard, (County Longford). The 1900-hectare lake is naturally populated by brown trout whose native stocks have been depleted in recent years. Phosphorus originating from intensive agricultural developments has caused a progressive enrichment of the Lough's waters which has led to a substantial decrease in the number of trout. The level of phosphorus in the lake is currently being monitored","Document [3](Title: Lake-burst) Lake-burst A lake-burst () is a phenomenon referred to in Irish mythology, in which a previously non-existent lake comes into being, often when a grave is being dug. Part of the lake-burst stories may originate in sudden hydrographic changes around limestone-based inland plains or turloughs. Other so-called lake-bursts refer to marine estuaries, bays and inlets, such as Galway Bay, Strangford Lough, Dundrum Bay, Belfast Lough, Waterford Harbour and the mouth of the River Erne. Some of these coastal districts were renowned for the drowned prehistoric forests, which gave rise to several flood-myths. Medieval bards had a special genre of lake-burst","Document [4](Title: Mushroom stones) such as The Burren, are studded with lakes containing many partly-submerged Carboniferous limestone erratics. A requirement for limestone solution is that water must essentially be \u2018acidic\u2019 (pH below 7). Yet, a study of six wavestone sites in Ireland, namely Ballard Bridge, Cornaseer, Creevagh, Gortlecka, Killinaboy and Rinnamona, found that nearby lakes, in which the wavestones are said to have formed, are \u2018alkaline' (pH above 7) with a pH range from 7.6 to 8.5. In fact, the water in three of the lakes, Loughs Geal\u00e1in and Ree, and Rinnamona Lough, is so alkaline that marl (lime mud) is being precipitated. The","Document [5](Title: Turlough (lake)) A turlough, or turlach, is a type of disappearing lake found mostly in limestone areas of Ireland, west of the River Shannon. The name comes from the Irish tuar, meaning \"dry\", with the suffix -lach, meaning \"a place\" (in an abstract sense). The -lach suffix is often mistakenly spelled and\/or thought to refer to the word loch, the Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Scots word for \"lake\". The landforms are found in Irish karst (exposed limestone) areas.","Document [6](Title: Geography of Ireland) into disuse, the soil began to leach and become more acidic, producing a suitable environment for the growth of heather and rushes. The debris from these plants accumulated and a layer of peat formed. One of the largest expanses of Atlantic blanket bog in Ireland is to be found in County Mayo. Raised bogs are most common in the Shannon basin. They formed when depressions left behind after the ice age filled with water to form lakes. Debris from reeds in these lakes formed a layer at the bottom of the water. This eventually choked the lakes and raised above","Document [7](Title: Mushroom stones) County Offaly, which marks the position of what must have been the north-western edge of ancient Lough Boora, on whose shores the first people of the Irish midlands camped in Mesolithic times 8,500 or so years ago. This ancient lake disappeared long ago, swamped by the growing expanse of bog, which buried not only the lake itself, but preserved the campsites of the early midlanders. No scientific evidence has been published to verify that the Irish wavestones have formed in lakes. Furthermore, no wavestones have been described from present-day lakes in Ireland, which is puzzling as parts of the country,","Document [8](Title: Lough Sheelin) of the song \"Lough Sheelin Eviction\", made popular by the Wolfe Tones. The song is purportedly based on an account of an eviction witnessed by Dr. Thomas Nulty, Roman Catholic bishop of Meath, in 1848 in his first year as a priest in the diocese. Lough Sheelin Lough Sheelin (), in standard Irish \"Loch S\u00edleann\", is a limestone freshwater lough (lake) in Ireland located in County Westmeath, County Meath and County Cavan near the villages of Finnea (also spelled Finea) and Mountnugent and the town of Granard, (County Longford). The 1900-hectare lake is naturally populated by brown trout whose native","Document [9](Title: Turlough (lake)) or joints in the rock become widened to such an extent that eventually all of the rain falling on the limestone disappears underground, and the water moves through the rock openings ranging from cracks a few millimetres wide to large cave passages. The limestone is then said to be \"karstified\". To the east of the Shannon, the limestone is often covered by great thicknesses of glacial drift deposited during the last glacial period, but in many areas to the west of the Shannon where the limestone is pure and the drift cover is thin, there is no proper surface river","Document [10](Title: Lough Owel) both in Westmeath, and from there through the town of Clara (County Offaly) into the Shannon. The Viking chieftain Turgesius was drowned in Lough Owel by M\u00e1el Sechnaill mac Ma\u00edl Ruanaid in 845. Since 1996 the lough has received international protection as a Ramsar site. It is noted for its birdlife and is also well known amongst anglers, and holds a few char along with brown trout. Lough Owel Lough Owel () is a mesotrophic lough in the Midlands of Ireland, situated north of Mullingar, the county town of Westmeath. It has a maximum depth of 22m. Water from Lough"],"query":"type of disappearing lake found in limestone areas in the west of ireland?","answers":["turlough","turlough, or turlach","A turlough, or turlach"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Lough Lene) 1995. Since then, a further outbreak of the crayfish fungus plague has once again led to the disappearance of the species from Lough Lene. Lough Lene Lough Lene (Irish: \"Loch L\u00e9inn\") is a lake situated in north County Westmeath, Ireland, between the villages of Castlepollard, Collinstown and Fore. It possesses a rich and varied history. It also boasts the existence of prehistoric burial sites, old ruins, many ancient village-type communal circular dwellings locally called ringforts, stiles, and mass paths. Lough Lene also has claims to being the home to kings and Vikings, such as Turgesius who had one of his","Document [2](Title: Lough Sheelin) Lough Sheelin Lough Sheelin (), in standard Irish \"Loch S\u00edleann\", is a limestone freshwater lough (lake) in Ireland located in County Westmeath, County Meath and County Cavan near the villages of Finnea (also spelled Finea) and Mountnugent and the town of Granard, (County Longford). The 1900-hectare lake is naturally populated by brown trout whose native stocks have been depleted in recent years. Phosphorus originating from intensive agricultural developments has caused a progressive enrichment of the Lough's waters which has led to a substantial decrease in the number of trout. The level of phosphorus in the lake is currently being monitored","Document [3](Title: Lake-burst) Lake-burst A lake-burst () is a phenomenon referred to in Irish mythology, in which a previously non-existent lake comes into being, often when a grave is being dug. Part of the lake-burst stories may originate in sudden hydrographic changes around limestone-based inland plains or turloughs. Other so-called lake-bursts refer to marine estuaries, bays and inlets, such as Galway Bay, Strangford Lough, Dundrum Bay, Belfast Lough, Waterford Harbour and the mouth of the River Erne. Some of these coastal districts were renowned for the drowned prehistoric forests, which gave rise to several flood-myths. Medieval bards had a special genre of lake-burst","Document [4](Title: Mushroom stones) such as The Burren, are studded with lakes containing many partly-submerged Carboniferous limestone erratics. A requirement for limestone solution is that water must essentially be \u2018acidic\u2019 (pH below 7). Yet, a study of six wavestone sites in Ireland, namely Ballard Bridge, Cornaseer, Creevagh, Gortlecka, Killinaboy and Rinnamona, found that nearby lakes, in which the wavestones are said to have formed, are \u2018alkaline' (pH above 7) with a pH range from 7.6 to 8.5. In fact, the water in three of the lakes, Loughs Geal\u00e1in and Ree, and Rinnamona Lough, is so alkaline that marl (lime mud) is being precipitated. The","Document [5](Title: Geography of Ireland) into disuse, the soil began to leach and become more acidic, producing a suitable environment for the growth of heather and rushes. The debris from these plants accumulated and a layer of peat formed. One of the largest expanses of Atlantic blanket bog in Ireland is to be found in County Mayo. Raised bogs are most common in the Shannon basin. They formed when depressions left behind after the ice age filled with water to form lakes. Debris from reeds in these lakes formed a layer at the bottom of the water. This eventually choked the lakes and raised above","Document [6](Title: Mushroom stones) County Offaly, which marks the position of what must have been the north-western edge of ancient Lough Boora, on whose shores the first people of the Irish midlands camped in Mesolithic times 8,500 or so years ago. This ancient lake disappeared long ago, swamped by the growing expanse of bog, which buried not only the lake itself, but preserved the campsites of the early midlanders. No scientific evidence has been published to verify that the Irish wavestones have formed in lakes. Furthermore, no wavestones have been described from present-day lakes in Ireland, which is puzzling as parts of the country,","Document [7](Title: Lough Sheelin) of the song \"Lough Sheelin Eviction\", made popular by the Wolfe Tones. The song is purportedly based on an account of an eviction witnessed by Dr. Thomas Nulty, Roman Catholic bishop of Meath, in 1848 in his first year as a priest in the diocese. Lough Sheelin Lough Sheelin (), in standard Irish \"Loch S\u00edleann\", is a limestone freshwater lough (lake) in Ireland located in County Westmeath, County Meath and County Cavan near the villages of Finnea (also spelled Finea) and Mountnugent and the town of Granard, (County Longford). The 1900-hectare lake is naturally populated by brown trout whose native","Document [8](Title: Turlough (lake)) or joints in the rock become widened to such an extent that eventually all of the rain falling on the limestone disappears underground, and the water moves through the rock openings ranging from cracks a few millimetres wide to large cave passages. The limestone is then said to be \"karstified\". To the east of the Shannon, the limestone is often covered by great thicknesses of glacial drift deposited during the last glacial period, but in many areas to the west of the Shannon where the limestone is pure and the drift cover is thin, there is no proper surface river","Document [9](Title: Lough Owel) both in Westmeath, and from there through the town of Clara (County Offaly) into the Shannon. The Viking chieftain Turgesius was drowned in Lough Owel by M\u00e1el Sechnaill mac Ma\u00edl Ruanaid in 845. Since 1996 the lough has received international protection as a Ramsar site. It is noted for its birdlife and is also well known amongst anglers, and holds a few char along with brown trout. Lough Owel Lough Owel () is a mesotrophic lough in the Midlands of Ireland, situated north of Mullingar, the county town of Westmeath. It has a maximum depth of 22m. Water from Lough","Document [10](Title: Turlough (lake)) A turlough, or turlach, is a type of disappearing lake found mostly in limestone areas of Ireland, west of the River Shannon. The name comes from the Irish tuar, meaning \"dry\", with the suffix -lach, meaning \"a place\" (in an abstract sense). The -lach suffix is often mistakenly spelled and\/or thought to refer to the word loch, the Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Scots word for \"lake\". The landforms are found in Irish karst (exposed limestone) areas."],"query":"type of disappearing lake found in limestone areas in the west of ireland?","answers":["turlough","turlough, or turlach","A turlough, or turlach"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Royal) The show itself was shot within Whitby, Scarborough, City of Bradford and the North Riding of Yorkshire, and stars of The Royal included Ian Carmichael, Wendy Craig, Robert Daws, and Amy Robbins. The show itself generated its own spin-off, entitled The Royal Today, which used the same settings but in the present day.","Document [2](Title: Kingdom (UK TV series)) were filmed on Holkham beach featuring the Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry, who have been based in nearby Watton. During September, scenes set in Stockport, Greater Manchester were filmed in King's Lynn and Halifax. Shooting concluded at the end of the month. Edward Hall returned to direct three episodes. In a preview, \"Radio Times\" described it as \"Sunday night television at its cosiest\", though called the plot of episode one \"feeble\". Comments by \"The Stage\" echoed this, calling the storyline a \"run of the mill affair\", but praised the locations and referred to the series as a whole","Document [3](Title: Royal Family (documentary)) Royal Family (documentary) Royal Family is a documentary about the family of Queen Elizabeth II, and was aired on 21 June 1969. It was rebroadcast on ITV the following week. The film was commissioned by the Queen to celebrate the investiture of her eldest son, Charles, as Prince of Wales. The script was written by Antony Jay. The documentary was aired in Australia on 21 September 1969. The idea was to give the public a chance to see behind the scenes at Buckingham Palace, and show that the royal family were just like everyone else. On its broadcast, it was","Document [4](Title: The Crown (TV series)) Royal Naval College, Goldsmiths' Hall, Shoreham Airport, New Slains Castle, Balmoral Castle, Cruden Bay, Lyceum Theatre, Loseley Park, Hatfield House, The Historic Dockyard Chatham, Southwark Cathedral, Ardverikie House, Englefield House, and the Glenfeshie Estate. Filming on the second season began in early October 2016. Each episode of the first two seasons would shoot for about 22 days, with each costing about () to produce. The third season began filming in July 2018, and will shoot back-to-back with the fourth season. The show has been interpreted as perpetuating the idea that the Queen and Prime Minister Churchill had forced Princess Margaret","Document [5](Title: The Royal Family (TV series)) The Royal Family (TV series) The Royal Family is an American sitcom that ran on CBS from September 18, 1991 until May 13, 1992. The series was created and executive produced by Eddie Murphy, as part of a development deal Murphy had with CBS, and produced by Paramount Television, the television arm of Paramount Pictures, with which Murphy had long been associated. The series starred Redd Foxx and Della Reese. Murphy had previously worked with Foxx and Reese in the 1989 film \"Harlem Nights\", which Murphy wrote and directed. The working title for the series was Chest Pains. The series","Document [6](Title: The Royal Family (TV series)) scheduled to end, leaving two episodes unaired. The Royal Family (TV series) The Royal Family is an American sitcom that ran on CBS from September 18, 1991 until May 13, 1992. The series was created and executive produced by Eddie Murphy, as part of a development deal Murphy had with CBS, and produced by Paramount Television, the television arm of Paramount Pictures, with which Murphy had long been associated. The series starred Redd Foxx and Della Reese. Murphy had previously worked with Foxx and Reese in the 1989 film \"Harlem Nights\", which Murphy wrote and directed. The working title for","Document [7](Title: The Royal) The Royal The Royal is a British period medical drama produced by ITV and aired normally on Sundays in the early evening slot; episodes after 21 June 2009, were also broadcast on ITV HD. The show consisted of eight series of one-hour episodes and was broadcast on ITV from 2003 until the show was cancelled in 2011, with repeats continuing on ITV3. The show is set in the 1960s and focuses on the fictional \"St Aidan's Royal Free Hospital\", an NHS hospital serving the fictional rural seaside town of Elsinby and its surrounding area. The show began as a spin-off","Document [8](Title: The Royal Today) day of shooting the series was Friday 16 November 2007. Named wards include: The Royal Today The Royal Today is a British medical soap opera, a spin-off of the similarly themed drama, \"The Royal\". The concept is that whilst \"The Royal\" is set in the late 1960s, \"The Royal Today\" featured the same hospital in the present day, with a new set of characters working in the same location. Each episode followed the events of a single day, and the show was broadcast daily (except for the weekends), so the series could be said to progress in real time. The","Document [9](Title: The Royal World) The Royal World The Royal World is a reality television series set to air on MTV International which debuted in November 2018. The show was announced in July 2018 as a six-episode, hour-long program produced by Initial, part of the Endemol Shine Group. The executive producers are Orr Barker and Iestyn Barker of MTV, and Andrew Jackman of Initial. The show was filmed in the United Kingdom and features its cast members living together \"for one summer in the English countryside\". \"The Royal World\" is hosted by Archie Manners, a professional magician. It features a cast of ten men and","Document [10](Title: Almost Royal) Royal\" began airing on E4 in the UK on August 9, 2014 and on The Comedy Channel in Australia on November 23, 2015. Almost Royal Almost Royal is a faux-reality television series on the BBC America network. It is their first original comedy series. It follows the lives of two clueless British aristocrats\u2014Georgie and Poppy Carlton\u2014visiting the United States for the first time. The series stars Ed Gamble and Amy Hoggart as Georgie and Poppy, respectively. It is produced by Burning Bright Productions and premiered on June 21, 2014. Although Georgie and Poppy are both portrayed by actors, the Americans"],"query":"where did they film the royal tv series?","answers":["City of Bradford","the North Riding of Yorkshire","Scarborough","Whitby"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Kingdom (UK TV series)) were filmed on Holkham beach featuring the Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry, who have been based in nearby Watton. During September, scenes set in Stockport, Greater Manchester were filmed in King's Lynn and Halifax. Shooting concluded at the end of the month. Edward Hall returned to direct three episodes. In a preview, \"Radio Times\" described it as \"Sunday night television at its cosiest\", though called the plot of episode one \"feeble\". Comments by \"The Stage\" echoed this, calling the storyline a \"run of the mill affair\", but praised the locations and referred to the series as a whole","Document [2](Title: Royal Family (documentary)) Royal Family (documentary) Royal Family is a documentary about the family of Queen Elizabeth II, and was aired on 21 June 1969. It was rebroadcast on ITV the following week. The film was commissioned by the Queen to celebrate the investiture of her eldest son, Charles, as Prince of Wales. The script was written by Antony Jay. The documentary was aired in Australia on 21 September 1969. The idea was to give the public a chance to see behind the scenes at Buckingham Palace, and show that the royal family were just like everyone else. On its broadcast, it was","Document [3](Title: The Crown (TV series)) Royal Naval College, Goldsmiths' Hall, Shoreham Airport, New Slains Castle, Balmoral Castle, Cruden Bay, Lyceum Theatre, Loseley Park, Hatfield House, The Historic Dockyard Chatham, Southwark Cathedral, Ardverikie House, Englefield House, and the Glenfeshie Estate. Filming on the second season began in early October 2016. Each episode of the first two seasons would shoot for about 22 days, with each costing about () to produce. The third season began filming in July 2018, and will shoot back-to-back with the fourth season. The show has been interpreted as perpetuating the idea that the Queen and Prime Minister Churchill had forced Princess Margaret","Document [4](Title: The Royal Family (TV series)) The Royal Family (TV series) The Royal Family is an American sitcom that ran on CBS from September 18, 1991 until May 13, 1992. The series was created and executive produced by Eddie Murphy, as part of a development deal Murphy had with CBS, and produced by Paramount Television, the television arm of Paramount Pictures, with which Murphy had long been associated. The series starred Redd Foxx and Della Reese. Murphy had previously worked with Foxx and Reese in the 1989 film \"Harlem Nights\", which Murphy wrote and directed. The working title for the series was Chest Pains. The series","Document [5](Title: The Royal) The show itself was shot within Whitby, Scarborough, City of Bradford and the North Riding of Yorkshire, and stars of The Royal included Ian Carmichael, Wendy Craig, Robert Daws, and Amy Robbins. The show itself generated its own spin-off, entitled The Royal Today, which used the same settings but in the present day.","Document [6](Title: The Royal Family (TV series)) scheduled to end, leaving two episodes unaired. The Royal Family (TV series) The Royal Family is an American sitcom that ran on CBS from September 18, 1991 until May 13, 1992. The series was created and executive produced by Eddie Murphy, as part of a development deal Murphy had with CBS, and produced by Paramount Television, the television arm of Paramount Pictures, with which Murphy had long been associated. The series starred Redd Foxx and Della Reese. Murphy had previously worked with Foxx and Reese in the 1989 film \"Harlem Nights\", which Murphy wrote and directed. The working title for","Document [7](Title: The Royal) The Royal The Royal is a British period medical drama produced by ITV and aired normally on Sundays in the early evening slot; episodes after 21 June 2009, were also broadcast on ITV HD. The show consisted of eight series of one-hour episodes and was broadcast on ITV from 2003 until the show was cancelled in 2011, with repeats continuing on ITV3. The show is set in the 1960s and focuses on the fictional \"St Aidan's Royal Free Hospital\", an NHS hospital serving the fictional rural seaside town of Elsinby and its surrounding area. The show began as a spin-off","Document [8](Title: The Royal Today) day of shooting the series was Friday 16 November 2007. Named wards include: The Royal Today The Royal Today is a British medical soap opera, a spin-off of the similarly themed drama, \"The Royal\". The concept is that whilst \"The Royal\" is set in the late 1960s, \"The Royal Today\" featured the same hospital in the present day, with a new set of characters working in the same location. Each episode followed the events of a single day, and the show was broadcast daily (except for the weekends), so the series could be said to progress in real time. The","Document [9](Title: The Royal World) The Royal World The Royal World is a reality television series set to air on MTV International which debuted in November 2018. The show was announced in July 2018 as a six-episode, hour-long program produced by Initial, part of the Endemol Shine Group. The executive producers are Orr Barker and Iestyn Barker of MTV, and Andrew Jackman of Initial. The show was filmed in the United Kingdom and features its cast members living together \"for one summer in the English countryside\". \"The Royal World\" is hosted by Archie Manners, a professional magician. It features a cast of ten men and","Document [10](Title: Almost Royal) Royal\" began airing on E4 in the UK on August 9, 2014 and on The Comedy Channel in Australia on November 23, 2015. Almost Royal Almost Royal is a faux-reality television series on the BBC America network. It is their first original comedy series. It follows the lives of two clueless British aristocrats\u2014Georgie and Poppy Carlton\u2014visiting the United States for the first time. The series stars Ed Gamble and Amy Hoggart as Georgie and Poppy, respectively. It is produced by Burning Bright Productions and premiered on June 21, 2014. Although Georgie and Poppy are both portrayed by actors, the Americans"],"query":"where did they film the royal tv series?","answers":["City of Bradford","the North Riding of Yorkshire","Scarborough","Whitby"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Kingdom (UK TV series)) were filmed on Holkham beach featuring the Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry, who have been based in nearby Watton. During September, scenes set in Stockport, Greater Manchester were filmed in King's Lynn and Halifax. Shooting concluded at the end of the month. Edward Hall returned to direct three episodes. In a preview, \"Radio Times\" described it as \"Sunday night television at its cosiest\", though called the plot of episode one \"feeble\". Comments by \"The Stage\" echoed this, calling the storyline a \"run of the mill affair\", but praised the locations and referred to the series as a whole","Document [2](Title: Royal Family (documentary)) Royal Family (documentary) Royal Family is a documentary about the family of Queen Elizabeth II, and was aired on 21 June 1969. It was rebroadcast on ITV the following week. The film was commissioned by the Queen to celebrate the investiture of her eldest son, Charles, as Prince of Wales. The script was written by Antony Jay. The documentary was aired in Australia on 21 September 1969. The idea was to give the public a chance to see behind the scenes at Buckingham Palace, and show that the royal family were just like everyone else. On its broadcast, it was","Document [3](Title: The Crown (TV series)) Royal Naval College, Goldsmiths' Hall, Shoreham Airport, New Slains Castle, Balmoral Castle, Cruden Bay, Lyceum Theatre, Loseley Park, Hatfield House, The Historic Dockyard Chatham, Southwark Cathedral, Ardverikie House, Englefield House, and the Glenfeshie Estate. Filming on the second season began in early October 2016. Each episode of the first two seasons would shoot for about 22 days, with each costing about () to produce. The third season began filming in July 2018, and will shoot back-to-back with the fourth season. The show has been interpreted as perpetuating the idea that the Queen and Prime Minister Churchill had forced Princess Margaret","Document [4](Title: The Royal Family (TV series)) The Royal Family (TV series) The Royal Family is an American sitcom that ran on CBS from September 18, 1991 until May 13, 1992. The series was created and executive produced by Eddie Murphy, as part of a development deal Murphy had with CBS, and produced by Paramount Television, the television arm of Paramount Pictures, with which Murphy had long been associated. The series starred Redd Foxx and Della Reese. Murphy had previously worked with Foxx and Reese in the 1989 film \"Harlem Nights\", which Murphy wrote and directed. The working title for the series was Chest Pains. The series","Document [5](Title: The Royal Family (TV series)) scheduled to end, leaving two episodes unaired. The Royal Family (TV series) The Royal Family is an American sitcom that ran on CBS from September 18, 1991 until May 13, 1992. The series was created and executive produced by Eddie Murphy, as part of a development deal Murphy had with CBS, and produced by Paramount Television, the television arm of Paramount Pictures, with which Murphy had long been associated. The series starred Redd Foxx and Della Reese. Murphy had previously worked with Foxx and Reese in the 1989 film \"Harlem Nights\", which Murphy wrote and directed. The working title for","Document [6](Title: The Royal) The Royal The Royal is a British period medical drama produced by ITV and aired normally on Sundays in the early evening slot; episodes after 21 June 2009, were also broadcast on ITV HD. The show consisted of eight series of one-hour episodes and was broadcast on ITV from 2003 until the show was cancelled in 2011, with repeats continuing on ITV3. The show is set in the 1960s and focuses on the fictional \"St Aidan's Royal Free Hospital\", an NHS hospital serving the fictional rural seaside town of Elsinby and its surrounding area. The show began as a spin-off","Document [7](Title: The Royal Today) day of shooting the series was Friday 16 November 2007. Named wards include: The Royal Today The Royal Today is a British medical soap opera, a spin-off of the similarly themed drama, \"The Royal\". The concept is that whilst \"The Royal\" is set in the late 1960s, \"The Royal Today\" featured the same hospital in the present day, with a new set of characters working in the same location. Each episode followed the events of a single day, and the show was broadcast daily (except for the weekends), so the series could be said to progress in real time. The","Document [8](Title: The Royal World) The Royal World The Royal World is a reality television series set to air on MTV International which debuted in November 2018. The show was announced in July 2018 as a six-episode, hour-long program produced by Initial, part of the Endemol Shine Group. The executive producers are Orr Barker and Iestyn Barker of MTV, and Andrew Jackman of Initial. The show was filmed in the United Kingdom and features its cast members living together \"for one summer in the English countryside\". \"The Royal World\" is hosted by Archie Manners, a professional magician. It features a cast of ten men and","Document [9](Title: Almost Royal) Royal\" began airing on E4 in the UK on August 9, 2014 and on The Comedy Channel in Australia on November 23, 2015. Almost Royal Almost Royal is a faux-reality television series on the BBC America network. It is their first original comedy series. It follows the lives of two clueless British aristocrats\u2014Georgie and Poppy Carlton\u2014visiting the United States for the first time. The series stars Ed Gamble and Amy Hoggart as Georgie and Poppy, respectively. It is produced by Burning Bright Productions and premiered on June 21, 2014. Although Georgie and Poppy are both portrayed by actors, the Americans","Document [10](Title: The Royal) The show itself was shot within Whitby, Scarborough, City of Bradford and the North Riding of Yorkshire, and stars of The Royal included Ian Carmichael, Wendy Craig, Robert Daws, and Amy Robbins. The show itself generated its own spin-off, entitled The Royal Today, which used the same settings but in the present day."],"query":"where did they film the royal tv series?","answers":["City of Bradford","the North Riding of Yorkshire","Scarborough","Whitby"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Jack Gleeson) Jack Gleeson (born 20 May 1992) is an Irish former actor, best known for his portrayal of Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO television series Game of Thrones.","Document [2](Title: Joffrey Baratheon) \"Rolling Stone\" ranked the character #4 in their list of the \"40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time\". Author Martin described Joffrey as similar to \"five or six people that I went to school with ... a classic bully ... incredibly spoiled\". Joffrey Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon is a fictional character in the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation \"Game of Thrones\". Introduced in 1996's \"A Game of Thrones\", Joffrey is the eldest son of Cersei Lannister from the kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared","Document [3](Title: The Lion and the Rose) Walda Frey, Roose Bolton's new bride. Young actor Dean-Charles Chapman takes over the role of Tommen Baratheon as of this episode. In a cameo appearance, the Icelandic band Sigur R\u00f3s performed their rendition of \"The Rains of Castamere\" at King Joffrey's wedding, and again during the credits. With this episode, Iwan Rheon (Ramsay Snow) is promoted to series regular. Contrary to earlier press reports, Michael McElhatton (Roose Bolton) remained credited solely as a guest star in the episode. \"The Lion and the Rose\" was watched by an estimated 6.31 million people during its first hour. In the United Kingdom, the","Document [4](Title: Joffrey Baratheon) witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as his uncle Tyrion Lannister and his one-time fianc\u00e9e Sansa Stark. Joffrey is mostly a background character in the novels. He inherits his mother's traditional Lannister looks, and has blond hair and green eyes, and is believed by many to be very handsome. In public, Joffrey is allegedly the oldest son and heir of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister, both of whom entered into a political marriage alliance after Robert took the throne by force from the 'Mad King' Aerys II Targaryen. In reality, his biological father is","Document [5](Title: Joffrey Baratheon) Joffrey finally marries Margaery. During his wedding feast in the gardens of the Red Keep, he presents an extremely offensive play of \"The War of the Five Kings, \" with each of the kings played by dwarves, to humiliate his uncle. He also repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, forcing the former to be his cupbearer. At the height of festivities, Joffrey is suddenly overcome by poison, and he dies. His uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested. It is confirmed, however, he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell, with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard, as she wanted to protect Margaery","Document [6](Title: Jack Gleeson) discovery\". Gleeson starred as Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO series \"Game of Thrones\". He cites Joaquin Phoenix's portrayal of Commodus in \"Gladiator\" as an influence on his performance. He is a founder and artistic director of Collapsing Horse Theatre Company, which is based in Dublin. In 2012, Gleeson indicated an intention to retire from acting to pursue an academic career once his work on \"Game of Thrones\" was finished. In 2014, Gleeson confirmed he would be permanently retiring from acting after concluding his work in \"Game of Thrones\". In the same interview, he stated that while he had previously been","Document [7](Title: Myrcella Baratheon) ensure that House Martell will support Joffrey, Myrcella is betrothed to marry Prince Trystane Martell when they come of age and is sent to Dorne in \"A Clash of Kings.\" After Joffrey's death in \"A Storm of Swords,\" Princess Arianne Martell schemes to kidnap Myrcella and crown her queen of Westeros. The plan goes awry, however, and Myrcella is severely injured in the kidnapping. In the HBO television adaptation, she is portrayed by Aimee Richardson in seasons one and two, and by Nell Tiger Free in seasons five and six. Her fate is changed from the novels. Princess Myrcella is","Document [8](Title: Arya Stark) identity. Arya Stark is portrayed by English actress Maisie Williams in the television adaption of the book series, this being Williams' first role as an actress. Williams was chosen from among 300 actresses across England. Arya accompanies her father Ned and her sister Sansa to King's Landing. Before their departure, Arya's half-brother Jon Snow gifts Arya a sword which she dubs \"Needle\". On the Kingsroad, Arya is sparring with a butcher's boy, Mycah, when Sansa's betrothed Prince Joffrey Baratheon attacks Mycah, prompting Arya's direwolf Nymeria to bite Joffrey. Arya shoos Nymeria away so she is not killed, but is furious","Document [9](Title: Game of Thrones (season 4)) Thenn which is now a title \u2013 of the Thenn people, a wildling clan. Two mysterious characters from Bran's storyline have also been cast: the Three-Eyed Crow, who is played by Struan Rodger, and a Child of the Forest, played by Octavia Alexandru. Roles that were recast for season 4 include Michiel Huisman as Daario Naharis. Huisman replaces Ed Skrein, who portrayed the character in season 3. Dean-Charles Chapman plays the role of Tommen Baratheon, King Joffrey's younger brother. Tommen was played by Callum Wharry in seasons 1 and 2. Chapman appeared as Martyn Lannister in two episodes of season","Document [10](Title: Joffrey Baratheon) anything he wants. He is also a coward when confronted by those who aren't afraid of him. Joffrey is also unaware that King Robert is not his real father \u2013 in reality, he is the son of Jaime Lannister. After Robert's death, the Lannisters make Joffrey King against his father's will, and his mother uses him as a puppet. A cruel ruler, Joffrey makes a mistake when, against Cersei's and Sansa's wishes, he refuses to honor his promise of sparing Ned; instead, Joffrey has him executed. His act worsens the situation with the Lannisters' war effort as his uncle Jaime"],"query":"who is the actor who plays king joffrey?","answers":["Jack Gleeson"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Joffrey Baratheon) \"Rolling Stone\" ranked the character #4 in their list of the \"40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time\". Author Martin described Joffrey as similar to \"five or six people that I went to school with ... a classic bully ... incredibly spoiled\". Joffrey Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon is a fictional character in the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation \"Game of Thrones\". Introduced in 1996's \"A Game of Thrones\", Joffrey is the eldest son of Cersei Lannister from the kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared","Document [2](Title: The Lion and the Rose) Walda Frey, Roose Bolton's new bride. Young actor Dean-Charles Chapman takes over the role of Tommen Baratheon as of this episode. In a cameo appearance, the Icelandic band Sigur R\u00f3s performed their rendition of \"The Rains of Castamere\" at King Joffrey's wedding, and again during the credits. With this episode, Iwan Rheon (Ramsay Snow) is promoted to series regular. Contrary to earlier press reports, Michael McElhatton (Roose Bolton) remained credited solely as a guest star in the episode. \"The Lion and the Rose\" was watched by an estimated 6.31 million people during its first hour. In the United Kingdom, the","Document [3](Title: Joffrey Baratheon) witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as his uncle Tyrion Lannister and his one-time fianc\u00e9e Sansa Stark. Joffrey is mostly a background character in the novels. He inherits his mother's traditional Lannister looks, and has blond hair and green eyes, and is believed by many to be very handsome. In public, Joffrey is allegedly the oldest son and heir of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister, both of whom entered into a political marriage alliance after Robert took the throne by force from the 'Mad King' Aerys II Targaryen. In reality, his biological father is","Document [4](Title: Joffrey Baratheon) Joffrey finally marries Margaery. During his wedding feast in the gardens of the Red Keep, he presents an extremely offensive play of \"The War of the Five Kings, \" with each of the kings played by dwarves, to humiliate his uncle. He also repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, forcing the former to be his cupbearer. At the height of festivities, Joffrey is suddenly overcome by poison, and he dies. His uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested. It is confirmed, however, he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell, with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard, as she wanted to protect Margaery","Document [5](Title: Jack Gleeson) Jack Gleeson (born 20 May 1992) is an Irish former actor, best known for his portrayal of Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO television series Game of Thrones.","Document [6](Title: Jack Gleeson) discovery\". Gleeson starred as Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO series \"Game of Thrones\". He cites Joaquin Phoenix's portrayal of Commodus in \"Gladiator\" as an influence on his performance. He is a founder and artistic director of Collapsing Horse Theatre Company, which is based in Dublin. In 2012, Gleeson indicated an intention to retire from acting to pursue an academic career once his work on \"Game of Thrones\" was finished. In 2014, Gleeson confirmed he would be permanently retiring from acting after concluding his work in \"Game of Thrones\". In the same interview, he stated that while he had previously been","Document [7](Title: Myrcella Baratheon) ensure that House Martell will support Joffrey, Myrcella is betrothed to marry Prince Trystane Martell when they come of age and is sent to Dorne in \"A Clash of Kings.\" After Joffrey's death in \"A Storm of Swords,\" Princess Arianne Martell schemes to kidnap Myrcella and crown her queen of Westeros. The plan goes awry, however, and Myrcella is severely injured in the kidnapping. In the HBO television adaptation, she is portrayed by Aimee Richardson in seasons one and two, and by Nell Tiger Free in seasons five and six. Her fate is changed from the novels. Princess Myrcella is","Document [8](Title: Arya Stark) identity. Arya Stark is portrayed by English actress Maisie Williams in the television adaption of the book series, this being Williams' first role as an actress. Williams was chosen from among 300 actresses across England. Arya accompanies her father Ned and her sister Sansa to King's Landing. Before their departure, Arya's half-brother Jon Snow gifts Arya a sword which she dubs \"Needle\". On the Kingsroad, Arya is sparring with a butcher's boy, Mycah, when Sansa's betrothed Prince Joffrey Baratheon attacks Mycah, prompting Arya's direwolf Nymeria to bite Joffrey. Arya shoos Nymeria away so she is not killed, but is furious","Document [9](Title: Game of Thrones (season 4)) Thenn which is now a title \u2013 of the Thenn people, a wildling clan. Two mysterious characters from Bran's storyline have also been cast: the Three-Eyed Crow, who is played by Struan Rodger, and a Child of the Forest, played by Octavia Alexandru. Roles that were recast for season 4 include Michiel Huisman as Daario Naharis. Huisman replaces Ed Skrein, who portrayed the character in season 3. Dean-Charles Chapman plays the role of Tommen Baratheon, King Joffrey's younger brother. Tommen was played by Callum Wharry in seasons 1 and 2. Chapman appeared as Martyn Lannister in two episodes of season","Document [10](Title: Joffrey Baratheon) anything he wants. He is also a coward when confronted by those who aren't afraid of him. Joffrey is also unaware that King Robert is not his real father \u2013 in reality, he is the son of Jaime Lannister. After Robert's death, the Lannisters make Joffrey King against his father's will, and his mother uses him as a puppet. A cruel ruler, Joffrey makes a mistake when, against Cersei's and Sansa's wishes, he refuses to honor his promise of sparing Ned; instead, Joffrey has him executed. His act worsens the situation with the Lannisters' war effort as his uncle Jaime"],"query":"who is the actor who plays king joffrey?","answers":["Jack Gleeson"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Joffrey Baratheon) \"Rolling Stone\" ranked the character #4 in their list of the \"40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time\". Author Martin described Joffrey as similar to \"five or six people that I went to school with ... a classic bully ... incredibly spoiled\". Joffrey Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon is a fictional character in the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation \"Game of Thrones\". Introduced in 1996's \"A Game of Thrones\", Joffrey is the eldest son of Cersei Lannister from the kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared","Document [2](Title: The Lion and the Rose) Walda Frey, Roose Bolton's new bride. Young actor Dean-Charles Chapman takes over the role of Tommen Baratheon as of this episode. In a cameo appearance, the Icelandic band Sigur R\u00f3s performed their rendition of \"The Rains of Castamere\" at King Joffrey's wedding, and again during the credits. With this episode, Iwan Rheon (Ramsay Snow) is promoted to series regular. Contrary to earlier press reports, Michael McElhatton (Roose Bolton) remained credited solely as a guest star in the episode. \"The Lion and the Rose\" was watched by an estimated 6.31 million people during its first hour. In the United Kingdom, the","Document [3](Title: Joffrey Baratheon) witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as his uncle Tyrion Lannister and his one-time fianc\u00e9e Sansa Stark. Joffrey is mostly a background character in the novels. He inherits his mother's traditional Lannister looks, and has blond hair and green eyes, and is believed by many to be very handsome. In public, Joffrey is allegedly the oldest son and heir of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister, both of whom entered into a political marriage alliance after Robert took the throne by force from the 'Mad King' Aerys II Targaryen. In reality, his biological father is","Document [4](Title: Joffrey Baratheon) Joffrey finally marries Margaery. During his wedding feast in the gardens of the Red Keep, he presents an extremely offensive play of \"The War of the Five Kings, \" with each of the kings played by dwarves, to humiliate his uncle. He also repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, forcing the former to be his cupbearer. At the height of festivities, Joffrey is suddenly overcome by poison, and he dies. His uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested. It is confirmed, however, he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell, with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard, as she wanted to protect Margaery","Document [5](Title: Jack Gleeson) discovery\". Gleeson starred as Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO series \"Game of Thrones\". He cites Joaquin Phoenix's portrayal of Commodus in \"Gladiator\" as an influence on his performance. He is a founder and artistic director of Collapsing Horse Theatre Company, which is based in Dublin. In 2012, Gleeson indicated an intention to retire from acting to pursue an academic career once his work on \"Game of Thrones\" was finished. In 2014, Gleeson confirmed he would be permanently retiring from acting after concluding his work in \"Game of Thrones\". In the same interview, he stated that while he had previously been","Document [6](Title: Myrcella Baratheon) ensure that House Martell will support Joffrey, Myrcella is betrothed to marry Prince Trystane Martell when they come of age and is sent to Dorne in \"A Clash of Kings.\" After Joffrey's death in \"A Storm of Swords,\" Princess Arianne Martell schemes to kidnap Myrcella and crown her queen of Westeros. The plan goes awry, however, and Myrcella is severely injured in the kidnapping. In the HBO television adaptation, she is portrayed by Aimee Richardson in seasons one and two, and by Nell Tiger Free in seasons five and six. Her fate is changed from the novels. Princess Myrcella is","Document [7](Title: Arya Stark) identity. Arya Stark is portrayed by English actress Maisie Williams in the television adaption of the book series, this being Williams' first role as an actress. Williams was chosen from among 300 actresses across England. Arya accompanies her father Ned and her sister Sansa to King's Landing. Before their departure, Arya's half-brother Jon Snow gifts Arya a sword which she dubs \"Needle\". On the Kingsroad, Arya is sparring with a butcher's boy, Mycah, when Sansa's betrothed Prince Joffrey Baratheon attacks Mycah, prompting Arya's direwolf Nymeria to bite Joffrey. Arya shoos Nymeria away so she is not killed, but is furious","Document [8](Title: Game of Thrones (season 4)) Thenn which is now a title \u2013 of the Thenn people, a wildling clan. Two mysterious characters from Bran's storyline have also been cast: the Three-Eyed Crow, who is played by Struan Rodger, and a Child of the Forest, played by Octavia Alexandru. Roles that were recast for season 4 include Michiel Huisman as Daario Naharis. Huisman replaces Ed Skrein, who portrayed the character in season 3. Dean-Charles Chapman plays the role of Tommen Baratheon, King Joffrey's younger brother. Tommen was played by Callum Wharry in seasons 1 and 2. Chapman appeared as Martyn Lannister in two episodes of season","Document [9](Title: Joffrey Baratheon) anything he wants. He is also a coward when confronted by those who aren't afraid of him. Joffrey is also unaware that King Robert is not his real father \u2013 in reality, he is the son of Jaime Lannister. After Robert's death, the Lannisters make Joffrey King against his father's will, and his mother uses him as a puppet. A cruel ruler, Joffrey makes a mistake when, against Cersei's and Sansa's wishes, he refuses to honor his promise of sparing Ned; instead, Joffrey has him executed. His act worsens the situation with the Lannisters' war effort as his uncle Jaime","Document [10](Title: Jack Gleeson) Jack Gleeson (born 20 May 1992) is an Irish former actor, best known for his portrayal of Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO television series Game of Thrones."],"query":"who is the actor who plays king joffrey?","answers":["Jack Gleeson"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Wake in Fright (miniseries)) Principal photography for Wake in Fright took place in Broken Hill and Sydney. Beginning on March 5, 2017, the shoot lasted five weeks.","Document [2](Title: Wake in Fright) and VHS releases. After the original film and sound elements were rescued by editor Anthony Buckley in 2004, the film was digitally remastered and given a 2009 re-release at Cannes and in Australian theatres to widespread acclaim; it was issued commercially on DVD and Blu-ray later that year. Praised by critics for its direction and performances, \"Wake in Fright\" is now considered a pivotal film of the Australian New Wave and has earned a rare 100% approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes. A televised miniseries remake of \"Wake in Fright\" premiered in 2017. John Grant is a","Document [3](Title: Wake in Fright (miniseries)) 29. The DVD includes a 10-minute behind-the-scenes featurette containing brief interviews with key cast and crew members. Wake in Fright (miniseries) Wake in Fright is an Australian miniseries based on Kenneth Cook's 1961 novel of the same name, which first aired on Network Ten in October 2017. Directed by Kriv Stenders and written by Stephen M. Irwin, the series features an ensemble cast that includes Sean Keenan, Alex Dimitriades, Caren Pistorius, David Wenham, Anna Samson, Gary Sweet and Robyn Malcolm. It is the second filmed adaptation of Cook's novel, following Ted Kotcheff's 1971 film version. As with earlier versions of","Document [4](Title: Wake in Fright) screened at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival on 15 May 2009 when it was selected as a Cannes Classic title by the head of the department, Martin Scorsese. \"Wake in Fright\" is one of only two films ever to screen twice in the history of the festival. Scorsese said, \"\"Wake in Fright\" is a deeply -- and I mean deeply -- unsettling and disturbing movie. I saw it when it premiered at Cannes in 1971, and it left me speechless. Visually, dramatically, atmospherically and psychologically, it's beautifully calibrated and it gets under your skin one encounter at a time, right","Document [5](Title: Wake in Fright) shown to the general public for the first time at the Sydney Film Festival in June 2009, and in re-release has been called \"a classic Australian film which has achieved cult status\". Network Ten premiered a two-part miniseries based on the novel on October 8, 2017. Wake in Fright Wake in Fright (initially released as Outback outside Australia) is a 1971 psychological thriller film directed by Ted Kotcheff, written by Evan Jones and starring Gary Bond, Donald Pleasence, Chips Rafferty, Sylvia Kay and Jack Thompson. Based on Kenneth Cook's 1961 novel of the same name, the film follows a young","Document [6](Title: Wake in Fright) one of two Australian films to be nominated for the Grand Prix du Festival at the 24th Cannes Film Festival. Despite attracting positive reviews, the film was a commercial failure in Australia, in part due to minimal promotion by United Artists, as well as audiences being uncomfortable with its portrayal of outback life, including a controversial hunting scene involving real kangaroos being shot. By the 1990s, \"Wake in Fright\" had developed a cult reputation as Australia's great \"lost film\" because its master negative had gone missing, resulting in censored prints of degraded quality being used for its few television broadcasts","Document [7](Title: Wake in Fright (miniseries)) Wake in Fright (miniseries) Wake in Fright is an Australian miniseries based on Kenneth Cook's 1961 novel of the same name, which first aired on Network Ten in October 2017. Directed by Kriv Stenders and written by Stephen M. Irwin, the series features an ensemble cast that includes Sean Keenan, Alex Dimitriades, Caren Pistorius, David Wenham, Anna Samson, Gary Sweet and Robyn Malcolm. It is the second filmed adaptation of Cook's novel, following Ted Kotcheff's 1971 film version. As with earlier versions of the story, the series depicts the psychological journey of John Grant, a schoolteacher who has been marooned","Document [8](Title: Wake in Fright) February 1972. \"Wake in Fright\" found a favourable public response in France, where it ran for five months, and in the United Kingdom. However, despite receiving such critical support at Cannes and in Australia, \"Wake in Fright\" suffered poor domestic box-office returns. Although there were complaints that the film's distributor, United Artists, had failed to promote the film successfully, it was also thought that the film was \"perhaps too uncomfortably direct and uncompromising to draw large Australian audiences\". During an early Australian screening, one man stood up, pointed at the screen and protested \"That's not us!\", to which Jack Thompson","Document [9](Title: Wake in Fright (miniseries)) option for the original 1971 film version - if the deal stated that the adaptation rights were owned by a single entity in perpetuity, Moliere and Bowden would not be allowed to proceed with a series. The search for the option took three years, and eventually resulted in a copy being uncovered at the Estate of Dirk Bogarde (who had originally planned to produce an adaptation in 1963) in Paris, which indicated that the option only referred to a film version, allowing Moliere and Bowden - who had left Matchbox and co-founded Lingo Pictures with Jason Stephens of FremantleMedia Australia","Document [10](Title: Wake in Fright) negatives of \"Wake in Fright\" in a shipping container labelled \"For Destruction\". He rescued the material, which formed the basis for the film's painstaking 2009 restoration. Evidently a 35mm print in excellent condition had also survived in the collection of the Library of Congress, which screened it in the library's Mary Pickford Theater in 2008, although its reported running time of only 96 minutes suggests this was an edited version. \"Wake in Fright\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc formats by Madman Entertainment on 4 November 2009, based on a digital restoration completed earlier that year. This restoration was"],"query":"where was the remake of wake in fright filmed?","answers":["Broken","Broken Hill","Broken Hill and Sydney"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Wake in Fright) and VHS releases. After the original film and sound elements were rescued by editor Anthony Buckley in 2004, the film was digitally remastered and given a 2009 re-release at Cannes and in Australian theatres to widespread acclaim; it was issued commercially on DVD and Blu-ray later that year. Praised by critics for its direction and performances, \"Wake in Fright\" is now considered a pivotal film of the Australian New Wave and has earned a rare 100% approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes. A televised miniseries remake of \"Wake in Fright\" premiered in 2017. John Grant is a","Document [2](Title: Wake in Fright (miniseries)) 29. The DVD includes a 10-minute behind-the-scenes featurette containing brief interviews with key cast and crew members. Wake in Fright (miniseries) Wake in Fright is an Australian miniseries based on Kenneth Cook's 1961 novel of the same name, which first aired on Network Ten in October 2017. Directed by Kriv Stenders and written by Stephen M. Irwin, the series features an ensemble cast that includes Sean Keenan, Alex Dimitriades, Caren Pistorius, David Wenham, Anna Samson, Gary Sweet and Robyn Malcolm. It is the second filmed adaptation of Cook's novel, following Ted Kotcheff's 1971 film version. As with earlier versions of","Document [3](Title: Wake in Fright) screened at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival on 15 May 2009 when it was selected as a Cannes Classic title by the head of the department, Martin Scorsese. \"Wake in Fright\" is one of only two films ever to screen twice in the history of the festival. Scorsese said, \"\"Wake in Fright\" is a deeply -- and I mean deeply -- unsettling and disturbing movie. I saw it when it premiered at Cannes in 1971, and it left me speechless. Visually, dramatically, atmospherically and psychologically, it's beautifully calibrated and it gets under your skin one encounter at a time, right","Document [4](Title: Wake in Fright) shown to the general public for the first time at the Sydney Film Festival in June 2009, and in re-release has been called \"a classic Australian film which has achieved cult status\". Network Ten premiered a two-part miniseries based on the novel on October 8, 2017. Wake in Fright Wake in Fright (initially released as Outback outside Australia) is a 1971 psychological thriller film directed by Ted Kotcheff, written by Evan Jones and starring Gary Bond, Donald Pleasence, Chips Rafferty, Sylvia Kay and Jack Thompson. Based on Kenneth Cook's 1961 novel of the same name, the film follows a young","Document [5](Title: Wake in Fright (miniseries)) Principal photography for Wake in Fright took place in Broken Hill and Sydney. Beginning on March 5, 2017, the shoot lasted five weeks.","Document [6](Title: Wake in Fright) one of two Australian films to be nominated for the Grand Prix du Festival at the 24th Cannes Film Festival. Despite attracting positive reviews, the film was a commercial failure in Australia, in part due to minimal promotion by United Artists, as well as audiences being uncomfortable with its portrayal of outback life, including a controversial hunting scene involving real kangaroos being shot. By the 1990s, \"Wake in Fright\" had developed a cult reputation as Australia's great \"lost film\" because its master negative had gone missing, resulting in censored prints of degraded quality being used for its few television broadcasts","Document [7](Title: Wake in Fright (miniseries)) Wake in Fright (miniseries) Wake in Fright is an Australian miniseries based on Kenneth Cook's 1961 novel of the same name, which first aired on Network Ten in October 2017. Directed by Kriv Stenders and written by Stephen M. Irwin, the series features an ensemble cast that includes Sean Keenan, Alex Dimitriades, Caren Pistorius, David Wenham, Anna Samson, Gary Sweet and Robyn Malcolm. It is the second filmed adaptation of Cook's novel, following Ted Kotcheff's 1971 film version. As with earlier versions of the story, the series depicts the psychological journey of John Grant, a schoolteacher who has been marooned","Document [8](Title: Wake in Fright) February 1972. \"Wake in Fright\" found a favourable public response in France, where it ran for five months, and in the United Kingdom. However, despite receiving such critical support at Cannes and in Australia, \"Wake in Fright\" suffered poor domestic box-office returns. Although there were complaints that the film's distributor, United Artists, had failed to promote the film successfully, it was also thought that the film was \"perhaps too uncomfortably direct and uncompromising to draw large Australian audiences\". During an early Australian screening, one man stood up, pointed at the screen and protested \"That's not us!\", to which Jack Thompson","Document [9](Title: Wake in Fright (miniseries)) option for the original 1971 film version - if the deal stated that the adaptation rights were owned by a single entity in perpetuity, Moliere and Bowden would not be allowed to proceed with a series. The search for the option took three years, and eventually resulted in a copy being uncovered at the Estate of Dirk Bogarde (who had originally planned to produce an adaptation in 1963) in Paris, which indicated that the option only referred to a film version, allowing Moliere and Bowden - who had left Matchbox and co-founded Lingo Pictures with Jason Stephens of FremantleMedia Australia","Document [10](Title: Wake in Fright) negatives of \"Wake in Fright\" in a shipping container labelled \"For Destruction\". He rescued the material, which formed the basis for the film's painstaking 2009 restoration. Evidently a 35mm print in excellent condition had also survived in the collection of the Library of Congress, which screened it in the library's Mary Pickford Theater in 2008, although its reported running time of only 96 minutes suggests this was an edited version. \"Wake in Fright\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc formats by Madman Entertainment on 4 November 2009, based on a digital restoration completed earlier that year. This restoration was"],"query":"where was the remake of wake in fright filmed?","answers":["Broken","Broken Hill","Broken Hill and Sydney"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Wake in Fright) and VHS releases. After the original film and sound elements were rescued by editor Anthony Buckley in 2004, the film was digitally remastered and given a 2009 re-release at Cannes and in Australian theatres to widespread acclaim; it was issued commercially on DVD and Blu-ray later that year. Praised by critics for its direction and performances, \"Wake in Fright\" is now considered a pivotal film of the Australian New Wave and has earned a rare 100% approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes. A televised miniseries remake of \"Wake in Fright\" premiered in 2017. John Grant is a","Document [2](Title: Wake in Fright (miniseries)) 29. The DVD includes a 10-minute behind-the-scenes featurette containing brief interviews with key cast and crew members. Wake in Fright (miniseries) Wake in Fright is an Australian miniseries based on Kenneth Cook's 1961 novel of the same name, which first aired on Network Ten in October 2017. Directed by Kriv Stenders and written by Stephen M. Irwin, the series features an ensemble cast that includes Sean Keenan, Alex Dimitriades, Caren Pistorius, David Wenham, Anna Samson, Gary Sweet and Robyn Malcolm. It is the second filmed adaptation of Cook's novel, following Ted Kotcheff's 1971 film version. As with earlier versions of","Document [3](Title: Wake in Fright) screened at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival on 15 May 2009 when it was selected as a Cannes Classic title by the head of the department, Martin Scorsese. \"Wake in Fright\" is one of only two films ever to screen twice in the history of the festival. Scorsese said, \"\"Wake in Fright\" is a deeply -- and I mean deeply -- unsettling and disturbing movie. I saw it when it premiered at Cannes in 1971, and it left me speechless. Visually, dramatically, atmospherically and psychologically, it's beautifully calibrated and it gets under your skin one encounter at a time, right","Document [4](Title: Wake in Fright) shown to the general public for the first time at the Sydney Film Festival in June 2009, and in re-release has been called \"a classic Australian film which has achieved cult status\". Network Ten premiered a two-part miniseries based on the novel on October 8, 2017. Wake in Fright Wake in Fright (initially released as Outback outside Australia) is a 1971 psychological thriller film directed by Ted Kotcheff, written by Evan Jones and starring Gary Bond, Donald Pleasence, Chips Rafferty, Sylvia Kay and Jack Thompson. Based on Kenneth Cook's 1961 novel of the same name, the film follows a young","Document [5](Title: Wake in Fright) one of two Australian films to be nominated for the Grand Prix du Festival at the 24th Cannes Film Festival. Despite attracting positive reviews, the film was a commercial failure in Australia, in part due to minimal promotion by United Artists, as well as audiences being uncomfortable with its portrayal of outback life, including a controversial hunting scene involving real kangaroos being shot. By the 1990s, \"Wake in Fright\" had developed a cult reputation as Australia's great \"lost film\" because its master negative had gone missing, resulting in censored prints of degraded quality being used for its few television broadcasts","Document [6](Title: Wake in Fright (miniseries)) Wake in Fright (miniseries) Wake in Fright is an Australian miniseries based on Kenneth Cook's 1961 novel of the same name, which first aired on Network Ten in October 2017. Directed by Kriv Stenders and written by Stephen M. Irwin, the series features an ensemble cast that includes Sean Keenan, Alex Dimitriades, Caren Pistorius, David Wenham, Anna Samson, Gary Sweet and Robyn Malcolm. It is the second filmed adaptation of Cook's novel, following Ted Kotcheff's 1971 film version. As with earlier versions of the story, the series depicts the psychological journey of John Grant, a schoolteacher who has been marooned","Document [7](Title: Wake in Fright) February 1972. \"Wake in Fright\" found a favourable public response in France, where it ran for five months, and in the United Kingdom. However, despite receiving such critical support at Cannes and in Australia, \"Wake in Fright\" suffered poor domestic box-office returns. Although there were complaints that the film's distributor, United Artists, had failed to promote the film successfully, it was also thought that the film was \"perhaps too uncomfortably direct and uncompromising to draw large Australian audiences\". During an early Australian screening, one man stood up, pointed at the screen and protested \"That's not us!\", to which Jack Thompson","Document [8](Title: Wake in Fright (miniseries)) option for the original 1971 film version - if the deal stated that the adaptation rights were owned by a single entity in perpetuity, Moliere and Bowden would not be allowed to proceed with a series. The search for the option took three years, and eventually resulted in a copy being uncovered at the Estate of Dirk Bogarde (who had originally planned to produce an adaptation in 1963) in Paris, which indicated that the option only referred to a film version, allowing Moliere and Bowden - who had left Matchbox and co-founded Lingo Pictures with Jason Stephens of FremantleMedia Australia","Document [9](Title: Wake in Fright) negatives of \"Wake in Fright\" in a shipping container labelled \"For Destruction\". He rescued the material, which formed the basis for the film's painstaking 2009 restoration. Evidently a 35mm print in excellent condition had also survived in the collection of the Library of Congress, which screened it in the library's Mary Pickford Theater in 2008, although its reported running time of only 96 minutes suggests this was an edited version. \"Wake in Fright\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc formats by Madman Entertainment on 4 November 2009, based on a digital restoration completed earlier that year. This restoration was","Document [10](Title: Wake in Fright (miniseries)) Principal photography for Wake in Fright took place in Broken Hill and Sydney. Beginning on March 5, 2017, the shoot lasted five weeks."],"query":"where was the remake of wake in fright filmed?","answers":["Broken","Broken Hill","Broken Hill and Sydney"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Surfin' Bird) The Rivingtons followed up their 1962 Billboard Hot 100 hit \"Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow\" with the similar \"The Bird's the Word\" in 1963. The Trashmen had not heard this version but saw a band called The Sorensen Brothers playing it. They decided to play the song that night at their own gig. During this first performance, drummer and vocalist Steve Wahrer stopped playing and ad-libbed the \"Surfin' Bird\" middle section. Despite not knowing \"The Bird's the Word\" was a Rivingtons song, the similarity to \"Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow\" was obvious and The Trashmen added the chorus to the end of their new track.","Document [2](Title: Free Bird) Free Bird \"Free Bird\", or \"Freebird\", is a power ballad performed by American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. The song was first featured on the band's debut album in 1973 and has been included on subsequent albums, including the unfaded-ending version of the original recording (featured on \"Skynyrd's Innyrds\"). Released as a single in November 1974, \"Free Bird\" entered the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on November 23 at No. 87 and became the band's second Top 40 hit in early 1975, peaking at No. 19 on January 25. A live version of the song reentered the charts in late 1976, eventually peaking","Document [3](Title: A Bird came down the Walk) A Bird came down the Walk \"A Bird came down the Walk\" is a short poem by Emily Dickinson (1830\u20131886) that tells of the poet's encounter with a worm-eating bird. The poem was first published in 1891 in the second collection of Dickinson's poems. The poet encounters a bird on the walk who eats a worm, drinks a dew from the grass, and steps aside to let a beetle pass. The bird then glances about, apparently frightened. The poet offers the bird a crumb but the bird takes flight. The poet observes that the flight of the bird is \"softer\"","Document [4](Title: A Bird came down the Walk) the bird taking flight lightly suggests the same potential ease of journey for the soul to heaven, in spite of imperfection, such as killing to eat, as the bird eats the angle worm. A Bird came down the Walk \"A Bird came down the Walk\" is a short poem by Emily Dickinson (1830\u20131886) that tells of the poet's encounter with a worm-eating bird. The poem was first published in 1891 in the second collection of Dickinson's poems. The poet encounters a bird on the walk who eats a worm, drinks a dew from the grass, and steps aside to let","Document [5](Title: White Bird (song)) circumstances and yearning to be free. The song's repeated chorus is, \"White bird must fly or she will die.\" In a later interview, LaFlamme said: Where the 'white bird' thing came from ... We were like caged birds in that attic. We had no money, no transportation, the weather was miserable. We were just barely getting by on a very small food allowance provided to us. It was quite an experience, but it was very creative in a way. The song was arranged and produced by LaFlamme and sung as a duet between him and group member Patti Santos. A","Document [6](Title: What a queer bird) What a queer bird \"What a queer bird\" is a poem of unclear origin. It first can be found in print in 1922, rapidly disseminating across dozens of publications in the United States that year. \"What a queer bird\" is a poem, folk song, or essay that may be sung as a round. It first can be found in print in 1922, rapidly disseminating across dozens of publications in the United States that year, but its precise origin is unclear. The words are as follows: In 1922, multiple United States publications attributed the poem or essay to \"a young Norwegian","Document [7](Title: White Bird (song)) White Bird (song) \"White Bird\" is a 1969 song by San Francisco rock group It's a Beautiful Day, written by David LaFlamme and his then wife Linda LaFlamme (n\u00e9e Neska). \"White Bird\" was written in December 1967, in Seattle, Washington. Manager Matthew Katz had moved the band there to polish their act at a small Seattle ballroom before booking them into San Francisco nightclubs. Living in the attic of a Victorian house across the street from Volunteer Park, the band had inadequate food and no transportation during a dreary Seattle winter. The song evolved from the depression of the band's","Document [8](Title: Bird Song (Hampton Hawes album)) Bird Song (Hampton Hawes album) Bird Song is an album by American jazz pianist Hampton Hawes recorded at sessions in 1956 and 1958 but not released on the Contemporary label until 1999. The Allmusic review by Jim Todd states \"It's a mystery why these tracks from 1956 and 1958 went unreleased until 1999. They come from a key creative period in Hawes' career when he was enjoying new levels of commercial and critical acclaim. Regardless, the music has now been done justice in a well-mastered release that will please fans of Hawes and of bop piano in general\". On All","Document [9](Title: Last Holiday (1950 film)) staff, Bird comes into contact with Sir Trevor Lampington (Thesiger), the doctor after whom Lampington's disease was named. Lampington insists that Bird cannot possibly have the disease as he has no symptoms, and contacts the hospital to ask it to check. Just as the hospital discovers its error Bird enters and it is confirmed that he indeed was given the wrong diagnosis. Overjoyed, he is ready to begin life afresh with his new sweetheart, friends and business opportunities. In a twist ending, however, he is killed in a car accident on the way back to the hotel, while taking a","Document [10](Title: Birds (Coldplay song)) Birds (Coldplay song) \"Birds\" is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay. It was produced by the band's long-time record producer Rik Simpson along with Norwegian production duo Stargate. It appears as the second track on their seventh studio album, \"A Head Full of Dreams\" (2015). An official music video was also released by the band. The video was directed by Marcus Haney. It was set to the backdrop of the Colorado Desert's famous Salvation Mountain. The entire video was shot on a Super 8mm camera. The director wrote on Instagram: \"It's a tribute of thanks to the late"],"query":"when did bird is the word come out?","answers":["1963"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Free Bird) Free Bird \"Free Bird\", or \"Freebird\", is a power ballad performed by American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. The song was first featured on the band's debut album in 1973 and has been included on subsequent albums, including the unfaded-ending version of the original recording (featured on \"Skynyrd's Innyrds\"). Released as a single in November 1974, \"Free Bird\" entered the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on November 23 at No. 87 and became the band's second Top 40 hit in early 1975, peaking at No. 19 on January 25. A live version of the song reentered the charts in late 1976, eventually peaking","Document [2](Title: A Bird came down the Walk) A Bird came down the Walk \"A Bird came down the Walk\" is a short poem by Emily Dickinson (1830\u20131886) that tells of the poet's encounter with a worm-eating bird. The poem was first published in 1891 in the second collection of Dickinson's poems. The poet encounters a bird on the walk who eats a worm, drinks a dew from the grass, and steps aside to let a beetle pass. The bird then glances about, apparently frightened. The poet offers the bird a crumb but the bird takes flight. The poet observes that the flight of the bird is \"softer\"","Document [3](Title: A Bird came down the Walk) the bird taking flight lightly suggests the same potential ease of journey for the soul to heaven, in spite of imperfection, such as killing to eat, as the bird eats the angle worm. A Bird came down the Walk \"A Bird came down the Walk\" is a short poem by Emily Dickinson (1830\u20131886) that tells of the poet's encounter with a worm-eating bird. The poem was first published in 1891 in the second collection of Dickinson's poems. The poet encounters a bird on the walk who eats a worm, drinks a dew from the grass, and steps aside to let","Document [4](Title: White Bird (song)) circumstances and yearning to be free. The song's repeated chorus is, \"White bird must fly or she will die.\" In a later interview, LaFlamme said: Where the 'white bird' thing came from ... We were like caged birds in that attic. We had no money, no transportation, the weather was miserable. We were just barely getting by on a very small food allowance provided to us. It was quite an experience, but it was very creative in a way. The song was arranged and produced by LaFlamme and sung as a duet between him and group member Patti Santos. A","Document [5](Title: Surfin' Bird) The Rivingtons followed up their 1962 Billboard Hot 100 hit \"Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow\" with the similar \"The Bird's the Word\" in 1963. The Trashmen had not heard this version but saw a band called The Sorensen Brothers playing it. They decided to play the song that night at their own gig. During this first performance, drummer and vocalist Steve Wahrer stopped playing and ad-libbed the \"Surfin' Bird\" middle section. Despite not knowing \"The Bird's the Word\" was a Rivingtons song, the similarity to \"Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow\" was obvious and The Trashmen added the chorus to the end of their new track.","Document [6](Title: What a queer bird) What a queer bird \"What a queer bird\" is a poem of unclear origin. It first can be found in print in 1922, rapidly disseminating across dozens of publications in the United States that year. \"What a queer bird\" is a poem, folk song, or essay that may be sung as a round. It first can be found in print in 1922, rapidly disseminating across dozens of publications in the United States that year, but its precise origin is unclear. The words are as follows: In 1922, multiple United States publications attributed the poem or essay to \"a young Norwegian","Document [7](Title: White Bird (song)) White Bird (song) \"White Bird\" is a 1969 song by San Francisco rock group It's a Beautiful Day, written by David LaFlamme and his then wife Linda LaFlamme (n\u00e9e Neska). \"White Bird\" was written in December 1967, in Seattle, Washington. Manager Matthew Katz had moved the band there to polish their act at a small Seattle ballroom before booking them into San Francisco nightclubs. Living in the attic of a Victorian house across the street from Volunteer Park, the band had inadequate food and no transportation during a dreary Seattle winter. The song evolved from the depression of the band's","Document [8](Title: Bird Song (Hampton Hawes album)) Bird Song (Hampton Hawes album) Bird Song is an album by American jazz pianist Hampton Hawes recorded at sessions in 1956 and 1958 but not released on the Contemporary label until 1999. The Allmusic review by Jim Todd states \"It's a mystery why these tracks from 1956 and 1958 went unreleased until 1999. They come from a key creative period in Hawes' career when he was enjoying new levels of commercial and critical acclaim. Regardless, the music has now been done justice in a well-mastered release that will please fans of Hawes and of bop piano in general\". On All","Document [9](Title: Last Holiday (1950 film)) staff, Bird comes into contact with Sir Trevor Lampington (Thesiger), the doctor after whom Lampington's disease was named. Lampington insists that Bird cannot possibly have the disease as he has no symptoms, and contacts the hospital to ask it to check. Just as the hospital discovers its error Bird enters and it is confirmed that he indeed was given the wrong diagnosis. Overjoyed, he is ready to begin life afresh with his new sweetheart, friends and business opportunities. In a twist ending, however, he is killed in a car accident on the way back to the hotel, while taking a","Document [10](Title: Birds (Coldplay song)) Birds (Coldplay song) \"Birds\" is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay. It was produced by the band's long-time record producer Rik Simpson along with Norwegian production duo Stargate. It appears as the second track on their seventh studio album, \"A Head Full of Dreams\" (2015). An official music video was also released by the band. The video was directed by Marcus Haney. It was set to the backdrop of the Colorado Desert's famous Salvation Mountain. The entire video was shot on a Super 8mm camera. The director wrote on Instagram: \"It's a tribute of thanks to the late"],"query":"when did bird is the word come out?","answers":["1963"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Free Bird) Free Bird \"Free Bird\", or \"Freebird\", is a power ballad performed by American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. The song was first featured on the band's debut album in 1973 and has been included on subsequent albums, including the unfaded-ending version of the original recording (featured on \"Skynyrd's Innyrds\"). Released as a single in November 1974, \"Free Bird\" entered the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on November 23 at No. 87 and became the band's second Top 40 hit in early 1975, peaking at No. 19 on January 25. A live version of the song reentered the charts in late 1976, eventually peaking","Document [2](Title: A Bird came down the Walk) A Bird came down the Walk \"A Bird came down the Walk\" is a short poem by Emily Dickinson (1830\u20131886) that tells of the poet's encounter with a worm-eating bird. The poem was first published in 1891 in the second collection of Dickinson's poems. The poet encounters a bird on the walk who eats a worm, drinks a dew from the grass, and steps aside to let a beetle pass. The bird then glances about, apparently frightened. The poet offers the bird a crumb but the bird takes flight. The poet observes that the flight of the bird is \"softer\"","Document [3](Title: A Bird came down the Walk) the bird taking flight lightly suggests the same potential ease of journey for the soul to heaven, in spite of imperfection, such as killing to eat, as the bird eats the angle worm. A Bird came down the Walk \"A Bird came down the Walk\" is a short poem by Emily Dickinson (1830\u20131886) that tells of the poet's encounter with a worm-eating bird. The poem was first published in 1891 in the second collection of Dickinson's poems. The poet encounters a bird on the walk who eats a worm, drinks a dew from the grass, and steps aside to let","Document [4](Title: White Bird (song)) circumstances and yearning to be free. The song's repeated chorus is, \"White bird must fly or she will die.\" In a later interview, LaFlamme said: Where the 'white bird' thing came from ... We were like caged birds in that attic. We had no money, no transportation, the weather was miserable. We were just barely getting by on a very small food allowance provided to us. It was quite an experience, but it was very creative in a way. The song was arranged and produced by LaFlamme and sung as a duet between him and group member Patti Santos. A","Document [5](Title: What a queer bird) What a queer bird \"What a queer bird\" is a poem of unclear origin. It first can be found in print in 1922, rapidly disseminating across dozens of publications in the United States that year. \"What a queer bird\" is a poem, folk song, or essay that may be sung as a round. It first can be found in print in 1922, rapidly disseminating across dozens of publications in the United States that year, but its precise origin is unclear. The words are as follows: In 1922, multiple United States publications attributed the poem or essay to \"a young Norwegian","Document [6](Title: White Bird (song)) White Bird (song) \"White Bird\" is a 1969 song by San Francisco rock group It's a Beautiful Day, written by David LaFlamme and his then wife Linda LaFlamme (n\u00e9e Neska). \"White Bird\" was written in December 1967, in Seattle, Washington. Manager Matthew Katz had moved the band there to polish their act at a small Seattle ballroom before booking them into San Francisco nightclubs. Living in the attic of a Victorian house across the street from Volunteer Park, the band had inadequate food and no transportation during a dreary Seattle winter. The song evolved from the depression of the band's","Document [7](Title: Bird Song (Hampton Hawes album)) Bird Song (Hampton Hawes album) Bird Song is an album by American jazz pianist Hampton Hawes recorded at sessions in 1956 and 1958 but not released on the Contemporary label until 1999. The Allmusic review by Jim Todd states \"It's a mystery why these tracks from 1956 and 1958 went unreleased until 1999. They come from a key creative period in Hawes' career when he was enjoying new levels of commercial and critical acclaim. Regardless, the music has now been done justice in a well-mastered release that will please fans of Hawes and of bop piano in general\". On All","Document [8](Title: Last Holiday (1950 film)) staff, Bird comes into contact with Sir Trevor Lampington (Thesiger), the doctor after whom Lampington's disease was named. Lampington insists that Bird cannot possibly have the disease as he has no symptoms, and contacts the hospital to ask it to check. Just as the hospital discovers its error Bird enters and it is confirmed that he indeed was given the wrong diagnosis. Overjoyed, he is ready to begin life afresh with his new sweetheart, friends and business opportunities. In a twist ending, however, he is killed in a car accident on the way back to the hotel, while taking a","Document [9](Title: Birds (Coldplay song)) Birds (Coldplay song) \"Birds\" is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay. It was produced by the band's long-time record producer Rik Simpson along with Norwegian production duo Stargate. It appears as the second track on their seventh studio album, \"A Head Full of Dreams\" (2015). An official music video was also released by the band. The video was directed by Marcus Haney. It was set to the backdrop of the Colorado Desert's famous Salvation Mountain. The entire video was shot on a Super 8mm camera. The director wrote on Instagram: \"It's a tribute of thanks to the late","Document [10](Title: Surfin' Bird) The Rivingtons followed up their 1962 Billboard Hot 100 hit \"Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow\" with the similar \"The Bird's the Word\" in 1963. The Trashmen had not heard this version but saw a band called The Sorensen Brothers playing it. They decided to play the song that night at their own gig. During this first performance, drummer and vocalist Steve Wahrer stopped playing and ad-libbed the \"Surfin' Bird\" middle section. Despite not knowing \"The Bird's the Word\" was a Rivingtons song, the similarity to \"Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow\" was obvious and The Trashmen added the chorus to the end of their new track."],"query":"when did bird is the word come out?","answers":["1963"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) borrow houses not normally open to the public. Among them were Dyrham Park for the exterior of the house and the driveway, Powderham Castle (staircase, hall, music room, bedroom; used for the aqua-turquoise stairway scenes), Corsham Court (library and dining room) and Badminton House (servants' quarters, conservatory, entrance hall). Luciana Arrighi, the production designer, scouted most of these locations. Scenes were also shot in Weston-super-Mare, which stood in for Clevedon. The pub where Mr Stevens stays is the Hop Pole in Limpley Stoke; the shop featured is also in Limpley Stoke. The pub where Miss Kenton and Mr Benn meet","Document [2](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) The Remains of the Day (film) The Remains of the Day is a 1993 British-American drama film adapted from the Booker Prize-winning 1989 novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The film was directed by James Ivory and produced by Ismail Merchant, Mike Nichols, and John Calley. It stars Anthony Hopkins as Stevens and Emma Thompson as Miss Kenton, with James Fox, Christopher Reeve, and Hugh Grant in supporting roles. The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor (for Hopkins) and Best Actress (for Thompson). In 1999, the British Film Institute ranked \"The Remains","Document [3](Title: The Remains of the Day) The Remains of the Day The Remains of the Day is a 1989 novel by the Nobel Prize-winning British author Kazuo Ishiguro. The story is told from a first-person point of view, as were Ishiguro's two previous novels. The narrator, Stevens, a butler, recalls his life in the form of a diary; the action progresses from the mid-1930s through to the present (~ 1970). Much of the novel is concerned with Stevens' professional and, above all, personal relationship with a former colleague, the housekeeper, Miss Kenton. The work received the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 1989. A film adaptation","Document [4](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) characters in Kazuo Ishiguro's novel: Congressman Lewis (who attends the pre-WW2 conference in Darlington Hall), and Mr Farraday, who succeeds Lord Darlington as master of Darlington Hall. The original score was composed by Richard Robbins. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score, but lost to \"Schindler's List\". The film achieves a 95% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 40 reviews with an 8.4\/10 average rating. Its consensus states: \"Smart, elegant, and blessed with impeccable performances from Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson, \"The Remains of the Day\" is a Merchant-Ivory classic.\" Roger Ebert particularly praised the film","Document [5](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) Academy Awards, but won none: The film is #64 at the British Film Institute's \"Top 100 British films\". The film was also nominated for the American Film Institute's \"100 Years...100 Passions\" list. The Remains of the Day (film) The Remains of the Day is a 1993 British-American drama film adapted from the Booker Prize-winning 1989 novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The film was directed by James Ivory and produced by Ismail Merchant, Mike Nichols, and John Calley. It stars Anthony Hopkins as Stevens and Emma Thompson as Miss Kenton, with James Fox, Christopher Reeve, and Hugh Grant","Document [6](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) of the Day\" the 64th greatest British film of the 20th century. In 1958 post-war Britain, Stevens, the butler of Darlington Hall, receives a letter from Miss Kenton, a recently-separated former colleague employed as the housekeeper some twenty years earlier. Lord Darlington has died a broken man, his reputation destroyed after he was exposed as a Nazi sympathizer, and his stately country manor has been sold to a retired United States Congressman, Mr. Jack Lewis. Stevens is granted permission to borrow his Daimler, and he sets off to the West Country to meet Miss Kenton. The film flashes back to","Document [7](Title: The Remains of the Day (musical)) The Remains of the Day (musical) The Remains of the Day is a musical written by Alex Loveless, based on the novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The original production, directed by Chris Loveless, premiered at the Union Theatre in London, playing from August 31, 2010 to September 25, 2010. In an interview, Ishiguro said, \"It struck me as an intriguing idea. ... I am a big believer in musicals and I see no reason why my novel shouldn't make a good one. Stephen Sondheim's \"A Little Night Music\" shows you can set an unlikely story to music.","Document [8](Title: The Remains of the Day (musical)) material they have, endowing it with rich emotion.\" Mixed to negative reviews included those in the \"Financial Times\", \"TimeOut\" and MusicOMH. The Remains of the Day (musical) The Remains of the Day is a musical written by Alex Loveless, based on the novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The original production, directed by Chris Loveless, premiered at the Union Theatre in London, playing from August 31, 2010 to September 25, 2010. In an interview, Ishiguro said, \"It struck me as an intriguing idea. ... I am a big believer in musicals and I see no reason why my","Document [9](Title: Remains of the Day (song)) Remains of the Day (song) \"Remains of the Day\" is one of the four main songs sung in the 2005 stop-motion animated film \"Tim Burton's Corpse Bride\". It was composed by Danny Elfman, along with all other music for the film. The song is the second one in the movie, and vital to the plot. The character Bonejangles (voiced by Danny Elfman) introduces the song with the following lyrics: \"What a story it is; a tragic tale of romance, passion and murder most foul\". Then, Bonejangles and other skeletons and corpses from the Land of the Dead sing the song","Document [10](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) script for \"The Handmaid's Tale\", which he has decided not to publish. When his script for \"The Remains of the Day\" was radically revised by the James Ivory-Ismail Merchant partnership, he refused to allow his name to be listed in the credits\" (125). Though no longer the director, Nichols remained associated with the project as one of its producers. A number of English country estates were used as locations for the film, partly owing to the persuasive power of Ismail Merchant, who was able to cajole permission for the production to borrow houses not normally open to the public. Among"],"query":"where was the film the remains of the day filmed?","answers":["Powderham Castle","Weston-super-Mare","Dyrham Park","Badminton House","Corsham Court","Limpley Stoke"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) The Remains of the Day (film) The Remains of the Day is a 1993 British-American drama film adapted from the Booker Prize-winning 1989 novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The film was directed by James Ivory and produced by Ismail Merchant, Mike Nichols, and John Calley. It stars Anthony Hopkins as Stevens and Emma Thompson as Miss Kenton, with James Fox, Christopher Reeve, and Hugh Grant in supporting roles. The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor (for Hopkins) and Best Actress (for Thompson). In 1999, the British Film Institute ranked \"The Remains","Document [2](Title: The Remains of the Day) The Remains of the Day The Remains of the Day is a 1989 novel by the Nobel Prize-winning British author Kazuo Ishiguro. The story is told from a first-person point of view, as were Ishiguro's two previous novels. The narrator, Stevens, a butler, recalls his life in the form of a diary; the action progresses from the mid-1930s through to the present (~ 1970). Much of the novel is concerned with Stevens' professional and, above all, personal relationship with a former colleague, the housekeeper, Miss Kenton. The work received the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 1989. A film adaptation","Document [3](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) characters in Kazuo Ishiguro's novel: Congressman Lewis (who attends the pre-WW2 conference in Darlington Hall), and Mr Farraday, who succeeds Lord Darlington as master of Darlington Hall. The original score was composed by Richard Robbins. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score, but lost to \"Schindler's List\". The film achieves a 95% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 40 reviews with an 8.4\/10 average rating. Its consensus states: \"Smart, elegant, and blessed with impeccable performances from Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson, \"The Remains of the Day\" is a Merchant-Ivory classic.\" Roger Ebert particularly praised the film","Document [4](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) Academy Awards, but won none: The film is #64 at the British Film Institute's \"Top 100 British films\". The film was also nominated for the American Film Institute's \"100 Years...100 Passions\" list. The Remains of the Day (film) The Remains of the Day is a 1993 British-American drama film adapted from the Booker Prize-winning 1989 novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The film was directed by James Ivory and produced by Ismail Merchant, Mike Nichols, and John Calley. It stars Anthony Hopkins as Stevens and Emma Thompson as Miss Kenton, with James Fox, Christopher Reeve, and Hugh Grant","Document [5](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) borrow houses not normally open to the public. Among them were Dyrham Park for the exterior of the house and the driveway, Powderham Castle (staircase, hall, music room, bedroom; used for the aqua-turquoise stairway scenes), Corsham Court (library and dining room) and Badminton House (servants' quarters, conservatory, entrance hall). Luciana Arrighi, the production designer, scouted most of these locations. Scenes were also shot in Weston-super-Mare, which stood in for Clevedon. The pub where Mr Stevens stays is the Hop Pole in Limpley Stoke; the shop featured is also in Limpley Stoke. The pub where Miss Kenton and Mr Benn meet","Document [6](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) of the Day\" the 64th greatest British film of the 20th century. In 1958 post-war Britain, Stevens, the butler of Darlington Hall, receives a letter from Miss Kenton, a recently-separated former colleague employed as the housekeeper some twenty years earlier. Lord Darlington has died a broken man, his reputation destroyed after he was exposed as a Nazi sympathizer, and his stately country manor has been sold to a retired United States Congressman, Mr. Jack Lewis. Stevens is granted permission to borrow his Daimler, and he sets off to the West Country to meet Miss Kenton. The film flashes back to","Document [7](Title: The Remains of the Day (musical)) The Remains of the Day (musical) The Remains of the Day is a musical written by Alex Loveless, based on the novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The original production, directed by Chris Loveless, premiered at the Union Theatre in London, playing from August 31, 2010 to September 25, 2010. In an interview, Ishiguro said, \"It struck me as an intriguing idea. ... I am a big believer in musicals and I see no reason why my novel shouldn't make a good one. Stephen Sondheim's \"A Little Night Music\" shows you can set an unlikely story to music.","Document [8](Title: The Remains of the Day (musical)) material they have, endowing it with rich emotion.\" Mixed to negative reviews included those in the \"Financial Times\", \"TimeOut\" and MusicOMH. The Remains of the Day (musical) The Remains of the Day is a musical written by Alex Loveless, based on the novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The original production, directed by Chris Loveless, premiered at the Union Theatre in London, playing from August 31, 2010 to September 25, 2010. In an interview, Ishiguro said, \"It struck me as an intriguing idea. ... I am a big believer in musicals and I see no reason why my","Document [9](Title: Remains of the Day (song)) Remains of the Day (song) \"Remains of the Day\" is one of the four main songs sung in the 2005 stop-motion animated film \"Tim Burton's Corpse Bride\". It was composed by Danny Elfman, along with all other music for the film. The song is the second one in the movie, and vital to the plot. The character Bonejangles (voiced by Danny Elfman) introduces the song with the following lyrics: \"What a story it is; a tragic tale of romance, passion and murder most foul\". Then, Bonejangles and other skeletons and corpses from the Land of the Dead sing the song","Document [10](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) script for \"The Handmaid's Tale\", which he has decided not to publish. When his script for \"The Remains of the Day\" was radically revised by the James Ivory-Ismail Merchant partnership, he refused to allow his name to be listed in the credits\" (125). Though no longer the director, Nichols remained associated with the project as one of its producers. A number of English country estates were used as locations for the film, partly owing to the persuasive power of Ismail Merchant, who was able to cajole permission for the production to borrow houses not normally open to the public. Among"],"query":"where was the film the remains of the day filmed?","answers":["Powderham Castle","Weston-super-Mare","Dyrham Park","Badminton House","Corsham Court","Limpley Stoke"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) The Remains of the Day (film) The Remains of the Day is a 1993 British-American drama film adapted from the Booker Prize-winning 1989 novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The film was directed by James Ivory and produced by Ismail Merchant, Mike Nichols, and John Calley. It stars Anthony Hopkins as Stevens and Emma Thompson as Miss Kenton, with James Fox, Christopher Reeve, and Hugh Grant in supporting roles. The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor (for Hopkins) and Best Actress (for Thompson). In 1999, the British Film Institute ranked \"The Remains","Document [2](Title: The Remains of the Day) The Remains of the Day The Remains of the Day is a 1989 novel by the Nobel Prize-winning British author Kazuo Ishiguro. The story is told from a first-person point of view, as were Ishiguro's two previous novels. The narrator, Stevens, a butler, recalls his life in the form of a diary; the action progresses from the mid-1930s through to the present (~ 1970). Much of the novel is concerned with Stevens' professional and, above all, personal relationship with a former colleague, the housekeeper, Miss Kenton. The work received the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 1989. A film adaptation","Document [3](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) characters in Kazuo Ishiguro's novel: Congressman Lewis (who attends the pre-WW2 conference in Darlington Hall), and Mr Farraday, who succeeds Lord Darlington as master of Darlington Hall. The original score was composed by Richard Robbins. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score, but lost to \"Schindler's List\". The film achieves a 95% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 40 reviews with an 8.4\/10 average rating. Its consensus states: \"Smart, elegant, and blessed with impeccable performances from Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson, \"The Remains of the Day\" is a Merchant-Ivory classic.\" Roger Ebert particularly praised the film","Document [4](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) Academy Awards, but won none: The film is #64 at the British Film Institute's \"Top 100 British films\". The film was also nominated for the American Film Institute's \"100 Years...100 Passions\" list. The Remains of the Day (film) The Remains of the Day is a 1993 British-American drama film adapted from the Booker Prize-winning 1989 novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The film was directed by James Ivory and produced by Ismail Merchant, Mike Nichols, and John Calley. It stars Anthony Hopkins as Stevens and Emma Thompson as Miss Kenton, with James Fox, Christopher Reeve, and Hugh Grant","Document [5](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) of the Day\" the 64th greatest British film of the 20th century. In 1958 post-war Britain, Stevens, the butler of Darlington Hall, receives a letter from Miss Kenton, a recently-separated former colleague employed as the housekeeper some twenty years earlier. Lord Darlington has died a broken man, his reputation destroyed after he was exposed as a Nazi sympathizer, and his stately country manor has been sold to a retired United States Congressman, Mr. Jack Lewis. Stevens is granted permission to borrow his Daimler, and he sets off to the West Country to meet Miss Kenton. The film flashes back to","Document [6](Title: The Remains of the Day (musical)) The Remains of the Day (musical) The Remains of the Day is a musical written by Alex Loveless, based on the novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The original production, directed by Chris Loveless, premiered at the Union Theatre in London, playing from August 31, 2010 to September 25, 2010. In an interview, Ishiguro said, \"It struck me as an intriguing idea. ... I am a big believer in musicals and I see no reason why my novel shouldn't make a good one. Stephen Sondheim's \"A Little Night Music\" shows you can set an unlikely story to music.","Document [7](Title: The Remains of the Day (musical)) material they have, endowing it with rich emotion.\" Mixed to negative reviews included those in the \"Financial Times\", \"TimeOut\" and MusicOMH. The Remains of the Day (musical) The Remains of the Day is a musical written by Alex Loveless, based on the novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The original production, directed by Chris Loveless, premiered at the Union Theatre in London, playing from August 31, 2010 to September 25, 2010. In an interview, Ishiguro said, \"It struck me as an intriguing idea. ... I am a big believer in musicals and I see no reason why my","Document [8](Title: Remains of the Day (song)) Remains of the Day (song) \"Remains of the Day\" is one of the four main songs sung in the 2005 stop-motion animated film \"Tim Burton's Corpse Bride\". It was composed by Danny Elfman, along with all other music for the film. The song is the second one in the movie, and vital to the plot. The character Bonejangles (voiced by Danny Elfman) introduces the song with the following lyrics: \"What a story it is; a tragic tale of romance, passion and murder most foul\". Then, Bonejangles and other skeletons and corpses from the Land of the Dead sing the song","Document [9](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) script for \"The Handmaid's Tale\", which he has decided not to publish. When his script for \"The Remains of the Day\" was radically revised by the James Ivory-Ismail Merchant partnership, he refused to allow his name to be listed in the credits\" (125). Though no longer the director, Nichols remained associated with the project as one of its producers. A number of English country estates were used as locations for the film, partly owing to the persuasive power of Ismail Merchant, who was able to cajole permission for the production to borrow houses not normally open to the public. Among","Document [10](Title: The Remains of the Day (film)) borrow houses not normally open to the public. Among them were Dyrham Park for the exterior of the house and the driveway, Powderham Castle (staircase, hall, music room, bedroom; used for the aqua-turquoise stairway scenes), Corsham Court (library and dining room) and Badminton House (servants' quarters, conservatory, entrance hall). Luciana Arrighi, the production designer, scouted most of these locations. Scenes were also shot in Weston-super-Mare, which stood in for Clevedon. The pub where Mr Stevens stays is the Hop Pole in Limpley Stoke; the shop featured is also in Limpley Stoke. The pub where Miss Kenton and Mr Benn meet"],"query":"where was the film the remains of the day filmed?","answers":["Powderham Castle","Weston-super-Mare","Dyrham Park","Badminton House","Corsham Court","Limpley Stoke"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Maia Shibutani) Maia Harumi Shibutani was born on July 20, 1994, in New York City. She is the daughter of Chris Shibutani and Naomi Uyemura, both of Japanese descent, who met as Harvard musicians. She has an older brother, Alex Shibutani, who competes with her as her partner in the discipline of Ice Dance. She started figure skating at the age of 4 in 1998 in Old Greenwich, Connecticut, where she was a student at Greenwich Academy in Greenwich, Connecticut.","Document [2](Title: Siah-Posh Kafirs) Siah-Posh tribe living in Hindukush mountains descended from the ancient Kambojas While discussing the Kambojas, H. H. Wilson and several other authorities also acknowledge that there is an apparent trace of their (\"Kambojas' \") name in the Camojis of Kafirstan (Nuristan) who may have retreated to the mountains before the advance of the Turk tribes. The physiognomic features and other physical characteristics of the Siah-Posh tribes resemble those of the Kamboj population of greater Panjab(Pakistan). Like the (\"unmixed\") Kamboj, they have fairly tall stature, fair-body color, light brown or some times green eyes, brown and some times blond hair, slender","Document [3](Title: Sib (anthropology)) Sib (anthropology) Sib is a technical term in the discipline of anthropology which originally denoted a kinship group among Anglo-Saxon and other Germanic peoples. In an extended sense, it then became the standard term for a variety of other kinds of lineal (matrilineal or patrilineal) or cognatic (i.e.,descended through links of both sexes) kinship groups. The word may also denote a member of such a group. American anthropologists often used the term 'sib' as the generic term for a category that breaks down into the sub-classifications of \"patri-sib\", referring to patrilineal clan descent, and \"matri-sib\", to refer to matrilineal clan","Document [4](Title: Sib Chandra Deb) Sib Chandra Deb Sib Chandra Deb ( \"Shib Ch\u00f4ndro Deb\") (also spelt Shib Chandra Deb, Shibchandra Deb, Shib Chander Deb) (20 July 1811 \u2013 12 November 1890) was one of the leading Derozians, virtually the first generation of English-knowing Indians. He had joined Hindu College in 1825 and was subsequently drawn towards Derozio. Sivanath Sastri recalls that even in his old age he fondly recalled in detail what Derozio used to say. A brilliant student he won a scholarship while studying at Hindu College. As a student, he occasionally attended the meetings of the Brahmo Sabha established by Raja Rammohun","Document [5](Title: Sib (anthropology)) descent. Sib (anthropology) Sib is a technical term in the discipline of anthropology which originally denoted a kinship group among Anglo-Saxon and other Germanic peoples. In an extended sense, it then became the standard term for a variety of other kinds of lineal (matrilineal or patrilineal) or cognatic (i.e.,descended through links of both sexes) kinship groups. The word may also denote a member of such a group. American anthropologists often used the term 'sib' as the generic term for a category that breaks down into the sub-classifications of \"patri-sib\", referring to patrilineal clan descent, and \"matri-sib\", to refer to matrilineal","Document [6](Title: Siah-Posh Kafirs) and straight or acquiline noses, high physical and mental tenacity and stamina etc. The \"Siah-posh\" Kafirs of the Hindukush ranges, who used to be collectively known as \"Kamoges\" or \"Kamojis\" (Sanskrit Kambojis or Kambojas) are stated to have been a remain of a considerable ancient people among whom were original Kashmerians and a greater part of Badakshan and Kabol as far as Deggan tribes...and on the southern face of the higher ridges of Himalaya extending to an unknown distance...Though whole of their pristine population being subjected to Muslim conquerors in the Middle Ages, and having mixed with them, they have","Document [7](Title: Bhimber) son of Raja Partab chand Katoch who came to Bhimber and established the state after marrying local ruler`s daughter in 1400 A.D. Chibs are direct descendents of Raja Chib Chand Katoch. In Chibs, the first who embraced Islam was Shadaab Khan who is famous as Hazrat Baba Shadi Shaheed. His Hindu name was Raja Dharm Chand Chib. The last ruler of Chibhal was Raja Sultan Khan (1800\u20131840). Bhimber has been important strategically. It lies on the route that was followed by the Mughal Emperors for their frequent visits to the Kashmir Valley. It is also known as \"Baab-e-Kashmir\" (Door to","Document [8](Title: Yapese people) daughter can inherit the land. This land is separated by matrilineal kinship. Individuals and groups who have to rely on other people's lands are part of the serf caste. A patriclan is a political and economic unit while a patrilineage is a social unit of kinsmen. Yapese clans or sibs (\"genung\") are totemic and claim mythical ancestry and a mythical place of origin. Sib members are instructed not to eat the living counterpart of their mythical ancestress. Sibs are exogamous and consider each other as brothers and sisters. Each sib has a chief, and each village has a head chief","Document [9](Title: Sibpur Hindu Girls High School) Sibpur Hindu Girls High School Shibpur Hindu Girls High School is a Higher Secondary Girls school situated at Shibpur in Howrah of West Bengal,India. The school is affiliated with West Bengal Board of Secondary Education and West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. The school was founded by Jadunath Banerjee in the year of 1867. In the early days, initially the students studied free of cost, Some local philanthropists donated 4 annas to run this school . After a few years a minimum fees of 1 anna and 4 annas were charged for primary and secondary students. The Howrah Corporation","Document [10](Title: Sibe people) and Kazakh. The different ethnicities of Northern Xinjiang have shared music culture and adopted elements from each other's music. Sibe people The Sibe or Xibo ( ; ) are a Tungusic people living mostly in Xinjiang, Jilin (bordering North Korea) and Shenyang in Liaoning. The Sibe form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China. The Sibe are known by several variations of their name. The self-appellation of the Sibe people is pronounced \"\u015aiv\u0259\", the official Chinese term is \"Xibo\", in Russian literature the terms \"sibin'ci\"\/\"\u0161ibin'ci\" are used, while in English works the name \"Sibe\" has been established,"],"query":"what is the ethnic background of the shib sibs?","answers":["Japanese"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Siah-Posh Kafirs) Siah-Posh tribe living in Hindukush mountains descended from the ancient Kambojas While discussing the Kambojas, H. H. Wilson and several other authorities also acknowledge that there is an apparent trace of their (\"Kambojas' \") name in the Camojis of Kafirstan (Nuristan) who may have retreated to the mountains before the advance of the Turk tribes. The physiognomic features and other physical characteristics of the Siah-Posh tribes resemble those of the Kamboj population of greater Panjab(Pakistan). Like the (\"unmixed\") Kamboj, they have fairly tall stature, fair-body color, light brown or some times green eyes, brown and some times blond hair, slender","Document [2](Title: Sib (anthropology)) Sib (anthropology) Sib is a technical term in the discipline of anthropology which originally denoted a kinship group among Anglo-Saxon and other Germanic peoples. In an extended sense, it then became the standard term for a variety of other kinds of lineal (matrilineal or patrilineal) or cognatic (i.e.,descended through links of both sexes) kinship groups. The word may also denote a member of such a group. American anthropologists often used the term 'sib' as the generic term for a category that breaks down into the sub-classifications of \"patri-sib\", referring to patrilineal clan descent, and \"matri-sib\", to refer to matrilineal clan","Document [3](Title: Sib Chandra Deb) Sib Chandra Deb Sib Chandra Deb ( \"Shib Ch\u00f4ndro Deb\") (also spelt Shib Chandra Deb, Shibchandra Deb, Shib Chander Deb) (20 July 1811 \u2013 12 November 1890) was one of the leading Derozians, virtually the first generation of English-knowing Indians. He had joined Hindu College in 1825 and was subsequently drawn towards Derozio. Sivanath Sastri recalls that even in his old age he fondly recalled in detail what Derozio used to say. A brilliant student he won a scholarship while studying at Hindu College. As a student, he occasionally attended the meetings of the Brahmo Sabha established by Raja Rammohun","Document [4](Title: Sib (anthropology)) descent. Sib (anthropology) Sib is a technical term in the discipline of anthropology which originally denoted a kinship group among Anglo-Saxon and other Germanic peoples. In an extended sense, it then became the standard term for a variety of other kinds of lineal (matrilineal or patrilineal) or cognatic (i.e.,descended through links of both sexes) kinship groups. The word may also denote a member of such a group. American anthropologists often used the term 'sib' as the generic term for a category that breaks down into the sub-classifications of \"patri-sib\", referring to patrilineal clan descent, and \"matri-sib\", to refer to matrilineal","Document [5](Title: Maia Shibutani) Maia Harumi Shibutani was born on July 20, 1994, in New York City. She is the daughter of Chris Shibutani and Naomi Uyemura, both of Japanese descent, who met as Harvard musicians. She has an older brother, Alex Shibutani, who competes with her as her partner in the discipline of Ice Dance. She started figure skating at the age of 4 in 1998 in Old Greenwich, Connecticut, where she was a student at Greenwich Academy in Greenwich, Connecticut.","Document [6](Title: Siah-Posh Kafirs) and straight or acquiline noses, high physical and mental tenacity and stamina etc. The \"Siah-posh\" Kafirs of the Hindukush ranges, who used to be collectively known as \"Kamoges\" or \"Kamojis\" (Sanskrit Kambojis or Kambojas) are stated to have been a remain of a considerable ancient people among whom were original Kashmerians and a greater part of Badakshan and Kabol as far as Deggan tribes...and on the southern face of the higher ridges of Himalaya extending to an unknown distance...Though whole of their pristine population being subjected to Muslim conquerors in the Middle Ages, and having mixed with them, they have","Document [7](Title: Bhimber) son of Raja Partab chand Katoch who came to Bhimber and established the state after marrying local ruler`s daughter in 1400 A.D. Chibs are direct descendents of Raja Chib Chand Katoch. In Chibs, the first who embraced Islam was Shadaab Khan who is famous as Hazrat Baba Shadi Shaheed. His Hindu name was Raja Dharm Chand Chib. The last ruler of Chibhal was Raja Sultan Khan (1800\u20131840). Bhimber has been important strategically. It lies on the route that was followed by the Mughal Emperors for their frequent visits to the Kashmir Valley. It is also known as \"Baab-e-Kashmir\" (Door to","Document [8](Title: Yapese people) daughter can inherit the land. This land is separated by matrilineal kinship. Individuals and groups who have to rely on other people's lands are part of the serf caste. A patriclan is a political and economic unit while a patrilineage is a social unit of kinsmen. Yapese clans or sibs (\"genung\") are totemic and claim mythical ancestry and a mythical place of origin. Sib members are instructed not to eat the living counterpart of their mythical ancestress. Sibs are exogamous and consider each other as brothers and sisters. Each sib has a chief, and each village has a head chief","Document [9](Title: Sibpur Hindu Girls High School) Sibpur Hindu Girls High School Shibpur Hindu Girls High School is a Higher Secondary Girls school situated at Shibpur in Howrah of West Bengal,India. The school is affiliated with West Bengal Board of Secondary Education and West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. The school was founded by Jadunath Banerjee in the year of 1867. In the early days, initially the students studied free of cost, Some local philanthropists donated 4 annas to run this school . After a few years a minimum fees of 1 anna and 4 annas were charged for primary and secondary students. The Howrah Corporation","Document [10](Title: Sibe people) and Kazakh. The different ethnicities of Northern Xinjiang have shared music culture and adopted elements from each other's music. Sibe people The Sibe or Xibo ( ; ) are a Tungusic people living mostly in Xinjiang, Jilin (bordering North Korea) and Shenyang in Liaoning. The Sibe form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China. The Sibe are known by several variations of their name. The self-appellation of the Sibe people is pronounced \"\u015aiv\u0259\", the official Chinese term is \"Xibo\", in Russian literature the terms \"sibin'ci\"\/\"\u0161ibin'ci\" are used, while in English works the name \"Sibe\" has been established,"],"query":"what is the ethnic background of the shib sibs?","answers":["Japanese"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Siah-Posh Kafirs) Siah-Posh tribe living in Hindukush mountains descended from the ancient Kambojas While discussing the Kambojas, H. H. Wilson and several other authorities also acknowledge that there is an apparent trace of their (\"Kambojas' \") name in the Camojis of Kafirstan (Nuristan) who may have retreated to the mountains before the advance of the Turk tribes. The physiognomic features and other physical characteristics of the Siah-Posh tribes resemble those of the Kamboj population of greater Panjab(Pakistan). Like the (\"unmixed\") Kamboj, they have fairly tall stature, fair-body color, light brown or some times green eyes, brown and some times blond hair, slender","Document [2](Title: Sib (anthropology)) Sib (anthropology) Sib is a technical term in the discipline of anthropology which originally denoted a kinship group among Anglo-Saxon and other Germanic peoples. In an extended sense, it then became the standard term for a variety of other kinds of lineal (matrilineal or patrilineal) or cognatic (i.e.,descended through links of both sexes) kinship groups. The word may also denote a member of such a group. American anthropologists often used the term 'sib' as the generic term for a category that breaks down into the sub-classifications of \"patri-sib\", referring to patrilineal clan descent, and \"matri-sib\", to refer to matrilineal clan","Document [3](Title: Sib Chandra Deb) Sib Chandra Deb Sib Chandra Deb ( \"Shib Ch\u00f4ndro Deb\") (also spelt Shib Chandra Deb, Shibchandra Deb, Shib Chander Deb) (20 July 1811 \u2013 12 November 1890) was one of the leading Derozians, virtually the first generation of English-knowing Indians. He had joined Hindu College in 1825 and was subsequently drawn towards Derozio. Sivanath Sastri recalls that even in his old age he fondly recalled in detail what Derozio used to say. A brilliant student he won a scholarship while studying at Hindu College. As a student, he occasionally attended the meetings of the Brahmo Sabha established by Raja Rammohun","Document [4](Title: Sib (anthropology)) descent. Sib (anthropology) Sib is a technical term in the discipline of anthropology which originally denoted a kinship group among Anglo-Saxon and other Germanic peoples. In an extended sense, it then became the standard term for a variety of other kinds of lineal (matrilineal or patrilineal) or cognatic (i.e.,descended through links of both sexes) kinship groups. The word may also denote a member of such a group. American anthropologists often used the term 'sib' as the generic term for a category that breaks down into the sub-classifications of \"patri-sib\", referring to patrilineal clan descent, and \"matri-sib\", to refer to matrilineal","Document [5](Title: Siah-Posh Kafirs) and straight or acquiline noses, high physical and mental tenacity and stamina etc. The \"Siah-posh\" Kafirs of the Hindukush ranges, who used to be collectively known as \"Kamoges\" or \"Kamojis\" (Sanskrit Kambojis or Kambojas) are stated to have been a remain of a considerable ancient people among whom were original Kashmerians and a greater part of Badakshan and Kabol as far as Deggan tribes...and on the southern face of the higher ridges of Himalaya extending to an unknown distance...Though whole of their pristine population being subjected to Muslim conquerors in the Middle Ages, and having mixed with them, they have","Document [6](Title: Bhimber) son of Raja Partab chand Katoch who came to Bhimber and established the state after marrying local ruler`s daughter in 1400 A.D. Chibs are direct descendents of Raja Chib Chand Katoch. In Chibs, the first who embraced Islam was Shadaab Khan who is famous as Hazrat Baba Shadi Shaheed. His Hindu name was Raja Dharm Chand Chib. The last ruler of Chibhal was Raja Sultan Khan (1800\u20131840). Bhimber has been important strategically. It lies on the route that was followed by the Mughal Emperors for their frequent visits to the Kashmir Valley. It is also known as \"Baab-e-Kashmir\" (Door to","Document [7](Title: Yapese people) daughter can inherit the land. This land is separated by matrilineal kinship. Individuals and groups who have to rely on other people's lands are part of the serf caste. A patriclan is a political and economic unit while a patrilineage is a social unit of kinsmen. Yapese clans or sibs (\"genung\") are totemic and claim mythical ancestry and a mythical place of origin. Sib members are instructed not to eat the living counterpart of their mythical ancestress. Sibs are exogamous and consider each other as brothers and sisters. Each sib has a chief, and each village has a head chief","Document [8](Title: Sibpur Hindu Girls High School) Sibpur Hindu Girls High School Shibpur Hindu Girls High School is a Higher Secondary Girls school situated at Shibpur in Howrah of West Bengal,India. The school is affiliated with West Bengal Board of Secondary Education and West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. The school was founded by Jadunath Banerjee in the year of 1867. In the early days, initially the students studied free of cost, Some local philanthropists donated 4 annas to run this school . After a few years a minimum fees of 1 anna and 4 annas were charged for primary and secondary students. The Howrah Corporation","Document [9](Title: Sibe people) and Kazakh. The different ethnicities of Northern Xinjiang have shared music culture and adopted elements from each other's music. Sibe people The Sibe or Xibo ( ; ) are a Tungusic people living mostly in Xinjiang, Jilin (bordering North Korea) and Shenyang in Liaoning. The Sibe form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China. The Sibe are known by several variations of their name. The self-appellation of the Sibe people is pronounced \"\u015aiv\u0259\", the official Chinese term is \"Xibo\", in Russian literature the terms \"sibin'ci\"\/\"\u0161ibin'ci\" are used, while in English works the name \"Sibe\" has been established,","Document [10](Title: Maia Shibutani) Maia Harumi Shibutani was born on July 20, 1994, in New York City. She is the daughter of Chris Shibutani and Naomi Uyemura, both of Japanese descent, who met as Harvard musicians. She has an older brother, Alex Shibutani, who competes with her as her partner in the discipline of Ice Dance. She started figure skating at the age of 4 in 1998 in Old Greenwich, Connecticut, where she was a student at Greenwich Academy in Greenwich, Connecticut."],"query":"what is the ethnic background of the shib sibs?","answers":["Japanese"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Spanish colonization of the Americas) Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and continuing control of vast territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America (including present day Mexico, Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States). It is estimated that during the colonial period (1492\u20131832), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era (1850\u20131950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century, and most during","Document [2](Title: History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States) de O\u00f1ate. In all, Spaniards probed half of today's lower 48 states before the first English colonization attempt (Roanoke Island, 1585). The Spanish didn't just explore, they settled, creating the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at St. Augustine, Florida in 1565. Santa Fe, New Mexico also predates Jamestown, Virginia (of Pocahontas fame, founded in 1607) and Plymouth Colony (of \"Mayflower\", Pilgrims and Thanksgiving fame). In 1566 Pedro Menendez established Fort San Felipe on Santa Elena- which is present day Parris Island near Beaufort South Carolina. The fort was part of the Spanish King\u2019s ongoing effort to","Document [3](Title: Pacific Northwest) and including Juan Per\u00e9z and Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra as officers. On July 14, 1775, they landed on the Olympic Peninsula near the mouth of the Quinault River. On August 17, 1775, Heceta, returning south, sighted the mouth of the Columbia River and named it \"Bahia de la Asunci\u00f3n\". While Heceta sailed south, Quadra continued north in the expedition's second ship, \"Sonora\", reaching Alaska, at 59\u00b0 N. In 1778 English mariner Captain James Cook visited Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island and also voyaged as far as Prince William Sound. In 1779, a third Spanish expedition, under the","Document [4](Title: Hispanic and Latino Americans) confirmed European landing in the continental United States was by Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n, who landed in 1513 at a lush shore he christened \"La Florida\". Within three decades of Ponce de Le\u00f3n's landing, the Spanish became the first Europeans to reach the Appalachian Mountains, the Mississippi River, the Grand Canyon and the Great Plains. Spanish ships sailed along the East Coast, penetrating to present-day Bangor, Maine, and up the Pacific Coast as far as Oregon. From 1528 to 1536, \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca and three fellows (including an African named Estevanico), from a Spanish expedition that foundered, journeyed","Document [5](Title: History of British Columbia) he did not make landfall or \"discover\" British Columbia. It was not until Captain James Cook's doomed third expedition that British Columbia was \"discovered\" when he anchored in Friendly Cove, modern-day Nootka Sound. In 1774, the Spanish navigator Juan Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rez Hern\u00e1ndez, a native of Mexico, sailed from San Blas, Nueva Galicia (modern-day Nayarit), with instructions to reach 60\u00b0 north latitude to discover possible Russian settlements and take possession of the lands for the Spanish Crown. Hern\u00e1ndez reached 55\u00b0 north latitude, becoming the first European to sight the Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island. He traded with the natives near","Document [6](Title: Maritime history of Colonial America) Americas. Spanish explorers also reached the present-day United States. The first confirmed landing in the continental US was by a Spaniard, Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n, who landed in 1513 at a lush shore he christened La Florida. The Spanish sent some settlers, creating the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565 and later Santa Fe, New Mexico, San Antonio, Tucson, San Diego, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Most Spanish settlements were along the California coast or the Sante Fe River in New Mexico. The first successful English colony was established in 1607,","Document [7](Title: San Juan Island) de G\u00fcemes Padilla Horcasitas y Aguayo, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo. One of the officers under Eliza's command, Gonzalo L\u00f3pez de Haro, was the first European to discover San Juan Island. During the Wilkes Expedition, American explorer Charles Wilkes renamed the island \"Rodgers Island\"; the Spanish name remained on British nautical charts and over time became the island's official name. The island saw seasonal use for salmon fishing. The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) established the first permanent, non-native settlement on the island on December 13, 1853, with the intention of creating a sheep farm. The island was also occupied by Native","Document [8](Title: James Colnett) the ocean and visit, trade, and make settlements anywhere not already occupied by a civilized nation. In 1789 a Spanish expedition under Esteb\u00e0n Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ednez set sail from San Blas in order to occupy Nootka Sound. Arriving on 5 May 1789, the Spanish quickly built a few buildings and a small fort with the Spanish flag clearly displayed. Martinez formally occupied the land and began checking the papers of visiting vessels. Two American fur trading ships were already anchored in the sound, one of which was the \"Columbia Rediviva\", and more arrived later, including the \"Lady Washington\", under Robert Gray.","Document [9](Title: Hispanophone) States. Other Spanish explorers of the United States make up a long list that includes, among others, Lucas V\u00e1squez de Ayll\u00f3n, P\u00e1nfilo de Narv\u00e1ez, Sebasti\u00e1n Vizca\u00edno, Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0, Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s, \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca, Trist\u00e1n de Luna y Arellano, and Juan de O\u00f1ate. In all, Spaniards probed half of today's lower 48 states before the first English colonization attempt at Roanoke Island in 1585. The Spanish created the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. Santa Fe, New Mexico also predates Jamestown, Virginia (founded in","Document [10](Title: History of the west coast of North America) exploratory expeditions along the coast as far north as Alaska. In 1774 Juan Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rez Hern\u00e1ndez was commissioned to explore the coast up to 60\u00b0 N, but only made it as far as 55\u00b030\u00b4 N. Off Langara Island in Haida Gwaii he made contact with the Haida, and on the homeward journey, the Nuu-chah-nulth. In 1775, a two-ship exploration expedition led by Spanish Captain Don Bruno de Heceta landed on the coast of today's Washington\u2014the first European to have sailed this far north along the coast. The expedition re-asserted Spanish claims to all the coastal lands, including to the Russian"],"query":"who made the first spanish landing on the mainland of north america?","answers":["1535","Christopher Columbus"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States) de O\u00f1ate. In all, Spaniards probed half of today's lower 48 states before the first English colonization attempt (Roanoke Island, 1585). The Spanish didn't just explore, they settled, creating the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at St. Augustine, Florida in 1565. Santa Fe, New Mexico also predates Jamestown, Virginia (of Pocahontas fame, founded in 1607) and Plymouth Colony (of \"Mayflower\", Pilgrims and Thanksgiving fame). In 1566 Pedro Menendez established Fort San Felipe on Santa Elena- which is present day Parris Island near Beaufort South Carolina. The fort was part of the Spanish King\u2019s ongoing effort to","Document [2](Title: Pacific Northwest) and including Juan Per\u00e9z and Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra as officers. On July 14, 1775, they landed on the Olympic Peninsula near the mouth of the Quinault River. On August 17, 1775, Heceta, returning south, sighted the mouth of the Columbia River and named it \"Bahia de la Asunci\u00f3n\". While Heceta sailed south, Quadra continued north in the expedition's second ship, \"Sonora\", reaching Alaska, at 59\u00b0 N. In 1778 English mariner Captain James Cook visited Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island and also voyaged as far as Prince William Sound. In 1779, a third Spanish expedition, under the","Document [3](Title: Hispanic and Latino Americans) confirmed European landing in the continental United States was by Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n, who landed in 1513 at a lush shore he christened \"La Florida\". Within three decades of Ponce de Le\u00f3n's landing, the Spanish became the first Europeans to reach the Appalachian Mountains, the Mississippi River, the Grand Canyon and the Great Plains. Spanish ships sailed along the East Coast, penetrating to present-day Bangor, Maine, and up the Pacific Coast as far as Oregon. From 1528 to 1536, \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca and three fellows (including an African named Estevanico), from a Spanish expedition that foundered, journeyed","Document [4](Title: History of British Columbia) he did not make landfall or \"discover\" British Columbia. It was not until Captain James Cook's doomed third expedition that British Columbia was \"discovered\" when he anchored in Friendly Cove, modern-day Nootka Sound. In 1774, the Spanish navigator Juan Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rez Hern\u00e1ndez, a native of Mexico, sailed from San Blas, Nueva Galicia (modern-day Nayarit), with instructions to reach 60\u00b0 north latitude to discover possible Russian settlements and take possession of the lands for the Spanish Crown. Hern\u00e1ndez reached 55\u00b0 north latitude, becoming the first European to sight the Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island. He traded with the natives near","Document [5](Title: Spanish colonization of the Americas) Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and continuing control of vast territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America (including present day Mexico, Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States). It is estimated that during the colonial period (1492\u20131832), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era (1850\u20131950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century, and most during","Document [6](Title: Maritime history of Colonial America) Americas. Spanish explorers also reached the present-day United States. The first confirmed landing in the continental US was by a Spaniard, Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n, who landed in 1513 at a lush shore he christened La Florida. The Spanish sent some settlers, creating the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565 and later Santa Fe, New Mexico, San Antonio, Tucson, San Diego, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Most Spanish settlements were along the California coast or the Sante Fe River in New Mexico. The first successful English colony was established in 1607,","Document [7](Title: San Juan Island) de G\u00fcemes Padilla Horcasitas y Aguayo, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo. One of the officers under Eliza's command, Gonzalo L\u00f3pez de Haro, was the first European to discover San Juan Island. During the Wilkes Expedition, American explorer Charles Wilkes renamed the island \"Rodgers Island\"; the Spanish name remained on British nautical charts and over time became the island's official name. The island saw seasonal use for salmon fishing. The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) established the first permanent, non-native settlement on the island on December 13, 1853, with the intention of creating a sheep farm. The island was also occupied by Native","Document [8](Title: James Colnett) the ocean and visit, trade, and make settlements anywhere not already occupied by a civilized nation. In 1789 a Spanish expedition under Esteb\u00e0n Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ednez set sail from San Blas in order to occupy Nootka Sound. Arriving on 5 May 1789, the Spanish quickly built a few buildings and a small fort with the Spanish flag clearly displayed. Martinez formally occupied the land and began checking the papers of visiting vessels. Two American fur trading ships were already anchored in the sound, one of which was the \"Columbia Rediviva\", and more arrived later, including the \"Lady Washington\", under Robert Gray.","Document [9](Title: Hispanophone) States. Other Spanish explorers of the United States make up a long list that includes, among others, Lucas V\u00e1squez de Ayll\u00f3n, P\u00e1nfilo de Narv\u00e1ez, Sebasti\u00e1n Vizca\u00edno, Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0, Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s, \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca, Trist\u00e1n de Luna y Arellano, and Juan de O\u00f1ate. In all, Spaniards probed half of today's lower 48 states before the first English colonization attempt at Roanoke Island in 1585. The Spanish created the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. Santa Fe, New Mexico also predates Jamestown, Virginia (founded in","Document [10](Title: History of the west coast of North America) exploratory expeditions along the coast as far north as Alaska. In 1774 Juan Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rez Hern\u00e1ndez was commissioned to explore the coast up to 60\u00b0 N, but only made it as far as 55\u00b030\u00b4 N. Off Langara Island in Haida Gwaii he made contact with the Haida, and on the homeward journey, the Nuu-chah-nulth. In 1775, a two-ship exploration expedition led by Spanish Captain Don Bruno de Heceta landed on the coast of today's Washington\u2014the first European to have sailed this far north along the coast. The expedition re-asserted Spanish claims to all the coastal lands, including to the Russian"],"query":"who made the first spanish landing on the mainland of north america?","answers":["1535","Christopher Columbus"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States) de O\u00f1ate. In all, Spaniards probed half of today's lower 48 states before the first English colonization attempt (Roanoke Island, 1585). The Spanish didn't just explore, they settled, creating the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at St. Augustine, Florida in 1565. Santa Fe, New Mexico also predates Jamestown, Virginia (of Pocahontas fame, founded in 1607) and Plymouth Colony (of \"Mayflower\", Pilgrims and Thanksgiving fame). In 1566 Pedro Menendez established Fort San Felipe on Santa Elena- which is present day Parris Island near Beaufort South Carolina. The fort was part of the Spanish King\u2019s ongoing effort to","Document [2](Title: Pacific Northwest) and including Juan Per\u00e9z and Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra as officers. On July 14, 1775, they landed on the Olympic Peninsula near the mouth of the Quinault River. On August 17, 1775, Heceta, returning south, sighted the mouth of the Columbia River and named it \"Bahia de la Asunci\u00f3n\". While Heceta sailed south, Quadra continued north in the expedition's second ship, \"Sonora\", reaching Alaska, at 59\u00b0 N. In 1778 English mariner Captain James Cook visited Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island and also voyaged as far as Prince William Sound. In 1779, a third Spanish expedition, under the","Document [3](Title: Hispanic and Latino Americans) confirmed European landing in the continental United States was by Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n, who landed in 1513 at a lush shore he christened \"La Florida\". Within three decades of Ponce de Le\u00f3n's landing, the Spanish became the first Europeans to reach the Appalachian Mountains, the Mississippi River, the Grand Canyon and the Great Plains. Spanish ships sailed along the East Coast, penetrating to present-day Bangor, Maine, and up the Pacific Coast as far as Oregon. From 1528 to 1536, \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca and three fellows (including an African named Estevanico), from a Spanish expedition that foundered, journeyed","Document [4](Title: History of British Columbia) he did not make landfall or \"discover\" British Columbia. It was not until Captain James Cook's doomed third expedition that British Columbia was \"discovered\" when he anchored in Friendly Cove, modern-day Nootka Sound. In 1774, the Spanish navigator Juan Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rez Hern\u00e1ndez, a native of Mexico, sailed from San Blas, Nueva Galicia (modern-day Nayarit), with instructions to reach 60\u00b0 north latitude to discover possible Russian settlements and take possession of the lands for the Spanish Crown. Hern\u00e1ndez reached 55\u00b0 north latitude, becoming the first European to sight the Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island. He traded with the natives near","Document [5](Title: Maritime history of Colonial America) Americas. Spanish explorers also reached the present-day United States. The first confirmed landing in the continental US was by a Spaniard, Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n, who landed in 1513 at a lush shore he christened La Florida. The Spanish sent some settlers, creating the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565 and later Santa Fe, New Mexico, San Antonio, Tucson, San Diego, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Most Spanish settlements were along the California coast or the Sante Fe River in New Mexico. The first successful English colony was established in 1607,","Document [6](Title: San Juan Island) de G\u00fcemes Padilla Horcasitas y Aguayo, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo. One of the officers under Eliza's command, Gonzalo L\u00f3pez de Haro, was the first European to discover San Juan Island. During the Wilkes Expedition, American explorer Charles Wilkes renamed the island \"Rodgers Island\"; the Spanish name remained on British nautical charts and over time became the island's official name. The island saw seasonal use for salmon fishing. The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) established the first permanent, non-native settlement on the island on December 13, 1853, with the intention of creating a sheep farm. The island was also occupied by Native","Document [7](Title: James Colnett) the ocean and visit, trade, and make settlements anywhere not already occupied by a civilized nation. In 1789 a Spanish expedition under Esteb\u00e0n Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ednez set sail from San Blas in order to occupy Nootka Sound. Arriving on 5 May 1789, the Spanish quickly built a few buildings and a small fort with the Spanish flag clearly displayed. Martinez formally occupied the land and began checking the papers of visiting vessels. Two American fur trading ships were already anchored in the sound, one of which was the \"Columbia Rediviva\", and more arrived later, including the \"Lady Washington\", under Robert Gray.","Document [8](Title: Hispanophone) States. Other Spanish explorers of the United States make up a long list that includes, among others, Lucas V\u00e1squez de Ayll\u00f3n, P\u00e1nfilo de Narv\u00e1ez, Sebasti\u00e1n Vizca\u00edno, Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0, Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s, \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca, Trist\u00e1n de Luna y Arellano, and Juan de O\u00f1ate. In all, Spaniards probed half of today's lower 48 states before the first English colonization attempt at Roanoke Island in 1585. The Spanish created the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. Santa Fe, New Mexico also predates Jamestown, Virginia (founded in","Document [9](Title: History of the west coast of North America) exploratory expeditions along the coast as far north as Alaska. In 1774 Juan Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rez Hern\u00e1ndez was commissioned to explore the coast up to 60\u00b0 N, but only made it as far as 55\u00b030\u00b4 N. Off Langara Island in Haida Gwaii he made contact with the Haida, and on the homeward journey, the Nuu-chah-nulth. In 1775, a two-ship exploration expedition led by Spanish Captain Don Bruno de Heceta landed on the coast of today's Washington\u2014the first European to have sailed this far north along the coast. The expedition re-asserted Spanish claims to all the coastal lands, including to the Russian","Document [10](Title: Spanish colonization of the Americas) Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and continuing control of vast territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America (including present day Mexico, Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States). It is estimated that during the colonial period (1492\u20131832), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era (1850\u20131950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century, and most during"],"query":"who made the first spanish landing on the mainland of north america?","answers":["1535","Christopher Columbus"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film)) The film was produced by Allspark Pictures and DHX Media, using traditional animation created with Toon Boom Harmony. It premiered in New York City on September 24, 2017, and was released on October 6, 2017 in the United States and Canada through Lionsgate. The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $52 million worldwide.","Document [2](Title: ML (film)) period to tell the tale. ML (film) ML is a 2018 Philippine independent film written and directed by Benedict Mique Jr., starring Eddie Garcia as a retired METROCOM Colonel suffering from dementia, leading him to believe that he is still living in the days of the Marcos dictatorship. He mistakes a visiting student, played by Tony Labrusca as an activist resisting Marcos' Martial Law administration, and captures and torture the student, just as he did to activists back in the 1970s. The film was released on August 3, 2018 at the 14th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival. Along with Kip Oebanda's","Document [3](Title: ML (film)) ML (film) ML is a 2018 Philippine independent film written and directed by Benedict Mique Jr., starring Eddie Garcia as a retired METROCOM Colonel suffering from dementia, leading him to believe that he is still living in the days of the Marcos dictatorship. He mistakes a visiting student, played by Tony Labrusca as an activist resisting Marcos' Martial Law administration, and captures and torture the student, just as he did to activists back in the 1970s. The film was released on August 3, 2018 at the 14th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival. Along with Kip Oebanda's \"Liway\", it is one of","Document [4](Title: How High) on to something other than the sequel. The sequel has been greenlit by MTV and Universal 1440 Entertainment as of June 25, 2018. It is set to be a non-theatrical release. The film will take place in Atlanta. Production has started as of September 25, 2018. The film is starring Lil' Yachty. It will be released on DVD, Blu-ray and Digital HD in 2019. Redman has confirmed that him and Method Man are not reprising their roles in the sequel because \"the business wasn't right\". How High How High is a 2001 stoner film starring Method Man and Redman, written","Document [5](Title: RoboCop (2014 film)) explore the concept is different.\" It was announced in October 2013 that the film would get an IMAX release in February 2014. Columbia Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer distributed the film in United States, Canada, and worldwide with the exclusion of United Kingdom, France, Germany, Switzerland and Austria, where StudioCanal handled distribution. On April 12, 2011, rumors stated that MGM was looking at A-list stars such as Tom Cruise, Johnny Depp, and Keanu Reeves to star in the lead role of Alex Murphy\/RoboCop in the upcoming remake. On June 16, 2011, pictures of promotional art were released, as well as a sales","Document [6](Title: RoboCop (2014 film)) film, respectively, for a tentative 2010 release. The film was delayed numerous times, and Padilha signed on in 2011. In March 2012, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (successor company to Orion Pictures until September 11, 2014, the studio that released the original film) announced an August 2013 release, but that was then changed to February 2014. The principal characters were cast from March to July 2012. Principal photography began in September 2012 in Toronto and Vancouver in Canada, with additional locations in Hamilton, in Canada, and Detroit in the United States. The film was released in the United States on February 12, 2014. \"RoboCop\"","Document [7](Title: Libertarian Party of New York) a State Representative to the LPNY. The most recent chapter to have chosen an election versus the Chair serving as Representative is the Libertarian Party of Queens County in March 2017. The Manhattan Libertarian Party (MLP) is a chapter of the Libertarian Party of New York established in 2000. The Manhattan LP was the host chapter of the 2012 Libertarian Party of New York convention, held January 21, 2012. The convention was attended by several candidates seeking the national Libertarian Party's presidential nomination, including former New Mexico governor Gary Johnson and New York attorney Carl E. Person. Sam Sloan and","Document [8](Title: Ride Along (film)) released a full length trailer for the film. On the night of January 6, 2014, the film's first premiere was held at Atlantic Station in Atlanta. On January 13, the Los Angeles premiere was held at TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California. Following the two premieres, the film was released worldwide on January 17, 2014. The film's 3-day opening weekend gross was $41,516,170, at 2,663 US and Canadian theaters (an average $15,590 per theater gross), giving \"Ride Along\" the then-record for highest domestic opening weekend gross in the month of January, ahead of 2008's \"Cloverfield\". For the 4-day record-breaking MLK","Document [9](Title: Spawn (upcoming film)) character, titled \"Spawn\", scheduled for release in 2008. During an interview on the \"Scott Ferrall\" show on Sirius radio, McFarlane said: \"It's coming out no matter what. Even if I have to produce, direct and finance it myself, it's going to come out.\" McFarlane announced on August 23, 2009 that he had begun writing the screenplay for a new movie based on the character, saying that \"The story has been in my head for 7 or 8 years\", that \"The movie idea is neither a recap or continuation. It is a standalone story that will be R-rated. Creepy and scary\",","Document [10](Title: Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 2) has unreleased music from him. In February 2018, Smokeasac tweeted a confirmation that the album is coming, but would be released when the \"time is right\". The release date was later confirmed to be November 9, 2018. On October 17, 2018, Lil Peep's estate confirmed on his social media that the lead single off the album,\"Cry Alone\", would be released on October 18, 2018. The day of the single release, the estate confirmed a release date for the album of November 9, 2018. A \"Cry Alone\" video shot in May 2017 in San Francisco by Max Beck was released the"],"query":"when does the new mlp movie come out?","answers":["September 24, 2017","October\u00a06,\u00a02017","October 6, 2017"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: ML (film)) period to tell the tale. ML (film) ML is a 2018 Philippine independent film written and directed by Benedict Mique Jr., starring Eddie Garcia as a retired METROCOM Colonel suffering from dementia, leading him to believe that he is still living in the days of the Marcos dictatorship. He mistakes a visiting student, played by Tony Labrusca as an activist resisting Marcos' Martial Law administration, and captures and torture the student, just as he did to activists back in the 1970s. The film was released on August 3, 2018 at the 14th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival. Along with Kip Oebanda's","Document [2](Title: ML (film)) ML (film) ML is a 2018 Philippine independent film written and directed by Benedict Mique Jr., starring Eddie Garcia as a retired METROCOM Colonel suffering from dementia, leading him to believe that he is still living in the days of the Marcos dictatorship. He mistakes a visiting student, played by Tony Labrusca as an activist resisting Marcos' Martial Law administration, and captures and torture the student, just as he did to activists back in the 1970s. The film was released on August 3, 2018 at the 14th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival. Along with Kip Oebanda's \"Liway\", it is one of","Document [3](Title: How High) on to something other than the sequel. The sequel has been greenlit by MTV and Universal 1440 Entertainment as of June 25, 2018. It is set to be a non-theatrical release. The film will take place in Atlanta. Production has started as of September 25, 2018. The film is starring Lil' Yachty. It will be released on DVD, Blu-ray and Digital HD in 2019. Redman has confirmed that him and Method Man are not reprising their roles in the sequel because \"the business wasn't right\". How High How High is a 2001 stoner film starring Method Man and Redman, written","Document [4](Title: RoboCop (2014 film)) explore the concept is different.\" It was announced in October 2013 that the film would get an IMAX release in February 2014. Columbia Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer distributed the film in United States, Canada, and worldwide with the exclusion of United Kingdom, France, Germany, Switzerland and Austria, where StudioCanal handled distribution. On April 12, 2011, rumors stated that MGM was looking at A-list stars such as Tom Cruise, Johnny Depp, and Keanu Reeves to star in the lead role of Alex Murphy\/RoboCop in the upcoming remake. On June 16, 2011, pictures of promotional art were released, as well as a sales","Document [5](Title: My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film)) The film was produced by Allspark Pictures and DHX Media, using traditional animation created with Toon Boom Harmony. It premiered in New York City on September 24, 2017, and was released on October 6, 2017 in the United States and Canada through Lionsgate. The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $52 million worldwide.","Document [6](Title: RoboCop (2014 film)) film, respectively, for a tentative 2010 release. The film was delayed numerous times, and Padilha signed on in 2011. In March 2012, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (successor company to Orion Pictures until September 11, 2014, the studio that released the original film) announced an August 2013 release, but that was then changed to February 2014. The principal characters were cast from March to July 2012. Principal photography began in September 2012 in Toronto and Vancouver in Canada, with additional locations in Hamilton, in Canada, and Detroit in the United States. The film was released in the United States on February 12, 2014. \"RoboCop\"","Document [7](Title: Libertarian Party of New York) a State Representative to the LPNY. The most recent chapter to have chosen an election versus the Chair serving as Representative is the Libertarian Party of Queens County in March 2017. The Manhattan Libertarian Party (MLP) is a chapter of the Libertarian Party of New York established in 2000. The Manhattan LP was the host chapter of the 2012 Libertarian Party of New York convention, held January 21, 2012. The convention was attended by several candidates seeking the national Libertarian Party's presidential nomination, including former New Mexico governor Gary Johnson and New York attorney Carl E. Person. Sam Sloan and","Document [8](Title: Ride Along (film)) released a full length trailer for the film. On the night of January 6, 2014, the film's first premiere was held at Atlantic Station in Atlanta. On January 13, the Los Angeles premiere was held at TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California. Following the two premieres, the film was released worldwide on January 17, 2014. The film's 3-day opening weekend gross was $41,516,170, at 2,663 US and Canadian theaters (an average $15,590 per theater gross), giving \"Ride Along\" the then-record for highest domestic opening weekend gross in the month of January, ahead of 2008's \"Cloverfield\". For the 4-day record-breaking MLK","Document [9](Title: Spawn (upcoming film)) character, titled \"Spawn\", scheduled for release in 2008. During an interview on the \"Scott Ferrall\" show on Sirius radio, McFarlane said: \"It's coming out no matter what. Even if I have to produce, direct and finance it myself, it's going to come out.\" McFarlane announced on August 23, 2009 that he had begun writing the screenplay for a new movie based on the character, saying that \"The story has been in my head for 7 or 8 years\", that \"The movie idea is neither a recap or continuation. It is a standalone story that will be R-rated. Creepy and scary\",","Document [10](Title: Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 2) has unreleased music from him. In February 2018, Smokeasac tweeted a confirmation that the album is coming, but would be released when the \"time is right\". The release date was later confirmed to be November 9, 2018. On October 17, 2018, Lil Peep's estate confirmed on his social media that the lead single off the album,\"Cry Alone\", would be released on October 18, 2018. The day of the single release, the estate confirmed a release date for the album of November 9, 2018. A \"Cry Alone\" video shot in May 2017 in San Francisco by Max Beck was released the"],"query":"when does the new mlp movie come out?","answers":["September 24, 2017","October\u00a06,\u00a02017","October 6, 2017"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: ML (film)) period to tell the tale. ML (film) ML is a 2018 Philippine independent film written and directed by Benedict Mique Jr., starring Eddie Garcia as a retired METROCOM Colonel suffering from dementia, leading him to believe that he is still living in the days of the Marcos dictatorship. He mistakes a visiting student, played by Tony Labrusca as an activist resisting Marcos' Martial Law administration, and captures and torture the student, just as he did to activists back in the 1970s. The film was released on August 3, 2018 at the 14th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival. Along with Kip Oebanda's","Document [2](Title: ML (film)) ML (film) ML is a 2018 Philippine independent film written and directed by Benedict Mique Jr., starring Eddie Garcia as a retired METROCOM Colonel suffering from dementia, leading him to believe that he is still living in the days of the Marcos dictatorship. He mistakes a visiting student, played by Tony Labrusca as an activist resisting Marcos' Martial Law administration, and captures and torture the student, just as he did to activists back in the 1970s. The film was released on August 3, 2018 at the 14th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival. Along with Kip Oebanda's \"Liway\", it is one of","Document [3](Title: How High) on to something other than the sequel. The sequel has been greenlit by MTV and Universal 1440 Entertainment as of June 25, 2018. It is set to be a non-theatrical release. The film will take place in Atlanta. Production has started as of September 25, 2018. The film is starring Lil' Yachty. It will be released on DVD, Blu-ray and Digital HD in 2019. Redman has confirmed that him and Method Man are not reprising their roles in the sequel because \"the business wasn't right\". How High How High is a 2001 stoner film starring Method Man and Redman, written","Document [4](Title: RoboCop (2014 film)) explore the concept is different.\" It was announced in October 2013 that the film would get an IMAX release in February 2014. Columbia Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer distributed the film in United States, Canada, and worldwide with the exclusion of United Kingdom, France, Germany, Switzerland and Austria, where StudioCanal handled distribution. On April 12, 2011, rumors stated that MGM was looking at A-list stars such as Tom Cruise, Johnny Depp, and Keanu Reeves to star in the lead role of Alex Murphy\/RoboCop in the upcoming remake. On June 16, 2011, pictures of promotional art were released, as well as a sales","Document [5](Title: RoboCop (2014 film)) film, respectively, for a tentative 2010 release. The film was delayed numerous times, and Padilha signed on in 2011. In March 2012, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (successor company to Orion Pictures until September 11, 2014, the studio that released the original film) announced an August 2013 release, but that was then changed to February 2014. The principal characters were cast from March to July 2012. Principal photography began in September 2012 in Toronto and Vancouver in Canada, with additional locations in Hamilton, in Canada, and Detroit in the United States. The film was released in the United States on February 12, 2014. \"RoboCop\"","Document [6](Title: Libertarian Party of New York) a State Representative to the LPNY. The most recent chapter to have chosen an election versus the Chair serving as Representative is the Libertarian Party of Queens County in March 2017. The Manhattan Libertarian Party (MLP) is a chapter of the Libertarian Party of New York established in 2000. The Manhattan LP was the host chapter of the 2012 Libertarian Party of New York convention, held January 21, 2012. The convention was attended by several candidates seeking the national Libertarian Party's presidential nomination, including former New Mexico governor Gary Johnson and New York attorney Carl E. Person. Sam Sloan and","Document [7](Title: Ride Along (film)) released a full length trailer for the film. On the night of January 6, 2014, the film's first premiere was held at Atlantic Station in Atlanta. On January 13, the Los Angeles premiere was held at TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California. Following the two premieres, the film was released worldwide on January 17, 2014. The film's 3-day opening weekend gross was $41,516,170, at 2,663 US and Canadian theaters (an average $15,590 per theater gross), giving \"Ride Along\" the then-record for highest domestic opening weekend gross in the month of January, ahead of 2008's \"Cloverfield\". For the 4-day record-breaking MLK","Document [8](Title: Spawn (upcoming film)) character, titled \"Spawn\", scheduled for release in 2008. During an interview on the \"Scott Ferrall\" show on Sirius radio, McFarlane said: \"It's coming out no matter what. Even if I have to produce, direct and finance it myself, it's going to come out.\" McFarlane announced on August 23, 2009 that he had begun writing the screenplay for a new movie based on the character, saying that \"The story has been in my head for 7 or 8 years\", that \"The movie idea is neither a recap or continuation. It is a standalone story that will be R-rated. Creepy and scary\",","Document [9](Title: Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 2) has unreleased music from him. In February 2018, Smokeasac tweeted a confirmation that the album is coming, but would be released when the \"time is right\". The release date was later confirmed to be November 9, 2018. On October 17, 2018, Lil Peep's estate confirmed on his social media that the lead single off the album,\"Cry Alone\", would be released on October 18, 2018. The day of the single release, the estate confirmed a release date for the album of November 9, 2018. A \"Cry Alone\" video shot in May 2017 in San Francisco by Max Beck was released the","Document [10](Title: My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film)) The film was produced by Allspark Pictures and DHX Media, using traditional animation created with Toon Boom Harmony. It premiered in New York City on September 24, 2017, and was released on October 6, 2017 in the United States and Canada through Lionsgate. The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $52 million worldwide."],"query":"when does the new mlp movie come out?","answers":["September 24, 2017","October\u00a06,\u00a02017","October 6, 2017"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: American Revolution) Tensions erupted into battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when the king's army attempted to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. The conflict then developed into a global war, during which the Patriots (and later their French, Spanish, and Dutch allies) fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383). Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress that assumed power from the old colonial governments and suppressed Loyalism, and from there they built a Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington. ","Document [2](Title: Codorus State Park) employed as a deputy surveyor by the Penn Family. Stevenson organized wagons and supplies for the Forbes Campaign during the French and Indian War. When the British occupied Philadelphia and York became the capital of the Colonies, George Washington called on Stevenson to take charge of the supply lines. George Ross was a lawyer from Lancaster. During the American Revolutionary War, he served in the Provincial Assembly, the Provincial Conference and the Continental Congress. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He also introduced George Washington to the widow of his nephew, the flagmaker Betsy Ross. William Thompson emigrated from Ireland.","Document [3](Title: Henry Ludington) Ridgefield in April 1777, of the American Revolutionary War. The volunteers were mostly from the towns of Kent and Carmel of that county (later Putman County). Ludington was affiliated with George Washington as an aide-de-camp. He worked with Washington and helped establish the initial \"secret service\" in America. Washington, in his campaign for American independence, conceived the idea of gathering patriots in a secret service of espionage to gather information on British troops and their activities so he could gain an advantage in his military movements. He sent a letter on February 4, 1777, to the military commander Nathaniel Sackett","Document [4](Title: James Lovell (Continental Congress)) struggle for influence and command in the Continental Army. Lovell became a supporter of Horatio Gates in his lobbying quest for command. He encouraged Gates in reporting directly to Congress, in effect going over Washington's head. This reached its peak when Gates was given command of the Northern Department, replacing Philip Schuyler in the summer of 1777. The controversy also extended into his family along political lines as he was a fervent Whig as opposed to his father who was a Loyalist. Lovell was also a frequent correspondent with both John and Abigail Adams. In his correspondence to Abigail, he","Document [5](Title: Lipscomb Norvell) where he had received considerable lands as a bounty for his war service. At the time of his death, he lived with his family in Nashville, Tennessee. He is believed to be the first Revolutionary War officer buried in the Nashville City Cemetery. One of his sons was U.S. Senator John Norvell of Michigan and his grandson, William Walker, the son of Mary Norvell Walker, was the filibuster in Nicaragua. Lipscomb Norvell Lipscomb Norvell (September 1756 \u2013 March 2, 1843) was an American military officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Norvell was the son of John","Document [6](Title: Jeremiah Wadsworth) up as much pork as he could (both to furnish the American army and to keep it out of the hands and stomachs of the British forces). Having served effectively in these assignments in Connecticut, Congress elected him Deputy Commissary General of Purchases on June 17, 1777, but he resigned in August. When Congress reorganized the supply system, he became Commissary General in April 1778, resigning in December 1779. Reaching the rank of colonel, he became commissary for Comte de Rochambeau's army until the war's end. In the summer of 1783, he went to Paris to report to the French","Document [7](Title: Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War) specially designated officers to assist him in conducting intelligence operations. The first to assume this role appears to have been Joseph Reed, who fulfilled the duties of \"Secretary, Adjutant General and Quarter Master, besides doing a thousand other little Things which fell incidentally.\" A later successor to Reed was Alexander Hamilton, who is known to have been deeply involved with the Commander-in-Chief's intelligence operations, including developing reports received in secret writing and investigating a suspected double agent. When Elias Boudinot was appointed Commissary General of Prisoners, responsible for screening captured soldiers and for dealing with the British concerning American patriots","Document [8](Title: Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau) appointed commander of land forces as part of the project code named Exp\u00e9dition Particuli\u00e8re. He was given the rank of Lieutenant General in command of some 7,000 French troops and sent to join the Continental Army under George Washington during the American Revolutionary War. Axel von Fersen the Younger served as his aide-de-camp and interpreter. The small size of the force at his disposal made him initially reluctant to lead the expedition. He landed at Newport, Rhode Island on July 10 but was held there inactive for a year due to his reluctance to abandon the French fleet blockaded by","Document [9](Title: James Randolph Reid) James Randolph Reid James Randolph Reid (August 11, 1750 \u2013 January 25, 1789) was an American soldier in the Revolutionary War. He later served as a delegate for Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress from 1787 until 1789. Reid was born in Hamilton Township in what was then York County, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton) in 1775 and joined the Continental Army as a lieutenant. He rose to the rank of major, and was 2nd in command of Congress' Own Regiment. After the war, Reid was one of the veterans who received a patent or","Document [10](Title: Ward Circle) Leonard Crunelle at a cost of $50,000, the statue was unveiled on November 3, 1938 by Maj. Gen. Ward's great-great-great-granddaughter, Mrs. Lewis Wesley Feick. It shows Ward, the first Commander-in-Chief in the Revolutionary War, atop a granite pedestal in a Continental Army uniform. The pedestal of the statue bears the inscription: ARTEMAS WARD<br> 1727\u20131800<br> SON OF MASSACHUSETTS<br> GRADUATE OF HARVARD COLLEGE<br> JUDGE AND LEGISLATOR<br> DELEGATE 1780\u20131781 TO THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS<br> SOLDIER OF THREE WARS<br> FIRST COMMANDER OF THE PATRIOT FORCES Located on the west of the circle, the home of American University's School of Public Affairs was named for and"],"query":"who was in charge of the revolutionary war?","answers":["General George Washington","the king"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Codorus State Park) employed as a deputy surveyor by the Penn Family. Stevenson organized wagons and supplies for the Forbes Campaign during the French and Indian War. When the British occupied Philadelphia and York became the capital of the Colonies, George Washington called on Stevenson to take charge of the supply lines. George Ross was a lawyer from Lancaster. During the American Revolutionary War, he served in the Provincial Assembly, the Provincial Conference and the Continental Congress. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He also introduced George Washington to the widow of his nephew, the flagmaker Betsy Ross. William Thompson emigrated from Ireland.","Document [2](Title: Henry Ludington) Ridgefield in April 1777, of the American Revolutionary War. The volunteers were mostly from the towns of Kent and Carmel of that county (later Putman County). Ludington was affiliated with George Washington as an aide-de-camp. He worked with Washington and helped establish the initial \"secret service\" in America. Washington, in his campaign for American independence, conceived the idea of gathering patriots in a secret service of espionage to gather information on British troops and their activities so he could gain an advantage in his military movements. He sent a letter on February 4, 1777, to the military commander Nathaniel Sackett","Document [3](Title: James Lovell (Continental Congress)) struggle for influence and command in the Continental Army. Lovell became a supporter of Horatio Gates in his lobbying quest for command. He encouraged Gates in reporting directly to Congress, in effect going over Washington's head. This reached its peak when Gates was given command of the Northern Department, replacing Philip Schuyler in the summer of 1777. The controversy also extended into his family along political lines as he was a fervent Whig as opposed to his father who was a Loyalist. Lovell was also a frequent correspondent with both John and Abigail Adams. In his correspondence to Abigail, he","Document [4](Title: Lipscomb Norvell) where he had received considerable lands as a bounty for his war service. At the time of his death, he lived with his family in Nashville, Tennessee. He is believed to be the first Revolutionary War officer buried in the Nashville City Cemetery. One of his sons was U.S. Senator John Norvell of Michigan and his grandson, William Walker, the son of Mary Norvell Walker, was the filibuster in Nicaragua. Lipscomb Norvell Lipscomb Norvell (September 1756 \u2013 March 2, 1843) was an American military officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Norvell was the son of John","Document [5](Title: American Revolution) Tensions erupted into battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when the king's army attempted to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. The conflict then developed into a global war, during which the Patriots (and later their French, Spanish, and Dutch allies) fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383). Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress that assumed power from the old colonial governments and suppressed Loyalism, and from there they built a Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington. ","Document [6](Title: Jeremiah Wadsworth) up as much pork as he could (both to furnish the American army and to keep it out of the hands and stomachs of the British forces). Having served effectively in these assignments in Connecticut, Congress elected him Deputy Commissary General of Purchases on June 17, 1777, but he resigned in August. When Congress reorganized the supply system, he became Commissary General in April 1778, resigning in December 1779. Reaching the rank of colonel, he became commissary for Comte de Rochambeau's army until the war's end. In the summer of 1783, he went to Paris to report to the French","Document [7](Title: Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War) specially designated officers to assist him in conducting intelligence operations. The first to assume this role appears to have been Joseph Reed, who fulfilled the duties of \"Secretary, Adjutant General and Quarter Master, besides doing a thousand other little Things which fell incidentally.\" A later successor to Reed was Alexander Hamilton, who is known to have been deeply involved with the Commander-in-Chief's intelligence operations, including developing reports received in secret writing and investigating a suspected double agent. When Elias Boudinot was appointed Commissary General of Prisoners, responsible for screening captured soldiers and for dealing with the British concerning American patriots","Document [8](Title: Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau) appointed commander of land forces as part of the project code named Exp\u00e9dition Particuli\u00e8re. He was given the rank of Lieutenant General in command of some 7,000 French troops and sent to join the Continental Army under George Washington during the American Revolutionary War. Axel von Fersen the Younger served as his aide-de-camp and interpreter. The small size of the force at his disposal made him initially reluctant to lead the expedition. He landed at Newport, Rhode Island on July 10 but was held there inactive for a year due to his reluctance to abandon the French fleet blockaded by","Document [9](Title: James Randolph Reid) James Randolph Reid James Randolph Reid (August 11, 1750 \u2013 January 25, 1789) was an American soldier in the Revolutionary War. He later served as a delegate for Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress from 1787 until 1789. Reid was born in Hamilton Township in what was then York County, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton) in 1775 and joined the Continental Army as a lieutenant. He rose to the rank of major, and was 2nd in command of Congress' Own Regiment. After the war, Reid was one of the veterans who received a patent or","Document [10](Title: Ward Circle) Leonard Crunelle at a cost of $50,000, the statue was unveiled on November 3, 1938 by Maj. Gen. Ward's great-great-great-granddaughter, Mrs. Lewis Wesley Feick. It shows Ward, the first Commander-in-Chief in the Revolutionary War, atop a granite pedestal in a Continental Army uniform. The pedestal of the statue bears the inscription: ARTEMAS WARD<br> 1727\u20131800<br> SON OF MASSACHUSETTS<br> GRADUATE OF HARVARD COLLEGE<br> JUDGE AND LEGISLATOR<br> DELEGATE 1780\u20131781 TO THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS<br> SOLDIER OF THREE WARS<br> FIRST COMMANDER OF THE PATRIOT FORCES Located on the west of the circle, the home of American University's School of Public Affairs was named for and"],"query":"who was in charge of the revolutionary war?","answers":["General George Washington","the king"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Codorus State Park) employed as a deputy surveyor by the Penn Family. Stevenson organized wagons and supplies for the Forbes Campaign during the French and Indian War. When the British occupied Philadelphia and York became the capital of the Colonies, George Washington called on Stevenson to take charge of the supply lines. George Ross was a lawyer from Lancaster. During the American Revolutionary War, he served in the Provincial Assembly, the Provincial Conference and the Continental Congress. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He also introduced George Washington to the widow of his nephew, the flagmaker Betsy Ross. William Thompson emigrated from Ireland.","Document [2](Title: Henry Ludington) Ridgefield in April 1777, of the American Revolutionary War. The volunteers were mostly from the towns of Kent and Carmel of that county (later Putman County). Ludington was affiliated with George Washington as an aide-de-camp. He worked with Washington and helped establish the initial \"secret service\" in America. Washington, in his campaign for American independence, conceived the idea of gathering patriots in a secret service of espionage to gather information on British troops and their activities so he could gain an advantage in his military movements. He sent a letter on February 4, 1777, to the military commander Nathaniel Sackett","Document [3](Title: James Lovell (Continental Congress)) struggle for influence and command in the Continental Army. Lovell became a supporter of Horatio Gates in his lobbying quest for command. He encouraged Gates in reporting directly to Congress, in effect going over Washington's head. This reached its peak when Gates was given command of the Northern Department, replacing Philip Schuyler in the summer of 1777. The controversy also extended into his family along political lines as he was a fervent Whig as opposed to his father who was a Loyalist. Lovell was also a frequent correspondent with both John and Abigail Adams. In his correspondence to Abigail, he","Document [4](Title: Lipscomb Norvell) where he had received considerable lands as a bounty for his war service. At the time of his death, he lived with his family in Nashville, Tennessee. He is believed to be the first Revolutionary War officer buried in the Nashville City Cemetery. One of his sons was U.S. Senator John Norvell of Michigan and his grandson, William Walker, the son of Mary Norvell Walker, was the filibuster in Nicaragua. Lipscomb Norvell Lipscomb Norvell (September 1756 \u2013 March 2, 1843) was an American military officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Norvell was the son of John","Document [5](Title: Jeremiah Wadsworth) up as much pork as he could (both to furnish the American army and to keep it out of the hands and stomachs of the British forces). Having served effectively in these assignments in Connecticut, Congress elected him Deputy Commissary General of Purchases on June 17, 1777, but he resigned in August. When Congress reorganized the supply system, he became Commissary General in April 1778, resigning in December 1779. Reaching the rank of colonel, he became commissary for Comte de Rochambeau's army until the war's end. In the summer of 1783, he went to Paris to report to the French","Document [6](Title: Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War) specially designated officers to assist him in conducting intelligence operations. The first to assume this role appears to have been Joseph Reed, who fulfilled the duties of \"Secretary, Adjutant General and Quarter Master, besides doing a thousand other little Things which fell incidentally.\" A later successor to Reed was Alexander Hamilton, who is known to have been deeply involved with the Commander-in-Chief's intelligence operations, including developing reports received in secret writing and investigating a suspected double agent. When Elias Boudinot was appointed Commissary General of Prisoners, responsible for screening captured soldiers and for dealing with the British concerning American patriots","Document [7](Title: Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau) appointed commander of land forces as part of the project code named Exp\u00e9dition Particuli\u00e8re. He was given the rank of Lieutenant General in command of some 7,000 French troops and sent to join the Continental Army under George Washington during the American Revolutionary War. Axel von Fersen the Younger served as his aide-de-camp and interpreter. The small size of the force at his disposal made him initially reluctant to lead the expedition. He landed at Newport, Rhode Island on July 10 but was held there inactive for a year due to his reluctance to abandon the French fleet blockaded by","Document [8](Title: James Randolph Reid) James Randolph Reid James Randolph Reid (August 11, 1750 \u2013 January 25, 1789) was an American soldier in the Revolutionary War. He later served as a delegate for Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress from 1787 until 1789. Reid was born in Hamilton Township in what was then York County, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton) in 1775 and joined the Continental Army as a lieutenant. He rose to the rank of major, and was 2nd in command of Congress' Own Regiment. After the war, Reid was one of the veterans who received a patent or","Document [9](Title: Ward Circle) Leonard Crunelle at a cost of $50,000, the statue was unveiled on November 3, 1938 by Maj. Gen. Ward's great-great-great-granddaughter, Mrs. Lewis Wesley Feick. It shows Ward, the first Commander-in-Chief in the Revolutionary War, atop a granite pedestal in a Continental Army uniform. The pedestal of the statue bears the inscription: ARTEMAS WARD<br> 1727\u20131800<br> SON OF MASSACHUSETTS<br> GRADUATE OF HARVARD COLLEGE<br> JUDGE AND LEGISLATOR<br> DELEGATE 1780\u20131781 TO THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS<br> SOLDIER OF THREE WARS<br> FIRST COMMANDER OF THE PATRIOT FORCES Located on the west of the circle, the home of American University's School of Public Affairs was named for and","Document [10](Title: American Revolution) Tensions erupted into battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when the king's army attempted to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. The conflict then developed into a global war, during which the Patriots (and later their French, Spanish, and Dutch allies) fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383). Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress that assumed power from the old colonial governments and suppressed Loyalism, and from there they built a Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington. "],"query":"who was in charge of the revolutionary war?","answers":["General George Washington","the king"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: God Gave Rock and Roll to You) \"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\" is a 1973 song by the British band Argent and covered by both Petra, in 1977 and 1984, and Kiss in 1991, both with modified lyrics.","Document [2](Title: God Gave Rock and Roll to You) a big hit for the band in many parts of the world, including making the Top Ten in the United Kingdom and Germany. It reached number 21 on \"Billboard'\"s Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in the US, as well as its video receiving heavy rotation on music television channels. The version released as a single and on the soundtrack to \"Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey\" differs slightly from that played in the film. In the film, a 40-second guitar solo is played by Steve Vai. It was later included on Steve Vai's album \"The Elusive Light and Sound, Vol. 1\"","Document [3](Title: Petra (band)) the second record, among them former e vocalist Greg X. Volz (that band's name being a lower-case abbreviation of \"Emmanuel\"). Volz took the lead vocals on two songs and backed up several others. Among Volz's songs was a cover of the Argent anthem \"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\", which Myrrh had hoped to release as a radio single to the secular market. The song was immediately controversial \u2013 and revolutionary. \"It was the boldest statement anyone in Christian music had made until that time,\" said Ambassador Artist Agency president Wes Yoder. \"This was a radical notion, especially in","Document [4](Title: Revenge (Kiss album)) on VH1 Classic, Simmons stated the importance of the song \"God Gave Rock 'N' Roll to You II\": \"It's not just a cover song for a soundtrack, but a testament to Eric Carr, and I think a lot of people don't realize that.\" The first single released from the album was \"God Gave Rock 'N' Roll to You II\", which was a big hit in the UK and Switzerland, reaching #4. It peaked at #21 on the US Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart and #18 on the Australian Singles Charts. \"Domino\" was the next single from the album, peaking at #26","Document [5](Title: Rock and Roll Heaven) Roll Heaven. Rock and Roll Heaven \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" is song written by Alan O'Day and Johnny Stevenson and popularized by The Righteous Brothers. It is a paean to several deceased singers such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Otis Redding, and has been rewritten a number of times to include other singers. The song was first recorded by the band Climax in 1973, but it failed to chart. It was then covered by The Righteous Brothers in 1974 and reached number three on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The Righteous Brothers recorded \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" a few","Document [6](Title: Rock and Roll Heaven) Rock and Roll Heaven \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" is song written by Alan O'Day and Johnny Stevenson and popularized by The Righteous Brothers. It is a paean to several deceased singers such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Otis Redding, and has been rewritten a number of times to include other singers. The song was first recorded by the band Climax in 1973, but it failed to chart. It was then covered by The Righteous Brothers in 1974 and reached number three on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The Righteous Brothers recorded \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" a few weeks after","Document [7](Title: Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)) Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life) \"Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)\" is a 1973 song written and originally performed by Australian singer Kevin Johnson, most famously covered by American singer Mac Davis. Johnson's version reached number four in Australia. The guitar solo in Johnson's version was played by Rory O'Donoghue. In Australia, the UK and Ireland, it was only Johnson's original version which charted. In Canada, Terry Jacks got it into the charts. No version of the song charted in New Zealand, even though the country's very","Document [8](Title: Petra (band)) the minds of the leaders of conservative churches.\" Other guest singers featured in the album were Steve Camp, Karen Morrison, and Austin Roberts. The recording process also was marked by disputes: the label refused Hartman's request to name the album \"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\" while a bluesy, crowd-favorite track written by Hartman about rejecting the pre-Christian self, \"Killing My Old Man\", was deemed too controversial and cut from the album (the song would later appear on the album \"Never Say Die\"). With a harder-edged sound reminiscent of Led Zeppelin and Deep Purple, \"Come and Join Us\" was","Document [9](Title: Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song)) sing-along chorus, rocking beat and carpe diem attitude.\" For Sam Lansky of \"Idolator\", the songwriting of the song handled by Dr. Luke protege Jacob Kasher, David Hodges from Evanescence and Peter Svensson from The Cardigans, \"is a funny marriage of execrable alt-rock pedigree and genius pop pedigree.\" Lansky also noted that the song has \"a 'stomp-stomp-clap' loop that shamelessly apes Queen's 'We Will Rock You', strategically placed gang vocals and a post-chorus 'Hey!' hook so catchy it\u2019s effectively burning holes in your brain.\" Lyrically, \"Rock n Roll\" is a \"boisterous\" declaration of rebellion on which the singer puts up her","Document [10](Title: Avril Lavigne (album)) before, and I even throw a little bit of Japanese in it.\" She also described the song called \"Rock n Roll\" as \"LOUD, impressive and it stands for so many other things than just music \u2013 that's really what it comes down to - and it's a song that I\u2019m just putting the final touches to now.\" She also called her duet with Marilyn Manson as \"heavier\" and \"rock\". While responding what was her favourite song on the album, Lavigne answered, \"'Give You What You Like,' 'Hush Hush' and 'Bad Girl.'\" The album's opening track \"Rock n Roll\" is an"],"query":"who sings god gave rock and roll to you?","answers":["the British band Argent","Petra","Kiss"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: God Gave Rock and Roll to You) a big hit for the band in many parts of the world, including making the Top Ten in the United Kingdom and Germany. It reached number 21 on \"Billboard'\"s Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in the US, as well as its video receiving heavy rotation on music television channels. The version released as a single and on the soundtrack to \"Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey\" differs slightly from that played in the film. In the film, a 40-second guitar solo is played by Steve Vai. It was later included on Steve Vai's album \"The Elusive Light and Sound, Vol. 1\"","Document [2](Title: Petra (band)) the second record, among them former e vocalist Greg X. Volz (that band's name being a lower-case abbreviation of \"Emmanuel\"). Volz took the lead vocals on two songs and backed up several others. Among Volz's songs was a cover of the Argent anthem \"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\", which Myrrh had hoped to release as a radio single to the secular market. The song was immediately controversial \u2013 and revolutionary. \"It was the boldest statement anyone in Christian music had made until that time,\" said Ambassador Artist Agency president Wes Yoder. \"This was a radical notion, especially in","Document [3](Title: Revenge (Kiss album)) on VH1 Classic, Simmons stated the importance of the song \"God Gave Rock 'N' Roll to You II\": \"It's not just a cover song for a soundtrack, but a testament to Eric Carr, and I think a lot of people don't realize that.\" The first single released from the album was \"God Gave Rock 'N' Roll to You II\", which was a big hit in the UK and Switzerland, reaching #4. It peaked at #21 on the US Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart and #18 on the Australian Singles Charts. \"Domino\" was the next single from the album, peaking at #26","Document [4](Title: Rock and Roll Heaven) Roll Heaven. Rock and Roll Heaven \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" is song written by Alan O'Day and Johnny Stevenson and popularized by The Righteous Brothers. It is a paean to several deceased singers such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Otis Redding, and has been rewritten a number of times to include other singers. The song was first recorded by the band Climax in 1973, but it failed to chart. It was then covered by The Righteous Brothers in 1974 and reached number three on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The Righteous Brothers recorded \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" a few","Document [5](Title: God Gave Rock and Roll to You) \"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\" is a 1973 song by the British band Argent and covered by both Petra, in 1977 and 1984, and Kiss in 1991, both with modified lyrics.","Document [6](Title: Rock and Roll Heaven) Rock and Roll Heaven \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" is song written by Alan O'Day and Johnny Stevenson and popularized by The Righteous Brothers. It is a paean to several deceased singers such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Otis Redding, and has been rewritten a number of times to include other singers. The song was first recorded by the band Climax in 1973, but it failed to chart. It was then covered by The Righteous Brothers in 1974 and reached number three on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The Righteous Brothers recorded \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" a few weeks after","Document [7](Title: Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)) Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life) \"Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)\" is a 1973 song written and originally performed by Australian singer Kevin Johnson, most famously covered by American singer Mac Davis. Johnson's version reached number four in Australia. The guitar solo in Johnson's version was played by Rory O'Donoghue. In Australia, the UK and Ireland, it was only Johnson's original version which charted. In Canada, Terry Jacks got it into the charts. No version of the song charted in New Zealand, even though the country's very","Document [8](Title: Petra (band)) the minds of the leaders of conservative churches.\" Other guest singers featured in the album were Steve Camp, Karen Morrison, and Austin Roberts. The recording process also was marked by disputes: the label refused Hartman's request to name the album \"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\" while a bluesy, crowd-favorite track written by Hartman about rejecting the pre-Christian self, \"Killing My Old Man\", was deemed too controversial and cut from the album (the song would later appear on the album \"Never Say Die\"). With a harder-edged sound reminiscent of Led Zeppelin and Deep Purple, \"Come and Join Us\" was","Document [9](Title: Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song)) sing-along chorus, rocking beat and carpe diem attitude.\" For Sam Lansky of \"Idolator\", the songwriting of the song handled by Dr. Luke protege Jacob Kasher, David Hodges from Evanescence and Peter Svensson from The Cardigans, \"is a funny marriage of execrable alt-rock pedigree and genius pop pedigree.\" Lansky also noted that the song has \"a 'stomp-stomp-clap' loop that shamelessly apes Queen's 'We Will Rock You', strategically placed gang vocals and a post-chorus 'Hey!' hook so catchy it\u2019s effectively burning holes in your brain.\" Lyrically, \"Rock n Roll\" is a \"boisterous\" declaration of rebellion on which the singer puts up her","Document [10](Title: Avril Lavigne (album)) before, and I even throw a little bit of Japanese in it.\" She also described the song called \"Rock n Roll\" as \"LOUD, impressive and it stands for so many other things than just music \u2013 that's really what it comes down to - and it's a song that I\u2019m just putting the final touches to now.\" She also called her duet with Marilyn Manson as \"heavier\" and \"rock\". While responding what was her favourite song on the album, Lavigne answered, \"'Give You What You Like,' 'Hush Hush' and 'Bad Girl.'\" The album's opening track \"Rock n Roll\" is an"],"query":"who sings god gave rock and roll to you?","answers":["the British band Argent","Petra","Kiss"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: God Gave Rock and Roll to You) a big hit for the band in many parts of the world, including making the Top Ten in the United Kingdom and Germany. It reached number 21 on \"Billboard'\"s Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in the US, as well as its video receiving heavy rotation on music television channels. The version released as a single and on the soundtrack to \"Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey\" differs slightly from that played in the film. In the film, a 40-second guitar solo is played by Steve Vai. It was later included on Steve Vai's album \"The Elusive Light and Sound, Vol. 1\"","Document [2](Title: Petra (band)) the second record, among them former e vocalist Greg X. Volz (that band's name being a lower-case abbreviation of \"Emmanuel\"). Volz took the lead vocals on two songs and backed up several others. Among Volz's songs was a cover of the Argent anthem \"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\", which Myrrh had hoped to release as a radio single to the secular market. The song was immediately controversial \u2013 and revolutionary. \"It was the boldest statement anyone in Christian music had made until that time,\" said Ambassador Artist Agency president Wes Yoder. \"This was a radical notion, especially in","Document [3](Title: Revenge (Kiss album)) on VH1 Classic, Simmons stated the importance of the song \"God Gave Rock 'N' Roll to You II\": \"It's not just a cover song for a soundtrack, but a testament to Eric Carr, and I think a lot of people don't realize that.\" The first single released from the album was \"God Gave Rock 'N' Roll to You II\", which was a big hit in the UK and Switzerland, reaching #4. It peaked at #21 on the US Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart and #18 on the Australian Singles Charts. \"Domino\" was the next single from the album, peaking at #26","Document [4](Title: Rock and Roll Heaven) Roll Heaven. Rock and Roll Heaven \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" is song written by Alan O'Day and Johnny Stevenson and popularized by The Righteous Brothers. It is a paean to several deceased singers such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Otis Redding, and has been rewritten a number of times to include other singers. The song was first recorded by the band Climax in 1973, but it failed to chart. It was then covered by The Righteous Brothers in 1974 and reached number three on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The Righteous Brothers recorded \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" a few","Document [5](Title: Rock and Roll Heaven) Rock and Roll Heaven \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" is song written by Alan O'Day and Johnny Stevenson and popularized by The Righteous Brothers. It is a paean to several deceased singers such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Otis Redding, and has been rewritten a number of times to include other singers. The song was first recorded by the band Climax in 1973, but it failed to chart. It was then covered by The Righteous Brothers in 1974 and reached number three on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The Righteous Brothers recorded \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" a few weeks after","Document [6](Title: Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)) Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life) \"Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)\" is a 1973 song written and originally performed by Australian singer Kevin Johnson, most famously covered by American singer Mac Davis. Johnson's version reached number four in Australia. The guitar solo in Johnson's version was played by Rory O'Donoghue. In Australia, the UK and Ireland, it was only Johnson's original version which charted. In Canada, Terry Jacks got it into the charts. No version of the song charted in New Zealand, even though the country's very","Document [7](Title: Petra (band)) the minds of the leaders of conservative churches.\" Other guest singers featured in the album were Steve Camp, Karen Morrison, and Austin Roberts. The recording process also was marked by disputes: the label refused Hartman's request to name the album \"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\" while a bluesy, crowd-favorite track written by Hartman about rejecting the pre-Christian self, \"Killing My Old Man\", was deemed too controversial and cut from the album (the song would later appear on the album \"Never Say Die\"). With a harder-edged sound reminiscent of Led Zeppelin and Deep Purple, \"Come and Join Us\" was","Document [8](Title: Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song)) sing-along chorus, rocking beat and carpe diem attitude.\" For Sam Lansky of \"Idolator\", the songwriting of the song handled by Dr. Luke protege Jacob Kasher, David Hodges from Evanescence and Peter Svensson from The Cardigans, \"is a funny marriage of execrable alt-rock pedigree and genius pop pedigree.\" Lansky also noted that the song has \"a 'stomp-stomp-clap' loop that shamelessly apes Queen's 'We Will Rock You', strategically placed gang vocals and a post-chorus 'Hey!' hook so catchy it\u2019s effectively burning holes in your brain.\" Lyrically, \"Rock n Roll\" is a \"boisterous\" declaration of rebellion on which the singer puts up her","Document [9](Title: Avril Lavigne (album)) before, and I even throw a little bit of Japanese in it.\" She also described the song called \"Rock n Roll\" as \"LOUD, impressive and it stands for so many other things than just music \u2013 that's really what it comes down to - and it's a song that I\u2019m just putting the final touches to now.\" She also called her duet with Marilyn Manson as \"heavier\" and \"rock\". While responding what was her favourite song on the album, Lavigne answered, \"'Give You What You Like,' 'Hush Hush' and 'Bad Girl.'\" The album's opening track \"Rock n Roll\" is an","Document [10](Title: God Gave Rock and Roll to You) \"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\" is a 1973 song by the British band Argent and covered by both Petra, in 1977 and 1984, and Kiss in 1991, both with modified lyrics."],"query":"who sings god gave rock and roll to you?","answers":["the British band Argent","Petra","Kiss"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) Nala is a fictional lioness, a character who appears in the Disney Lion King franchise. Introduced in the animated film The Lion King in 1994, Nala subsequently appears as a less prominent character in the film's sequels The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 1\u00bd (2004). In the original film, the adult Nala was voiced by American actress Moira Kelly. Young Nala's speaking voice is provided by actress Niketa Calame, while singers Laura Williams and Sally Dworsky provide the singing voices of young and adult Nala respectively.","Document [2](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) Broadway musical adaptation of the film, first played by singer Heather Headley. The character also appears in the television series \"The Lion Guard\", with Gabrielle Union replacing Kelly as the voice of Nala. Beyonc\u00e9 is set to voice the character in the upcoming 2019 remake of the original film directed by Jon Favreau. Screenwriter Linda Woolverton conceived Nala \"as part of a gradual progression ... which have driven recent public conversation about what young girls should be able to expect from their cinematic role models.\" In early versions of the screenplay, Nala has a younger brother named Mheetu, who enjoys","Document [3](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) voice of adult Nala.\" A straight woman character, Kelly described Nala as a sensible and nurturing yet authoritative character, while Amber Leab of Bitch Flicks described her as strong, independent and intelligent. According to Oh My Disney, Nala serves as \"the proverbial glue that keeps \"The Lion King\" together\", from whose perspective the audience watches the film because she \"says EXACTLY what we\u2019re thinking\". Occupying the role of the film's female lead, Nala is \"The Lion King\"'s most important female character, who contributes to the film's \"small romance element\". Often identified as the film's deuteragonist, Taylor Orci of \"The Atlantic\"","Document [4](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) footage from the first film was simply reused accordingly. Elton John's official website cites Kelly among the film's cast of actors who \"would grace any red carpet.\" Kelly's performance as Nala is responsible for introducing the actress to a younger audience. Previously, she had been better known for appearing in more adult-oriented live-action films at that time. In 2011, Kelly revealed that fans of the film rarely recognize her speaking voice as the voice of Nala, although Robert DeSalvo of NextMovie.com claims that the actress \"has a ... distinctive voice that \"The Lion King\" fans will instantly recognize as the","Document [5](Title: Tajja Isen) Nala in a Toronto production of Disney's \"The Lion King\" and was nominated for an Equity Emerging Artist Award for that role. Since 2008, she has been working on releasing her first solo album. She cites Tori Amos, Kate Bush and Paul McCartney as some of her influences. She has a younger sister Nissae Isen who is also a voice actress. Tajja Isen Tajja Isen (born June 29, 1991 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian actress and singer-songwriter best known for voicing the title character in the television series \"Atomic Betty.\" She has several other voice credits, including the","Document [6](Title: Javine Hylton) played Nala in a production of \"The Lion King\" in London's West End. In a potentially risky move, she opted to channel this experience of live singing into an audition for ITV's \"\", a reality television talent show in which young hopefuls sought to be picked for a place in a new manufactured group. Her gamble paid off as she was one of the last six contenders for a place in the girl group, but she missed out on a spot in what later became the chart-topping group Girls Aloud, and instead embarked on a solo singing career. In the","Document [7](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) audition because the filmmakers were interested in hearing different voices at the time. Kelly believes the directors had been searching for a specific \"quality of voice ... a sort of authoritative voice but with a lot of warmth\" to compliment Nala's sensible yet nurturing personality. After attending a series of callbacks, during which Kelly returned to Disney several times to re-read the character's lines, Kelly was selected as one of two finalists. Kelly would not officially be offered the part until several months after her audition; Disney's first choice for the role remains undisclosed. Actor Matthew Broderick, voice of Simba,","Document [8](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) Lion King\", which is expected to be released in July 19, 2019. The same day Shahadi Wright Joseph was cast as young Nala in the film. In the Broadway musical adaptation of \"The Lion King\", the role of Nala was originated by Trinidadian-American singer Heather Headley. Her Broadway debut, at first auditioning for the role proved a challenge for the singer due to her \"Ragtime\" contract, which her agent was eventually successful in getting her released from. Director Julie Taymor felt that Nala's journey in the film was underdeveloped and among the story's weaker elements, and thus decided to \"strengthen\"","Document [9](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) was preceded by the made-for-television film \"\" (2015). Set within the time gap in \"The Lion King II: Simba's Pride\", the show revolves around Nala and Simba's son Kion who, being their second-born cub after Kiara, has been tasked with forming the next Lion Guard, a group responsible for protecting the Pride Lands. Although a fan of the \"Lion King\" franchise, Union avoided watching previous \"Lion King\" films in preparation for the role because she wanted to \"put [her] own stamp\" on the character. On November 1, 2017, it was confirmed that would voice adult Nala in Jon Favreau's \"The","Document [10](Title: India Scandrick) India Scandrick India Scandrick is an American Broadway actress and one of two girls who landed the role as young Nala in the Broadway musical \"The Lion King\".The experience was a hallmark in a career that spans 11 years. Her resume is thick with experiences, including television acting roles in Tyler Perry\u2019s \u201cHouse of Payne,\u201d \u201cDisney 365\u201d and Fox tv Sleepy Hollow She also has appeared in films such as \u201cThe Greening of Whitney Brown\u201d and other musicals like \u201cA Christmas Carol\u201d and \u201cThe Wiz.\u201d The actress continues to stay busy these days.Shes a Theatre Arts Major at Clark Atlanta"],"query":"who does the voice of nala in the lion king?","answers":["Niketa Calame","Sally Dworsky","Moira Kelly","Laura Williams"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) Broadway musical adaptation of the film, first played by singer Heather Headley. The character also appears in the television series \"The Lion Guard\", with Gabrielle Union replacing Kelly as the voice of Nala. Beyonc\u00e9 is set to voice the character in the upcoming 2019 remake of the original film directed by Jon Favreau. Screenwriter Linda Woolverton conceived Nala \"as part of a gradual progression ... which have driven recent public conversation about what young girls should be able to expect from their cinematic role models.\" In early versions of the screenplay, Nala has a younger brother named Mheetu, who enjoys","Document [2](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) voice of adult Nala.\" A straight woman character, Kelly described Nala as a sensible and nurturing yet authoritative character, while Amber Leab of Bitch Flicks described her as strong, independent and intelligent. According to Oh My Disney, Nala serves as \"the proverbial glue that keeps \"The Lion King\" together\", from whose perspective the audience watches the film because she \"says EXACTLY what we\u2019re thinking\". Occupying the role of the film's female lead, Nala is \"The Lion King\"'s most important female character, who contributes to the film's \"small romance element\". Often identified as the film's deuteragonist, Taylor Orci of \"The Atlantic\"","Document [3](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) footage from the first film was simply reused accordingly. Elton John's official website cites Kelly among the film's cast of actors who \"would grace any red carpet.\" Kelly's performance as Nala is responsible for introducing the actress to a younger audience. Previously, she had been better known for appearing in more adult-oriented live-action films at that time. In 2011, Kelly revealed that fans of the film rarely recognize her speaking voice as the voice of Nala, although Robert DeSalvo of NextMovie.com claims that the actress \"has a ... distinctive voice that \"The Lion King\" fans will instantly recognize as the","Document [4](Title: Tajja Isen) Nala in a Toronto production of Disney's \"The Lion King\" and was nominated for an Equity Emerging Artist Award for that role. Since 2008, she has been working on releasing her first solo album. She cites Tori Amos, Kate Bush and Paul McCartney as some of her influences. She has a younger sister Nissae Isen who is also a voice actress. Tajja Isen Tajja Isen (born June 29, 1991 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian actress and singer-songwriter best known for voicing the title character in the television series \"Atomic Betty.\" She has several other voice credits, including the","Document [5](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) Nala is a fictional lioness, a character who appears in the Disney Lion King franchise. Introduced in the animated film The Lion King in 1994, Nala subsequently appears as a less prominent character in the film's sequels The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 1\u00bd (2004). In the original film, the adult Nala was voiced by American actress Moira Kelly. Young Nala's speaking voice is provided by actress Niketa Calame, while singers Laura Williams and Sally Dworsky provide the singing voices of young and adult Nala respectively.","Document [6](Title: Javine Hylton) played Nala in a production of \"The Lion King\" in London's West End. In a potentially risky move, she opted to channel this experience of live singing into an audition for ITV's \"\", a reality television talent show in which young hopefuls sought to be picked for a place in a new manufactured group. Her gamble paid off as she was one of the last six contenders for a place in the girl group, but she missed out on a spot in what later became the chart-topping group Girls Aloud, and instead embarked on a solo singing career. In the","Document [7](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) audition because the filmmakers were interested in hearing different voices at the time. Kelly believes the directors had been searching for a specific \"quality of voice ... a sort of authoritative voice but with a lot of warmth\" to compliment Nala's sensible yet nurturing personality. After attending a series of callbacks, during which Kelly returned to Disney several times to re-read the character's lines, Kelly was selected as one of two finalists. Kelly would not officially be offered the part until several months after her audition; Disney's first choice for the role remains undisclosed. Actor Matthew Broderick, voice of Simba,","Document [8](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) Lion King\", which is expected to be released in July 19, 2019. The same day Shahadi Wright Joseph was cast as young Nala in the film. In the Broadway musical adaptation of \"The Lion King\", the role of Nala was originated by Trinidadian-American singer Heather Headley. Her Broadway debut, at first auditioning for the role proved a challenge for the singer due to her \"Ragtime\" contract, which her agent was eventually successful in getting her released from. Director Julie Taymor felt that Nala's journey in the film was underdeveloped and among the story's weaker elements, and thus decided to \"strengthen\"","Document [9](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) was preceded by the made-for-television film \"\" (2015). Set within the time gap in \"The Lion King II: Simba's Pride\", the show revolves around Nala and Simba's son Kion who, being their second-born cub after Kiara, has been tasked with forming the next Lion Guard, a group responsible for protecting the Pride Lands. Although a fan of the \"Lion King\" franchise, Union avoided watching previous \"Lion King\" films in preparation for the role because she wanted to \"put [her] own stamp\" on the character. On November 1, 2017, it was confirmed that would voice adult Nala in Jon Favreau's \"The","Document [10](Title: India Scandrick) India Scandrick India Scandrick is an American Broadway actress and one of two girls who landed the role as young Nala in the Broadway musical \"The Lion King\".The experience was a hallmark in a career that spans 11 years. Her resume is thick with experiences, including television acting roles in Tyler Perry\u2019s \u201cHouse of Payne,\u201d \u201cDisney 365\u201d and Fox tv Sleepy Hollow She also has appeared in films such as \u201cThe Greening of Whitney Brown\u201d and other musicals like \u201cA Christmas Carol\u201d and \u201cThe Wiz.\u201d The actress continues to stay busy these days.Shes a Theatre Arts Major at Clark Atlanta"],"query":"who does the voice of nala in the lion king?","answers":["Niketa Calame","Sally Dworsky","Moira Kelly","Laura Williams"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) Broadway musical adaptation of the film, first played by singer Heather Headley. The character also appears in the television series \"The Lion Guard\", with Gabrielle Union replacing Kelly as the voice of Nala. Beyonc\u00e9 is set to voice the character in the upcoming 2019 remake of the original film directed by Jon Favreau. Screenwriter Linda Woolverton conceived Nala \"as part of a gradual progression ... which have driven recent public conversation about what young girls should be able to expect from their cinematic role models.\" In early versions of the screenplay, Nala has a younger brother named Mheetu, who enjoys","Document [2](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) voice of adult Nala.\" A straight woman character, Kelly described Nala as a sensible and nurturing yet authoritative character, while Amber Leab of Bitch Flicks described her as strong, independent and intelligent. According to Oh My Disney, Nala serves as \"the proverbial glue that keeps \"The Lion King\" together\", from whose perspective the audience watches the film because she \"says EXACTLY what we\u2019re thinking\". Occupying the role of the film's female lead, Nala is \"The Lion King\"'s most important female character, who contributes to the film's \"small romance element\". Often identified as the film's deuteragonist, Taylor Orci of \"The Atlantic\"","Document [3](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) footage from the first film was simply reused accordingly. Elton John's official website cites Kelly among the film's cast of actors who \"would grace any red carpet.\" Kelly's performance as Nala is responsible for introducing the actress to a younger audience. Previously, she had been better known for appearing in more adult-oriented live-action films at that time. In 2011, Kelly revealed that fans of the film rarely recognize her speaking voice as the voice of Nala, although Robert DeSalvo of NextMovie.com claims that the actress \"has a ... distinctive voice that \"The Lion King\" fans will instantly recognize as the","Document [4](Title: Tajja Isen) Nala in a Toronto production of Disney's \"The Lion King\" and was nominated for an Equity Emerging Artist Award for that role. Since 2008, she has been working on releasing her first solo album. She cites Tori Amos, Kate Bush and Paul McCartney as some of her influences. She has a younger sister Nissae Isen who is also a voice actress. Tajja Isen Tajja Isen (born June 29, 1991 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian actress and singer-songwriter best known for voicing the title character in the television series \"Atomic Betty.\" She has several other voice credits, including the","Document [5](Title: Javine Hylton) played Nala in a production of \"The Lion King\" in London's West End. In a potentially risky move, she opted to channel this experience of live singing into an audition for ITV's \"\", a reality television talent show in which young hopefuls sought to be picked for a place in a new manufactured group. Her gamble paid off as she was one of the last six contenders for a place in the girl group, but she missed out on a spot in what later became the chart-topping group Girls Aloud, and instead embarked on a solo singing career. In the","Document [6](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) audition because the filmmakers were interested in hearing different voices at the time. Kelly believes the directors had been searching for a specific \"quality of voice ... a sort of authoritative voice but with a lot of warmth\" to compliment Nala's sensible yet nurturing personality. After attending a series of callbacks, during which Kelly returned to Disney several times to re-read the character's lines, Kelly was selected as one of two finalists. Kelly would not officially be offered the part until several months after her audition; Disney's first choice for the role remains undisclosed. Actor Matthew Broderick, voice of Simba,","Document [7](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) Lion King\", which is expected to be released in July 19, 2019. The same day Shahadi Wright Joseph was cast as young Nala in the film. In the Broadway musical adaptation of \"The Lion King\", the role of Nala was originated by Trinidadian-American singer Heather Headley. Her Broadway debut, at first auditioning for the role proved a challenge for the singer due to her \"Ragtime\" contract, which her agent was eventually successful in getting her released from. Director Julie Taymor felt that Nala's journey in the film was underdeveloped and among the story's weaker elements, and thus decided to \"strengthen\"","Document [8](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) was preceded by the made-for-television film \"\" (2015). Set within the time gap in \"The Lion King II: Simba's Pride\", the show revolves around Nala and Simba's son Kion who, being their second-born cub after Kiara, has been tasked with forming the next Lion Guard, a group responsible for protecting the Pride Lands. Although a fan of the \"Lion King\" franchise, Union avoided watching previous \"Lion King\" films in preparation for the role because she wanted to \"put [her] own stamp\" on the character. On November 1, 2017, it was confirmed that would voice adult Nala in Jon Favreau's \"The","Document [9](Title: India Scandrick) India Scandrick India Scandrick is an American Broadway actress and one of two girls who landed the role as young Nala in the Broadway musical \"The Lion King\".The experience was a hallmark in a career that spans 11 years. Her resume is thick with experiences, including television acting roles in Tyler Perry\u2019s \u201cHouse of Payne,\u201d \u201cDisney 365\u201d and Fox tv Sleepy Hollow She also has appeared in films such as \u201cThe Greening of Whitney Brown\u201d and other musicals like \u201cA Christmas Carol\u201d and \u201cThe Wiz.\u201d The actress continues to stay busy these days.Shes a Theatre Arts Major at Clark Atlanta","Document [10](Title: Nala (The Lion King)) Nala is a fictional lioness, a character who appears in the Disney Lion King franchise. Introduced in the animated film The Lion King in 1994, Nala subsequently appears as a less prominent character in the film's sequels The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 1\u00bd (2004). In the original film, the adult Nala was voiced by American actress Moira Kelly. Young Nala's speaking voice is provided by actress Niketa Calame, while singers Laura Williams and Sally Dworsky provide the singing voices of young and adult Nala respectively."],"query":"who does the voice of nala in the lion king?","answers":["Niketa Calame","Sally Dworsky","Moira Kelly","Laura Williams"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) by The CW for a full 22-episode season on February 16, 2010. The first episode premiered on September 9, 2010, at 8 p.m. ET. The season picks up immediately after the events of the season one finale. All the series regulars returned. Season two focuses on the return of Elena Gilbert's (Nina Dobrev) doppelg\u00e4nger, Katherine Pierce, the introduction of werewolves, the sun and moon curse, and the arrival of the original vampires. Tyler Lockwood's (Michael Trevino) uncle, Mason Lockwood (Taylor Kinney), arrives in town searching for the moonstone, a family heirloom. Tyler later learns of his family's werewolf curse. Meanwhile,","Document [2](Title: Klaus (The Vampire Diaries)) leaves Elijah to go to Jenna. In a flashback, we see that Elijah was in love with Katherine back in 1492. Elena tries to calm Jenna down and tells her the whole truth. Then, she goes back to Elijah, asking him to tell her about the curse. Elijah tells her that his mother was unfaithful to his father and Klaus is a brother from another father, a werewolf, something that makes Klaus both a vampire and a werewolf. Klaus wants to break the curse that is upon him so he can reawaken his werewolf side and create an army of","Document [3](Title: Klaus (The Vampire Diaries)) hybrids. Since Klaus is both a vampire and a werewolf, Elijah explains Elena that the dagger cannot kill him, and they have to try to do it using a witch when Klaus is on transition, a moment that makes him weak. Elena tells him that she knows a witch that can channel the power they need, and Elijah tells her that the curse needs to be broken during a full moon. Through another flashback, we see that Elijah found a way to protect the life of the doppelg\u00e4nger during the sacrifice, meaning he can protect Elena's life. Katherine did not","Document [4](Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) they became vampires, can kill Originals. Elijah then works with a witch to locate Elena. The witch is able to locate her, so he goes to Mystic Falls to confront her, where he ends up saving her from a group of vampires who also wanted to take Elena. It is revealed that those vampires wanted to hand her over to Klaus. When Elijah discovers this, he makes peace with Elena and her friends, because he wants to use Elena as bait to draw out Klaus and kill him. He thus makes a deal with Elena that if she helps him","Document [5](Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 3)) premiered on Thursday, September 15, 2011. The series stars Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce, Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore and Silas, Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore, Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert, Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett, Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes, Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan, Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood, Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman and Joseph Morgan as Klaus. 7th Heaven's David Gallagher was cast as werewolf Ray Sutton who has a run-in with Klaus in Tennessee. Australian actress, Claire Holt has been cast as Rebekah the sister of Klaus and Elijah, a beautiful","Document [6](Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) Elijah is trapped in a room with animal heads which represent each brother of the family. To escape, Elijah discovers you must ruin the representation of each other, thus causing him to share with Klaus that he killed Tatia. When Klaus proves he is capable of forgiveness the spell is broken and they are free. Niklaus Mikaelson (more commonly called Klaus) is physically the most powerful immortal supernatural being in \"The Vampire Diaries\" and \"The Originals\" universe. He is shown to be cruel, sadistic, ruthless. He's portrayed by British actor Joseph Morgan. After the Original couple moved to the Americas,","Document [7](Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) not trust Elijah and chose to flee. Later, he would punish her for her betrayal by compelling her to stay in a tomb until he said otherwise. Elena is rescued by the Salvatore brothers not long after Elijah kills Trevor, who had betrayed Elijah in the past by helping Katerina escape. The Salvatores attack Elijah and succeed in staking him; however, he comes back to life at the end of the episode because he is an Original Vampire who can not be killed by any wooden stake. Only wood from the ancient White Oak Tree, which his family burned when","Document [8](Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) leaves Mystic Falls a tortured soul, ashamed of his own barbaric actions and those of his family's. He is shown to be one of the most sophisticated and peaceful of the Original siblings, alongside his older brother Finn. He is the most compromising regarding Elena and her friends. Elijah and Elena develop a sort of understanding, and Elena comes to be fond of Elijah's company. She thus feels especially betrayed when earlier Elijah threatened to allow Rebekah to kill Elena if the Salvatore brothers are not able to stop Esther Mikaelson from killing the Original Family. However, in the 18th","Document [9](Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 3)) an injury. She uses vampire blood to cure people and starts dating Alaric. On November 16, 2011, it was announced that Robert Ri'chard was cast as Jamie a new love interest for resident witch Bonnie. On November 22, 2011, it was announced that Daniel Newman was cast as Daniel Warren, appearing in one episode. Australian actor Nathaniel Buzolic has been cast to play Klaus and Elijah's brother Kol and English actor Caspar Zafer has been cast as their other brother Finn. On January 13, 2012, it was announced that Cassidy Freeman was cast as Sage. On March 31, 2012, Sara","Document [10](Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) kill Klaus, he will leave her family and her friends alone and keep them safe. However, he intends for Elena to be successfully sacrificed, as once Klaus breaks the curse and starts transforming, he will be left vulnerable enough to be killed. During a series of events, Elijah is temporarily \"killed\" when Elena stabs him with a mystical dagger that can kill an Original when dipped in ash from the White Oak Tree. When Klaus comes to town, Elena un-daggers Elijah because she needs his help, and he then reveals to her his family's history, and the fact that Klaus"],"query":"when does elijah first appear in vampire diaries?","answers":["Rose","\"Rose\"","Season two"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Klaus (The Vampire Diaries)) leaves Elijah to go to Jenna. In a flashback, we see that Elijah was in love with Katherine back in 1492. Elena tries to calm Jenna down and tells her the whole truth. Then, she goes back to Elijah, asking him to tell her about the curse. Elijah tells her that his mother was unfaithful to his father and Klaus is a brother from another father, a werewolf, something that makes Klaus both a vampire and a werewolf. Klaus wants to break the curse that is upon him so he can reawaken his werewolf side and create an army of","Document [2](Title: Klaus (The Vampire Diaries)) hybrids. Since Klaus is both a vampire and a werewolf, Elijah explains Elena that the dagger cannot kill him, and they have to try to do it using a witch when Klaus is on transition, a moment that makes him weak. Elena tells him that she knows a witch that can channel the power they need, and Elijah tells her that the curse needs to be broken during a full moon. Through another flashback, we see that Elijah found a way to protect the life of the doppelg\u00e4nger during the sacrifice, meaning he can protect Elena's life. Katherine did not","Document [3](Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) they became vampires, can kill Originals. Elijah then works with a witch to locate Elena. The witch is able to locate her, so he goes to Mystic Falls to confront her, where he ends up saving her from a group of vampires who also wanted to take Elena. It is revealed that those vampires wanted to hand her over to Klaus. When Elijah discovers this, he makes peace with Elena and her friends, because he wants to use Elena as bait to draw out Klaus and kill him. He thus makes a deal with Elena that if she helps him","Document [4](Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 3)) premiered on Thursday, September 15, 2011. The series stars Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce, Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore and Silas, Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore, Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert, Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett, Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes, Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan, Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood, Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman and Joseph Morgan as Klaus. 7th Heaven's David Gallagher was cast as werewolf Ray Sutton who has a run-in with Klaus in Tennessee. Australian actress, Claire Holt has been cast as Rebekah the sister of Klaus and Elijah, a beautiful","Document [5](Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) by The CW for a full 22-episode season on February 16, 2010. The first episode premiered on September 9, 2010, at 8 p.m. ET. The season picks up immediately after the events of the season one finale. All the series regulars returned. Season two focuses on the return of Elena Gilbert's (Nina Dobrev) doppelg\u00e4nger, Katherine Pierce, the introduction of werewolves, the sun and moon curse, and the arrival of the original vampires. Tyler Lockwood's (Michael Trevino) uncle, Mason Lockwood (Taylor Kinney), arrives in town searching for the moonstone, a family heirloom. Tyler later learns of his family's werewolf curse. Meanwhile,","Document [6](Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) Elijah is trapped in a room with animal heads which represent each brother of the family. To escape, Elijah discovers you must ruin the representation of each other, thus causing him to share with Klaus that he killed Tatia. When Klaus proves he is capable of forgiveness the spell is broken and they are free. Niklaus Mikaelson (more commonly called Klaus) is physically the most powerful immortal supernatural being in \"The Vampire Diaries\" and \"The Originals\" universe. He is shown to be cruel, sadistic, ruthless. He's portrayed by British actor Joseph Morgan. After the Original couple moved to the Americas,","Document [7](Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) not trust Elijah and chose to flee. Later, he would punish her for her betrayal by compelling her to stay in a tomb until he said otherwise. Elena is rescued by the Salvatore brothers not long after Elijah kills Trevor, who had betrayed Elijah in the past by helping Katerina escape. The Salvatores attack Elijah and succeed in staking him; however, he comes back to life at the end of the episode because he is an Original Vampire who can not be killed by any wooden stake. Only wood from the ancient White Oak Tree, which his family burned when","Document [8](Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) leaves Mystic Falls a tortured soul, ashamed of his own barbaric actions and those of his family's. He is shown to be one of the most sophisticated and peaceful of the Original siblings, alongside his older brother Finn. He is the most compromising regarding Elena and her friends. Elijah and Elena develop a sort of understanding, and Elena comes to be fond of Elijah's company. She thus feels especially betrayed when earlier Elijah threatened to allow Rebekah to kill Elena if the Salvatore brothers are not able to stop Esther Mikaelson from killing the Original Family. However, in the 18th","Document [9](Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 3)) an injury. She uses vampire blood to cure people and starts dating Alaric. On November 16, 2011, it was announced that Robert Ri'chard was cast as Jamie a new love interest for resident witch Bonnie. On November 22, 2011, it was announced that Daniel Newman was cast as Daniel Warren, appearing in one episode. Australian actor Nathaniel Buzolic has been cast to play Klaus and Elijah's brother Kol and English actor Caspar Zafer has been cast as their other brother Finn. On January 13, 2012, it was announced that Cassidy Freeman was cast as Sage. On March 31, 2012, Sara","Document [10](Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) kill Klaus, he will leave her family and her friends alone and keep them safe. However, he intends for Elena to be successfully sacrificed, as once Klaus breaks the curse and starts transforming, he will be left vulnerable enough to be killed. During a series of events, Elijah is temporarily \"killed\" when Elena stabs him with a mystical dagger that can kill an Original when dipped in ash from the White Oak Tree. When Klaus comes to town, Elena un-daggers Elijah because she needs his help, and he then reveals to her his family's history, and the fact that Klaus"],"query":"when does elijah first appear in vampire diaries?","answers":["Rose","\"Rose\"","Season two"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Klaus (The Vampire Diaries)) leaves Elijah to go to Jenna. In a flashback, we see that Elijah was in love with Katherine back in 1492. Elena tries to calm Jenna down and tells her the whole truth. Then, she goes back to Elijah, asking him to tell her about the curse. Elijah tells her that his mother was unfaithful to his father and Klaus is a brother from another father, a werewolf, something that makes Klaus both a vampire and a werewolf. Klaus wants to break the curse that is upon him so he can reawaken his werewolf side and create an army of","Document [2](Title: Klaus (The Vampire Diaries)) hybrids. Since Klaus is both a vampire and a werewolf, Elijah explains Elena that the dagger cannot kill him, and they have to try to do it using a witch when Klaus is on transition, a moment that makes him weak. Elena tells him that she knows a witch that can channel the power they need, and Elijah tells her that the curse needs to be broken during a full moon. Through another flashback, we see that Elijah found a way to protect the life of the doppelg\u00e4nger during the sacrifice, meaning he can protect Elena's life. Katherine did not","Document [3](Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) they became vampires, can kill Originals. Elijah then works with a witch to locate Elena. The witch is able to locate her, so he goes to Mystic Falls to confront her, where he ends up saving her from a group of vampires who also wanted to take Elena. It is revealed that those vampires wanted to hand her over to Klaus. When Elijah discovers this, he makes peace with Elena and her friends, because he wants to use Elena as bait to draw out Klaus and kill him. He thus makes a deal with Elena that if she helps him","Document [4](Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 3)) premiered on Thursday, September 15, 2011. The series stars Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce, Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore and Silas, Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore, Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert, Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett, Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes, Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan, Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood, Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman and Joseph Morgan as Klaus. 7th Heaven's David Gallagher was cast as werewolf Ray Sutton who has a run-in with Klaus in Tennessee. Australian actress, Claire Holt has been cast as Rebekah the sister of Klaus and Elijah, a beautiful","Document [5](Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) Elijah is trapped in a room with animal heads which represent each brother of the family. To escape, Elijah discovers you must ruin the representation of each other, thus causing him to share with Klaus that he killed Tatia. When Klaus proves he is capable of forgiveness the spell is broken and they are free. Niklaus Mikaelson (more commonly called Klaus) is physically the most powerful immortal supernatural being in \"The Vampire Diaries\" and \"The Originals\" universe. He is shown to be cruel, sadistic, ruthless. He's portrayed by British actor Joseph Morgan. After the Original couple moved to the Americas,","Document [6](Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) not trust Elijah and chose to flee. Later, he would punish her for her betrayal by compelling her to stay in a tomb until he said otherwise. Elena is rescued by the Salvatore brothers not long after Elijah kills Trevor, who had betrayed Elijah in the past by helping Katerina escape. The Salvatores attack Elijah and succeed in staking him; however, he comes back to life at the end of the episode because he is an Original Vampire who can not be killed by any wooden stake. Only wood from the ancient White Oak Tree, which his family burned when","Document [7](Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) leaves Mystic Falls a tortured soul, ashamed of his own barbaric actions and those of his family's. He is shown to be one of the most sophisticated and peaceful of the Original siblings, alongside his older brother Finn. He is the most compromising regarding Elena and her friends. Elijah and Elena develop a sort of understanding, and Elena comes to be fond of Elijah's company. She thus feels especially betrayed when earlier Elijah threatened to allow Rebekah to kill Elena if the Salvatore brothers are not able to stop Esther Mikaelson from killing the Original Family. However, in the 18th","Document [8](Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 3)) an injury. She uses vampire blood to cure people and starts dating Alaric. On November 16, 2011, it was announced that Robert Ri'chard was cast as Jamie a new love interest for resident witch Bonnie. On November 22, 2011, it was announced that Daniel Newman was cast as Daniel Warren, appearing in one episode. Australian actor Nathaniel Buzolic has been cast to play Klaus and Elijah's brother Kol and English actor Caspar Zafer has been cast as their other brother Finn. On January 13, 2012, it was announced that Cassidy Freeman was cast as Sage. On March 31, 2012, Sara","Document [9](Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) kill Klaus, he will leave her family and her friends alone and keep them safe. However, he intends for Elena to be successfully sacrificed, as once Klaus breaks the curse and starts transforming, he will be left vulnerable enough to be killed. During a series of events, Elijah is temporarily \"killed\" when Elena stabs him with a mystical dagger that can kill an Original when dipped in ash from the White Oak Tree. When Klaus comes to town, Elena un-daggers Elijah because she needs his help, and he then reveals to her his family's history, and the fact that Klaus","Document [10](Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) by The CW for a full 22-episode season on February 16, 2010. The first episode premiered on September 9, 2010, at 8 p.m. ET. The season picks up immediately after the events of the season one finale. All the series regulars returned. Season two focuses on the return of Elena Gilbert's (Nina Dobrev) doppelg\u00e4nger, Katherine Pierce, the introduction of werewolves, the sun and moon curse, and the arrival of the original vampires. Tyler Lockwood's (Michael Trevino) uncle, Mason Lockwood (Taylor Kinney), arrives in town searching for the moonstone, a family heirloom. Tyler later learns of his family's werewolf curse. Meanwhile,"],"query":"when does elijah first appear in vampire diaries?","answers":["Rose","\"Rose\"","Season two"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Retina) In section, the retina is no more than 0.5 mm thick. It has three layers of nerve cells and two of synapses, including the unique ribbon synapse. The optic nerve carries the ganglion cell axons to the brain, and the blood vessels that supply the retina. The ganglion cells lie innermost in the eye while the photoreceptive cells lie beyond. Because of this counter-intuitive arrangement, light must first pass through and around the ganglion cells and through the thickness of the retina, (including its capillary vessels, not shown) before reaching the rods and cones. Light is absorbed by the retinal","Document [2](Title: Retina) is \"wired wrongly\" or \"badly designed\"; but in fact, the retina could not function if it were not inverted. The photoreceptor layer must be embedded in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which performs at least seven vital functions, one of the most obvious being to supply oxygen and other necessary nutrients needed for the photoreceptors to function. These nutrients include glucose, fatty acids, and retinal. The mammalian photoreceptor amplification process uses large quantities energy for vision in photopic conditions (requiring less under scotopic conditions) and, thus, requires the large supply nutrients supplied by the blood vessels in the choroid, which","Document [3](Title: Retina) of the forkhead transcription factors FOXD1 and FOXG1. Additional gradients are formed within the retina that aid in proper targeting of RGC axons that function to establish the retinotopic map. The retina is stratified into distinct layers, each containing specific cell types or cellular compartments that have metabolisms with different nutritional requirements. To satisfy these requirements, the ophthalmic artery bifurcates and supplies the retina via two distinct vascular networks: the choroidal network, which supplies the choroid and the outer retina, and the retinal network, which supplies the retina's inner layer. At first glance, one may think that the vertebrate retina","Document [4](Title: Retina) lies beyond the RPE. The choroid supplies about 75% of these nutrients to the retina and the retinal vasculature only 25%. When light strikes 11-cis-retinal (in the disks in the rods and cones), 11-cis-retinal changes to all-trans-retinal which then triggers changes in the opsins. Now, the outer segments do not regenerate the retinal back into the cis- form once it has been changed by light. Instead the retinal is pumped out to the surrounding RPE where it is regenerated and transported back into the outer segments of the photoreceptors. This recycling function of the RPE protects the photoreceptors against photo-oxidative","Document [5](Title: Conjunctiva) Conjunctiva The conjunctiva lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye). It is composed of non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, and also stratified columnar epithelium. The conjunctiva is highly vascularised, with many microvessels easily accessible for imaging studies. The conjunctiva is typically divided into three parts: Blood to the bulbar conjunctiva is primarily derived from the ophthalmic artery. The blood supply to the palpebral conjunctiva (the eyelid) is derived from the external carotid artery. However, the circulation of the bulbar conjunctiva and palpebral conjunctiva are linked, so both bulbar conjunctival and","Document [6](Title: Eye) pigment epithelium, and constitutes the cells of the dilator muscle. The vitreous is the transparent, colourless, gelatinous mass that fills the space between the lens of the eye and the retina lining the back of the eye. It is produced by certain retinal cells. It is of rather similar composition to the cornea, but contains very few cells (mostly phagocytes which remove unwanted cellular debris in the visual field, as well as the hyalocytes of Balazs of the surface of the vitreous, which reprocess the hyaluronic acid), no blood vessels, and 98\u201399% of its volume is water (as opposed to","Document [7](Title: Retina) Retina The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer, or \"coat\", of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which translates that image into electrical neural impulses to the brain to create visual perception, the retina serving much the same function as film or a CCD in a camera. The retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses. The neural retina refers to the three layers of neural cells (photo receptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells) within","Document [8](Title: Retinylidene protein) of retinal at the ground state that photoisomerizes to an all-\"trans\" retinal upon light activation. They are commonly found in the light-sensing organs, for example in the photoreceptor cells of vertebrate retina where they facilitate eyesight. Animal opsins can also be found in the skin of amphibians, the pineal glands of lizards and birds, the hypothalamus of toads, and the human brain. They can be categorized into several distinct classes including: The \"visual purple\" rhodopsin (opsin-2) of the rod cells in the vertebrate retina absorbs green-blue light. The photopsins of the cone cells of the retina differ in a few","Document [9](Title: Sclera) pass. The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva (which is a thin layer covering the sclera), those in the episclera render the inflamed eye bright red. In many vertebrates, the sclera is reinforced with plates of cartilage or bone, together forming a circular structure called the sclerotic ring. In primitive fish, this ring consists of four plates, but the number is lower in many living ray-finned fishes, and much higher","Document [10](Title: Retinal haemorrhage) Retinal haemorrhage Retinal haemorrhage is a disorder of the eye in which bleeding occurs in the retina, the light sensitive tissue, located on the back wall of the eye. There are photoreceptor cells in the retina called rods and cones, which transduce light energy into nerve signals that can be processed by the brain to form visual images. Retinal hemorrhage can affect adults, and newborn babies and infants may also suffer from this disorder. A retinal hemorrhage can be caused by several medical conditions such as hypertension, retinal vein occlusion (a blockage of a retinal vein), anemia, leukemia or diabetes"],"query":"where do the blood vessels that supply the retinal cells lie?","answers":["optic nerve","The optic nerve"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Retina) is \"wired wrongly\" or \"badly designed\"; but in fact, the retina could not function if it were not inverted. The photoreceptor layer must be embedded in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which performs at least seven vital functions, one of the most obvious being to supply oxygen and other necessary nutrients needed for the photoreceptors to function. These nutrients include glucose, fatty acids, and retinal. The mammalian photoreceptor amplification process uses large quantities energy for vision in photopic conditions (requiring less under scotopic conditions) and, thus, requires the large supply nutrients supplied by the blood vessels in the choroid, which","Document [2](Title: Retina) of the forkhead transcription factors FOXD1 and FOXG1. Additional gradients are formed within the retina that aid in proper targeting of RGC axons that function to establish the retinotopic map. The retina is stratified into distinct layers, each containing specific cell types or cellular compartments that have metabolisms with different nutritional requirements. To satisfy these requirements, the ophthalmic artery bifurcates and supplies the retina via two distinct vascular networks: the choroidal network, which supplies the choroid and the outer retina, and the retinal network, which supplies the retina's inner layer. At first glance, one may think that the vertebrate retina","Document [3](Title: Retina) lies beyond the RPE. The choroid supplies about 75% of these nutrients to the retina and the retinal vasculature only 25%. When light strikes 11-cis-retinal (in the disks in the rods and cones), 11-cis-retinal changes to all-trans-retinal which then triggers changes in the opsins. Now, the outer segments do not regenerate the retinal back into the cis- form once it has been changed by light. Instead the retinal is pumped out to the surrounding RPE where it is regenerated and transported back into the outer segments of the photoreceptors. This recycling function of the RPE protects the photoreceptors against photo-oxidative","Document [4](Title: Conjunctiva) Conjunctiva The conjunctiva lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye). It is composed of non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, and also stratified columnar epithelium. The conjunctiva is highly vascularised, with many microvessels easily accessible for imaging studies. The conjunctiva is typically divided into three parts: Blood to the bulbar conjunctiva is primarily derived from the ophthalmic artery. The blood supply to the palpebral conjunctiva (the eyelid) is derived from the external carotid artery. However, the circulation of the bulbar conjunctiva and palpebral conjunctiva are linked, so both bulbar conjunctival and","Document [5](Title: Retina) In section, the retina is no more than 0.5 mm thick. It has three layers of nerve cells and two of synapses, including the unique ribbon synapse. The optic nerve carries the ganglion cell axons to the brain, and the blood vessels that supply the retina. The ganglion cells lie innermost in the eye while the photoreceptive cells lie beyond. Because of this counter-intuitive arrangement, light must first pass through and around the ganglion cells and through the thickness of the retina, (including its capillary vessels, not shown) before reaching the rods and cones. Light is absorbed by the retinal","Document [6](Title: Eye) pigment epithelium, and constitutes the cells of the dilator muscle. The vitreous is the transparent, colourless, gelatinous mass that fills the space between the lens of the eye and the retina lining the back of the eye. It is produced by certain retinal cells. It is of rather similar composition to the cornea, but contains very few cells (mostly phagocytes which remove unwanted cellular debris in the visual field, as well as the hyalocytes of Balazs of the surface of the vitreous, which reprocess the hyaluronic acid), no blood vessels, and 98\u201399% of its volume is water (as opposed to","Document [7](Title: Retina) Retina The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer, or \"coat\", of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which translates that image into electrical neural impulses to the brain to create visual perception, the retina serving much the same function as film or a CCD in a camera. The retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses. The neural retina refers to the three layers of neural cells (photo receptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells) within","Document [8](Title: Retinylidene protein) of retinal at the ground state that photoisomerizes to an all-\"trans\" retinal upon light activation. They are commonly found in the light-sensing organs, for example in the photoreceptor cells of vertebrate retina where they facilitate eyesight. Animal opsins can also be found in the skin of amphibians, the pineal glands of lizards and birds, the hypothalamus of toads, and the human brain. They can be categorized into several distinct classes including: The \"visual purple\" rhodopsin (opsin-2) of the rod cells in the vertebrate retina absorbs green-blue light. The photopsins of the cone cells of the retina differ in a few","Document [9](Title: Sclera) pass. The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva (which is a thin layer covering the sclera), those in the episclera render the inflamed eye bright red. In many vertebrates, the sclera is reinforced with plates of cartilage or bone, together forming a circular structure called the sclerotic ring. In primitive fish, this ring consists of four plates, but the number is lower in many living ray-finned fishes, and much higher","Document [10](Title: Retinal haemorrhage) Retinal haemorrhage Retinal haemorrhage is a disorder of the eye in which bleeding occurs in the retina, the light sensitive tissue, located on the back wall of the eye. There are photoreceptor cells in the retina called rods and cones, which transduce light energy into nerve signals that can be processed by the brain to form visual images. Retinal hemorrhage can affect adults, and newborn babies and infants may also suffer from this disorder. A retinal hemorrhage can be caused by several medical conditions such as hypertension, retinal vein occlusion (a blockage of a retinal vein), anemia, leukemia or diabetes"],"query":"where do the blood vessels that supply the retinal cells lie?","answers":["optic nerve","The optic nerve"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Retina) is \"wired wrongly\" or \"badly designed\"; but in fact, the retina could not function if it were not inverted. The photoreceptor layer must be embedded in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which performs at least seven vital functions, one of the most obvious being to supply oxygen and other necessary nutrients needed for the photoreceptors to function. These nutrients include glucose, fatty acids, and retinal. The mammalian photoreceptor amplification process uses large quantities energy for vision in photopic conditions (requiring less under scotopic conditions) and, thus, requires the large supply nutrients supplied by the blood vessels in the choroid, which","Document [2](Title: Retina) of the forkhead transcription factors FOXD1 and FOXG1. Additional gradients are formed within the retina that aid in proper targeting of RGC axons that function to establish the retinotopic map. The retina is stratified into distinct layers, each containing specific cell types or cellular compartments that have metabolisms with different nutritional requirements. To satisfy these requirements, the ophthalmic artery bifurcates and supplies the retina via two distinct vascular networks: the choroidal network, which supplies the choroid and the outer retina, and the retinal network, which supplies the retina's inner layer. At first glance, one may think that the vertebrate retina","Document [3](Title: Retina) lies beyond the RPE. The choroid supplies about 75% of these nutrients to the retina and the retinal vasculature only 25%. When light strikes 11-cis-retinal (in the disks in the rods and cones), 11-cis-retinal changes to all-trans-retinal which then triggers changes in the opsins. Now, the outer segments do not regenerate the retinal back into the cis- form once it has been changed by light. Instead the retinal is pumped out to the surrounding RPE where it is regenerated and transported back into the outer segments of the photoreceptors. This recycling function of the RPE protects the photoreceptors against photo-oxidative","Document [4](Title: Conjunctiva) Conjunctiva The conjunctiva lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye). It is composed of non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, and also stratified columnar epithelium. The conjunctiva is highly vascularised, with many microvessels easily accessible for imaging studies. The conjunctiva is typically divided into three parts: Blood to the bulbar conjunctiva is primarily derived from the ophthalmic artery. The blood supply to the palpebral conjunctiva (the eyelid) is derived from the external carotid artery. However, the circulation of the bulbar conjunctiva and palpebral conjunctiva are linked, so both bulbar conjunctival and","Document [5](Title: Eye) pigment epithelium, and constitutes the cells of the dilator muscle. The vitreous is the transparent, colourless, gelatinous mass that fills the space between the lens of the eye and the retina lining the back of the eye. It is produced by certain retinal cells. It is of rather similar composition to the cornea, but contains very few cells (mostly phagocytes which remove unwanted cellular debris in the visual field, as well as the hyalocytes of Balazs of the surface of the vitreous, which reprocess the hyaluronic acid), no blood vessels, and 98\u201399% of its volume is water (as opposed to","Document [6](Title: Retina) Retina The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer, or \"coat\", of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which translates that image into electrical neural impulses to the brain to create visual perception, the retina serving much the same function as film or a CCD in a camera. The retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses. The neural retina refers to the three layers of neural cells (photo receptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells) within","Document [7](Title: Retinylidene protein) of retinal at the ground state that photoisomerizes to an all-\"trans\" retinal upon light activation. They are commonly found in the light-sensing organs, for example in the photoreceptor cells of vertebrate retina where they facilitate eyesight. Animal opsins can also be found in the skin of amphibians, the pineal glands of lizards and birds, the hypothalamus of toads, and the human brain. They can be categorized into several distinct classes including: The \"visual purple\" rhodopsin (opsin-2) of the rod cells in the vertebrate retina absorbs green-blue light. The photopsins of the cone cells of the retina differ in a few","Document [8](Title: Sclera) pass. The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva (which is a thin layer covering the sclera), those in the episclera render the inflamed eye bright red. In many vertebrates, the sclera is reinforced with plates of cartilage or bone, together forming a circular structure called the sclerotic ring. In primitive fish, this ring consists of four plates, but the number is lower in many living ray-finned fishes, and much higher","Document [9](Title: Retinal haemorrhage) Retinal haemorrhage Retinal haemorrhage is a disorder of the eye in which bleeding occurs in the retina, the light sensitive tissue, located on the back wall of the eye. There are photoreceptor cells in the retina called rods and cones, which transduce light energy into nerve signals that can be processed by the brain to form visual images. Retinal hemorrhage can affect adults, and newborn babies and infants may also suffer from this disorder. A retinal hemorrhage can be caused by several medical conditions such as hypertension, retinal vein occlusion (a blockage of a retinal vein), anemia, leukemia or diabetes","Document [10](Title: Retina) In section, the retina is no more than 0.5 mm thick. It has three layers of nerve cells and two of synapses, including the unique ribbon synapse. The optic nerve carries the ganglion cell axons to the brain, and the blood vessels that supply the retina. The ganglion cells lie innermost in the eye while the photoreceptive cells lie beyond. Because of this counter-intuitive arrangement, light must first pass through and around the ganglion cells and through the thickness of the retina, (including its capillary vessels, not shown) before reaching the rods and cones. Light is absorbed by the retinal"],"query":"where do the blood vessels that supply the retinal cells lie?","answers":["optic nerve","The optic nerve"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Serial ATA) Revision 1.0a was released on January 7, 2003. First-generation SATA interfaces, now known as SATA 1.5\u00a0Gbit\/s, communicate at a rate of 1.5\u00a0Gbit\/s, and do not support Native Command Queuing (NCQ). Taking 8b\/10b encoding overhead into account, they have an actual uncoded transfer rate of 1.2 Gbit\/s (150 MB\/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 1.5 Gbit\/s is similar to that of PATA\/133, but newer SATA devices offer enhancements such as NCQ, which improve performance in a multitasking environment.","Document [2](Title: Western Digital Raptor) cables, as the SATA data connector does not have the required rails. Therefore, only normal cables can be plugged into these connectors. WD360GD Raptors with the Marvell 88i8030-TBC PATA to SATA bridge chip, such as WD360GD-00FNA0 (December 2003) and earlier, are limited to UDMA 5 transfers. In Linux, \"applying bridge limits\" is displayed and then it allows transfers up to UDMA\/100. In Microsoft Windows, they are reported as UDMA 6, but give a burst rate of 104 MB\/s, while WD360GD with the 88i8030-TBC1 chip are reported as UDMA 6 and give a burst rate of 122 MB\/s, close their theoretical","Document [3](Title: Serial ATA) 3.0 Gbit\/s that, when accounted for the 8b\/10b encoding scheme, equals to the maximum uncoded transfer rate of 2.4 Gbit\/s (300 MB\/s). The theoretical burst throughput of the SATA revision 2.0, which is also known as the SATA 3 Gbit\/s, doubles the throughput of SATA revision 1.0. All SATA data cables meeting the SATA spec are rated for 3.0 Gbit\/s and handle modern mechanical drives without any loss of sustained and burst data transfer performance. However, high-performance flash-based drives can exceed the SATA 3 Gbit\/s transfer rate; this is addressed with the SATA 6 Gbit\/s interoperability standard. Announced in August","Document [4](Title: SATA Express) Express bus for achieving data transfer speeds greater than the SATA 3.0 speed limit of 6 Gbit\/s. Designers of the SATA interface concluded that doubling the native SATA speed would take too much time to catch up with the advancements in solid-state drive (SSD) technology, would require too many changes to the SATA standard, and would result in a much greater power consumption compared with the existing PCI Express bus. As a widely adopted computer bus, PCI Express provides sufficient bandwidth while allowing easy scaling up by using faster or additional lanes. In addition to supporting legacy Advanced Host Controller","Document [5](Title: SATA Express) in 2003), through 3 Gbit\/s in SATA 2.0 (standardized in 2004), to 6 Gbit\/s as provided by SATA 3.0 (standardized in 2009). SATA has also gradually been selected as the interface for more adopted solid-state drives (SSDs), but the need for a faster interface became apparent as the speed of SSDs and hybrid drives increased over time. As an example, some SSDs available in early 2009 were already well over the capabilities of SATA 1.0 and close to the SATA 2.0 maximum transfer speed, while in the second half of 2013 high-end consumer SSDs had already reached the SATA 3.0","Document [6](Title: Serial ATA) are: Aimed at the consumer market, eSATA enters an external storage market served also by the USB and FireWire interfaces. The SATA interface has certain advantages. Most external hard-disk-drive cases with FireWire or USB interfaces use either PATA or SATA drives and \"bridges\" to translate between the drives' interfaces and the enclosures' external ports; this bridging incurs some inefficiency. Some single disks can transfer 157 MB\/s during real use, about four times the maximum transfer rate of USB 2.0 or FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394a) and almost twice as fast as the maximum transfer rate of FireWire 800. The S3200 FireWire","Document [7](Title: Serial ATA) 2005, SATA revision 2.5 consolidated the specification to a single document. Announced in February 2007, SATA revision 2.6 introduced the following features: Serial ATA International Organization (SATA-IO) presented the draft specification of SATA 6 Gbit\/s physical layer in July 2008, and ratified its physical layer specification on August 18, 2008. The full 3.0 standard was released on May 27, 2009. Third-generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 6.0 Gbit\/s; taking 8b\/10b encoding into account, the maximum uncoded transfer rate is 4.8 Gbit\/s (600 MB\/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 6.0 Gbit\/s is double that of SATA","Document [8](Title: Serial ATA) support for \"Serial ATA Tunneling Protocol\"). SATA 3 Gbit\/s theoretically offers a maximum bandwidth of 300 MB\/s per device, which is only slightly lower than the rated speed for SCSI Ultra 320 with a maximum of 320 MB\/s total for all devices on a bus. SCSI drives provide greater sustained throughput than multiple SATA drives connected via a simple (i.e., command-based) port multiplier because of disconnect-reconnect and aggregating performance. In general, SATA devices link compatibly to SAS enclosures and adapters, whereas SCSI devices cannot be directly connected to a SATA bus. SCSI, SAS, and fibre-channel (FC) drives are more expensive","Document [9](Title: Serial ATA) wafer connectors on each end. SATA cables can have lengths up to , and connect one motherboard socket to one hard drive. PATA ribbon cables, in comparison, connect one motherboard socket to one or two hard drives, carry either 40 or 80 wires, and are limited to in length by the PATA specification; however, cables up to are readily available. Thus, SATA connectors and cables are easier to fit in closed spaces and reduce obstructions to air cooling. Although they are more susceptible to accidental unplugging and breakage than PATA, users can purchase cables that have a locking feature, whereby","Document [10](Title: SATA Express) enables scaling up the performance of SATA Express interface by using multiple lanes and different versions of PCI Express. In more detail, using two PCI Express 2.0 lanes provides a total bandwidth of 1 GB\/s (2 \u00d7 5 GT\/s raw data rate and 8b\/10b encoding, equating to effective 1000 MB\/s), while using two PCI Express 3.0 lanes provides close to 2 GB\/s (2 \u00d7 8 GT\/s raw data rate and 128b\/130b encoding, equating to effective 1969 MB\/s). In comparison, the 6 Gbit\/s raw bandwidth of SATA 3.0 equates effectively to 0.6 GB\/s due to the overhead introduced by 8b\/10b encoding."],"query":"what is the transfer speed for sata 1?","answers":["1.5\u00a0Gbit\/s"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Western Digital Raptor) cables, as the SATA data connector does not have the required rails. Therefore, only normal cables can be plugged into these connectors. WD360GD Raptors with the Marvell 88i8030-TBC PATA to SATA bridge chip, such as WD360GD-00FNA0 (December 2003) and earlier, are limited to UDMA 5 transfers. In Linux, \"applying bridge limits\" is displayed and then it allows transfers up to UDMA\/100. In Microsoft Windows, they are reported as UDMA 6, but give a burst rate of 104 MB\/s, while WD360GD with the 88i8030-TBC1 chip are reported as UDMA 6 and give a burst rate of 122 MB\/s, close their theoretical","Document [2](Title: Serial ATA) 3.0 Gbit\/s that, when accounted for the 8b\/10b encoding scheme, equals to the maximum uncoded transfer rate of 2.4 Gbit\/s (300 MB\/s). The theoretical burst throughput of the SATA revision 2.0, which is also known as the SATA 3 Gbit\/s, doubles the throughput of SATA revision 1.0. All SATA data cables meeting the SATA spec are rated for 3.0 Gbit\/s and handle modern mechanical drives without any loss of sustained and burst data transfer performance. However, high-performance flash-based drives can exceed the SATA 3 Gbit\/s transfer rate; this is addressed with the SATA 6 Gbit\/s interoperability standard. Announced in August","Document [3](Title: SATA Express) Express bus for achieving data transfer speeds greater than the SATA 3.0 speed limit of 6 Gbit\/s. Designers of the SATA interface concluded that doubling the native SATA speed would take too much time to catch up with the advancements in solid-state drive (SSD) technology, would require too many changes to the SATA standard, and would result in a much greater power consumption compared with the existing PCI Express bus. As a widely adopted computer bus, PCI Express provides sufficient bandwidth while allowing easy scaling up by using faster or additional lanes. In addition to supporting legacy Advanced Host Controller","Document [4](Title: SATA Express) in 2003), through 3 Gbit\/s in SATA 2.0 (standardized in 2004), to 6 Gbit\/s as provided by SATA 3.0 (standardized in 2009). SATA has also gradually been selected as the interface for more adopted solid-state drives (SSDs), but the need for a faster interface became apparent as the speed of SSDs and hybrid drives increased over time. As an example, some SSDs available in early 2009 were already well over the capabilities of SATA 1.0 and close to the SATA 2.0 maximum transfer speed, while in the second half of 2013 high-end consumer SSDs had already reached the SATA 3.0","Document [5](Title: Serial ATA) Revision 1.0a was released on January 7, 2003. First-generation SATA interfaces, now known as SATA 1.5\u00a0Gbit\/s, communicate at a rate of 1.5\u00a0Gbit\/s, and do not support Native Command Queuing (NCQ). Taking 8b\/10b encoding overhead into account, they have an actual uncoded transfer rate of 1.2 Gbit\/s (150 MB\/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 1.5 Gbit\/s is similar to that of PATA\/133, but newer SATA devices offer enhancements such as NCQ, which improve performance in a multitasking environment.","Document [6](Title: Serial ATA) are: Aimed at the consumer market, eSATA enters an external storage market served also by the USB and FireWire interfaces. The SATA interface has certain advantages. Most external hard-disk-drive cases with FireWire or USB interfaces use either PATA or SATA drives and \"bridges\" to translate between the drives' interfaces and the enclosures' external ports; this bridging incurs some inefficiency. Some single disks can transfer 157 MB\/s during real use, about four times the maximum transfer rate of USB 2.0 or FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394a) and almost twice as fast as the maximum transfer rate of FireWire 800. The S3200 FireWire","Document [7](Title: Serial ATA) 2005, SATA revision 2.5 consolidated the specification to a single document. Announced in February 2007, SATA revision 2.6 introduced the following features: Serial ATA International Organization (SATA-IO) presented the draft specification of SATA 6 Gbit\/s physical layer in July 2008, and ratified its physical layer specification on August 18, 2008. The full 3.0 standard was released on May 27, 2009. Third-generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 6.0 Gbit\/s; taking 8b\/10b encoding into account, the maximum uncoded transfer rate is 4.8 Gbit\/s (600 MB\/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 6.0 Gbit\/s is double that of SATA","Document [8](Title: Serial ATA) support for \"Serial ATA Tunneling Protocol\"). SATA 3 Gbit\/s theoretically offers a maximum bandwidth of 300 MB\/s per device, which is only slightly lower than the rated speed for SCSI Ultra 320 with a maximum of 320 MB\/s total for all devices on a bus. SCSI drives provide greater sustained throughput than multiple SATA drives connected via a simple (i.e., command-based) port multiplier because of disconnect-reconnect and aggregating performance. In general, SATA devices link compatibly to SAS enclosures and adapters, whereas SCSI devices cannot be directly connected to a SATA bus. SCSI, SAS, and fibre-channel (FC) drives are more expensive","Document [9](Title: Serial ATA) wafer connectors on each end. SATA cables can have lengths up to , and connect one motherboard socket to one hard drive. PATA ribbon cables, in comparison, connect one motherboard socket to one or two hard drives, carry either 40 or 80 wires, and are limited to in length by the PATA specification; however, cables up to are readily available. Thus, SATA connectors and cables are easier to fit in closed spaces and reduce obstructions to air cooling. Although they are more susceptible to accidental unplugging and breakage than PATA, users can purchase cables that have a locking feature, whereby","Document [10](Title: SATA Express) enables scaling up the performance of SATA Express interface by using multiple lanes and different versions of PCI Express. In more detail, using two PCI Express 2.0 lanes provides a total bandwidth of 1 GB\/s (2 \u00d7 5 GT\/s raw data rate and 8b\/10b encoding, equating to effective 1000 MB\/s), while using two PCI Express 3.0 lanes provides close to 2 GB\/s (2 \u00d7 8 GT\/s raw data rate and 128b\/130b encoding, equating to effective 1969 MB\/s). In comparison, the 6 Gbit\/s raw bandwidth of SATA 3.0 equates effectively to 0.6 GB\/s due to the overhead introduced by 8b\/10b encoding."],"query":"what is the transfer speed for sata 1?","answers":["1.5\u00a0Gbit\/s"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Western Digital Raptor) cables, as the SATA data connector does not have the required rails. Therefore, only normal cables can be plugged into these connectors. WD360GD Raptors with the Marvell 88i8030-TBC PATA to SATA bridge chip, such as WD360GD-00FNA0 (December 2003) and earlier, are limited to UDMA 5 transfers. In Linux, \"applying bridge limits\" is displayed and then it allows transfers up to UDMA\/100. In Microsoft Windows, they are reported as UDMA 6, but give a burst rate of 104 MB\/s, while WD360GD with the 88i8030-TBC1 chip are reported as UDMA 6 and give a burst rate of 122 MB\/s, close their theoretical","Document [2](Title: Serial ATA) 3.0 Gbit\/s that, when accounted for the 8b\/10b encoding scheme, equals to the maximum uncoded transfer rate of 2.4 Gbit\/s (300 MB\/s). The theoretical burst throughput of the SATA revision 2.0, which is also known as the SATA 3 Gbit\/s, doubles the throughput of SATA revision 1.0. All SATA data cables meeting the SATA spec are rated for 3.0 Gbit\/s and handle modern mechanical drives without any loss of sustained and burst data transfer performance. However, high-performance flash-based drives can exceed the SATA 3 Gbit\/s transfer rate; this is addressed with the SATA 6 Gbit\/s interoperability standard. Announced in August","Document [3](Title: SATA Express) Express bus for achieving data transfer speeds greater than the SATA 3.0 speed limit of 6 Gbit\/s. Designers of the SATA interface concluded that doubling the native SATA speed would take too much time to catch up with the advancements in solid-state drive (SSD) technology, would require too many changes to the SATA standard, and would result in a much greater power consumption compared with the existing PCI Express bus. As a widely adopted computer bus, PCI Express provides sufficient bandwidth while allowing easy scaling up by using faster or additional lanes. In addition to supporting legacy Advanced Host Controller","Document [4](Title: SATA Express) in 2003), through 3 Gbit\/s in SATA 2.0 (standardized in 2004), to 6 Gbit\/s as provided by SATA 3.0 (standardized in 2009). SATA has also gradually been selected as the interface for more adopted solid-state drives (SSDs), but the need for a faster interface became apparent as the speed of SSDs and hybrid drives increased over time. As an example, some SSDs available in early 2009 were already well over the capabilities of SATA 1.0 and close to the SATA 2.0 maximum transfer speed, while in the second half of 2013 high-end consumer SSDs had already reached the SATA 3.0","Document [5](Title: Serial ATA) are: Aimed at the consumer market, eSATA enters an external storage market served also by the USB and FireWire interfaces. The SATA interface has certain advantages. Most external hard-disk-drive cases with FireWire or USB interfaces use either PATA or SATA drives and \"bridges\" to translate between the drives' interfaces and the enclosures' external ports; this bridging incurs some inefficiency. Some single disks can transfer 157 MB\/s during real use, about four times the maximum transfer rate of USB 2.0 or FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394a) and almost twice as fast as the maximum transfer rate of FireWire 800. The S3200 FireWire","Document [6](Title: Serial ATA) 2005, SATA revision 2.5 consolidated the specification to a single document. Announced in February 2007, SATA revision 2.6 introduced the following features: Serial ATA International Organization (SATA-IO) presented the draft specification of SATA 6 Gbit\/s physical layer in July 2008, and ratified its physical layer specification on August 18, 2008. The full 3.0 standard was released on May 27, 2009. Third-generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 6.0 Gbit\/s; taking 8b\/10b encoding into account, the maximum uncoded transfer rate is 4.8 Gbit\/s (600 MB\/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 6.0 Gbit\/s is double that of SATA","Document [7](Title: Serial ATA) support for \"Serial ATA Tunneling Protocol\"). SATA 3 Gbit\/s theoretically offers a maximum bandwidth of 300 MB\/s per device, which is only slightly lower than the rated speed for SCSI Ultra 320 with a maximum of 320 MB\/s total for all devices on a bus. SCSI drives provide greater sustained throughput than multiple SATA drives connected via a simple (i.e., command-based) port multiplier because of disconnect-reconnect and aggregating performance. In general, SATA devices link compatibly to SAS enclosures and adapters, whereas SCSI devices cannot be directly connected to a SATA bus. SCSI, SAS, and fibre-channel (FC) drives are more expensive","Document [8](Title: Serial ATA) wafer connectors on each end. SATA cables can have lengths up to , and connect one motherboard socket to one hard drive. PATA ribbon cables, in comparison, connect one motherboard socket to one or two hard drives, carry either 40 or 80 wires, and are limited to in length by the PATA specification; however, cables up to are readily available. Thus, SATA connectors and cables are easier to fit in closed spaces and reduce obstructions to air cooling. Although they are more susceptible to accidental unplugging and breakage than PATA, users can purchase cables that have a locking feature, whereby","Document [9](Title: SATA Express) enables scaling up the performance of SATA Express interface by using multiple lanes and different versions of PCI Express. In more detail, using two PCI Express 2.0 lanes provides a total bandwidth of 1 GB\/s (2 \u00d7 5 GT\/s raw data rate and 8b\/10b encoding, equating to effective 1000 MB\/s), while using two PCI Express 3.0 lanes provides close to 2 GB\/s (2 \u00d7 8 GT\/s raw data rate and 128b\/130b encoding, equating to effective 1969 MB\/s). In comparison, the 6 Gbit\/s raw bandwidth of SATA 3.0 equates effectively to 0.6 GB\/s due to the overhead introduced by 8b\/10b encoding.","Document [10](Title: Serial ATA) Revision 1.0a was released on January 7, 2003. First-generation SATA interfaces, now known as SATA 1.5\u00a0Gbit\/s, communicate at a rate of 1.5\u00a0Gbit\/s, and do not support Native Command Queuing (NCQ). Taking 8b\/10b encoding overhead into account, they have an actual uncoded transfer rate of 1.2 Gbit\/s (150 MB\/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 1.5 Gbit\/s is similar to that of PATA\/133, but newer SATA devices offer enhancements such as NCQ, which improve performance in a multitasking environment."],"query":"what is the transfer speed for sata 1?","answers":["1.5\u00a0Gbit\/s"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I) On 30 October 1918, the Armistice of Mudros was signed, ending Ottoman involvement in World War 1. The Ottoman public, however, was given misleadingly positive impressions of the severity of the terms of the Armistice. They thought its terms were considerably more lenient than they actually were, a source of discontent later that the Allies had betrayed the offered terms.","Document [2](Title: Eastern Question) Eastern Question was put to rest after World War I, one of the outcomes of which was the collapse and division of the Ottoman holdings. The Eastern Question emerged as the power of the Ottoman Empire began to decline during the 18th century. The Ottomans were at the height of their power in 1683, when they lost the Battle of Vienna to the combined forces of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth and Austria, under the command of John III Sobieski. Peace was made much later, in 1699, with the Treaty of Karlowitz, which forced the Ottoman Empire to cede many of its","Document [3](Title: Ottoman wars in Asia) the main problem was the rebel in Yemen which was subdued. Ottoman Empire fought against the Allies in the First World War and was defeated. According to Armistice of Mudros Ottoman Empire accepted the loss of all territories in the Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon and most of Iraq. Although Turkey and North Iraq were still under Ottoman rule, soon Allies occupied the Mediterranean coast and North Iraq. They also offered Aegean coast (as well as Thrace) to Greece and eastern Anatolia to newly establiahed Armenia by the Treaty of S\u00e8vres. However the treaty became ineffective during the Turkish","Document [4](Title: History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I) Enver informed the Quadruple Alliance that they would like to see the 1877 border (Russo-Turkish War (1877\u20131878)), pointing out that the only Ottomans lost territory and 1877 border was Ottoman territories inhabited by Muslims. Ottomans did not pushed 1877 position too hard, scared to fall back to bilateral agreements. On the other hand, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria clearly stood behind on the pulling back the Ottoman and Russian forces from Iran. Ottomans wanted Muslim Iran be under its own control. The ambassador to Berlin, Ibrahim Hakki Pasha, wrote: \"Although Russia may be in a weakened state today, it is always","Document [5](Title: Middle Eastern theatre of World War I) was never ratified by the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of S\u00e8vres was annulled in the course of the Turkish War of Independence, and the parties signed and ratified the superseding Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. On 3 March 1924, the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished when Mustafa Kemal Ataturk deposed the last caliph, Abdul Mejid II. Allied military losses are placed between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000 including killed, wounded, captured or missing. This includes 303,000 British Empire and French casualties in Gallipoli, 601,000 British Empire casualties in Sinai-Palestine, at least 140,000 Russian casualties in the Caucasus, and 256,000 British Empire casualties in","Document [6](Title: Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire) caused by the Ottoman counter-coup of 1909, which preceded the 31 March Incident (Restoration, 1909) and 1912 Ottoman coup d'\u00e9tat (\"Saviours\") and the 1913 Ottoman coup d'\u00e9tat in the Empire up to World War I. The Ottoman entry into World War I in the Middle Eastern theatre ended with the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of S\u00e8vres. This treaty, as designed in the conference of London, gave a nominal land and permitted the title Ottoman Caliphate (compared with Vatican; a sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the Catholic Pope), not to be a further threat but","Document [7](Title: Pax Ottomana) with the period after World War I, when only Asia Minor and Eastern Thrace remained under Turkish rule. The term is derived by analogy from the more common \"Pax Romana\", \"the Roman Peace\". Pax Ottomana In historiography, the Pax Ottomana (literally \"the Ottoman Peace\") or Pax Ottomanica is the economic and social stability attained in the conquered provinces of the Ottoman Empire, which, at the height of the Empire's power during the 16th and 17th centuries, applied to lands in the Balkans, Anatolia, the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus. The term is preferred in particular by historians and","Document [8](Title: Ottoman casualties of World War I) by Ottoman and Kurdish armies in 1914 and 1920. Sources have put the death tolls at nearly 750,000. After the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, for reliability reasons, the data regarding the Muslim casualties had to be collected by region. The records regarding the Muslim civilians were sealed at the time of the Paris Peace Conference, and there is very little literature review on the Muslim millet, compared to Christian millet of the Empire (see: Armenian casualties). One plausible explanation that needs further study may be attributable to productivity patterns of the Muslim millet, which could have dropped beyond sustainable","Document [9](Title: Diplomatic history of World War I) wars, most recently in 1912. The economy was heavily traditional, but with a strong German influence in terms of modernization, especially building railways. In 1914 the Ottoman government in Constantinople took the initiative in supporting the Central Powers. see Ottoman\u2013German alliance Its Army already was under German guidance, especially by General Otto Liman von Sanders. The British expected the alliance with Germany and seized two dreadnoughts under construction that had been paid for by the Ottomans. Negotiations with the Allies went nowhere after the Turks demanded very large concessions. Instead, a secret alliance was made with Germany in early August,","Document [10](Title: Turkish War of Independence) Eastern theatre of World War I to a close. The treaty granted the Allies the right to occupy forts controlling the Straits of the Dardanelles and the Bosporus; and the right to occupy \"in case of disorder\" any territory in case of a threat to security. Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe\u2014the British signatory of the Mudros Armistice\u2014stated the Triple Entente\u2032s public position that they had no intention to dismantle the government of the Ottoman Empire or place it under military occupation by \"occupying Constantinople\". However, dismantling the Ottoman government and partitioning the Ottoman Empire among the Allied nations had been an objective"],"query":"when did the ottoman empire surrender in ww1?","answers":["1918","30 October 1918"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Eastern Question) Eastern Question was put to rest after World War I, one of the outcomes of which was the collapse and division of the Ottoman holdings. The Eastern Question emerged as the power of the Ottoman Empire began to decline during the 18th century. The Ottomans were at the height of their power in 1683, when they lost the Battle of Vienna to the combined forces of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth and Austria, under the command of John III Sobieski. Peace was made much later, in 1699, with the Treaty of Karlowitz, which forced the Ottoman Empire to cede many of its","Document [2](Title: Ottoman wars in Asia) the main problem was the rebel in Yemen which was subdued. Ottoman Empire fought against the Allies in the First World War and was defeated. According to Armistice of Mudros Ottoman Empire accepted the loss of all territories in the Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon and most of Iraq. Although Turkey and North Iraq were still under Ottoman rule, soon Allies occupied the Mediterranean coast and North Iraq. They also offered Aegean coast (as well as Thrace) to Greece and eastern Anatolia to newly establiahed Armenia by the Treaty of S\u00e8vres. However the treaty became ineffective during the Turkish","Document [3](Title: History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I) Enver informed the Quadruple Alliance that they would like to see the 1877 border (Russo-Turkish War (1877\u20131878)), pointing out that the only Ottomans lost territory and 1877 border was Ottoman territories inhabited by Muslims. Ottomans did not pushed 1877 position too hard, scared to fall back to bilateral agreements. On the other hand, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria clearly stood behind on the pulling back the Ottoman and Russian forces from Iran. Ottomans wanted Muslim Iran be under its own control. The ambassador to Berlin, Ibrahim Hakki Pasha, wrote: \"Although Russia may be in a weakened state today, it is always","Document [4](Title: Middle Eastern theatre of World War I) was never ratified by the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of S\u00e8vres was annulled in the course of the Turkish War of Independence, and the parties signed and ratified the superseding Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. On 3 March 1924, the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished when Mustafa Kemal Ataturk deposed the last caliph, Abdul Mejid II. Allied military losses are placed between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000 including killed, wounded, captured or missing. This includes 303,000 British Empire and French casualties in Gallipoli, 601,000 British Empire casualties in Sinai-Palestine, at least 140,000 Russian casualties in the Caucasus, and 256,000 British Empire casualties in","Document [5](Title: History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I) On 30 October 1918, the Armistice of Mudros was signed, ending Ottoman involvement in World War 1. The Ottoman public, however, was given misleadingly positive impressions of the severity of the terms of the Armistice. They thought its terms were considerably more lenient than they actually were, a source of discontent later that the Allies had betrayed the offered terms.","Document [6](Title: Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire) caused by the Ottoman counter-coup of 1909, which preceded the 31 March Incident (Restoration, 1909) and 1912 Ottoman coup d'\u00e9tat (\"Saviours\") and the 1913 Ottoman coup d'\u00e9tat in the Empire up to World War I. The Ottoman entry into World War I in the Middle Eastern theatre ended with the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of S\u00e8vres. This treaty, as designed in the conference of London, gave a nominal land and permitted the title Ottoman Caliphate (compared with Vatican; a sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the Catholic Pope), not to be a further threat but","Document [7](Title: Pax Ottomana) with the period after World War I, when only Asia Minor and Eastern Thrace remained under Turkish rule. The term is derived by analogy from the more common \"Pax Romana\", \"the Roman Peace\". Pax Ottomana In historiography, the Pax Ottomana (literally \"the Ottoman Peace\") or Pax Ottomanica is the economic and social stability attained in the conquered provinces of the Ottoman Empire, which, at the height of the Empire's power during the 16th and 17th centuries, applied to lands in the Balkans, Anatolia, the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus. The term is preferred in particular by historians and","Document [8](Title: Ottoman casualties of World War I) by Ottoman and Kurdish armies in 1914 and 1920. Sources have put the death tolls at nearly 750,000. After the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, for reliability reasons, the data regarding the Muslim casualties had to be collected by region. The records regarding the Muslim civilians were sealed at the time of the Paris Peace Conference, and there is very little literature review on the Muslim millet, compared to Christian millet of the Empire (see: Armenian casualties). One plausible explanation that needs further study may be attributable to productivity patterns of the Muslim millet, which could have dropped beyond sustainable","Document [9](Title: Diplomatic history of World War I) wars, most recently in 1912. The economy was heavily traditional, but with a strong German influence in terms of modernization, especially building railways. In 1914 the Ottoman government in Constantinople took the initiative in supporting the Central Powers. see Ottoman\u2013German alliance Its Army already was under German guidance, especially by General Otto Liman von Sanders. The British expected the alliance with Germany and seized two dreadnoughts under construction that had been paid for by the Ottomans. Negotiations with the Allies went nowhere after the Turks demanded very large concessions. Instead, a secret alliance was made with Germany in early August,","Document [10](Title: Turkish War of Independence) Eastern theatre of World War I to a close. The treaty granted the Allies the right to occupy forts controlling the Straits of the Dardanelles and the Bosporus; and the right to occupy \"in case of disorder\" any territory in case of a threat to security. Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe\u2014the British signatory of the Mudros Armistice\u2014stated the Triple Entente\u2032s public position that they had no intention to dismantle the government of the Ottoman Empire or place it under military occupation by \"occupying Constantinople\". However, dismantling the Ottoman government and partitioning the Ottoman Empire among the Allied nations had been an objective"],"query":"when did the ottoman empire surrender in ww1?","answers":["1918","30 October 1918"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Eastern Question) Eastern Question was put to rest after World War I, one of the outcomes of which was the collapse and division of the Ottoman holdings. The Eastern Question emerged as the power of the Ottoman Empire began to decline during the 18th century. The Ottomans were at the height of their power in 1683, when they lost the Battle of Vienna to the combined forces of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth and Austria, under the command of John III Sobieski. Peace was made much later, in 1699, with the Treaty of Karlowitz, which forced the Ottoman Empire to cede many of its","Document [2](Title: Ottoman wars in Asia) the main problem was the rebel in Yemen which was subdued. Ottoman Empire fought against the Allies in the First World War and was defeated. According to Armistice of Mudros Ottoman Empire accepted the loss of all territories in the Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon and most of Iraq. Although Turkey and North Iraq were still under Ottoman rule, soon Allies occupied the Mediterranean coast and North Iraq. They also offered Aegean coast (as well as Thrace) to Greece and eastern Anatolia to newly establiahed Armenia by the Treaty of S\u00e8vres. However the treaty became ineffective during the Turkish","Document [3](Title: History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I) Enver informed the Quadruple Alliance that they would like to see the 1877 border (Russo-Turkish War (1877\u20131878)), pointing out that the only Ottomans lost territory and 1877 border was Ottoman territories inhabited by Muslims. Ottomans did not pushed 1877 position too hard, scared to fall back to bilateral agreements. On the other hand, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria clearly stood behind on the pulling back the Ottoman and Russian forces from Iran. Ottomans wanted Muslim Iran be under its own control. The ambassador to Berlin, Ibrahim Hakki Pasha, wrote: \"Although Russia may be in a weakened state today, it is always","Document [4](Title: Middle Eastern theatre of World War I) was never ratified by the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of S\u00e8vres was annulled in the course of the Turkish War of Independence, and the parties signed and ratified the superseding Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. On 3 March 1924, the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished when Mustafa Kemal Ataturk deposed the last caliph, Abdul Mejid II. Allied military losses are placed between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000 including killed, wounded, captured or missing. This includes 303,000 British Empire and French casualties in Gallipoli, 601,000 British Empire casualties in Sinai-Palestine, at least 140,000 Russian casualties in the Caucasus, and 256,000 British Empire casualties in","Document [5](Title: Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire) caused by the Ottoman counter-coup of 1909, which preceded the 31 March Incident (Restoration, 1909) and 1912 Ottoman coup d'\u00e9tat (\"Saviours\") and the 1913 Ottoman coup d'\u00e9tat in the Empire up to World War I. The Ottoman entry into World War I in the Middle Eastern theatre ended with the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of S\u00e8vres. This treaty, as designed in the conference of London, gave a nominal land and permitted the title Ottoman Caliphate (compared with Vatican; a sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the Catholic Pope), not to be a further threat but","Document [6](Title: Pax Ottomana) with the period after World War I, when only Asia Minor and Eastern Thrace remained under Turkish rule. The term is derived by analogy from the more common \"Pax Romana\", \"the Roman Peace\". Pax Ottomana In historiography, the Pax Ottomana (literally \"the Ottoman Peace\") or Pax Ottomanica is the economic and social stability attained in the conquered provinces of the Ottoman Empire, which, at the height of the Empire's power during the 16th and 17th centuries, applied to lands in the Balkans, Anatolia, the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus. The term is preferred in particular by historians and","Document [7](Title: Ottoman casualties of World War I) by Ottoman and Kurdish armies in 1914 and 1920. Sources have put the death tolls at nearly 750,000. After the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, for reliability reasons, the data regarding the Muslim casualties had to be collected by region. The records regarding the Muslim civilians were sealed at the time of the Paris Peace Conference, and there is very little literature review on the Muslim millet, compared to Christian millet of the Empire (see: Armenian casualties). One plausible explanation that needs further study may be attributable to productivity patterns of the Muslim millet, which could have dropped beyond sustainable","Document [8](Title: Diplomatic history of World War I) wars, most recently in 1912. The economy was heavily traditional, but with a strong German influence in terms of modernization, especially building railways. In 1914 the Ottoman government in Constantinople took the initiative in supporting the Central Powers. see Ottoman\u2013German alliance Its Army already was under German guidance, especially by General Otto Liman von Sanders. The British expected the alliance with Germany and seized two dreadnoughts under construction that had been paid for by the Ottomans. Negotiations with the Allies went nowhere after the Turks demanded very large concessions. Instead, a secret alliance was made with Germany in early August,","Document [9](Title: Turkish War of Independence) Eastern theatre of World War I to a close. The treaty granted the Allies the right to occupy forts controlling the Straits of the Dardanelles and the Bosporus; and the right to occupy \"in case of disorder\" any territory in case of a threat to security. Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe\u2014the British signatory of the Mudros Armistice\u2014stated the Triple Entente\u2032s public position that they had no intention to dismantle the government of the Ottoman Empire or place it under military occupation by \"occupying Constantinople\". However, dismantling the Ottoman government and partitioning the Ottoman Empire among the Allied nations had been an objective","Document [10](Title: History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I) On 30 October 1918, the Armistice of Mudros was signed, ending Ottoman involvement in World War 1. The Ottoman public, however, was given misleadingly positive impressions of the severity of the terms of the Armistice. They thought its terms were considerably more lenient than they actually were, a source of discontent later that the Allies had betrayed the offered terms."],"query":"when did the ottoman empire surrender in ww1?","answers":["1918","30 October 1918"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Electron transport chain) The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available (\"free\") to do work. Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous.","Document [2](Title: Reactive oxygen species) chain. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through a series of proteins via oxidation-reduction reactions, with each acceptor protein along the chain having a greater reduction potential than the previous. The last destination for an electron along this chain is an oxygen molecule. In normal conditions, the oxygen is reduced to produce water; however, in about 0.1\u20132% of electrons passing through the chain (this number derives from studies in isolated mitochondria, though the exact rate in live organisms is yet to be fully agreed upon), oxygen is instead prematurely and incompletely reduced to give the superoxide radical (),","Document [3](Title: Electron transport chain) aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration. Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the action of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in","Document [4](Title: Electron transport chain) to the acceptor through another electron transport chain. Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above. They use mobile, lipid-soluble carriers (quinones) and mobile, water-soluble carriers (cytochromes, etc.). They also contain a proton pump. It is remarkable that the proton pump in \"all\" photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial \"Complex III\". Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation, Photosynthesis, Photosynthetic reaction center and Light-dependent reaction. Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation","Document [5](Title: Electron transport chain) can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes. Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases, terminal oxidases and terminal reductases. The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are \"branched\", \"modular\", and \"inducible\". In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from a low-energy electron donor (e.g., NADH) to an acceptor (e.g., O) through an electron transport chain. In photophosphorylation, the energy of sunlight is used to \"create\" a high-energy electron donor and an electron acceptor. Electrons are then transferred from the donor","Document [6](Title: Electron transport chain) pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen, the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain. Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy, which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively \"pumping\" protons into the intermembrane space, producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work. This entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation, since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many","Document [7](Title: Oxidative phosphorylation) serve solely to transport electrons through proteins. Electrons move quite long distances through proteins by hopping along chains of these cofactors. This occurs by quantum tunnelling, which is rapid over distances of less than 1.4 m. Many catabolic biochemical processes, such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and beta oxidation, produce the reduced coenzyme NADH. This coenzyme contains electrons that have a high transfer potential; in other words, they will release a large amount of energy upon oxidation. However, the cell does not release this energy all at once, as this would be an uncontrollable reaction. Instead, the electrons are","Document [8](Title: Chlorophyll a) electron transport chain. These two systems are different in their redox potentials for one-electron oxidation. The E for P700 is approximately 500mV, while the E for P680 is approximately 1,100-1,200 mV. Chlorophyll \"a\" is very important in the energy phase of photosynthesis. Two electrons need to be passed to an electron acceptor for the process of photosynthesis to proceed. Within the reaction centers of both photosystems there are a pair of chlorophyll \"a\" molecules that pass electrons on to the transport chain through redox reactions. Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll \"a\" is a specific form of chlorophyll used in oxygenic photosynthesis. It","Document [9](Title: Anoxygenic photosynthesis) transport chain, proteins such as halorhodopsin capture light energy with the aid of diterpenes to move ions against the gradient and produce ATP via chemiosmosis in the manner of mitochondria. There are two main types of anaerobic photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria. The type I reaction centers found in GSB, Chloracidobacterium, and Heliobacteria and the type II reaction centers found in FAPs and Purple Bacteria Type I Reaction Centers The electron transport chain of green sulfur bacteria \u2014 such as is present in model organism \"Chlorobaculum tepidum\" \u2014 uses the reaction centre bacteriochlorophyll pair, P840. When light is absorbed","Document [10](Title: Oxidative phosphorylation) removed from NADH and passed to oxygen through a series of enzymes that each release a small amount of the energy. This set of enzymes, consisting of complexes I through IV, is called the electron transport chain and is found in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Succinate is also oxidized by the electron transport chain, but feeds into the pathway at a different point. In eukaryotes, the enzymes in this electron transport system use the energy released from the oxidation of NADH to pump protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. This causes protons to build up in"],"query":"where does the electron transport chain get its electrons from?","answers":["electron donors","donor molecule"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Reactive oxygen species) chain. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through a series of proteins via oxidation-reduction reactions, with each acceptor protein along the chain having a greater reduction potential than the previous. The last destination for an electron along this chain is an oxygen molecule. In normal conditions, the oxygen is reduced to produce water; however, in about 0.1\u20132% of electrons passing through the chain (this number derives from studies in isolated mitochondria, though the exact rate in live organisms is yet to be fully agreed upon), oxygen is instead prematurely and incompletely reduced to give the superoxide radical (),","Document [2](Title: Electron transport chain) aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration. Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the action of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in","Document [3](Title: Electron transport chain) to the acceptor through another electron transport chain. Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above. They use mobile, lipid-soluble carriers (quinones) and mobile, water-soluble carriers (cytochromes, etc.). They also contain a proton pump. It is remarkable that the proton pump in \"all\" photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial \"Complex III\". Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation, Photosynthesis, Photosynthetic reaction center and Light-dependent reaction. Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation","Document [4](Title: Electron transport chain) can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes. Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases, terminal oxidases and terminal reductases. The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are \"branched\", \"modular\", and \"inducible\". In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from a low-energy electron donor (e.g., NADH) to an acceptor (e.g., O) through an electron transport chain. In photophosphorylation, the energy of sunlight is used to \"create\" a high-energy electron donor and an electron acceptor. Electrons are then transferred from the donor","Document [5](Title: Electron transport chain) The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available (\"free\") to do work. Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous.","Document [6](Title: Electron transport chain) pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen, the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain. Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy, which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively \"pumping\" protons into the intermembrane space, producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work. This entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation, since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many","Document [7](Title: Oxidative phosphorylation) serve solely to transport electrons through proteins. Electrons move quite long distances through proteins by hopping along chains of these cofactors. This occurs by quantum tunnelling, which is rapid over distances of less than 1.4 m. Many catabolic biochemical processes, such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and beta oxidation, produce the reduced coenzyme NADH. This coenzyme contains electrons that have a high transfer potential; in other words, they will release a large amount of energy upon oxidation. However, the cell does not release this energy all at once, as this would be an uncontrollable reaction. Instead, the electrons are","Document [8](Title: Chlorophyll a) electron transport chain. These two systems are different in their redox potentials for one-electron oxidation. The E for P700 is approximately 500mV, while the E for P680 is approximately 1,100-1,200 mV. Chlorophyll \"a\" is very important in the energy phase of photosynthesis. Two electrons need to be passed to an electron acceptor for the process of photosynthesis to proceed. Within the reaction centers of both photosystems there are a pair of chlorophyll \"a\" molecules that pass electrons on to the transport chain through redox reactions. Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll \"a\" is a specific form of chlorophyll used in oxygenic photosynthesis. It","Document [9](Title: Anoxygenic photosynthesis) transport chain, proteins such as halorhodopsin capture light energy with the aid of diterpenes to move ions against the gradient and produce ATP via chemiosmosis in the manner of mitochondria. There are two main types of anaerobic photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria. The type I reaction centers found in GSB, Chloracidobacterium, and Heliobacteria and the type II reaction centers found in FAPs and Purple Bacteria Type I Reaction Centers The electron transport chain of green sulfur bacteria \u2014 such as is present in model organism \"Chlorobaculum tepidum\" \u2014 uses the reaction centre bacteriochlorophyll pair, P840. When light is absorbed","Document [10](Title: Oxidative phosphorylation) removed from NADH and passed to oxygen through a series of enzymes that each release a small amount of the energy. This set of enzymes, consisting of complexes I through IV, is called the electron transport chain and is found in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Succinate is also oxidized by the electron transport chain, but feeds into the pathway at a different point. In eukaryotes, the enzymes in this electron transport system use the energy released from the oxidation of NADH to pump protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. This causes protons to build up in"],"query":"where does the electron transport chain get its electrons from?","answers":["electron donors","donor molecule"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Reactive oxygen species) chain. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through a series of proteins via oxidation-reduction reactions, with each acceptor protein along the chain having a greater reduction potential than the previous. The last destination for an electron along this chain is an oxygen molecule. In normal conditions, the oxygen is reduced to produce water; however, in about 0.1\u20132% of electrons passing through the chain (this number derives from studies in isolated mitochondria, though the exact rate in live organisms is yet to be fully agreed upon), oxygen is instead prematurely and incompletely reduced to give the superoxide radical (),","Document [2](Title: Electron transport chain) aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration. Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the action of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in","Document [3](Title: Electron transport chain) to the acceptor through another electron transport chain. Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above. They use mobile, lipid-soluble carriers (quinones) and mobile, water-soluble carriers (cytochromes, etc.). They also contain a proton pump. It is remarkable that the proton pump in \"all\" photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial \"Complex III\". Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation, Photosynthesis, Photosynthetic reaction center and Light-dependent reaction. Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation","Document [4](Title: Electron transport chain) can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes. Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases, terminal oxidases and terminal reductases. The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are \"branched\", \"modular\", and \"inducible\". In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from a low-energy electron donor (e.g., NADH) to an acceptor (e.g., O) through an electron transport chain. In photophosphorylation, the energy of sunlight is used to \"create\" a high-energy electron donor and an electron acceptor. Electrons are then transferred from the donor","Document [5](Title: Electron transport chain) pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen, the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain. Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy, which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively \"pumping\" protons into the intermembrane space, producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work. This entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation, since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many","Document [6](Title: Oxidative phosphorylation) serve solely to transport electrons through proteins. Electrons move quite long distances through proteins by hopping along chains of these cofactors. This occurs by quantum tunnelling, which is rapid over distances of less than 1.4 m. Many catabolic biochemical processes, such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and beta oxidation, produce the reduced coenzyme NADH. This coenzyme contains electrons that have a high transfer potential; in other words, they will release a large amount of energy upon oxidation. However, the cell does not release this energy all at once, as this would be an uncontrollable reaction. Instead, the electrons are","Document [7](Title: Chlorophyll a) electron transport chain. These two systems are different in their redox potentials for one-electron oxidation. The E for P700 is approximately 500mV, while the E for P680 is approximately 1,100-1,200 mV. Chlorophyll \"a\" is very important in the energy phase of photosynthesis. Two electrons need to be passed to an electron acceptor for the process of photosynthesis to proceed. Within the reaction centers of both photosystems there are a pair of chlorophyll \"a\" molecules that pass electrons on to the transport chain through redox reactions. Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll \"a\" is a specific form of chlorophyll used in oxygenic photosynthesis. It","Document [8](Title: Anoxygenic photosynthesis) transport chain, proteins such as halorhodopsin capture light energy with the aid of diterpenes to move ions against the gradient and produce ATP via chemiosmosis in the manner of mitochondria. There are two main types of anaerobic photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria. The type I reaction centers found in GSB, Chloracidobacterium, and Heliobacteria and the type II reaction centers found in FAPs and Purple Bacteria Type I Reaction Centers The electron transport chain of green sulfur bacteria \u2014 such as is present in model organism \"Chlorobaculum tepidum\" \u2014 uses the reaction centre bacteriochlorophyll pair, P840. When light is absorbed","Document [9](Title: Oxidative phosphorylation) removed from NADH and passed to oxygen through a series of enzymes that each release a small amount of the energy. This set of enzymes, consisting of complexes I through IV, is called the electron transport chain and is found in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Succinate is also oxidized by the electron transport chain, but feeds into the pathway at a different point. In eukaryotes, the enzymes in this electron transport system use the energy released from the oxidation of NADH to pump protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. This causes protons to build up in","Document [10](Title: Electron transport chain) The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available (\"free\") to do work. Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous."],"query":"where does the electron transport chain get its electrons from?","answers":["electron donors","donor molecule"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Fingerprint) difficult to alter, and durable over the life of an individual, making them suitable as long-term markers of human identity. They may be employed by police or other authorities to identify individuals who wish to conceal their identity, or to identify people who are incapacitated or deceased and thus unable to identify themselves, as in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Fingerprint analysis, in use since the early 20th century, has led to many crimes being solved. This means that many criminals consider gloves essential. In 2015, the identification of sex by use of a fingerprint test has been reported.","Document [2](Title: Edward Henry) already been exchanging letters with Francis Galton regarding the use of fingerprinting to identify criminals, either instead of or in addition to the anthropometric method of Alphonse Bertillon, which Henry introduced into the Bengal police department. The taking of fingerprints and palm prints had been common among officialdom in Bengal as a means of identification for forty years, having been introduced by Sir William Herschel, but it was not used by the police and there was no system of simple sorting to allow rapid identification of an individual print (although classification of types was already used). Between July 1896 and","Document [3](Title: Fingerprint) a crime scene, or on items of evidence from a crime, have been used in forensic science to identify suspects, victims and other persons who touched a surface. Fingerprint identification emerged as an important system within police agencies in the late 19th century, when it replaced anthropometric measurements as a more reliable method for identifying persons having a prior record, often under a false name, in a criminal record repository. In modern times, researchers can find traces of addictive drugs on just a fingerprint. Fingerprinting has served all governments worldwide during the past 100 years or so to provide identification","Document [4](Title: Fingerprint) United States, Dr. Henry P. DeForrest used fingerprinting in the New York Civil Service in 1902, and by 1906, New York City Police Department Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot, an expert in the Bertillon system and a finger print advocate at Police Headquarters, introduced the fingerprinting of criminals to the United States. The Scheffer case of 1902 is the first case of the identification, arrest and conviction of a murderer based upon fingerprint evidence. Alphonse Bertillon identified the thief and murderer Scheffer, who had previously been arrested and his fingerprints filed some months before, from the fingerprints found on a","Document [5](Title: Forensic science) used in breaking and entering. Although his central methods were soon to be supplanted by fingerprinting, \"his other contributions like the mug shot and the systematization of crime-scene photography remain in place to this day.\" Sir William Herschel was one of the first to advocate the use of fingerprinting in the identification of criminal suspects. While working for the Indian Civil Service, he began to use thumbprints on documents as a security measure to prevent the then-rampant repudiation of signatures in 1858. In 1877 at Hooghly (near Kolkata), Herschel instituted the use of fingerprints on contracts and deeds, and he","Document [6](Title: Edward Henry) was originally not to assist in identifying criminals, but to prevent criminals from concealing previous convictions from the police, courts and prisons. However, it was used to ensure the conviction of burglar Harry Jackson in 1902 and soon caught on with CID. This usage was later cemented when fingerprint evidence was used to secure the convictions of Alfred and Albert Stratton for murder in 1905. Henry introduced other innovations as well. He bought the first typewriters to be used in Scotland Yard outside the Registry, replacing the laborious hand copying of the clerks. In 1902, he ran a private telegraph","Document [7](Title: Criminal Justice Information Services) Tayside Police, James Mackay QPM, and Tayside's head of CID, Detective Chief Superintendent Scott Robertson, were then appointed by the Crown Office to conduct a further investigation into the issues relating to fingerprint evidence and to report back with their findings. Mackay's interim report on August 3, 2000 suggested that SCRO fingerprint personnel had given evidence in court that was: According to a Scottish Executive Justice Department internal email written by senior official, Sheena Maclaren: Marked 'confidential', the final Mackay and Robertson report was submitted to the Crown Office in October 2000. It took more than five years for details","Document [8](Title: Biometrics use by the South African government) of biometrics in the police services are fingerprint readers (with fake fingerprint detection functionality) for access control in departments with secure and sensitive information (e.g. forensic laboratories, stolen vehicle departments etc.). Fingerprints are also being used as the sole method for doing criminal record background checks for commercial purposes \u2013 as the use of a name, surname or identification number has too much potential for abuse, and this system failure has led to much fraud. A full set of fingerprints is required for a criminal record check to be done on an individual. Companies who want to make use of","Document [9](Title: Fingerprint) they refuse to reveal the technique. In the 1930s criminal investigators in the United States first discovered the existence of latent fingerprints on the surfaces of fabrics, most notably on the insides of gloves discarded by perpetrators. Since the late nineteenth century, fingerprint identification methods have been used by police agencies around the world to identify suspected criminals as well as the victims of crime. The basis of the traditional fingerprinting technique is simple. The skin on the palmar surface of the hands and feet forms ridges, so-called papillary ridges, in patterns that are unique to each individual and which","Document [10](Title: Forensic science) accepted in England and Wales when the first United Kingdom Fingerprint Bureau was founded in Scotland Yard, the Metropolitan Police headquarters, London, in 1901. Sir Edward Richard Henry subsequently achieved improvements in dactyloscopy. In the United States, Dr. Henry P. DeForrest used fingerprinting in the New York Civil Service in 1902, and by December 1905, New York City Police Department Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot, an expert in the Bertillon system and a fingerprint advocate at Police Headquarters, introduced the fingerprinting of criminals to the United States. The Uhlenhuth test, or the antigen\u2013antibody precipitin test for species, was invented by"],"query":"when was fingerprinting first used by the police?","answers":["the early 20th century","In 1840"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Edward Henry) already been exchanging letters with Francis Galton regarding the use of fingerprinting to identify criminals, either instead of or in addition to the anthropometric method of Alphonse Bertillon, which Henry introduced into the Bengal police department. The taking of fingerprints and palm prints had been common among officialdom in Bengal as a means of identification for forty years, having been introduced by Sir William Herschel, but it was not used by the police and there was no system of simple sorting to allow rapid identification of an individual print (although classification of types was already used). Between July 1896 and","Document [2](Title: Fingerprint) a crime scene, or on items of evidence from a crime, have been used in forensic science to identify suspects, victims and other persons who touched a surface. Fingerprint identification emerged as an important system within police agencies in the late 19th century, when it replaced anthropometric measurements as a more reliable method for identifying persons having a prior record, often under a false name, in a criminal record repository. In modern times, researchers can find traces of addictive drugs on just a fingerprint. Fingerprinting has served all governments worldwide during the past 100 years or so to provide identification","Document [3](Title: Fingerprint) United States, Dr. Henry P. DeForrest used fingerprinting in the New York Civil Service in 1902, and by 1906, New York City Police Department Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot, an expert in the Bertillon system and a finger print advocate at Police Headquarters, introduced the fingerprinting of criminals to the United States. The Scheffer case of 1902 is the first case of the identification, arrest and conviction of a murderer based upon fingerprint evidence. Alphonse Bertillon identified the thief and murderer Scheffer, who had previously been arrested and his fingerprints filed some months before, from the fingerprints found on a","Document [4](Title: Forensic science) used in breaking and entering. Although his central methods were soon to be supplanted by fingerprinting, \"his other contributions like the mug shot and the systematization of crime-scene photography remain in place to this day.\" Sir William Herschel was one of the first to advocate the use of fingerprinting in the identification of criminal suspects. While working for the Indian Civil Service, he began to use thumbprints on documents as a security measure to prevent the then-rampant repudiation of signatures in 1858. In 1877 at Hooghly (near Kolkata), Herschel instituted the use of fingerprints on contracts and deeds, and he","Document [5](Title: Fingerprint) difficult to alter, and durable over the life of an individual, making them suitable as long-term markers of human identity. They may be employed by police or other authorities to identify individuals who wish to conceal their identity, or to identify people who are incapacitated or deceased and thus unable to identify themselves, as in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Fingerprint analysis, in use since the early 20th century, has led to many crimes being solved. This means that many criminals consider gloves essential. In 2015, the identification of sex by use of a fingerprint test has been reported.","Document [6](Title: Edward Henry) was originally not to assist in identifying criminals, but to prevent criminals from concealing previous convictions from the police, courts and prisons. However, it was used to ensure the conviction of burglar Harry Jackson in 1902 and soon caught on with CID. This usage was later cemented when fingerprint evidence was used to secure the convictions of Alfred and Albert Stratton for murder in 1905. Henry introduced other innovations as well. He bought the first typewriters to be used in Scotland Yard outside the Registry, replacing the laborious hand copying of the clerks. In 1902, he ran a private telegraph","Document [7](Title: Criminal Justice Information Services) Tayside Police, James Mackay QPM, and Tayside's head of CID, Detective Chief Superintendent Scott Robertson, were then appointed by the Crown Office to conduct a further investigation into the issues relating to fingerprint evidence and to report back with their findings. Mackay's interim report on August 3, 2000 suggested that SCRO fingerprint personnel had given evidence in court that was: According to a Scottish Executive Justice Department internal email written by senior official, Sheena Maclaren: Marked 'confidential', the final Mackay and Robertson report was submitted to the Crown Office in October 2000. It took more than five years for details","Document [8](Title: Biometrics use by the South African government) of biometrics in the police services are fingerprint readers (with fake fingerprint detection functionality) for access control in departments with secure and sensitive information (e.g. forensic laboratories, stolen vehicle departments etc.). Fingerprints are also being used as the sole method for doing criminal record background checks for commercial purposes \u2013 as the use of a name, surname or identification number has too much potential for abuse, and this system failure has led to much fraud. A full set of fingerprints is required for a criminal record check to be done on an individual. Companies who want to make use of","Document [9](Title: Fingerprint) they refuse to reveal the technique. In the 1930s criminal investigators in the United States first discovered the existence of latent fingerprints on the surfaces of fabrics, most notably on the insides of gloves discarded by perpetrators. Since the late nineteenth century, fingerprint identification methods have been used by police agencies around the world to identify suspected criminals as well as the victims of crime. The basis of the traditional fingerprinting technique is simple. The skin on the palmar surface of the hands and feet forms ridges, so-called papillary ridges, in patterns that are unique to each individual and which","Document [10](Title: Forensic science) accepted in England and Wales when the first United Kingdom Fingerprint Bureau was founded in Scotland Yard, the Metropolitan Police headquarters, London, in 1901. Sir Edward Richard Henry subsequently achieved improvements in dactyloscopy. In the United States, Dr. Henry P. DeForrest used fingerprinting in the New York Civil Service in 1902, and by December 1905, New York City Police Department Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot, an expert in the Bertillon system and a fingerprint advocate at Police Headquarters, introduced the fingerprinting of criminals to the United States. The Uhlenhuth test, or the antigen\u2013antibody precipitin test for species, was invented by"],"query":"when was fingerprinting first used by the police?","answers":["the early 20th century","In 1840"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Edward Henry) already been exchanging letters with Francis Galton regarding the use of fingerprinting to identify criminals, either instead of or in addition to the anthropometric method of Alphonse Bertillon, which Henry introduced into the Bengal police department. The taking of fingerprints and palm prints had been common among officialdom in Bengal as a means of identification for forty years, having been introduced by Sir William Herschel, but it was not used by the police and there was no system of simple sorting to allow rapid identification of an individual print (although classification of types was already used). Between July 1896 and","Document [2](Title: Fingerprint) a crime scene, or on items of evidence from a crime, have been used in forensic science to identify suspects, victims and other persons who touched a surface. Fingerprint identification emerged as an important system within police agencies in the late 19th century, when it replaced anthropometric measurements as a more reliable method for identifying persons having a prior record, often under a false name, in a criminal record repository. In modern times, researchers can find traces of addictive drugs on just a fingerprint. Fingerprinting has served all governments worldwide during the past 100 years or so to provide identification","Document [3](Title: Fingerprint) United States, Dr. Henry P. DeForrest used fingerprinting in the New York Civil Service in 1902, and by 1906, New York City Police Department Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot, an expert in the Bertillon system and a finger print advocate at Police Headquarters, introduced the fingerprinting of criminals to the United States. The Scheffer case of 1902 is the first case of the identification, arrest and conviction of a murderer based upon fingerprint evidence. Alphonse Bertillon identified the thief and murderer Scheffer, who had previously been arrested and his fingerprints filed some months before, from the fingerprints found on a","Document [4](Title: Forensic science) used in breaking and entering. Although his central methods were soon to be supplanted by fingerprinting, \"his other contributions like the mug shot and the systematization of crime-scene photography remain in place to this day.\" Sir William Herschel was one of the first to advocate the use of fingerprinting in the identification of criminal suspects. While working for the Indian Civil Service, he began to use thumbprints on documents as a security measure to prevent the then-rampant repudiation of signatures in 1858. In 1877 at Hooghly (near Kolkata), Herschel instituted the use of fingerprints on contracts and deeds, and he","Document [5](Title: Edward Henry) was originally not to assist in identifying criminals, but to prevent criminals from concealing previous convictions from the police, courts and prisons. However, it was used to ensure the conviction of burglar Harry Jackson in 1902 and soon caught on with CID. This usage was later cemented when fingerprint evidence was used to secure the convictions of Alfred and Albert Stratton for murder in 1905. Henry introduced other innovations as well. He bought the first typewriters to be used in Scotland Yard outside the Registry, replacing the laborious hand copying of the clerks. In 1902, he ran a private telegraph","Document [6](Title: Criminal Justice Information Services) Tayside Police, James Mackay QPM, and Tayside's head of CID, Detective Chief Superintendent Scott Robertson, were then appointed by the Crown Office to conduct a further investigation into the issues relating to fingerprint evidence and to report back with their findings. Mackay's interim report on August 3, 2000 suggested that SCRO fingerprint personnel had given evidence in court that was: According to a Scottish Executive Justice Department internal email written by senior official, Sheena Maclaren: Marked 'confidential', the final Mackay and Robertson report was submitted to the Crown Office in October 2000. It took more than five years for details","Document [7](Title: Biometrics use by the South African government) of biometrics in the police services are fingerprint readers (with fake fingerprint detection functionality) for access control in departments with secure and sensitive information (e.g. forensic laboratories, stolen vehicle departments etc.). Fingerprints are also being used as the sole method for doing criminal record background checks for commercial purposes \u2013 as the use of a name, surname or identification number has too much potential for abuse, and this system failure has led to much fraud. A full set of fingerprints is required for a criminal record check to be done on an individual. Companies who want to make use of","Document [8](Title: Fingerprint) they refuse to reveal the technique. In the 1930s criminal investigators in the United States first discovered the existence of latent fingerprints on the surfaces of fabrics, most notably on the insides of gloves discarded by perpetrators. Since the late nineteenth century, fingerprint identification methods have been used by police agencies around the world to identify suspected criminals as well as the victims of crime. The basis of the traditional fingerprinting technique is simple. The skin on the palmar surface of the hands and feet forms ridges, so-called papillary ridges, in patterns that are unique to each individual and which","Document [9](Title: Forensic science) accepted in England and Wales when the first United Kingdom Fingerprint Bureau was founded in Scotland Yard, the Metropolitan Police headquarters, London, in 1901. Sir Edward Richard Henry subsequently achieved improvements in dactyloscopy. In the United States, Dr. Henry P. DeForrest used fingerprinting in the New York Civil Service in 1902, and by December 1905, New York City Police Department Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot, an expert in the Bertillon system and a fingerprint advocate at Police Headquarters, introduced the fingerprinting of criminals to the United States. The Uhlenhuth test, or the antigen\u2013antibody precipitin test for species, was invented by","Document [10](Title: Fingerprint) difficult to alter, and durable over the life of an individual, making them suitable as long-term markers of human identity. They may be employed by police or other authorities to identify individuals who wish to conceal their identity, or to identify people who are incapacitated or deceased and thus unable to identify themselves, as in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Fingerprint analysis, in use since the early 20th century, has led to many crimes being solved. This means that many criminals consider gloves essential. In 2015, the identification of sex by use of a fingerprint test has been reported."],"query":"when was fingerprinting first used by the police?","answers":["the early 20th century","In 1840"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: M\u00e9nage \u00e0 Troi) \"M\u00e9nage \u00e0 Troi\" is the 24th episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the 72nd episode of the series overall.","Document [2](Title: The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) also notes that they may reapply to join the Federation at a later date. The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"The Hunted\" is the 11th episode of the of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\", and the 59th episode of the series overall. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship \"Enterprise\". In this episode, as Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) and his staff meet with the leaders of the planet Angosia III who are petitioning for Federation membership, they find themselves learning more than expected about the Angosians","Document [3](Title: Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 3)) Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 3) The third season of the American science fiction television series \"\" commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on September 25, 1989 and concluded on June 18, 1990 after airing 26 episodes. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\"-D. Season three featured the return of Gates McFadden as Dr. Beverly Crusher after she was replaced by Diana Muldaur for the . The season also saw the debut of several actors who would reappear in the same roles and others throughout","Document [4](Title: The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"The Hunted\" is the 11th episode of the of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\", and the 59th episode of the series overall. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship \"Enterprise\". In this episode, as Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) and his staff meet with the leaders of the planet Angosia III who are petitioning for Federation membership, they find themselves learning more than expected about the Angosians when they offer to help capture a local escaped prisoner. The \"Enterprise\" is investigating","Document [5](Title: The Chase (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) The Chase (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"The Chase\" is the 146th episode of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\", the 20th episode of the . It is directed by series cast member Jonathan Frakes (Commander William Riker). Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship USS \"Enterprise\"-D. In this episode, four competing expeditions\u2014Federation, Klingon, Cardassian, and Romulan\u2014attempt to solve an ancient genetic puzzle. \"Enterprise\" Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) has always been a student of archaeology, and in this episode he is contacted by his former mentor Professor Richard","Document [6](Title: Clues (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) not knowing. One of them even has a broken limb...\" Clues (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Clues\" is the 14th episode of the of the American science fiction television series \"\", it originally aired on February 11, 1991 in broadcast syndication. The teleplay was written by Bruce D. Arthurs and Joe Menosky from a story by Arthurs and was directed by Les Landau Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship USS \"Enterprise\"-D. While en route to investigate a mysterious planet, the entire crew, with the exception of Lieutenant Commander Data,","Document [7](Title: Preemptive Strike (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) Preemptive Strike (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Preemptive Strike\" is the 176th episode of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\". It is the 24th episode of the , and penultimate episode of the series overall, directed by cast member Patrick Stewart (Captain Jean-Luc Picard). Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship USS \"Enterprise\"-D. In this episode, the recurring character Ro Laren (Michelle Forbes), a court-martialed Starfleet officer who first appeared in the episode \"\", finds her loyalties divided between Starfleet and a group of resistance fighters who oppose","Document [8](Title: Manhunt (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) about her, much to his dismay. Manhunt had some of the lowest Nielsen ratings of all of The Next Generation first run broadcasts, at 8.9 points. Manhunt (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Manhunt\" is the 19th episode of the of the American science fiction television series \"\", the 45th episode overall, originally broadcast on June 19, 1989. In this episode, the \"Enterprise\" must transport delegates to a conference, one of whom is an extremely man-hungry Lwaxana Troi with eyes for Captain Picard. Drummer Mick Fleetwood from the British rock band Fleetwood Mac plays an Antedean dignitary in this episode. The","Document [9](Title: Star Trek: The Next Generation) and films, including \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\" Star Trek: The Next Generation Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG and ST:TNG) is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry. It originally aired from September 28, 1987 to May 23, 1994 on syndication, spanning 178 episodes over the course of seven seasons. The third series in the \"Star Trek\" franchise, it is the second sequel to \"\". Set in the 24th century, when Earth is part of a United Federation of Planets, it follows the adventures of a Starfleet starship, the USS \"Enterprise\"-D, in its exploration of the","Document [10](Title: Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 2)) Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 2) The second season of the American science fiction television series \"\" commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on November 21, 1988, and concluded on July 17, 1989, after airing 22 episodes. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\"-D. Season two featured changes to the main cast, following the departure of Gates McFadden. Diana Muldaur was cast as Dr. Katherine Pulaski for a single season before the return of McFadden in season three. Academy Award winner Whoopi Goldberg also joined"],"query":"star trek the next generation season 3 episode 24?","answers":["\"M\u00e9nage \u00e0 Troi\""],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) also notes that they may reapply to join the Federation at a later date. The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"The Hunted\" is the 11th episode of the of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\", and the 59th episode of the series overall. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship \"Enterprise\". In this episode, as Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) and his staff meet with the leaders of the planet Angosia III who are petitioning for Federation membership, they find themselves learning more than expected about the Angosians","Document [2](Title: Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 3)) Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 3) The third season of the American science fiction television series \"\" commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on September 25, 1989 and concluded on June 18, 1990 after airing 26 episodes. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\"-D. Season three featured the return of Gates McFadden as Dr. Beverly Crusher after she was replaced by Diana Muldaur for the . The season also saw the debut of several actors who would reappear in the same roles and others throughout","Document [3](Title: The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"The Hunted\" is the 11th episode of the of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\", and the 59th episode of the series overall. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship \"Enterprise\". In this episode, as Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) and his staff meet with the leaders of the planet Angosia III who are petitioning for Federation membership, they find themselves learning more than expected about the Angosians when they offer to help capture a local escaped prisoner. The \"Enterprise\" is investigating","Document [4](Title: The Chase (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) The Chase (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"The Chase\" is the 146th episode of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\", the 20th episode of the . It is directed by series cast member Jonathan Frakes (Commander William Riker). Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship USS \"Enterprise\"-D. In this episode, four competing expeditions\u2014Federation, Klingon, Cardassian, and Romulan\u2014attempt to solve an ancient genetic puzzle. \"Enterprise\" Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) has always been a student of archaeology, and in this episode he is contacted by his former mentor Professor Richard","Document [5](Title: M\u00e9nage \u00e0 Troi) \"M\u00e9nage \u00e0 Troi\" is the 24th episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the 72nd episode of the series overall.","Document [6](Title: Clues (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) not knowing. One of them even has a broken limb...\" Clues (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Clues\" is the 14th episode of the of the American science fiction television series \"\", it originally aired on February 11, 1991 in broadcast syndication. The teleplay was written by Bruce D. Arthurs and Joe Menosky from a story by Arthurs and was directed by Les Landau Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship USS \"Enterprise\"-D. While en route to investigate a mysterious planet, the entire crew, with the exception of Lieutenant Commander Data,","Document [7](Title: Preemptive Strike (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) Preemptive Strike (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Preemptive Strike\" is the 176th episode of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\". It is the 24th episode of the , and penultimate episode of the series overall, directed by cast member Patrick Stewart (Captain Jean-Luc Picard). Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship USS \"Enterprise\"-D. In this episode, the recurring character Ro Laren (Michelle Forbes), a court-martialed Starfleet officer who first appeared in the episode \"\", finds her loyalties divided between Starfleet and a group of resistance fighters who oppose","Document [8](Title: Manhunt (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) about her, much to his dismay. Manhunt had some of the lowest Nielsen ratings of all of The Next Generation first run broadcasts, at 8.9 points. Manhunt (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Manhunt\" is the 19th episode of the of the American science fiction television series \"\", the 45th episode overall, originally broadcast on June 19, 1989. In this episode, the \"Enterprise\" must transport delegates to a conference, one of whom is an extremely man-hungry Lwaxana Troi with eyes for Captain Picard. Drummer Mick Fleetwood from the British rock band Fleetwood Mac plays an Antedean dignitary in this episode. The","Document [9](Title: Star Trek: The Next Generation) and films, including \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\" Star Trek: The Next Generation Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG and ST:TNG) is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry. It originally aired from September 28, 1987 to May 23, 1994 on syndication, spanning 178 episodes over the course of seven seasons. The third series in the \"Star Trek\" franchise, it is the second sequel to \"\". Set in the 24th century, when Earth is part of a United Federation of Planets, it follows the adventures of a Starfleet starship, the USS \"Enterprise\"-D, in its exploration of the","Document [10](Title: Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 2)) Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 2) The second season of the American science fiction television series \"\" commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on November 21, 1988, and concluded on July 17, 1989, after airing 22 episodes. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\"-D. Season two featured changes to the main cast, following the departure of Gates McFadden. Diana Muldaur was cast as Dr. Katherine Pulaski for a single season before the return of McFadden in season three. Academy Award winner Whoopi Goldberg also joined"],"query":"star trek the next generation season 3 episode 24?","answers":["\"M\u00e9nage \u00e0 Troi\""],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) also notes that they may reapply to join the Federation at a later date. The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"The Hunted\" is the 11th episode of the of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\", and the 59th episode of the series overall. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship \"Enterprise\". In this episode, as Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) and his staff meet with the leaders of the planet Angosia III who are petitioning for Federation membership, they find themselves learning more than expected about the Angosians","Document [2](Title: Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 3)) Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 3) The third season of the American science fiction television series \"\" commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on September 25, 1989 and concluded on June 18, 1990 after airing 26 episodes. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\"-D. Season three featured the return of Gates McFadden as Dr. Beverly Crusher after she was replaced by Diana Muldaur for the . The season also saw the debut of several actors who would reappear in the same roles and others throughout","Document [3](Title: The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"The Hunted\" is the 11th episode of the of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\", and the 59th episode of the series overall. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship \"Enterprise\". In this episode, as Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) and his staff meet with the leaders of the planet Angosia III who are petitioning for Federation membership, they find themselves learning more than expected about the Angosians when they offer to help capture a local escaped prisoner. The \"Enterprise\" is investigating","Document [4](Title: The Chase (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) The Chase (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"The Chase\" is the 146th episode of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\", the 20th episode of the . It is directed by series cast member Jonathan Frakes (Commander William Riker). Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship USS \"Enterprise\"-D. In this episode, four competing expeditions\u2014Federation, Klingon, Cardassian, and Romulan\u2014attempt to solve an ancient genetic puzzle. \"Enterprise\" Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) has always been a student of archaeology, and in this episode he is contacted by his former mentor Professor Richard","Document [5](Title: Clues (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) not knowing. One of them even has a broken limb...\" Clues (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Clues\" is the 14th episode of the of the American science fiction television series \"\", it originally aired on February 11, 1991 in broadcast syndication. The teleplay was written by Bruce D. Arthurs and Joe Menosky from a story by Arthurs and was directed by Les Landau Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship USS \"Enterprise\"-D. While en route to investigate a mysterious planet, the entire crew, with the exception of Lieutenant Commander Data,","Document [6](Title: Preemptive Strike (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) Preemptive Strike (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Preemptive Strike\" is the 176th episode of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\". It is the 24th episode of the , and penultimate episode of the series overall, directed by cast member Patrick Stewart (Captain Jean-Luc Picard). Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship USS \"Enterprise\"-D. In this episode, the recurring character Ro Laren (Michelle Forbes), a court-martialed Starfleet officer who first appeared in the episode \"\", finds her loyalties divided between Starfleet and a group of resistance fighters who oppose","Document [7](Title: Manhunt (Star Trek: The Next Generation)) about her, much to his dismay. Manhunt had some of the lowest Nielsen ratings of all of The Next Generation first run broadcasts, at 8.9 points. Manhunt (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Manhunt\" is the 19th episode of the of the American science fiction television series \"\", the 45th episode overall, originally broadcast on June 19, 1989. In this episode, the \"Enterprise\" must transport delegates to a conference, one of whom is an extremely man-hungry Lwaxana Troi with eyes for Captain Picard. Drummer Mick Fleetwood from the British rock band Fleetwood Mac plays an Antedean dignitary in this episode. The","Document [8](Title: Star Trek: The Next Generation) and films, including \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\" Star Trek: The Next Generation Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG and ST:TNG) is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry. It originally aired from September 28, 1987 to May 23, 1994 on syndication, spanning 178 episodes over the course of seven seasons. The third series in the \"Star Trek\" franchise, it is the second sequel to \"\". Set in the 24th century, when Earth is part of a United Federation of Planets, it follows the adventures of a Starfleet starship, the USS \"Enterprise\"-D, in its exploration of the","Document [9](Title: Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 2)) Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 2) The second season of the American science fiction television series \"\" commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on November 21, 1988, and concluded on July 17, 1989, after airing 22 episodes. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\"-D. Season two featured changes to the main cast, following the departure of Gates McFadden. Diana Muldaur was cast as Dr. Katherine Pulaski for a single season before the return of McFadden in season three. Academy Award winner Whoopi Goldberg also joined","Document [10](Title: M\u00e9nage \u00e0 Troi) \"M\u00e9nage \u00e0 Troi\" is the 24th episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the 72nd episode of the series overall."],"query":"star trek the next generation season 3 episode 24?","answers":["\"M\u00e9nage \u00e0 Troi\""],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)) USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is a fictional starship in the fictional Star Trek universe that serves as both the main setting of the original Star Trek television series, as well as the primary transportation method for the show's characters. The Enterprise has been depicted in four network television series, six feature films, many books, and much fan-created media. The original Star Trek series (1966\u20131969) features a voice-over by Enterprise captain, James T. Kirk (William Shatner), which describes the mission of the Enterprise as \"to explore strange new worlds; to seek out new life and new civilizations; to boldly go where no","Document [2](Title: Starship Enterprise) that was Earth's first attempt to explore another star system. \"The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture\", published in 1980, describes the ship as \"the very first starship U.S.S. \"Enterprise\"\". A painting of this ship hangs on the wall of Earth's 602 Club in flashbacks that appeared in the \"\" episode \"\" (2003). Registry: \"Enterprise\" (NX-01) Class: NX Service: 2151\u20132161 (10 years) Captain: Jonathan Archer (Scott Bakula) United Earth Starfleet's \"Enterprise\" is the main setting of \"\" (2001\u20132005). \"Enterprise\" was the first Earth built starship capable of reaching Warp 5. She was commanded by Captain Jonathan Archer and played","Document [3](Title: Starship Enterprise) of illustrations depicting ships named \"Enterprise\". It also appears as a model in \"Star Trek Into Darkness\" (2013), together with models of a \"Wright Flyer\", a V-2 rocket, a Bell X-1, a Vostok-3KA capsule, a Space Shuttle orbiter, and some \"Star Trek\" universe starships. The 1979 \"Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology\" describes this \"first interstellar liner\" as a \"Declaration\"-class ship launched in 2123. Its length is given as , and it has a capacity of 100 crew and 850 passengers. The \"Star Trek Maps\" by New Eye Photography Editors, also published in 1979, listed this ship as a fusion drive probe","Document [4](Title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)) at Farpoint\" under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard. Several episodes, as well as the ship's dedication plaque, establish that the \"Enterprise\" was built at the Utopia Planitia Fleet Yards in orbit around Mars. The \"Enterprise\"-D is the third \"Galaxy\"-class starship, after the pathfinder ship USS \"Galaxy\" and the USS \"Yamato\". The dedication plaque gives its commissioning date as 40759.5, which was intended to represent October 4, 2363, which would be the 406th anniversary of the launch of Sputnik, humanity's first spacecraft. During the \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\" series, the ship's crew makes first contact with many species, including","Document [5](Title: Star Trek: Enterprise) the adventures of the crew of the starship \"Enterprise\", designation NX-01. They are the first deep space explorers in Starfleet, using the first Warp 5 equipped vessel. At the start of the series, it is revealed that the Vulcans have withheld advanced technology from humanity since their first contact, concerned that humans were not ready for it. This has delayed human space exploration and caused resentment in Captain Jonathan Archer, whose father developed the Warp 5 engine but did not live to see it used. \"Enterprise\" was intentionally equipped with less advanced versions of technologies seen in previous series. For","Document [6](Title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E)) \"Enterprise\", which would become the latest flagship of the United Federation of Planets after the \"Enterprise\"-D had been destroyed. The \"Enterprise\"-E, a Sovereign class starship, launched in 2372 from the San Francisco Fleet Yards under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard, and most of the key officers from the \"Enterprise\"-D. According to the non-canon novel \"Ship of the Line\", the originally planned name for the vessel was USS \"Honorius\", and Montgomery Scott was part of the team of engineers that designed the \"Enterprise\"-E. In the film \"Star Trek: First Contact\", the \"Enterprise\" participates in the Battle of Sector 001, destroying","Document [7](Title: First Flight (Star Trek: Enterprise)) Base and the first NASA astronauts. Reference is also made to the Apollo 11 lunar landing, when Archer mentions that no-one remembers astronaut Buzz Aldrin's first words when he stepped onto the moon. His actual first words were \"Beautiful view.\" Warp drive was first mentioned in Gene Roddenberry's first-draft pitch for \"Star Trek\", dated March 11, 1964, although in that version it was referred to as a \"space-warp drive\". The drive allows for a vessel to travel faster than the speed of light by warping space-time around the ship itself. In 1994, physicist Miguel Alcubierre created the theoretical Alcubierre drive,","Document [8](Title: Star Trek) Star Trek Star Trek is an American space opera media franchise based on the science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry. The first television series, simply called \"Star Trek\" and now referred to as \"\"\"\", debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on the television network NBC. It followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner) and his crew aboard the starship USS \"Enterprise\", a space exploration vessel, built by the United Federation of Planets in the twenty-third century. The \"Star Trek\" canon of the franchise includes \"The Original Series\", an animated series, five spin-off","Document [9](Title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)) fan letters about the \"Enterprise\" than any of the actors. A write-in campaign in 1976 led to the first space shuttle being named \"Enterprise\" rather than \"Constitution\". In 2009, Virgin Galactic named its first commercial spaceship to honor the \"Star Trek\" vessel. \"Build the Enterprise\" is a website that proposes creating a functional spacecraft with a hull similar to the \"Enterprise\". The United States Navy evaluated the efficiency of the \"Enterprise\" bridge's style and layout, and the bridge of the USS \"Independence\" and the Ship's Mission Center of the USS \"Zumwalt\" have been compared to the \"Enterprise\"s bridge. An exacting","Document [10](Title: Kir'Shara) the first Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\", registration NX-01. In this episode, \"Enterprise\" attempts to avert a war, and is caught in a crossfire between Vulcan and Andorian starships. Meanwhile. Captain Archer, Commander T'Pol, and T'Pau aim to take the Kir'Shara to the Vulcan capital, and use it to reveal Administrator V'Las' plot to the rest of the Vulcan High Command. In addition to the guest stars returning from the previous arc episodes, or the episode \"\", Jeffrey Combs returned as Shran. The episode was shot across seven days using mostly standing sets, with only an Andorian brig built specifically for this"],"query":"what was the first star trek enterprise ship?","answers":["NCC-1701"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Starship Enterprise) that was Earth's first attempt to explore another star system. \"The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture\", published in 1980, describes the ship as \"the very first starship U.S.S. \"Enterprise\"\". A painting of this ship hangs on the wall of Earth's 602 Club in flashbacks that appeared in the \"\" episode \"\" (2003). Registry: \"Enterprise\" (NX-01) Class: NX Service: 2151\u20132161 (10 years) Captain: Jonathan Archer (Scott Bakula) United Earth Starfleet's \"Enterprise\" is the main setting of \"\" (2001\u20132005). \"Enterprise\" was the first Earth built starship capable of reaching Warp 5. She was commanded by Captain Jonathan Archer and played","Document [2](Title: Starship Enterprise) of illustrations depicting ships named \"Enterprise\". It also appears as a model in \"Star Trek Into Darkness\" (2013), together with models of a \"Wright Flyer\", a V-2 rocket, a Bell X-1, a Vostok-3KA capsule, a Space Shuttle orbiter, and some \"Star Trek\" universe starships. The 1979 \"Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology\" describes this \"first interstellar liner\" as a \"Declaration\"-class ship launched in 2123. Its length is given as , and it has a capacity of 100 crew and 850 passengers. The \"Star Trek Maps\" by New Eye Photography Editors, also published in 1979, listed this ship as a fusion drive probe","Document [3](Title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)) at Farpoint\" under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard. Several episodes, as well as the ship's dedication plaque, establish that the \"Enterprise\" was built at the Utopia Planitia Fleet Yards in orbit around Mars. The \"Enterprise\"-D is the third \"Galaxy\"-class starship, after the pathfinder ship USS \"Galaxy\" and the USS \"Yamato\". The dedication plaque gives its commissioning date as 40759.5, which was intended to represent October 4, 2363, which would be the 406th anniversary of the launch of Sputnik, humanity's first spacecraft. During the \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\" series, the ship's crew makes first contact with many species, including","Document [4](Title: Star Trek: Enterprise) the adventures of the crew of the starship \"Enterprise\", designation NX-01. They are the first deep space explorers in Starfleet, using the first Warp 5 equipped vessel. At the start of the series, it is revealed that the Vulcans have withheld advanced technology from humanity since their first contact, concerned that humans were not ready for it. This has delayed human space exploration and caused resentment in Captain Jonathan Archer, whose father developed the Warp 5 engine but did not live to see it used. \"Enterprise\" was intentionally equipped with less advanced versions of technologies seen in previous series. For","Document [5](Title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)) USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is a fictional starship in the fictional Star Trek universe that serves as both the main setting of the original Star Trek television series, as well as the primary transportation method for the show's characters. The Enterprise has been depicted in four network television series, six feature films, many books, and much fan-created media. The original Star Trek series (1966\u20131969) features a voice-over by Enterprise captain, James T. Kirk (William Shatner), which describes the mission of the Enterprise as \"to explore strange new worlds; to seek out new life and new civilizations; to boldly go where no","Document [6](Title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E)) \"Enterprise\", which would become the latest flagship of the United Federation of Planets after the \"Enterprise\"-D had been destroyed. The \"Enterprise\"-E, a Sovereign class starship, launched in 2372 from the San Francisco Fleet Yards under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard, and most of the key officers from the \"Enterprise\"-D. According to the non-canon novel \"Ship of the Line\", the originally planned name for the vessel was USS \"Honorius\", and Montgomery Scott was part of the team of engineers that designed the \"Enterprise\"-E. In the film \"Star Trek: First Contact\", the \"Enterprise\" participates in the Battle of Sector 001, destroying","Document [7](Title: First Flight (Star Trek: Enterprise)) Base and the first NASA astronauts. Reference is also made to the Apollo 11 lunar landing, when Archer mentions that no-one remembers astronaut Buzz Aldrin's first words when he stepped onto the moon. His actual first words were \"Beautiful view.\" Warp drive was first mentioned in Gene Roddenberry's first-draft pitch for \"Star Trek\", dated March 11, 1964, although in that version it was referred to as a \"space-warp drive\". The drive allows for a vessel to travel faster than the speed of light by warping space-time around the ship itself. In 1994, physicist Miguel Alcubierre created the theoretical Alcubierre drive,","Document [8](Title: Star Trek) Star Trek Star Trek is an American space opera media franchise based on the science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry. The first television series, simply called \"Star Trek\" and now referred to as \"\"\"\", debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on the television network NBC. It followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner) and his crew aboard the starship USS \"Enterprise\", a space exploration vessel, built by the United Federation of Planets in the twenty-third century. The \"Star Trek\" canon of the franchise includes \"The Original Series\", an animated series, five spin-off","Document [9](Title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)) fan letters about the \"Enterprise\" than any of the actors. A write-in campaign in 1976 led to the first space shuttle being named \"Enterprise\" rather than \"Constitution\". In 2009, Virgin Galactic named its first commercial spaceship to honor the \"Star Trek\" vessel. \"Build the Enterprise\" is a website that proposes creating a functional spacecraft with a hull similar to the \"Enterprise\". The United States Navy evaluated the efficiency of the \"Enterprise\" bridge's style and layout, and the bridge of the USS \"Independence\" and the Ship's Mission Center of the USS \"Zumwalt\" have been compared to the \"Enterprise\"s bridge. An exacting","Document [10](Title: Kir'Shara) the first Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\", registration NX-01. In this episode, \"Enterprise\" attempts to avert a war, and is caught in a crossfire between Vulcan and Andorian starships. Meanwhile. Captain Archer, Commander T'Pol, and T'Pau aim to take the Kir'Shara to the Vulcan capital, and use it to reveal Administrator V'Las' plot to the rest of the Vulcan High Command. In addition to the guest stars returning from the previous arc episodes, or the episode \"\", Jeffrey Combs returned as Shran. The episode was shot across seven days using mostly standing sets, with only an Andorian brig built specifically for this"],"query":"what was the first star trek enterprise ship?","answers":["NCC-1701"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Starship Enterprise) that was Earth's first attempt to explore another star system. \"The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture\", published in 1980, describes the ship as \"the very first starship U.S.S. \"Enterprise\"\". A painting of this ship hangs on the wall of Earth's 602 Club in flashbacks that appeared in the \"\" episode \"\" (2003). Registry: \"Enterprise\" (NX-01) Class: NX Service: 2151\u20132161 (10 years) Captain: Jonathan Archer (Scott Bakula) United Earth Starfleet's \"Enterprise\" is the main setting of \"\" (2001\u20132005). \"Enterprise\" was the first Earth built starship capable of reaching Warp 5. She was commanded by Captain Jonathan Archer and played","Document [2](Title: Starship Enterprise) of illustrations depicting ships named \"Enterprise\". It also appears as a model in \"Star Trek Into Darkness\" (2013), together with models of a \"Wright Flyer\", a V-2 rocket, a Bell X-1, a Vostok-3KA capsule, a Space Shuttle orbiter, and some \"Star Trek\" universe starships. The 1979 \"Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology\" describes this \"first interstellar liner\" as a \"Declaration\"-class ship launched in 2123. Its length is given as , and it has a capacity of 100 crew and 850 passengers. The \"Star Trek Maps\" by New Eye Photography Editors, also published in 1979, listed this ship as a fusion drive probe","Document [3](Title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)) at Farpoint\" under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard. Several episodes, as well as the ship's dedication plaque, establish that the \"Enterprise\" was built at the Utopia Planitia Fleet Yards in orbit around Mars. The \"Enterprise\"-D is the third \"Galaxy\"-class starship, after the pathfinder ship USS \"Galaxy\" and the USS \"Yamato\". The dedication plaque gives its commissioning date as 40759.5, which was intended to represent October 4, 2363, which would be the 406th anniversary of the launch of Sputnik, humanity's first spacecraft. During the \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\" series, the ship's crew makes first contact with many species, including","Document [4](Title: Star Trek: Enterprise) the adventures of the crew of the starship \"Enterprise\", designation NX-01. They are the first deep space explorers in Starfleet, using the first Warp 5 equipped vessel. At the start of the series, it is revealed that the Vulcans have withheld advanced technology from humanity since their first contact, concerned that humans were not ready for it. This has delayed human space exploration and caused resentment in Captain Jonathan Archer, whose father developed the Warp 5 engine but did not live to see it used. \"Enterprise\" was intentionally equipped with less advanced versions of technologies seen in previous series. For","Document [5](Title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E)) \"Enterprise\", which would become the latest flagship of the United Federation of Planets after the \"Enterprise\"-D had been destroyed. The \"Enterprise\"-E, a Sovereign class starship, launched in 2372 from the San Francisco Fleet Yards under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard, and most of the key officers from the \"Enterprise\"-D. According to the non-canon novel \"Ship of the Line\", the originally planned name for the vessel was USS \"Honorius\", and Montgomery Scott was part of the team of engineers that designed the \"Enterprise\"-E. In the film \"Star Trek: First Contact\", the \"Enterprise\" participates in the Battle of Sector 001, destroying","Document [6](Title: First Flight (Star Trek: Enterprise)) Base and the first NASA astronauts. Reference is also made to the Apollo 11 lunar landing, when Archer mentions that no-one remembers astronaut Buzz Aldrin's first words when he stepped onto the moon. His actual first words were \"Beautiful view.\" Warp drive was first mentioned in Gene Roddenberry's first-draft pitch for \"Star Trek\", dated March 11, 1964, although in that version it was referred to as a \"space-warp drive\". The drive allows for a vessel to travel faster than the speed of light by warping space-time around the ship itself. In 1994, physicist Miguel Alcubierre created the theoretical Alcubierre drive,","Document [7](Title: Star Trek) Star Trek Star Trek is an American space opera media franchise based on the science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry. The first television series, simply called \"Star Trek\" and now referred to as \"\"\"\", debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on the television network NBC. It followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner) and his crew aboard the starship USS \"Enterprise\", a space exploration vessel, built by the United Federation of Planets in the twenty-third century. The \"Star Trek\" canon of the franchise includes \"The Original Series\", an animated series, five spin-off","Document [8](Title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)) fan letters about the \"Enterprise\" than any of the actors. A write-in campaign in 1976 led to the first space shuttle being named \"Enterprise\" rather than \"Constitution\". In 2009, Virgin Galactic named its first commercial spaceship to honor the \"Star Trek\" vessel. \"Build the Enterprise\" is a website that proposes creating a functional spacecraft with a hull similar to the \"Enterprise\". The United States Navy evaluated the efficiency of the \"Enterprise\" bridge's style and layout, and the bridge of the USS \"Independence\" and the Ship's Mission Center of the USS \"Zumwalt\" have been compared to the \"Enterprise\"s bridge. An exacting","Document [9](Title: Kir'Shara) the first Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\", registration NX-01. In this episode, \"Enterprise\" attempts to avert a war, and is caught in a crossfire between Vulcan and Andorian starships. Meanwhile. Captain Archer, Commander T'Pol, and T'Pau aim to take the Kir'Shara to the Vulcan capital, and use it to reveal Administrator V'Las' plot to the rest of the Vulcan High Command. In addition to the guest stars returning from the previous arc episodes, or the episode \"\", Jeffrey Combs returned as Shran. The episode was shot across seven days using mostly standing sets, with only an Andorian brig built specifically for this","Document [10](Title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)) USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is a fictional starship in the fictional Star Trek universe that serves as both the main setting of the original Star Trek television series, as well as the primary transportation method for the show's characters. The Enterprise has been depicted in four network television series, six feature films, many books, and much fan-created media. The original Star Trek series (1966\u20131969) features a voice-over by Enterprise captain, James T. Kirk (William Shatner), which describes the mission of the Enterprise as \"to explore strange new worlds; to seek out new life and new civilizations; to boldly go where no"],"query":"what was the first star trek enterprise ship?","answers":["NCC-1701"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Art of War) The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Spring and Autumn period in 5th century BC. The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu (\"Master Sun\", also spelled Sunzi), is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to a distinct aspect of warfare and how that applies to military strategy and tactics. For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that would be formalised as the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy","Document [2](Title: The Art of War) cited by KGB officers in charge of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff's novel \"Le Montage\". \"The Art of War\" has been applied to many fields well outside of the military. Much of the text is about how to fight wars without actually having to do battle: It gives tips on how to outsmart one's opponent so that physical battle is not necessary. As such, it has found application as a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat. \"The Art of War\" is mentioned as an influence in the earliest known Chinese collection of stories about","Document [3](Title: The Art of War) remains the most influential strategy text in East Asian warfare. It has a profound influence on both Eastern and Western military thinking, business tactics, legal strategy and beyond. The book was first translated and published into French in 1772 (re-published in 1782) by the French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot and a partial translation into English was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the title The Book of War. The first annotated English translation was completed and published by Lionel Giles in 1910. Numerous military and political leaders such as the Chinese communist revolutionary Mao Zedong,","Document [4](Title: The Art of War) to the field of education. \"The Art of War\" has been the subject of legal books and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy. \"The Art of War\" has also been applied in the world of sports. National Football League coach Bill Belichick is known to have read the book and used its lessons to gain insights in preparing for games. Australian cricket as well as Brazilian association football coaches Luiz Felipe Scolari and Carlos Alberto Parreira are known to have embraced the text. Scolari made the Brazilian World Cup squad of 2002 study the","Document [5](Title: The Art of War) lists \"The Art of War\" as one example of a book that may be kept at a military unit's library. \"The Art of War\" is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant's Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel. According to some authors, the strategy of deception from \"The Art of War\" was studied and widely used by the KGB: \"I will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his strength into weakness\". The book is widely","Document [6](Title: The Art of War) War\" and \"Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War\", and includes Mao's quote: \"We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster.\" During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers extensively studied \"The Art of War\" and reportedly could recite entire passages from memory. General V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p successfully implemented tactics described in \"The Art of War\" during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which","Document [7](Title: The Art of War) the state of Chu. The prominent strategist, poet, and warlord Cao Cao in the early 3rd century AD authored the earliest known commentary to the \"Art of War\". Cao's preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed certain passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically. \"The Art of War\" appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, but listings of its divisions and size varied widely. In the early 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC by Sunzi's purported","Document [8](Title: William S. Lind) Jr., of Ohio from 1973 through 1976 and held a similar position with Senator Gary Hart of Colorado from 1977 to 1986. He is the author of the \"Maneuver Warfare Handbook\" (Westview Press, 1985) and co-author, with Gary Hart, of \"America Can Win: The Case for Military Reform.\" With Bruce Gudmundsson, Lind hosted the program \"Modern War\" on the now-defunct satellite television network NET. Lind has written for the \"Marine Corps Gazette\", \"Defense and the National Interest\", (D-N-I.net), and \"The American Conservative\". According to writer Robert Coram's book \"Boyd: The Fighter Pilot Who Changed The Art of War\", during lectures","Document [9](Title: Lionel Giles) studied Classics at Wadham College, Oxford, graduating BA in 1899. The 1910 Giles translation of \"The Art of War\" succeeded British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop's 1905 and 1908 translations, and refuted large portions of Calthrop's work. In the Introduction, Giles writes: It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt. Omissions were frequent; hard passages were willfully distorted or slurred over. Such offenses are less pardonable. They would not be tolerated in any edition of a Latin or Greek classic, and a similar standard of honesty ought to be insisted upon","Document [10](Title: J. F. C. Fuller) expressive, and opinionated writer of military history and of controversial predictions of the future of war, publishing \"On Future Warfare\" in 1928. Seeing his teachings largely vindicated by the Second World War, he published \"Machine Warfare: An Enquiry into the Influence of Mechanics on the Art of War\" in 1942. Fuller is perhaps best known today for his \"Nine Principles of War\" which have formed the foundation of much of modern military theory since the 1930s, and which were originally derived from a convergence of Fuller's mystical and military interests. The Nine Principles went through several iterations; Fuller stated that"],"query":"who was the author of the art of war?","answers":["Sun Tzu"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Art of War) cited by KGB officers in charge of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff's novel \"Le Montage\". \"The Art of War\" has been applied to many fields well outside of the military. Much of the text is about how to fight wars without actually having to do battle: It gives tips on how to outsmart one's opponent so that physical battle is not necessary. As such, it has found application as a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat. \"The Art of War\" is mentioned as an influence in the earliest known Chinese collection of stories about","Document [2](Title: The Art of War) remains the most influential strategy text in East Asian warfare. It has a profound influence on both Eastern and Western military thinking, business tactics, legal strategy and beyond. The book was first translated and published into French in 1772 (re-published in 1782) by the French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot and a partial translation into English was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the title The Book of War. The first annotated English translation was completed and published by Lionel Giles in 1910. Numerous military and political leaders such as the Chinese communist revolutionary Mao Zedong,","Document [3](Title: The Art of War) to the field of education. \"The Art of War\" has been the subject of legal books and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy. \"The Art of War\" has also been applied in the world of sports. National Football League coach Bill Belichick is known to have read the book and used its lessons to gain insights in preparing for games. Australian cricket as well as Brazilian association football coaches Luiz Felipe Scolari and Carlos Alberto Parreira are known to have embraced the text. Scolari made the Brazilian World Cup squad of 2002 study the","Document [4](Title: The Art of War) lists \"The Art of War\" as one example of a book that may be kept at a military unit's library. \"The Art of War\" is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant's Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel. According to some authors, the strategy of deception from \"The Art of War\" was studied and widely used by the KGB: \"I will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his strength into weakness\". The book is widely","Document [5](Title: The Art of War) The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Spring and Autumn period in 5th century BC. The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu (\"Master Sun\", also spelled Sunzi), is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to a distinct aspect of warfare and how that applies to military strategy and tactics. For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that would be formalised as the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy","Document [6](Title: The Art of War) War\" and \"Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War\", and includes Mao's quote: \"We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster.\" During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers extensively studied \"The Art of War\" and reportedly could recite entire passages from memory. General V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p successfully implemented tactics described in \"The Art of War\" during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which","Document [7](Title: The Art of War) the state of Chu. The prominent strategist, poet, and warlord Cao Cao in the early 3rd century AD authored the earliest known commentary to the \"Art of War\". Cao's preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed certain passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically. \"The Art of War\" appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, but listings of its divisions and size varied widely. In the early 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC by Sunzi's purported","Document [8](Title: William S. Lind) Jr., of Ohio from 1973 through 1976 and held a similar position with Senator Gary Hart of Colorado from 1977 to 1986. He is the author of the \"Maneuver Warfare Handbook\" (Westview Press, 1985) and co-author, with Gary Hart, of \"America Can Win: The Case for Military Reform.\" With Bruce Gudmundsson, Lind hosted the program \"Modern War\" on the now-defunct satellite television network NET. Lind has written for the \"Marine Corps Gazette\", \"Defense and the National Interest\", (D-N-I.net), and \"The American Conservative\". According to writer Robert Coram's book \"Boyd: The Fighter Pilot Who Changed The Art of War\", during lectures","Document [9](Title: Lionel Giles) studied Classics at Wadham College, Oxford, graduating BA in 1899. The 1910 Giles translation of \"The Art of War\" succeeded British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop's 1905 and 1908 translations, and refuted large portions of Calthrop's work. In the Introduction, Giles writes: It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt. Omissions were frequent; hard passages were willfully distorted or slurred over. Such offenses are less pardonable. They would not be tolerated in any edition of a Latin or Greek classic, and a similar standard of honesty ought to be insisted upon","Document [10](Title: J. F. C. Fuller) expressive, and opinionated writer of military history and of controversial predictions of the future of war, publishing \"On Future Warfare\" in 1928. Seeing his teachings largely vindicated by the Second World War, he published \"Machine Warfare: An Enquiry into the Influence of Mechanics on the Art of War\" in 1942. Fuller is perhaps best known today for his \"Nine Principles of War\" which have formed the foundation of much of modern military theory since the 1930s, and which were originally derived from a convergence of Fuller's mystical and military interests. The Nine Principles went through several iterations; Fuller stated that"],"query":"who was the author of the art of war?","answers":["Sun Tzu"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Art of War) cited by KGB officers in charge of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff's novel \"Le Montage\". \"The Art of War\" has been applied to many fields well outside of the military. Much of the text is about how to fight wars without actually having to do battle: It gives tips on how to outsmart one's opponent so that physical battle is not necessary. As such, it has found application as a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat. \"The Art of War\" is mentioned as an influence in the earliest known Chinese collection of stories about","Document [2](Title: The Art of War) remains the most influential strategy text in East Asian warfare. It has a profound influence on both Eastern and Western military thinking, business tactics, legal strategy and beyond. The book was first translated and published into French in 1772 (re-published in 1782) by the French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot and a partial translation into English was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the title The Book of War. The first annotated English translation was completed and published by Lionel Giles in 1910. Numerous military and political leaders such as the Chinese communist revolutionary Mao Zedong,","Document [3](Title: The Art of War) to the field of education. \"The Art of War\" has been the subject of legal books and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy. \"The Art of War\" has also been applied in the world of sports. National Football League coach Bill Belichick is known to have read the book and used its lessons to gain insights in preparing for games. Australian cricket as well as Brazilian association football coaches Luiz Felipe Scolari and Carlos Alberto Parreira are known to have embraced the text. Scolari made the Brazilian World Cup squad of 2002 study the","Document [4](Title: The Art of War) lists \"The Art of War\" as one example of a book that may be kept at a military unit's library. \"The Art of War\" is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant's Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel. According to some authors, the strategy of deception from \"The Art of War\" was studied and widely used by the KGB: \"I will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his strength into weakness\". The book is widely","Document [5](Title: The Art of War) War\" and \"Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War\", and includes Mao's quote: \"We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster.\" During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers extensively studied \"The Art of War\" and reportedly could recite entire passages from memory. General V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p successfully implemented tactics described in \"The Art of War\" during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which","Document [6](Title: The Art of War) the state of Chu. The prominent strategist, poet, and warlord Cao Cao in the early 3rd century AD authored the earliest known commentary to the \"Art of War\". Cao's preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed certain passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically. \"The Art of War\" appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, but listings of its divisions and size varied widely. In the early 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC by Sunzi's purported","Document [7](Title: William S. Lind) Jr., of Ohio from 1973 through 1976 and held a similar position with Senator Gary Hart of Colorado from 1977 to 1986. He is the author of the \"Maneuver Warfare Handbook\" (Westview Press, 1985) and co-author, with Gary Hart, of \"America Can Win: The Case for Military Reform.\" With Bruce Gudmundsson, Lind hosted the program \"Modern War\" on the now-defunct satellite television network NET. Lind has written for the \"Marine Corps Gazette\", \"Defense and the National Interest\", (D-N-I.net), and \"The American Conservative\". According to writer Robert Coram's book \"Boyd: The Fighter Pilot Who Changed The Art of War\", during lectures","Document [8](Title: Lionel Giles) studied Classics at Wadham College, Oxford, graduating BA in 1899. The 1910 Giles translation of \"The Art of War\" succeeded British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop's 1905 and 1908 translations, and refuted large portions of Calthrop's work. In the Introduction, Giles writes: It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt. Omissions were frequent; hard passages were willfully distorted or slurred over. Such offenses are less pardonable. They would not be tolerated in any edition of a Latin or Greek classic, and a similar standard of honesty ought to be insisted upon","Document [9](Title: J. F. C. Fuller) expressive, and opinionated writer of military history and of controversial predictions of the future of war, publishing \"On Future Warfare\" in 1928. Seeing his teachings largely vindicated by the Second World War, he published \"Machine Warfare: An Enquiry into the Influence of Mechanics on the Art of War\" in 1942. Fuller is perhaps best known today for his \"Nine Principles of War\" which have formed the foundation of much of modern military theory since the 1930s, and which were originally derived from a convergence of Fuller's mystical and military interests. The Nine Principles went through several iterations; Fuller stated that","Document [10](Title: The Art of War) The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Spring and Autumn period in 5th century BC. The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu (\"Master Sun\", also spelled Sunzi), is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to a distinct aspect of warfare and how that applies to military strategy and tactics. For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that would be formalised as the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy"],"query":"who was the author of the art of war?","answers":["Sun Tzu"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: NFL on Thanksgiving Day) In 1966, the Dallas Cowboys, who had been founded six years earlier, adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games. It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one (since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty). This is only partly true; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day. In 1975 and 1977, at the behest of then-Commissioner Pete Rozelle, the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team (Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976). Although the Cardinals, at the time known as the \"Cardiac Cards\" due to their propensity for winning very close games, were a modest success at the time, they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys, who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era. This, combined with St. Louis's consistently weak attendance, a series of ugly Cardinals losses in the three-game stretch, and opposition from the Kirkwood\u2013Webster Groves Turkey Day Game (a local high school football contest) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1978; it was then, after Rozelle asked Dallas to resume hosting Thanksgiving games, that the Cowboys requested (and received) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever.","Document [2](Title: 2016 Dallas Cowboys season) time. Thanksgiving Day game In the traditional Thanksgiving game, the Cowboys hosted the Washington Redskins, who had just came off a victory against the Green Bay Packers. In a game of catch-up, the Redskins never led; however, they made a valiant effort in the fourth quarter to take the lead. The Cowboys held them off and won the game, thus extending their winning streak to ten games for the first time in franchise history. The Cowboys traveled to Minnesota to take on the struggling Vikings following their loss against the Detroit Lions on Thanksgiving. In a rather tightly contested game","Document [3](Title: Dallas Cowboys) their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game, something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white-jersey-at-home tradition. With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games, separate practice uniforms have been used for these games in recent years. Through the 2000 season, the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home. In 2001, the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years with was an older design of the blue jersey. Dallas would lose the game, but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won.","Document [4](Title: 2010 Dallas Cowboys season) in their annual Thanksgiving Day game. The Cowboys trailed early with RB Chris Ivory getting a 3-yard TD run, followed by kicker Garrett Hartley getting a 50-yard field goal, and then by Ivory making a 6-yard TD run. The Cowboys cut the lead as kicker David Buehler got a 21-yard field goal, but the Saints replied as Hartley nailed a 45-yard field goal. The Cowboys tried to come back as Buehler hit a 53-yard field goal, followed by Miles Austin getting a 60-yard TD run. The Cowboys trailed further with Hartley making a 28-yard field goal, but took the lead","Document [5](Title: NFL on Thanksgiving Day) time since 1963. In 2015, the Cowboys resurrected their 1994 white \"Double-Star\" jerseys only this time wore them with white pants as part of the league's \"Color Rush\", a trial run of specially-designed, monochromatic jerseys to be worn during Thursday games. It has remained a tradition for Dallas and Detroit to host the afternoon games dating back several decades. However, in recent years, other teams have expressed interest in hosting Thanksgiving games. Lamar Hunt, the former owner of the Chiefs (who had hosted Thanksgiving games from 1967\u201369 as an AFL team prior to the merger), lobbied heavily in favor of","Document [6](Title: National Football League on television) Network package that season, with the exception of , when the Cowboys played the Green Bay Packers on week after their traditional Thanksgiving game. The Cowboys and Detroit Lions were ineligible for appearing on the NFL Network, due to hosting Thanksgiving games every year. However, the Cowboys played a Thursday night game at the Chicago Bears in 2014, one week after both teams played on Thanksgiving, while the Lions hosted a Thursday night game against the Packers in 2015, one week after their traditional Thanksgiving game. The \"one Thursday game per team\" rule does not include the Kickoff Game, so","Document [7](Title: 2006 Dallas Cowboys season) Romo botched the hold on a go-ahead field goal inside the final two minutes. When Romo started the Thanksgiving Day game against Tampa Bay, it marked the 7th different starting Cowboys quarterback in the last 7 Thanksgiving Day games (Troy Aikman, Ryan Leaf, Chad Hutchison, Quincy Carter, Drew Henson, Drew Bledsoe and Romo). This was Bill Parcells' final season as a head coach as he would go on to retire following the end of the season. During the 2006 offseason, the team signed several high-profile players, including kicker Mike Vanderjagt, linebacker Akin Ayodele, offensive linemen Jason Fabini and Kyle Kosier,","Document [8](Title: Dallas Cowboys) Cowboys resurrected their original 1960\u20131963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day. This uniform became the team's alternate or \"third jersey\" and was usually worn at least once a year, primarily Thanksgiving Day. Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008. While the team didn't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years, Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years. In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29, 2007 against the Green Bay Packers. In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November","Document [9](Title: Dallas Cowboys) With the 2002 victory, it seems an exception to the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving. Thus, the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003\u20132006, however it was always an older-styled alternate blue jersey. In 2007 and 2008, the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game. Since 2009, the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only. (From 2009\u20132012, the team again decided to go with an older-styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving, and since 2013 have worn the newer-styled blue jersey.)","Document [10](Title: Dallas Cowboys) home for Thanksgiving, which has since become an annual tradition. In 2017, the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis, only to rescind soon after. In 2015, the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform, featuring a variation of the 1990s \"Double Star\" alternates with white pants and socks. The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent \"Thursday Night Football\" games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons. The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform-white pants combination which was first used on December 10, 2017"],"query":"when did the cowboys start playing on thanksgiving day?","answers":["In 1966","1966","1978"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: 2016 Dallas Cowboys season) time. Thanksgiving Day game In the traditional Thanksgiving game, the Cowboys hosted the Washington Redskins, who had just came off a victory against the Green Bay Packers. In a game of catch-up, the Redskins never led; however, they made a valiant effort in the fourth quarter to take the lead. The Cowboys held them off and won the game, thus extending their winning streak to ten games for the first time in franchise history. The Cowboys traveled to Minnesota to take on the struggling Vikings following their loss against the Detroit Lions on Thanksgiving. In a rather tightly contested game","Document [2](Title: Dallas Cowboys) their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game, something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white-jersey-at-home tradition. With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games, separate practice uniforms have been used for these games in recent years. Through the 2000 season, the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home. In 2001, the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years with was an older design of the blue jersey. Dallas would lose the game, but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won.","Document [3](Title: 2010 Dallas Cowboys season) in their annual Thanksgiving Day game. The Cowboys trailed early with RB Chris Ivory getting a 3-yard TD run, followed by kicker Garrett Hartley getting a 50-yard field goal, and then by Ivory making a 6-yard TD run. The Cowboys cut the lead as kicker David Buehler got a 21-yard field goal, but the Saints replied as Hartley nailed a 45-yard field goal. The Cowboys tried to come back as Buehler hit a 53-yard field goal, followed by Miles Austin getting a 60-yard TD run. The Cowboys trailed further with Hartley making a 28-yard field goal, but took the lead","Document [4](Title: NFL on Thanksgiving Day) time since 1963. In 2015, the Cowboys resurrected their 1994 white \"Double-Star\" jerseys only this time wore them with white pants as part of the league's \"Color Rush\", a trial run of specially-designed, monochromatic jerseys to be worn during Thursday games. It has remained a tradition for Dallas and Detroit to host the afternoon games dating back several decades. However, in recent years, other teams have expressed interest in hosting Thanksgiving games. Lamar Hunt, the former owner of the Chiefs (who had hosted Thanksgiving games from 1967\u201369 as an AFL team prior to the merger), lobbied heavily in favor of","Document [5](Title: NFL on Thanksgiving Day) In 1966, the Dallas Cowboys, who had been founded six years earlier, adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games. It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one (since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty). This is only partly true; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day. In 1975 and 1977, at the behest of then-Commissioner Pete Rozelle, the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team (Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976). Although the Cardinals, at the time known as the \"Cardiac Cards\" due to their propensity for winning very close games, were a modest success at the time, they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys, who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era. This, combined with St. Louis's consistently weak attendance, a series of ugly Cardinals losses in the three-game stretch, and opposition from the Kirkwood\u2013Webster Groves Turkey Day Game (a local high school football contest) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1978; it was then, after Rozelle asked Dallas to resume hosting Thanksgiving games, that the Cowboys requested (and received) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever.","Document [6](Title: National Football League on television) Network package that season, with the exception of , when the Cowboys played the Green Bay Packers on week after their traditional Thanksgiving game. The Cowboys and Detroit Lions were ineligible for appearing on the NFL Network, due to hosting Thanksgiving games every year. However, the Cowboys played a Thursday night game at the Chicago Bears in 2014, one week after both teams played on Thanksgiving, while the Lions hosted a Thursday night game against the Packers in 2015, one week after their traditional Thanksgiving game. The \"one Thursday game per team\" rule does not include the Kickoff Game, so","Document [7](Title: 2006 Dallas Cowboys season) Romo botched the hold on a go-ahead field goal inside the final two minutes. When Romo started the Thanksgiving Day game against Tampa Bay, it marked the 7th different starting Cowboys quarterback in the last 7 Thanksgiving Day games (Troy Aikman, Ryan Leaf, Chad Hutchison, Quincy Carter, Drew Henson, Drew Bledsoe and Romo). This was Bill Parcells' final season as a head coach as he would go on to retire following the end of the season. During the 2006 offseason, the team signed several high-profile players, including kicker Mike Vanderjagt, linebacker Akin Ayodele, offensive linemen Jason Fabini and Kyle Kosier,","Document [8](Title: Dallas Cowboys) Cowboys resurrected their original 1960\u20131963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day. This uniform became the team's alternate or \"third jersey\" and was usually worn at least once a year, primarily Thanksgiving Day. Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008. While the team didn't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years, Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years. In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29, 2007 against the Green Bay Packers. In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November","Document [9](Title: Dallas Cowboys) With the 2002 victory, it seems an exception to the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving. Thus, the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003\u20132006, however it was always an older-styled alternate blue jersey. In 2007 and 2008, the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game. Since 2009, the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only. (From 2009\u20132012, the team again decided to go with an older-styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving, and since 2013 have worn the newer-styled blue jersey.)","Document [10](Title: Dallas Cowboys) home for Thanksgiving, which has since become an annual tradition. In 2017, the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis, only to rescind soon after. In 2015, the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform, featuring a variation of the 1990s \"Double Star\" alternates with white pants and socks. The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent \"Thursday Night Football\" games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons. The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform-white pants combination which was first used on December 10, 2017"],"query":"when did the cowboys start playing on thanksgiving day?","answers":["In 1966","1966","1978"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: 2016 Dallas Cowboys season) time. Thanksgiving Day game In the traditional Thanksgiving game, the Cowboys hosted the Washington Redskins, who had just came off a victory against the Green Bay Packers. In a game of catch-up, the Redskins never led; however, they made a valiant effort in the fourth quarter to take the lead. The Cowboys held them off and won the game, thus extending their winning streak to ten games for the first time in franchise history. The Cowboys traveled to Minnesota to take on the struggling Vikings following their loss against the Detroit Lions on Thanksgiving. In a rather tightly contested game","Document [2](Title: Dallas Cowboys) their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game, something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white-jersey-at-home tradition. With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games, separate practice uniforms have been used for these games in recent years. Through the 2000 season, the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home. In 2001, the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years with was an older design of the blue jersey. Dallas would lose the game, but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won.","Document [3](Title: 2010 Dallas Cowboys season) in their annual Thanksgiving Day game. The Cowboys trailed early with RB Chris Ivory getting a 3-yard TD run, followed by kicker Garrett Hartley getting a 50-yard field goal, and then by Ivory making a 6-yard TD run. The Cowboys cut the lead as kicker David Buehler got a 21-yard field goal, but the Saints replied as Hartley nailed a 45-yard field goal. The Cowboys tried to come back as Buehler hit a 53-yard field goal, followed by Miles Austin getting a 60-yard TD run. The Cowboys trailed further with Hartley making a 28-yard field goal, but took the lead","Document [4](Title: NFL on Thanksgiving Day) time since 1963. In 2015, the Cowboys resurrected their 1994 white \"Double-Star\" jerseys only this time wore them with white pants as part of the league's \"Color Rush\", a trial run of specially-designed, monochromatic jerseys to be worn during Thursday games. It has remained a tradition for Dallas and Detroit to host the afternoon games dating back several decades. However, in recent years, other teams have expressed interest in hosting Thanksgiving games. Lamar Hunt, the former owner of the Chiefs (who had hosted Thanksgiving games from 1967\u201369 as an AFL team prior to the merger), lobbied heavily in favor of","Document [5](Title: National Football League on television) Network package that season, with the exception of , when the Cowboys played the Green Bay Packers on week after their traditional Thanksgiving game. The Cowboys and Detroit Lions were ineligible for appearing on the NFL Network, due to hosting Thanksgiving games every year. However, the Cowboys played a Thursday night game at the Chicago Bears in 2014, one week after both teams played on Thanksgiving, while the Lions hosted a Thursday night game against the Packers in 2015, one week after their traditional Thanksgiving game. The \"one Thursday game per team\" rule does not include the Kickoff Game, so","Document [6](Title: 2006 Dallas Cowboys season) Romo botched the hold on a go-ahead field goal inside the final two minutes. When Romo started the Thanksgiving Day game against Tampa Bay, it marked the 7th different starting Cowboys quarterback in the last 7 Thanksgiving Day games (Troy Aikman, Ryan Leaf, Chad Hutchison, Quincy Carter, Drew Henson, Drew Bledsoe and Romo). This was Bill Parcells' final season as a head coach as he would go on to retire following the end of the season. During the 2006 offseason, the team signed several high-profile players, including kicker Mike Vanderjagt, linebacker Akin Ayodele, offensive linemen Jason Fabini and Kyle Kosier,","Document [7](Title: Dallas Cowboys) Cowboys resurrected their original 1960\u20131963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day. This uniform became the team's alternate or \"third jersey\" and was usually worn at least once a year, primarily Thanksgiving Day. Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008. While the team didn't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years, Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years. In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29, 2007 against the Green Bay Packers. In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November","Document [8](Title: Dallas Cowboys) With the 2002 victory, it seems an exception to the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving. Thus, the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003\u20132006, however it was always an older-styled alternate blue jersey. In 2007 and 2008, the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game. Since 2009, the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only. (From 2009\u20132012, the team again decided to go with an older-styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving, and since 2013 have worn the newer-styled blue jersey.)","Document [9](Title: Dallas Cowboys) home for Thanksgiving, which has since become an annual tradition. In 2017, the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis, only to rescind soon after. In 2015, the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform, featuring a variation of the 1990s \"Double Star\" alternates with white pants and socks. The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent \"Thursday Night Football\" games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons. The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform-white pants combination which was first used on December 10, 2017","Document [10](Title: NFL on Thanksgiving Day) In 1966, the Dallas Cowboys, who had been founded six years earlier, adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games. It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one (since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty). This is only partly true; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day. In 1975 and 1977, at the behest of then-Commissioner Pete Rozelle, the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team (Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976). Although the Cardinals, at the time known as the \"Cardiac Cards\" due to their propensity for winning very close games, were a modest success at the time, they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys, who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era. This, combined with St. Louis's consistently weak attendance, a series of ugly Cardinals losses in the three-game stretch, and opposition from the Kirkwood\u2013Webster Groves Turkey Day Game (a local high school football contest) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1978; it was then, after Rozelle asked Dallas to resume hosting Thanksgiving games, that the Cowboys requested (and received) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever."],"query":"when did the cowboys start playing on thanksgiving day?","answers":["In 1966","1966","1978"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California. Along with thousands of other \"Okies\", they seek jobs, land, dignity, and a future.","Document [2](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (play)) The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for 188 performances. The cast included Gary Sinise, Kathryn Erbe, Terry","Document [3](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) The Grapes of Wrath (opera) The Grapes of Wrath is an opera in three acts composed by Ricky Ian Gordon to a libretto by Michael Korie based on John Steinbeck\u2019s 1939 novel of the same title. It premiered on February 10, 2007 at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota in a production by Minnesota Opera. The work has been revised in subsequent years and has also been performed as a two-act concert version. Originally commissioned by the Minnesota Opera and co-produced with Utah Symphony \u2013 Utah Opera, the Minnesota Opera production had its premiere February","Document [4](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (play)) Kinney, Jeff Perry, Lois Smith, Francis Guinan, and Stephen Bogardus. The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for","Document [5](Title: Operation Grapes of Wrath) the grapes of wrath are stored; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword: His truth is marching on.<\/poem> The irony (and potential controversy) of an Israeli military operation being named after a Christian religious doctrine was not entirely lost on the Israeli press. However, most commentators either believed the title was a reference from the Torah or that the phrase merely referred to John Steinbeck's novel of the same name, \"The Grapes of Wrath\". Operation Grapes of Wrath Operation \"Grapes of Wrath\" () is the Israeli Defense Forces code-name (referred to as April War by Hezbollah)","Document [6](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) break-up of the Joad family, the film switches the order of sequences so that the family ends up in a \"good\" camp provided by the government, and events turn out relatively well. The novel's original ending was considered far too controversial to be included in the film. In the novel, Rose-of-Sharon (\"Rosasharn\") Rivers (played in the film by Dorris Bowdon) gives birth to a stillborn baby. Later she offers her milk-filled breasts to a starving man, dying in a barn. These scenes were not included in the film. While the film is somewhat stark, it has a more optimistic and","Document [7](Title: Operation Grapes of Wrath) Committee for the Implementation of the \"Grapes of Wrath\" Understandings was set up, comprising representatives from the U.S., France, Syria, Israel and Lebanon. The committee convenes to monitor and discuss infringements of the understandings by the two sides. The phrase \"grapes of wrath\" is a reference from the Book of Revelation (chapter 14 verses 19 and 20). It was a well-known idea in 19th century American Christian eschatology and also appears in the abolitionist hymn The Battle Hymn of the Republic: <poem>Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord: He is trampling out the vintage where","Document [8](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) whereas the novel focuses on their journey as a part of the \"family of man\". She points out that their farm is never shown in detail, and that the family members are never shown working in agriculture; not a single peach is shown in the entire film. This subtly serves to focus the film on the specific family, as opposed to the novel's focus on man and land together. In the film, most family members are either reduced, such as Al, Noah and Uncle John, to background characters or, like Rose of Sharon and Connie, to being the focus of","Document [9](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) 10, 2007, at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota conducted by Grant Gershon. The world premiere broadcast was heard on Minnesota Public Radio on September 19, 2007. Utah Symphony \u2013 Utah Opera subsequently performed the work (in a modified version) on May 12\u201320, 2007, at the Capitol Theatre in Salt Lake City. A revised version of the opera was performed by Pittsburgh Opera in November, 2008. Its collegiate premiere was performed at the Moores School of Music of the University of Houston in April, 2009. A greatly revised concert version of the opera (in two","Document [10](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) of Daryl F. Zanuck, outtakes, a gallery, Franklin D. Roosevelt lauds motion pictures at Academy featurette, Movietone news: three drought reports from 1934, etc. The film was released on Blu-ray on April 3, 2012, and features all supplemental material from the DVD release. The Grapes of Wrath (film) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1940 American drama film directed by John Ford. It was based on John Steinbeck's 1939 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. The screenplay was written by Nunnally Johnson and the executive producer was Darryl F. Zanuck. The film tells the story of the Joads, an"],"query":"where does the grapes of wrath take place?","answers":["Oklahoma","California"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (play)) The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for 188 performances. The cast included Gary Sinise, Kathryn Erbe, Terry","Document [2](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) The Grapes of Wrath (opera) The Grapes of Wrath is an opera in three acts composed by Ricky Ian Gordon to a libretto by Michael Korie based on John Steinbeck\u2019s 1939 novel of the same title. It premiered on February 10, 2007 at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota in a production by Minnesota Opera. The work has been revised in subsequent years and has also been performed as a two-act concert version. Originally commissioned by the Minnesota Opera and co-produced with Utah Symphony \u2013 Utah Opera, the Minnesota Opera production had its premiere February","Document [3](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (play)) Kinney, Jeff Perry, Lois Smith, Francis Guinan, and Stephen Bogardus. The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for","Document [4](Title: Operation Grapes of Wrath) the grapes of wrath are stored; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword: His truth is marching on.<\/poem> The irony (and potential controversy) of an Israeli military operation being named after a Christian religious doctrine was not entirely lost on the Israeli press. However, most commentators either believed the title was a reference from the Torah or that the phrase merely referred to John Steinbeck's novel of the same name, \"The Grapes of Wrath\". Operation Grapes of Wrath Operation \"Grapes of Wrath\" () is the Israeli Defense Forces code-name (referred to as April War by Hezbollah)","Document [5](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California. Along with thousands of other \"Okies\", they seek jobs, land, dignity, and a future.","Document [6](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) break-up of the Joad family, the film switches the order of sequences so that the family ends up in a \"good\" camp provided by the government, and events turn out relatively well. The novel's original ending was considered far too controversial to be included in the film. In the novel, Rose-of-Sharon (\"Rosasharn\") Rivers (played in the film by Dorris Bowdon) gives birth to a stillborn baby. Later she offers her milk-filled breasts to a starving man, dying in a barn. These scenes were not included in the film. While the film is somewhat stark, it has a more optimistic and","Document [7](Title: Operation Grapes of Wrath) Committee for the Implementation of the \"Grapes of Wrath\" Understandings was set up, comprising representatives from the U.S., France, Syria, Israel and Lebanon. The committee convenes to monitor and discuss infringements of the understandings by the two sides. The phrase \"grapes of wrath\" is a reference from the Book of Revelation (chapter 14 verses 19 and 20). It was a well-known idea in 19th century American Christian eschatology and also appears in the abolitionist hymn The Battle Hymn of the Republic: <poem>Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord: He is trampling out the vintage where","Document [8](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) whereas the novel focuses on their journey as a part of the \"family of man\". She points out that their farm is never shown in detail, and that the family members are never shown working in agriculture; not a single peach is shown in the entire film. This subtly serves to focus the film on the specific family, as opposed to the novel's focus on man and land together. In the film, most family members are either reduced, such as Al, Noah and Uncle John, to background characters or, like Rose of Sharon and Connie, to being the focus of","Document [9](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) 10, 2007, at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota conducted by Grant Gershon. The world premiere broadcast was heard on Minnesota Public Radio on September 19, 2007. Utah Symphony \u2013 Utah Opera subsequently performed the work (in a modified version) on May 12\u201320, 2007, at the Capitol Theatre in Salt Lake City. A revised version of the opera was performed by Pittsburgh Opera in November, 2008. Its collegiate premiere was performed at the Moores School of Music of the University of Houston in April, 2009. A greatly revised concert version of the opera (in two","Document [10](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) of Daryl F. Zanuck, outtakes, a gallery, Franklin D. Roosevelt lauds motion pictures at Academy featurette, Movietone news: three drought reports from 1934, etc. The film was released on Blu-ray on April 3, 2012, and features all supplemental material from the DVD release. The Grapes of Wrath (film) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1940 American drama film directed by John Ford. It was based on John Steinbeck's 1939 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. The screenplay was written by Nunnally Johnson and the executive producer was Darryl F. Zanuck. The film tells the story of the Joads, an"],"query":"where does the grapes of wrath take place?","answers":["Oklahoma","California"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (play)) The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for 188 performances. The cast included Gary Sinise, Kathryn Erbe, Terry","Document [2](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) The Grapes of Wrath (opera) The Grapes of Wrath is an opera in three acts composed by Ricky Ian Gordon to a libretto by Michael Korie based on John Steinbeck\u2019s 1939 novel of the same title. It premiered on February 10, 2007 at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota in a production by Minnesota Opera. The work has been revised in subsequent years and has also been performed as a two-act concert version. Originally commissioned by the Minnesota Opera and co-produced with Utah Symphony \u2013 Utah Opera, the Minnesota Opera production had its premiere February","Document [3](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (play)) Kinney, Jeff Perry, Lois Smith, Francis Guinan, and Stephen Bogardus. The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for","Document [4](Title: Operation Grapes of Wrath) the grapes of wrath are stored; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword: His truth is marching on.<\/poem> The irony (and potential controversy) of an Israeli military operation being named after a Christian religious doctrine was not entirely lost on the Israeli press. However, most commentators either believed the title was a reference from the Torah or that the phrase merely referred to John Steinbeck's novel of the same name, \"The Grapes of Wrath\". Operation Grapes of Wrath Operation \"Grapes of Wrath\" () is the Israeli Defense Forces code-name (referred to as April War by Hezbollah)","Document [5](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) break-up of the Joad family, the film switches the order of sequences so that the family ends up in a \"good\" camp provided by the government, and events turn out relatively well. The novel's original ending was considered far too controversial to be included in the film. In the novel, Rose-of-Sharon (\"Rosasharn\") Rivers (played in the film by Dorris Bowdon) gives birth to a stillborn baby. Later she offers her milk-filled breasts to a starving man, dying in a barn. These scenes were not included in the film. While the film is somewhat stark, it has a more optimistic and","Document [6](Title: Operation Grapes of Wrath) Committee for the Implementation of the \"Grapes of Wrath\" Understandings was set up, comprising representatives from the U.S., France, Syria, Israel and Lebanon. The committee convenes to monitor and discuss infringements of the understandings by the two sides. The phrase \"grapes of wrath\" is a reference from the Book of Revelation (chapter 14 verses 19 and 20). It was a well-known idea in 19th century American Christian eschatology and also appears in the abolitionist hymn The Battle Hymn of the Republic: <poem>Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord: He is trampling out the vintage where","Document [7](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) whereas the novel focuses on their journey as a part of the \"family of man\". She points out that their farm is never shown in detail, and that the family members are never shown working in agriculture; not a single peach is shown in the entire film. This subtly serves to focus the film on the specific family, as opposed to the novel's focus on man and land together. In the film, most family members are either reduced, such as Al, Noah and Uncle John, to background characters or, like Rose of Sharon and Connie, to being the focus of","Document [8](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) 10, 2007, at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota conducted by Grant Gershon. The world premiere broadcast was heard on Minnesota Public Radio on September 19, 2007. Utah Symphony \u2013 Utah Opera subsequently performed the work (in a modified version) on May 12\u201320, 2007, at the Capitol Theatre in Salt Lake City. A revised version of the opera was performed by Pittsburgh Opera in November, 2008. Its collegiate premiere was performed at the Moores School of Music of the University of Houston in April, 2009. A greatly revised concert version of the opera (in two","Document [9](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) of Daryl F. Zanuck, outtakes, a gallery, Franklin D. Roosevelt lauds motion pictures at Academy featurette, Movietone news: three drought reports from 1934, etc. The film was released on Blu-ray on April 3, 2012, and features all supplemental material from the DVD release. The Grapes of Wrath (film) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1940 American drama film directed by John Ford. It was based on John Steinbeck's 1939 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. The screenplay was written by Nunnally Johnson and the executive producer was Darryl F. Zanuck. The film tells the story of the Joads, an","Document [10](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California. Along with thousands of other \"Okies\", they seek jobs, land, dignity, and a future."],"query":"where does the grapes of wrath take place?","answers":["Oklahoma","California"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Ming dynasty) In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, Chen Youliang, in the Battle of Lake Poyang, arguably the largest naval battle in history. Known for its ambitious use of fire ships, Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000-strong. The victory destroyed the last opposing rebel faction, leaving Zhu Yuanzhang in uncontested control of the bountiful Yangtze River Valley and cementing his power in the south. After the dynastic head of the Red Turbans suspiciously died in 1367 while a guest of Zhu, there was no one left who was remotely capable of contesting his march to the throne, and he made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital Dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1368. The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu, and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground; the city was renamed Beiping in the same year. Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or \"Vastly Martial\", as his era name.","Document [2](Title: House of Zhu) Beijing), he claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty in 1368. The Ming's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. Under the Hongwu Emperor's rule, the Mongol bureaucrats who dominated the government in the Yuan dynasty were replaced by Han Chinese officials. The Hongwu Emperor revamped the traditional Confucian examination system. Mongol-related things, including garments and names, were discontinued from use and boycotted. There were also attacks on palaces and administrative buildings previously used by the Mongol rulers. The Hongwu Emperor's grandson, Zhu Yunwen, assumed the throne as the Jianwen","Document [3](Title: Manchuria under Ming rule) and the Qing dynasty established by his son would eventually conquer the Ming and take control of China proper. The Mongol Empire conquered all Manchuria (modern Northeast China and Outer Manchuria) in the 13th century and it was put under the rule of the Yuan dynasty established by Kublai Khan. After the overthrown of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty founded by the Han Chinese in 1368, Manchuria was still under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won","Document [4](Title: Ming dynasty) remained under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won hegemony over the Mongol tribes in Manchuria (Liaoyang province of the former Yuan dynasty). He grew strong in the northeast, with forces large enough (numbering hundreds of thousands) to threaten invasion of the newly founded Ming dynasty in order to restore the Mongols to power in China. The Ming decided to defeat him instead of waiting for the Mongols to attack. In 1387 the Ming sent a military campaign to attack","Document [5](Title: Hongwu Emperor) his era name. His dynasty's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. In 1368, Ming armies headed north to attack territories that were still under Yuan rule. The Mongols gave up their capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing), and the rest of northern China in September 1368 and retreated to Mongolia. On 15 October 1371, one of the Hongwu Emperor's sons, Zhu Shuang, was married to the sister of K\u00f6ke Tem\u00fcr, a Bayad general of the Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty defeated Ming Yuchen's Xia polity, which ruled Sichuan. The Ming army captured the last","Document [6](Title: Emperor Yingzong of Ming) to its core, and the ensuing crisis almost caused the dynasty to collapse had it not been for the capable governing of a prominent minister named Yu Qian. Although the Zhengtong Emperor was a prisoner of the Mongols, he became a good friend to both Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1416\u20131453) and his grand preceptor (taishi) Esen. Meanwhile, to calm the crisis at home, his younger brother Zhu Qiyu was installed as the Jingtai Emperor. This reduced the Zhengtong Emperor's imperial status and he was granted the title of \"T\u00e0ish\u00e0ng Hu\u00e1ngdi\" (emperor emeritus). Historians at the time, in an effort to","Document [7](Title: Chinese emperors family tree (late)) 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghun Tem\u00fcr in 1368, but it survived in Mongolia, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty; years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty (up to 1388) are given in brackets. It should be noted that the Mongol Great Khans (Khagans) before Kublai Khan were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271. The following is a simplified family tree for the Ming dynasty, which ruled China between 1368 and 1644. Those who became emperor are listed in bold, with their years of reign.","Document [8](Title: History of the Yuan dynasty) History of the Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China and Mongolia established by Kublai Khan and a khanate of the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol Empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, \u00d6gedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234 and conquered most of northern China. \u00d6gedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese, but had several Han Chinese teachers","Document [9](Title: Chin Ning Chu) Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368\u20131644 AD) by defeating the Mongol rule of Genghis Khan. At the age of three, holding tight to her mother's skirt, she ran for her life across the Shanghai airport runway amid bombs bursting as her parents boarded the last commercial flight out of China. Her family, from a life of affluence, were reduced to refugees. At the age of twenty-two, clutching two suitcases, again she up-rooted herself and came to America. She brought two books, Sun Tzu - The Art of War and Li Zongwu - Thick Black Theory. At the age of ten,","Document [10](Title: Ming dynasty) epidemic, the dynasty collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng, who was defeated by the Manchu-led Eight Banner armies who founded the Qing dynasty. The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. Explanations for the demise of the Yuan include institutionalized ethnic discrimination against Han Chinese that stirred resentment and rebellion, overtaxation of areas hard-hit by inflation, and massive flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects. Consequently, agriculture and the economy were in shambles, and rebellion broke out among the hundreds of thousands of peasants called upon to"],"query":"who overthrew the mongols and established the ming dynasty?","answers":["Zhu Yuanzhang"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: House of Zhu) Beijing), he claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty in 1368. The Ming's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. Under the Hongwu Emperor's rule, the Mongol bureaucrats who dominated the government in the Yuan dynasty were replaced by Han Chinese officials. The Hongwu Emperor revamped the traditional Confucian examination system. Mongol-related things, including garments and names, were discontinued from use and boycotted. There were also attacks on palaces and administrative buildings previously used by the Mongol rulers. The Hongwu Emperor's grandson, Zhu Yunwen, assumed the throne as the Jianwen","Document [2](Title: Manchuria under Ming rule) and the Qing dynasty established by his son would eventually conquer the Ming and take control of China proper. The Mongol Empire conquered all Manchuria (modern Northeast China and Outer Manchuria) in the 13th century and it was put under the rule of the Yuan dynasty established by Kublai Khan. After the overthrown of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty founded by the Han Chinese in 1368, Manchuria was still under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won","Document [3](Title: Ming dynasty) remained under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won hegemony over the Mongol tribes in Manchuria (Liaoyang province of the former Yuan dynasty). He grew strong in the northeast, with forces large enough (numbering hundreds of thousands) to threaten invasion of the newly founded Ming dynasty in order to restore the Mongols to power in China. The Ming decided to defeat him instead of waiting for the Mongols to attack. In 1387 the Ming sent a military campaign to attack","Document [4](Title: Hongwu Emperor) his era name. His dynasty's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. In 1368, Ming armies headed north to attack territories that were still under Yuan rule. The Mongols gave up their capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing), and the rest of northern China in September 1368 and retreated to Mongolia. On 15 October 1371, one of the Hongwu Emperor's sons, Zhu Shuang, was married to the sister of K\u00f6ke Tem\u00fcr, a Bayad general of the Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty defeated Ming Yuchen's Xia polity, which ruled Sichuan. The Ming army captured the last","Document [5](Title: Ming dynasty) In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, Chen Youliang, in the Battle of Lake Poyang, arguably the largest naval battle in history. Known for its ambitious use of fire ships, Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000-strong. The victory destroyed the last opposing rebel faction, leaving Zhu Yuanzhang in uncontested control of the bountiful Yangtze River Valley and cementing his power in the south. After the dynastic head of the Red Turbans suspiciously died in 1367 while a guest of Zhu, there was no one left who was remotely capable of contesting his march to the throne, and he made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital Dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1368. The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu, and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground; the city was renamed Beiping in the same year. Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or \"Vastly Martial\", as his era name.","Document [6](Title: Emperor Yingzong of Ming) to its core, and the ensuing crisis almost caused the dynasty to collapse had it not been for the capable governing of a prominent minister named Yu Qian. Although the Zhengtong Emperor was a prisoner of the Mongols, he became a good friend to both Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1416\u20131453) and his grand preceptor (taishi) Esen. Meanwhile, to calm the crisis at home, his younger brother Zhu Qiyu was installed as the Jingtai Emperor. This reduced the Zhengtong Emperor's imperial status and he was granted the title of \"T\u00e0ish\u00e0ng Hu\u00e1ngdi\" (emperor emeritus). Historians at the time, in an effort to","Document [7](Title: Chinese emperors family tree (late)) 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghun Tem\u00fcr in 1368, but it survived in Mongolia, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty; years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty (up to 1388) are given in brackets. It should be noted that the Mongol Great Khans (Khagans) before Kublai Khan were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271. The following is a simplified family tree for the Ming dynasty, which ruled China between 1368 and 1644. Those who became emperor are listed in bold, with their years of reign.","Document [8](Title: History of the Yuan dynasty) History of the Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China and Mongolia established by Kublai Khan and a khanate of the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol Empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, \u00d6gedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234 and conquered most of northern China. \u00d6gedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese, but had several Han Chinese teachers","Document [9](Title: Chin Ning Chu) Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368\u20131644 AD) by defeating the Mongol rule of Genghis Khan. At the age of three, holding tight to her mother's skirt, she ran for her life across the Shanghai airport runway amid bombs bursting as her parents boarded the last commercial flight out of China. Her family, from a life of affluence, were reduced to refugees. At the age of twenty-two, clutching two suitcases, again she up-rooted herself and came to America. She brought two books, Sun Tzu - The Art of War and Li Zongwu - Thick Black Theory. At the age of ten,","Document [10](Title: Ming dynasty) epidemic, the dynasty collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng, who was defeated by the Manchu-led Eight Banner armies who founded the Qing dynasty. The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. Explanations for the demise of the Yuan include institutionalized ethnic discrimination against Han Chinese that stirred resentment and rebellion, overtaxation of areas hard-hit by inflation, and massive flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects. Consequently, agriculture and the economy were in shambles, and rebellion broke out among the hundreds of thousands of peasants called upon to"],"query":"who overthrew the mongols and established the ming dynasty?","answers":["Zhu Yuanzhang"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: House of Zhu) Beijing), he claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty in 1368. The Ming's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. Under the Hongwu Emperor's rule, the Mongol bureaucrats who dominated the government in the Yuan dynasty were replaced by Han Chinese officials. The Hongwu Emperor revamped the traditional Confucian examination system. Mongol-related things, including garments and names, were discontinued from use and boycotted. There were also attacks on palaces and administrative buildings previously used by the Mongol rulers. The Hongwu Emperor's grandson, Zhu Yunwen, assumed the throne as the Jianwen","Document [2](Title: Manchuria under Ming rule) and the Qing dynasty established by his son would eventually conquer the Ming and take control of China proper. The Mongol Empire conquered all Manchuria (modern Northeast China and Outer Manchuria) in the 13th century and it was put under the rule of the Yuan dynasty established by Kublai Khan. After the overthrown of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty founded by the Han Chinese in 1368, Manchuria was still under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won","Document [3](Title: Ming dynasty) remained under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won hegemony over the Mongol tribes in Manchuria (Liaoyang province of the former Yuan dynasty). He grew strong in the northeast, with forces large enough (numbering hundreds of thousands) to threaten invasion of the newly founded Ming dynasty in order to restore the Mongols to power in China. The Ming decided to defeat him instead of waiting for the Mongols to attack. In 1387 the Ming sent a military campaign to attack","Document [4](Title: Hongwu Emperor) his era name. His dynasty's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. In 1368, Ming armies headed north to attack territories that were still under Yuan rule. The Mongols gave up their capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing), and the rest of northern China in September 1368 and retreated to Mongolia. On 15 October 1371, one of the Hongwu Emperor's sons, Zhu Shuang, was married to the sister of K\u00f6ke Tem\u00fcr, a Bayad general of the Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty defeated Ming Yuchen's Xia polity, which ruled Sichuan. The Ming army captured the last","Document [5](Title: Emperor Yingzong of Ming) to its core, and the ensuing crisis almost caused the dynasty to collapse had it not been for the capable governing of a prominent minister named Yu Qian. Although the Zhengtong Emperor was a prisoner of the Mongols, he became a good friend to both Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1416\u20131453) and his grand preceptor (taishi) Esen. Meanwhile, to calm the crisis at home, his younger brother Zhu Qiyu was installed as the Jingtai Emperor. This reduced the Zhengtong Emperor's imperial status and he was granted the title of \"T\u00e0ish\u00e0ng Hu\u00e1ngdi\" (emperor emeritus). Historians at the time, in an effort to","Document [6](Title: Chinese emperors family tree (late)) 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghun Tem\u00fcr in 1368, but it survived in Mongolia, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty; years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty (up to 1388) are given in brackets. It should be noted that the Mongol Great Khans (Khagans) before Kublai Khan were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271. The following is a simplified family tree for the Ming dynasty, which ruled China between 1368 and 1644. Those who became emperor are listed in bold, with their years of reign.","Document [7](Title: History of the Yuan dynasty) History of the Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China and Mongolia established by Kublai Khan and a khanate of the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol Empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, \u00d6gedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234 and conquered most of northern China. \u00d6gedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese, but had several Han Chinese teachers","Document [8](Title: Chin Ning Chu) Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368\u20131644 AD) by defeating the Mongol rule of Genghis Khan. At the age of three, holding tight to her mother's skirt, she ran for her life across the Shanghai airport runway amid bombs bursting as her parents boarded the last commercial flight out of China. Her family, from a life of affluence, were reduced to refugees. At the age of twenty-two, clutching two suitcases, again she up-rooted herself and came to America. She brought two books, Sun Tzu - The Art of War and Li Zongwu - Thick Black Theory. At the age of ten,","Document [9](Title: Ming dynasty) epidemic, the dynasty collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng, who was defeated by the Manchu-led Eight Banner armies who founded the Qing dynasty. The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. Explanations for the demise of the Yuan include institutionalized ethnic discrimination against Han Chinese that stirred resentment and rebellion, overtaxation of areas hard-hit by inflation, and massive flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects. Consequently, agriculture and the economy were in shambles, and rebellion broke out among the hundreds of thousands of peasants called upon to","Document [10](Title: Ming dynasty) In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, Chen Youliang, in the Battle of Lake Poyang, arguably the largest naval battle in history. Known for its ambitious use of fire ships, Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000-strong. The victory destroyed the last opposing rebel faction, leaving Zhu Yuanzhang in uncontested control of the bountiful Yangtze River Valley and cementing his power in the south. After the dynastic head of the Red Turbans suspiciously died in 1367 while a guest of Zhu, there was no one left who was remotely capable of contesting his march to the throne, and he made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital Dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1368. The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu, and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground; the city was renamed Beiping in the same year. Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or \"Vastly Martial\", as his era name."],"query":"who overthrew the mongols and established the ming dynasty?","answers":["Zhu Yuanzhang"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series)) Celebrity Big Brother, also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition, is a spin-off series of the American reality television series Big Brother. This season aired during the winter of the 2017\u201318 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season, the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008. Julie Chen returned as host, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. The season was produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. The season premiered on February 7, 2018.","Document [2](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 16 (UK)) Celebrity Big Brother 16 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 16, also known as Celebrity Big Brother: UK vs USA, was the sixteenth series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\", hosted by Emma Willis and narrated by Marcus Bentley. The series launched on 27 August 2015 on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom and TV3 in the Ireland, and ended after 29 days on 24 September 2015. It is the ninth celebrity series and the fourteenth series of \"Big Brother\" overall to air on Channel 5. It was the only celebrity series to credit Denis O'Connor as creative director.","Document [3](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)) the spin-off series provided poor ratings and was not renewed. \"Ultimate Big Brother\" was the final series to air on Channel 4, and featured fourteen of the most memorable housemates from both \"Big Brother\" and \"Celebrity Big Brother\" competing in the series. Numerous other spin-offs have occurred throughout the series such as \"Big Brother's Big Mouth\", hosted by Russell Brand, and \"Big Brother's Little Brother\" hosted by Dermot O'Leary. Following the show's move to Channel 5, \"Big Brother's Bit on the Side\" is the only currently airing spin-off series. \"Big Brother\" is a game show in which a group of","Document [4](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 1 (UK)) March 2001, on Channel 4. The contestants were recorded 24 hours a day with cameras fixed around the house, and had to wear portable microphones. Due to the tie-in with Comic Relief, the first series was partly broadcast on BBC One in the week leading up to the telethon. Channel 4 broadcast a daily 30-minute highlights show, and from the second day on there was a live eviction show hosted by Davina McCall, where the evicted housemate was interviewed. In the nightly highlight episodes, viewers are shown various highlights of a specific day in the house. BBC One's coverage consisted","Document [5](Title: Celebrity Big Brother) Celebrity Big Brother Celebrity Big Brother (or Big Brother VIP) is an adaptation of the \"Big Brother\" reality television series. Just like its parent franchise, \"Celebrity Big Brother\" airs in several countries, however the housemates or houseguests are local celebrities. In some countries, the prize money normally awarded to the winning housemate is donated to a charity, and all celebrities are paid to appear in the show as long as they do not voluntarily leave before their eviction or the end of the series. The rest of the rules are nearly the same as those of the original version. The","Document [6](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 3 (UK)) the pupil, indicating that it is a celebrity series. The live launch, nightly highlight shows, live eviction and finale were all broadcast on Channel 4. Davina McCall remained host of the live shows. Big Brother's Little Brother returned for the celebrity series once again hosted by Dermot O'Leary, for the first time ever it was broadcast in a late night time-slot on Channel 4, however it was broadcast in its usual Sunday lunchtime slot. On E4, live coverage from the house dominated its daily and nightly schedule, Nominations Uncut and Diary Room Uncut \u2013 which were both introduced during Big","Document [7](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)) in the United Kingdom and immediately became a ratings success. Following the success of the first series, it was confirmed that a celebrity edition of the show was in the works. \"Celebrity Big Brother\" aired in March 2001 as a one-time special on Channel 4 in association with the BBC's \"Comic Relief\" charity telethon. Due to the tie-in with Comic Relief, the first series was partly broadcast on BBC One in the week leading up to the telethon. It lasted for eight days, and was ultimately won by comedian Jack Dee. With the first series proving to be a success,","Document [8](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK)) not include Channel 5 +1. Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 14 was the fourteenth series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\". The series launched on 18 August 2014 on Channel 5 and ended after 26 days on 12 September. It was the seventh celebrity series and the eleventh series of \"Big Brother\" overall to air on the channel. Emma Willis hosted the series, whilst Rylan Clark presented the spin-off show \"Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side\" along with Iain Lee, Willis and regular panelist Luisa Zissman. The series was won by actor Gary","Document [9](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 8 (UK)) house and the first task set. Lauren Harries acted as fashion expert on the launch night show, castigating the styling of the new housemates. The show was similar to ex-spin off shows \"Big Brother's Little Brother\" and \"Big Brother's Big Mouth\", but is shown after the main show. The debut show was watched by 1.82 million viewers (receiving 13.4%). It returned along with the ninth series of the main celebrity show in January 2012. This is a special edition of the main \"OK! TV\" magazine show broadcast from the Big Brother compound in the Elstree Studio. The first edition aired","Document [10](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK)) the eye. Despite fifteenth series of \"Big Brother\" having only an hour and a half live feed for the entire series run, it was officially announced on 6 August 2014 that there would be an hour of live feed available almost nightly on Channel 5 due to the ratings success of the previous editions of the show and mass viewer request. On 11 August 2014, the first 30-second teaser was released which features footage from past series of \"Celebrity Big Brother\" on Channel 5. However, the tenth series or eleventh series are not included. SuperCasino continued its sponsorship for this"],"query":"what channel is celebrity big brother on in the usa?","answers":["CBS","on CBS"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 16 (UK)) Celebrity Big Brother 16 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 16, also known as Celebrity Big Brother: UK vs USA, was the sixteenth series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\", hosted by Emma Willis and narrated by Marcus Bentley. The series launched on 27 August 2015 on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom and TV3 in the Ireland, and ended after 29 days on 24 September 2015. It is the ninth celebrity series and the fourteenth series of \"Big Brother\" overall to air on Channel 5. It was the only celebrity series to credit Denis O'Connor as creative director.","Document [2](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)) the spin-off series provided poor ratings and was not renewed. \"Ultimate Big Brother\" was the final series to air on Channel 4, and featured fourteen of the most memorable housemates from both \"Big Brother\" and \"Celebrity Big Brother\" competing in the series. Numerous other spin-offs have occurred throughout the series such as \"Big Brother's Big Mouth\", hosted by Russell Brand, and \"Big Brother's Little Brother\" hosted by Dermot O'Leary. Following the show's move to Channel 5, \"Big Brother's Bit on the Side\" is the only currently airing spin-off series. \"Big Brother\" is a game show in which a group of","Document [3](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 1 (UK)) March 2001, on Channel 4. The contestants were recorded 24 hours a day with cameras fixed around the house, and had to wear portable microphones. Due to the tie-in with Comic Relief, the first series was partly broadcast on BBC One in the week leading up to the telethon. Channel 4 broadcast a daily 30-minute highlights show, and from the second day on there was a live eviction show hosted by Davina McCall, where the evicted housemate was interviewed. In the nightly highlight episodes, viewers are shown various highlights of a specific day in the house. BBC One's coverage consisted","Document [4](Title: Celebrity Big Brother) Celebrity Big Brother Celebrity Big Brother (or Big Brother VIP) is an adaptation of the \"Big Brother\" reality television series. Just like its parent franchise, \"Celebrity Big Brother\" airs in several countries, however the housemates or houseguests are local celebrities. In some countries, the prize money normally awarded to the winning housemate is donated to a charity, and all celebrities are paid to appear in the show as long as they do not voluntarily leave before their eviction or the end of the series. The rest of the rules are nearly the same as those of the original version. The","Document [5](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series)) Celebrity Big Brother, also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition, is a spin-off series of the American reality television series Big Brother. This season aired during the winter of the 2017\u201318 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season, the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008. Julie Chen returned as host, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. The season was produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. The season premiered on February 7, 2018.","Document [6](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 3 (UK)) the pupil, indicating that it is a celebrity series. The live launch, nightly highlight shows, live eviction and finale were all broadcast on Channel 4. Davina McCall remained host of the live shows. Big Brother's Little Brother returned for the celebrity series once again hosted by Dermot O'Leary, for the first time ever it was broadcast in a late night time-slot on Channel 4, however it was broadcast in its usual Sunday lunchtime slot. On E4, live coverage from the house dominated its daily and nightly schedule, Nominations Uncut and Diary Room Uncut \u2013 which were both introduced during Big","Document [7](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)) in the United Kingdom and immediately became a ratings success. Following the success of the first series, it was confirmed that a celebrity edition of the show was in the works. \"Celebrity Big Brother\" aired in March 2001 as a one-time special on Channel 4 in association with the BBC's \"Comic Relief\" charity telethon. Due to the tie-in with Comic Relief, the first series was partly broadcast on BBC One in the week leading up to the telethon. It lasted for eight days, and was ultimately won by comedian Jack Dee. With the first series proving to be a success,","Document [8](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK)) not include Channel 5 +1. Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 14 was the fourteenth series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\". The series launched on 18 August 2014 on Channel 5 and ended after 26 days on 12 September. It was the seventh celebrity series and the eleventh series of \"Big Brother\" overall to air on the channel. Emma Willis hosted the series, whilst Rylan Clark presented the spin-off show \"Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side\" along with Iain Lee, Willis and regular panelist Luisa Zissman. The series was won by actor Gary","Document [9](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 8 (UK)) house and the first task set. Lauren Harries acted as fashion expert on the launch night show, castigating the styling of the new housemates. The show was similar to ex-spin off shows \"Big Brother's Little Brother\" and \"Big Brother's Big Mouth\", but is shown after the main show. The debut show was watched by 1.82 million viewers (receiving 13.4%). It returned along with the ninth series of the main celebrity show in January 2012. This is a special edition of the main \"OK! TV\" magazine show broadcast from the Big Brother compound in the Elstree Studio. The first edition aired","Document [10](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK)) the eye. Despite fifteenth series of \"Big Brother\" having only an hour and a half live feed for the entire series run, it was officially announced on 6 August 2014 that there would be an hour of live feed available almost nightly on Channel 5 due to the ratings success of the previous editions of the show and mass viewer request. On 11 August 2014, the first 30-second teaser was released which features footage from past series of \"Celebrity Big Brother\" on Channel 5. However, the tenth series or eleventh series are not included. SuperCasino continued its sponsorship for this"],"query":"what channel is celebrity big brother on in the usa?","answers":["CBS","on CBS"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 16 (UK)) Celebrity Big Brother 16 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 16, also known as Celebrity Big Brother: UK vs USA, was the sixteenth series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\", hosted by Emma Willis and narrated by Marcus Bentley. The series launched on 27 August 2015 on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom and TV3 in the Ireland, and ended after 29 days on 24 September 2015. It is the ninth celebrity series and the fourteenth series of \"Big Brother\" overall to air on Channel 5. It was the only celebrity series to credit Denis O'Connor as creative director.","Document [2](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)) the spin-off series provided poor ratings and was not renewed. \"Ultimate Big Brother\" was the final series to air on Channel 4, and featured fourteen of the most memorable housemates from both \"Big Brother\" and \"Celebrity Big Brother\" competing in the series. Numerous other spin-offs have occurred throughout the series such as \"Big Brother's Big Mouth\", hosted by Russell Brand, and \"Big Brother's Little Brother\" hosted by Dermot O'Leary. Following the show's move to Channel 5, \"Big Brother's Bit on the Side\" is the only currently airing spin-off series. \"Big Brother\" is a game show in which a group of","Document [3](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 1 (UK)) March 2001, on Channel 4. The contestants were recorded 24 hours a day with cameras fixed around the house, and had to wear portable microphones. Due to the tie-in with Comic Relief, the first series was partly broadcast on BBC One in the week leading up to the telethon. Channel 4 broadcast a daily 30-minute highlights show, and from the second day on there was a live eviction show hosted by Davina McCall, where the evicted housemate was interviewed. In the nightly highlight episodes, viewers are shown various highlights of a specific day in the house. BBC One's coverage consisted","Document [4](Title: Celebrity Big Brother) Celebrity Big Brother Celebrity Big Brother (or Big Brother VIP) is an adaptation of the \"Big Brother\" reality television series. Just like its parent franchise, \"Celebrity Big Brother\" airs in several countries, however the housemates or houseguests are local celebrities. In some countries, the prize money normally awarded to the winning housemate is donated to a charity, and all celebrities are paid to appear in the show as long as they do not voluntarily leave before their eviction or the end of the series. The rest of the rules are nearly the same as those of the original version. The","Document [5](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 3 (UK)) the pupil, indicating that it is a celebrity series. The live launch, nightly highlight shows, live eviction and finale were all broadcast on Channel 4. Davina McCall remained host of the live shows. Big Brother's Little Brother returned for the celebrity series once again hosted by Dermot O'Leary, for the first time ever it was broadcast in a late night time-slot on Channel 4, however it was broadcast in its usual Sunday lunchtime slot. On E4, live coverage from the house dominated its daily and nightly schedule, Nominations Uncut and Diary Room Uncut \u2013 which were both introduced during Big","Document [6](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)) in the United Kingdom and immediately became a ratings success. Following the success of the first series, it was confirmed that a celebrity edition of the show was in the works. \"Celebrity Big Brother\" aired in March 2001 as a one-time special on Channel 4 in association with the BBC's \"Comic Relief\" charity telethon. Due to the tie-in with Comic Relief, the first series was partly broadcast on BBC One in the week leading up to the telethon. It lasted for eight days, and was ultimately won by comedian Jack Dee. With the first series proving to be a success,","Document [7](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK)) not include Channel 5 +1. Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 14 was the fourteenth series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\". The series launched on 18 August 2014 on Channel 5 and ended after 26 days on 12 September. It was the seventh celebrity series and the eleventh series of \"Big Brother\" overall to air on the channel. Emma Willis hosted the series, whilst Rylan Clark presented the spin-off show \"Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side\" along with Iain Lee, Willis and regular panelist Luisa Zissman. The series was won by actor Gary","Document [8](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 8 (UK)) house and the first task set. Lauren Harries acted as fashion expert on the launch night show, castigating the styling of the new housemates. The show was similar to ex-spin off shows \"Big Brother's Little Brother\" and \"Big Brother's Big Mouth\", but is shown after the main show. The debut show was watched by 1.82 million viewers (receiving 13.4%). It returned along with the ninth series of the main celebrity show in January 2012. This is a special edition of the main \"OK! TV\" magazine show broadcast from the Big Brother compound in the Elstree Studio. The first edition aired","Document [9](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK)) the eye. Despite fifteenth series of \"Big Brother\" having only an hour and a half live feed for the entire series run, it was officially announced on 6 August 2014 that there would be an hour of live feed available almost nightly on Channel 5 due to the ratings success of the previous editions of the show and mass viewer request. On 11 August 2014, the first 30-second teaser was released which features footage from past series of \"Celebrity Big Brother\" on Channel 5. However, the tenth series or eleventh series are not included. SuperCasino continued its sponsorship for this","Document [10](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series)) Celebrity Big Brother, also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition, is a spin-off series of the American reality television series Big Brother. This season aired during the winter of the 2017\u201318 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season, the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008. Julie Chen returned as host, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. The season was produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. The season premiered on February 7, 2018."],"query":"what channel is celebrity big brother on in the usa?","answers":["CBS","on CBS"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Penicillin) Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from Penicillium fungi.","Document [2](Title: History of penicillin) respond to any traditional antiseptic was then given another substance that cured her, and Lister's registrar informed her that it was called Penicillium. In 1874, the Welsh physician William Roberts, who later coined the term \"enzyme\", observed that bacterial contamination is generally absent in laboratory cultures of \"Penicillium glaucum\". John Tyndall followed up on Burdon-Sanderson's work and demonstrated to the Royal Society in 1875 the antibacterial action of the \"Penicillium\" fungus. By this time, \"Bacillus anthracis\" had been shown to cause anthrax, the first demonstration that a specific bacterium caused a specific disease. In 1877, French biologists Louis Pasteur and","Document [3](Title: History of penicillin) (now Sandoz) developed the first acid-stable penicillin for oral administration, Penicillin V. American chemist John C. Sheehan of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) subsequently completed the first chemical synthesis of penicillin in 1957. The second-generation semi-synthetic \u03b2-lactam antibiotic methicillin, designed to counter first-generation-resistant penicillinases, was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1959. Methicillin-resistant forms of \"Staphylococcus aureus\" likely already existed at the time. History of penicillin The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity in molds before the modern isolation of the chemical penicillin in 1928. There are anecdotes about","Document [4](Title: History of penicillin) History of penicillin The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity in molds before the modern isolation of the chemical penicillin in 1928. There are anecdotes about ancient societies using molds to treat infections, and in the following centuries many people observed the inhibition of bacterial growth by various molds. However, it is unknown if the species involved were \"Penicillium\" species or if the antimicrobial substances produced were penicillin. The Scottish physician Alexander Fleming was the first to suggest that a \"Penicillium\" mold must secrete an antibacterial substance, and the first","Document [5](Title: History of penicillin) to concentrate the active substance involved, which he named penicillin, in 1928. Penicillin was the first modern antibiotic. During the next twelve years Fleming grew, distributed, and studied the original mold, which was determined to be a rare variant of \"Penicillium notatum\" (now \"Penicillium chrysogenum\"). Many later scientists were involved in the stabilization and mass production of penicillin and in the search for more productive strains of \"Penicillium\". Important contributors include Ernst Chain, Howard Florey, Norman Heatley, and Edward Abraham. Shortly after the discovery of penicillin, scientists found that some disease-causing pathogens display antibiotic resistance to penicillin. Research that aims","Document [6](Title: Roaring Twenties) Alexander Fleming discovered a substance that killed a number of disease-causing bacteria. In 1929, he named the new substance \"penicillin\". His publications were largely ignored at first, but it became a significant antibiotic in the 1930s. In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at Sheffield Royal Infirmary, used penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, but failed to cure","Document [7](Title: Gladys Lounsbury Hobby) 1940 and 1941, before presenting at the American Society for Clinical Investigation. They discovered that penicillin was a powerful germ-killer that reduced the severity of infectious diseases and made procedures such as organ transplantation and open-heart surgery possible. Their findings received media coverage, which helped attract funding from the United States Government to mass-produce penicillin during World War II, saving the lives of many soldiers. At Pfizer, Hobby did extensive early work on Terramycin and Viomycin, used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Gladys Lounsbury Hobby Gladys Lounsbury Hobby (November 19, 1910 \u2013 July 4, 1993), born in New York City,","Document [8](Title: Penicillin) by scientists and physicians on the antibacterial properties of the different types of moulds including the mould penicillium but they were unable to discern what process was causing the effect. The effects of penicillium mould would finally be isolated in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming, in work that seems to have been independent of those earlier observations. Fleming recounted that the date of his discovery of penicillin was on the morning of Friday 28 September 1928. The traditional version of this story describes the discovery as a serendipitous accident: in his laboratory in the basement of St Mary's Hospital","Document [9](Title: Penicillin) November 19, 1999. In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffield, attempted to use penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, and failed to cure a fifth. In 1939, Australian scientist Howard Florey (later Baron Florey) and a team of researchers (Ernst Boris Chain, Edward Abraham, Arthur Duncan Gardner, Norman Heatley, M. Jennings, J.","Document [10](Title: Albert Alexander (police officer)) murder, the purification invites disaster.\u201d Nonetheless, by March 15, 1945, supplies of penicillin were not only available to American troops, but to the American public, as war-time restrictions on availability were lifted. Albert Alexander (police officer) Reserve Constable Albert Alexander (1896 \u2013 15 March 1941) was the first patient to be treated with injections of penicillin. Albert Alexander was a constable in the police force of the County of Oxford, England. In December 1940, Constable Alexander was accidentally scratched by a rose thorn on his face. By the end of the month, the scratch was badly infected with both \"Staphylococcus\""],"query":"when was penicillin first introduced to the public?","answers":["After World War II","1942"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: History of penicillin) respond to any traditional antiseptic was then given another substance that cured her, and Lister's registrar informed her that it was called Penicillium. In 1874, the Welsh physician William Roberts, who later coined the term \"enzyme\", observed that bacterial contamination is generally absent in laboratory cultures of \"Penicillium glaucum\". John Tyndall followed up on Burdon-Sanderson's work and demonstrated to the Royal Society in 1875 the antibacterial action of the \"Penicillium\" fungus. By this time, \"Bacillus anthracis\" had been shown to cause anthrax, the first demonstration that a specific bacterium caused a specific disease. In 1877, French biologists Louis Pasteur and","Document [2](Title: History of penicillin) (now Sandoz) developed the first acid-stable penicillin for oral administration, Penicillin V. American chemist John C. Sheehan of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) subsequently completed the first chemical synthesis of penicillin in 1957. The second-generation semi-synthetic \u03b2-lactam antibiotic methicillin, designed to counter first-generation-resistant penicillinases, was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1959. Methicillin-resistant forms of \"Staphylococcus aureus\" likely already existed at the time. History of penicillin The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity in molds before the modern isolation of the chemical penicillin in 1928. There are anecdotes about","Document [3](Title: History of penicillin) History of penicillin The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity in molds before the modern isolation of the chemical penicillin in 1928. There are anecdotes about ancient societies using molds to treat infections, and in the following centuries many people observed the inhibition of bacterial growth by various molds. However, it is unknown if the species involved were \"Penicillium\" species or if the antimicrobial substances produced were penicillin. The Scottish physician Alexander Fleming was the first to suggest that a \"Penicillium\" mold must secrete an antibacterial substance, and the first","Document [4](Title: History of penicillin) to concentrate the active substance involved, which he named penicillin, in 1928. Penicillin was the first modern antibiotic. During the next twelve years Fleming grew, distributed, and studied the original mold, which was determined to be a rare variant of \"Penicillium notatum\" (now \"Penicillium chrysogenum\"). Many later scientists were involved in the stabilization and mass production of penicillin and in the search for more productive strains of \"Penicillium\". Important contributors include Ernst Chain, Howard Florey, Norman Heatley, and Edward Abraham. Shortly after the discovery of penicillin, scientists found that some disease-causing pathogens display antibiotic resistance to penicillin. Research that aims","Document [5](Title: Penicillin) Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from Penicillium fungi.","Document [6](Title: Roaring Twenties) Alexander Fleming discovered a substance that killed a number of disease-causing bacteria. In 1929, he named the new substance \"penicillin\". His publications were largely ignored at first, but it became a significant antibiotic in the 1930s. In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at Sheffield Royal Infirmary, used penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, but failed to cure","Document [7](Title: Gladys Lounsbury Hobby) 1940 and 1941, before presenting at the American Society for Clinical Investigation. They discovered that penicillin was a powerful germ-killer that reduced the severity of infectious diseases and made procedures such as organ transplantation and open-heart surgery possible. Their findings received media coverage, which helped attract funding from the United States Government to mass-produce penicillin during World War II, saving the lives of many soldiers. At Pfizer, Hobby did extensive early work on Terramycin and Viomycin, used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Gladys Lounsbury Hobby Gladys Lounsbury Hobby (November 19, 1910 \u2013 July 4, 1993), born in New York City,","Document [8](Title: Penicillin) by scientists and physicians on the antibacterial properties of the different types of moulds including the mould penicillium but they were unable to discern what process was causing the effect. The effects of penicillium mould would finally be isolated in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming, in work that seems to have been independent of those earlier observations. Fleming recounted that the date of his discovery of penicillin was on the morning of Friday 28 September 1928. The traditional version of this story describes the discovery as a serendipitous accident: in his laboratory in the basement of St Mary's Hospital","Document [9](Title: Penicillin) November 19, 1999. In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffield, attempted to use penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, and failed to cure a fifth. In 1939, Australian scientist Howard Florey (later Baron Florey) and a team of researchers (Ernst Boris Chain, Edward Abraham, Arthur Duncan Gardner, Norman Heatley, M. Jennings, J.","Document [10](Title: Albert Alexander (police officer)) murder, the purification invites disaster.\u201d Nonetheless, by March 15, 1945, supplies of penicillin were not only available to American troops, but to the American public, as war-time restrictions on availability were lifted. Albert Alexander (police officer) Reserve Constable Albert Alexander (1896 \u2013 15 March 1941) was the first patient to be treated with injections of penicillin. Albert Alexander was a constable in the police force of the County of Oxford, England. In December 1940, Constable Alexander was accidentally scratched by a rose thorn on his face. By the end of the month, the scratch was badly infected with both \"Staphylococcus\""],"query":"when was penicillin first introduced to the public?","answers":["After World War II","1942"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: History of penicillin) respond to any traditional antiseptic was then given another substance that cured her, and Lister's registrar informed her that it was called Penicillium. In 1874, the Welsh physician William Roberts, who later coined the term \"enzyme\", observed that bacterial contamination is generally absent in laboratory cultures of \"Penicillium glaucum\". John Tyndall followed up on Burdon-Sanderson's work and demonstrated to the Royal Society in 1875 the antibacterial action of the \"Penicillium\" fungus. By this time, \"Bacillus anthracis\" had been shown to cause anthrax, the first demonstration that a specific bacterium caused a specific disease. In 1877, French biologists Louis Pasteur and","Document [2](Title: History of penicillin) (now Sandoz) developed the first acid-stable penicillin for oral administration, Penicillin V. American chemist John C. Sheehan of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) subsequently completed the first chemical synthesis of penicillin in 1957. The second-generation semi-synthetic \u03b2-lactam antibiotic methicillin, designed to counter first-generation-resistant penicillinases, was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1959. Methicillin-resistant forms of \"Staphylococcus aureus\" likely already existed at the time. History of penicillin The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity in molds before the modern isolation of the chemical penicillin in 1928. There are anecdotes about","Document [3](Title: History of penicillin) History of penicillin The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity in molds before the modern isolation of the chemical penicillin in 1928. There are anecdotes about ancient societies using molds to treat infections, and in the following centuries many people observed the inhibition of bacterial growth by various molds. However, it is unknown if the species involved were \"Penicillium\" species or if the antimicrobial substances produced were penicillin. The Scottish physician Alexander Fleming was the first to suggest that a \"Penicillium\" mold must secrete an antibacterial substance, and the first","Document [4](Title: History of penicillin) to concentrate the active substance involved, which he named penicillin, in 1928. Penicillin was the first modern antibiotic. During the next twelve years Fleming grew, distributed, and studied the original mold, which was determined to be a rare variant of \"Penicillium notatum\" (now \"Penicillium chrysogenum\"). Many later scientists were involved in the stabilization and mass production of penicillin and in the search for more productive strains of \"Penicillium\". Important contributors include Ernst Chain, Howard Florey, Norman Heatley, and Edward Abraham. Shortly after the discovery of penicillin, scientists found that some disease-causing pathogens display antibiotic resistance to penicillin. Research that aims","Document [5](Title: Roaring Twenties) Alexander Fleming discovered a substance that killed a number of disease-causing bacteria. In 1929, he named the new substance \"penicillin\". His publications were largely ignored at first, but it became a significant antibiotic in the 1930s. In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at Sheffield Royal Infirmary, used penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, but failed to cure","Document [6](Title: Gladys Lounsbury Hobby) 1940 and 1941, before presenting at the American Society for Clinical Investigation. They discovered that penicillin was a powerful germ-killer that reduced the severity of infectious diseases and made procedures such as organ transplantation and open-heart surgery possible. Their findings received media coverage, which helped attract funding from the United States Government to mass-produce penicillin during World War II, saving the lives of many soldiers. At Pfizer, Hobby did extensive early work on Terramycin and Viomycin, used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Gladys Lounsbury Hobby Gladys Lounsbury Hobby (November 19, 1910 \u2013 July 4, 1993), born in New York City,","Document [7](Title: Penicillin) by scientists and physicians on the antibacterial properties of the different types of moulds including the mould penicillium but they were unable to discern what process was causing the effect. The effects of penicillium mould would finally be isolated in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming, in work that seems to have been independent of those earlier observations. Fleming recounted that the date of his discovery of penicillin was on the morning of Friday 28 September 1928. The traditional version of this story describes the discovery as a serendipitous accident: in his laboratory in the basement of St Mary's Hospital","Document [8](Title: Penicillin) November 19, 1999. In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffield, attempted to use penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, and failed to cure a fifth. In 1939, Australian scientist Howard Florey (later Baron Florey) and a team of researchers (Ernst Boris Chain, Edward Abraham, Arthur Duncan Gardner, Norman Heatley, M. Jennings, J.","Document [9](Title: Albert Alexander (police officer)) murder, the purification invites disaster.\u201d Nonetheless, by March 15, 1945, supplies of penicillin were not only available to American troops, but to the American public, as war-time restrictions on availability were lifted. Albert Alexander (police officer) Reserve Constable Albert Alexander (1896 \u2013 15 March 1941) was the first patient to be treated with injections of penicillin. Albert Alexander was a constable in the police force of the County of Oxford, England. In December 1940, Constable Alexander was accidentally scratched by a rose thorn on his face. By the end of the month, the scratch was badly infected with both \"Staphylococcus\"","Document [10](Title: Penicillin) Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from Penicillium fungi."],"query":"when was penicillin first introduced to the public?","answers":["After World War II","1942"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: IP Multimedia Subsystem) To ease the integration with the Internet, IMS uses IETF protocols wherever possible, e.g., SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). According to the 3GPP, IMS is not intended to standardize applications, but rather to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications from wireless and wireline terminals, i.e., to create a form of fixed-mobile convergence (FMC). This is done by having a horizontal control layer that isolates the access network from the service layer. From a logical architecture perspective, services need not have their own control functions, as the control layer is a common horizontal layer. However, in implementation this does not","Document [2](Title: Session Initiation Protocol) permanent element of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) architecture for IP-based streaming multimedia services in cellular networks. In June 2002 the specification was revised in and various extensions and clarifications have been published since. SIP was designed to provide a signaling and call setup protocol for IP-based communications supporting the call processing functions and features present in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) with a vision of supporting new multimedia applications. It has been extended for video conferencing, streaming media distribution, instant messaging, presence information, file transfer, Internet fax and online games. SIP is distinguished by its proponents for having","Document [3](Title: UMTS security) calls, video conferences, streaming and chat. SIP is specified by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)27. IMS also uses the IETF Session Description Protocol (SDP)28 to specify the session parameters and to negotiate the codecs to be used. SIP runs on top of different IP transport protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). A 3G IMS subscriber has one IP multimedia private identity (IMPI) and at least one IP multimedia public identity (IMPU). To participate in multimedia sessions, an IMS subscriber must register at least one IMPU with the IMS. The private identity","Document [4](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) extensions is not restricted to the IMS framework. The 3GPP has stated several general requirements stated for operation of the IMS. These include an efficient use of the radio interface by minimizing the exchange of signaling messages between the mobile terminal and the network, a minimum session setup time by performing tasks prior to session establishment instead of during session establishment, a minimum support required in the terminal, the support for roaming and non-roaming scenarios with terminal mobility management (supported by the access network, not SIP), and support for IPv6 addressing. Other requirements involve protocol extensions, such as SIP header","Document [5](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) functionality. These extensions are based on Request for Comments (RFC) protocol recommendations by the IETF. The 3GPP, which is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations aimed at developing and maintaining the IMS, stated a series of requirements for SIP to be successfully used in the IMS. Some of them could be addressed by using existing capabilities and extensions in SIP while, in other cases, the 3GPP had to collaborate with the IETF to standardize new SIP extensions to meet the new requirements. In any case, the IETF evolves SIP in a generic basis, so that the use of its","Document [6](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) configured to relay messages across both networks according to these recommendations, user agents will need to implement extensions so that they can directly exchange media streams. These extensions are related to the Session Description Protocol offer\/answer initial exchange, that will be used to gather the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of both ends so that they can establish a direct communication. Apart from all the explained extensions to SIP that make it possible for the IMS to work successfully, it is also necessary that the IMS framework interworks and exchanges services with existing network infrastructures, mainly the Public switched telephone network","Document [7](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) to negotiate and allocate the call resources before the called party is alerted. In the IMS framework, it is required that once the callee is alerted, the chances of a session failure are minimum. An important source of failure is the inability to reserve network resources to support the session, so these resources should be allocated before the phone rings. However, in the IMS, to reserve resources the network needs to know the callee's IP address, port and session parameters and therefore it is necessary that the initial offer\/answer exchange to establish a session has started (INVITE request). In basic","Document [8](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) resource reservation on its side. Subsequent UPDATE requests are sent to inform about the reservation progress, and they are answered by 2XX response codes. In a typical offer\/answer exchange, one UPDATE will be sent by the calling party when its reservation is completed, then the called party will respond and eventually finish allocating the resources. It is then, when all the resources for the call are in place, when the caller is alerted. In the IMS framework it is fundamental to handle user identities for authentication, authorization and accounting purposes. The IMS is meant to provide multimedia services over IP","Document [9](Title: SIP trunking) applications such as desktop sharing, web conferencing, and shared whiteboard. The architecture of SIP trunking provides a partitioning of the unified communications network into two different domains of expertise: The interconnection between the two domains must occur through a SIP trunk. The interconnection between the two domains, created by transport via the Internet Protocol (IP), involves setting specific rules and regulations as well as the ability to handle some services and protocols that fall under the name of SIP trunking. The ITSP is responsible to the applicable regulatory authority regarding all the following law obligations of the public domain: The","Document [10](Title: Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks) networking. In 2011, TISPAN published the specification of a functional architecture for Content Delivery Networks (CDN) and is now working on the specification of the protocols applicable to the reference points identified in this architecture (See ETSI TS 182 019) The ETSI website on Next Generation Networking states: \"\"Standards for fixed NGN were developed by the now closed ETSI technical committee TISPAN. The TC has adopted the 3GPP\u2122 core IMS specifications using Internet (SIP) protocols to allow features such as Presence, IPTV, Messaging, and Conferencing to be delivered irrespective of the network in use. Maintenance of NGN standards are now"],"query":"what does sip stand for in the ngn \/ ims context?","answers":["Session Initiation Protocol"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Session Initiation Protocol) permanent element of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) architecture for IP-based streaming multimedia services in cellular networks. In June 2002 the specification was revised in and various extensions and clarifications have been published since. SIP was designed to provide a signaling and call setup protocol for IP-based communications supporting the call processing functions and features present in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) with a vision of supporting new multimedia applications. It has been extended for video conferencing, streaming media distribution, instant messaging, presence information, file transfer, Internet fax and online games. SIP is distinguished by its proponents for having","Document [2](Title: UMTS security) calls, video conferences, streaming and chat. SIP is specified by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)27. IMS also uses the IETF Session Description Protocol (SDP)28 to specify the session parameters and to negotiate the codecs to be used. SIP runs on top of different IP transport protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). A 3G IMS subscriber has one IP multimedia private identity (IMPI) and at least one IP multimedia public identity (IMPU). To participate in multimedia sessions, an IMS subscriber must register at least one IMPU with the IMS. The private identity","Document [3](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) extensions is not restricted to the IMS framework. The 3GPP has stated several general requirements stated for operation of the IMS. These include an efficient use of the radio interface by minimizing the exchange of signaling messages between the mobile terminal and the network, a minimum session setup time by performing tasks prior to session establishment instead of during session establishment, a minimum support required in the terminal, the support for roaming and non-roaming scenarios with terminal mobility management (supported by the access network, not SIP), and support for IPv6 addressing. Other requirements involve protocol extensions, such as SIP header","Document [4](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) functionality. These extensions are based on Request for Comments (RFC) protocol recommendations by the IETF. The 3GPP, which is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations aimed at developing and maintaining the IMS, stated a series of requirements for SIP to be successfully used in the IMS. Some of them could be addressed by using existing capabilities and extensions in SIP while, in other cases, the 3GPP had to collaborate with the IETF to standardize new SIP extensions to meet the new requirements. In any case, the IETF evolves SIP in a generic basis, so that the use of its","Document [5](Title: IP Multimedia Subsystem) To ease the integration with the Internet, IMS uses IETF protocols wherever possible, e.g., SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). According to the 3GPP, IMS is not intended to standardize applications, but rather to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications from wireless and wireline terminals, i.e., to create a form of fixed-mobile convergence (FMC). This is done by having a horizontal control layer that isolates the access network from the service layer. From a logical architecture perspective, services need not have their own control functions, as the control layer is a common horizontal layer. However, in implementation this does not","Document [6](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) configured to relay messages across both networks according to these recommendations, user agents will need to implement extensions so that they can directly exchange media streams. These extensions are related to the Session Description Protocol offer\/answer initial exchange, that will be used to gather the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of both ends so that they can establish a direct communication. Apart from all the explained extensions to SIP that make it possible for the IMS to work successfully, it is also necessary that the IMS framework interworks and exchanges services with existing network infrastructures, mainly the Public switched telephone network","Document [7](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) to negotiate and allocate the call resources before the called party is alerted. In the IMS framework, it is required that once the callee is alerted, the chances of a session failure are minimum. An important source of failure is the inability to reserve network resources to support the session, so these resources should be allocated before the phone rings. However, in the IMS, to reserve resources the network needs to know the callee's IP address, port and session parameters and therefore it is necessary that the initial offer\/answer exchange to establish a session has started (INVITE request). In basic","Document [8](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) resource reservation on its side. Subsequent UPDATE requests are sent to inform about the reservation progress, and they are answered by 2XX response codes. In a typical offer\/answer exchange, one UPDATE will be sent by the calling party when its reservation is completed, then the called party will respond and eventually finish allocating the resources. It is then, when all the resources for the call are in place, when the caller is alerted. In the IMS framework it is fundamental to handle user identities for authentication, authorization and accounting purposes. The IMS is meant to provide multimedia services over IP","Document [9](Title: SIP trunking) applications such as desktop sharing, web conferencing, and shared whiteboard. The architecture of SIP trunking provides a partitioning of the unified communications network into two different domains of expertise: The interconnection between the two domains must occur through a SIP trunk. The interconnection between the two domains, created by transport via the Internet Protocol (IP), involves setting specific rules and regulations as well as the ability to handle some services and protocols that fall under the name of SIP trunking. The ITSP is responsible to the applicable regulatory authority regarding all the following law obligations of the public domain: The","Document [10](Title: Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks) networking. In 2011, TISPAN published the specification of a functional architecture for Content Delivery Networks (CDN) and is now working on the specification of the protocols applicable to the reference points identified in this architecture (See ETSI TS 182 019) The ETSI website on Next Generation Networking states: \"\"Standards for fixed NGN were developed by the now closed ETSI technical committee TISPAN. The TC has adopted the 3GPP\u2122 core IMS specifications using Internet (SIP) protocols to allow features such as Presence, IPTV, Messaging, and Conferencing to be delivered irrespective of the network in use. Maintenance of NGN standards are now"],"query":"what does sip stand for in the ngn \/ ims context?","answers":["Session Initiation Protocol"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Session Initiation Protocol) permanent element of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) architecture for IP-based streaming multimedia services in cellular networks. In June 2002 the specification was revised in and various extensions and clarifications have been published since. SIP was designed to provide a signaling and call setup protocol for IP-based communications supporting the call processing functions and features present in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) with a vision of supporting new multimedia applications. It has been extended for video conferencing, streaming media distribution, instant messaging, presence information, file transfer, Internet fax and online games. SIP is distinguished by its proponents for having","Document [2](Title: UMTS security) calls, video conferences, streaming and chat. SIP is specified by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)27. IMS also uses the IETF Session Description Protocol (SDP)28 to specify the session parameters and to negotiate the codecs to be used. SIP runs on top of different IP transport protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). A 3G IMS subscriber has one IP multimedia private identity (IMPI) and at least one IP multimedia public identity (IMPU). To participate in multimedia sessions, an IMS subscriber must register at least one IMPU with the IMS. The private identity","Document [3](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) extensions is not restricted to the IMS framework. The 3GPP has stated several general requirements stated for operation of the IMS. These include an efficient use of the radio interface by minimizing the exchange of signaling messages between the mobile terminal and the network, a minimum session setup time by performing tasks prior to session establishment instead of during session establishment, a minimum support required in the terminal, the support for roaming and non-roaming scenarios with terminal mobility management (supported by the access network, not SIP), and support for IPv6 addressing. Other requirements involve protocol extensions, such as SIP header","Document [4](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) functionality. These extensions are based on Request for Comments (RFC) protocol recommendations by the IETF. The 3GPP, which is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations aimed at developing and maintaining the IMS, stated a series of requirements for SIP to be successfully used in the IMS. Some of them could be addressed by using existing capabilities and extensions in SIP while, in other cases, the 3GPP had to collaborate with the IETF to standardize new SIP extensions to meet the new requirements. In any case, the IETF evolves SIP in a generic basis, so that the use of its","Document [5](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) configured to relay messages across both networks according to these recommendations, user agents will need to implement extensions so that they can directly exchange media streams. These extensions are related to the Session Description Protocol offer\/answer initial exchange, that will be used to gather the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of both ends so that they can establish a direct communication. Apart from all the explained extensions to SIP that make it possible for the IMS to work successfully, it is also necessary that the IMS framework interworks and exchanges services with existing network infrastructures, mainly the Public switched telephone network","Document [6](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) to negotiate and allocate the call resources before the called party is alerted. In the IMS framework, it is required that once the callee is alerted, the chances of a session failure are minimum. An important source of failure is the inability to reserve network resources to support the session, so these resources should be allocated before the phone rings. However, in the IMS, to reserve resources the network needs to know the callee's IP address, port and session parameters and therefore it is necessary that the initial offer\/answer exchange to establish a session has started (INVITE request). In basic","Document [7](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) resource reservation on its side. Subsequent UPDATE requests are sent to inform about the reservation progress, and they are answered by 2XX response codes. In a typical offer\/answer exchange, one UPDATE will be sent by the calling party when its reservation is completed, then the called party will respond and eventually finish allocating the resources. It is then, when all the resources for the call are in place, when the caller is alerted. In the IMS framework it is fundamental to handle user identities for authentication, authorization and accounting purposes. The IMS is meant to provide multimedia services over IP","Document [8](Title: SIP trunking) applications such as desktop sharing, web conferencing, and shared whiteboard. The architecture of SIP trunking provides a partitioning of the unified communications network into two different domains of expertise: The interconnection between the two domains must occur through a SIP trunk. The interconnection between the two domains, created by transport via the Internet Protocol (IP), involves setting specific rules and regulations as well as the ability to handle some services and protocols that fall under the name of SIP trunking. The ITSP is responsible to the applicable regulatory authority regarding all the following law obligations of the public domain: The","Document [9](Title: Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks) networking. In 2011, TISPAN published the specification of a functional architecture for Content Delivery Networks (CDN) and is now working on the specification of the protocols applicable to the reference points identified in this architecture (See ETSI TS 182 019) The ETSI website on Next Generation Networking states: \"\"Standards for fixed NGN were developed by the now closed ETSI technical committee TISPAN. The TC has adopted the 3GPP\u2122 core IMS specifications using Internet (SIP) protocols to allow features such as Presence, IPTV, Messaging, and Conferencing to be delivered irrespective of the network in use. Maintenance of NGN standards are now","Document [10](Title: IP Multimedia Subsystem) To ease the integration with the Internet, IMS uses IETF protocols wherever possible, e.g., SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). According to the 3GPP, IMS is not intended to standardize applications, but rather to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications from wireless and wireline terminals, i.e., to create a form of fixed-mobile convergence (FMC). This is done by having a horizontal control layer that isolates the access network from the service layer. From a logical architecture perspective, services need not have their own control functions, as the control layer is a common horizontal layer. However, in implementation this does not"],"query":"what does sip stand for in the ngn \/ ims context?","answers":["Session Initiation Protocol"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Roman Empire) period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c.\u2009100 BC\u00a0\u2013 c.\u2009AD 400, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90\u00a0million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as","Document [2](Title: Roman Empire) of 5 million square kilometres. The traditional population estimate of inhabitants accounted for between one-sixth and one-fourth of the world's total population and made it the largest population of any unified political entity in the West until the mid-19th century. Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from to more than . Each of the three largest cities in the Empire\u2014Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch\u2014was almost twice the size of any European city at the beginning of the 17th century. As the historian Christopher Kelly has described it: Trajan's successor Hadrian adopted a policy of maintaining rather than","Document [3](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) in the Imperial period. At its peak, the city of Rome had at least one million inhabitants, a total not equalled again until the 19th century. As the imperial capital, Rome was sustained by transfers in kind from throughout the empire; no other city could be sustained at this level. Other major cities in the empire (Alexandria, Antioch, Carthage, Ephesus, etc.) had populations of about a few hundred thousand. Of the remaining cities, most were quite small, usually possessing only 10\u201315,000 inhabitants. The cumulative urban population of the empire is estimated at around 14 million (using a population threshold of","Document [4](Title: Classical demography) lived within the city of Alexandria. The population of the vast Seleucid Empire has been estimated to have been higher than 30 million. There are many estimates of the population for the Roman Empire, that range from 45 million to 120 million with 55-65 million as the most accepted range. \"An estimated population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:\" \"Beloch's 1886 estimate for the population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:\" \"Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 1 AD:\" \"Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 350 AD:\" The","Document [5](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) with comparative evidence from other periods and other parts of the empire. \"Beloch's 1886 estimate for the population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:\" \"Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 350 CE:\" Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from (comparable to the contemporaneous and similarly sized Han empire in China), with one-tenth of them located in Italy itself, to more than . By the standards of pre-modern economies, the Roman Empire was highly urbanized. According to recent work, there were some 1,400 sites with urban characteristics in the Roman world","Document [6](Title: Roman Britain) the end of the second century. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6 million people, of whom 125,000 consisted of the Roman army and their families and dependents. The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century. The capital city of Londinium is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000 people. Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from across the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia, continental Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. There was also cultural diversity in other","Document [7](Title: Medieval demography) been found for the 3rd century as for the 1st. During the period from 150 to 400, with the intermittent appearance of plague, the population of the Roman Empire ranged from a high of 70 to a low of 50 million, followed by a fairly good recovery if not to the previous highs of the Early Empire. Serious gradual depopulation began in the West only in the 5th century and in the East due to the appearance of bubonic plague in 541 after 250 years of economic growth after the troubles which afflicted the empire from the 250s to 270s.","Document [8](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) By providing a check to population densities, these area figures compel a baseline level of plausibility. Beloch's 1886 estimate of the population of the empire in 14 CE has withstood contemporary and more recent criticism, and underlies modern analysis (his 1899 revision of those figures is less esteemed). Only his estimates for Anatolia and Greater Syria required extensive revision; Beloch estimated population figure, 19 million, produced population densities not otherwise achieved in those areas until the 20th century. Bruce Frier, in a recent estimate of the population of the empire, suggested a figure of 12 million as \"considerably more plausible\".","Document [9](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) Beloch's figures for Spain and Africa have also been revised downwards. This estimate produces a population density of 13.6 inhabitants per square kilometer, a very low figure by modern standards (the United Kingdom, for example, has a population density of 254.7\/km). The population density in the Greek East was 20.9\/km, twice as dense as the Latin West at 10.6\/km; only the Western provinces of Italy and Sicily had a density comparable to the East. Slaves constituted about 15 percent of the Empire's total population; the proportionate figure would be much higher in Italy and much lower in Africa and Egypt.","Document [10](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) 5,000 individuals), indicating an urbanization rate of at least 25-30 % to be consistent with conventional estimates for the total population, comparable to those in the 19th century. High mortality rates and pre-modern sanitary conditions made urban regions net population sinks, with more local deaths than births. They could only be sustained by constant immigration. The large cities provided a major stimulus to demand, and not only for agricultural products, but for manufactured goods and luxury items as well. Russell estimated the urban population in Late Antiquity, as follows. Demography of the Roman Empire Demographically, the Roman Empire was an"],"query":"what was the population of the roman empire at its height?","answers":["50 to 90\u00a0million inhabitants","70\u00a0million","55\u201360 million","an estimated 70\u00a0million people"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Roman Empire) of 5 million square kilometres. The traditional population estimate of inhabitants accounted for between one-sixth and one-fourth of the world's total population and made it the largest population of any unified political entity in the West until the mid-19th century. Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from to more than . Each of the three largest cities in the Empire\u2014Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch\u2014was almost twice the size of any European city at the beginning of the 17th century. As the historian Christopher Kelly has described it: Trajan's successor Hadrian adopted a policy of maintaining rather than","Document [2](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) in the Imperial period. At its peak, the city of Rome had at least one million inhabitants, a total not equalled again until the 19th century. As the imperial capital, Rome was sustained by transfers in kind from throughout the empire; no other city could be sustained at this level. Other major cities in the empire (Alexandria, Antioch, Carthage, Ephesus, etc.) had populations of about a few hundred thousand. Of the remaining cities, most were quite small, usually possessing only 10\u201315,000 inhabitants. The cumulative urban population of the empire is estimated at around 14 million (using a population threshold of","Document [3](Title: Classical demography) lived within the city of Alexandria. The population of the vast Seleucid Empire has been estimated to have been higher than 30 million. There are many estimates of the population for the Roman Empire, that range from 45 million to 120 million with 55-65 million as the most accepted range. \"An estimated population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:\" \"Beloch's 1886 estimate for the population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:\" \"Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 1 AD:\" \"Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 350 AD:\" The","Document [4](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) with comparative evidence from other periods and other parts of the empire. \"Beloch's 1886 estimate for the population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:\" \"Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 350 CE:\" Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from (comparable to the contemporaneous and similarly sized Han empire in China), with one-tenth of them located in Italy itself, to more than . By the standards of pre-modern economies, the Roman Empire was highly urbanized. According to recent work, there were some 1,400 sites with urban characteristics in the Roman world","Document [5](Title: Roman Empire) period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c.\u2009100 BC\u00a0\u2013 c.\u2009AD 400, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90\u00a0million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as","Document [6](Title: Roman Britain) the end of the second century. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6 million people, of whom 125,000 consisted of the Roman army and their families and dependents. The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century. The capital city of Londinium is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000 people. Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from across the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia, continental Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. There was also cultural diversity in other","Document [7](Title: Medieval demography) been found for the 3rd century as for the 1st. During the period from 150 to 400, with the intermittent appearance of plague, the population of the Roman Empire ranged from a high of 70 to a low of 50 million, followed by a fairly good recovery if not to the previous highs of the Early Empire. Serious gradual depopulation began in the West only in the 5th century and in the East due to the appearance of bubonic plague in 541 after 250 years of economic growth after the troubles which afflicted the empire from the 250s to 270s.","Document [8](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) By providing a check to population densities, these area figures compel a baseline level of plausibility. Beloch's 1886 estimate of the population of the empire in 14 CE has withstood contemporary and more recent criticism, and underlies modern analysis (his 1899 revision of those figures is less esteemed). Only his estimates for Anatolia and Greater Syria required extensive revision; Beloch estimated population figure, 19 million, produced population densities not otherwise achieved in those areas until the 20th century. Bruce Frier, in a recent estimate of the population of the empire, suggested a figure of 12 million as \"considerably more plausible\".","Document [9](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) Beloch's figures for Spain and Africa have also been revised downwards. This estimate produces a population density of 13.6 inhabitants per square kilometer, a very low figure by modern standards (the United Kingdom, for example, has a population density of 254.7\/km). The population density in the Greek East was 20.9\/km, twice as dense as the Latin West at 10.6\/km; only the Western provinces of Italy and Sicily had a density comparable to the East. Slaves constituted about 15 percent of the Empire's total population; the proportionate figure would be much higher in Italy and much lower in Africa and Egypt.","Document [10](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) 5,000 individuals), indicating an urbanization rate of at least 25-30 % to be consistent with conventional estimates for the total population, comparable to those in the 19th century. High mortality rates and pre-modern sanitary conditions made urban regions net population sinks, with more local deaths than births. They could only be sustained by constant immigration. The large cities provided a major stimulus to demand, and not only for agricultural products, but for manufactured goods and luxury items as well. Russell estimated the urban population in Late Antiquity, as follows. Demography of the Roman Empire Demographically, the Roman Empire was an"],"query":"what was the population of the roman empire at its height?","answers":["50 to 90\u00a0million inhabitants","70\u00a0million","55\u201360 million","an estimated 70\u00a0million people"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Roman Empire) of 5 million square kilometres. The traditional population estimate of inhabitants accounted for between one-sixth and one-fourth of the world's total population and made it the largest population of any unified political entity in the West until the mid-19th century. Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from to more than . Each of the three largest cities in the Empire\u2014Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch\u2014was almost twice the size of any European city at the beginning of the 17th century. As the historian Christopher Kelly has described it: Trajan's successor Hadrian adopted a policy of maintaining rather than","Document [2](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) in the Imperial period. At its peak, the city of Rome had at least one million inhabitants, a total not equalled again until the 19th century. As the imperial capital, Rome was sustained by transfers in kind from throughout the empire; no other city could be sustained at this level. Other major cities in the empire (Alexandria, Antioch, Carthage, Ephesus, etc.) had populations of about a few hundred thousand. Of the remaining cities, most were quite small, usually possessing only 10\u201315,000 inhabitants. The cumulative urban population of the empire is estimated at around 14 million (using a population threshold of","Document [3](Title: Classical demography) lived within the city of Alexandria. The population of the vast Seleucid Empire has been estimated to have been higher than 30 million. There are many estimates of the population for the Roman Empire, that range from 45 million to 120 million with 55-65 million as the most accepted range. \"An estimated population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:\" \"Beloch's 1886 estimate for the population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:\" \"Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 1 AD:\" \"Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 350 AD:\" The","Document [4](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) with comparative evidence from other periods and other parts of the empire. \"Beloch's 1886 estimate for the population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:\" \"Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 350 CE:\" Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from (comparable to the contemporaneous and similarly sized Han empire in China), with one-tenth of them located in Italy itself, to more than . By the standards of pre-modern economies, the Roman Empire was highly urbanized. According to recent work, there were some 1,400 sites with urban characteristics in the Roman world","Document [5](Title: Roman Britain) the end of the second century. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6 million people, of whom 125,000 consisted of the Roman army and their families and dependents. The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century. The capital city of Londinium is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000 people. Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from across the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia, continental Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. There was also cultural diversity in other","Document [6](Title: Medieval demography) been found for the 3rd century as for the 1st. During the period from 150 to 400, with the intermittent appearance of plague, the population of the Roman Empire ranged from a high of 70 to a low of 50 million, followed by a fairly good recovery if not to the previous highs of the Early Empire. Serious gradual depopulation began in the West only in the 5th century and in the East due to the appearance of bubonic plague in 541 after 250 years of economic growth after the troubles which afflicted the empire from the 250s to 270s.","Document [7](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) By providing a check to population densities, these area figures compel a baseline level of plausibility. Beloch's 1886 estimate of the population of the empire in 14 CE has withstood contemporary and more recent criticism, and underlies modern analysis (his 1899 revision of those figures is less esteemed). Only his estimates for Anatolia and Greater Syria required extensive revision; Beloch estimated population figure, 19 million, produced population densities not otherwise achieved in those areas until the 20th century. Bruce Frier, in a recent estimate of the population of the empire, suggested a figure of 12 million as \"considerably more plausible\".","Document [8](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) Beloch's figures for Spain and Africa have also been revised downwards. This estimate produces a population density of 13.6 inhabitants per square kilometer, a very low figure by modern standards (the United Kingdom, for example, has a population density of 254.7\/km). The population density in the Greek East was 20.9\/km, twice as dense as the Latin West at 10.6\/km; only the Western provinces of Italy and Sicily had a density comparable to the East. Slaves constituted about 15 percent of the Empire's total population; the proportionate figure would be much higher in Italy and much lower in Africa and Egypt.","Document [9](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) 5,000 individuals), indicating an urbanization rate of at least 25-30 % to be consistent with conventional estimates for the total population, comparable to those in the 19th century. High mortality rates and pre-modern sanitary conditions made urban regions net population sinks, with more local deaths than births. They could only be sustained by constant immigration. The large cities provided a major stimulus to demand, and not only for agricultural products, but for manufactured goods and luxury items as well. Russell estimated the urban population in Late Antiquity, as follows. Demography of the Roman Empire Demographically, the Roman Empire was an","Document [10](Title: Roman Empire) period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c.\u2009100 BC\u00a0\u2013 c.\u2009AD 400, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90\u00a0million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as"],"query":"what was the population of the roman empire at its height?","answers":["50 to 90\u00a0million inhabitants","70\u00a0million","55\u201360 million","an estimated 70\u00a0million people"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Bora Bora) As of 2017, the Bora Bora group has a permanent population of 10,605.","Document [2](Title: Dugda (woreda)) they observed this belief, while 3.88% of the population were Protestant, 2.13% of the population were Muslim, and 1.36% of the population practiced traditional beliefs. Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 196,323, of whom 96,849 are men and 99,474 are women; 50,126 or 25.53% of its population are urban dwellers, which is less than the Zone average of 32.1%. With an estimated area of 1,459.53 square kilometers, Dugda Bora has an estimated population density of 134.5 people per square kilometer, which is less than the Zone average","Document [3](Title: Bora (woreda)) 6.01% of the population practiced traditional beliefs, 4.47% of the population were Muslim, and 3.11% of the population were Protestant. Bora (woreda) Bora is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was part of the former woreda of Dugda Bora. Part of the Misraq Shewa Zone it is located in the Great Rift Valley. The administrative center of Bora is Bote (Alem Tena). The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 58,748, of whom 30,487 were men and 28,261 were women; 11,403 or 19.41% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority","Document [4](Title: Borawal) 700 years\" (). Borawal has population of 3950 of which 2112 are males while 1838 are females, as per Population Census 2011. In Borawal village, there are 403 children aged between, making up 10.20% of total population of village. The average sex ratio is 870 which is lower than the Punjab state average of 895. The child Sex Ratio for the Borawal as per the census is 824, lower than the Punjab average of 846. Borawal village has lower literacy rate compared to Punjab. In 2011, the literacy rate of Borawal village was 55.79% compared to 75.84% of Punjab. In","Document [5](Title: Boda Upazila) Boda Upazila Boda () is an Upazila of Panchagarh District in the Division of Rangpur, Bangladesh. Boda is the largest upazila in Panchagarh. It is named \"Boda\" because the big Badeshwari Temple is there. Boda is located at . It has 33535 households and total area 349.47 km\u00b2. As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Boda has a population of 168258. Males constitute 51.22% of the population, and females 48.78%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 83118. Boda has an average literacy rate of 29.4% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate. Boda Upazila is divided into one municipality","Document [6](Title: Bora Reserve) Bora Reserve Bora Special Reserve is a wildlife reserve in the Sofia Region of Madagascar, between the villages of Antsohihy and Bealalana. Bora is in a transition zone between eastern humid forests and western dry forests and the reserve and has many endemic species including six lemur species, twenty birds and over 150 species of endemic plants. This reserve is in the north-west of Madagascar, from Antsohihy. In the north the park is accessible by the tarmaced road, RN31, which runs between Antsohihy and Bealalana, and the southern part of the reserve is accessible by the road between North Befandriana","Document [7](Title: Bora (woreda)) Bora (woreda) Bora is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was part of the former woreda of Dugda Bora. Part of the Misraq Shewa Zone it is located in the Great Rift Valley. The administrative center of Bora is Bote (Alem Tena). The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 58,748, of whom 30,487 were men and 28,261 were women; 11,403 or 19.41% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 86% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while","Document [8](Title: Dugda (woreda)) 54 people (94% of which performed food processing), as well as 707 registered businesses including 108 wholesalers, 404 retailers and 195 service providers. There were 54 Farmers Associations with 18,946 members and 2 Farmers Service Cooperatives with 2226 members. Dugda Bora has 85 kilometers of dry-weather and 122 of all-weather road, for an average road density of 142 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers. About 67% of the rural, 100% of the urban and 74% of the total population has access to drinking water. In late August 2005, the Awash and Meki rivers burst their banks due to heavy rains and","Document [9](Title: Dugda (woreda)) flooded Dugda Bora. According to reports, up to 7,000 people were made homeless, one person was killed, many livestock were swept away and more than 814 hectares of farmland was destroyed. It was also reported that up to 3,400 of those displaced were stranded by the floodwaters, and authorities rescued 455 people. The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 144,910, of whom 74,561 were men and 70,349 were women; 36,252 or 25.02% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 91.32% of the population reporting","Document [10](Title: Boda Upazila) and 10 union parishads: Benghari Banagram, Boda, Boroshoshi, Chandanbari, Jholaishalshiri, Kajoldighikaligonj, Mareabamonhat, Moidandighi, Pachpir, and Sakoa. The union parishads are subdivided into 174 mauzas and 239 villages. Boda Upazila Boda () is an Upazila of Panchagarh District in the Division of Rangpur, Bangladesh. Boda is the largest upazila in Panchagarh. It is named \"Boda\" because the big Badeshwari Temple is there. Boda is located at . It has 33535 households and total area 349.47 km\u00b2. As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Boda has a population of 168258. Males constitute 51.22% of the population, and females 48.78%. This Upazila's eighteen up"],"query":"what is the current population of bora bora?","answers":["10,605"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Dugda (woreda)) they observed this belief, while 3.88% of the population were Protestant, 2.13% of the population were Muslim, and 1.36% of the population practiced traditional beliefs. Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 196,323, of whom 96,849 are men and 99,474 are women; 50,126 or 25.53% of its population are urban dwellers, which is less than the Zone average of 32.1%. With an estimated area of 1,459.53 square kilometers, Dugda Bora has an estimated population density of 134.5 people per square kilometer, which is less than the Zone average","Document [2](Title: Bora (woreda)) 6.01% of the population practiced traditional beliefs, 4.47% of the population were Muslim, and 3.11% of the population were Protestant. Bora (woreda) Bora is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was part of the former woreda of Dugda Bora. Part of the Misraq Shewa Zone it is located in the Great Rift Valley. The administrative center of Bora is Bote (Alem Tena). The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 58,748, of whom 30,487 were men and 28,261 were women; 11,403 or 19.41% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority","Document [3](Title: Borawal) 700 years\" (). Borawal has population of 3950 of which 2112 are males while 1838 are females, as per Population Census 2011. In Borawal village, there are 403 children aged between, making up 10.20% of total population of village. The average sex ratio is 870 which is lower than the Punjab state average of 895. The child Sex Ratio for the Borawal as per the census is 824, lower than the Punjab average of 846. Borawal village has lower literacy rate compared to Punjab. In 2011, the literacy rate of Borawal village was 55.79% compared to 75.84% of Punjab. In","Document [4](Title: Boda Upazila) Boda Upazila Boda () is an Upazila of Panchagarh District in the Division of Rangpur, Bangladesh. Boda is the largest upazila in Panchagarh. It is named \"Boda\" because the big Badeshwari Temple is there. Boda is located at . It has 33535 households and total area 349.47 km\u00b2. As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Boda has a population of 168258. Males constitute 51.22% of the population, and females 48.78%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 83118. Boda has an average literacy rate of 29.4% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate. Boda Upazila is divided into one municipality","Document [5](Title: Bora Bora) As of 2017, the Bora Bora group has a permanent population of 10,605.","Document [6](Title: Bora Reserve) Bora Reserve Bora Special Reserve is a wildlife reserve in the Sofia Region of Madagascar, between the villages of Antsohihy and Bealalana. Bora is in a transition zone between eastern humid forests and western dry forests and the reserve and has many endemic species including six lemur species, twenty birds and over 150 species of endemic plants. This reserve is in the north-west of Madagascar, from Antsohihy. In the north the park is accessible by the tarmaced road, RN31, which runs between Antsohihy and Bealalana, and the southern part of the reserve is accessible by the road between North Befandriana","Document [7](Title: Bora (woreda)) Bora (woreda) Bora is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was part of the former woreda of Dugda Bora. Part of the Misraq Shewa Zone it is located in the Great Rift Valley. The administrative center of Bora is Bote (Alem Tena). The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 58,748, of whom 30,487 were men and 28,261 were women; 11,403 or 19.41% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 86% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while","Document [8](Title: Dugda (woreda)) 54 people (94% of which performed food processing), as well as 707 registered businesses including 108 wholesalers, 404 retailers and 195 service providers. There were 54 Farmers Associations with 18,946 members and 2 Farmers Service Cooperatives with 2226 members. Dugda Bora has 85 kilometers of dry-weather and 122 of all-weather road, for an average road density of 142 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers. About 67% of the rural, 100% of the urban and 74% of the total population has access to drinking water. In late August 2005, the Awash and Meki rivers burst their banks due to heavy rains and","Document [9](Title: Dugda (woreda)) flooded Dugda Bora. According to reports, up to 7,000 people were made homeless, one person was killed, many livestock were swept away and more than 814 hectares of farmland was destroyed. It was also reported that up to 3,400 of those displaced were stranded by the floodwaters, and authorities rescued 455 people. The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 144,910, of whom 74,561 were men and 70,349 were women; 36,252 or 25.02% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 91.32% of the population reporting","Document [10](Title: Boda Upazila) and 10 union parishads: Benghari Banagram, Boda, Boroshoshi, Chandanbari, Jholaishalshiri, Kajoldighikaligonj, Mareabamonhat, Moidandighi, Pachpir, and Sakoa. The union parishads are subdivided into 174 mauzas and 239 villages. Boda Upazila Boda () is an Upazila of Panchagarh District in the Division of Rangpur, Bangladesh. Boda is the largest upazila in Panchagarh. It is named \"Boda\" because the big Badeshwari Temple is there. Boda is located at . It has 33535 households and total area 349.47 km\u00b2. As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Boda has a population of 168258. Males constitute 51.22% of the population, and females 48.78%. This Upazila's eighteen up"],"query":"what is the current population of bora bora?","answers":["10,605"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Dugda (woreda)) they observed this belief, while 3.88% of the population were Protestant, 2.13% of the population were Muslim, and 1.36% of the population practiced traditional beliefs. Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 196,323, of whom 96,849 are men and 99,474 are women; 50,126 or 25.53% of its population are urban dwellers, which is less than the Zone average of 32.1%. With an estimated area of 1,459.53 square kilometers, Dugda Bora has an estimated population density of 134.5 people per square kilometer, which is less than the Zone average","Document [2](Title: Bora (woreda)) 6.01% of the population practiced traditional beliefs, 4.47% of the population were Muslim, and 3.11% of the population were Protestant. Bora (woreda) Bora is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was part of the former woreda of Dugda Bora. Part of the Misraq Shewa Zone it is located in the Great Rift Valley. The administrative center of Bora is Bote (Alem Tena). The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 58,748, of whom 30,487 were men and 28,261 were women; 11,403 or 19.41% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority","Document [3](Title: Borawal) 700 years\" (). Borawal has population of 3950 of which 2112 are males while 1838 are females, as per Population Census 2011. In Borawal village, there are 403 children aged between, making up 10.20% of total population of village. The average sex ratio is 870 which is lower than the Punjab state average of 895. The child Sex Ratio for the Borawal as per the census is 824, lower than the Punjab average of 846. Borawal village has lower literacy rate compared to Punjab. In 2011, the literacy rate of Borawal village was 55.79% compared to 75.84% of Punjab. In","Document [4](Title: Boda Upazila) Boda Upazila Boda () is an Upazila of Panchagarh District in the Division of Rangpur, Bangladesh. Boda is the largest upazila in Panchagarh. It is named \"Boda\" because the big Badeshwari Temple is there. Boda is located at . It has 33535 households and total area 349.47 km\u00b2. As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Boda has a population of 168258. Males constitute 51.22% of the population, and females 48.78%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 83118. Boda has an average literacy rate of 29.4% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate. Boda Upazila is divided into one municipality","Document [5](Title: Bora Reserve) Bora Reserve Bora Special Reserve is a wildlife reserve in the Sofia Region of Madagascar, between the villages of Antsohihy and Bealalana. Bora is in a transition zone between eastern humid forests and western dry forests and the reserve and has many endemic species including six lemur species, twenty birds and over 150 species of endemic plants. This reserve is in the north-west of Madagascar, from Antsohihy. In the north the park is accessible by the tarmaced road, RN31, which runs between Antsohihy and Bealalana, and the southern part of the reserve is accessible by the road between North Befandriana","Document [6](Title: Bora (woreda)) Bora (woreda) Bora is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was part of the former woreda of Dugda Bora. Part of the Misraq Shewa Zone it is located in the Great Rift Valley. The administrative center of Bora is Bote (Alem Tena). The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 58,748, of whom 30,487 were men and 28,261 were women; 11,403 or 19.41% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 86% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while","Document [7](Title: Dugda (woreda)) 54 people (94% of which performed food processing), as well as 707 registered businesses including 108 wholesalers, 404 retailers and 195 service providers. There were 54 Farmers Associations with 18,946 members and 2 Farmers Service Cooperatives with 2226 members. Dugda Bora has 85 kilometers of dry-weather and 122 of all-weather road, for an average road density of 142 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers. About 67% of the rural, 100% of the urban and 74% of the total population has access to drinking water. In late August 2005, the Awash and Meki rivers burst their banks due to heavy rains and","Document [8](Title: Dugda (woreda)) flooded Dugda Bora. According to reports, up to 7,000 people were made homeless, one person was killed, many livestock were swept away and more than 814 hectares of farmland was destroyed. It was also reported that up to 3,400 of those displaced were stranded by the floodwaters, and authorities rescued 455 people. The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 144,910, of whom 74,561 were men and 70,349 were women; 36,252 or 25.02% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 91.32% of the population reporting","Document [9](Title: Boda Upazila) and 10 union parishads: Benghari Banagram, Boda, Boroshoshi, Chandanbari, Jholaishalshiri, Kajoldighikaligonj, Mareabamonhat, Moidandighi, Pachpir, and Sakoa. The union parishads are subdivided into 174 mauzas and 239 villages. Boda Upazila Boda () is an Upazila of Panchagarh District in the Division of Rangpur, Bangladesh. Boda is the largest upazila in Panchagarh. It is named \"Boda\" because the big Badeshwari Temple is there. Boda is located at . It has 33535 households and total area 349.47 km\u00b2. As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Boda has a population of 168258. Males constitute 51.22% of the population, and females 48.78%. This Upazila's eighteen up","Document [10](Title: Bora Bora) As of 2017, the Bora Bora group has a permanent population of 10,605."],"query":"what is the current population of bora bora?","answers":["10,605"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Constitutional Convention (United States)) of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House.","Document [2](Title: Charles Pinckney (governor)) elaborate form of the Virginia Plan, proposed first by Edmund Randolph, but it was disregarded by the other delegates. Historians assess him as an important contributing delegate. Pinckney boasted that he was 24, allowing him to claim distinction as the youngest delegate, but he was 29 years old at the time of the convention. He attended full-time, spoke often and effectively, and contributed to the final draft and to resolution of problems that arose during the debates. He also worked for ratification of the constitution in South Carolina (1788). At the Convention, Pierce Butler and Pinckney, both from South Carolina,","Document [3](Title: Edmund Randolph) Virginia law forbade executive officers from private practice in its courts. The following year, as a delegate from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention, at age 34 Randolph introduced the Virginia Plan as an outline for a new national government. He argued against importation of slaves and in favor of a strong central government, advocating a plan for three chief executives from various parts of the country. The Virginia Plan also proposed a bicameral legislature, both houses of which comprising delegates chosen based on state population. Randolph additionally proposed, and was supported by unanimous approval by the Convention's delegates, \"that a","Document [4](Title: Constitutional Convention (United States)) and would therefore be selected by the legislature. The Virginia Plan also created a judiciary, and gave both the executive and some of the judiciary the power to veto, subject to override. After the Virginia Plan was introduced, New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan. Under the Articles of Confederation, each state had equal representation in Congress, exercising one vote each. The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population. On June 14 and 15, 1787, a small-state caucus met to create a","Document [5](Title: Virginia Plan) of the national legislature. Each of the states would be represented in proportion to their \"Quotas of contribution, or to the number of free inhabitants.\" States with a large population, like Virginia (which was the most populous state at the time), would thus have more representatives than smaller states. Large states supported this plan, and smaller states generally opposed it, preferring an alternative put forward on June 15. The New Jersey Plan proposed a single-chamber legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. In the end, the convention settled on","Document [6](Title: Stuart B. Carter) constitution requiring free public education (hence the January 1956 referendum to modify the state constitution which Carter was only one of four delegates to oppose). After both the Virginia Supreme Court and a three-judge federal panel announced on January 19, 1959 that the Stanley plan was unconstitutional, Governor J. Lindsay Almond Jr. eventually reconsidered his opposition to \"Brown\", and joined with the Perrow Commission plan. Meanwhile, Carter had been elected to the Virginia Senate, and although recovering from recent abdominal surgery, appeared to cast his crucial vote in favor of the Perrow Commission plan. Thus, it passed by a single","Document [7](Title: Virginia Plan) judicial). One contentious issue facing the convention was the manner in which large and small states would be represented in the legislature: proportionate to population, with larger states having more votes than less-populous states, or by equal representation for each state, regardless of its size and population. The latter system more closely resembled that of the Articles of Confederation, under which each state was represented by one vote in a unicameral legislature. The Virginia Plan proposed a legislative branch consisting of two chambers (bicameral legislature), with the dual principles of rotation in office and recall applied to the lower house","Document [8](Title: George Mason) powerful than the states. The Virginia Plan, if implemented, would base representation in both houses of the federal legislature on population. This was unsatisfactory to the smaller states. Delaware's delegates had been instructed to seek an equal vote for each state, and this became the New Jersey Plan, introduced by that state's governor, William Paterson. The divisions in the convention became apparent in late June, when by a narrow vote, the convention voted that representation in the lower house be based on population, but the motion of Connecticut's Oliver Ellsworth for each state to have an equal vote in the","Document [9](Title: Constitution of Virginia) Virginia General Assembly approved a new commission, chaired by former Governor Albertis Harrison, to revise the constitution. The Commission on Constitutional Revision presented its report and recommendations to Governor Godwin and the General Assembly in January 1969, and continued to work with them to draft a final consensus version. The proposed Constitution was overwhelmingly approved by the voters of Virginia (who by then included African-American men and women, following passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s) and took effect on July 1, 1971. Since 1971, additional amendments have been passed by the General Assembly and approved by the","Document [10](Title: Constitutional Convention (United States)) and Nathaniel Gorham. Though the committee did not record minutes of its proceedings, three key surviving documents offer clues to the committee's handiwork: an outline by Randolph with edits by Rutledge, extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson, also with Rutledge's edits, and the committee's final report to the Convention. From this evidence it is thought that the committee used the original Virginia Plan, the decisions of the Convention on modifications to that plan, and other sources, such as the Articles of Confederation, provisions of the state constitutions, and even Charles Pinckney's plan, to produce the first full draft,"],"query":"who proposed the virginia plan at the constitutional convention?","answers":["Madison","James Madison"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Charles Pinckney (governor)) elaborate form of the Virginia Plan, proposed first by Edmund Randolph, but it was disregarded by the other delegates. Historians assess him as an important contributing delegate. Pinckney boasted that he was 24, allowing him to claim distinction as the youngest delegate, but he was 29 years old at the time of the convention. He attended full-time, spoke often and effectively, and contributed to the final draft and to resolution of problems that arose during the debates. He also worked for ratification of the constitution in South Carolina (1788). At the Convention, Pierce Butler and Pinckney, both from South Carolina,","Document [2](Title: Edmund Randolph) Virginia law forbade executive officers from private practice in its courts. The following year, as a delegate from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention, at age 34 Randolph introduced the Virginia Plan as an outline for a new national government. He argued against importation of slaves and in favor of a strong central government, advocating a plan for three chief executives from various parts of the country. The Virginia Plan also proposed a bicameral legislature, both houses of which comprising delegates chosen based on state population. Randolph additionally proposed, and was supported by unanimous approval by the Convention's delegates, \"that a","Document [3](Title: Constitutional Convention (United States)) and would therefore be selected by the legislature. The Virginia Plan also created a judiciary, and gave both the executive and some of the judiciary the power to veto, subject to override. After the Virginia Plan was introduced, New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan. Under the Articles of Confederation, each state had equal representation in Congress, exercising one vote each. The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population. On June 14 and 15, 1787, a small-state caucus met to create a","Document [4](Title: Virginia Plan) of the national legislature. Each of the states would be represented in proportion to their \"Quotas of contribution, or to the number of free inhabitants.\" States with a large population, like Virginia (which was the most populous state at the time), would thus have more representatives than smaller states. Large states supported this plan, and smaller states generally opposed it, preferring an alternative put forward on June 15. The New Jersey Plan proposed a single-chamber legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. In the end, the convention settled on","Document [5](Title: Constitutional Convention (United States)) of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House.","Document [6](Title: Stuart B. Carter) constitution requiring free public education (hence the January 1956 referendum to modify the state constitution which Carter was only one of four delegates to oppose). After both the Virginia Supreme Court and a three-judge federal panel announced on January 19, 1959 that the Stanley plan was unconstitutional, Governor J. Lindsay Almond Jr. eventually reconsidered his opposition to \"Brown\", and joined with the Perrow Commission plan. Meanwhile, Carter had been elected to the Virginia Senate, and although recovering from recent abdominal surgery, appeared to cast his crucial vote in favor of the Perrow Commission plan. Thus, it passed by a single","Document [7](Title: Virginia Plan) judicial). One contentious issue facing the convention was the manner in which large and small states would be represented in the legislature: proportionate to population, with larger states having more votes than less-populous states, or by equal representation for each state, regardless of its size and population. The latter system more closely resembled that of the Articles of Confederation, under which each state was represented by one vote in a unicameral legislature. The Virginia Plan proposed a legislative branch consisting of two chambers (bicameral legislature), with the dual principles of rotation in office and recall applied to the lower house","Document [8](Title: George Mason) powerful than the states. The Virginia Plan, if implemented, would base representation in both houses of the federal legislature on population. This was unsatisfactory to the smaller states. Delaware's delegates had been instructed to seek an equal vote for each state, and this became the New Jersey Plan, introduced by that state's governor, William Paterson. The divisions in the convention became apparent in late June, when by a narrow vote, the convention voted that representation in the lower house be based on population, but the motion of Connecticut's Oliver Ellsworth for each state to have an equal vote in the","Document [9](Title: Constitution of Virginia) Virginia General Assembly approved a new commission, chaired by former Governor Albertis Harrison, to revise the constitution. The Commission on Constitutional Revision presented its report and recommendations to Governor Godwin and the General Assembly in January 1969, and continued to work with them to draft a final consensus version. The proposed Constitution was overwhelmingly approved by the voters of Virginia (who by then included African-American men and women, following passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s) and took effect on July 1, 1971. Since 1971, additional amendments have been passed by the General Assembly and approved by the","Document [10](Title: Constitutional Convention (United States)) and Nathaniel Gorham. Though the committee did not record minutes of its proceedings, three key surviving documents offer clues to the committee's handiwork: an outline by Randolph with edits by Rutledge, extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson, also with Rutledge's edits, and the committee's final report to the Convention. From this evidence it is thought that the committee used the original Virginia Plan, the decisions of the Convention on modifications to that plan, and other sources, such as the Articles of Confederation, provisions of the state constitutions, and even Charles Pinckney's plan, to produce the first full draft,"],"query":"who proposed the virginia plan at the constitutional convention?","answers":["Madison","James Madison"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Charles Pinckney (governor)) elaborate form of the Virginia Plan, proposed first by Edmund Randolph, but it was disregarded by the other delegates. Historians assess him as an important contributing delegate. Pinckney boasted that he was 24, allowing him to claim distinction as the youngest delegate, but he was 29 years old at the time of the convention. He attended full-time, spoke often and effectively, and contributed to the final draft and to resolution of problems that arose during the debates. He also worked for ratification of the constitution in South Carolina (1788). At the Convention, Pierce Butler and Pinckney, both from South Carolina,","Document [2](Title: Edmund Randolph) Virginia law forbade executive officers from private practice in its courts. The following year, as a delegate from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention, at age 34 Randolph introduced the Virginia Plan as an outline for a new national government. He argued against importation of slaves and in favor of a strong central government, advocating a plan for three chief executives from various parts of the country. The Virginia Plan also proposed a bicameral legislature, both houses of which comprising delegates chosen based on state population. Randolph additionally proposed, and was supported by unanimous approval by the Convention's delegates, \"that a","Document [3](Title: Constitutional Convention (United States)) and would therefore be selected by the legislature. The Virginia Plan also created a judiciary, and gave both the executive and some of the judiciary the power to veto, subject to override. After the Virginia Plan was introduced, New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan. Under the Articles of Confederation, each state had equal representation in Congress, exercising one vote each. The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population. On June 14 and 15, 1787, a small-state caucus met to create a","Document [4](Title: Virginia Plan) of the national legislature. Each of the states would be represented in proportion to their \"Quotas of contribution, or to the number of free inhabitants.\" States with a large population, like Virginia (which was the most populous state at the time), would thus have more representatives than smaller states. Large states supported this plan, and smaller states generally opposed it, preferring an alternative put forward on June 15. The New Jersey Plan proposed a single-chamber legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. In the end, the convention settled on","Document [5](Title: Stuart B. Carter) constitution requiring free public education (hence the January 1956 referendum to modify the state constitution which Carter was only one of four delegates to oppose). After both the Virginia Supreme Court and a three-judge federal panel announced on January 19, 1959 that the Stanley plan was unconstitutional, Governor J. Lindsay Almond Jr. eventually reconsidered his opposition to \"Brown\", and joined with the Perrow Commission plan. Meanwhile, Carter had been elected to the Virginia Senate, and although recovering from recent abdominal surgery, appeared to cast his crucial vote in favor of the Perrow Commission plan. Thus, it passed by a single","Document [6](Title: Virginia Plan) judicial). One contentious issue facing the convention was the manner in which large and small states would be represented in the legislature: proportionate to population, with larger states having more votes than less-populous states, or by equal representation for each state, regardless of its size and population. The latter system more closely resembled that of the Articles of Confederation, under which each state was represented by one vote in a unicameral legislature. The Virginia Plan proposed a legislative branch consisting of two chambers (bicameral legislature), with the dual principles of rotation in office and recall applied to the lower house","Document [7](Title: George Mason) powerful than the states. The Virginia Plan, if implemented, would base representation in both houses of the federal legislature on population. This was unsatisfactory to the smaller states. Delaware's delegates had been instructed to seek an equal vote for each state, and this became the New Jersey Plan, introduced by that state's governor, William Paterson. The divisions in the convention became apparent in late June, when by a narrow vote, the convention voted that representation in the lower house be based on population, but the motion of Connecticut's Oliver Ellsworth for each state to have an equal vote in the","Document [8](Title: Constitution of Virginia) Virginia General Assembly approved a new commission, chaired by former Governor Albertis Harrison, to revise the constitution. The Commission on Constitutional Revision presented its report and recommendations to Governor Godwin and the General Assembly in January 1969, and continued to work with them to draft a final consensus version. The proposed Constitution was overwhelmingly approved by the voters of Virginia (who by then included African-American men and women, following passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s) and took effect on July 1, 1971. Since 1971, additional amendments have been passed by the General Assembly and approved by the","Document [9](Title: Constitutional Convention (United States)) and Nathaniel Gorham. Though the committee did not record minutes of its proceedings, three key surviving documents offer clues to the committee's handiwork: an outline by Randolph with edits by Rutledge, extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson, also with Rutledge's edits, and the committee's final report to the Convention. From this evidence it is thought that the committee used the original Virginia Plan, the decisions of the Convention on modifications to that plan, and other sources, such as the Articles of Confederation, provisions of the state constitutions, and even Charles Pinckney's plan, to produce the first full draft,","Document [10](Title: Constitutional Convention (United States)) of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House."],"query":"who proposed the virginia plan at the constitutional convention?","answers":["Madison","James Madison"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode Two) Half-Life 2: Episode Two is a first-person shooter video game, the second in a series of episodic sequels to the 2004 Half-Life 2. It was developed by Valve Corporation in tandem with Episode One, the first game in the series, and released in 2007 via Valve's Steam content distribution platform. The episode was released both separately and as a part of a bundled package, The Orange Box.","Document [2](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode Two) the series separated. It was originally rumored that \"Episode Two\" would be delayed until 2008. On June 14, 2007, however, Valve confirmed the release date for \"Episode Two\" to be October 9, 2007 for all announced platforms. Valve handled the development of the game for the PC and Xbox 360, while Electronic Arts British office in Chertsey worked on the PlayStation 3 version of the game. It was announced on September 7, 2007 that the PlayStation 3 version of the game would be delayed because the development studio behind the game was in the United Kingdom, away from Valve's development","Document [3](Title: Half-Life 2) the \"Half-Life 2\" \"episodes\" are essentially \"Half-Life 3\". He reasons that rather than force fans to wait another six years for a full sequel, Valve Corporation would release the game in episodic installments. Newell stated that a more accurate title for these episodes would have been \"\"Half-Life 3: Episode One\"\" and so forth, having referred to the episodes as \"Half-Life 3\" repeatedly throughout the interview. In a May 2011 interview with Develop, Newell stated that the episodic model had been replaced by even shorter development cycles and continuous updates via Steam. Half-Life 2 Half-Life 2 (stylized as H\u03bbLF-LIFE) is a","Document [4](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode One) Half-Life 2: Episode One Half-Life 2: Episode One (stylized as H\u03bbLF-LIFE: EPISODE ONE) is a first-person shooter video game, the first in an intended series of episodes that would serve as the sequels to \"Half-Life 2\" (2004). It was developed by Valve Corporation and released on June 1, 2006. Originally called \"Half-Life 2: Aftermath\", the game was renamed \"Episode One\" after Valve became confident in using an episodic structure for the game. \"Episode One\" uses the same game engine, Source, as \"Half-Life 2\". The game debuted new lighting and animation technologies, as well as AI sidekick enhancements. The game's events","Document [5](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode Two) body. \"Episode Two\" was developed simultaneously with \"Episode One\" by a development team led by David Speyrer. This schedule of simultaneous development aided them in streamlining the story between the two games to create an immersive story. The technology used was the same for both games, allowing the development teams to quickly fix any technical problems that might arise from either game; this happened often because of the multi-platform release. An announcement was made on July 13, 2006 stating that \"Episode Two\" would be released on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in addition to the PC, where previous iterations of","Document [6](Title: Half-Life 2) Half-Life 2 Half-Life 2 (stylized as H\u03bbLF-LIFE) is a first-person shooter video game developed and published by Valve Corporation. It is the sequel to 1998's \"Half-Life\" and was released in November 2004 following a five-year $40 million development. During development, a substantial part of the project was leaked and distributed on the Internet. The game was developed alongside Valve's Steam software and the Source engine. Taking place some years after the events of \"Half-Life\", protagonist Gordon Freeman is awakened by the enigmatic G-Man to find the world has been taken over by the alien Combine. Joined by allies including resistance","Document [7](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode Two) aggregator GameRankings. On Metacritic, the game had an average score of 90 out of 100, based on 21 reviews. Dan Adams of IGN rated the game 9.4 out of 10 and praised its improved visuals and expansive environments, but cited the short six-hour length as a drawback. He said: \"Any way you look at it, Episode Two stands out, even among the Half-Life series, as something special ... a burly experience packed into roughly six hours or so that offers up all the diversity, level design, and thoughtful gameplay we've known while making sure to propel the story forward and","Document [8](Title: Half-Life 2) judge took into account such factors as Gembe's difficult childhood and the fact that he was taking steps to improve his situation. A 1 GB portion of \"Half-Life 2\" became available for pre-load through Steam on August 26, 2004. This meant that customers could begin to download encrypted game files to their computer before the game was released. When the game's release date arrived, customers were able to pay for the game through Steam, unlock the files on their hard drives and play the game immediately, without having to wait for the entire game to download. The pre-load period lasted","Document [9](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode One) companion. A common criticism of the game is its short length. \"Episode One\" takes roughly 4\u20136 hours to complete, which raises the issue of whether the game justifies its price. \"Computer Games Magazine\" argued the futility of reviewing the game due to its episodic nature; as the first part of a three-part story arc, it is difficult to judge it when divorced from the final product. Game Revolution expressed disappointment at a lack of new features such as environments and weapons. Half-Life 2: Episode One Half-Life 2: Episode One (stylized as H\u03bbLF-LIFE: EPISODE ONE) is a first-person shooter video game,","Document [10](Title: The Orange Box) \"Half-Life\" have come to bear fully upon human society, and he is forced to fight against increasingly unfavorable odds in order to survive. In his struggle, he is joined by various acquaintances, including former Black Mesa colleagues, oppressed citizens of City 17, and the Vortigaunts, all of whom later prove to be valuable allies. \"Half-Life 2\" received critical acclaim, including 35 Game of the Year awards, when it was originally released for Windows in 2004. , over 6.5 million copies of Half-Life 2 have been sold at retail. Although Steam sales figures are unknown, their rate surpassed retail's in mid-2008"],"query":"when was half life 2 episode 2 released?","answers":["in 2007","October 10, 2007"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode Two) the series separated. It was originally rumored that \"Episode Two\" would be delayed until 2008. On June 14, 2007, however, Valve confirmed the release date for \"Episode Two\" to be October 9, 2007 for all announced platforms. Valve handled the development of the game for the PC and Xbox 360, while Electronic Arts British office in Chertsey worked on the PlayStation 3 version of the game. It was announced on September 7, 2007 that the PlayStation 3 version of the game would be delayed because the development studio behind the game was in the United Kingdom, away from Valve's development","Document [2](Title: Half-Life 2) the \"Half-Life 2\" \"episodes\" are essentially \"Half-Life 3\". He reasons that rather than force fans to wait another six years for a full sequel, Valve Corporation would release the game in episodic installments. Newell stated that a more accurate title for these episodes would have been \"\"Half-Life 3: Episode One\"\" and so forth, having referred to the episodes as \"Half-Life 3\" repeatedly throughout the interview. In a May 2011 interview with Develop, Newell stated that the episodic model had been replaced by even shorter development cycles and continuous updates via Steam. Half-Life 2 Half-Life 2 (stylized as H\u03bbLF-LIFE) is a","Document [3](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode One) Half-Life 2: Episode One Half-Life 2: Episode One (stylized as H\u03bbLF-LIFE: EPISODE ONE) is a first-person shooter video game, the first in an intended series of episodes that would serve as the sequels to \"Half-Life 2\" (2004). It was developed by Valve Corporation and released on June 1, 2006. Originally called \"Half-Life 2: Aftermath\", the game was renamed \"Episode One\" after Valve became confident in using an episodic structure for the game. \"Episode One\" uses the same game engine, Source, as \"Half-Life 2\". The game debuted new lighting and animation technologies, as well as AI sidekick enhancements. The game's events","Document [4](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode Two) body. \"Episode Two\" was developed simultaneously with \"Episode One\" by a development team led by David Speyrer. This schedule of simultaneous development aided them in streamlining the story between the two games to create an immersive story. The technology used was the same for both games, allowing the development teams to quickly fix any technical problems that might arise from either game; this happened often because of the multi-platform release. An announcement was made on July 13, 2006 stating that \"Episode Two\" would be released on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in addition to the PC, where previous iterations of","Document [5](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode Two) Half-Life 2: Episode Two is a first-person shooter video game, the second in a series of episodic sequels to the 2004 Half-Life 2. It was developed by Valve Corporation in tandem with Episode One, the first game in the series, and released in 2007 via Valve's Steam content distribution platform. The episode was released both separately and as a part of a bundled package, The Orange Box.","Document [6](Title: Half-Life 2) Half-Life 2 Half-Life 2 (stylized as H\u03bbLF-LIFE) is a first-person shooter video game developed and published by Valve Corporation. It is the sequel to 1998's \"Half-Life\" and was released in November 2004 following a five-year $40 million development. During development, a substantial part of the project was leaked and distributed on the Internet. The game was developed alongside Valve's Steam software and the Source engine. Taking place some years after the events of \"Half-Life\", protagonist Gordon Freeman is awakened by the enigmatic G-Man to find the world has been taken over by the alien Combine. Joined by allies including resistance","Document [7](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode Two) aggregator GameRankings. On Metacritic, the game had an average score of 90 out of 100, based on 21 reviews. Dan Adams of IGN rated the game 9.4 out of 10 and praised its improved visuals and expansive environments, but cited the short six-hour length as a drawback. He said: \"Any way you look at it, Episode Two stands out, even among the Half-Life series, as something special ... a burly experience packed into roughly six hours or so that offers up all the diversity, level design, and thoughtful gameplay we've known while making sure to propel the story forward and","Document [8](Title: Half-Life 2) judge took into account such factors as Gembe's difficult childhood and the fact that he was taking steps to improve his situation. A 1 GB portion of \"Half-Life 2\" became available for pre-load through Steam on August 26, 2004. This meant that customers could begin to download encrypted game files to their computer before the game was released. When the game's release date arrived, customers were able to pay for the game through Steam, unlock the files on their hard drives and play the game immediately, without having to wait for the entire game to download. The pre-load period lasted","Document [9](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode One) companion. A common criticism of the game is its short length. \"Episode One\" takes roughly 4\u20136 hours to complete, which raises the issue of whether the game justifies its price. \"Computer Games Magazine\" argued the futility of reviewing the game due to its episodic nature; as the first part of a three-part story arc, it is difficult to judge it when divorced from the final product. Game Revolution expressed disappointment at a lack of new features such as environments and weapons. Half-Life 2: Episode One Half-Life 2: Episode One (stylized as H\u03bbLF-LIFE: EPISODE ONE) is a first-person shooter video game,","Document [10](Title: The Orange Box) \"Half-Life\" have come to bear fully upon human society, and he is forced to fight against increasingly unfavorable odds in order to survive. In his struggle, he is joined by various acquaintances, including former Black Mesa colleagues, oppressed citizens of City 17, and the Vortigaunts, all of whom later prove to be valuable allies. \"Half-Life 2\" received critical acclaim, including 35 Game of the Year awards, when it was originally released for Windows in 2004. , over 6.5 million copies of Half-Life 2 have been sold at retail. Although Steam sales figures are unknown, their rate surpassed retail's in mid-2008"],"query":"when was half life 2 episode 2 released?","answers":["in 2007","October 10, 2007"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode Two) the series separated. It was originally rumored that \"Episode Two\" would be delayed until 2008. On June 14, 2007, however, Valve confirmed the release date for \"Episode Two\" to be October 9, 2007 for all announced platforms. Valve handled the development of the game for the PC and Xbox 360, while Electronic Arts British office in Chertsey worked on the PlayStation 3 version of the game. It was announced on September 7, 2007 that the PlayStation 3 version of the game would be delayed because the development studio behind the game was in the United Kingdom, away from Valve's development","Document [2](Title: Half-Life 2) the \"Half-Life 2\" \"episodes\" are essentially \"Half-Life 3\". He reasons that rather than force fans to wait another six years for a full sequel, Valve Corporation would release the game in episodic installments. Newell stated that a more accurate title for these episodes would have been \"\"Half-Life 3: Episode One\"\" and so forth, having referred to the episodes as \"Half-Life 3\" repeatedly throughout the interview. In a May 2011 interview with Develop, Newell stated that the episodic model had been replaced by even shorter development cycles and continuous updates via Steam. Half-Life 2 Half-Life 2 (stylized as H\u03bbLF-LIFE) is a","Document [3](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode One) Half-Life 2: Episode One Half-Life 2: Episode One (stylized as H\u03bbLF-LIFE: EPISODE ONE) is a first-person shooter video game, the first in an intended series of episodes that would serve as the sequels to \"Half-Life 2\" (2004). It was developed by Valve Corporation and released on June 1, 2006. Originally called \"Half-Life 2: Aftermath\", the game was renamed \"Episode One\" after Valve became confident in using an episodic structure for the game. \"Episode One\" uses the same game engine, Source, as \"Half-Life 2\". The game debuted new lighting and animation technologies, as well as AI sidekick enhancements. The game's events","Document [4](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode Two) body. \"Episode Two\" was developed simultaneously with \"Episode One\" by a development team led by David Speyrer. This schedule of simultaneous development aided them in streamlining the story between the two games to create an immersive story. The technology used was the same for both games, allowing the development teams to quickly fix any technical problems that might arise from either game; this happened often because of the multi-platform release. An announcement was made on July 13, 2006 stating that \"Episode Two\" would be released on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in addition to the PC, where previous iterations of","Document [5](Title: Half-Life 2) Half-Life 2 Half-Life 2 (stylized as H\u03bbLF-LIFE) is a first-person shooter video game developed and published by Valve Corporation. It is the sequel to 1998's \"Half-Life\" and was released in November 2004 following a five-year $40 million development. During development, a substantial part of the project was leaked and distributed on the Internet. The game was developed alongside Valve's Steam software and the Source engine. Taking place some years after the events of \"Half-Life\", protagonist Gordon Freeman is awakened by the enigmatic G-Man to find the world has been taken over by the alien Combine. Joined by allies including resistance","Document [6](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode Two) aggregator GameRankings. On Metacritic, the game had an average score of 90 out of 100, based on 21 reviews. Dan Adams of IGN rated the game 9.4 out of 10 and praised its improved visuals and expansive environments, but cited the short six-hour length as a drawback. He said: \"Any way you look at it, Episode Two stands out, even among the Half-Life series, as something special ... a burly experience packed into roughly six hours or so that offers up all the diversity, level design, and thoughtful gameplay we've known while making sure to propel the story forward and","Document [7](Title: Half-Life 2) judge took into account such factors as Gembe's difficult childhood and the fact that he was taking steps to improve his situation. A 1 GB portion of \"Half-Life 2\" became available for pre-load through Steam on August 26, 2004. This meant that customers could begin to download encrypted game files to their computer before the game was released. When the game's release date arrived, customers were able to pay for the game through Steam, unlock the files on their hard drives and play the game immediately, without having to wait for the entire game to download. The pre-load period lasted","Document [8](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode One) companion. A common criticism of the game is its short length. \"Episode One\" takes roughly 4\u20136 hours to complete, which raises the issue of whether the game justifies its price. \"Computer Games Magazine\" argued the futility of reviewing the game due to its episodic nature; as the first part of a three-part story arc, it is difficult to judge it when divorced from the final product. Game Revolution expressed disappointment at a lack of new features such as environments and weapons. Half-Life 2: Episode One Half-Life 2: Episode One (stylized as H\u03bbLF-LIFE: EPISODE ONE) is a first-person shooter video game,","Document [9](Title: The Orange Box) \"Half-Life\" have come to bear fully upon human society, and he is forced to fight against increasingly unfavorable odds in order to survive. In his struggle, he is joined by various acquaintances, including former Black Mesa colleagues, oppressed citizens of City 17, and the Vortigaunts, all of whom later prove to be valuable allies. \"Half-Life 2\" received critical acclaim, including 35 Game of the Year awards, when it was originally released for Windows in 2004. , over 6.5 million copies of Half-Life 2 have been sold at retail. Although Steam sales figures are unknown, their rate surpassed retail's in mid-2008","Document [10](Title: Half-Life 2: Episode Two) Half-Life 2: Episode Two is a first-person shooter video game, the second in a series of episodic sequels to the 2004 Half-Life 2. It was developed by Valve Corporation in tandem with Episode One, the first game in the series, and released in 2007 via Valve's Steam content distribution platform. The episode was released both separately and as a part of a bundled package, The Orange Box."],"query":"when was half life 2 episode 2 released?","answers":["in 2007","October 10, 2007"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Nintendo) company headquartered in Kyoto. Nintendo is one of the world's largest video game companies by market capitalization, creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises, such as Mario, The Legend of Zelda, and Pok\u00e9mon. Founded on 23 September 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi, it originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards. By 1963, the company had tried several small niche businesses, such as cab services and love hotels. Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s, Nintendo then developed into a video game company in the 1970s, ultimately becoming one of the most influential in the industry and","Document [2](Title: Satoru Iwata) in 1993 at the insistence of Nintendo President Hiroshi Yamauchi and brought financial stability to the company. In the following years, he assisted in the development of the \"Pok\u00e9mon\" and \"Super Smash Bros.\" series. Iwata joined Nintendo as the head of its corporate-planning division in 2000. Nintendo soon saw notable growth with Iwata's assistance and, when Yamauchi retired, he became the company's president in May 2002. Under Iwata's direction, Nintendo developed the Nintendo DS and Wii video game consoles, helping the company achieve financial success. As a self-declared gamer, he focused on expanding the appeal of video games across all","Document [3](Title: Fusajiro Yamauchi) Fusajiro Yamauchi Fusajiro Yamauchi (\u5c71\u5185 \u623f\u6cbb\u90ce \"Yamauchi, Fusajir\u014d\", November 22, 1859 \u2013 January 1, 1940) was a Japanese entrepreneur who founded the company that is now known as Nintendo. Yamauchi lived in Kyoto, Japan and had a wife and a daughter, Tei Yamauchi (who later married future Nintendo president and Fusajiro Yamauchi's successor, Sekiryo Kaneda). On November 6, 1889, Fusajiro Yamauchi opened the first \u201c\"Hanafuda\"\u201d (flower cards) card shop called \u201c\"Nintendo Koppai\"\u201d during a time when the Japanese government was banning playing cards from the hands of the public, due to them being tied to gambling, with the exception of","Document [4](Title: History of Nintendo) History of Nintendo The history of Nintendo traces back to 1889, when it was founded to produce handmade hanafuda. is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics company headquartered in Kyoto, Japan. It eventually became one of the most prominent figures in today's video game industry, being the world's largest video game company by revenue. Nintendo started out as a small Japanese company, founded by Fusajiro Yamauchi on September 23, 1889, as Nintendo Koppai. Based in Kyoto, Japan, the business produced and marketed \"hanafuda\". The name \"Nintendo\" is commonly assumed to mean \"leave luck to heaven\", but there are no historical records","Document [5](Title: History of games) founder of Nintendo, Fusajiro Yamauchi, initially created Japanese flower cards. These became a huge hit in the western world. Yamauchi Nintendo & Co. was their first company name, then in 1951, the company changed their name to Nintendo Playing Card Co. Ltd. The company created a laser clay shooting system which many took on as a hobby. Nintendo then developed a 16mm projection system in 1974 which also became a huge hit in the western world. Six years later, Nintendo created \u201cDonkey Kong\u201d, a game in which the \u201cJumpman\u201d has to rescue his girlfriend from the ape. They later named","Document [6](Title: Good-Feel) Good-Feel In 2008 the company transitioned into mainstream video games by becoming the developer for the Wii game \"\" from the large publisher Nintendo. This marks Good-Feel's first entry into the home console market. The company was founded by former Konami employee Etsunobu Ebisu on October 3, 2005. He told Nintendo about the new company and asked if they could work on a game. Long-time Nintendo employee Takahiro Harada asked Ebisu if he would like to make a new \"Wario Land\" title, since Harada learned before the meeting that Ebisu was involved in the development of a Nintendo DS platform","Document [7](Title: Level-5 (company)) Level-5 (company) Level-5 Inc. is a Japanese video game developer and publisher based in Fukuoka, who are best known for their \"Professor Layton\", \"Inazuma Eleven\", \"Ni no Kuni\", and \"Yo-kai Watch\" franchises. The company was founded in October 1998 by Akihiro Hino after he departed from the now defunct Riverhillsoft. Early in its history, the company enjoyed a close relationship with Sony Computer Entertainment, with many of its titles funded by and produced in conjunction with them. Starting in 2007, the company started self-publishing its titles in Japan, while Nintendo took over publishing on their systems internationally. By the early","Document [8](Title: Shuntaro Furukawa) Shuntaro Furukawa Shuntaro Furukawa (born January 10, 1972) is a Japanese businessman and executive. He is the 6th and current president of the video game company Nintendo. He took over as company president in June 2018, succeeding Tatsumi Kimishima. Furukawa was born in Tokyo, Japan on January 10, 1972 to illustrator Taku Furukawa. He grew up playing the \"Famicom\" system made by Nintendo. Furukawa is a graduate of Kunitachi Senior High School, and graduated from Waseda University's School of Political Science and Economics in 1994. In April that same year, he joined Nintendo and worked as an accountant in Germany","Document [9](Title: 1-Up Studio) 2013, the company announced on their original official website that due to their recent co-development efforts with Nintendo, Brownie Brown had undergone a change in internal structure, which includes officially changing the name of their company to 1-Up Studio. 1-Up Studio , formerly , is a Japanese Nintendo-funded and owned video game developer founded on June 30, 2000 in Tokyo, Japan. On February 1, 2013, the company announced that due to their recent co-development efforts with Nintendo, that they were undergoing a change in internal structure, which included changing the name of their company to 1-Up Studio. The company consists","Document [10](Title: Marigul Management) Marigul Management Marigul was a Japanese corporation created and jointly owned by video game company Nintendo Co., Ltd. (40%) and media company Recruit (60%). Its name is a combination of Nintendo's mascot Mario and Recruit's mascot Seegul. Marigul was founded because the Nintendo 64 was not getting enough third-party support. Marigul would provide financing, to let game studios focus on making games. The only condition was that the studios would have a game ready in five years. Marigul provided services for the video game studios Ambrella, Clever Trick, Noise, Param, and Saru Brunei. Although Marigul was liquidated in May 2003,"],"query":"when was the japanese videogame company nintendo founded?","answers":["23 September 1889"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Satoru Iwata) in 1993 at the insistence of Nintendo President Hiroshi Yamauchi and brought financial stability to the company. In the following years, he assisted in the development of the \"Pok\u00e9mon\" and \"Super Smash Bros.\" series. Iwata joined Nintendo as the head of its corporate-planning division in 2000. Nintendo soon saw notable growth with Iwata's assistance and, when Yamauchi retired, he became the company's president in May 2002. Under Iwata's direction, Nintendo developed the Nintendo DS and Wii video game consoles, helping the company achieve financial success. As a self-declared gamer, he focused on expanding the appeal of video games across all","Document [2](Title: Fusajiro Yamauchi) Fusajiro Yamauchi Fusajiro Yamauchi (\u5c71\u5185 \u623f\u6cbb\u90ce \"Yamauchi, Fusajir\u014d\", November 22, 1859 \u2013 January 1, 1940) was a Japanese entrepreneur who founded the company that is now known as Nintendo. Yamauchi lived in Kyoto, Japan and had a wife and a daughter, Tei Yamauchi (who later married future Nintendo president and Fusajiro Yamauchi's successor, Sekiryo Kaneda). On November 6, 1889, Fusajiro Yamauchi opened the first \u201c\"Hanafuda\"\u201d (flower cards) card shop called \u201c\"Nintendo Koppai\"\u201d during a time when the Japanese government was banning playing cards from the hands of the public, due to them being tied to gambling, with the exception of","Document [3](Title: History of Nintendo) History of Nintendo The history of Nintendo traces back to 1889, when it was founded to produce handmade hanafuda. is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics company headquartered in Kyoto, Japan. It eventually became one of the most prominent figures in today's video game industry, being the world's largest video game company by revenue. Nintendo started out as a small Japanese company, founded by Fusajiro Yamauchi on September 23, 1889, as Nintendo Koppai. Based in Kyoto, Japan, the business produced and marketed \"hanafuda\". The name \"Nintendo\" is commonly assumed to mean \"leave luck to heaven\", but there are no historical records","Document [4](Title: History of games) founder of Nintendo, Fusajiro Yamauchi, initially created Japanese flower cards. These became a huge hit in the western world. Yamauchi Nintendo & Co. was their first company name, then in 1951, the company changed their name to Nintendo Playing Card Co. Ltd. The company created a laser clay shooting system which many took on as a hobby. Nintendo then developed a 16mm projection system in 1974 which also became a huge hit in the western world. Six years later, Nintendo created \u201cDonkey Kong\u201d, a game in which the \u201cJumpman\u201d has to rescue his girlfriend from the ape. They later named","Document [5](Title: Nintendo) company headquartered in Kyoto. Nintendo is one of the world's largest video game companies by market capitalization, creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises, such as Mario, The Legend of Zelda, and Pok\u00e9mon. Founded on 23 September 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi, it originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards. By 1963, the company had tried several small niche businesses, such as cab services and love hotels. Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s, Nintendo then developed into a video game company in the 1970s, ultimately becoming one of the most influential in the industry and","Document [6](Title: Good-Feel) Good-Feel In 2008 the company transitioned into mainstream video games by becoming the developer for the Wii game \"\" from the large publisher Nintendo. This marks Good-Feel's first entry into the home console market. The company was founded by former Konami employee Etsunobu Ebisu on October 3, 2005. He told Nintendo about the new company and asked if they could work on a game. Long-time Nintendo employee Takahiro Harada asked Ebisu if he would like to make a new \"Wario Land\" title, since Harada learned before the meeting that Ebisu was involved in the development of a Nintendo DS platform","Document [7](Title: Level-5 (company)) Level-5 (company) Level-5 Inc. is a Japanese video game developer and publisher based in Fukuoka, who are best known for their \"Professor Layton\", \"Inazuma Eleven\", \"Ni no Kuni\", and \"Yo-kai Watch\" franchises. The company was founded in October 1998 by Akihiro Hino after he departed from the now defunct Riverhillsoft. Early in its history, the company enjoyed a close relationship with Sony Computer Entertainment, with many of its titles funded by and produced in conjunction with them. Starting in 2007, the company started self-publishing its titles in Japan, while Nintendo took over publishing on their systems internationally. By the early","Document [8](Title: Shuntaro Furukawa) Shuntaro Furukawa Shuntaro Furukawa (born January 10, 1972) is a Japanese businessman and executive. He is the 6th and current president of the video game company Nintendo. He took over as company president in June 2018, succeeding Tatsumi Kimishima. Furukawa was born in Tokyo, Japan on January 10, 1972 to illustrator Taku Furukawa. He grew up playing the \"Famicom\" system made by Nintendo. Furukawa is a graduate of Kunitachi Senior High School, and graduated from Waseda University's School of Political Science and Economics in 1994. In April that same year, he joined Nintendo and worked as an accountant in Germany","Document [9](Title: 1-Up Studio) 2013, the company announced on their original official website that due to their recent co-development efforts with Nintendo, Brownie Brown had undergone a change in internal structure, which includes officially changing the name of their company to 1-Up Studio. 1-Up Studio , formerly , is a Japanese Nintendo-funded and owned video game developer founded on June 30, 2000 in Tokyo, Japan. On February 1, 2013, the company announced that due to their recent co-development efforts with Nintendo, that they were undergoing a change in internal structure, which included changing the name of their company to 1-Up Studio. The company consists","Document [10](Title: Marigul Management) Marigul Management Marigul was a Japanese corporation created and jointly owned by video game company Nintendo Co., Ltd. (40%) and media company Recruit (60%). Its name is a combination of Nintendo's mascot Mario and Recruit's mascot Seegul. Marigul was founded because the Nintendo 64 was not getting enough third-party support. Marigul would provide financing, to let game studios focus on making games. The only condition was that the studios would have a game ready in five years. Marigul provided services for the video game studios Ambrella, Clever Trick, Noise, Param, and Saru Brunei. Although Marigul was liquidated in May 2003,"],"query":"when was the japanese videogame company nintendo founded?","answers":["23 September 1889"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Satoru Iwata) in 1993 at the insistence of Nintendo President Hiroshi Yamauchi and brought financial stability to the company. In the following years, he assisted in the development of the \"Pok\u00e9mon\" and \"Super Smash Bros.\" series. Iwata joined Nintendo as the head of its corporate-planning division in 2000. Nintendo soon saw notable growth with Iwata's assistance and, when Yamauchi retired, he became the company's president in May 2002. Under Iwata's direction, Nintendo developed the Nintendo DS and Wii video game consoles, helping the company achieve financial success. As a self-declared gamer, he focused on expanding the appeal of video games across all","Document [2](Title: Fusajiro Yamauchi) Fusajiro Yamauchi Fusajiro Yamauchi (\u5c71\u5185 \u623f\u6cbb\u90ce \"Yamauchi, Fusajir\u014d\", November 22, 1859 \u2013 January 1, 1940) was a Japanese entrepreneur who founded the company that is now known as Nintendo. Yamauchi lived in Kyoto, Japan and had a wife and a daughter, Tei Yamauchi (who later married future Nintendo president and Fusajiro Yamauchi's successor, Sekiryo Kaneda). On November 6, 1889, Fusajiro Yamauchi opened the first \u201c\"Hanafuda\"\u201d (flower cards) card shop called \u201c\"Nintendo Koppai\"\u201d during a time when the Japanese government was banning playing cards from the hands of the public, due to them being tied to gambling, with the exception of","Document [3](Title: History of Nintendo) History of Nintendo The history of Nintendo traces back to 1889, when it was founded to produce handmade hanafuda. is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics company headquartered in Kyoto, Japan. It eventually became one of the most prominent figures in today's video game industry, being the world's largest video game company by revenue. Nintendo started out as a small Japanese company, founded by Fusajiro Yamauchi on September 23, 1889, as Nintendo Koppai. Based in Kyoto, Japan, the business produced and marketed \"hanafuda\". The name \"Nintendo\" is commonly assumed to mean \"leave luck to heaven\", but there are no historical records","Document [4](Title: History of games) founder of Nintendo, Fusajiro Yamauchi, initially created Japanese flower cards. These became a huge hit in the western world. Yamauchi Nintendo & Co. was their first company name, then in 1951, the company changed their name to Nintendo Playing Card Co. Ltd. The company created a laser clay shooting system which many took on as a hobby. Nintendo then developed a 16mm projection system in 1974 which also became a huge hit in the western world. Six years later, Nintendo created \u201cDonkey Kong\u201d, a game in which the \u201cJumpman\u201d has to rescue his girlfriend from the ape. They later named","Document [5](Title: Good-Feel) Good-Feel In 2008 the company transitioned into mainstream video games by becoming the developer for the Wii game \"\" from the large publisher Nintendo. This marks Good-Feel's first entry into the home console market. The company was founded by former Konami employee Etsunobu Ebisu on October 3, 2005. He told Nintendo about the new company and asked if they could work on a game. Long-time Nintendo employee Takahiro Harada asked Ebisu if he would like to make a new \"Wario Land\" title, since Harada learned before the meeting that Ebisu was involved in the development of a Nintendo DS platform","Document [6](Title: Level-5 (company)) Level-5 (company) Level-5 Inc. is a Japanese video game developer and publisher based in Fukuoka, who are best known for their \"Professor Layton\", \"Inazuma Eleven\", \"Ni no Kuni\", and \"Yo-kai Watch\" franchises. The company was founded in October 1998 by Akihiro Hino after he departed from the now defunct Riverhillsoft. Early in its history, the company enjoyed a close relationship with Sony Computer Entertainment, with many of its titles funded by and produced in conjunction with them. Starting in 2007, the company started self-publishing its titles in Japan, while Nintendo took over publishing on their systems internationally. By the early","Document [7](Title: Shuntaro Furukawa) Shuntaro Furukawa Shuntaro Furukawa (born January 10, 1972) is a Japanese businessman and executive. He is the 6th and current president of the video game company Nintendo. He took over as company president in June 2018, succeeding Tatsumi Kimishima. Furukawa was born in Tokyo, Japan on January 10, 1972 to illustrator Taku Furukawa. He grew up playing the \"Famicom\" system made by Nintendo. Furukawa is a graduate of Kunitachi Senior High School, and graduated from Waseda University's School of Political Science and Economics in 1994. In April that same year, he joined Nintendo and worked as an accountant in Germany","Document [8](Title: 1-Up Studio) 2013, the company announced on their original official website that due to their recent co-development efforts with Nintendo, Brownie Brown had undergone a change in internal structure, which includes officially changing the name of their company to 1-Up Studio. 1-Up Studio , formerly , is a Japanese Nintendo-funded and owned video game developer founded on June 30, 2000 in Tokyo, Japan. On February 1, 2013, the company announced that due to their recent co-development efforts with Nintendo, that they were undergoing a change in internal structure, which included changing the name of their company to 1-Up Studio. The company consists","Document [9](Title: Marigul Management) Marigul Management Marigul was a Japanese corporation created and jointly owned by video game company Nintendo Co., Ltd. (40%) and media company Recruit (60%). Its name is a combination of Nintendo's mascot Mario and Recruit's mascot Seegul. Marigul was founded because the Nintendo 64 was not getting enough third-party support. Marigul would provide financing, to let game studios focus on making games. The only condition was that the studios would have a game ready in five years. Marigul provided services for the video game studios Ambrella, Clever Trick, Noise, Param, and Saru Brunei. Although Marigul was liquidated in May 2003,","Document [10](Title: Nintendo) company headquartered in Kyoto. Nintendo is one of the world's largest video game companies by market capitalization, creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises, such as Mario, The Legend of Zelda, and Pok\u00e9mon. Founded on 23 September 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi, it originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards. By 1963, the company had tried several small niche businesses, such as cab services and love hotels. Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s, Nintendo then developed into a video game company in the 1970s, ultimately becoming one of the most influential in the industry and"],"query":"when was the japanese videogame company nintendo founded?","answers":["23 September 1889"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) the states of Arizona and Nevada. The bridge is located within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area approximately 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Las Vegas, and carries U.S. Route 93 over the Colorado River. Opened in 2010, it was the key component of the Hoover Dam Bypass project, which rerouted US 93 from its previous routing along the top of Hoover Dam and removed several hairpin turns and blind curves from the route. It is jointly named for Mike O'Callaghan, Governor of Nevada from 1971\u20131979, and Pat Tillman, an American football player who left his career with the Arizona","Document [2](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) or doing nothing. In March 2001 the Federal Highway Administration issued a Record of Decision indicating its selection of the \"Sugarloaf Mountain Alternative\" routing. The project called for approximately of highway in Nevada, of highway in Arizona, and a bridge that would cross the river downstream (south) of Hoover Dam. Design work began in July 2001. Security measures implemented following the September 11 attacks prohibited commercial truck traffic from driving across Hoover Dam. Prior to the completion of the bridge, through commercial vehicles were required to follow a detour route between Boulder City and Kingman via US 95, Nevada State","Document [3](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) was featured in episode 5x02 of the TV series \"Extreme Engineering\". The filming of this episode took place before the start of work on the arch. When the bridge opened to traffic, the roadway over Hoover Dam was closed to through traffic, and all visitor access to the dam was routed to the Nevada side; vehicles are still allowed to drive across the dam to the Arizona side following a security inspection, but must return to the Nevada side to return to US 93. The former US 93 route between the dam and its junction with the present US 93","Document [4](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) Mike O'Callaghan, Governor of Nevada from 1971\u20131979, and Pat Tillman, an American football player who left his career with the Arizona Cardinals to enlist in the United States Army and was later killed in Afghanistan by friendly fire. As early as the 1960s, officials identified the US 93 route over Hoover Dam to be dangerous and inadequate for projected traffic volumes. From 1998\u20132001, officials from Arizona, Nevada, and several federal government agencies collaborated to determine the best routing for an alternative river crossing. In March 2001, the Federal Highway Administration selected the route, which crosses the Colorado River approximately downstream","Document [5](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) after the Royal Gorge Bridge, and is the world's highest concrete arch bridge. Upon the completion of the Boulder City Bypass, the bridge has become a part of Interstate 11, concurrent with US 93. In 1935, the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO, later AASHTO) authorized a southward extension of U.S. Route 93 from its previous southern terminus in Glendale, Nevada to Kingman, Arizona by way of Las Vegas and Boulder City, crossing the Colorado River on the newly constructed Hoover Dam (also known then as Boulder Dam). Clark County was sparsely populated at the time, with a population","Document [6](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) 11 project. Through traffic on US 93 combined with pedestrian and tourist traffic at Hoover Dam itself led to major traffic congestion on the dam and on the approaches to the dam. The approaches featured hairpin turns on both the Nevada and Arizona sides of the dam, and the terrain caused limited sight distances around curves. In addition to traffic safety considerations, officials were also concerned about the safety and security of Hoover Dam, specifically the impact a vehicle accident could have on the dam's operation and the waters of Lake Mead. Officials first discussed the need for a new","Document [7](Title: Hoover Dam) longer allowed across Hoover Dam; dam visitors are allowed to use the existing roadway to approach from the Nevada side and cross to parking lots and other facilities on the Arizona side. Hoover Dam opened for tours in 1937 after its completion, but following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, it was closed to the public when the United States entered World War II, during which only authorized traffic, in convoys, was permitted. After the war, it reopened September 2, 1945, and by 1953, annual attendance had risen to 448,081. The dam closed on November 25, 1963,","Document [8](Title: Hoover Dam) overheads were filled in. The concrete lining is thick, reducing the finished tunnel diameter to . The river was diverted into the two Arizona tunnels on November 13, 1932; the Nevada tunnels were kept in reserve for high water. This was done by exploding a temporary cofferdam protecting the Arizona tunnels while at the same time dumping rubble into the river until its natural course was blocked. Following the completion of the dam, the entrances to the two outer diversion tunnels were sealed at the opening and halfway through the tunnels with large concrete plugs. The downstream halves of the","Document [9](Title: U.S. Route 93 in Arizona) with construction ongoing. This routing is part of a proposed Interstate 11 which could potentially connect Interstate 10 west of Phoenix with Interstate 515 southeast of Las Vegas. A segment of this new highway consists of a new route across the Colorado River called the Hoover Dam Bypass. The new crossing is the Mike O'Callaghan-Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge, the first so-called concrete-steel composite arch bridge built in the United States. The bridge is with a main span. The roadway is above the river. The bypass replaced the old section of U.S. 93 that approached and crossed directly over Hoover Dam,","Document [10](Title: Virginia Street Bridge) 2016. Built in 1905, the current Virginia Street Bridge is the fifth in a series of bridges to have been built in downtown Reno. The first was a wooden bridge built in 1860 by Charles W. Fuller and was hence called Fuller's Crossing. After it was destroyed by a flood, a second bridge, a toll bridge, was built and sold to Myron Lake in 1861, although in 1867 it was also destroyed by a flood. Even though it was replaced by yet another bridge, it became unneeded after the arrival of the Transcontinental Railroad. In 1877, the Washoe County authorized"],"query":"when was the bridge over the hoover dam built?","answers":["2010"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) or doing nothing. In March 2001 the Federal Highway Administration issued a Record of Decision indicating its selection of the \"Sugarloaf Mountain Alternative\" routing. The project called for approximately of highway in Nevada, of highway in Arizona, and a bridge that would cross the river downstream (south) of Hoover Dam. Design work began in July 2001. Security measures implemented following the September 11 attacks prohibited commercial truck traffic from driving across Hoover Dam. Prior to the completion of the bridge, through commercial vehicles were required to follow a detour route between Boulder City and Kingman via US 95, Nevada State","Document [2](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) was featured in episode 5x02 of the TV series \"Extreme Engineering\". The filming of this episode took place before the start of work on the arch. When the bridge opened to traffic, the roadway over Hoover Dam was closed to through traffic, and all visitor access to the dam was routed to the Nevada side; vehicles are still allowed to drive across the dam to the Arizona side following a security inspection, but must return to the Nevada side to return to US 93. The former US 93 route between the dam and its junction with the present US 93","Document [3](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) Mike O'Callaghan, Governor of Nevada from 1971\u20131979, and Pat Tillman, an American football player who left his career with the Arizona Cardinals to enlist in the United States Army and was later killed in Afghanistan by friendly fire. As early as the 1960s, officials identified the US 93 route over Hoover Dam to be dangerous and inadequate for projected traffic volumes. From 1998\u20132001, officials from Arizona, Nevada, and several federal government agencies collaborated to determine the best routing for an alternative river crossing. In March 2001, the Federal Highway Administration selected the route, which crosses the Colorado River approximately downstream","Document [4](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) after the Royal Gorge Bridge, and is the world's highest concrete arch bridge. Upon the completion of the Boulder City Bypass, the bridge has become a part of Interstate 11, concurrent with US 93. In 1935, the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO, later AASHTO) authorized a southward extension of U.S. Route 93 from its previous southern terminus in Glendale, Nevada to Kingman, Arizona by way of Las Vegas and Boulder City, crossing the Colorado River on the newly constructed Hoover Dam (also known then as Boulder Dam). Clark County was sparsely populated at the time, with a population","Document [5](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) the states of Arizona and Nevada. The bridge is located within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area approximately 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Las Vegas, and carries U.S. Route 93 over the Colorado River. Opened in 2010, it was the key component of the Hoover Dam Bypass project, which rerouted US 93 from its previous routing along the top of Hoover Dam and removed several hairpin turns and blind curves from the route. It is jointly named for Mike O'Callaghan, Governor of Nevada from 1971\u20131979, and Pat Tillman, an American football player who left his career with the Arizona","Document [6](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) 11 project. Through traffic on US 93 combined with pedestrian and tourist traffic at Hoover Dam itself led to major traffic congestion on the dam and on the approaches to the dam. The approaches featured hairpin turns on both the Nevada and Arizona sides of the dam, and the terrain caused limited sight distances around curves. In addition to traffic safety considerations, officials were also concerned about the safety and security of Hoover Dam, specifically the impact a vehicle accident could have on the dam's operation and the waters of Lake Mead. Officials first discussed the need for a new","Document [7](Title: Hoover Dam) longer allowed across Hoover Dam; dam visitors are allowed to use the existing roadway to approach from the Nevada side and cross to parking lots and other facilities on the Arizona side. Hoover Dam opened for tours in 1937 after its completion, but following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, it was closed to the public when the United States entered World War II, during which only authorized traffic, in convoys, was permitted. After the war, it reopened September 2, 1945, and by 1953, annual attendance had risen to 448,081. The dam closed on November 25, 1963,","Document [8](Title: Hoover Dam) overheads were filled in. The concrete lining is thick, reducing the finished tunnel diameter to . The river was diverted into the two Arizona tunnels on November 13, 1932; the Nevada tunnels were kept in reserve for high water. This was done by exploding a temporary cofferdam protecting the Arizona tunnels while at the same time dumping rubble into the river until its natural course was blocked. Following the completion of the dam, the entrances to the two outer diversion tunnels were sealed at the opening and halfway through the tunnels with large concrete plugs. The downstream halves of the","Document [9](Title: U.S. Route 93 in Arizona) with construction ongoing. This routing is part of a proposed Interstate 11 which could potentially connect Interstate 10 west of Phoenix with Interstate 515 southeast of Las Vegas. A segment of this new highway consists of a new route across the Colorado River called the Hoover Dam Bypass. The new crossing is the Mike O'Callaghan-Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge, the first so-called concrete-steel composite arch bridge built in the United States. The bridge is with a main span. The roadway is above the river. The bypass replaced the old section of U.S. 93 that approached and crossed directly over Hoover Dam,","Document [10](Title: Virginia Street Bridge) 2016. Built in 1905, the current Virginia Street Bridge is the fifth in a series of bridges to have been built in downtown Reno. The first was a wooden bridge built in 1860 by Charles W. Fuller and was hence called Fuller's Crossing. After it was destroyed by a flood, a second bridge, a toll bridge, was built and sold to Myron Lake in 1861, although in 1867 it was also destroyed by a flood. Even though it was replaced by yet another bridge, it became unneeded after the arrival of the Transcontinental Railroad. In 1877, the Washoe County authorized"],"query":"when was the bridge over the hoover dam built?","answers":["2010"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) or doing nothing. In March 2001 the Federal Highway Administration issued a Record of Decision indicating its selection of the \"Sugarloaf Mountain Alternative\" routing. The project called for approximately of highway in Nevada, of highway in Arizona, and a bridge that would cross the river downstream (south) of Hoover Dam. Design work began in July 2001. Security measures implemented following the September 11 attacks prohibited commercial truck traffic from driving across Hoover Dam. Prior to the completion of the bridge, through commercial vehicles were required to follow a detour route between Boulder City and Kingman via US 95, Nevada State","Document [2](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) was featured in episode 5x02 of the TV series \"Extreme Engineering\". The filming of this episode took place before the start of work on the arch. When the bridge opened to traffic, the roadway over Hoover Dam was closed to through traffic, and all visitor access to the dam was routed to the Nevada side; vehicles are still allowed to drive across the dam to the Arizona side following a security inspection, but must return to the Nevada side to return to US 93. The former US 93 route between the dam and its junction with the present US 93","Document [3](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) Mike O'Callaghan, Governor of Nevada from 1971\u20131979, and Pat Tillman, an American football player who left his career with the Arizona Cardinals to enlist in the United States Army and was later killed in Afghanistan by friendly fire. As early as the 1960s, officials identified the US 93 route over Hoover Dam to be dangerous and inadequate for projected traffic volumes. From 1998\u20132001, officials from Arizona, Nevada, and several federal government agencies collaborated to determine the best routing for an alternative river crossing. In March 2001, the Federal Highway Administration selected the route, which crosses the Colorado River approximately downstream","Document [4](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) after the Royal Gorge Bridge, and is the world's highest concrete arch bridge. Upon the completion of the Boulder City Bypass, the bridge has become a part of Interstate 11, concurrent with US 93. In 1935, the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO, later AASHTO) authorized a southward extension of U.S. Route 93 from its previous southern terminus in Glendale, Nevada to Kingman, Arizona by way of Las Vegas and Boulder City, crossing the Colorado River on the newly constructed Hoover Dam (also known then as Boulder Dam). Clark County was sparsely populated at the time, with a population","Document [5](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) 11 project. Through traffic on US 93 combined with pedestrian and tourist traffic at Hoover Dam itself led to major traffic congestion on the dam and on the approaches to the dam. The approaches featured hairpin turns on both the Nevada and Arizona sides of the dam, and the terrain caused limited sight distances around curves. In addition to traffic safety considerations, officials were also concerned about the safety and security of Hoover Dam, specifically the impact a vehicle accident could have on the dam's operation and the waters of Lake Mead. Officials first discussed the need for a new","Document [6](Title: Hoover Dam) longer allowed across Hoover Dam; dam visitors are allowed to use the existing roadway to approach from the Nevada side and cross to parking lots and other facilities on the Arizona side. Hoover Dam opened for tours in 1937 after its completion, but following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, it was closed to the public when the United States entered World War II, during which only authorized traffic, in convoys, was permitted. After the war, it reopened September 2, 1945, and by 1953, annual attendance had risen to 448,081. The dam closed on November 25, 1963,","Document [7](Title: Hoover Dam) overheads were filled in. The concrete lining is thick, reducing the finished tunnel diameter to . The river was diverted into the two Arizona tunnels on November 13, 1932; the Nevada tunnels were kept in reserve for high water. This was done by exploding a temporary cofferdam protecting the Arizona tunnels while at the same time dumping rubble into the river until its natural course was blocked. Following the completion of the dam, the entrances to the two outer diversion tunnels were sealed at the opening and halfway through the tunnels with large concrete plugs. The downstream halves of the","Document [8](Title: U.S. Route 93 in Arizona) with construction ongoing. This routing is part of a proposed Interstate 11 which could potentially connect Interstate 10 west of Phoenix with Interstate 515 southeast of Las Vegas. A segment of this new highway consists of a new route across the Colorado River called the Hoover Dam Bypass. The new crossing is the Mike O'Callaghan-Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge, the first so-called concrete-steel composite arch bridge built in the United States. The bridge is with a main span. The roadway is above the river. The bypass replaced the old section of U.S. 93 that approached and crossed directly over Hoover Dam,","Document [9](Title: Virginia Street Bridge) 2016. Built in 1905, the current Virginia Street Bridge is the fifth in a series of bridges to have been built in downtown Reno. The first was a wooden bridge built in 1860 by Charles W. Fuller and was hence called Fuller's Crossing. After it was destroyed by a flood, a second bridge, a toll bridge, was built and sold to Myron Lake in 1861, although in 1867 it was also destroyed by a flood. Even though it was replaced by yet another bridge, it became unneeded after the arrival of the Transcontinental Railroad. In 1877, the Washoe County authorized","Document [10](Title: Mike O'Callaghan\u2013Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge) the states of Arizona and Nevada. The bridge is located within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area approximately 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Las Vegas, and carries U.S. Route 93 over the Colorado River. Opened in 2010, it was the key component of the Hoover Dam Bypass project, which rerouted US 93 from its previous routing along the top of Hoover Dam and removed several hairpin turns and blind curves from the route. It is jointly named for Mike O'Callaghan, Governor of Nevada from 1971\u20131979, and Pat Tillman, an American football player who left his career with the Arizona"],"query":"when was the bridge over the hoover dam built?","answers":["2010"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: If I Were a Boy) \"If I Were a Boy\" is a song performed by American singer and songwriter Beyonc\u00e9 from her third studio album I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008). It was written by BC Jean and Toby Gad, who also handled its production alongside Beyonc\u00e9. Inspired by the difficult break-up of a romantic relationship, the song was initially recorded by Jean, whose record company rejected it. Beyonc\u00e9 then recorded her own version. Jean was upset when she learned that Beyonc\u00e9 was releasing it as a single, but eventually, they reached an agreement. Columbia Records released \"If I Were a Boy\" to US radio on","Document [2](Title: If I Were a Boy) was an artist, so it was, like, 'Oh, this songwriter BC.' \" \"If I Were a Boy\" was the first song she ever recorded, and she initially did not intend to hand it to another singer. Jean said that the fact that Beyonc\u00e9 recorded the ballad provided many opportunities, and she was approached by many people who wanted to purchase her lyrics. She refused their offers, desiring to use her songs for her own album. However, Jean still intends to write for other artists. \"If I Were a Boy\" is a midtempo pop and R&B ballad, with folk rock and","Document [3](Title: If You Were the Only Girl (In the World)) boy.<\/poem> If You Were the Only Girl (In the World) \"If You Were the Only Girl (In the World)\" is a popular song written by Nat D. Ayer with lyrics by Clifford Grey. It was written for the musical revue \"The Bing Boys Are Here\", which premi\u00e8red on 19 April 1916 at the Alhambra Theatre in Leicester Square, London. The song was originally performed as a duet between Lucius Bing, played by George Robey, and his love interest Emma, originated by Violet Loraine. The song was published in 1916 and republished in 1946. It has become a standard, recorded by","Document [4](Title: If I Were a Boy) evening\" and added that it was \"a lesson of what country music should be striving for these days\". Jon Caramanica of \"The New York Times\" gave a mixed review of her performance, writing that \"[McEntire] did something unexpected, softening her delivery and finding the creases in the song, as if Beyonc\u00e9 were whispering to her from the wings.\" However, \"Entertainment Weekly\"s Mandi Bierly wrote that the lyrics were \"just too young for [McEntire], and when it comes to the chorus, I want someone to belt it\". If I Were a Boy \"If I Were a Boy\" is a song performed","Document [5](Title: If I Were a Boy) writing, \"Singing with no band onstage, donning a glittery black dress with her signature red hair flowing to her shoulders, the legendary vocalist's performance scored a standing ovation.\" Jillian Mapes and Megan Vick of \"Billboard\" praised the performance, writing, \"As if Beyonce's 2008 ballad 'If I Were a Boy' wasn't moving enough, country queen Reba McEntire's smokey twang and solemn stance turned the song on its head.\" They also noted that the simple and powerful performance \"is enough to inspire tears, or at least goosebumps.\" Country Music Television's Chet Flippo felt that McEntire's performance was \"the musical highlight of the","Document [6](Title: If I Were a Boy) \"If I Were a Boy\" to US radio on October 8, 2008, as a double A-side single album's alongside \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" as the lead singles. The two songs showcased the contrast between Beyonc\u00e9's personality and her aggressive onstage persona, Sasha Fierce. A Spanish version of the song, titled \"Si Yo Fuera un Chico\", was digitally released in Mexico and Spain. \"If I Were a Boy\" is a pop and R&B introspective ballad which draws influences from folk rock through its instrumentation of which includes acoustic guitars, drums and strings. The song's lyrics lament the misunderstandings","Document [7](Title: If I Were a Boy) US. The accompanying music video for \"If I Were a Boy\" was directed by Jake Nava and shot in black-and-white. With a theme of role reversal, it is conceptually similar to the American comedy film \"Freaky Friday\" (1976). A video for the Spanish version of the ballad was edited from the original clip. Beyonc\u00e9 promoted \"If I Were a Boy\" through live performances at venues including \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", the 52nd Grammy Awards, and the I Am... World Tour (2009\u201310). The song has been covered several times on televised music competitions. American singer Reba McEntire sang a country version","Document [8](Title: If I Were a Boy) as the second single from her studio album \"All the Women I Am\" (2010). McEntire revealed that she originally wanted to only cover her own hits. However, her husband and manager, Narvel Blackstock wanted her to do a cover song. Blackstock finally came up with the idea that she should record her own version of Beyonc\u00e9's \"If I Were a Boy\". Speaking about her version of the song, McEntire said: \"When I got the song and the lyrics, I thought it was an incredible song ... And, to me, it turned out to be a country song, when we got","Document [9](Title: If I Were a Boy) Am... World Tour\" and \"\". Prior to the performance of the song at the tour, outtakes of its music video were used. Beyonc\u00e9 later appeared performing \"If I Were a Boy\" wearing Ray-Bans, a leather breastplate, aviator shades and a bulletproof-looking one-piece further asking the crowd to sing along the track. During the bridge of the song, she included excerpts from Morissette's \"You Oughta Know\" and Tupac Shakur's \"California Love\" while imitating a male person with her moves. Alice Jones of \"The Independent\" wrote in her review that Beyonc\u00e9 \"whip[s] up a quasi-feminist singalong.\" Caryn Ganz of \"Rolling Stone\" noted","Document [10](Title: If I Were a Boy) a low of F\u266f to the high of E. Her singing gets higher and louder as she employs melodic crescendos. Critics noted that Beyonc\u00e9 delivers a tormented performance with unwavering sentiments. The lyrics of \"If I Were a Boy\" are about a gender-swapping thought experiment, through which Beyonc\u00e9 analyses the ideologies of a tense relationship. As she sings about things she would do if she were a boy, Beyonc\u00e9 highlights the vulnerability of a woman and ponders how things would be different if men had women's sense of empathy. During the first part of the ballad, Beyonc\u00e9 alternates between the"],"query":"who wrote the song if i were a boy?","answers":["BC Jean and Toby Gad","Toby Gad","BC Jean"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: If I Were a Boy) was an artist, so it was, like, 'Oh, this songwriter BC.' \" \"If I Were a Boy\" was the first song she ever recorded, and she initially did not intend to hand it to another singer. Jean said that the fact that Beyonc\u00e9 recorded the ballad provided many opportunities, and she was approached by many people who wanted to purchase her lyrics. She refused their offers, desiring to use her songs for her own album. However, Jean still intends to write for other artists. \"If I Were a Boy\" is a midtempo pop and R&B ballad, with folk rock and","Document [2](Title: If You Were the Only Girl (In the World)) boy.<\/poem> If You Were the Only Girl (In the World) \"If You Were the Only Girl (In the World)\" is a popular song written by Nat D. Ayer with lyrics by Clifford Grey. It was written for the musical revue \"The Bing Boys Are Here\", which premi\u00e8red on 19 April 1916 at the Alhambra Theatre in Leicester Square, London. The song was originally performed as a duet between Lucius Bing, played by George Robey, and his love interest Emma, originated by Violet Loraine. The song was published in 1916 and republished in 1946. It has become a standard, recorded by","Document [3](Title: If I Were a Boy) evening\" and added that it was \"a lesson of what country music should be striving for these days\". Jon Caramanica of \"The New York Times\" gave a mixed review of her performance, writing that \"[McEntire] did something unexpected, softening her delivery and finding the creases in the song, as if Beyonc\u00e9 were whispering to her from the wings.\" However, \"Entertainment Weekly\"s Mandi Bierly wrote that the lyrics were \"just too young for [McEntire], and when it comes to the chorus, I want someone to belt it\". If I Were a Boy \"If I Were a Boy\" is a song performed","Document [4](Title: If I Were a Boy) writing, \"Singing with no band onstage, donning a glittery black dress with her signature red hair flowing to her shoulders, the legendary vocalist's performance scored a standing ovation.\" Jillian Mapes and Megan Vick of \"Billboard\" praised the performance, writing, \"As if Beyonce's 2008 ballad 'If I Were a Boy' wasn't moving enough, country queen Reba McEntire's smokey twang and solemn stance turned the song on its head.\" They also noted that the simple and powerful performance \"is enough to inspire tears, or at least goosebumps.\" Country Music Television's Chet Flippo felt that McEntire's performance was \"the musical highlight of the","Document [5](Title: If I Were a Boy) \"If I Were a Boy\" is a song performed by American singer and songwriter Beyonc\u00e9 from her third studio album I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008). It was written by BC Jean and Toby Gad, who also handled its production alongside Beyonc\u00e9. Inspired by the difficult break-up of a romantic relationship, the song was initially recorded by Jean, whose record company rejected it. Beyonc\u00e9 then recorded her own version. Jean was upset when she learned that Beyonc\u00e9 was releasing it as a single, but eventually, they reached an agreement. Columbia Records released \"If I Were a Boy\" to US radio on","Document [6](Title: If I Were a Boy) \"If I Were a Boy\" to US radio on October 8, 2008, as a double A-side single album's alongside \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" as the lead singles. The two songs showcased the contrast between Beyonc\u00e9's personality and her aggressive onstage persona, Sasha Fierce. A Spanish version of the song, titled \"Si Yo Fuera un Chico\", was digitally released in Mexico and Spain. \"If I Were a Boy\" is a pop and R&B introspective ballad which draws influences from folk rock through its instrumentation of which includes acoustic guitars, drums and strings. The song's lyrics lament the misunderstandings","Document [7](Title: If I Were a Boy) US. The accompanying music video for \"If I Were a Boy\" was directed by Jake Nava and shot in black-and-white. With a theme of role reversal, it is conceptually similar to the American comedy film \"Freaky Friday\" (1976). A video for the Spanish version of the ballad was edited from the original clip. Beyonc\u00e9 promoted \"If I Were a Boy\" through live performances at venues including \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", the 52nd Grammy Awards, and the I Am... World Tour (2009\u201310). The song has been covered several times on televised music competitions. American singer Reba McEntire sang a country version","Document [8](Title: If I Were a Boy) as the second single from her studio album \"All the Women I Am\" (2010). McEntire revealed that she originally wanted to only cover her own hits. However, her husband and manager, Narvel Blackstock wanted her to do a cover song. Blackstock finally came up with the idea that she should record her own version of Beyonc\u00e9's \"If I Were a Boy\". Speaking about her version of the song, McEntire said: \"When I got the song and the lyrics, I thought it was an incredible song ... And, to me, it turned out to be a country song, when we got","Document [9](Title: If I Were a Boy) Am... World Tour\" and \"\". Prior to the performance of the song at the tour, outtakes of its music video were used. Beyonc\u00e9 later appeared performing \"If I Were a Boy\" wearing Ray-Bans, a leather breastplate, aviator shades and a bulletproof-looking one-piece further asking the crowd to sing along the track. During the bridge of the song, she included excerpts from Morissette's \"You Oughta Know\" and Tupac Shakur's \"California Love\" while imitating a male person with her moves. Alice Jones of \"The Independent\" wrote in her review that Beyonc\u00e9 \"whip[s] up a quasi-feminist singalong.\" Caryn Ganz of \"Rolling Stone\" noted","Document [10](Title: If I Were a Boy) a low of F\u266f to the high of E. Her singing gets higher and louder as she employs melodic crescendos. Critics noted that Beyonc\u00e9 delivers a tormented performance with unwavering sentiments. The lyrics of \"If I Were a Boy\" are about a gender-swapping thought experiment, through which Beyonc\u00e9 analyses the ideologies of a tense relationship. As she sings about things she would do if she were a boy, Beyonc\u00e9 highlights the vulnerability of a woman and ponders how things would be different if men had women's sense of empathy. During the first part of the ballad, Beyonc\u00e9 alternates between the"],"query":"who wrote the song if i were a boy?","answers":["BC Jean and Toby Gad","Toby Gad","BC Jean"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: If I Were a Boy) was an artist, so it was, like, 'Oh, this songwriter BC.' \" \"If I Were a Boy\" was the first song she ever recorded, and she initially did not intend to hand it to another singer. Jean said that the fact that Beyonc\u00e9 recorded the ballad provided many opportunities, and she was approached by many people who wanted to purchase her lyrics. She refused their offers, desiring to use her songs for her own album. However, Jean still intends to write for other artists. \"If I Were a Boy\" is a midtempo pop and R&B ballad, with folk rock and","Document [2](Title: If You Were the Only Girl (In the World)) boy.<\/poem> If You Were the Only Girl (In the World) \"If You Were the Only Girl (In the World)\" is a popular song written by Nat D. Ayer with lyrics by Clifford Grey. It was written for the musical revue \"The Bing Boys Are Here\", which premi\u00e8red on 19 April 1916 at the Alhambra Theatre in Leicester Square, London. The song was originally performed as a duet between Lucius Bing, played by George Robey, and his love interest Emma, originated by Violet Loraine. The song was published in 1916 and republished in 1946. It has become a standard, recorded by","Document [3](Title: If I Were a Boy) evening\" and added that it was \"a lesson of what country music should be striving for these days\". Jon Caramanica of \"The New York Times\" gave a mixed review of her performance, writing that \"[McEntire] did something unexpected, softening her delivery and finding the creases in the song, as if Beyonc\u00e9 were whispering to her from the wings.\" However, \"Entertainment Weekly\"s Mandi Bierly wrote that the lyrics were \"just too young for [McEntire], and when it comes to the chorus, I want someone to belt it\". If I Were a Boy \"If I Were a Boy\" is a song performed","Document [4](Title: If I Were a Boy) writing, \"Singing with no band onstage, donning a glittery black dress with her signature red hair flowing to her shoulders, the legendary vocalist's performance scored a standing ovation.\" Jillian Mapes and Megan Vick of \"Billboard\" praised the performance, writing, \"As if Beyonce's 2008 ballad 'If I Were a Boy' wasn't moving enough, country queen Reba McEntire's smokey twang and solemn stance turned the song on its head.\" They also noted that the simple and powerful performance \"is enough to inspire tears, or at least goosebumps.\" Country Music Television's Chet Flippo felt that McEntire's performance was \"the musical highlight of the","Document [5](Title: If I Were a Boy) \"If I Were a Boy\" to US radio on October 8, 2008, as a double A-side single album's alongside \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" as the lead singles. The two songs showcased the contrast between Beyonc\u00e9's personality and her aggressive onstage persona, Sasha Fierce. A Spanish version of the song, titled \"Si Yo Fuera un Chico\", was digitally released in Mexico and Spain. \"If I Were a Boy\" is a pop and R&B introspective ballad which draws influences from folk rock through its instrumentation of which includes acoustic guitars, drums and strings. The song's lyrics lament the misunderstandings","Document [6](Title: If I Were a Boy) US. The accompanying music video for \"If I Were a Boy\" was directed by Jake Nava and shot in black-and-white. With a theme of role reversal, it is conceptually similar to the American comedy film \"Freaky Friday\" (1976). A video for the Spanish version of the ballad was edited from the original clip. Beyonc\u00e9 promoted \"If I Were a Boy\" through live performances at venues including \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", the 52nd Grammy Awards, and the I Am... World Tour (2009\u201310). The song has been covered several times on televised music competitions. American singer Reba McEntire sang a country version","Document [7](Title: If I Were a Boy) as the second single from her studio album \"All the Women I Am\" (2010). McEntire revealed that she originally wanted to only cover her own hits. However, her husband and manager, Narvel Blackstock wanted her to do a cover song. Blackstock finally came up with the idea that she should record her own version of Beyonc\u00e9's \"If I Were a Boy\". Speaking about her version of the song, McEntire said: \"When I got the song and the lyrics, I thought it was an incredible song ... And, to me, it turned out to be a country song, when we got","Document [8](Title: If I Were a Boy) Am... World Tour\" and \"\". Prior to the performance of the song at the tour, outtakes of its music video were used. Beyonc\u00e9 later appeared performing \"If I Were a Boy\" wearing Ray-Bans, a leather breastplate, aviator shades and a bulletproof-looking one-piece further asking the crowd to sing along the track. During the bridge of the song, she included excerpts from Morissette's \"You Oughta Know\" and Tupac Shakur's \"California Love\" while imitating a male person with her moves. Alice Jones of \"The Independent\" wrote in her review that Beyonc\u00e9 \"whip[s] up a quasi-feminist singalong.\" Caryn Ganz of \"Rolling Stone\" noted","Document [9](Title: If I Were a Boy) a low of F\u266f to the high of E. Her singing gets higher and louder as she employs melodic crescendos. Critics noted that Beyonc\u00e9 delivers a tormented performance with unwavering sentiments. The lyrics of \"If I Were a Boy\" are about a gender-swapping thought experiment, through which Beyonc\u00e9 analyses the ideologies of a tense relationship. As she sings about things she would do if she were a boy, Beyonc\u00e9 highlights the vulnerability of a woman and ponders how things would be different if men had women's sense of empathy. During the first part of the ballad, Beyonc\u00e9 alternates between the","Document [10](Title: If I Were a Boy) \"If I Were a Boy\" is a song performed by American singer and songwriter Beyonc\u00e9 from her third studio album I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008). It was written by BC Jean and Toby Gad, who also handled its production alongside Beyonc\u00e9. Inspired by the difficult break-up of a romantic relationship, the song was initially recorded by Jean, whose record company rejected it. Beyonc\u00e9 then recorded her own version. Jean was upset when she learned that Beyonc\u00e9 was releasing it as a single, but eventually, they reached an agreement. Columbia Records released \"If I Were a Boy\" to US radio on"],"query":"who wrote the song if i were a boy?","answers":["BC Jean and Toby Gad","Toby Gad","BC Jean"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Social Security Amendments of 1965) The legislation made two amendments to the Social Security Act of 1935. Title XVIII, which became known as Medicare, includes Part A, which provides hospital insurance for the aged, and Part B, which provides supplementary medical insurance. Title XIX, which became known as Medicaid, provides for the states to finance health care for individuals who were at or close to the public assistance level with federal matching funds.","Document [2](Title: Social Security (United States)) Social Security (United States) In the United States, Social Security is the commonly used term for the federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program and is administered by the Social Security Administration. The original Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1935, and the current version of the Act, as amended, encompasses several social welfare and social insurance programs. Social Security is funded primarily through payroll taxes called Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA) or Self Employed Contributions Act Tax (SECA). Tax deposits are collected by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and are formally","Document [3](Title: Supplemental Security Income) States. The restructuring of these programs was intended to standardize the eligibility requirements and level of benefits. The new federal program was incorporated into Title XVI (Title 16) of the Social Security Act. Today the program provides benefits to approximately eight million Americans. The legislation creating the program was a result of President Richard Nixon's effort to reform the nation's welfare programs. At that time, each state had similar programs under the Aid to the Blind, Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled, and Aid to the Elderly. The Nixon Administration thought these programs should be federalized and run by","Document [4](Title: Social Security Advisory Board) old-age, survivors, and disability insurance (OASDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs. The legislation passed both Houses of Congress without opposition and President Clinton signed the Social Security Independence and Program Improvements Act of 1994 into law (P.L. 103-296) on August 15, 1994. The law took effect on March 31, 1995. Social Security Advisory Board The Social Security Advisory Board (SSAB) is an independent, bipartisan board of the United States federal government. It was created by Congress and is appointed by the President and the Congress to advise the President, the Congress, and the Commissioner of Social Security on matters","Document [5](Title: Social Security Act) I is designed to give money to states to provide assistance to aged individuals Title III concerns unemployment insurance Title IV concerns Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Title V concerns Maternal and Child Welfare. Title VI concerns public health services (investigation of disease and problems of sanitation) Title X concerns support for blind people. H.R.6635 Approved, August 10, 1939 Public Law 76-379 Amendments of 1939: The original Act provided only retirement benefits, and only to the worker. The 1939 Amendments made a fundamental change in the Social Security program. The Amendments added two new categories of benefits: payments to","Document [6](Title: History of Social Security in the United States) the benefits for single workers were decreased and lump-sum death payments were abolished. In the original 1935 law, the benefit provisions were in Title II of the Act (which is why Social Security is sometimes referred to as the \"Title II\" program.) The taxing provisions were in a separate title (Title VIII) (for reasons related to the constitutionality of the 1935 Act). As part of the 1939 Amendments, the Title VIII taxing provisions were taken out of the Social Security Act and placed in the Internal Revenue Code and renamed the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA). Social Security payroll taxes","Document [7](Title: Social Security Act) Social Security Act The Social Security Act of 1935 , now codified as , created Social Security in the United States, and is relevant for US labor law. It created a basic right to a pension in old age, and insurance against unemployment. In the Second New Deal, the Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 14, 1935. The act laid the groundwork for the modern welfare system in the United States, with its primary focus to provide aid for the elderly, the unemployed, and children. Industrialization and the urbanization in the 19th","Document [8](Title: Social Security Administration) named the 12th best place to work in the U.S. federal government (out of 18 large agencies). The Social Security Act created a Social Security Board (SSB), to oversee the administration of the new program. It was created as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal with the signing of the Social Security Act of 1935 on August 14, 1935. The Board consisted of three presidentially appointed executives, and started with no budget, no staff, and no furniture. It obtained a temporary budget from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration headed by Harry Hopkins. The first counsel for the new","Document [9](Title: Supplemental Security Income) the Social Security Administration. Thus, SSI was created to eliminate the differences between the states including different disability standards and income and resources requirements, which many perceived as irrational or unfair. President Nixon signed the Social Security Amendments of 1972 on October 30, 1972 which created the SSI Program. The SSI program officially began operations in January 1974 by federalizing states' programs, designating the Social Security Administration (SSA) to administer the SSI program. SSA was selected because it had been administering a nationwide adult disability program under the Social Security Disability Insurance Benefits (DIB) program since 1956 for workers who","Document [10](Title: Social Security Act) the spouse and minor children of a retired worker (called dependents benefits) and survivors benefits paid to the family in the event of the premature death of the worker. The 1939 Amendments also increased benefit amounts and accelerated the start of monthly benefit payments from 1942 to 1940. S.2051 Approved, October 3, 1944 Public Law 78-458 Title XII H.R.7037 Approved, August 10, 1946 Public Law 79-719 Title XIII H.R.6000 Approved August 28, 1950 Public Law 81-734 These amendments raised benefits for the first time and placed the program on the road to the virtually universal coverage it has today. Specifically"],"query":"the xix of the social security act of 1965 established?","answers":["Medicaid"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Social Security (United States)) Social Security (United States) In the United States, Social Security is the commonly used term for the federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program and is administered by the Social Security Administration. The original Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1935, and the current version of the Act, as amended, encompasses several social welfare and social insurance programs. Social Security is funded primarily through payroll taxes called Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA) or Self Employed Contributions Act Tax (SECA). Tax deposits are collected by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and are formally","Document [2](Title: Supplemental Security Income) States. The restructuring of these programs was intended to standardize the eligibility requirements and level of benefits. The new federal program was incorporated into Title XVI (Title 16) of the Social Security Act. Today the program provides benefits to approximately eight million Americans. The legislation creating the program was a result of President Richard Nixon's effort to reform the nation's welfare programs. At that time, each state had similar programs under the Aid to the Blind, Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled, and Aid to the Elderly. The Nixon Administration thought these programs should be federalized and run by","Document [3](Title: Social Security Advisory Board) old-age, survivors, and disability insurance (OASDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs. The legislation passed both Houses of Congress without opposition and President Clinton signed the Social Security Independence and Program Improvements Act of 1994 into law (P.L. 103-296) on August 15, 1994. The law took effect on March 31, 1995. Social Security Advisory Board The Social Security Advisory Board (SSAB) is an independent, bipartisan board of the United States federal government. It was created by Congress and is appointed by the President and the Congress to advise the President, the Congress, and the Commissioner of Social Security on matters","Document [4](Title: Social Security Act) I is designed to give money to states to provide assistance to aged individuals Title III concerns unemployment insurance Title IV concerns Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Title V concerns Maternal and Child Welfare. Title VI concerns public health services (investigation of disease and problems of sanitation) Title X concerns support for blind people. H.R.6635 Approved, August 10, 1939 Public Law 76-379 Amendments of 1939: The original Act provided only retirement benefits, and only to the worker. The 1939 Amendments made a fundamental change in the Social Security program. The Amendments added two new categories of benefits: payments to","Document [5](Title: Social Security Amendments of 1965) The legislation made two amendments to the Social Security Act of 1935. Title XVIII, which became known as Medicare, includes Part A, which provides hospital insurance for the aged, and Part B, which provides supplementary medical insurance. Title XIX, which became known as Medicaid, provides for the states to finance health care for individuals who were at or close to the public assistance level with federal matching funds.","Document [6](Title: History of Social Security in the United States) the benefits for single workers were decreased and lump-sum death payments were abolished. In the original 1935 law, the benefit provisions were in Title II of the Act (which is why Social Security is sometimes referred to as the \"Title II\" program.) The taxing provisions were in a separate title (Title VIII) (for reasons related to the constitutionality of the 1935 Act). As part of the 1939 Amendments, the Title VIII taxing provisions were taken out of the Social Security Act and placed in the Internal Revenue Code and renamed the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA). Social Security payroll taxes","Document [7](Title: Social Security Act) Social Security Act The Social Security Act of 1935 , now codified as , created Social Security in the United States, and is relevant for US labor law. It created a basic right to a pension in old age, and insurance against unemployment. In the Second New Deal, the Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 14, 1935. The act laid the groundwork for the modern welfare system in the United States, with its primary focus to provide aid for the elderly, the unemployed, and children. Industrialization and the urbanization in the 19th","Document [8](Title: Social Security Administration) named the 12th best place to work in the U.S. federal government (out of 18 large agencies). The Social Security Act created a Social Security Board (SSB), to oversee the administration of the new program. It was created as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal with the signing of the Social Security Act of 1935 on August 14, 1935. The Board consisted of three presidentially appointed executives, and started with no budget, no staff, and no furniture. It obtained a temporary budget from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration headed by Harry Hopkins. The first counsel for the new","Document [9](Title: Supplemental Security Income) the Social Security Administration. Thus, SSI was created to eliminate the differences between the states including different disability standards and income and resources requirements, which many perceived as irrational or unfair. President Nixon signed the Social Security Amendments of 1972 on October 30, 1972 which created the SSI Program. The SSI program officially began operations in January 1974 by federalizing states' programs, designating the Social Security Administration (SSA) to administer the SSI program. SSA was selected because it had been administering a nationwide adult disability program under the Social Security Disability Insurance Benefits (DIB) program since 1956 for workers who","Document [10](Title: Social Security Act) the spouse and minor children of a retired worker (called dependents benefits) and survivors benefits paid to the family in the event of the premature death of the worker. The 1939 Amendments also increased benefit amounts and accelerated the start of monthly benefit payments from 1942 to 1940. S.2051 Approved, October 3, 1944 Public Law 78-458 Title XII H.R.7037 Approved, August 10, 1946 Public Law 79-719 Title XIII H.R.6000 Approved August 28, 1950 Public Law 81-734 These amendments raised benefits for the first time and placed the program on the road to the virtually universal coverage it has today. Specifically"],"query":"the xix of the social security act of 1965 established?","answers":["Medicaid"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Social Security (United States)) Social Security (United States) In the United States, Social Security is the commonly used term for the federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program and is administered by the Social Security Administration. The original Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1935, and the current version of the Act, as amended, encompasses several social welfare and social insurance programs. Social Security is funded primarily through payroll taxes called Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA) or Self Employed Contributions Act Tax (SECA). Tax deposits are collected by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and are formally","Document [2](Title: Supplemental Security Income) States. The restructuring of these programs was intended to standardize the eligibility requirements and level of benefits. The new federal program was incorporated into Title XVI (Title 16) of the Social Security Act. Today the program provides benefits to approximately eight million Americans. The legislation creating the program was a result of President Richard Nixon's effort to reform the nation's welfare programs. At that time, each state had similar programs under the Aid to the Blind, Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled, and Aid to the Elderly. The Nixon Administration thought these programs should be federalized and run by","Document [3](Title: Social Security Advisory Board) old-age, survivors, and disability insurance (OASDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs. The legislation passed both Houses of Congress without opposition and President Clinton signed the Social Security Independence and Program Improvements Act of 1994 into law (P.L. 103-296) on August 15, 1994. The law took effect on March 31, 1995. Social Security Advisory Board The Social Security Advisory Board (SSAB) is an independent, bipartisan board of the United States federal government. It was created by Congress and is appointed by the President and the Congress to advise the President, the Congress, and the Commissioner of Social Security on matters","Document [4](Title: Social Security Act) I is designed to give money to states to provide assistance to aged individuals Title III concerns unemployment insurance Title IV concerns Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Title V concerns Maternal and Child Welfare. Title VI concerns public health services (investigation of disease and problems of sanitation) Title X concerns support for blind people. H.R.6635 Approved, August 10, 1939 Public Law 76-379 Amendments of 1939: The original Act provided only retirement benefits, and only to the worker. The 1939 Amendments made a fundamental change in the Social Security program. The Amendments added two new categories of benefits: payments to","Document [5](Title: History of Social Security in the United States) the benefits for single workers were decreased and lump-sum death payments were abolished. In the original 1935 law, the benefit provisions were in Title II of the Act (which is why Social Security is sometimes referred to as the \"Title II\" program.) The taxing provisions were in a separate title (Title VIII) (for reasons related to the constitutionality of the 1935 Act). As part of the 1939 Amendments, the Title VIII taxing provisions were taken out of the Social Security Act and placed in the Internal Revenue Code and renamed the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA). Social Security payroll taxes","Document [6](Title: Social Security Act) Social Security Act The Social Security Act of 1935 , now codified as , created Social Security in the United States, and is relevant for US labor law. It created a basic right to a pension in old age, and insurance against unemployment. In the Second New Deal, the Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 14, 1935. The act laid the groundwork for the modern welfare system in the United States, with its primary focus to provide aid for the elderly, the unemployed, and children. Industrialization and the urbanization in the 19th","Document [7](Title: Social Security Administration) named the 12th best place to work in the U.S. federal government (out of 18 large agencies). The Social Security Act created a Social Security Board (SSB), to oversee the administration of the new program. It was created as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal with the signing of the Social Security Act of 1935 on August 14, 1935. The Board consisted of three presidentially appointed executives, and started with no budget, no staff, and no furniture. It obtained a temporary budget from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration headed by Harry Hopkins. The first counsel for the new","Document [8](Title: Supplemental Security Income) the Social Security Administration. Thus, SSI was created to eliminate the differences between the states including different disability standards and income and resources requirements, which many perceived as irrational or unfair. President Nixon signed the Social Security Amendments of 1972 on October 30, 1972 which created the SSI Program. The SSI program officially began operations in January 1974 by federalizing states' programs, designating the Social Security Administration (SSA) to administer the SSI program. SSA was selected because it had been administering a nationwide adult disability program under the Social Security Disability Insurance Benefits (DIB) program since 1956 for workers who","Document [9](Title: Social Security Act) the spouse and minor children of a retired worker (called dependents benefits) and survivors benefits paid to the family in the event of the premature death of the worker. The 1939 Amendments also increased benefit amounts and accelerated the start of monthly benefit payments from 1942 to 1940. S.2051 Approved, October 3, 1944 Public Law 78-458 Title XII H.R.7037 Approved, August 10, 1946 Public Law 79-719 Title XIII H.R.6000 Approved August 28, 1950 Public Law 81-734 These amendments raised benefits for the first time and placed the program on the road to the virtually universal coverage it has today. Specifically","Document [10](Title: Social Security Amendments of 1965) The legislation made two amendments to the Social Security Act of 1935. Title XVIII, which became known as Medicare, includes Part A, which provides hospital insurance for the aged, and Part B, which provides supplementary medical insurance. Title XIX, which became known as Medicaid, provides for the states to finance health care for individuals who were at or close to the public assistance level with federal matching funds."],"query":"the xix of the social security act of 1965 established?","answers":["Medicaid"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Return of the Mack) \"Return of the Mack\" is a song written and recorded by the German-born British R&B singer Mark Morrison. It was released in the United Kingdom in March 1996 and topped the UK Singles Chart a month later. It reached the #1 spot on the UK Singles Chart and #2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in early-Summer 1997 for one week behind \"MMMBop\" by Hanson, and went Platinum.","Document [2](Title: Return of the Mack (album)) album was largely self-produced by Morrison, and was recorded over a two-year period. The album's release was preceded by the release of three singles. At the 1997 BRIT Awards held on 24 February 1997, he performed \"Return of the Mack\". The debut song \"Crazy\" became a top 20 hit in the UK. It was later featured in the 1997 film \"\" and appeared on the film's . The second single was \"Let's Get Down\". \"Return of the Mack\" received mixed reviews from music critics. \"Entertainment Weekly\" writer Matt Diehl wrote \"its title, \"Return of the Mack\" sounds like another rap","Document [3](Title: Return of the Mack) digital download through Straightforward Music, Nourishing Music, and Capitol Records on 23 September 2016. This song has since received commercial successful by peaking inside top 20 in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, while received chart appearance in many other countries. In 2012 \"Return of the Mack\" was sampled again in a song by Trae Tha Truth called \"I'm On\" which samples the opening vocals from \"Return of the Mack\" and features MDMA, Lupe Fiasco, Big Boi, Wale & Wiz Khalifa. And in June 2012, he made a remix called \"I'm On 2.0\". Return of the Mack \"Return","Document [4](Title: Shibe Park) status in the American League contributed to the vicious circle of bad teams and empty seats. There was also a precipitous decline in the boss himself. 1950 marked Mack's 50th year in Philadelphia and his 87th birthday, and for the better part of a decade it had been obvious he was going senile. He would spend most games asleep in the dugout, leaving game strategy in the hands of his coaches. Whenever he was awake, he often made strange calls that the players and coaches usually disregarded. He would also call for players from decades earlier to pinch-hit; in the","Document [5](Title: Connie Mack) 12 games out of first, and it was obvious the season was a lost cause. On that date, his sons Earle, Roy and Connie, Jr. persuaded their father to promote Jimmy Dykes, who had been a coach since 1949, to assistant manager for the remainder of the season. Dykes became the team's main operator in the dugout, and would take over the managerial reins in his own right in 1951. At the same time, Cochrane was named general manager\u2014thus stripping Connie, Sr. of his remaining authority. Six weeks after his mid-season retirement, Mack was honored by baseball when he threw","Document [6](Title: Return of the Mack) single \u2013 US CD single \u2013 Europe 12\" maxi \u2013 US 12\" maxi \u2013 Europe American hip-hop\/rap artist Mann released a cover version of the song, featuring vocals from Snoop Dogg and Iyaz. His version is simply titled \"The Mack\". The single was released in the United Kingdom on 23 May 2011 as a digital download. The Music Video premiered on Mann's YouTube Channel on 28 June. It was released in the United States on 5 July 2011. A music video to accompany the release of \"The Mack\" was first released onto YouTube on June 23, 2011 at a total","Document [7](Title: Connie Mack) was no longer viable in post-World War II America due to various factors, including the increased expense of running a team. For instance, he never installed a telephone line between the bullpen and dugout. Despite the circumstances, the octogenarian Mack led the team to three winning seasons in 1947\u201349 (including a fourth-place finish in 1948). With the A's unexpected resurgence in 1947-49, there was hope that 1950\u2014Mack's 50th anniversary as A's manager\u2014would bring a pennant at last. However, the A's never recovered from a dreadful May in which they only won five games. By May 26, the A's were 11-21,","Document [8](Title: Shibe Park) battling each other. Despite undeniable signs of deterioration, it would be a few more years before the operation collapsed entirely. In the meantime, the Macks tried to capitalize on the remaining vestiges of affection in the city for their father, who turned 90 years old in December 1952. They opened the nostalgic Elephant Room, filled with memorabilia from the old glory days, under the first base grandstand. They renamed the park Connie Mack Stadium in February 1953 for the opening of the 1953 season, hanging a new metal plate over the old \"SHIBE PARK\" inscription, which was \"still written in","Document [9](Title: Shibe Park) the perfect 50th anniversary present \u2013 a pennant. However, the 1950 season was an unmitigated disaster. By May 26, they were 11-21, their season all but finished. On that date, Mack's sons Roy and Earle gently pushed their father into announcing his retirement at the end of the season. The power vacuum in the wake of \"Mr. Baseball's\" exit only worsened the problems, however. Roy and Earle Mack, \"undistinguished men living in the shadow of their father,\" were products of Mack's first marriage; their half-brother Connie, Jr. \u2013 20 years their junior \u2013 came from his second. As the family","Document [10](Title: Earle Mack) Mack brothers were forced to sell, and the team relocated to Kansas City in 1954. Earle Mack died at age 77 in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania. Earle Mack Earle Thaddeus Mack (born Earle Thaddeus McGillicuddy; February 1, 1890 \u2013 February 4, 1967), was an American player and coach in Major League Baseball, and, during parts of two seasons, manager of the Philadelphia Athletics when his father, Connie Mack, was too ill to manage. He also became a part-owner of the franchise. His nephew Connie Mack III became a U.S. Senator. Mack was born in Spencer, Massachusetts and attended Niagara University"],"query":"what year did return of the mack come out?","answers":["18\u00a0March\u00a01996","March 1996","1996"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Return of the Mack (album)) album was largely self-produced by Morrison, and was recorded over a two-year period. The album's release was preceded by the release of three singles. At the 1997 BRIT Awards held on 24 February 1997, he performed \"Return of the Mack\". The debut song \"Crazy\" became a top 20 hit in the UK. It was later featured in the 1997 film \"\" and appeared on the film's . The second single was \"Let's Get Down\". \"Return of the Mack\" received mixed reviews from music critics. \"Entertainment Weekly\" writer Matt Diehl wrote \"its title, \"Return of the Mack\" sounds like another rap","Document [2](Title: Return of the Mack) digital download through Straightforward Music, Nourishing Music, and Capitol Records on 23 September 2016. This song has since received commercial successful by peaking inside top 20 in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, while received chart appearance in many other countries. In 2012 \"Return of the Mack\" was sampled again in a song by Trae Tha Truth called \"I'm On\" which samples the opening vocals from \"Return of the Mack\" and features MDMA, Lupe Fiasco, Big Boi, Wale & Wiz Khalifa. And in June 2012, he made a remix called \"I'm On 2.0\". Return of the Mack \"Return","Document [3](Title: Shibe Park) status in the American League contributed to the vicious circle of bad teams and empty seats. There was also a precipitous decline in the boss himself. 1950 marked Mack's 50th year in Philadelphia and his 87th birthday, and for the better part of a decade it had been obvious he was going senile. He would spend most games asleep in the dugout, leaving game strategy in the hands of his coaches. Whenever he was awake, he often made strange calls that the players and coaches usually disregarded. He would also call for players from decades earlier to pinch-hit; in the","Document [4](Title: Connie Mack) 12 games out of first, and it was obvious the season was a lost cause. On that date, his sons Earle, Roy and Connie, Jr. persuaded their father to promote Jimmy Dykes, who had been a coach since 1949, to assistant manager for the remainder of the season. Dykes became the team's main operator in the dugout, and would take over the managerial reins in his own right in 1951. At the same time, Cochrane was named general manager\u2014thus stripping Connie, Sr. of his remaining authority. Six weeks after his mid-season retirement, Mack was honored by baseball when he threw","Document [5](Title: Return of the Mack) \"Return of the Mack\" is a song written and recorded by the German-born British R&B singer Mark Morrison. It was released in the United Kingdom in March 1996 and topped the UK Singles Chart a month later. It reached the #1 spot on the UK Singles Chart and #2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in early-Summer 1997 for one week behind \"MMMBop\" by Hanson, and went Platinum.","Document [6](Title: Return of the Mack) single \u2013 US CD single \u2013 Europe 12\" maxi \u2013 US 12\" maxi \u2013 Europe American hip-hop\/rap artist Mann released a cover version of the song, featuring vocals from Snoop Dogg and Iyaz. His version is simply titled \"The Mack\". The single was released in the United Kingdom on 23 May 2011 as a digital download. The Music Video premiered on Mann's YouTube Channel on 28 June. It was released in the United States on 5 July 2011. A music video to accompany the release of \"The Mack\" was first released onto YouTube on June 23, 2011 at a total","Document [7](Title: Connie Mack) was no longer viable in post-World War II America due to various factors, including the increased expense of running a team. For instance, he never installed a telephone line between the bullpen and dugout. Despite the circumstances, the octogenarian Mack led the team to three winning seasons in 1947\u201349 (including a fourth-place finish in 1948). With the A's unexpected resurgence in 1947-49, there was hope that 1950\u2014Mack's 50th anniversary as A's manager\u2014would bring a pennant at last. However, the A's never recovered from a dreadful May in which they only won five games. By May 26, the A's were 11-21,","Document [8](Title: Shibe Park) battling each other. Despite undeniable signs of deterioration, it would be a few more years before the operation collapsed entirely. In the meantime, the Macks tried to capitalize on the remaining vestiges of affection in the city for their father, who turned 90 years old in December 1952. They opened the nostalgic Elephant Room, filled with memorabilia from the old glory days, under the first base grandstand. They renamed the park Connie Mack Stadium in February 1953 for the opening of the 1953 season, hanging a new metal plate over the old \"SHIBE PARK\" inscription, which was \"still written in","Document [9](Title: Shibe Park) the perfect 50th anniversary present \u2013 a pennant. However, the 1950 season was an unmitigated disaster. By May 26, they were 11-21, their season all but finished. On that date, Mack's sons Roy and Earle gently pushed their father into announcing his retirement at the end of the season. The power vacuum in the wake of \"Mr. Baseball's\" exit only worsened the problems, however. Roy and Earle Mack, \"undistinguished men living in the shadow of their father,\" were products of Mack's first marriage; their half-brother Connie, Jr. \u2013 20 years their junior \u2013 came from his second. As the family","Document [10](Title: Earle Mack) Mack brothers were forced to sell, and the team relocated to Kansas City in 1954. Earle Mack died at age 77 in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania. Earle Mack Earle Thaddeus Mack (born Earle Thaddeus McGillicuddy; February 1, 1890 \u2013 February 4, 1967), was an American player and coach in Major League Baseball, and, during parts of two seasons, manager of the Philadelphia Athletics when his father, Connie Mack, was too ill to manage. He also became a part-owner of the franchise. His nephew Connie Mack III became a U.S. Senator. Mack was born in Spencer, Massachusetts and attended Niagara University"],"query":"what year did return of the mack come out?","answers":["18\u00a0March\u00a01996","March 1996","1996"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Return of the Mack (album)) album was largely self-produced by Morrison, and was recorded over a two-year period. The album's release was preceded by the release of three singles. At the 1997 BRIT Awards held on 24 February 1997, he performed \"Return of the Mack\". The debut song \"Crazy\" became a top 20 hit in the UK. It was later featured in the 1997 film \"\" and appeared on the film's . The second single was \"Let's Get Down\". \"Return of the Mack\" received mixed reviews from music critics. \"Entertainment Weekly\" writer Matt Diehl wrote \"its title, \"Return of the Mack\" sounds like another rap","Document [2](Title: Return of the Mack) digital download through Straightforward Music, Nourishing Music, and Capitol Records on 23 September 2016. This song has since received commercial successful by peaking inside top 20 in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, while received chart appearance in many other countries. In 2012 \"Return of the Mack\" was sampled again in a song by Trae Tha Truth called \"I'm On\" which samples the opening vocals from \"Return of the Mack\" and features MDMA, Lupe Fiasco, Big Boi, Wale & Wiz Khalifa. And in June 2012, he made a remix called \"I'm On 2.0\". Return of the Mack \"Return","Document [3](Title: Shibe Park) status in the American League contributed to the vicious circle of bad teams and empty seats. There was also a precipitous decline in the boss himself. 1950 marked Mack's 50th year in Philadelphia and his 87th birthday, and for the better part of a decade it had been obvious he was going senile. He would spend most games asleep in the dugout, leaving game strategy in the hands of his coaches. Whenever he was awake, he often made strange calls that the players and coaches usually disregarded. He would also call for players from decades earlier to pinch-hit; in the","Document [4](Title: Connie Mack) 12 games out of first, and it was obvious the season was a lost cause. On that date, his sons Earle, Roy and Connie, Jr. persuaded their father to promote Jimmy Dykes, who had been a coach since 1949, to assistant manager for the remainder of the season. Dykes became the team's main operator in the dugout, and would take over the managerial reins in his own right in 1951. At the same time, Cochrane was named general manager\u2014thus stripping Connie, Sr. of his remaining authority. Six weeks after his mid-season retirement, Mack was honored by baseball when he threw","Document [5](Title: Return of the Mack) single \u2013 US CD single \u2013 Europe 12\" maxi \u2013 US 12\" maxi \u2013 Europe American hip-hop\/rap artist Mann released a cover version of the song, featuring vocals from Snoop Dogg and Iyaz. His version is simply titled \"The Mack\". The single was released in the United Kingdom on 23 May 2011 as a digital download. The Music Video premiered on Mann's YouTube Channel on 28 June. It was released in the United States on 5 July 2011. A music video to accompany the release of \"The Mack\" was first released onto YouTube on June 23, 2011 at a total","Document [6](Title: Connie Mack) was no longer viable in post-World War II America due to various factors, including the increased expense of running a team. For instance, he never installed a telephone line between the bullpen and dugout. Despite the circumstances, the octogenarian Mack led the team to three winning seasons in 1947\u201349 (including a fourth-place finish in 1948). With the A's unexpected resurgence in 1947-49, there was hope that 1950\u2014Mack's 50th anniversary as A's manager\u2014would bring a pennant at last. However, the A's never recovered from a dreadful May in which they only won five games. By May 26, the A's were 11-21,","Document [7](Title: Shibe Park) battling each other. Despite undeniable signs of deterioration, it would be a few more years before the operation collapsed entirely. In the meantime, the Macks tried to capitalize on the remaining vestiges of affection in the city for their father, who turned 90 years old in December 1952. They opened the nostalgic Elephant Room, filled with memorabilia from the old glory days, under the first base grandstand. They renamed the park Connie Mack Stadium in February 1953 for the opening of the 1953 season, hanging a new metal plate over the old \"SHIBE PARK\" inscription, which was \"still written in","Document [8](Title: Shibe Park) the perfect 50th anniversary present \u2013 a pennant. However, the 1950 season was an unmitigated disaster. By May 26, they were 11-21, their season all but finished. On that date, Mack's sons Roy and Earle gently pushed their father into announcing his retirement at the end of the season. The power vacuum in the wake of \"Mr. Baseball's\" exit only worsened the problems, however. Roy and Earle Mack, \"undistinguished men living in the shadow of their father,\" were products of Mack's first marriage; their half-brother Connie, Jr. \u2013 20 years their junior \u2013 came from his second. As the family","Document [9](Title: Earle Mack) Mack brothers were forced to sell, and the team relocated to Kansas City in 1954. Earle Mack died at age 77 in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania. Earle Mack Earle Thaddeus Mack (born Earle Thaddeus McGillicuddy; February 1, 1890 \u2013 February 4, 1967), was an American player and coach in Major League Baseball, and, during parts of two seasons, manager of the Philadelphia Athletics when his father, Connie Mack, was too ill to manage. He also became a part-owner of the franchise. His nephew Connie Mack III became a U.S. Senator. Mack was born in Spencer, Massachusetts and attended Niagara University","Document [10](Title: Return of the Mack) \"Return of the Mack\" is a song written and recorded by the German-born British R&B singer Mark Morrison. It was released in the United Kingdom in March 1996 and topped the UK Singles Chart a month later. It reached the #1 spot on the UK Singles Chart and #2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in early-Summer 1997 for one week behind \"MMMBop\" by Hanson, and went Platinum."],"query":"what year did return of the mack come out?","answers":["18\u00a0March\u00a01996","March 1996","1996"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Jack Lord) John Joseph Patrick Ryan (December 30, 1920\u00a0\u2013 January 21, 1998), best known by his stage name, Jack Lord, was an American television, film and Broadway actor and director and producer. He was known for his starring role as Steve McGarrett in the CBS television program Hawaii Five-O, which ran from 1968 to 1980.","Document [2](Title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)) series now airs Friday nights at 9 PM Eastern, 8 PM Central time. The remake version \"Hawaii Five-0\" uses the same principal character names as the original, and the new Steve McGarrett's late father's vintage 1974 Mercury Marquis is the actual specimen driven by Lord in the original series's final seasons. The new series opening credit sequence is an homage to the original; the theme song is cut in half, from 60 to 30 seconds, but is an otherwise identical instrumentation. Most of the iconic shots are replicated, beginning with the helicopter approach and close-up turn of McGarrett at the","Document [3](Title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)) espionage and national intelligence. McGarrett's nemesis is a rogue intelligence officer of the People's Republic of China named Wo Fat. The communist rogue agent was played by veteran actor Khigh Dhiegh. In the show's final episode in 1980, titled \"Woe to Wo Fat\", McGarrett finally sees his foe go to jail. Unlike the reboot the show's action and straightforward storytelling left little time for personal stories involving wives or girlfriends, though a two-part story in the first season dealt with the loss of McGarrett's sister's baby. Occasionally, a show would flash back to McGarrett's younger years or to a romantic","Document [4](Title: Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)) McGarrett in \"Hawaii Five-O\" is a 1974 Mercury Marquis. The car has belonged to stuntman John Nordlum since the original series ended. Nordlum has let the car be used in the new series, where it is said to have belonged to Steve McGarrett's father John. The license plate is still F6-3958. The series premiered in the United States on CBS on September 20, 2010, exactly 42 years after the premiere of the original series. Canada's Global TV and NTV premiered the show at the same time as the United States premiere. \"Hawaii Five-0\" has been syndicated for broadcast in several","Document [5](Title: Ina Paha) Ina Paha \"Ina Paha\" (Hawaiian for: \"If Perhaps\") is the seventh episode of the fifth season of \"Hawaii Five-0\". It is also the one hundredth episode of the series overall and aired on November 7, 2014. The episode was written by Peter M. Lenkov and was directed by Larry Teng. In the episode Steve is kidnapped and drugged by Wo Fat and McGarrett imagines what would've happened had the team never gotten together. The episode featured all current main cast members at the time, as well as current and past recurring cast members from the series. McGarrett wakes up in","Document [6](Title: Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)) now plays a friend of McGarrett's, Mamo Kahike. Dennis Chun, who had various guest roles in the original series and is the son of Kam Fong Chun (the actor that portrayed the original Chin Ho), has a recurring role as HPD Sgt. Duke Lukela in the remake. James MacArthur, the last surviving main cast member from the original series, agreed to guest-star in a first-season episode; however, he died on October 28, 2010, before filming his appearance. Larisa Oleynik was cast as Jessica Kaye (changed to Jenna Kaye in the episode broadcast), scheduled to join the Five-0 task force in","Document [7](Title: Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)) On September 8, 2016 it was announced that Borth would be returning as a guest for the shows 150th episode. Christine Lahti was also cast in a recurring role as Doris McGarrett, the thought-to-be-deceased mother of Steve McGarrett. On July 10, 2013 ahead of the show's fourth season it was announced that Chi McBride would have a guest spot in the first episode of the season. On November 21, 2013 it was announced that McBride would become a series regular beginning with the seasons 10th episode. After appearing as a guest star in several season four episodes, Jorge Garcia who","Document [8](Title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)) figure. In the episode \"Number One with a Bullet, Part 2\", McGarrett tells a criminal, \"It was a bastard like you who killed my father.\" His 42-year-old father had been run down and killed by someone who had just held up a supermarket. Because Steve McGarrett is also a commander in the Naval Reserve, he sometimes uses their resources to help investigate and solve crimes. Hence the closing credits of some episodes mentioned the Naval Reserve. A 1975 episode involving Danno's aunt, played by MacArthur's mother Helen Hayes, provided a bit of Williams' back story. Sources differ on how the","Document [9](Title: Pilot (Hawaii Five-0)) some time with HPD officers, as well as viewing some episodes of the original series as \"homework\" for the character. Alex O'Loughlin was next to be cast as the main protagonist Steve McGarrett. Despite playing two series on CBS, \"Moonlight\" and \"Three Rivers\", that were cancelled in their first year, CBS was still interested in having O'Loughlin headline another series. However, the producers initially had reservations casting the actor, until they realized his dedication towards the role. Grace Park was later cast as Kono Kalakaua. It is the second time she starred in a re-imagined television series in which her","Document [10](Title: Pilot (Hawaii Five-0)) Kelly, a disgraced HPD cop and Grace Park as Kono Kalakaua, a former surfer-turned-HPD Academy graduate who is also Chin's cousin. In the pilot, McGarrett returns to Hawaii to find Victor Hesse (James Marsters), a terrorist who murdered his father, John McGarrett. The Governor of Hawaii, Pat Jameson (Jean Smart) offers McGarrett to head a new task force to fight serious crimes by any means. Since the end of the original \"Hawaii Five-O\" series, there had been a number of attempts to create a remake, but ultimately none went beyond the pilot stage. CBS later hired Lenkov to pitch a"],"query":"who played the original steve mcgarrett on hawaii five-o?","answers":["John Joseph Patrick Ryan","Jack Lord"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)) series now airs Friday nights at 9 PM Eastern, 8 PM Central time. The remake version \"Hawaii Five-0\" uses the same principal character names as the original, and the new Steve McGarrett's late father's vintage 1974 Mercury Marquis is the actual specimen driven by Lord in the original series's final seasons. The new series opening credit sequence is an homage to the original; the theme song is cut in half, from 60 to 30 seconds, but is an otherwise identical instrumentation. Most of the iconic shots are replicated, beginning with the helicopter approach and close-up turn of McGarrett at the","Document [2](Title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)) espionage and national intelligence. McGarrett's nemesis is a rogue intelligence officer of the People's Republic of China named Wo Fat. The communist rogue agent was played by veteran actor Khigh Dhiegh. In the show's final episode in 1980, titled \"Woe to Wo Fat\", McGarrett finally sees his foe go to jail. Unlike the reboot the show's action and straightforward storytelling left little time for personal stories involving wives or girlfriends, though a two-part story in the first season dealt with the loss of McGarrett's sister's baby. Occasionally, a show would flash back to McGarrett's younger years or to a romantic","Document [3](Title: Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)) McGarrett in \"Hawaii Five-O\" is a 1974 Mercury Marquis. The car has belonged to stuntman John Nordlum since the original series ended. Nordlum has let the car be used in the new series, where it is said to have belonged to Steve McGarrett's father John. The license plate is still F6-3958. The series premiered in the United States on CBS on September 20, 2010, exactly 42 years after the premiere of the original series. Canada's Global TV and NTV premiered the show at the same time as the United States premiere. \"Hawaii Five-0\" has been syndicated for broadcast in several","Document [4](Title: Ina Paha) Ina Paha \"Ina Paha\" (Hawaiian for: \"If Perhaps\") is the seventh episode of the fifth season of \"Hawaii Five-0\". It is also the one hundredth episode of the series overall and aired on November 7, 2014. The episode was written by Peter M. Lenkov and was directed by Larry Teng. In the episode Steve is kidnapped and drugged by Wo Fat and McGarrett imagines what would've happened had the team never gotten together. The episode featured all current main cast members at the time, as well as current and past recurring cast members from the series. McGarrett wakes up in","Document [5](Title: Jack Lord) John Joseph Patrick Ryan (December 30, 1920\u00a0\u2013 January 21, 1998), best known by his stage name, Jack Lord, was an American television, film and Broadway actor and director and producer. He was known for his starring role as Steve McGarrett in the CBS television program Hawaii Five-O, which ran from 1968 to 1980.","Document [6](Title: Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)) now plays a friend of McGarrett's, Mamo Kahike. Dennis Chun, who had various guest roles in the original series and is the son of Kam Fong Chun (the actor that portrayed the original Chin Ho), has a recurring role as HPD Sgt. Duke Lukela in the remake. James MacArthur, the last surviving main cast member from the original series, agreed to guest-star in a first-season episode; however, he died on October 28, 2010, before filming his appearance. Larisa Oleynik was cast as Jessica Kaye (changed to Jenna Kaye in the episode broadcast), scheduled to join the Five-0 task force in","Document [7](Title: Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)) On September 8, 2016 it was announced that Borth would be returning as a guest for the shows 150th episode. Christine Lahti was also cast in a recurring role as Doris McGarrett, the thought-to-be-deceased mother of Steve McGarrett. On July 10, 2013 ahead of the show's fourth season it was announced that Chi McBride would have a guest spot in the first episode of the season. On November 21, 2013 it was announced that McBride would become a series regular beginning with the seasons 10th episode. After appearing as a guest star in several season four episodes, Jorge Garcia who","Document [8](Title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)) figure. In the episode \"Number One with a Bullet, Part 2\", McGarrett tells a criminal, \"It was a bastard like you who killed my father.\" His 42-year-old father had been run down and killed by someone who had just held up a supermarket. Because Steve McGarrett is also a commander in the Naval Reserve, he sometimes uses their resources to help investigate and solve crimes. Hence the closing credits of some episodes mentioned the Naval Reserve. A 1975 episode involving Danno's aunt, played by MacArthur's mother Helen Hayes, provided a bit of Williams' back story. Sources differ on how the","Document [9](Title: Pilot (Hawaii Five-0)) some time with HPD officers, as well as viewing some episodes of the original series as \"homework\" for the character. Alex O'Loughlin was next to be cast as the main protagonist Steve McGarrett. Despite playing two series on CBS, \"Moonlight\" and \"Three Rivers\", that were cancelled in their first year, CBS was still interested in having O'Loughlin headline another series. However, the producers initially had reservations casting the actor, until they realized his dedication towards the role. Grace Park was later cast as Kono Kalakaua. It is the second time she starred in a re-imagined television series in which her","Document [10](Title: Pilot (Hawaii Five-0)) Kelly, a disgraced HPD cop and Grace Park as Kono Kalakaua, a former surfer-turned-HPD Academy graduate who is also Chin's cousin. In the pilot, McGarrett returns to Hawaii to find Victor Hesse (James Marsters), a terrorist who murdered his father, John McGarrett. The Governor of Hawaii, Pat Jameson (Jean Smart) offers McGarrett to head a new task force to fight serious crimes by any means. Since the end of the original \"Hawaii Five-O\" series, there had been a number of attempts to create a remake, but ultimately none went beyond the pilot stage. CBS later hired Lenkov to pitch a"],"query":"who played the original steve mcgarrett on hawaii five-o?","answers":["John Joseph Patrick Ryan","Jack Lord"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)) series now airs Friday nights at 9 PM Eastern, 8 PM Central time. The remake version \"Hawaii Five-0\" uses the same principal character names as the original, and the new Steve McGarrett's late father's vintage 1974 Mercury Marquis is the actual specimen driven by Lord in the original series's final seasons. The new series opening credit sequence is an homage to the original; the theme song is cut in half, from 60 to 30 seconds, but is an otherwise identical instrumentation. Most of the iconic shots are replicated, beginning with the helicopter approach and close-up turn of McGarrett at the","Document [2](Title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)) espionage and national intelligence. McGarrett's nemesis is a rogue intelligence officer of the People's Republic of China named Wo Fat. The communist rogue agent was played by veteran actor Khigh Dhiegh. In the show's final episode in 1980, titled \"Woe to Wo Fat\", McGarrett finally sees his foe go to jail. Unlike the reboot the show's action and straightforward storytelling left little time for personal stories involving wives or girlfriends, though a two-part story in the first season dealt with the loss of McGarrett's sister's baby. Occasionally, a show would flash back to McGarrett's younger years or to a romantic","Document [3](Title: Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)) McGarrett in \"Hawaii Five-O\" is a 1974 Mercury Marquis. The car has belonged to stuntman John Nordlum since the original series ended. Nordlum has let the car be used in the new series, where it is said to have belonged to Steve McGarrett's father John. The license plate is still F6-3958. The series premiered in the United States on CBS on September 20, 2010, exactly 42 years after the premiere of the original series. Canada's Global TV and NTV premiered the show at the same time as the United States premiere. \"Hawaii Five-0\" has been syndicated for broadcast in several","Document [4](Title: Ina Paha) Ina Paha \"Ina Paha\" (Hawaiian for: \"If Perhaps\") is the seventh episode of the fifth season of \"Hawaii Five-0\". It is also the one hundredth episode of the series overall and aired on November 7, 2014. The episode was written by Peter M. Lenkov and was directed by Larry Teng. In the episode Steve is kidnapped and drugged by Wo Fat and McGarrett imagines what would've happened had the team never gotten together. The episode featured all current main cast members at the time, as well as current and past recurring cast members from the series. McGarrett wakes up in","Document [5](Title: Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)) now plays a friend of McGarrett's, Mamo Kahike. Dennis Chun, who had various guest roles in the original series and is the son of Kam Fong Chun (the actor that portrayed the original Chin Ho), has a recurring role as HPD Sgt. Duke Lukela in the remake. James MacArthur, the last surviving main cast member from the original series, agreed to guest-star in a first-season episode; however, he died on October 28, 2010, before filming his appearance. Larisa Oleynik was cast as Jessica Kaye (changed to Jenna Kaye in the episode broadcast), scheduled to join the Five-0 task force in","Document [6](Title: Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)) On September 8, 2016 it was announced that Borth would be returning as a guest for the shows 150th episode. Christine Lahti was also cast in a recurring role as Doris McGarrett, the thought-to-be-deceased mother of Steve McGarrett. On July 10, 2013 ahead of the show's fourth season it was announced that Chi McBride would have a guest spot in the first episode of the season. On November 21, 2013 it was announced that McBride would become a series regular beginning with the seasons 10th episode. After appearing as a guest star in several season four episodes, Jorge Garcia who","Document [7](Title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)) figure. In the episode \"Number One with a Bullet, Part 2\", McGarrett tells a criminal, \"It was a bastard like you who killed my father.\" His 42-year-old father had been run down and killed by someone who had just held up a supermarket. Because Steve McGarrett is also a commander in the Naval Reserve, he sometimes uses their resources to help investigate and solve crimes. Hence the closing credits of some episodes mentioned the Naval Reserve. A 1975 episode involving Danno's aunt, played by MacArthur's mother Helen Hayes, provided a bit of Williams' back story. Sources differ on how the","Document [8](Title: Pilot (Hawaii Five-0)) some time with HPD officers, as well as viewing some episodes of the original series as \"homework\" for the character. Alex O'Loughlin was next to be cast as the main protagonist Steve McGarrett. Despite playing two series on CBS, \"Moonlight\" and \"Three Rivers\", that were cancelled in their first year, CBS was still interested in having O'Loughlin headline another series. However, the producers initially had reservations casting the actor, until they realized his dedication towards the role. Grace Park was later cast as Kono Kalakaua. It is the second time she starred in a re-imagined television series in which her","Document [9](Title: Pilot (Hawaii Five-0)) Kelly, a disgraced HPD cop and Grace Park as Kono Kalakaua, a former surfer-turned-HPD Academy graduate who is also Chin's cousin. In the pilot, McGarrett returns to Hawaii to find Victor Hesse (James Marsters), a terrorist who murdered his father, John McGarrett. The Governor of Hawaii, Pat Jameson (Jean Smart) offers McGarrett to head a new task force to fight serious crimes by any means. Since the end of the original \"Hawaii Five-O\" series, there had been a number of attempts to create a remake, but ultimately none went beyond the pilot stage. CBS later hired Lenkov to pitch a","Document [10](Title: Jack Lord) John Joseph Patrick Ryan (December 30, 1920\u00a0\u2013 January 21, 1998), best known by his stage name, Jack Lord, was an American television, film and Broadway actor and director and producer. He was known for his starring role as Steve McGarrett in the CBS television program Hawaii Five-O, which ran from 1968 to 1980."],"query":"who played the original steve mcgarrett on hawaii five-o?","answers":["John Joseph Patrick Ryan","Jack Lord"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Layer Cake (film)) Layer Cake (also occasionally stylised as L4YER CAK\u0190) is a 2004 British crime thriller film directed by Matthew Vaughn, in his directorial debut. The screenplay was adapted by J. J. Connolly from his novel of the same name. The film's plot revolves around a London-based criminal known as XXXX, played by Daniel Craig, working in the trade of cocaine who wishes to leave the drug business. The film also features Tom Hardy, Colm Meaney, and Sienna Miller.","Document [2](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) daughter of Edward Temple, a wealthy business contractor and socialite whom Price has known since childhood. She has run away with her new boyfriend, a cokehead by the name of Trevor Atkins, alias Kinky. Price charges the narrator with the task of locating Charlotte as a favour to Jimmy's pal, and promises that if he is successful, Price will allow him to retire without fuss. Price also tells the narrator about a crew of gangsters who have recently acquired two million high quality Ecstasy pills from Amsterdam. Price tasks the narrator with finding a buyer for the pills, and quickly.","Document [3](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) Trevor and Shanks, two powerful North England drug dealers. Upon their arrival, Shanks tells the narrator and his colleagues that the Yahoos have in fact stolen the pills from a neo-Nazi outfit in Amsterdam, and they used the narrator and Mortimers' names to gain credibility. Shanks tells the narrator that the Germans have unleashed an assassin named Klaus to recover the pills and eliminate the thieves. Unfortunately for the narrator, Klaus believes that he was the one who initiated the robbery. The meeting ends and Trevor invites the narrator to come to dinner at his house. The narrator has a","Document [4](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) Heathrow Airport, where Temple is having the pills flown to Tokyo. When they arrive at the airport, Eddie and his private security team take them all hostage and take the pills. Temple takes the pills, telling the narrator that he is owed them as a result of the narrator causing Charlie distress. Temple then delivers a speech to the narrator, explaining the nature of the drugs game, crime and life in general: \"You're born, you take shit. Get out in the world, you take more shit. Climb a little higher, you take less shit. Until one day you're up in","Document [5](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) an argument between Mort and an employee, Nobby, who is confused on what to do over a shipment from the Netherlands of low-quality sex gear that they did not order. They decide to send it back. Mort then drives the narrator to a fancy, out-of-the-way restaurant called Pepi's Barn, the haunt of \"don\" Jimmy Price, who has demanded to meet with him. Here the reader is introduced to Jimmy's right-hand man Gene, a loyal gundog to boot. The purpose of the dinner, as it turns out, is the disappearance of a young girl name of Charlotte Temple. Charlotte is the","Document [6](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) into their histories, including Jimmy Price; Mister Mortimer (Morty), who served five and a quarter years of an eight-year sentence for being caught while disposing of suicide victim Kilburn Jerry after a party; young Clarkie, whom the narrator expects to take his place when he retires; and Terry, friend to all. The narrator also explains to the readers how he made it to where he is\u2014starting small, growing in rank, keeping quiet and making sure everything is strictly business. Jeremy eventually arrives half an hour late to make the purchase. Narrator is invited to Mortimer's porn shop, Loveland, and interrupts","Document [7](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) During the meeting with the gangsters, collectively known as the \"Yahoos,\" the narrator finds that he cannot reason with them, and he leaves upon promising to find a buyer for the pills, albeit at a much lower price than if the Yahoos would consent to releasing the pills in small instalments. The narrator tells the Yahoos that the pills are worth much less than they believe, which they are not happy to hear. The narrator tasks his old friend Cody, also known as Billy Bogus and his partner Tiptoes with locating Charlie. Cody expects little difficulty and quickly accepts the","Document [8](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) plan is complicated by a large shipment of stolen Ecstasy, the German neo-Nazis who want the drugs back and revenge on anyone they hold responsible for the theft, the unpredictable and often outrageous personalities of his friends, and his boss, kingpin Jimmy Price, who charges him with the task of recovering the missing daughter of a wealthy socialite. On April Fool's Day in 1997, the narrator, and his pal Mister Mortimer are waiting impatiently to sell a half-kilo of cocaine to a less-than-punctual pal, Jeremy. Until Jeremy arrives, readers are introduced to various characters and are given a brief look","Document [9](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) transported across London to The City. There he meets Eddie Temple, who explains that Jimmy has double-crossed the narrator. Jimmy had become involved in a scheme with some gangsters from Chechnya to purchase a consignment of non-existent Pakistani heroin. Jimmy had been taken in by the gangsters and had lost nearly 13 million pounds. In his rage, Jimmy believed that his old friend Eddie had arranged for Jimmy to be ensnared, and he therefore tasked the narrator to find Charlie, Eddie's daughter. Jimmy believed that if he could hold Charlie hostage, he could force Eddie to get his money back.","Document [10](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) job. While looking for Cody in a London club, the narrator encounters Sydney, a low-ranking member of the Yahoos. The narrator then meets Sydney's girlfriend Tammy, who he is immediately attracted to. Before leaving the club, Tammy gives him her number and surreptitiously asks him to call her. While speaking with Sydney, the narrator hears a story about the leader of Sydney's crew, a man named Darren who prefers to be known as The Duke. The Duke and his girlfriend, Slasher, are a pair of dedicated coke addicts who live just outside London. The pair of them have become steadily"],"query":"what is the main character's name in layer cake?","answers":["XXXX","XXXX,","Daniel Craig"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) daughter of Edward Temple, a wealthy business contractor and socialite whom Price has known since childhood. She has run away with her new boyfriend, a cokehead by the name of Trevor Atkins, alias Kinky. Price charges the narrator with the task of locating Charlotte as a favour to Jimmy's pal, and promises that if he is successful, Price will allow him to retire without fuss. Price also tells the narrator about a crew of gangsters who have recently acquired two million high quality Ecstasy pills from Amsterdam. Price tasks the narrator with finding a buyer for the pills, and quickly.","Document [2](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) Trevor and Shanks, two powerful North England drug dealers. Upon their arrival, Shanks tells the narrator and his colleagues that the Yahoos have in fact stolen the pills from a neo-Nazi outfit in Amsterdam, and they used the narrator and Mortimers' names to gain credibility. Shanks tells the narrator that the Germans have unleashed an assassin named Klaus to recover the pills and eliminate the thieves. Unfortunately for the narrator, Klaus believes that he was the one who initiated the robbery. The meeting ends and Trevor invites the narrator to come to dinner at his house. The narrator has a","Document [3](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) Heathrow Airport, where Temple is having the pills flown to Tokyo. When they arrive at the airport, Eddie and his private security team take them all hostage and take the pills. Temple takes the pills, telling the narrator that he is owed them as a result of the narrator causing Charlie distress. Temple then delivers a speech to the narrator, explaining the nature of the drugs game, crime and life in general: \"You're born, you take shit. Get out in the world, you take more shit. Climb a little higher, you take less shit. Until one day you're up in","Document [4](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) an argument between Mort and an employee, Nobby, who is confused on what to do over a shipment from the Netherlands of low-quality sex gear that they did not order. They decide to send it back. Mort then drives the narrator to a fancy, out-of-the-way restaurant called Pepi's Barn, the haunt of \"don\" Jimmy Price, who has demanded to meet with him. Here the reader is introduced to Jimmy's right-hand man Gene, a loyal gundog to boot. The purpose of the dinner, as it turns out, is the disappearance of a young girl name of Charlotte Temple. Charlotte is the","Document [5](Title: Layer Cake (film)) Layer Cake (also occasionally stylised as L4YER CAK\u0190) is a 2004 British crime thriller film directed by Matthew Vaughn, in his directorial debut. The screenplay was adapted by J. J. Connolly from his novel of the same name. The film's plot revolves around a London-based criminal known as XXXX, played by Daniel Craig, working in the trade of cocaine who wishes to leave the drug business. The film also features Tom Hardy, Colm Meaney, and Sienna Miller.","Document [6](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) into their histories, including Jimmy Price; Mister Mortimer (Morty), who served five and a quarter years of an eight-year sentence for being caught while disposing of suicide victim Kilburn Jerry after a party; young Clarkie, whom the narrator expects to take his place when he retires; and Terry, friend to all. The narrator also explains to the readers how he made it to where he is\u2014starting small, growing in rank, keeping quiet and making sure everything is strictly business. Jeremy eventually arrives half an hour late to make the purchase. Narrator is invited to Mortimer's porn shop, Loveland, and interrupts","Document [7](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) During the meeting with the gangsters, collectively known as the \"Yahoos,\" the narrator finds that he cannot reason with them, and he leaves upon promising to find a buyer for the pills, albeit at a much lower price than if the Yahoos would consent to releasing the pills in small instalments. The narrator tells the Yahoos that the pills are worth much less than they believe, which they are not happy to hear. The narrator tasks his old friend Cody, also known as Billy Bogus and his partner Tiptoes with locating Charlie. Cody expects little difficulty and quickly accepts the","Document [8](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) plan is complicated by a large shipment of stolen Ecstasy, the German neo-Nazis who want the drugs back and revenge on anyone they hold responsible for the theft, the unpredictable and often outrageous personalities of his friends, and his boss, kingpin Jimmy Price, who charges him with the task of recovering the missing daughter of a wealthy socialite. On April Fool's Day in 1997, the narrator, and his pal Mister Mortimer are waiting impatiently to sell a half-kilo of cocaine to a less-than-punctual pal, Jeremy. Until Jeremy arrives, readers are introduced to various characters and are given a brief look","Document [9](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) transported across London to The City. There he meets Eddie Temple, who explains that Jimmy has double-crossed the narrator. Jimmy had become involved in a scheme with some gangsters from Chechnya to purchase a consignment of non-existent Pakistani heroin. Jimmy had been taken in by the gangsters and had lost nearly 13 million pounds. In his rage, Jimmy believed that his old friend Eddie had arranged for Jimmy to be ensnared, and he therefore tasked the narrator to find Charlie, Eddie's daughter. Jimmy believed that if he could hold Charlie hostage, he could force Eddie to get his money back.","Document [10](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) job. While looking for Cody in a London club, the narrator encounters Sydney, a low-ranking member of the Yahoos. The narrator then meets Sydney's girlfriend Tammy, who he is immediately attracted to. Before leaving the club, Tammy gives him her number and surreptitiously asks him to call her. While speaking with Sydney, the narrator hears a story about the leader of Sydney's crew, a man named Darren who prefers to be known as The Duke. The Duke and his girlfriend, Slasher, are a pair of dedicated coke addicts who live just outside London. The pair of them have become steadily"],"query":"what is the main character's name in layer cake?","answers":["XXXX","XXXX,","Daniel Craig"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) daughter of Edward Temple, a wealthy business contractor and socialite whom Price has known since childhood. She has run away with her new boyfriend, a cokehead by the name of Trevor Atkins, alias Kinky. Price charges the narrator with the task of locating Charlotte as a favour to Jimmy's pal, and promises that if he is successful, Price will allow him to retire without fuss. Price also tells the narrator about a crew of gangsters who have recently acquired two million high quality Ecstasy pills from Amsterdam. Price tasks the narrator with finding a buyer for the pills, and quickly.","Document [2](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) Trevor and Shanks, two powerful North England drug dealers. Upon their arrival, Shanks tells the narrator and his colleagues that the Yahoos have in fact stolen the pills from a neo-Nazi outfit in Amsterdam, and they used the narrator and Mortimers' names to gain credibility. Shanks tells the narrator that the Germans have unleashed an assassin named Klaus to recover the pills and eliminate the thieves. Unfortunately for the narrator, Klaus believes that he was the one who initiated the robbery. The meeting ends and Trevor invites the narrator to come to dinner at his house. The narrator has a","Document [3](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) Heathrow Airport, where Temple is having the pills flown to Tokyo. When they arrive at the airport, Eddie and his private security team take them all hostage and take the pills. Temple takes the pills, telling the narrator that he is owed them as a result of the narrator causing Charlie distress. Temple then delivers a speech to the narrator, explaining the nature of the drugs game, crime and life in general: \"You're born, you take shit. Get out in the world, you take more shit. Climb a little higher, you take less shit. Until one day you're up in","Document [4](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) an argument between Mort and an employee, Nobby, who is confused on what to do over a shipment from the Netherlands of low-quality sex gear that they did not order. They decide to send it back. Mort then drives the narrator to a fancy, out-of-the-way restaurant called Pepi's Barn, the haunt of \"don\" Jimmy Price, who has demanded to meet with him. Here the reader is introduced to Jimmy's right-hand man Gene, a loyal gundog to boot. The purpose of the dinner, as it turns out, is the disappearance of a young girl name of Charlotte Temple. Charlotte is the","Document [5](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) into their histories, including Jimmy Price; Mister Mortimer (Morty), who served five and a quarter years of an eight-year sentence for being caught while disposing of suicide victim Kilburn Jerry after a party; young Clarkie, whom the narrator expects to take his place when he retires; and Terry, friend to all. The narrator also explains to the readers how he made it to where he is\u2014starting small, growing in rank, keeping quiet and making sure everything is strictly business. Jeremy eventually arrives half an hour late to make the purchase. Narrator is invited to Mortimer's porn shop, Loveland, and interrupts","Document [6](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) During the meeting with the gangsters, collectively known as the \"Yahoos,\" the narrator finds that he cannot reason with them, and he leaves upon promising to find a buyer for the pills, albeit at a much lower price than if the Yahoos would consent to releasing the pills in small instalments. The narrator tells the Yahoos that the pills are worth much less than they believe, which they are not happy to hear. The narrator tasks his old friend Cody, also known as Billy Bogus and his partner Tiptoes with locating Charlie. Cody expects little difficulty and quickly accepts the","Document [7](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) plan is complicated by a large shipment of stolen Ecstasy, the German neo-Nazis who want the drugs back and revenge on anyone they hold responsible for the theft, the unpredictable and often outrageous personalities of his friends, and his boss, kingpin Jimmy Price, who charges him with the task of recovering the missing daughter of a wealthy socialite. On April Fool's Day in 1997, the narrator, and his pal Mister Mortimer are waiting impatiently to sell a half-kilo of cocaine to a less-than-punctual pal, Jeremy. Until Jeremy arrives, readers are introduced to various characters and are given a brief look","Document [8](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) transported across London to The City. There he meets Eddie Temple, who explains that Jimmy has double-crossed the narrator. Jimmy had become involved in a scheme with some gangsters from Chechnya to purchase a consignment of non-existent Pakistani heroin. Jimmy had been taken in by the gangsters and had lost nearly 13 million pounds. In his rage, Jimmy believed that his old friend Eddie had arranged for Jimmy to be ensnared, and he therefore tasked the narrator to find Charlie, Eddie's daughter. Jimmy believed that if he could hold Charlie hostage, he could force Eddie to get his money back.","Document [9](Title: Layer Cake (novel)) job. While looking for Cody in a London club, the narrator encounters Sydney, a low-ranking member of the Yahoos. The narrator then meets Sydney's girlfriend Tammy, who he is immediately attracted to. Before leaving the club, Tammy gives him her number and surreptitiously asks him to call her. While speaking with Sydney, the narrator hears a story about the leader of Sydney's crew, a man named Darren who prefers to be known as The Duke. The Duke and his girlfriend, Slasher, are a pair of dedicated coke addicts who live just outside London. The pair of them have become steadily","Document [10](Title: Layer Cake (film)) Layer Cake (also occasionally stylised as L4YER CAK\u0190) is a 2004 British crime thriller film directed by Matthew Vaughn, in his directorial debut. The screenplay was adapted by J. J. Connolly from his novel of the same name. The film's plot revolves around a London-based criminal known as XXXX, played by Daniel Craig, working in the trade of cocaine who wishes to leave the drug business. The film also features Tom Hardy, Colm Meaney, and Sienna Miller."],"query":"what is the main character's name in layer cake?","answers":["XXXX","XXXX,","Daniel Craig"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Rio Bravo (film)) Chance's friend Pat Wheeler (Ward Bond) and his wagon train of supplies stop in town, with a young gunslinger, Colorado Ryan (Ricky Nelson), riding guard. Inside the jail, Stumpy (Walter Brennan), Chance's game-legged deputy, keeps watch over the jail and Joe, who knows that Stumpy holds an old grudge against Joe's wealthy and powerful brother. Joe warns his jailers that Nathan Burdette will not like how his brother is being treated.","Document [2](Title: Rio Bravo (film)) by the Nelson Riddle Orchestra, sings a specially composed song, \"Rio Bravo\", written by Tiomkin with lyrics by Paul Francis Webster. Nelson later paid homage to both the film and his character, Colorado, by including the song \"Restless Kid\" on his 1959 LP, \"Ricky Sings Again\". Members of the Western Writers of America chose \"My Rifle, My Pony, and Me\" as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time. A brief clip from \"Rio Bravo\" was among the archive footage later incorporated into the opening sequence of Wayne's last film, \"The Shootist,\" to illustrate the backstory of Wayne's","Document [3](Title: Laredo Kid) years before leaving the promotion to work on the Mexican Independent circuit. The wrestler that would later be known as Laredo Kid made his professional wrestling debut in 2003, under the name \"Exterminador\". He would often wrestle against his brother \"Oscuridad\" and would work alongside his uncle and trainer Muerte Subita (also known as \"El Hechicero\"). He worked on the Mexican Independent circuit until early 2005. After signing with Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA) in 2005 he was repackaged as \"Laredo Kid\", named after his home town of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas. Laredo Kid's first notable appearance for AAA was at","Document [4](Title: Mike Rapada) Mike Rapada Michael Rapada (born August 28, 1964) best known as \"The Colorado Kid\" Mike Rapada is an American professional wrestler. Mike Rapada started out in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It took three months, but eventually he convinced Jeff Jarrett to hire him. After Jarrett left for the WWF, Rapada sought out training from the likes of Ken Wayne, Buddy Wayne and others. He also made several appearances on \"WCW Monday Nitro\" as a security guard during his career. In 1994, he was named Rookie of the Year in the United States Wrestling Association promotion out of Memphis. He also had","Document [5](Title: Chris-Pin Martin) Angeles. Chris-Pin Martin Chris-Pin Martin (born Ysabel Ponciana Chris-Pin Martin Paiz, November 19, 1893 \u2013 June 27, 1953) was an American character actor whose specialty lay in portraying comical Mexicans, particularly sidekicks in \"The Cisco Kid\" film series. He acted in over 100 films between 1925 and 1953, including over 50 westerns. Martin was born in Tucson. His roles were as a rotund, roly-poly bumbling or slow comedic character who spoke in broken English. His most remembered western film role was in nine of the \"Cisco Kid\" films playing the Kid's sidekicks Gordito and in the later films Pancho. He","Document [6](Title: Roque Gallart) Roque Gallart Roque Jos\u0117 Gallart Ortiz, (born September 21, 1979), also known as Rocky the Kid, is a Puerto Rican actor and radio and television personality. Gallart was host of a Mega-TV television show named \"Descarao' Por La Noche\". Roque Jos\u00e9 Gallart Ortiz is the son of Roque Jos\u00e9 Gallart, Sr., himself a well-known radio announcer. Roque, Jr. would visit his dad's radio station and stay there until a school bus picked him up as a little kid. Roque, Jr. became interested in radio work during this era in his life. In 1995, at age 16, he was hired by","Document [7](Title: Jack Starrett) Starrett played the Durango Kid in many films. Starrett died from kidney failure in Sherman Oaks, California at the age of 52. At the time of his death he was married to Valerie Starrett. His daughter is Jennifer Starrett, who is also an actress. Jack Starrett Jack Starrett (November 2, 1936 \u2013 March 27, 1989) was an American actor and film director. He is credited as Claude Ennis Starrett Jr. in some of his films. Starrett is perhaps best known for his role as \"Gabby Johnson\", a parody of George \"Gabby\" Hayes, in the 1974 film \"Blazing Saddles\" and is","Document [8](Title: Laredo Kid) Laredo Kid Laredo Kid (born December 30, 1986) is a Mexican \"luchador enmascarado\", or masked professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in Impact Wrestling and Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA) from 2005 to 2011. Laredo Kid's real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. Laredo Kid originally used the ring name The Exterminador but changed it to \"Laredo Kid\" after a year. He signed with AAA in 2005 and worked for them for several","Document [9](Title: Germa\u0301n Legarreta) and Somos Unicos under his belt, at the age of 14, German beat out numerous other young stars for the role of \"Freddy\" in the hit theatrical release, \"Roller Kids\". A role on Telemundo's popular TV series, \"Dame Un Break\", soon followed, and German was recognized as a true teen star. While enjoying his newfound fame in Puerto Rico, he continued to hone his craft under the guidance of several prestigious acting coaches. In 2001, German left Puerto Rico to pursue his dreams in Hollywood. Since arriving, he gave memorable performances in a variety of feature films: \"Chasing Papi\" (2003),","Document [10](Title: Zach Woodlee) in Mesquite. It should be no surprise that he is now pursuing a career in acting. In the past year, he\u2019s made some impressive progress. Woodlee starred in his first commercial, for Pop Rocks, when he was 12 years old. From there, he worked with the Kim Dawson studio in Dallas and won the UIL state competition for his role of Davey in a school play. He Can be seen appearing in Old Navy television ads. Some of his other commercial appearances include ads for Exxon, Sony and Abracat.com. After graduating from Poteet High School in 1995, his parents encouraged"],"query":"who played the colorado kid in rio bravo?","answers":["Ricky Nelson"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Rio Bravo (film)) by the Nelson Riddle Orchestra, sings a specially composed song, \"Rio Bravo\", written by Tiomkin with lyrics by Paul Francis Webster. Nelson later paid homage to both the film and his character, Colorado, by including the song \"Restless Kid\" on his 1959 LP, \"Ricky Sings Again\". Members of the Western Writers of America chose \"My Rifle, My Pony, and Me\" as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time. A brief clip from \"Rio Bravo\" was among the archive footage later incorporated into the opening sequence of Wayne's last film, \"The Shootist,\" to illustrate the backstory of Wayne's","Document [2](Title: Laredo Kid) years before leaving the promotion to work on the Mexican Independent circuit. The wrestler that would later be known as Laredo Kid made his professional wrestling debut in 2003, under the name \"Exterminador\". He would often wrestle against his brother \"Oscuridad\" and would work alongside his uncle and trainer Muerte Subita (also known as \"El Hechicero\"). He worked on the Mexican Independent circuit until early 2005. After signing with Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA) in 2005 he was repackaged as \"Laredo Kid\", named after his home town of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas. Laredo Kid's first notable appearance for AAA was at","Document [3](Title: Mike Rapada) Mike Rapada Michael Rapada (born August 28, 1964) best known as \"The Colorado Kid\" Mike Rapada is an American professional wrestler. Mike Rapada started out in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It took three months, but eventually he convinced Jeff Jarrett to hire him. After Jarrett left for the WWF, Rapada sought out training from the likes of Ken Wayne, Buddy Wayne and others. He also made several appearances on \"WCW Monday Nitro\" as a security guard during his career. In 1994, he was named Rookie of the Year in the United States Wrestling Association promotion out of Memphis. He also had","Document [4](Title: Chris-Pin Martin) Angeles. Chris-Pin Martin Chris-Pin Martin (born Ysabel Ponciana Chris-Pin Martin Paiz, November 19, 1893 \u2013 June 27, 1953) was an American character actor whose specialty lay in portraying comical Mexicans, particularly sidekicks in \"The Cisco Kid\" film series. He acted in over 100 films between 1925 and 1953, including over 50 westerns. Martin was born in Tucson. His roles were as a rotund, roly-poly bumbling or slow comedic character who spoke in broken English. His most remembered western film role was in nine of the \"Cisco Kid\" films playing the Kid's sidekicks Gordito and in the later films Pancho. He","Document [5](Title: Rio Bravo (film)) Chance's friend Pat Wheeler (Ward Bond) and his wagon train of supplies stop in town, with a young gunslinger, Colorado Ryan (Ricky Nelson), riding guard. Inside the jail, Stumpy (Walter Brennan), Chance's game-legged deputy, keeps watch over the jail and Joe, who knows that Stumpy holds an old grudge against Joe's wealthy and powerful brother. Joe warns his jailers that Nathan Burdette will not like how his brother is being treated.","Document [6](Title: Roque Gallart) Roque Gallart Roque Jos\u0117 Gallart Ortiz, (born September 21, 1979), also known as Rocky the Kid, is a Puerto Rican actor and radio and television personality. Gallart was host of a Mega-TV television show named \"Descarao' Por La Noche\". Roque Jos\u00e9 Gallart Ortiz is the son of Roque Jos\u00e9 Gallart, Sr., himself a well-known radio announcer. Roque, Jr. would visit his dad's radio station and stay there until a school bus picked him up as a little kid. Roque, Jr. became interested in radio work during this era in his life. In 1995, at age 16, he was hired by","Document [7](Title: Jack Starrett) Starrett played the Durango Kid in many films. Starrett died from kidney failure in Sherman Oaks, California at the age of 52. At the time of his death he was married to Valerie Starrett. His daughter is Jennifer Starrett, who is also an actress. Jack Starrett Jack Starrett (November 2, 1936 \u2013 March 27, 1989) was an American actor and film director. He is credited as Claude Ennis Starrett Jr. in some of his films. Starrett is perhaps best known for his role as \"Gabby Johnson\", a parody of George \"Gabby\" Hayes, in the 1974 film \"Blazing Saddles\" and is","Document [8](Title: Laredo Kid) Laredo Kid Laredo Kid (born December 30, 1986) is a Mexican \"luchador enmascarado\", or masked professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in Impact Wrestling and Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA) from 2005 to 2011. Laredo Kid's real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. Laredo Kid originally used the ring name The Exterminador but changed it to \"Laredo Kid\" after a year. He signed with AAA in 2005 and worked for them for several","Document [9](Title: Germa\u0301n Legarreta) and Somos Unicos under his belt, at the age of 14, German beat out numerous other young stars for the role of \"Freddy\" in the hit theatrical release, \"Roller Kids\". A role on Telemundo's popular TV series, \"Dame Un Break\", soon followed, and German was recognized as a true teen star. While enjoying his newfound fame in Puerto Rico, he continued to hone his craft under the guidance of several prestigious acting coaches. In 2001, German left Puerto Rico to pursue his dreams in Hollywood. Since arriving, he gave memorable performances in a variety of feature films: \"Chasing Papi\" (2003),","Document [10](Title: Zach Woodlee) in Mesquite. It should be no surprise that he is now pursuing a career in acting. In the past year, he\u2019s made some impressive progress. Woodlee starred in his first commercial, for Pop Rocks, when he was 12 years old. From there, he worked with the Kim Dawson studio in Dallas and won the UIL state competition for his role of Davey in a school play. He Can be seen appearing in Old Navy television ads. Some of his other commercial appearances include ads for Exxon, Sony and Abracat.com. After graduating from Poteet High School in 1995, his parents encouraged"],"query":"who played the colorado kid in rio bravo?","answers":["Ricky Nelson"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Rio Bravo (film)) by the Nelson Riddle Orchestra, sings a specially composed song, \"Rio Bravo\", written by Tiomkin with lyrics by Paul Francis Webster. Nelson later paid homage to both the film and his character, Colorado, by including the song \"Restless Kid\" on his 1959 LP, \"Ricky Sings Again\". Members of the Western Writers of America chose \"My Rifle, My Pony, and Me\" as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time. A brief clip from \"Rio Bravo\" was among the archive footage later incorporated into the opening sequence of Wayne's last film, \"The Shootist,\" to illustrate the backstory of Wayne's","Document [2](Title: Laredo Kid) years before leaving the promotion to work on the Mexican Independent circuit. The wrestler that would later be known as Laredo Kid made his professional wrestling debut in 2003, under the name \"Exterminador\". He would often wrestle against his brother \"Oscuridad\" and would work alongside his uncle and trainer Muerte Subita (also known as \"El Hechicero\"). He worked on the Mexican Independent circuit until early 2005. After signing with Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA) in 2005 he was repackaged as \"Laredo Kid\", named after his home town of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas. Laredo Kid's first notable appearance for AAA was at","Document [3](Title: Mike Rapada) Mike Rapada Michael Rapada (born August 28, 1964) best known as \"The Colorado Kid\" Mike Rapada is an American professional wrestler. Mike Rapada started out in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It took three months, but eventually he convinced Jeff Jarrett to hire him. After Jarrett left for the WWF, Rapada sought out training from the likes of Ken Wayne, Buddy Wayne and others. He also made several appearances on \"WCW Monday Nitro\" as a security guard during his career. In 1994, he was named Rookie of the Year in the United States Wrestling Association promotion out of Memphis. He also had","Document [4](Title: Chris-Pin Martin) Angeles. Chris-Pin Martin Chris-Pin Martin (born Ysabel Ponciana Chris-Pin Martin Paiz, November 19, 1893 \u2013 June 27, 1953) was an American character actor whose specialty lay in portraying comical Mexicans, particularly sidekicks in \"The Cisco Kid\" film series. He acted in over 100 films between 1925 and 1953, including over 50 westerns. Martin was born in Tucson. His roles were as a rotund, roly-poly bumbling or slow comedic character who spoke in broken English. His most remembered western film role was in nine of the \"Cisco Kid\" films playing the Kid's sidekicks Gordito and in the later films Pancho. He","Document [5](Title: Roque Gallart) Roque Gallart Roque Jos\u0117 Gallart Ortiz, (born September 21, 1979), also known as Rocky the Kid, is a Puerto Rican actor and radio and television personality. Gallart was host of a Mega-TV television show named \"Descarao' Por La Noche\". Roque Jos\u00e9 Gallart Ortiz is the son of Roque Jos\u00e9 Gallart, Sr., himself a well-known radio announcer. Roque, Jr. would visit his dad's radio station and stay there until a school bus picked him up as a little kid. Roque, Jr. became interested in radio work during this era in his life. In 1995, at age 16, he was hired by","Document [6](Title: Jack Starrett) Starrett played the Durango Kid in many films. Starrett died from kidney failure in Sherman Oaks, California at the age of 52. At the time of his death he was married to Valerie Starrett. His daughter is Jennifer Starrett, who is also an actress. Jack Starrett Jack Starrett (November 2, 1936 \u2013 March 27, 1989) was an American actor and film director. He is credited as Claude Ennis Starrett Jr. in some of his films. Starrett is perhaps best known for his role as \"Gabby Johnson\", a parody of George \"Gabby\" Hayes, in the 1974 film \"Blazing Saddles\" and is","Document [7](Title: Laredo Kid) Laredo Kid Laredo Kid (born December 30, 1986) is a Mexican \"luchador enmascarado\", or masked professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in Impact Wrestling and Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA) from 2005 to 2011. Laredo Kid's real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. Laredo Kid originally used the ring name The Exterminador but changed it to \"Laredo Kid\" after a year. He signed with AAA in 2005 and worked for them for several","Document [8](Title: Germa\u0301n Legarreta) and Somos Unicos under his belt, at the age of 14, German beat out numerous other young stars for the role of \"Freddy\" in the hit theatrical release, \"Roller Kids\". A role on Telemundo's popular TV series, \"Dame Un Break\", soon followed, and German was recognized as a true teen star. While enjoying his newfound fame in Puerto Rico, he continued to hone his craft under the guidance of several prestigious acting coaches. In 2001, German left Puerto Rico to pursue his dreams in Hollywood. Since arriving, he gave memorable performances in a variety of feature films: \"Chasing Papi\" (2003),","Document [9](Title: Zach Woodlee) in Mesquite. It should be no surprise that he is now pursuing a career in acting. In the past year, he\u2019s made some impressive progress. Woodlee starred in his first commercial, for Pop Rocks, when he was 12 years old. From there, he worked with the Kim Dawson studio in Dallas and won the UIL state competition for his role of Davey in a school play. He Can be seen appearing in Old Navy television ads. Some of his other commercial appearances include ads for Exxon, Sony and Abracat.com. After graduating from Poteet High School in 1995, his parents encouraged","Document [10](Title: Rio Bravo (film)) Chance's friend Pat Wheeler (Ward Bond) and his wagon train of supplies stop in town, with a young gunslinger, Colorado Ryan (Ricky Nelson), riding guard. Inside the jail, Stumpy (Walter Brennan), Chance's game-legged deputy, keeps watch over the jail and Joe, who knows that Stumpy holds an old grudge against Joe's wealthy and powerful brother. Joe warns his jailers that Nathan Burdette will not like how his brother is being treated."],"query":"who played the colorado kid in rio bravo?","answers":["Ricky Nelson"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Satavahana dynasty) The Satavahanas are among the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Kshatrapas he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest.","Document [2](Title: Beonna of East Anglia) for runic lettering. Beonna had three moneyers whose names are known: Werferth, Efe and Wilred. The coins struck by Werferth are considered to be the earliest. His coins and those struck under the authority of Eadberht of Northumbria both contained 70% silver and were similar in type and detail, which suggests the possibility of producing a chronology for Beonna's coins, using the established sequence for the Northumbrian coins of Eadberht. However, as Eadberht's reign began in 738, several years before Beonna became king in East Anglia, the coins cannot be related to each other closely enough to construct a reliable","Document [3](Title: Ancient Greek coinage) by other Greeks as showing hubris (arrogance). But the kings of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria had no such scruples: having already awarded themselves with \"divine\" status, they issued magnificent gold coins adorned with their own portraits, with the symbols of their state on the reverse. The names of the kings were frequently inscribed on the coin as well. This established a pattern for coins which has persisted ever since: a portrait of the king, usually in profile and striking a heroic pose, on the obverse, with his name beside him, and a coat of arms or other symbol of","Document [4](Title: Pathankot district) kings issued their coins. These early coins are thin pieces of copper either square or oblong. Their identity is marked by the symbols found on these coins such as Trident, Nandi Bull, Swastic and elephant etc. Some silver coins have also been issued by the Audumbra Kings. They were issued in the name of the community and king. These coins bear the name of the king as well as the state as Audumbrisa . Dharaghosa was probably the most famous and great king of the Audumbra republic. These coins remained in use till the fourth century A.D. Sir A. Cunnigham,","Document [5](Title: Illyrian coinage) being known under the name of Patraus. On the reverse of the coins is a horseman riding over an enemy, in allusion to triumphs over the Macedonians and an inscription of the king. The coins of Audoleon have a head wearing a Corinthian helmet on the obverse and on the reverse a horse stepping, very boldly executed and the inscription of the king. The first Dardanian king to have minted silver coins was Monunius in the beginning of the 3rd century BC, around 280 BC. He struck his coins in the Greek colony of Durr\u00ebs and they differed only in","Document [6](Title: Cantiaci) the Thames, sent a message to these four kings to attack the Roman naval camp as a distraction. The attack failed, a chieftain called Lugotorix was captured, and Cassivellaunus was forced to seek terms. In the century between Caesar's expeditions and the conquest under Claudius (starting in 43 CE), kings in Britain began to issue coins stamped with their names. The following kings of the Cantiaci are known: According to Nennius, Gwrangon was King of Kent in the time of Vortigern, until Vortigern took away the kingdom and gave it to Hengist; but Nennius is regarded as an untrustworthy source,","Document [7](Title: Addedomarus) Addedomarus Addedomarus (sometimes written A\u03b8\u03b8edomarus on coins) was a king of south-eastern Britain in the late 1st century BC. His name is known only from his inscribed coins, the distribution of which seem to indicate that he was the ruler of the Trinovantes. He was the first king to produce inscribed coins north of the Thames, perhaps as early as 35 BC, although some estimates are as late as 15 BC. He seems to have moved the Trinovantian capital from Braughing in Hertfordshire to Camulodunum (Colchester, Essex). For a brief period (ca. 15-10 BC) he seems to have been supplanted","Document [8](Title: Illyrian coinage) the Aegean, as well as original symbols such as tongs of a metal smelter. The circulation of Damastion coins included Kosovo, southern Serbia, Macedonia and the Adriatic coast from Shkod\u00ebr to Split. The presence of silver mines around the city in ancient sources made it possible for the minting of coins in such a great abundance. The only kings to have minted coins bearing their names were Lycceius, Patraus, Audoleon, Monunius, Mytilus, Gentius and Ballaios. The coinage of Patraus is remarkable. They have on the obverse a head of Apollo, which may be in allusion to the king's name, Apollo","Document [9](Title: Visigothic coinage) where they were struck. Unlike Frankish or later Anglo-Saxon coins, the name of the moneyer is not given. The first of the royal coinage was issued during the reign of Liuvigild (567-586). For a short period coins imitating Byzantine issues, but with the name of Visigothic king were struck - an example is MEC 210. This tremissis of Liuvigild was minted in Barcelona. The obverse shows a stylised bust of the king facing left, with the legend \"\"; on the reverse, a cross on steps, with the legend \"\", identifying the mint. Another type, MEC 209, shows the king facing","Document [10](Title: Alchon Huns) at the time) as donors to a Buddhist reliquary stupa. The rulers of the Alchons practiced skull deformation, as evidenced from their coins, a practice shared with the Huns that migrated into Europe. The names of the first Alchon rulers do not survive. Starting from 430 CE, names of Alchon kings, assuming the title \"Tegin\", survive on coins and religious inscriptions: The earliest Alchon Hun coins were based on Sasanian designs, often with the simple addition of the Alchon \"tamgha\" and a mention of \"Alchon\" or \"Alkhan\". Various coins minted in Bactria and based on a Sasanian designs are known,"],"query":"who were the first kings to issue coins bearing their names?","answers":["the Indo-Greek kings"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Beonna of East Anglia) for runic lettering. Beonna had three moneyers whose names are known: Werferth, Efe and Wilred. The coins struck by Werferth are considered to be the earliest. His coins and those struck under the authority of Eadberht of Northumbria both contained 70% silver and were similar in type and detail, which suggests the possibility of producing a chronology for Beonna's coins, using the established sequence for the Northumbrian coins of Eadberht. However, as Eadberht's reign began in 738, several years before Beonna became king in East Anglia, the coins cannot be related to each other closely enough to construct a reliable","Document [2](Title: Ancient Greek coinage) by other Greeks as showing hubris (arrogance). But the kings of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria had no such scruples: having already awarded themselves with \"divine\" status, they issued magnificent gold coins adorned with their own portraits, with the symbols of their state on the reverse. The names of the kings were frequently inscribed on the coin as well. This established a pattern for coins which has persisted ever since: a portrait of the king, usually in profile and striking a heroic pose, on the obverse, with his name beside him, and a coat of arms or other symbol of","Document [3](Title: Pathankot district) kings issued their coins. These early coins are thin pieces of copper either square or oblong. Their identity is marked by the symbols found on these coins such as Trident, Nandi Bull, Swastic and elephant etc. Some silver coins have also been issued by the Audumbra Kings. They were issued in the name of the community and king. These coins bear the name of the king as well as the state as Audumbrisa . Dharaghosa was probably the most famous and great king of the Audumbra republic. These coins remained in use till the fourth century A.D. Sir A. Cunnigham,","Document [4](Title: Illyrian coinage) being known under the name of Patraus. On the reverse of the coins is a horseman riding over an enemy, in allusion to triumphs over the Macedonians and an inscription of the king. The coins of Audoleon have a head wearing a Corinthian helmet on the obverse and on the reverse a horse stepping, very boldly executed and the inscription of the king. The first Dardanian king to have minted silver coins was Monunius in the beginning of the 3rd century BC, around 280 BC. He struck his coins in the Greek colony of Durr\u00ebs and they differed only in","Document [5](Title: Satavahana dynasty) The Satavahanas are among the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Kshatrapas he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest.","Document [6](Title: Cantiaci) the Thames, sent a message to these four kings to attack the Roman naval camp as a distraction. The attack failed, a chieftain called Lugotorix was captured, and Cassivellaunus was forced to seek terms. In the century between Caesar's expeditions and the conquest under Claudius (starting in 43 CE), kings in Britain began to issue coins stamped with their names. The following kings of the Cantiaci are known: According to Nennius, Gwrangon was King of Kent in the time of Vortigern, until Vortigern took away the kingdom and gave it to Hengist; but Nennius is regarded as an untrustworthy source,","Document [7](Title: Addedomarus) Addedomarus Addedomarus (sometimes written A\u03b8\u03b8edomarus on coins) was a king of south-eastern Britain in the late 1st century BC. His name is known only from his inscribed coins, the distribution of which seem to indicate that he was the ruler of the Trinovantes. He was the first king to produce inscribed coins north of the Thames, perhaps as early as 35 BC, although some estimates are as late as 15 BC. He seems to have moved the Trinovantian capital from Braughing in Hertfordshire to Camulodunum (Colchester, Essex). For a brief period (ca. 15-10 BC) he seems to have been supplanted","Document [8](Title: Illyrian coinage) the Aegean, as well as original symbols such as tongs of a metal smelter. The circulation of Damastion coins included Kosovo, southern Serbia, Macedonia and the Adriatic coast from Shkod\u00ebr to Split. The presence of silver mines around the city in ancient sources made it possible for the minting of coins in such a great abundance. The only kings to have minted coins bearing their names were Lycceius, Patraus, Audoleon, Monunius, Mytilus, Gentius and Ballaios. The coinage of Patraus is remarkable. They have on the obverse a head of Apollo, which may be in allusion to the king's name, Apollo","Document [9](Title: Visigothic coinage) where they were struck. Unlike Frankish or later Anglo-Saxon coins, the name of the moneyer is not given. The first of the royal coinage was issued during the reign of Liuvigild (567-586). For a short period coins imitating Byzantine issues, but with the name of Visigothic king were struck - an example is MEC 210. This tremissis of Liuvigild was minted in Barcelona. The obverse shows a stylised bust of the king facing left, with the legend \"\"; on the reverse, a cross on steps, with the legend \"\", identifying the mint. Another type, MEC 209, shows the king facing","Document [10](Title: Alchon Huns) at the time) as donors to a Buddhist reliquary stupa. The rulers of the Alchons practiced skull deformation, as evidenced from their coins, a practice shared with the Huns that migrated into Europe. The names of the first Alchon rulers do not survive. Starting from 430 CE, names of Alchon kings, assuming the title \"Tegin\", survive on coins and religious inscriptions: The earliest Alchon Hun coins were based on Sasanian designs, often with the simple addition of the Alchon \"tamgha\" and a mention of \"Alchon\" or \"Alkhan\". Various coins minted in Bactria and based on a Sasanian designs are known,"],"query":"who were the first kings to issue coins bearing their names?","answers":["the Indo-Greek kings"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Beonna of East Anglia) for runic lettering. Beonna had three moneyers whose names are known: Werferth, Efe and Wilred. The coins struck by Werferth are considered to be the earliest. His coins and those struck under the authority of Eadberht of Northumbria both contained 70% silver and were similar in type and detail, which suggests the possibility of producing a chronology for Beonna's coins, using the established sequence for the Northumbrian coins of Eadberht. However, as Eadberht's reign began in 738, several years before Beonna became king in East Anglia, the coins cannot be related to each other closely enough to construct a reliable","Document [2](Title: Ancient Greek coinage) by other Greeks as showing hubris (arrogance). But the kings of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria had no such scruples: having already awarded themselves with \"divine\" status, they issued magnificent gold coins adorned with their own portraits, with the symbols of their state on the reverse. The names of the kings were frequently inscribed on the coin as well. This established a pattern for coins which has persisted ever since: a portrait of the king, usually in profile and striking a heroic pose, on the obverse, with his name beside him, and a coat of arms or other symbol of","Document [3](Title: Pathankot district) kings issued their coins. These early coins are thin pieces of copper either square or oblong. Their identity is marked by the symbols found on these coins such as Trident, Nandi Bull, Swastic and elephant etc. Some silver coins have also been issued by the Audumbra Kings. They were issued in the name of the community and king. These coins bear the name of the king as well as the state as Audumbrisa . Dharaghosa was probably the most famous and great king of the Audumbra republic. These coins remained in use till the fourth century A.D. Sir A. Cunnigham,","Document [4](Title: Illyrian coinage) being known under the name of Patraus. On the reverse of the coins is a horseman riding over an enemy, in allusion to triumphs over the Macedonians and an inscription of the king. The coins of Audoleon have a head wearing a Corinthian helmet on the obverse and on the reverse a horse stepping, very boldly executed and the inscription of the king. The first Dardanian king to have minted silver coins was Monunius in the beginning of the 3rd century BC, around 280 BC. He struck his coins in the Greek colony of Durr\u00ebs and they differed only in","Document [5](Title: Cantiaci) the Thames, sent a message to these four kings to attack the Roman naval camp as a distraction. The attack failed, a chieftain called Lugotorix was captured, and Cassivellaunus was forced to seek terms. In the century between Caesar's expeditions and the conquest under Claudius (starting in 43 CE), kings in Britain began to issue coins stamped with their names. The following kings of the Cantiaci are known: According to Nennius, Gwrangon was King of Kent in the time of Vortigern, until Vortigern took away the kingdom and gave it to Hengist; but Nennius is regarded as an untrustworthy source,","Document [6](Title: Addedomarus) Addedomarus Addedomarus (sometimes written A\u03b8\u03b8edomarus on coins) was a king of south-eastern Britain in the late 1st century BC. His name is known only from his inscribed coins, the distribution of which seem to indicate that he was the ruler of the Trinovantes. He was the first king to produce inscribed coins north of the Thames, perhaps as early as 35 BC, although some estimates are as late as 15 BC. He seems to have moved the Trinovantian capital from Braughing in Hertfordshire to Camulodunum (Colchester, Essex). For a brief period (ca. 15-10 BC) he seems to have been supplanted","Document [7](Title: Illyrian coinage) the Aegean, as well as original symbols such as tongs of a metal smelter. The circulation of Damastion coins included Kosovo, southern Serbia, Macedonia and the Adriatic coast from Shkod\u00ebr to Split. The presence of silver mines around the city in ancient sources made it possible for the minting of coins in such a great abundance. The only kings to have minted coins bearing their names were Lycceius, Patraus, Audoleon, Monunius, Mytilus, Gentius and Ballaios. The coinage of Patraus is remarkable. They have on the obverse a head of Apollo, which may be in allusion to the king's name, Apollo","Document [8](Title: Visigothic coinage) where they were struck. Unlike Frankish or later Anglo-Saxon coins, the name of the moneyer is not given. The first of the royal coinage was issued during the reign of Liuvigild (567-586). For a short period coins imitating Byzantine issues, but with the name of Visigothic king were struck - an example is MEC 210. This tremissis of Liuvigild was minted in Barcelona. The obverse shows a stylised bust of the king facing left, with the legend \"\"; on the reverse, a cross on steps, with the legend \"\", identifying the mint. Another type, MEC 209, shows the king facing","Document [9](Title: Alchon Huns) at the time) as donors to a Buddhist reliquary stupa. The rulers of the Alchons practiced skull deformation, as evidenced from their coins, a practice shared with the Huns that migrated into Europe. The names of the first Alchon rulers do not survive. Starting from 430 CE, names of Alchon kings, assuming the title \"Tegin\", survive on coins and religious inscriptions: The earliest Alchon Hun coins were based on Sasanian designs, often with the simple addition of the Alchon \"tamgha\" and a mention of \"Alchon\" or \"Alkhan\". Various coins minted in Bactria and based on a Sasanian designs are known,","Document [10](Title: Satavahana dynasty) The Satavahanas are among the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Kshatrapas he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest."],"query":"who were the first kings to issue coins bearing their names?","answers":["the Indo-Greek kings"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Call of the Wild) The Call of the Wild is a short adventure novel by Jack London published in 1903 and set in Yukon, Canada during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush, when strong sled dogs were in high demand. The central character of the novel is a dog named Buck. The story opens at a ranch in Santa Clara Valley, California, when Buck is stolen from his home and sold into service as a sled dog in Alaska. He becomes progressively feral in the harsh environment, where he is forced to fight to survive and dominate other dogs. By the end, he sheds the","Document [2](Title: Call of the Wild (TV series)) Call of the Wild (TV series) Call of the Wild is a 2000 adventure television series based on Jack London's eponymous 1903 novel. It was originally broadcast on Animal Planet, and the 13 episodes were released on DVD as a 120-minute, full-length movie. The series received a Leo Award nomination for Best Cinematography in a Dramatic Series (Stephen McNutt), and for Best Production Designer (Brian Davies) in the episode \"The Attack\". The series was also a 2000 LEO nominee for Best Overall Sound\/Drama (Miguel Nunes) and received a nomination for a 2000 Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music","Document [3](Title: Call of the Wild (1935 film)) Call of the Wild (1935 film) Call of the Wild is a 1935 American adventure film based on Jack London's novel of \"The Call of the Wild\", directed by William A. Wellman, and stars Clark Gable, Loretta Young, and Jack Oakie. The film omits all but one of the book's story lines. In Skagway in 1900, Jack Thornton announces to a crowded bar that he is going home after striking it rich in the gold fields. However, he loses most of his money gambling first. Then he runs into an old pal, \"Shorty\" Hoolihan, just released from jail after serving","Document [4](Title: The Call of the Wild (1923 film)) The Call of the Wild (1923 film) The Call of the Wild is an American silent film based on the popular book by Jack London. The film was written and directed by Fred Jackman and produced by Hal Roach. The feature was released on September 23, 1923 and distributed by Path\u00e9 Exchange. Prints of the movie are archived at the Museum of Modern Art. The story opens with Buck as a puppy, being ushered into a happy family as a Christmas present for a little girl. He grows up a faithful and loving friend of the children until one day","Document [5](Title: Call of the Wild (2019 film)) were added to the cast. In October, Bradley Whitford joined the cast, with Cara Gee joining in November. Principal photography on the film began in late-September 2018 in Los Angeles. \"Call of the Wild\" is scheduled to be released on December 25, 2019 by 20th Century Fox. Call of the Wild (2019 film) Call of the Wild is an upcoming American live-action CGI-animated adventure film based on the Jack London's 1903 novel of the same name. The film is directed by Chris Sanders, written by Michael Green, and stars Harrison Ford, Dan Stevens, Karen Gillan, Bradley Whitford and Omar Sy.","Document [6](Title: The Call of the Wild (1976 film)) The Call of the Wild (1976 film) The Call of the Wild is a 1976 American television film based on Jack London's 1903 novel \"The Call of the Wild\". The film, starring John Beck, was directed by Jerry Jameson from a script by the poet and novelist James Dickey. One of several adaptations of London's novel, this version was produced following the success of the 1972 film \"Deliverance\", an adaptation of Dickey's novel of the same title. The author's son, Christopher Dickey, wrote in his 1998 memoir, \"Summer of Deliverance\", that \"[t]he Hollywood concept [for the 1976 film] was James","Document [7](Title: Call of the Wild (1935 film)) Jack and Claire. Buck finds John Blake, still alive, though in bad shape. They nurse him back to health. Jack wants to keep Claire anyway, but she will not go along. Jack then recommends that John leave to get proper medical attention before the weather makes it impossible. John and Claire leave. Jack also During the filming of \"Call of the Wild\", Clark Gable impregnated Loretta Young, which resulted in Young's hushed-up pregnancy and the birth of their daughter Judy Lewis (1935-2011). The pregnancy was widely assumed to be the result of an affair; however, in 2015, Linda Lewis, Young's","Document [8](Title: Call of the Wild (2019 film)) Call of the Wild (2019 film) Call of the Wild is an upcoming American live-action CGI-animated adventure film based on the Jack London's 1903 novel of the same name. The film is directed by Chris Sanders, written by Michael Green, and stars Harrison Ford, Dan Stevens, Karen Gillan, Bradley Whitford and Omar Sy. It will be released on December 25, 2019 by 20th Century Fox. A domesticated St. Bernard\/Scotch Collie dog named Buck is stolen from his Santa Clara, California home and sold to freight haulers in the Yukon. In October 2017, it was announced that 20th Century Fox was","Document [9](Title: The Call of the Wild (1976 film)) Dickey meets Jack London; sort of \"Deliverance\" in the Klondike.\" The Call of the Wild (1976 film) The Call of the Wild is a 1976 American television film based on Jack London's 1903 novel \"The Call of the Wild\". The film, starring John Beck, was directed by Jerry Jameson from a script by the poet and novelist James Dickey. One of several adaptations of London's novel, this version was produced following the success of the 1972 film \"Deliverance\", an adaptation of Dickey's novel of the same title. The author's son, Christopher Dickey, wrote in his 1998 memoir, \"Summer of Deliverance\",","Document [10](Title: The Call of the Wild (1923 film)) 1923 feature was the only silent film produced based on the book. A Charlie Brown special with a plot similar to the novel aired on TV in 1978, Rick Schroder starred in a 1993 TV adaption, a 1997 Canadian TV film featured Richard Dreyfuss and Rutger Hauer and the Animal Planet produced a 13 episode series based on the novel in 2000. During its two-week run at the Cameo Theater in New York, reviews in the local newspapers were unanimous in praising the film. \"The Evening Sun\" called the film \"a very effective picture version\" of London's novel and noted"],"query":"when does the call of the wild take place?","answers":["1890s","the 1890s"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Call of the Wild (TV series)) Call of the Wild (TV series) Call of the Wild is a 2000 adventure television series based on Jack London's eponymous 1903 novel. It was originally broadcast on Animal Planet, and the 13 episodes were released on DVD as a 120-minute, full-length movie. The series received a Leo Award nomination for Best Cinematography in a Dramatic Series (Stephen McNutt), and for Best Production Designer (Brian Davies) in the episode \"The Attack\". The series was also a 2000 LEO nominee for Best Overall Sound\/Drama (Miguel Nunes) and received a nomination for a 2000 Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music","Document [2](Title: Call of the Wild (1935 film)) Call of the Wild (1935 film) Call of the Wild is a 1935 American adventure film based on Jack London's novel of \"The Call of the Wild\", directed by William A. Wellman, and stars Clark Gable, Loretta Young, and Jack Oakie. The film omits all but one of the book's story lines. In Skagway in 1900, Jack Thornton announces to a crowded bar that he is going home after striking it rich in the gold fields. However, he loses most of his money gambling first. Then he runs into an old pal, \"Shorty\" Hoolihan, just released from jail after serving","Document [3](Title: The Call of the Wild (1923 film)) The Call of the Wild (1923 film) The Call of the Wild is an American silent film based on the popular book by Jack London. The film was written and directed by Fred Jackman and produced by Hal Roach. The feature was released on September 23, 1923 and distributed by Path\u00e9 Exchange. Prints of the movie are archived at the Museum of Modern Art. The story opens with Buck as a puppy, being ushered into a happy family as a Christmas present for a little girl. He grows up a faithful and loving friend of the children until one day","Document [4](Title: Call of the Wild (2019 film)) were added to the cast. In October, Bradley Whitford joined the cast, with Cara Gee joining in November. Principal photography on the film began in late-September 2018 in Los Angeles. \"Call of the Wild\" is scheduled to be released on December 25, 2019 by 20th Century Fox. Call of the Wild (2019 film) Call of the Wild is an upcoming American live-action CGI-animated adventure film based on the Jack London's 1903 novel of the same name. The film is directed by Chris Sanders, written by Michael Green, and stars Harrison Ford, Dan Stevens, Karen Gillan, Bradley Whitford and Omar Sy.","Document [5](Title: The Call of the Wild) The Call of the Wild is a short adventure novel by Jack London published in 1903 and set in Yukon, Canada during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush, when strong sled dogs were in high demand. The central character of the novel is a dog named Buck. The story opens at a ranch in Santa Clara Valley, California, when Buck is stolen from his home and sold into service as a sled dog in Alaska. He becomes progressively feral in the harsh environment, where he is forced to fight to survive and dominate other dogs. By the end, he sheds the","Document [6](Title: The Call of the Wild (1976 film)) The Call of the Wild (1976 film) The Call of the Wild is a 1976 American television film based on Jack London's 1903 novel \"The Call of the Wild\". The film, starring John Beck, was directed by Jerry Jameson from a script by the poet and novelist James Dickey. One of several adaptations of London's novel, this version was produced following the success of the 1972 film \"Deliverance\", an adaptation of Dickey's novel of the same title. The author's son, Christopher Dickey, wrote in his 1998 memoir, \"Summer of Deliverance\", that \"[t]he Hollywood concept [for the 1976 film] was James","Document [7](Title: Call of the Wild (1935 film)) Jack and Claire. Buck finds John Blake, still alive, though in bad shape. They nurse him back to health. Jack wants to keep Claire anyway, but she will not go along. Jack then recommends that John leave to get proper medical attention before the weather makes it impossible. John and Claire leave. Jack also During the filming of \"Call of the Wild\", Clark Gable impregnated Loretta Young, which resulted in Young's hushed-up pregnancy and the birth of their daughter Judy Lewis (1935-2011). The pregnancy was widely assumed to be the result of an affair; however, in 2015, Linda Lewis, Young's","Document [8](Title: Call of the Wild (2019 film)) Call of the Wild (2019 film) Call of the Wild is an upcoming American live-action CGI-animated adventure film based on the Jack London's 1903 novel of the same name. The film is directed by Chris Sanders, written by Michael Green, and stars Harrison Ford, Dan Stevens, Karen Gillan, Bradley Whitford and Omar Sy. It will be released on December 25, 2019 by 20th Century Fox. A domesticated St. Bernard\/Scotch Collie dog named Buck is stolen from his Santa Clara, California home and sold to freight haulers in the Yukon. In October 2017, it was announced that 20th Century Fox was","Document [9](Title: The Call of the Wild (1976 film)) Dickey meets Jack London; sort of \"Deliverance\" in the Klondike.\" The Call of the Wild (1976 film) The Call of the Wild is a 1976 American television film based on Jack London's 1903 novel \"The Call of the Wild\". The film, starring John Beck, was directed by Jerry Jameson from a script by the poet and novelist James Dickey. One of several adaptations of London's novel, this version was produced following the success of the 1972 film \"Deliverance\", an adaptation of Dickey's novel of the same title. The author's son, Christopher Dickey, wrote in his 1998 memoir, \"Summer of Deliverance\",","Document [10](Title: The Call of the Wild (1923 film)) 1923 feature was the only silent film produced based on the book. A Charlie Brown special with a plot similar to the novel aired on TV in 1978, Rick Schroder starred in a 1993 TV adaption, a 1997 Canadian TV film featured Richard Dreyfuss and Rutger Hauer and the Animal Planet produced a 13 episode series based on the novel in 2000. During its two-week run at the Cameo Theater in New York, reviews in the local newspapers were unanimous in praising the film. \"The Evening Sun\" called the film \"a very effective picture version\" of London's novel and noted"],"query":"when does the call of the wild take place?","answers":["1890s","the 1890s"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Call of the Wild (TV series)) Call of the Wild (TV series) Call of the Wild is a 2000 adventure television series based on Jack London's eponymous 1903 novel. It was originally broadcast on Animal Planet, and the 13 episodes were released on DVD as a 120-minute, full-length movie. The series received a Leo Award nomination for Best Cinematography in a Dramatic Series (Stephen McNutt), and for Best Production Designer (Brian Davies) in the episode \"The Attack\". The series was also a 2000 LEO nominee for Best Overall Sound\/Drama (Miguel Nunes) and received a nomination for a 2000 Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music","Document [2](Title: Call of the Wild (1935 film)) Call of the Wild (1935 film) Call of the Wild is a 1935 American adventure film based on Jack London's novel of \"The Call of the Wild\", directed by William A. Wellman, and stars Clark Gable, Loretta Young, and Jack Oakie. The film omits all but one of the book's story lines. In Skagway in 1900, Jack Thornton announces to a crowded bar that he is going home after striking it rich in the gold fields. However, he loses most of his money gambling first. Then he runs into an old pal, \"Shorty\" Hoolihan, just released from jail after serving","Document [3](Title: The Call of the Wild (1923 film)) The Call of the Wild (1923 film) The Call of the Wild is an American silent film based on the popular book by Jack London. The film was written and directed by Fred Jackman and produced by Hal Roach. The feature was released on September 23, 1923 and distributed by Path\u00e9 Exchange. Prints of the movie are archived at the Museum of Modern Art. The story opens with Buck as a puppy, being ushered into a happy family as a Christmas present for a little girl. He grows up a faithful and loving friend of the children until one day","Document [4](Title: Call of the Wild (2019 film)) were added to the cast. In October, Bradley Whitford joined the cast, with Cara Gee joining in November. Principal photography on the film began in late-September 2018 in Los Angeles. \"Call of the Wild\" is scheduled to be released on December 25, 2019 by 20th Century Fox. Call of the Wild (2019 film) Call of the Wild is an upcoming American live-action CGI-animated adventure film based on the Jack London's 1903 novel of the same name. The film is directed by Chris Sanders, written by Michael Green, and stars Harrison Ford, Dan Stevens, Karen Gillan, Bradley Whitford and Omar Sy.","Document [5](Title: The Call of the Wild (1976 film)) The Call of the Wild (1976 film) The Call of the Wild is a 1976 American television film based on Jack London's 1903 novel \"The Call of the Wild\". The film, starring John Beck, was directed by Jerry Jameson from a script by the poet and novelist James Dickey. One of several adaptations of London's novel, this version was produced following the success of the 1972 film \"Deliverance\", an adaptation of Dickey's novel of the same title. The author's son, Christopher Dickey, wrote in his 1998 memoir, \"Summer of Deliverance\", that \"[t]he Hollywood concept [for the 1976 film] was James","Document [6](Title: Call of the Wild (1935 film)) Jack and Claire. Buck finds John Blake, still alive, though in bad shape. They nurse him back to health. Jack wants to keep Claire anyway, but she will not go along. Jack then recommends that John leave to get proper medical attention before the weather makes it impossible. John and Claire leave. Jack also During the filming of \"Call of the Wild\", Clark Gable impregnated Loretta Young, which resulted in Young's hushed-up pregnancy and the birth of their daughter Judy Lewis (1935-2011). The pregnancy was widely assumed to be the result of an affair; however, in 2015, Linda Lewis, Young's","Document [7](Title: Call of the Wild (2019 film)) Call of the Wild (2019 film) Call of the Wild is an upcoming American live-action CGI-animated adventure film based on the Jack London's 1903 novel of the same name. The film is directed by Chris Sanders, written by Michael Green, and stars Harrison Ford, Dan Stevens, Karen Gillan, Bradley Whitford and Omar Sy. It will be released on December 25, 2019 by 20th Century Fox. A domesticated St. Bernard\/Scotch Collie dog named Buck is stolen from his Santa Clara, California home and sold to freight haulers in the Yukon. In October 2017, it was announced that 20th Century Fox was","Document [8](Title: The Call of the Wild (1976 film)) Dickey meets Jack London; sort of \"Deliverance\" in the Klondike.\" The Call of the Wild (1976 film) The Call of the Wild is a 1976 American television film based on Jack London's 1903 novel \"The Call of the Wild\". The film, starring John Beck, was directed by Jerry Jameson from a script by the poet and novelist James Dickey. One of several adaptations of London's novel, this version was produced following the success of the 1972 film \"Deliverance\", an adaptation of Dickey's novel of the same title. The author's son, Christopher Dickey, wrote in his 1998 memoir, \"Summer of Deliverance\",","Document [9](Title: The Call of the Wild (1923 film)) 1923 feature was the only silent film produced based on the book. A Charlie Brown special with a plot similar to the novel aired on TV in 1978, Rick Schroder starred in a 1993 TV adaption, a 1997 Canadian TV film featured Richard Dreyfuss and Rutger Hauer and the Animal Planet produced a 13 episode series based on the novel in 2000. During its two-week run at the Cameo Theater in New York, reviews in the local newspapers were unanimous in praising the film. \"The Evening Sun\" called the film \"a very effective picture version\" of London's novel and noted","Document [10](Title: The Call of the Wild) The Call of the Wild is a short adventure novel by Jack London published in 1903 and set in Yukon, Canada during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush, when strong sled dogs were in high demand. The central character of the novel is a dog named Buck. The story opens at a ranch in Santa Clara Valley, California, when Buck is stolen from his home and sold into service as a sled dog in Alaska. He becomes progressively feral in the harsh environment, where he is forced to fight to survive and dominate other dogs. By the end, he sheds the"],"query":"when does the call of the wild take place?","answers":["1890s","the 1890s"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Ivy League) In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first Ivy Group Agreement, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the football teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions:","Document [2](Title: Harvard University) Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with about 6,700 undergraduate students and about 15,250 post graduate students. Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, clergyman John Harvard, Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning, and its history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the world's most prestigious universities. The Harvard Corporation is its first chartered corporation. Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and","Document [3](Title: Ivy League) \"a philosophical enclave\" and not a statement about class. Columnist Russell Baker opined that \"Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets.\" Still, the last five presidents have all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education\u2014 George H. W. Bush (Yale undergrad), Bill Clinton (Yale Law School), George W. Bush (Yale undergrad, Harvard Business","Document [4](Title: Big Three (colleges)) process. From the 1930s on, Big Three admissions became progressively more meritocratic, but still included non-academic factors such as \u201clineage.\u201d Ivy League schools including Harvard, Yale and Princeton have in the past been regarded as the goals for many children in WASP circles. Some educators have attempted to discourage this fixation. Jay Mathews, author of \"Harvard Schmarvard\", addresses seniors obsessed with Ivy League schools with the analysis: \u201cIt does not matter where you go to school, it matters what you do when you get there and what you do after you graduate.\u201d The \"Big Three\" schools: Princeton, Harvard and Yale","Document [5](Title: William Deresiewicz) Facebook. Many readers had mixed reactions to the article, with plenty of criticism coming directly from the Ivy League, its peer institutions, and many others who accused him of cherry picking. The IvyGate blog published a facetious rebuttal, \"Isn't Harvard Just the Worst?\", telling the Class of 2012 to \"enjoy these last few months of innocence, because soon you'll join the ranks of an organization whose sole purpose is to destroy the world.\" The article became the groundwork for Deresiewicz' book \"Excellent Sheep: The Miseducation of the American Elite and the Way to a Meaningful Life\" (2014). This work had","Document [6](Title: Ivy League) up living. Students of the Ivy League, both graduate and undergraduate, come primarily from upper middle and upper class families. In recent years, however, the universities have looked towards increasing socioeconomic and class diversity, by providing greater financial aid packages to applicants from lower, working, and middle class American families. In 2013, 46% of Harvard undergraduate students came from families in the top 3.8% of all American households (i.e., over $200,000 annual income). In 2012, the bottom 25% of the American income distribution accounted for only 3\u20134% of students at Brown, a figure that had remained unchanged since 1992. In","Document [7](Title: Ivy League) president to graduate from college, graduating from Harvard in 1755. Students of the Ivy League largely hail from the Northeast, largely from the New York City, Boston, and Philadelphia areas. As all eight Ivy League universities are within the Northeast, it is no surprise that most graduates end up working and residing in the Northeast after graduation. An unscientific survey of Harvard seniors from the Class of 2013 found that 42% hailed from the Northeast and 55% overall were planning on working and residing in the Northeast. Boston and New York City are traditionally where many Ivy League graduates end","Document [8](Title: History of Harvard University) into Eliot's term, Richard Theodore Greener became the first African-American to graduate from Harvard College. Seven years later, Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish justice on the Supreme Court, graduated from Harvard Law School. Nevertheless, Harvard became the bastion of a distinctly Protestant \u00e9lite \u2013 the so-called Boston Brahmin class \u2013 and continued to be so well into the 20th century. The annual undergraduate tuition was $300 in the 1930s and $400 in the 1940s, doubling to $800 in 1953. It reached $2,600 in 1970 and $22,700 in 2000. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869\u20131909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from","Document [9](Title: History of Harvard University) Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. In the 1920s Edward Harkness (1874\u20131940), a Yale man with oil wealth, was ignored by his alma mater and so gave $12,000,000 to Harvard to establish a house system like that of Oxford University. Yale later took his money and set up a similar system. In addition to the usual department, specialized research centers proliferated, especially to enable interdisciplinary research projects that could not be handled at the department level. However, the departments kept jealous control","Document [10](Title: History of Harvard University) own among American colleges. Ronald Story notes that in 1850, Harvard's total assets were \"five times that of Amherst and Williams combined, and three times that of Yale\". Story also notes that \"all the evidence\u2026 points to the four decades from 1815 to 1855 as the era when parents, in Henry Adams's words, began 'sending their children to Harvard College for the sake of its social advantages'\". Under President Eliot's tenure, Harvard earned a reputation for being more liberal and democratic than either Princeton or Yale in regard to bigotry against Jews and other ethnic minorities. In 1870, one year"],"query":"when did harvard become an ivy league school?","answers":["1945"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Harvard University) Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with about 6,700 undergraduate students and about 15,250 post graduate students. Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, clergyman John Harvard, Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning, and its history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the world's most prestigious universities. The Harvard Corporation is its first chartered corporation. Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and","Document [2](Title: Ivy League) \"a philosophical enclave\" and not a statement about class. Columnist Russell Baker opined that \"Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets.\" Still, the last five presidents have all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education\u2014 George H. W. Bush (Yale undergrad), Bill Clinton (Yale Law School), George W. Bush (Yale undergrad, Harvard Business","Document [3](Title: Big Three (colleges)) process. From the 1930s on, Big Three admissions became progressively more meritocratic, but still included non-academic factors such as \u201clineage.\u201d Ivy League schools including Harvard, Yale and Princeton have in the past been regarded as the goals for many children in WASP circles. Some educators have attempted to discourage this fixation. Jay Mathews, author of \"Harvard Schmarvard\", addresses seniors obsessed with Ivy League schools with the analysis: \u201cIt does not matter where you go to school, it matters what you do when you get there and what you do after you graduate.\u201d The \"Big Three\" schools: Princeton, Harvard and Yale","Document [4](Title: William Deresiewicz) Facebook. Many readers had mixed reactions to the article, with plenty of criticism coming directly from the Ivy League, its peer institutions, and many others who accused him of cherry picking. The IvyGate blog published a facetious rebuttal, \"Isn't Harvard Just the Worst?\", telling the Class of 2012 to \"enjoy these last few months of innocence, because soon you'll join the ranks of an organization whose sole purpose is to destroy the world.\" The article became the groundwork for Deresiewicz' book \"Excellent Sheep: The Miseducation of the American Elite and the Way to a Meaningful Life\" (2014). This work had","Document [5](Title: Ivy League) In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first Ivy Group Agreement, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the football teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions:","Document [6](Title: Ivy League) up living. Students of the Ivy League, both graduate and undergraduate, come primarily from upper middle and upper class families. In recent years, however, the universities have looked towards increasing socioeconomic and class diversity, by providing greater financial aid packages to applicants from lower, working, and middle class American families. In 2013, 46% of Harvard undergraduate students came from families in the top 3.8% of all American households (i.e., over $200,000 annual income). In 2012, the bottom 25% of the American income distribution accounted for only 3\u20134% of students at Brown, a figure that had remained unchanged since 1992. In","Document [7](Title: Ivy League) president to graduate from college, graduating from Harvard in 1755. Students of the Ivy League largely hail from the Northeast, largely from the New York City, Boston, and Philadelphia areas. As all eight Ivy League universities are within the Northeast, it is no surprise that most graduates end up working and residing in the Northeast after graduation. An unscientific survey of Harvard seniors from the Class of 2013 found that 42% hailed from the Northeast and 55% overall were planning on working and residing in the Northeast. Boston and New York City are traditionally where many Ivy League graduates end","Document [8](Title: History of Harvard University) into Eliot's term, Richard Theodore Greener became the first African-American to graduate from Harvard College. Seven years later, Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish justice on the Supreme Court, graduated from Harvard Law School. Nevertheless, Harvard became the bastion of a distinctly Protestant \u00e9lite \u2013 the so-called Boston Brahmin class \u2013 and continued to be so well into the 20th century. The annual undergraduate tuition was $300 in the 1930s and $400 in the 1940s, doubling to $800 in 1953. It reached $2,600 in 1970 and $22,700 in 2000. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869\u20131909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from","Document [9](Title: History of Harvard University) Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. In the 1920s Edward Harkness (1874\u20131940), a Yale man with oil wealth, was ignored by his alma mater and so gave $12,000,000 to Harvard to establish a house system like that of Oxford University. Yale later took his money and set up a similar system. In addition to the usual department, specialized research centers proliferated, especially to enable interdisciplinary research projects that could not be handled at the department level. However, the departments kept jealous control","Document [10](Title: History of Harvard University) own among American colleges. Ronald Story notes that in 1850, Harvard's total assets were \"five times that of Amherst and Williams combined, and three times that of Yale\". Story also notes that \"all the evidence\u2026 points to the four decades from 1815 to 1855 as the era when parents, in Henry Adams's words, began 'sending their children to Harvard College for the sake of its social advantages'\". Under President Eliot's tenure, Harvard earned a reputation for being more liberal and democratic than either Princeton or Yale in regard to bigotry against Jews and other ethnic minorities. In 1870, one year"],"query":"when did harvard become an ivy league school?","answers":["1945"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Harvard University) Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with about 6,700 undergraduate students and about 15,250 post graduate students. Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, clergyman John Harvard, Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning, and its history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the world's most prestigious universities. The Harvard Corporation is its first chartered corporation. Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and","Document [2](Title: Ivy League) \"a philosophical enclave\" and not a statement about class. Columnist Russell Baker opined that \"Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets.\" Still, the last five presidents have all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education\u2014 George H. W. Bush (Yale undergrad), Bill Clinton (Yale Law School), George W. Bush (Yale undergrad, Harvard Business","Document [3](Title: Big Three (colleges)) process. From the 1930s on, Big Three admissions became progressively more meritocratic, but still included non-academic factors such as \u201clineage.\u201d Ivy League schools including Harvard, Yale and Princeton have in the past been regarded as the goals for many children in WASP circles. Some educators have attempted to discourage this fixation. Jay Mathews, author of \"Harvard Schmarvard\", addresses seniors obsessed with Ivy League schools with the analysis: \u201cIt does not matter where you go to school, it matters what you do when you get there and what you do after you graduate.\u201d The \"Big Three\" schools: Princeton, Harvard and Yale","Document [4](Title: William Deresiewicz) Facebook. Many readers had mixed reactions to the article, with plenty of criticism coming directly from the Ivy League, its peer institutions, and many others who accused him of cherry picking. The IvyGate blog published a facetious rebuttal, \"Isn't Harvard Just the Worst?\", telling the Class of 2012 to \"enjoy these last few months of innocence, because soon you'll join the ranks of an organization whose sole purpose is to destroy the world.\" The article became the groundwork for Deresiewicz' book \"Excellent Sheep: The Miseducation of the American Elite and the Way to a Meaningful Life\" (2014). This work had","Document [5](Title: Ivy League) up living. Students of the Ivy League, both graduate and undergraduate, come primarily from upper middle and upper class families. In recent years, however, the universities have looked towards increasing socioeconomic and class diversity, by providing greater financial aid packages to applicants from lower, working, and middle class American families. In 2013, 46% of Harvard undergraduate students came from families in the top 3.8% of all American households (i.e., over $200,000 annual income). In 2012, the bottom 25% of the American income distribution accounted for only 3\u20134% of students at Brown, a figure that had remained unchanged since 1992. In","Document [6](Title: Ivy League) president to graduate from college, graduating from Harvard in 1755. Students of the Ivy League largely hail from the Northeast, largely from the New York City, Boston, and Philadelphia areas. As all eight Ivy League universities are within the Northeast, it is no surprise that most graduates end up working and residing in the Northeast after graduation. An unscientific survey of Harvard seniors from the Class of 2013 found that 42% hailed from the Northeast and 55% overall were planning on working and residing in the Northeast. Boston and New York City are traditionally where many Ivy League graduates end","Document [7](Title: History of Harvard University) into Eliot's term, Richard Theodore Greener became the first African-American to graduate from Harvard College. Seven years later, Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish justice on the Supreme Court, graduated from Harvard Law School. Nevertheless, Harvard became the bastion of a distinctly Protestant \u00e9lite \u2013 the so-called Boston Brahmin class \u2013 and continued to be so well into the 20th century. The annual undergraduate tuition was $300 in the 1930s and $400 in the 1940s, doubling to $800 in 1953. It reached $2,600 in 1970 and $22,700 in 2000. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869\u20131909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from","Document [8](Title: History of Harvard University) Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. In the 1920s Edward Harkness (1874\u20131940), a Yale man with oil wealth, was ignored by his alma mater and so gave $12,000,000 to Harvard to establish a house system like that of Oxford University. Yale later took his money and set up a similar system. In addition to the usual department, specialized research centers proliferated, especially to enable interdisciplinary research projects that could not be handled at the department level. However, the departments kept jealous control","Document [9](Title: History of Harvard University) own among American colleges. Ronald Story notes that in 1850, Harvard's total assets were \"five times that of Amherst and Williams combined, and three times that of Yale\". Story also notes that \"all the evidence\u2026 points to the four decades from 1815 to 1855 as the era when parents, in Henry Adams's words, began 'sending their children to Harvard College for the sake of its social advantages'\". Under President Eliot's tenure, Harvard earned a reputation for being more liberal and democratic than either Princeton or Yale in regard to bigotry against Jews and other ethnic minorities. In 1870, one year","Document [10](Title: Ivy League) In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first Ivy Group Agreement, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the football teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions:"],"query":"when did harvard become an ivy league school?","answers":["1945"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Louisiana Purchase) The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barb\u00e9 Marbois in Paris. Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this famous statement, \"We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank.\"","Document [2](Title: Louisiana Purchase) had authorized Livingston only to purchase New Orleans. However, Livingston was certain that the United States would accept the offer. The Americans thought that Napoleon might withdraw the offer at any time, preventing the United States from acquiring New Orleans, so they agreed and signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty on April 30, 1803. On July 4, 1803, the treaty was announced, but the documents did not arrive in Washington, D.C. until July 14. The Louisiana Territory was vast, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to Rupert's Land in the north, and from the Mississippi River in the","Document [3](Title: History of Missouri) United States in the Louisiana Purchase. Official news of the transfer had reached the region in August 1803 in a letter from the governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison. Although the transfer of all of Louisiana was formalized in a ceremony in New Orleans in December 1803, a separate ceremony took place in St. Louis in March 1804 to commemorate the transfer of Upper Louisiana from French to United States colonial status. At the time of the transfer, the purchase was initially divided into two parts: land north of the thirty-third parallel (including present-day Missouri) became the District","Document [4](Title: St. Francois County, Missouri) along the banks during the day. When the party arrived at Ste. Genevieve, the inhabitants gave them a rousing welcome. About the same year, Michael Hart and his son Charles settled in the same vicinity. At the time of this settlement the area was under Spanish rule. On October 7, 1800, Spain ceded the whole of upper and lower Louisiana to France. It was not until our own Louisiana Purchase on April 30, 1803 that this area became a part of the United States. Settlers came in large numbers after the Murphy Settlement was established, and at the close of","Document [5](Title: History of Oklahoma) of Louisiana in the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. But, strained by obligations in Europe, Napoleon Bonaparte decided to sell the territory to the United States. With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States acquired France's 828,000 square mile claim to the watersheds of the Mississippi River (west of the river) and Missouri River. The purchase encompassed all or part of 15 current U.S. states] (including all of Oklahoma) and parts of two Canadian provinces. Out of the Louisiana Purchase, Louisiana Territory and Orleans Territory were organized. Orleans Territory became the state of Louisiana in 1812, and Louisiana","Document [6](Title: History of South Dakota) In 1801, a post known as Fort aux Cedres was constructed by Registre Loisel of St. Louis, on Cedar Island on the Missouri about southeast of the present location of Pierre. This trading post was the major regional post until its destruction by fire in 1810. In 1800, Spain gave Louisiana back to France in the Treaty of San Ildefonso. In 1803, the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon for $11,000,000. The territory included most of the western half of the Mississippi watershed and covered nearly all of present-day South Dakota, except for a small portion in the","Document [7](Title: Louisiana State Capitol) and the remaining territory east of the Mississippi was turned over to Great Britain. The French reclaimed Louisiana from the Spanish in 1803 after the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800; the territory was then sold as the Louisiana Purchase to the United States. The ceremonial transfers of Louisiana from Spain to France took place in front of the colonial seat of government, the Cabildo, in November 1803, with the transfer from France to the U.S. occurring there, as well, less than a month later. New Orleans continued to be the location of the capital of the Territory of Orleans,","Document [8](Title: Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana) then in Spanish during their brief rule in the late 18th century, with a return to French after France reacquired the area under Napoleon Bonaparte in the early 19th century. He sold the large Louisiana Purchase territory to the United States under President Thomas Jefferson in 1803. As the US expanded its rule, local documents began to be recorded in the English of the new government. After Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States, its government arranged for expeditions to survey the Louisiana Territory. It hired local French soldiers, surveyors and doctors, many of whom eventually settled in the area.","Document [9](Title: Louisiana (New France)) France regained sovereignty of the western territory in the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1800. But strained by obligations in Europe, Napoleon Bonaparte sold the territory to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, ending France's presence in Louisiana. The United States ceded part of the Louisiana Purchase to the United Kingdom in the Treaty of 1818. This section lies above the 49th parallel north in a part of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. In the 18th century, Louisiana included most of the Mississippi River basin (see drawing alongside) from what is now the Midwestern United States","Document [10](Title: Louisiana Territory) the Louisiana Purchase, in which colonial Louisiana was purchased from France. The Eighth Congress of the United States on March 26, 1804, passed legislation entitled \"An act erecting Louisiana into two territories, and providing for the temporary government thereof,\" which established the Territory of Orleans and the civil District of Louisiana. This act, which went into effect on October 1, 1804, expanded the authority of the governor and judges of the Indiana Territory to provide temporary jurisdiction over the District of Louisiana. On March 3, 1805, Congress enacted legislation organizing the District of Louisiana into the Louisiana Territory, effective July"],"query":"where was the louisiana purchase signed in 1803?","answers":["Paris"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Louisiana Purchase) had authorized Livingston only to purchase New Orleans. However, Livingston was certain that the United States would accept the offer. The Americans thought that Napoleon might withdraw the offer at any time, preventing the United States from acquiring New Orleans, so they agreed and signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty on April 30, 1803. On July 4, 1803, the treaty was announced, but the documents did not arrive in Washington, D.C. until July 14. The Louisiana Territory was vast, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to Rupert's Land in the north, and from the Mississippi River in the","Document [2](Title: History of Missouri) United States in the Louisiana Purchase. Official news of the transfer had reached the region in August 1803 in a letter from the governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison. Although the transfer of all of Louisiana was formalized in a ceremony in New Orleans in December 1803, a separate ceremony took place in St. Louis in March 1804 to commemorate the transfer of Upper Louisiana from French to United States colonial status. At the time of the transfer, the purchase was initially divided into two parts: land north of the thirty-third parallel (including present-day Missouri) became the District","Document [3](Title: St. Francois County, Missouri) along the banks during the day. When the party arrived at Ste. Genevieve, the inhabitants gave them a rousing welcome. About the same year, Michael Hart and his son Charles settled in the same vicinity. At the time of this settlement the area was under Spanish rule. On October 7, 1800, Spain ceded the whole of upper and lower Louisiana to France. It was not until our own Louisiana Purchase on April 30, 1803 that this area became a part of the United States. Settlers came in large numbers after the Murphy Settlement was established, and at the close of","Document [4](Title: History of Oklahoma) of Louisiana in the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. But, strained by obligations in Europe, Napoleon Bonaparte decided to sell the territory to the United States. With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States acquired France's 828,000 square mile claim to the watersheds of the Mississippi River (west of the river) and Missouri River. The purchase encompassed all or part of 15 current U.S. states] (including all of Oklahoma) and parts of two Canadian provinces. Out of the Louisiana Purchase, Louisiana Territory and Orleans Territory were organized. Orleans Territory became the state of Louisiana in 1812, and Louisiana","Document [5](Title: Louisiana Purchase) The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barb\u00e9 Marbois in Paris. Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this famous statement, \"We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank.\"","Document [6](Title: History of South Dakota) In 1801, a post known as Fort aux Cedres was constructed by Registre Loisel of St. Louis, on Cedar Island on the Missouri about southeast of the present location of Pierre. This trading post was the major regional post until its destruction by fire in 1810. In 1800, Spain gave Louisiana back to France in the Treaty of San Ildefonso. In 1803, the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon for $11,000,000. The territory included most of the western half of the Mississippi watershed and covered nearly all of present-day South Dakota, except for a small portion in the","Document [7](Title: Louisiana State Capitol) and the remaining territory east of the Mississippi was turned over to Great Britain. The French reclaimed Louisiana from the Spanish in 1803 after the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800; the territory was then sold as the Louisiana Purchase to the United States. The ceremonial transfers of Louisiana from Spain to France took place in front of the colonial seat of government, the Cabildo, in November 1803, with the transfer from France to the U.S. occurring there, as well, less than a month later. New Orleans continued to be the location of the capital of the Territory of Orleans,","Document [8](Title: Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana) then in Spanish during their brief rule in the late 18th century, with a return to French after France reacquired the area under Napoleon Bonaparte in the early 19th century. He sold the large Louisiana Purchase territory to the United States under President Thomas Jefferson in 1803. As the US expanded its rule, local documents began to be recorded in the English of the new government. After Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States, its government arranged for expeditions to survey the Louisiana Territory. It hired local French soldiers, surveyors and doctors, many of whom eventually settled in the area.","Document [9](Title: Louisiana (New France)) France regained sovereignty of the western territory in the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1800. But strained by obligations in Europe, Napoleon Bonaparte sold the territory to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, ending France's presence in Louisiana. The United States ceded part of the Louisiana Purchase to the United Kingdom in the Treaty of 1818. This section lies above the 49th parallel north in a part of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. In the 18th century, Louisiana included most of the Mississippi River basin (see drawing alongside) from what is now the Midwestern United States","Document [10](Title: Louisiana Territory) the Louisiana Purchase, in which colonial Louisiana was purchased from France. The Eighth Congress of the United States on March 26, 1804, passed legislation entitled \"An act erecting Louisiana into two territories, and providing for the temporary government thereof,\" which established the Territory of Orleans and the civil District of Louisiana. This act, which went into effect on October 1, 1804, expanded the authority of the governor and judges of the Indiana Territory to provide temporary jurisdiction over the District of Louisiana. On March 3, 1805, Congress enacted legislation organizing the District of Louisiana into the Louisiana Territory, effective July"],"query":"where was the louisiana purchase signed in 1803?","answers":["Paris"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Louisiana Purchase) had authorized Livingston only to purchase New Orleans. However, Livingston was certain that the United States would accept the offer. The Americans thought that Napoleon might withdraw the offer at any time, preventing the United States from acquiring New Orleans, so they agreed and signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty on April 30, 1803. On July 4, 1803, the treaty was announced, but the documents did not arrive in Washington, D.C. until July 14. The Louisiana Territory was vast, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to Rupert's Land in the north, and from the Mississippi River in the","Document [2](Title: History of Missouri) United States in the Louisiana Purchase. Official news of the transfer had reached the region in August 1803 in a letter from the governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison. Although the transfer of all of Louisiana was formalized in a ceremony in New Orleans in December 1803, a separate ceremony took place in St. Louis in March 1804 to commemorate the transfer of Upper Louisiana from French to United States colonial status. At the time of the transfer, the purchase was initially divided into two parts: land north of the thirty-third parallel (including present-day Missouri) became the District","Document [3](Title: St. Francois County, Missouri) along the banks during the day. When the party arrived at Ste. Genevieve, the inhabitants gave them a rousing welcome. About the same year, Michael Hart and his son Charles settled in the same vicinity. At the time of this settlement the area was under Spanish rule. On October 7, 1800, Spain ceded the whole of upper and lower Louisiana to France. It was not until our own Louisiana Purchase on April 30, 1803 that this area became a part of the United States. Settlers came in large numbers after the Murphy Settlement was established, and at the close of","Document [4](Title: History of Oklahoma) of Louisiana in the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. But, strained by obligations in Europe, Napoleon Bonaparte decided to sell the territory to the United States. With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States acquired France's 828,000 square mile claim to the watersheds of the Mississippi River (west of the river) and Missouri River. The purchase encompassed all or part of 15 current U.S. states] (including all of Oklahoma) and parts of two Canadian provinces. Out of the Louisiana Purchase, Louisiana Territory and Orleans Territory were organized. Orleans Territory became the state of Louisiana in 1812, and Louisiana","Document [5](Title: History of South Dakota) In 1801, a post known as Fort aux Cedres was constructed by Registre Loisel of St. Louis, on Cedar Island on the Missouri about southeast of the present location of Pierre. This trading post was the major regional post until its destruction by fire in 1810. In 1800, Spain gave Louisiana back to France in the Treaty of San Ildefonso. In 1803, the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon for $11,000,000. The territory included most of the western half of the Mississippi watershed and covered nearly all of present-day South Dakota, except for a small portion in the","Document [6](Title: Louisiana State Capitol) and the remaining territory east of the Mississippi was turned over to Great Britain. The French reclaimed Louisiana from the Spanish in 1803 after the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800; the territory was then sold as the Louisiana Purchase to the United States. The ceremonial transfers of Louisiana from Spain to France took place in front of the colonial seat of government, the Cabildo, in November 1803, with the transfer from France to the U.S. occurring there, as well, less than a month later. New Orleans continued to be the location of the capital of the Territory of Orleans,","Document [7](Title: Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana) then in Spanish during their brief rule in the late 18th century, with a return to French after France reacquired the area under Napoleon Bonaparte in the early 19th century. He sold the large Louisiana Purchase territory to the United States under President Thomas Jefferson in 1803. As the US expanded its rule, local documents began to be recorded in the English of the new government. After Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States, its government arranged for expeditions to survey the Louisiana Territory. It hired local French soldiers, surveyors and doctors, many of whom eventually settled in the area.","Document [8](Title: Louisiana (New France)) France regained sovereignty of the western territory in the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1800. But strained by obligations in Europe, Napoleon Bonaparte sold the territory to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, ending France's presence in Louisiana. The United States ceded part of the Louisiana Purchase to the United Kingdom in the Treaty of 1818. This section lies above the 49th parallel north in a part of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. In the 18th century, Louisiana included most of the Mississippi River basin (see drawing alongside) from what is now the Midwestern United States","Document [9](Title: Louisiana Territory) the Louisiana Purchase, in which colonial Louisiana was purchased from France. The Eighth Congress of the United States on March 26, 1804, passed legislation entitled \"An act erecting Louisiana into two territories, and providing for the temporary government thereof,\" which established the Territory of Orleans and the civil District of Louisiana. This act, which went into effect on October 1, 1804, expanded the authority of the governor and judges of the Indiana Territory to provide temporary jurisdiction over the District of Louisiana. On March 3, 1805, Congress enacted legislation organizing the District of Louisiana into the Louisiana Territory, effective July","Document [10](Title: Louisiana Purchase) The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barb\u00e9 Marbois in Paris. Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this famous statement, \"We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank.\""],"query":"where was the louisiana purchase signed in 1803?","answers":["Paris"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Wonder Woman (TV series)) Wonder Woman, known from seasons 2 and 3 as The New Adventures of Wonder Woman, is an American television series based on the DC Comics comic book superhero of the same name. The show stars Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman\/Diana Prince and Lyle Waggoner as Steve Trevor Sr. & Jr. It originally aired for three seasons from 1975 to 1979. The show's first season aired on ABC and is set in the 1940s during World War II. The second and third seasons aired on CBS and are set in the 1970s, with the title changed to The New Adventures of","Document [2](Title: Wonder Woman (TV series)) \"The New Adventures of Wonder Woman\", and a complete change of cast other than Carter and Waggoner. Waggoner's character was changed to Steve Trevor Jr., the son of his original character. \"Wonder Woman\" refers to both a 1974 television film and a 1975-79 television series based on the DC Comics character of the same name. The 1974 television film called \"Wonder Woman\" directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby, was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC. Ratings were described as \"respectable but not exactly wondrous,\" and ABC did not pick up the pilot.","Document [3](Title: Wonder Woman 1984) with director Patty Jenkins confirming her casting the next month. By March 28, Pedro Pascal, who played Ed Indelicato in the pilot of the canceled 2011 \"Wonder Woman\" television adaptation, was cast in an undisclosed key role. On June 13, director Patty Jenkins confirmed the addition of Chris Pine as Steve Trevor through Twitter. On July 24, 2018, Natasha Rothwell was announced to be cast in an undisclosed role. A few days later, on July 27, Ravi Patel and Gabriella Wilde also joined the film, with their being roles kept under wraps as well. By late August, Connie Nielsen and","Document [4](Title: Wonder Woman (1974 film)) Wonder Woman (1974 film) Wonder Woman is a 1974 American made-for-television superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name, directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby. The film was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC. Ratings were described as \"respectable but not exactly wondrous,\" and ABC did not pick up the pilot. Instead, Warner Brothers and ABC developed a different Wonder Woman television concept that fit the more traditional presentation of the character as created by William Moulton Marston, turning away from the 1968\u201372 era that had influenced the","Document [5](Title: Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot)) Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot) Wonder Woman is an unaired television pilot produced by Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment for NBC, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. David E. Kelley wrote the pilot, which was directed by Jeffrey Reiner. Adrianne Palicki starred as the main character. The \"Wonder Woman\" pilot was expected to debut in 2011, but NBC opted not to buy the series. In an inner city home a teenager tells his family that he has been accepted to college moments before he begins convulsing and bleeding from the eyes and ears. Meanwhile, Wonder","Document [6](Title: Wonder Woman (TV series)) \"Justice League Unlimited.\" (Prior to the series in which Carter starred, the transformation was depicted in the comics by way of Diana spinning her magic lasso around her body, with the lasso changing her clothes, or by simply changing at super-human speed.) The iconic explosion overlay most associated with the TV show was introduced after the third episode to mask the cut point between the Diana and Wonder Woman clips, meaning they no longer needed to be perfectly aligned. This allowed them to be shot without a locked off camera at more convenient points in the production schedule, when Carter","Document [7](Title: Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot)) Flickering Myth in 2017, Neil Calloway said \"it has its moments ... but it was probably dated in 2011 ... We didn\u2019t really lose anything by it not being commissioned into a series.\" Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot) Wonder Woman is an unaired television pilot produced by Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment for NBC, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. David E. Kelley wrote the pilot, which was directed by Jeffrey Reiner. Adrianne Palicki starred as the main character. The \"Wonder Woman\" pilot was expected to debut in 2011, but NBC opted not to buy","Document [8](Title: Wonder Woman (1974 film)) 1980s. On December 11, 2012, Warner Brothers made the Cathy Lee Crosby pilot available as a Video On Demand purchase through their online store. Warner Home Video released the TV film to DVD in 2012 through Amazon.com and their Warner Archive collection. Wonder Woman (1974 film) Wonder Woman is a 1974 American made-for-television superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name, directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby. The film was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC. Ratings were described as \"respectable but not exactly wondrous,\" and ABC did","Document [9](Title: Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot)) Thoms were cast as villain Veronica Cale and Diana's personal assistant Etta Candy, respectively. Pedro Pascal was cast as Ed Indelicato, Wonder Woman's liaison to the police department and Cary Elwes as Henry Detmer, who runs the day-to-day operations of Diana's company. Actor Justin Bruening was cast to play Steve Trevor. The plot is described as \"a reinvention of the iconic DC Comic in which Wonder Womanaka Diana Themyscirais a vigilante crime fighter in L.A., but also a successful corporate executive and a modern woman, trying to balance all of the elements of her extraordinary life.\" No clear reference is","Document [10](Title: Wonder Woman (TV series)) lead role. For the role of Steve Trevor, the producers chose Lyle Waggoner, despite his dark brown, almost-black, hair not matching the comic's blond Trevor, who at the time was better known as a comedic actor after several years co-starring in \"The Carol Burnett Show.\" He was also known to Ross as having been one of the leading candidates to play Batman a decade earlier, but instead Adam West was signed. Waggoner was also considered a sex symblol, having done a semi-nude pictorial in the first issue of \"Playgirl.\" Although the pilot followed the original comic book closely, in particular"],"query":"who played the original wonder woman on tv?","answers":["Lynda Carter"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Wonder Woman (TV series)) \"The New Adventures of Wonder Woman\", and a complete change of cast other than Carter and Waggoner. Waggoner's character was changed to Steve Trevor Jr., the son of his original character. \"Wonder Woman\" refers to both a 1974 television film and a 1975-79 television series based on the DC Comics character of the same name. The 1974 television film called \"Wonder Woman\" directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby, was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC. Ratings were described as \"respectable but not exactly wondrous,\" and ABC did not pick up the pilot.","Document [2](Title: Wonder Woman 1984) with director Patty Jenkins confirming her casting the next month. By March 28, Pedro Pascal, who played Ed Indelicato in the pilot of the canceled 2011 \"Wonder Woman\" television adaptation, was cast in an undisclosed key role. On June 13, director Patty Jenkins confirmed the addition of Chris Pine as Steve Trevor through Twitter. On July 24, 2018, Natasha Rothwell was announced to be cast in an undisclosed role. A few days later, on July 27, Ravi Patel and Gabriella Wilde also joined the film, with their being roles kept under wraps as well. By late August, Connie Nielsen and","Document [3](Title: Wonder Woman (1974 film)) Wonder Woman (1974 film) Wonder Woman is a 1974 American made-for-television superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name, directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby. The film was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC. Ratings were described as \"respectable but not exactly wondrous,\" and ABC did not pick up the pilot. Instead, Warner Brothers and ABC developed a different Wonder Woman television concept that fit the more traditional presentation of the character as created by William Moulton Marston, turning away from the 1968\u201372 era that had influenced the","Document [4](Title: Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot)) Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot) Wonder Woman is an unaired television pilot produced by Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment for NBC, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. David E. Kelley wrote the pilot, which was directed by Jeffrey Reiner. Adrianne Palicki starred as the main character. The \"Wonder Woman\" pilot was expected to debut in 2011, but NBC opted not to buy the series. In an inner city home a teenager tells his family that he has been accepted to college moments before he begins convulsing and bleeding from the eyes and ears. Meanwhile, Wonder","Document [5](Title: Wonder Woman (TV series)) Wonder Woman, known from seasons 2 and 3 as The New Adventures of Wonder Woman, is an American television series based on the DC Comics comic book superhero of the same name. The show stars Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman\/Diana Prince and Lyle Waggoner as Steve Trevor Sr. & Jr. It originally aired for three seasons from 1975 to 1979. The show's first season aired on ABC and is set in the 1940s during World War II. The second and third seasons aired on CBS and are set in the 1970s, with the title changed to The New Adventures of","Document [6](Title: Wonder Woman (TV series)) \"Justice League Unlimited.\" (Prior to the series in which Carter starred, the transformation was depicted in the comics by way of Diana spinning her magic lasso around her body, with the lasso changing her clothes, or by simply changing at super-human speed.) The iconic explosion overlay most associated with the TV show was introduced after the third episode to mask the cut point between the Diana and Wonder Woman clips, meaning they no longer needed to be perfectly aligned. This allowed them to be shot without a locked off camera at more convenient points in the production schedule, when Carter","Document [7](Title: Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot)) Flickering Myth in 2017, Neil Calloway said \"it has its moments ... but it was probably dated in 2011 ... We didn\u2019t really lose anything by it not being commissioned into a series.\" Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot) Wonder Woman is an unaired television pilot produced by Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment for NBC, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. David E. Kelley wrote the pilot, which was directed by Jeffrey Reiner. Adrianne Palicki starred as the main character. The \"Wonder Woman\" pilot was expected to debut in 2011, but NBC opted not to buy","Document [8](Title: Wonder Woman (1974 film)) 1980s. On December 11, 2012, Warner Brothers made the Cathy Lee Crosby pilot available as a Video On Demand purchase through their online store. Warner Home Video released the TV film to DVD in 2012 through Amazon.com and their Warner Archive collection. Wonder Woman (1974 film) Wonder Woman is a 1974 American made-for-television superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name, directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby. The film was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC. Ratings were described as \"respectable but not exactly wondrous,\" and ABC did","Document [9](Title: Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot)) Thoms were cast as villain Veronica Cale and Diana's personal assistant Etta Candy, respectively. Pedro Pascal was cast as Ed Indelicato, Wonder Woman's liaison to the police department and Cary Elwes as Henry Detmer, who runs the day-to-day operations of Diana's company. Actor Justin Bruening was cast to play Steve Trevor. The plot is described as \"a reinvention of the iconic DC Comic in which Wonder Womanaka Diana Themyscirais a vigilante crime fighter in L.A., but also a successful corporate executive and a modern woman, trying to balance all of the elements of her extraordinary life.\" No clear reference is","Document [10](Title: Wonder Woman (TV series)) lead role. For the role of Steve Trevor, the producers chose Lyle Waggoner, despite his dark brown, almost-black, hair not matching the comic's blond Trevor, who at the time was better known as a comedic actor after several years co-starring in \"The Carol Burnett Show.\" He was also known to Ross as having been one of the leading candidates to play Batman a decade earlier, but instead Adam West was signed. Waggoner was also considered a sex symblol, having done a semi-nude pictorial in the first issue of \"Playgirl.\" Although the pilot followed the original comic book closely, in particular"],"query":"who played the original wonder woman on tv?","answers":["Lynda Carter"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Wonder Woman (TV series)) \"The New Adventures of Wonder Woman\", and a complete change of cast other than Carter and Waggoner. Waggoner's character was changed to Steve Trevor Jr., the son of his original character. \"Wonder Woman\" refers to both a 1974 television film and a 1975-79 television series based on the DC Comics character of the same name. The 1974 television film called \"Wonder Woman\" directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby, was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC. Ratings were described as \"respectable but not exactly wondrous,\" and ABC did not pick up the pilot.","Document [2](Title: Wonder Woman 1984) with director Patty Jenkins confirming her casting the next month. By March 28, Pedro Pascal, who played Ed Indelicato in the pilot of the canceled 2011 \"Wonder Woman\" television adaptation, was cast in an undisclosed key role. On June 13, director Patty Jenkins confirmed the addition of Chris Pine as Steve Trevor through Twitter. On July 24, 2018, Natasha Rothwell was announced to be cast in an undisclosed role. A few days later, on July 27, Ravi Patel and Gabriella Wilde also joined the film, with their being roles kept under wraps as well. By late August, Connie Nielsen and","Document [3](Title: Wonder Woman (1974 film)) Wonder Woman (1974 film) Wonder Woman is a 1974 American made-for-television superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name, directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby. The film was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC. Ratings were described as \"respectable but not exactly wondrous,\" and ABC did not pick up the pilot. Instead, Warner Brothers and ABC developed a different Wonder Woman television concept that fit the more traditional presentation of the character as created by William Moulton Marston, turning away from the 1968\u201372 era that had influenced the","Document [4](Title: Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot)) Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot) Wonder Woman is an unaired television pilot produced by Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment for NBC, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. David E. Kelley wrote the pilot, which was directed by Jeffrey Reiner. Adrianne Palicki starred as the main character. The \"Wonder Woman\" pilot was expected to debut in 2011, but NBC opted not to buy the series. In an inner city home a teenager tells his family that he has been accepted to college moments before he begins convulsing and bleeding from the eyes and ears. Meanwhile, Wonder","Document [5](Title: Wonder Woman (TV series)) \"Justice League Unlimited.\" (Prior to the series in which Carter starred, the transformation was depicted in the comics by way of Diana spinning her magic lasso around her body, with the lasso changing her clothes, or by simply changing at super-human speed.) The iconic explosion overlay most associated with the TV show was introduced after the third episode to mask the cut point between the Diana and Wonder Woman clips, meaning they no longer needed to be perfectly aligned. This allowed them to be shot without a locked off camera at more convenient points in the production schedule, when Carter","Document [6](Title: Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot)) Flickering Myth in 2017, Neil Calloway said \"it has its moments ... but it was probably dated in 2011 ... We didn\u2019t really lose anything by it not being commissioned into a series.\" Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot) Wonder Woman is an unaired television pilot produced by Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment for NBC, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. David E. Kelley wrote the pilot, which was directed by Jeffrey Reiner. Adrianne Palicki starred as the main character. The \"Wonder Woman\" pilot was expected to debut in 2011, but NBC opted not to buy","Document [7](Title: Wonder Woman (1974 film)) 1980s. On December 11, 2012, Warner Brothers made the Cathy Lee Crosby pilot available as a Video On Demand purchase through their online store. Warner Home Video released the TV film to DVD in 2012 through Amazon.com and their Warner Archive collection. Wonder Woman (1974 film) Wonder Woman is a 1974 American made-for-television superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name, directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby. The film was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC. Ratings were described as \"respectable but not exactly wondrous,\" and ABC did","Document [8](Title: Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot)) Thoms were cast as villain Veronica Cale and Diana's personal assistant Etta Candy, respectively. Pedro Pascal was cast as Ed Indelicato, Wonder Woman's liaison to the police department and Cary Elwes as Henry Detmer, who runs the day-to-day operations of Diana's company. Actor Justin Bruening was cast to play Steve Trevor. The plot is described as \"a reinvention of the iconic DC Comic in which Wonder Womanaka Diana Themyscirais a vigilante crime fighter in L.A., but also a successful corporate executive and a modern woman, trying to balance all of the elements of her extraordinary life.\" No clear reference is","Document [9](Title: Wonder Woman (TV series)) lead role. For the role of Steve Trevor, the producers chose Lyle Waggoner, despite his dark brown, almost-black, hair not matching the comic's blond Trevor, who at the time was better known as a comedic actor after several years co-starring in \"The Carol Burnett Show.\" He was also known to Ross as having been one of the leading candidates to play Batman a decade earlier, but instead Adam West was signed. Waggoner was also considered a sex symblol, having done a semi-nude pictorial in the first issue of \"Playgirl.\" Although the pilot followed the original comic book closely, in particular","Document [10](Title: Wonder Woman (TV series)) Wonder Woman, known from seasons 2 and 3 as The New Adventures of Wonder Woman, is an American television series based on the DC Comics comic book superhero of the same name. The show stars Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman\/Diana Prince and Lyle Waggoner as Steve Trevor Sr. & Jr. It originally aired for three seasons from 1975 to 1979. The show's first season aired on ABC and is set in the 1940s during World War II. The second and third seasons aired on CBS and are set in the 1970s, with the title changed to The New Adventures of"],"query":"who played the original wonder woman on tv?","answers":["Lynda Carter"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Vertebrate) Vertebrates originated about 525 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which saw the rise in organism diversity. The earliest known vertebrate is believed to be the Myllokunmingia. Another early vertebrate is Haikouichthys ercaicunensis. Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail. All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed. A vertebrate group of uncertain phylogeny, small-eel-like conodonts, are known from microfossils of their paired tooth segments from the late","Document [2](Title: Vertebrate paleontology) Ma (megaannum, million years ago). The Devonian Period (395 to 345 Ma) brought in the changes that allowed primitive air-breathing fish to remain on land as long as they wished, thus becoming the first terrestrial vertebrates, the amphibians. Amphibians developed forms of reproduction and locomotion and a metabolism better suited for life exclusively on land, becoming more reptilian. Full-fledged reptiles appeared in the Carboniferous Period (345 to 280 Ma). The reptilian changes and adaptations to diet and geography are chronicled in the fossil record of the varying forms of therapsida. True mammals showed up in the Triassic Period (225 to","Document [3](Title: Evolution of mammals) their choice was based on the fact that \"the lower jaw is the most likely skeletal element of a Mesozoic mammal to be preserved.\" Today, most paleontologists consider that animals are mammals if they satisfy this criterion. The first fully terrestrial vertebrates were amniotes \u2014 their eggs had internal membranes that allowed the developing embryo to breathe but kept water in. This allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land, while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water (a few amphibians, such as the common Suriname toad, have evolved other ways of getting around this limitation). The first","Document [4](Title: Vertebrate paleontology) Vertebrate paleontology Vertebrate paleontology is the subfield of paleontology that seeks to discover, through the study of fossilized remains, the behavior, reproduction and appearance of extinct animals with vertebrae or a notochord. It also tries to connect, by using the evolutionary timeline, the animals of the past and their modern-day relatives. The fossil record shows aspects of the meandering evolutionary path from early aquatic vertebrates to mammals, with a host of transitional fossils, though there are still large blank areas. The earliest known fossil vertebrates were heavily armored fish discovered in rocks from the Ordovician Period about 500 to 430","Document [5](Title: Casineria) \"Casineria\", vertebrates were primarily aquatic, only spending part of their time on land. \"Casineria\" and its relatives were the first vertebrates to live and reproduce on land. In 1992, an amateur fossil collector spotted the remnants of this four-legged creature on the shore of Cheese Bay, Scotland. For the next five years, the fossil languished at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh while researchers focused on other projects. Consisting of a slab and counterslab (compression fossil) of a single partial skeleton, the fossil was cataloged with the specimen designation NMS G.1993.54.1. Around 1997, work began to expose the remainder","Document [6](Title: Brain) work: The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history, but the brains of modern hagfishes, lampreys, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals show a gradient of size and complexity that roughly follows the evolutionary sequence. All of these brains contain the same set of basic anatomical components, but many are rudimentary in the hagfish, whereas in mammals the foremost part","Document [7](Title: Julia Clarke) Vega Island in the Antarctic in 1992, Vegavis iaai which was an early relative of ducks and geese in 2005. It is thought to be the only species of modern bird to have lived at the time of the dinosaurs. She studied the voice organ (syrinx) of a fossil originally found in 1992. The findings by her and other researchers was published in the science journal Nature. Fossils of the ancient bird Inkayacu were first discovered in 2008 on the Pacific coast of Ica, Peru. A nearly complete skeleton was uncovered in the Paracas National Reserve by a team led","Document [8](Title: Vertebrate paleontology) beginning the serious study into the lives of extinct animals. With the publication of the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin in 1849, the field got a theoretical framework. Much of the subsequent work has been to map the relationship between fossil and extant organisms, as well as their history through time. In modern times, Alfred Romer (1894\u20131973) wrote what has been termed the definitive textbook on the subject, called \"Vertebrate Paleontology\". It shows the progression of evolution in fossil fish, and amphibians and reptiles through comparative anatomy, including a list of all the (then) known fossil vertebrate genera. Romer","Document [9](Title: Vertebrate paleontology) 190 Ma) around the same time as the dinosaurs, which also sprouted from the reptilian line. Birds first diverged from dinosaurs between 100 Ma and 60 Ma. One of the people who helped figure out the vertebrate progression was French zoologist Georges Cuvier (1769\u20131832), who realized that fossils found in older rock strata differed greatly from more recent fossils or modern animals. He published his findings in 1812 and, although he steadfastly refuted evolution, his work proved the (at the time) contested theory of extinction of species. Thomas Jefferson is credited with initiating the science of vertebrate paleontology in the","Document [10](Title: Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles) in. This allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land, while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water. The first amniotes apparently arose in the late Carboniferous from the ancestral reptiliomorphs (a group of amphibians whose only living descendants are amniotes). Within a few million years two important amniote lineages became distinct: mammals' synapsid ancestors and the sauropsids, from which lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds are descended. The earliest known fossils of all these groups date from about 320 to 315M years ago. It is difficult to be sure about when each of them evolved, since vertebrate"],"query":"what was the first kind of vertebrate to exist on earth?","answers":["believed to be the Myllokunmingia","the Myllokunmingia","Myllokunmingia"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Vertebrate paleontology) Ma (megaannum, million years ago). The Devonian Period (395 to 345 Ma) brought in the changes that allowed primitive air-breathing fish to remain on land as long as they wished, thus becoming the first terrestrial vertebrates, the amphibians. Amphibians developed forms of reproduction and locomotion and a metabolism better suited for life exclusively on land, becoming more reptilian. Full-fledged reptiles appeared in the Carboniferous Period (345 to 280 Ma). The reptilian changes and adaptations to diet and geography are chronicled in the fossil record of the varying forms of therapsida. True mammals showed up in the Triassic Period (225 to","Document [2](Title: Evolution of mammals) their choice was based on the fact that \"the lower jaw is the most likely skeletal element of a Mesozoic mammal to be preserved.\" Today, most paleontologists consider that animals are mammals if they satisfy this criterion. The first fully terrestrial vertebrates were amniotes \u2014 their eggs had internal membranes that allowed the developing embryo to breathe but kept water in. This allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land, while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water (a few amphibians, such as the common Suriname toad, have evolved other ways of getting around this limitation). The first","Document [3](Title: Vertebrate paleontology) Vertebrate paleontology Vertebrate paleontology is the subfield of paleontology that seeks to discover, through the study of fossilized remains, the behavior, reproduction and appearance of extinct animals with vertebrae or a notochord. It also tries to connect, by using the evolutionary timeline, the animals of the past and their modern-day relatives. The fossil record shows aspects of the meandering evolutionary path from early aquatic vertebrates to mammals, with a host of transitional fossils, though there are still large blank areas. The earliest known fossil vertebrates were heavily armored fish discovered in rocks from the Ordovician Period about 500 to 430","Document [4](Title: Casineria) \"Casineria\", vertebrates were primarily aquatic, only spending part of their time on land. \"Casineria\" and its relatives were the first vertebrates to live and reproduce on land. In 1992, an amateur fossil collector spotted the remnants of this four-legged creature on the shore of Cheese Bay, Scotland. For the next five years, the fossil languished at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh while researchers focused on other projects. Consisting of a slab and counterslab (compression fossil) of a single partial skeleton, the fossil was cataloged with the specimen designation NMS G.1993.54.1. Around 1997, work began to expose the remainder","Document [5](Title: Vertebrate) Vertebrates originated about 525 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which saw the rise in organism diversity. The earliest known vertebrate is believed to be the Myllokunmingia. Another early vertebrate is Haikouichthys ercaicunensis. Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail. All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed. A vertebrate group of uncertain phylogeny, small-eel-like conodonts, are known from microfossils of their paired tooth segments from the late","Document [6](Title: Brain) work: The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history, but the brains of modern hagfishes, lampreys, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals show a gradient of size and complexity that roughly follows the evolutionary sequence. All of these brains contain the same set of basic anatomical components, but many are rudimentary in the hagfish, whereas in mammals the foremost part","Document [7](Title: Julia Clarke) Vega Island in the Antarctic in 1992, Vegavis iaai which was an early relative of ducks and geese in 2005. It is thought to be the only species of modern bird to have lived at the time of the dinosaurs. She studied the voice organ (syrinx) of a fossil originally found in 1992. The findings by her and other researchers was published in the science journal Nature. Fossils of the ancient bird Inkayacu were first discovered in 2008 on the Pacific coast of Ica, Peru. A nearly complete skeleton was uncovered in the Paracas National Reserve by a team led","Document [8](Title: Vertebrate paleontology) beginning the serious study into the lives of extinct animals. With the publication of the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin in 1849, the field got a theoretical framework. Much of the subsequent work has been to map the relationship between fossil and extant organisms, as well as their history through time. In modern times, Alfred Romer (1894\u20131973) wrote what has been termed the definitive textbook on the subject, called \"Vertebrate Paleontology\". It shows the progression of evolution in fossil fish, and amphibians and reptiles through comparative anatomy, including a list of all the (then) known fossil vertebrate genera. Romer","Document [9](Title: Vertebrate paleontology) 190 Ma) around the same time as the dinosaurs, which also sprouted from the reptilian line. Birds first diverged from dinosaurs between 100 Ma and 60 Ma. One of the people who helped figure out the vertebrate progression was French zoologist Georges Cuvier (1769\u20131832), who realized that fossils found in older rock strata differed greatly from more recent fossils or modern animals. He published his findings in 1812 and, although he steadfastly refuted evolution, his work proved the (at the time) contested theory of extinction of species. Thomas Jefferson is credited with initiating the science of vertebrate paleontology in the","Document [10](Title: Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles) in. This allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land, while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water. The first amniotes apparently arose in the late Carboniferous from the ancestral reptiliomorphs (a group of amphibians whose only living descendants are amniotes). Within a few million years two important amniote lineages became distinct: mammals' synapsid ancestors and the sauropsids, from which lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds are descended. The earliest known fossils of all these groups date from about 320 to 315M years ago. It is difficult to be sure about when each of them evolved, since vertebrate"],"query":"what was the first kind of vertebrate to exist on earth?","answers":["believed to be the Myllokunmingia","the Myllokunmingia","Myllokunmingia"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Vertebrate paleontology) Ma (megaannum, million years ago). The Devonian Period (395 to 345 Ma) brought in the changes that allowed primitive air-breathing fish to remain on land as long as they wished, thus becoming the first terrestrial vertebrates, the amphibians. Amphibians developed forms of reproduction and locomotion and a metabolism better suited for life exclusively on land, becoming more reptilian. Full-fledged reptiles appeared in the Carboniferous Period (345 to 280 Ma). The reptilian changes and adaptations to diet and geography are chronicled in the fossil record of the varying forms of therapsida. True mammals showed up in the Triassic Period (225 to","Document [2](Title: Evolution of mammals) their choice was based on the fact that \"the lower jaw is the most likely skeletal element of a Mesozoic mammal to be preserved.\" Today, most paleontologists consider that animals are mammals if they satisfy this criterion. The first fully terrestrial vertebrates were amniotes \u2014 their eggs had internal membranes that allowed the developing embryo to breathe but kept water in. This allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land, while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water (a few amphibians, such as the common Suriname toad, have evolved other ways of getting around this limitation). The first","Document [3](Title: Vertebrate paleontology) Vertebrate paleontology Vertebrate paleontology is the subfield of paleontology that seeks to discover, through the study of fossilized remains, the behavior, reproduction and appearance of extinct animals with vertebrae or a notochord. It also tries to connect, by using the evolutionary timeline, the animals of the past and their modern-day relatives. The fossil record shows aspects of the meandering evolutionary path from early aquatic vertebrates to mammals, with a host of transitional fossils, though there are still large blank areas. The earliest known fossil vertebrates were heavily armored fish discovered in rocks from the Ordovician Period about 500 to 430","Document [4](Title: Casineria) \"Casineria\", vertebrates were primarily aquatic, only spending part of their time on land. \"Casineria\" and its relatives were the first vertebrates to live and reproduce on land. In 1992, an amateur fossil collector spotted the remnants of this four-legged creature on the shore of Cheese Bay, Scotland. For the next five years, the fossil languished at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh while researchers focused on other projects. Consisting of a slab and counterslab (compression fossil) of a single partial skeleton, the fossil was cataloged with the specimen designation NMS G.1993.54.1. Around 1997, work began to expose the remainder","Document [5](Title: Brain) work: The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history, but the brains of modern hagfishes, lampreys, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals show a gradient of size and complexity that roughly follows the evolutionary sequence. All of these brains contain the same set of basic anatomical components, but many are rudimentary in the hagfish, whereas in mammals the foremost part","Document [6](Title: Julia Clarke) Vega Island in the Antarctic in 1992, Vegavis iaai which was an early relative of ducks and geese in 2005. It is thought to be the only species of modern bird to have lived at the time of the dinosaurs. She studied the voice organ (syrinx) of a fossil originally found in 1992. The findings by her and other researchers was published in the science journal Nature. Fossils of the ancient bird Inkayacu were first discovered in 2008 on the Pacific coast of Ica, Peru. A nearly complete skeleton was uncovered in the Paracas National Reserve by a team led","Document [7](Title: Vertebrate paleontology) beginning the serious study into the lives of extinct animals. With the publication of the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin in 1849, the field got a theoretical framework. Much of the subsequent work has been to map the relationship between fossil and extant organisms, as well as their history through time. In modern times, Alfred Romer (1894\u20131973) wrote what has been termed the definitive textbook on the subject, called \"Vertebrate Paleontology\". It shows the progression of evolution in fossil fish, and amphibians and reptiles through comparative anatomy, including a list of all the (then) known fossil vertebrate genera. Romer","Document [8](Title: Vertebrate paleontology) 190 Ma) around the same time as the dinosaurs, which also sprouted from the reptilian line. Birds first diverged from dinosaurs between 100 Ma and 60 Ma. One of the people who helped figure out the vertebrate progression was French zoologist Georges Cuvier (1769\u20131832), who realized that fossils found in older rock strata differed greatly from more recent fossils or modern animals. He published his findings in 1812 and, although he steadfastly refuted evolution, his work proved the (at the time) contested theory of extinction of species. Thomas Jefferson is credited with initiating the science of vertebrate paleontology in the","Document [9](Title: Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles) in. This allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land, while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water. The first amniotes apparently arose in the late Carboniferous from the ancestral reptiliomorphs (a group of amphibians whose only living descendants are amniotes). Within a few million years two important amniote lineages became distinct: mammals' synapsid ancestors and the sauropsids, from which lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds are descended. The earliest known fossils of all these groups date from about 320 to 315M years ago. It is difficult to be sure about when each of them evolved, since vertebrate","Document [10](Title: Vertebrate) Vertebrates originated about 525 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which saw the rise in organism diversity. The earliest known vertebrate is believed to be the Myllokunmingia. Another early vertebrate is Haikouichthys ercaicunensis. Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail. All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed. A vertebrate group of uncertain phylogeny, small-eel-like conodonts, are known from microfossils of their paired tooth segments from the late"],"query":"what was the first kind of vertebrate to exist on earth?","answers":["believed to be the Myllokunmingia","the Myllokunmingia","Myllokunmingia"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Ten Green Bottles) \"Ten Green Bottles\" is a song that is popular in the United Kingdom. In essence, the song is a single verse repeated, each time with one bottle fewer:","Document [2](Title: Ten Green Bottles (book)) Threshold Theatre. Ten Green Bottles (book) Ten Green Bottles is a book by Vivian Jeanette Kaplan and a play based on the book. It is the true story of a Jewish family that escaped from Nazi-occupied Vienna to Shanghai under Japanese rule. The book was published in English in Canada and in the U.S. by St. Martin's Press in 2004 and has been republished in Germany (as \"Von Wien nach Shanghai\"), Italy (as \"Dieci Bottiglie Verdi\"), Hungary (as \"Sanghaji Fogsag\") and China (as \"\u5341\u4e2a\u7eff\u74f6\u5b50\"). In Canada it won the Canadian Jewish Book Award and in Italy won the ADEI (Associazione","Document [3](Title: Ten Green Bottles (book)) Ten Green Bottles (book) Ten Green Bottles is a book by Vivian Jeanette Kaplan and a play based on the book. It is the true story of a Jewish family that escaped from Nazi-occupied Vienna to Shanghai under Japanese rule. The book was published in English in Canada and in the U.S. by St. Martin's Press in 2004 and has been republished in Germany (as \"Von Wien nach Shanghai\"), Italy (as \"Dieci Bottiglie Verdi\"), Hungary (as \"Sanghaji Fogsag\") and China (as \"\u5341\u4e2a\u7eff\u74f6\u5b50\"). In Canada it won the Canadian Jewish Book Award and in Italy won the ADEI (Associazione Donne Ebree","Document [4](Title: Ten Green Bottles (book)) d'Italia) - WIZO Award. It has received generally positive critical reviews in the North American press. The title of the book comes from the song sung in Marco's Bar by British servicemen stationed in Shanghai. The book is told from the viewpoint of the author's mother and starts in 1921. Gerda Karpel (referred to always as Nini in the book) is a 5-year-old Jewish girl living in Vienna in 1921. She comes from an upper-middle-class family. The book starts with the birth of Nini's brother, Willi, and chronicles the death of Nini's father shortly after the birth. The book then","Document [5](Title: Ten Green Bottles (book)) greets them on arrival and to the moving of most Jews into a ghetto in the Hongkou District. During that time, they purchase ownership in a bar owned by Marco, a Bulgarian Jew; this is where Nini heard the song \"Ten Green Bottles\". The book ends with the family leaving Shanghai for Richmond Hill, Canada. The critically acclaimed world premiere of the play was performed in English in Toronto, Canada in 2009. All performances were sold out and seen by over 4,000 people. It was produced by Helena Fine of Te-Amim Theatre and written and directed by Mark Cassidy of","Document [6](Title: 99 Bottles of Beer) 99 Bottles of Beer \"99 Bottles of Beer\" is an anonymous folk song dating to the mid-20th century. It is a traditional reverse counting song in both the United States and Canada. It is popular to sing on long trips, as it has a very repetitive format which is easy to memorize and can take a long time to sing. In particular, the song is often sung by children on long bus trips, such as class field trips, or on Scout and\/or Girl Guide outings. The song's lyrics are as follows: 99 bottles of beer on the wall, 99 bottles","Document [7](Title: The Bottle) it a \"strong anti-alcohol rant with a funky bass hook and chilly flute fills.\" \"The Bottle\" was later ranked number 92 on \"NME's\" list of The Top 150 Singles of All-Time and was included in \"Q\" magazine's \"1010 Songs You Must Own!\" publication. These are the formats and track listings of the U.K. single releases of \"The Bottle\": Billboard Music Charts (North America) \u2013 \"The Bottle\" Joe Bataan covered \"The Bottle\" for his 1975 album \"Afrofilipino\", though slightly re-titled \"The Bottle (La Botella)\". The Christians covered \"The Bottle\" for their 1992 album \"Happy In Hell\". Paul Weller covered \"The Bottle\"","Document [8](Title: 99 Bottles of Beer) programming languages. A simple example using classical BASIC syntax: FOR Bottle = 100 TO 1 STEP -1 NEXT Bottle Another example using C#: for (int bottleNumber = 100; 1 <= bottleNumber;) 99 Bottles of Beer \"99 Bottles of Beer\" is an anonymous folk song dating to the mid-20th century. It is a traditional reverse counting song in both the United States and Canada. It is popular to sing on long trips, as it has a very repetitive format which is easy to memorize and can take a long time to sing. In particular, the song is often sung by children","Document [9](Title: GreenBottle) its production process is highly energy intensive and whilst 62% of glass is recycled in the UK, only 50% of this is remelted. The balance is either destined for land fill, road aggregate or fibreglass insulation manufacture. In the UK more than 1.2 billion wine bottles are used every year. Although recyclable, glass containers are constituted of varying degrees of recycled glass. Green glass is made of 76% recycled glass content, clear glass just 29%. Plastic bottles require up to 4.5 times the amount carbon to produce compared to a milk GreenBottle. Most plastic, even if it has been recycled","Document [10](Title: The Glass Bottle) The Glass Bottle The Glass Bottle was an American pop band fronted by Gary Criss, whose song about bitterness and heartbreak, \"I Ain't Got Time Anymore\", was recorded in 1970 and reached #36 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in September 1971. The band was co-produced by Dickie Goodman. Goodman had an advertising deal with a PR firm that was trying to save the glass industry from losing soda pop clients to plastic bottles, so Goodman and partner Bill Ramal formed a group, called them \"The Glass Bottle\" and produced their album. The group produced two hits, \"I Ain't Got"],"query":"where does the song 10 green bottles come from?","answers":["United Kingdom"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Ten Green Bottles (book)) Threshold Theatre. Ten Green Bottles (book) Ten Green Bottles is a book by Vivian Jeanette Kaplan and a play based on the book. It is the true story of a Jewish family that escaped from Nazi-occupied Vienna to Shanghai under Japanese rule. The book was published in English in Canada and in the U.S. by St. Martin's Press in 2004 and has been republished in Germany (as \"Von Wien nach Shanghai\"), Italy (as \"Dieci Bottiglie Verdi\"), Hungary (as \"Sanghaji Fogsag\") and China (as \"\u5341\u4e2a\u7eff\u74f6\u5b50\"). In Canada it won the Canadian Jewish Book Award and in Italy won the ADEI (Associazione","Document [2](Title: Ten Green Bottles (book)) Ten Green Bottles (book) Ten Green Bottles is a book by Vivian Jeanette Kaplan and a play based on the book. It is the true story of a Jewish family that escaped from Nazi-occupied Vienna to Shanghai under Japanese rule. The book was published in English in Canada and in the U.S. by St. Martin's Press in 2004 and has been republished in Germany (as \"Von Wien nach Shanghai\"), Italy (as \"Dieci Bottiglie Verdi\"), Hungary (as \"Sanghaji Fogsag\") and China (as \"\u5341\u4e2a\u7eff\u74f6\u5b50\"). In Canada it won the Canadian Jewish Book Award and in Italy won the ADEI (Associazione Donne Ebree","Document [3](Title: Ten Green Bottles (book)) d'Italia) - WIZO Award. It has received generally positive critical reviews in the North American press. The title of the book comes from the song sung in Marco's Bar by British servicemen stationed in Shanghai. The book is told from the viewpoint of the author's mother and starts in 1921. Gerda Karpel (referred to always as Nini in the book) is a 5-year-old Jewish girl living in Vienna in 1921. She comes from an upper-middle-class family. The book starts with the birth of Nini's brother, Willi, and chronicles the death of Nini's father shortly after the birth. The book then","Document [4](Title: Ten Green Bottles (book)) greets them on arrival and to the moving of most Jews into a ghetto in the Hongkou District. During that time, they purchase ownership in a bar owned by Marco, a Bulgarian Jew; this is where Nini heard the song \"Ten Green Bottles\". The book ends with the family leaving Shanghai for Richmond Hill, Canada. The critically acclaimed world premiere of the play was performed in English in Toronto, Canada in 2009. All performances were sold out and seen by over 4,000 people. It was produced by Helena Fine of Te-Amim Theatre and written and directed by Mark Cassidy of","Document [5](Title: Ten Green Bottles) \"Ten Green Bottles\" is a song that is popular in the United Kingdom. In essence, the song is a single verse repeated, each time with one bottle fewer:","Document [6](Title: 99 Bottles of Beer) 99 Bottles of Beer \"99 Bottles of Beer\" is an anonymous folk song dating to the mid-20th century. It is a traditional reverse counting song in both the United States and Canada. It is popular to sing on long trips, as it has a very repetitive format which is easy to memorize and can take a long time to sing. In particular, the song is often sung by children on long bus trips, such as class field trips, or on Scout and\/or Girl Guide outings. The song's lyrics are as follows: 99 bottles of beer on the wall, 99 bottles","Document [7](Title: The Bottle) it a \"strong anti-alcohol rant with a funky bass hook and chilly flute fills.\" \"The Bottle\" was later ranked number 92 on \"NME's\" list of The Top 150 Singles of All-Time and was included in \"Q\" magazine's \"1010 Songs You Must Own!\" publication. These are the formats and track listings of the U.K. single releases of \"The Bottle\": Billboard Music Charts (North America) \u2013 \"The Bottle\" Joe Bataan covered \"The Bottle\" for his 1975 album \"Afrofilipino\", though slightly re-titled \"The Bottle (La Botella)\". The Christians covered \"The Bottle\" for their 1992 album \"Happy In Hell\". Paul Weller covered \"The Bottle\"","Document [8](Title: 99 Bottles of Beer) programming languages. A simple example using classical BASIC syntax: FOR Bottle = 100 TO 1 STEP -1 NEXT Bottle Another example using C#: for (int bottleNumber = 100; 1 <= bottleNumber;) 99 Bottles of Beer \"99 Bottles of Beer\" is an anonymous folk song dating to the mid-20th century. It is a traditional reverse counting song in both the United States and Canada. It is popular to sing on long trips, as it has a very repetitive format which is easy to memorize and can take a long time to sing. In particular, the song is often sung by children","Document [9](Title: GreenBottle) its production process is highly energy intensive and whilst 62% of glass is recycled in the UK, only 50% of this is remelted. The balance is either destined for land fill, road aggregate or fibreglass insulation manufacture. In the UK more than 1.2 billion wine bottles are used every year. Although recyclable, glass containers are constituted of varying degrees of recycled glass. Green glass is made of 76% recycled glass content, clear glass just 29%. Plastic bottles require up to 4.5 times the amount carbon to produce compared to a milk GreenBottle. Most plastic, even if it has been recycled","Document [10](Title: The Glass Bottle) The Glass Bottle The Glass Bottle was an American pop band fronted by Gary Criss, whose song about bitterness and heartbreak, \"I Ain't Got Time Anymore\", was recorded in 1970 and reached #36 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in September 1971. The band was co-produced by Dickie Goodman. Goodman had an advertising deal with a PR firm that was trying to save the glass industry from losing soda pop clients to plastic bottles, so Goodman and partner Bill Ramal formed a group, called them \"The Glass Bottle\" and produced their album. The group produced two hits, \"I Ain't Got"],"query":"where does the song 10 green bottles come from?","answers":["United Kingdom"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Ten Green Bottles (book)) Threshold Theatre. Ten Green Bottles (book) Ten Green Bottles is a book by Vivian Jeanette Kaplan and a play based on the book. It is the true story of a Jewish family that escaped from Nazi-occupied Vienna to Shanghai under Japanese rule. The book was published in English in Canada and in the U.S. by St. Martin's Press in 2004 and has been republished in Germany (as \"Von Wien nach Shanghai\"), Italy (as \"Dieci Bottiglie Verdi\"), Hungary (as \"Sanghaji Fogsag\") and China (as \"\u5341\u4e2a\u7eff\u74f6\u5b50\"). In Canada it won the Canadian Jewish Book Award and in Italy won the ADEI (Associazione","Document [2](Title: Ten Green Bottles (book)) Ten Green Bottles (book) Ten Green Bottles is a book by Vivian Jeanette Kaplan and a play based on the book. It is the true story of a Jewish family that escaped from Nazi-occupied Vienna to Shanghai under Japanese rule. The book was published in English in Canada and in the U.S. by St. Martin's Press in 2004 and has been republished in Germany (as \"Von Wien nach Shanghai\"), Italy (as \"Dieci Bottiglie Verdi\"), Hungary (as \"Sanghaji Fogsag\") and China (as \"\u5341\u4e2a\u7eff\u74f6\u5b50\"). In Canada it won the Canadian Jewish Book Award and in Italy won the ADEI (Associazione Donne Ebree","Document [3](Title: Ten Green Bottles (book)) d'Italia) - WIZO Award. It has received generally positive critical reviews in the North American press. The title of the book comes from the song sung in Marco's Bar by British servicemen stationed in Shanghai. The book is told from the viewpoint of the author's mother and starts in 1921. Gerda Karpel (referred to always as Nini in the book) is a 5-year-old Jewish girl living in Vienna in 1921. She comes from an upper-middle-class family. The book starts with the birth of Nini's brother, Willi, and chronicles the death of Nini's father shortly after the birth. The book then","Document [4](Title: Ten Green Bottles (book)) greets them on arrival and to the moving of most Jews into a ghetto in the Hongkou District. During that time, they purchase ownership in a bar owned by Marco, a Bulgarian Jew; this is where Nini heard the song \"Ten Green Bottles\". The book ends with the family leaving Shanghai for Richmond Hill, Canada. The critically acclaimed world premiere of the play was performed in English in Toronto, Canada in 2009. All performances were sold out and seen by over 4,000 people. It was produced by Helena Fine of Te-Amim Theatre and written and directed by Mark Cassidy of","Document [5](Title: 99 Bottles of Beer) 99 Bottles of Beer \"99 Bottles of Beer\" is an anonymous folk song dating to the mid-20th century. It is a traditional reverse counting song in both the United States and Canada. It is popular to sing on long trips, as it has a very repetitive format which is easy to memorize and can take a long time to sing. In particular, the song is often sung by children on long bus trips, such as class field trips, or on Scout and\/or Girl Guide outings. The song's lyrics are as follows: 99 bottles of beer on the wall, 99 bottles","Document [6](Title: The Bottle) it a \"strong anti-alcohol rant with a funky bass hook and chilly flute fills.\" \"The Bottle\" was later ranked number 92 on \"NME's\" list of The Top 150 Singles of All-Time and was included in \"Q\" magazine's \"1010 Songs You Must Own!\" publication. These are the formats and track listings of the U.K. single releases of \"The Bottle\": Billboard Music Charts (North America) \u2013 \"The Bottle\" Joe Bataan covered \"The Bottle\" for his 1975 album \"Afrofilipino\", though slightly re-titled \"The Bottle (La Botella)\". The Christians covered \"The Bottle\" for their 1992 album \"Happy In Hell\". Paul Weller covered \"The Bottle\"","Document [7](Title: 99 Bottles of Beer) programming languages. A simple example using classical BASIC syntax: FOR Bottle = 100 TO 1 STEP -1 NEXT Bottle Another example using C#: for (int bottleNumber = 100; 1 <= bottleNumber;) 99 Bottles of Beer \"99 Bottles of Beer\" is an anonymous folk song dating to the mid-20th century. It is a traditional reverse counting song in both the United States and Canada. It is popular to sing on long trips, as it has a very repetitive format which is easy to memorize and can take a long time to sing. In particular, the song is often sung by children","Document [8](Title: GreenBottle) its production process is highly energy intensive and whilst 62% of glass is recycled in the UK, only 50% of this is remelted. The balance is either destined for land fill, road aggregate or fibreglass insulation manufacture. In the UK more than 1.2 billion wine bottles are used every year. Although recyclable, glass containers are constituted of varying degrees of recycled glass. Green glass is made of 76% recycled glass content, clear glass just 29%. Plastic bottles require up to 4.5 times the amount carbon to produce compared to a milk GreenBottle. Most plastic, even if it has been recycled","Document [9](Title: The Glass Bottle) The Glass Bottle The Glass Bottle was an American pop band fronted by Gary Criss, whose song about bitterness and heartbreak, \"I Ain't Got Time Anymore\", was recorded in 1970 and reached #36 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in September 1971. The band was co-produced by Dickie Goodman. Goodman had an advertising deal with a PR firm that was trying to save the glass industry from losing soda pop clients to plastic bottles, so Goodman and partner Bill Ramal formed a group, called them \"The Glass Bottle\" and produced their album. The group produced two hits, \"I Ain't Got","Document [10](Title: Ten Green Bottles) \"Ten Green Bottles\" is a song that is popular in the United Kingdom. In essence, the song is a single verse repeated, each time with one bottle fewer:"],"query":"where does the song 10 green bottles come from?","answers":["United Kingdom"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Tomb Raider (film)) Tomb Raider is a 2018 action-adventure film directed by Roar Uthaug, with a screenplay by Geneva Robertson-Dworet and Alastair Siddons, from a story by Evan Daugherty and Robertson-Dworet. It is based on the 2013 video game of the same name, with some elements of its sequel by Crystal Dynamics, and is a reboot of the Tomb Raider film series. The film stars Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft, who embarks on a perilous journey to her father's last-known destination, hoping to solve the mystery of his disappearance. Dominic West, Walton Goggins, Daniel Wu, and Kristin Scott Thomas appear in supporting roles.","Document [2](Title: Alicia Vikander) the adaptation of the novel \"The Light Between Oceans\" (2016), directed by Derek Cianfrance, with Michael Fassbender and Rachel Weisz. The film was released in the United States by Touchstone Pictures on 2 September 2016. Vikander portrayed Lara Croft in the action reboot film \"Tomb Raider\", which was released on 16 March 2018. Vikander previously lived in North London. In late 2014, she began a relationship with actor Michael Fassbender, in which they made their first public appearance together at the 2016 Golden Globes, where Vikander was nominated twice\u2014for her roles in \"The Danish Girl\" (2015) and \"Ex Machina\" (2015).","Document [3](Title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)) and is accompanied by Conrad Roth, a Royal Marine turned adventurer and close friend of the Croft family who serves as mentor to Lara; Samantha \"Sam\" Nishimura, Lara's friend and a representative of the Nishimura family who films the expedition for a documentary; Joslyn Reyes, a skeptical and temperamental mechanic and single mother; Jonah Maiava, an imposing and placid fisherman who is willing to believe in the existence of the paranormal and esoteric; Angus \"Grim\" Grimaldi, the gruff Glaswegian helmsman of the \"Endurance\"; and Alex Weiss, a goofy and bespectacled electronics specialist. Lara set out on her first expedition aboard","Document [4](Title: Tomb Raider (film)) she prepares for her next adventure. Additionally, Nick Frost plays a pawn shop owner and Jaime Winstone his wife. Hannah John-Kamen and Antonio Aakeel play Lara's friends. Duncan Airlie James plays Terry, a mixed martial arts club operator. Josef Altin portrays Bruce, Lara's boss, Billy Postlethwaite and Roger Nsengiyumva appear as Bill and Rog, Lara's co-workers and opponents at the race and Michael Obiora portrays Baxter, the Croft Holdings' receptionist. GK Films first acquired the rights to make the film in 2011. Norwegian director Roar Uthaug came on board in November 2015, and Alicia Vikander was announced as the new","Document [5](Title: Lara Croft: Tomb Raider) Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (also known as simply Tomb Raider) is a 2001 action-adventure film based on the \"Tomb Raider\" video game series featuring the character Lara Croft, portrayed by Angelina Jolie. An international co-production between the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and Germany, it was directed by Simon West and revolves around Lara Croft trying to obtain ancient artifacts from the Illuminati. The film was released on June 15, 2001, and received generally negative reviews from critics for its stylized action and bland plot, although Angelina Jolie was praised for her performance. \"Tomb Raider\"","Document [6](Title: Tomb Raider (film)) to Hong Kong where she hires Lu Ren, captain of the ship \"Endurance\", to sail into the Devil's Sea and the island of Yamatai. The ship capsizes in a violent storm and Lara is washed ashore where she is knocked unconscious. She awakens only to encounter Mathias Vogel, the leader of an expedition to locate Himiko's tomb. The expedition has been funded by a shadowy organization called Trinity, which seeks to harness and weaponize Himiko's power. Vogel takes Lara prisoner, claiming that he killed her father and revealing that he intends to use Richard's research to continue his expedition. He","Document [7](Title: Lara Croft: Tomb Raider) Angelina Jolie was nominated for the Worst Actress Golden Raspberry Award for her role in the film, but she lost to Mariah Carey in \"Glitter\". \"Lara Croft: Tomb Raider\" is a 2001 soundtrack album to the film. The various artists soundtrack was released June 15, 2001. The Score was later released on June 25, 2001. The movie also featured the songs \"Lila\" by Vas and \"Piano Concerto in F Minor\" performed by Hae-Wong Chang. These were not featured on the soundtrack. Also used in the movie were elements of \"Elevation (Influx Remix)\" by U2. This was uncredited. For the first","Document [8](Title: Camilla Luddington) Rivers, Kelly Osbourne, George Kotsiopoulos, and Kris Jenner. In June 2012, Crystal Dynamics confirmed Luddington would voice Lara Croft in the video game \"Tomb Raider\". Luddington originally went into the audition for Lara thinking she was auditioning for a project called \"Krypted\" with a character called Sara. In June 2014, it was revealed that a sequel was in production, titled \"Rise of the Tomb Raider\", and Luddington confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be returning to voice and motion capture Lara in the new game. Luddington also returned to reprise her role for \"Shadow of the Tomb Raider\",","Document [9](Title: Tomb Raider (film)) Lara Croft in April 2016. \"Deadline Hollywood\" had previously reported that Daisy Ridley was considered for the role, though she later stated in an interview that it was just a \"crazy rumor.\" Walton Goggins was announced to play the villain in December 2016, and much of the rest of the cast was revealed in early 2017. Principal photography on the film began on January 23, 2017, in Cape Town, South Africa, and ended on June 9, 2017, at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden. Wilton House near Salisbury in Wiltshire was the location for exterior shots for Croft Manor. The waterfall sequence","Document [10](Title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)) CGI studio Visual Works. Keeley Hawes did not return as Lara Croft for 2013's \"Tomb Raider\", after completing \"\", \"\", \"\" and \"Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light\". She reprised the role of Lara in the downloadable game \"Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris\", which was released on 9 December 2014. In December 2010, Crystal Dynamics was said to be trialling dozens of voice actresses. On 26 June 2012, the voice actress of Lara Croft was revealed to be Camilla Luddington. Lara is played by Nadine Njeim in the Arabic dub, by Nora Tschirner in the German dub,"],"query":"who is the cast of the new tomb raider movie?","answers":["Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Alicia Vikander) the adaptation of the novel \"The Light Between Oceans\" (2016), directed by Derek Cianfrance, with Michael Fassbender and Rachel Weisz. The film was released in the United States by Touchstone Pictures on 2 September 2016. Vikander portrayed Lara Croft in the action reboot film \"Tomb Raider\", which was released on 16 March 2018. Vikander previously lived in North London. In late 2014, she began a relationship with actor Michael Fassbender, in which they made their first public appearance together at the 2016 Golden Globes, where Vikander was nominated twice\u2014for her roles in \"The Danish Girl\" (2015) and \"Ex Machina\" (2015).","Document [2](Title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)) and is accompanied by Conrad Roth, a Royal Marine turned adventurer and close friend of the Croft family who serves as mentor to Lara; Samantha \"Sam\" Nishimura, Lara's friend and a representative of the Nishimura family who films the expedition for a documentary; Joslyn Reyes, a skeptical and temperamental mechanic and single mother; Jonah Maiava, an imposing and placid fisherman who is willing to believe in the existence of the paranormal and esoteric; Angus \"Grim\" Grimaldi, the gruff Glaswegian helmsman of the \"Endurance\"; and Alex Weiss, a goofy and bespectacled electronics specialist. Lara set out on her first expedition aboard","Document [3](Title: Tomb Raider (film)) she prepares for her next adventure. Additionally, Nick Frost plays a pawn shop owner and Jaime Winstone his wife. Hannah John-Kamen and Antonio Aakeel play Lara's friends. Duncan Airlie James plays Terry, a mixed martial arts club operator. Josef Altin portrays Bruce, Lara's boss, Billy Postlethwaite and Roger Nsengiyumva appear as Bill and Rog, Lara's co-workers and opponents at the race and Michael Obiora portrays Baxter, the Croft Holdings' receptionist. GK Films first acquired the rights to make the film in 2011. Norwegian director Roar Uthaug came on board in November 2015, and Alicia Vikander was announced as the new","Document [4](Title: Lara Croft: Tomb Raider) Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (also known as simply Tomb Raider) is a 2001 action-adventure film based on the \"Tomb Raider\" video game series featuring the character Lara Croft, portrayed by Angelina Jolie. An international co-production between the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and Germany, it was directed by Simon West and revolves around Lara Croft trying to obtain ancient artifacts from the Illuminati. The film was released on June 15, 2001, and received generally negative reviews from critics for its stylized action and bland plot, although Angelina Jolie was praised for her performance. \"Tomb Raider\"","Document [5](Title: Tomb Raider (film)) Tomb Raider is a 2018 action-adventure film directed by Roar Uthaug, with a screenplay by Geneva Robertson-Dworet and Alastair Siddons, from a story by Evan Daugherty and Robertson-Dworet. It is based on the 2013 video game of the same name, with some elements of its sequel by Crystal Dynamics, and is a reboot of the Tomb Raider film series. The film stars Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft, who embarks on a perilous journey to her father's last-known destination, hoping to solve the mystery of his disappearance. Dominic West, Walton Goggins, Daniel Wu, and Kristin Scott Thomas appear in supporting roles.","Document [6](Title: Tomb Raider (film)) to Hong Kong where she hires Lu Ren, captain of the ship \"Endurance\", to sail into the Devil's Sea and the island of Yamatai. The ship capsizes in a violent storm and Lara is washed ashore where she is knocked unconscious. She awakens only to encounter Mathias Vogel, the leader of an expedition to locate Himiko's tomb. The expedition has been funded by a shadowy organization called Trinity, which seeks to harness and weaponize Himiko's power. Vogel takes Lara prisoner, claiming that he killed her father and revealing that he intends to use Richard's research to continue his expedition. He","Document [7](Title: Lara Croft: Tomb Raider) Angelina Jolie was nominated for the Worst Actress Golden Raspberry Award for her role in the film, but she lost to Mariah Carey in \"Glitter\". \"Lara Croft: Tomb Raider\" is a 2001 soundtrack album to the film. The various artists soundtrack was released June 15, 2001. The Score was later released on June 25, 2001. The movie also featured the songs \"Lila\" by Vas and \"Piano Concerto in F Minor\" performed by Hae-Wong Chang. These were not featured on the soundtrack. Also used in the movie were elements of \"Elevation (Influx Remix)\" by U2. This was uncredited. For the first","Document [8](Title: Camilla Luddington) Rivers, Kelly Osbourne, George Kotsiopoulos, and Kris Jenner. In June 2012, Crystal Dynamics confirmed Luddington would voice Lara Croft in the video game \"Tomb Raider\". Luddington originally went into the audition for Lara thinking she was auditioning for a project called \"Krypted\" with a character called Sara. In June 2014, it was revealed that a sequel was in production, titled \"Rise of the Tomb Raider\", and Luddington confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be returning to voice and motion capture Lara in the new game. Luddington also returned to reprise her role for \"Shadow of the Tomb Raider\",","Document [9](Title: Tomb Raider (film)) Lara Croft in April 2016. \"Deadline Hollywood\" had previously reported that Daisy Ridley was considered for the role, though she later stated in an interview that it was just a \"crazy rumor.\" Walton Goggins was announced to play the villain in December 2016, and much of the rest of the cast was revealed in early 2017. Principal photography on the film began on January 23, 2017, in Cape Town, South Africa, and ended on June 9, 2017, at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden. Wilton House near Salisbury in Wiltshire was the location for exterior shots for Croft Manor. The waterfall sequence","Document [10](Title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)) CGI studio Visual Works. Keeley Hawes did not return as Lara Croft for 2013's \"Tomb Raider\", after completing \"\", \"\", \"\" and \"Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light\". She reprised the role of Lara in the downloadable game \"Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris\", which was released on 9 December 2014. In December 2010, Crystal Dynamics was said to be trialling dozens of voice actresses. On 26 June 2012, the voice actress of Lara Croft was revealed to be Camilla Luddington. Lara is played by Nadine Njeim in the Arabic dub, by Nora Tschirner in the German dub,"],"query":"who is the cast of the new tomb raider movie?","answers":["Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Alicia Vikander) the adaptation of the novel \"The Light Between Oceans\" (2016), directed by Derek Cianfrance, with Michael Fassbender and Rachel Weisz. The film was released in the United States by Touchstone Pictures on 2 September 2016. Vikander portrayed Lara Croft in the action reboot film \"Tomb Raider\", which was released on 16 March 2018. Vikander previously lived in North London. In late 2014, she began a relationship with actor Michael Fassbender, in which they made their first public appearance together at the 2016 Golden Globes, where Vikander was nominated twice\u2014for her roles in \"The Danish Girl\" (2015) and \"Ex Machina\" (2015).","Document [2](Title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)) and is accompanied by Conrad Roth, a Royal Marine turned adventurer and close friend of the Croft family who serves as mentor to Lara; Samantha \"Sam\" Nishimura, Lara's friend and a representative of the Nishimura family who films the expedition for a documentary; Joslyn Reyes, a skeptical and temperamental mechanic and single mother; Jonah Maiava, an imposing and placid fisherman who is willing to believe in the existence of the paranormal and esoteric; Angus \"Grim\" Grimaldi, the gruff Glaswegian helmsman of the \"Endurance\"; and Alex Weiss, a goofy and bespectacled electronics specialist. Lara set out on her first expedition aboard","Document [3](Title: Tomb Raider (film)) she prepares for her next adventure. Additionally, Nick Frost plays a pawn shop owner and Jaime Winstone his wife. Hannah John-Kamen and Antonio Aakeel play Lara's friends. Duncan Airlie James plays Terry, a mixed martial arts club operator. Josef Altin portrays Bruce, Lara's boss, Billy Postlethwaite and Roger Nsengiyumva appear as Bill and Rog, Lara's co-workers and opponents at the race and Michael Obiora portrays Baxter, the Croft Holdings' receptionist. GK Films first acquired the rights to make the film in 2011. Norwegian director Roar Uthaug came on board in November 2015, and Alicia Vikander was announced as the new","Document [4](Title: Lara Croft: Tomb Raider) Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (also known as simply Tomb Raider) is a 2001 action-adventure film based on the \"Tomb Raider\" video game series featuring the character Lara Croft, portrayed by Angelina Jolie. An international co-production between the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and Germany, it was directed by Simon West and revolves around Lara Croft trying to obtain ancient artifacts from the Illuminati. The film was released on June 15, 2001, and received generally negative reviews from critics for its stylized action and bland plot, although Angelina Jolie was praised for her performance. \"Tomb Raider\"","Document [5](Title: Tomb Raider (film)) to Hong Kong where she hires Lu Ren, captain of the ship \"Endurance\", to sail into the Devil's Sea and the island of Yamatai. The ship capsizes in a violent storm and Lara is washed ashore where she is knocked unconscious. She awakens only to encounter Mathias Vogel, the leader of an expedition to locate Himiko's tomb. The expedition has been funded by a shadowy organization called Trinity, which seeks to harness and weaponize Himiko's power. Vogel takes Lara prisoner, claiming that he killed her father and revealing that he intends to use Richard's research to continue his expedition. He","Document [6](Title: Lara Croft: Tomb Raider) Angelina Jolie was nominated for the Worst Actress Golden Raspberry Award for her role in the film, but she lost to Mariah Carey in \"Glitter\". \"Lara Croft: Tomb Raider\" is a 2001 soundtrack album to the film. The various artists soundtrack was released June 15, 2001. The Score was later released on June 25, 2001. The movie also featured the songs \"Lila\" by Vas and \"Piano Concerto in F Minor\" performed by Hae-Wong Chang. These were not featured on the soundtrack. Also used in the movie were elements of \"Elevation (Influx Remix)\" by U2. This was uncredited. For the first","Document [7](Title: Camilla Luddington) Rivers, Kelly Osbourne, George Kotsiopoulos, and Kris Jenner. In June 2012, Crystal Dynamics confirmed Luddington would voice Lara Croft in the video game \"Tomb Raider\". Luddington originally went into the audition for Lara thinking she was auditioning for a project called \"Krypted\" with a character called Sara. In June 2014, it was revealed that a sequel was in production, titled \"Rise of the Tomb Raider\", and Luddington confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be returning to voice and motion capture Lara in the new game. Luddington also returned to reprise her role for \"Shadow of the Tomb Raider\",","Document [8](Title: Tomb Raider (film)) Lara Croft in April 2016. \"Deadline Hollywood\" had previously reported that Daisy Ridley was considered for the role, though she later stated in an interview that it was just a \"crazy rumor.\" Walton Goggins was announced to play the villain in December 2016, and much of the rest of the cast was revealed in early 2017. Principal photography on the film began on January 23, 2017, in Cape Town, South Africa, and ended on June 9, 2017, at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden. Wilton House near Salisbury in Wiltshire was the location for exterior shots for Croft Manor. The waterfall sequence","Document [9](Title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)) CGI studio Visual Works. Keeley Hawes did not return as Lara Croft for 2013's \"Tomb Raider\", after completing \"\", \"\", \"\" and \"Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light\". She reprised the role of Lara in the downloadable game \"Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris\", which was released on 9 December 2014. In December 2010, Crystal Dynamics was said to be trialling dozens of voice actresses. On 26 June 2012, the voice actress of Lara Croft was revealed to be Camilla Luddington. Lara is played by Nadine Njeim in the Arabic dub, by Nora Tschirner in the German dub,","Document [10](Title: Tomb Raider (film)) Tomb Raider is a 2018 action-adventure film directed by Roar Uthaug, with a screenplay by Geneva Robertson-Dworet and Alastair Siddons, from a story by Evan Daugherty and Robertson-Dworet. It is based on the 2013 video game of the same name, with some elements of its sequel by Crystal Dynamics, and is a reboot of the Tomb Raider film series. The film stars Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft, who embarks on a perilous journey to her father's last-known destination, hoping to solve the mystery of his disappearance. Dominic West, Walton Goggins, Daniel Wu, and Kristin Scott Thomas appear in supporting roles."],"query":"who is the cast of the new tomb raider movie?","answers":["Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Fix You) \"Fix You\" is a song by the British rock band Coldplay. It was written by all four members of the band for their third studio album, X&Y (2005). The track is built around an organ accompanied by slow tempo drums and vocals.","Document [2](Title: Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall) Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall \"Every Teardrop is a Waterfall\" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. The song is the lead single from Coldplay's fifth studio album, \"Mylo Xyloto\", it was released on 3 June 2011, as a digital download except in the United Kingdom where it was released 2 days later. The song was nominated for two Grammy Awards: Best Rock Performance and Best Rock Song. It contains elements of the 1976 song \"I Go to Rio\" written by Peter Allen and Adrienne Anderson. Debuting at number 29 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the United States,","Document [3](Title: Yellow (Coldplay song)) song's main melody, consisting of a chord pattern, popped into his head. At first, Martin did not take it seriously \"as he relayed the tune to the rest of the band in his worst Neil Young impersonation voice\". Martin has said, \"The song had the word 'stars' and that seemed like a word you should sing in a Neil Young voice.\" The melody \"started off a lot slower\", according to drummer Will Champion, and it sounded like a Neil Young song. Not long after, despite not taking the song seriously, Martin's idea worked out when he had developed the tempo","Document [4](Title: Viva la Vida) the stupidity of what we have to put up with every day. Hence the album title.\" Unlike the then-typical arrangement of Coldplay songs, in which either the guitar or piano is the prominent instrument, the track mostly consists of a string section and a digital piano playing the song's upbeat riff, along with a steady bass drum beat, percussion (including a timpano and a church bell), bass guitar, and Martin's vocals; there is limited use of electric guitar. All the strings are arranged and conducted by violinist Davide Rossi, who is one of the main collaborators of the album. Rossi's","Document [5](Title: Birds (Coldplay song)) Birds (Coldplay song) \"Birds\" is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay. It was produced by the band's long-time record producer Rik Simpson along with Norwegian production duo Stargate. It appears as the second track on their seventh studio album, \"A Head Full of Dreams\" (2015). An official music video was also released by the band. The video was directed by Marcus Haney. It was set to the backdrop of the Colorado Desert's famous Salvation Mountain. The entire video was shot on a Super 8mm camera. The director wrote on Instagram: \"It's a tribute of thanks to the late","Document [6](Title: Fix You) Manchester\" benefit concert for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. The song received widespread acclaim from music critics. In the \"Rolling Stone Magazine\" review of the album, critic Kelefa Sanneh wrote: \"One of the best is 'Fix You', an unabashedly sentimental song where Martin delivers words of encouragement in a gentle falsetto [...] Proving once more that no band can deliver a stately rock ballad like this one.\" Paul McNamee of \"NME\" magazine wrote: \"It\u2019s a wonderful song that shifts from simple stark piano and voice to a ringing, clattering burst of intent and proto-prog four-part harmony.\" Adrien","Document [7](Title: Oceans (Coldplay song)) performance of the song, playing the acoustic guitar without his wedding ring; the first time since his separation from Gwyneth Paltrow. Oceans (Coldplay song) \"Oceans\" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. It is the seventh track from their sixth studio album, \"Ghost Stories\". The song is an acoustic ballad that has been described as channelling Coldplay's earlier works, \"Parachutes\" and \"A Rush of Blood to the Head\". The song is predominantly played with an acoustic guitar and a steady electronic drum beat, with a light orchestra accompanying the song towards the end. The song's second half merges into","Document [8](Title: Strawberry Swing) Petrdis of \"The Guardian\" stated that there \"certainly a wider sonic palette on offer\" on the song, musing that that track contained both a jerkily funky beat, and a vaguely African-sounding guitar line. The song shares common traits of Coldplay's songs; it's a mid-tempo track, featuring echoing guitars, piano ballad-inspired melodies and bittersweet, anthemics, falsetto vocals. The overall sound of the song was also inspired by the Delakota song \"The Rock\", which utilizes a backward guitar loop. The song received mostly positive reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic stated that the track, with its light, \"gently infectious","Document [9](Title: Oceans (Coldplay song)) a lovely, slightly forlorn sway of a song, with an acoustic guitar anchoring Chris Martin's meandering falsetto amidst some swirling atmospherics\". Alex Young of \"Consequence of Sound\" jokingly stated that the song would \"make for a good Starbucks soundtrack\". \"Oceans\" was first performed by the band during their appearance on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge program on 23 April 2014, alongside \"Magic\". A video of the performance was uploaded onto the official BBC Radio 1 YouTube channel the same day as the airing of the performance. The performance was featured on many music magazines and websites, with some noting Martin's","Document [10](Title: Fun (Coldplay song)) The song has the name title and concept as another song written by Chris Martin in 2008, which was left off \"Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends\" and was released by Australian singer-songwriter Natalie Imbruglia. Judah Joseph of \"The Huffington Post\" said Martin's and Tove Lo's vocals \"[weaved] seamlessly\", and he complimented the former for his \"effortless\" crooning. Referring to Martin's allusion to his separation from Paltrow, Tom Breihan of \"Stereogum\" wrote, \"It\u2019s a rare moment of acute, cutting humanity from a songwriter who tends to prefer sloppy vagaries.\" Furthermore, he said, \"And goofy though it may"],"query":"coldplay song i will try to fix you?","answers":["\"Fix You\""],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall) Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall \"Every Teardrop is a Waterfall\" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. The song is the lead single from Coldplay's fifth studio album, \"Mylo Xyloto\", it was released on 3 June 2011, as a digital download except in the United Kingdom where it was released 2 days later. The song was nominated for two Grammy Awards: Best Rock Performance and Best Rock Song. It contains elements of the 1976 song \"I Go to Rio\" written by Peter Allen and Adrienne Anderson. Debuting at number 29 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the United States,","Document [2](Title: Yellow (Coldplay song)) song's main melody, consisting of a chord pattern, popped into his head. At first, Martin did not take it seriously \"as he relayed the tune to the rest of the band in his worst Neil Young impersonation voice\". Martin has said, \"The song had the word 'stars' and that seemed like a word you should sing in a Neil Young voice.\" The melody \"started off a lot slower\", according to drummer Will Champion, and it sounded like a Neil Young song. Not long after, despite not taking the song seriously, Martin's idea worked out when he had developed the tempo","Document [3](Title: Viva la Vida) the stupidity of what we have to put up with every day. Hence the album title.\" Unlike the then-typical arrangement of Coldplay songs, in which either the guitar or piano is the prominent instrument, the track mostly consists of a string section and a digital piano playing the song's upbeat riff, along with a steady bass drum beat, percussion (including a timpano and a church bell), bass guitar, and Martin's vocals; there is limited use of electric guitar. All the strings are arranged and conducted by violinist Davide Rossi, who is one of the main collaborators of the album. Rossi's","Document [4](Title: Birds (Coldplay song)) Birds (Coldplay song) \"Birds\" is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay. It was produced by the band's long-time record producer Rik Simpson along with Norwegian production duo Stargate. It appears as the second track on their seventh studio album, \"A Head Full of Dreams\" (2015). An official music video was also released by the band. The video was directed by Marcus Haney. It was set to the backdrop of the Colorado Desert's famous Salvation Mountain. The entire video was shot on a Super 8mm camera. The director wrote on Instagram: \"It's a tribute of thanks to the late","Document [5](Title: Fix You) \"Fix You\" is a song by the British rock band Coldplay. It was written by all four members of the band for their third studio album, X&Y (2005). The track is built around an organ accompanied by slow tempo drums and vocals.","Document [6](Title: Fix You) Manchester\" benefit concert for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. The song received widespread acclaim from music critics. In the \"Rolling Stone Magazine\" review of the album, critic Kelefa Sanneh wrote: \"One of the best is 'Fix You', an unabashedly sentimental song where Martin delivers words of encouragement in a gentle falsetto [...] Proving once more that no band can deliver a stately rock ballad like this one.\" Paul McNamee of \"NME\" magazine wrote: \"It\u2019s a wonderful song that shifts from simple stark piano and voice to a ringing, clattering burst of intent and proto-prog four-part harmony.\" Adrien","Document [7](Title: Oceans (Coldplay song)) performance of the song, playing the acoustic guitar without his wedding ring; the first time since his separation from Gwyneth Paltrow. Oceans (Coldplay song) \"Oceans\" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. It is the seventh track from their sixth studio album, \"Ghost Stories\". The song is an acoustic ballad that has been described as channelling Coldplay's earlier works, \"Parachutes\" and \"A Rush of Blood to the Head\". The song is predominantly played with an acoustic guitar and a steady electronic drum beat, with a light orchestra accompanying the song towards the end. The song's second half merges into","Document [8](Title: Strawberry Swing) Petrdis of \"The Guardian\" stated that there \"certainly a wider sonic palette on offer\" on the song, musing that that track contained both a jerkily funky beat, and a vaguely African-sounding guitar line. The song shares common traits of Coldplay's songs; it's a mid-tempo track, featuring echoing guitars, piano ballad-inspired melodies and bittersweet, anthemics, falsetto vocals. The overall sound of the song was also inspired by the Delakota song \"The Rock\", which utilizes a backward guitar loop. The song received mostly positive reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic stated that the track, with its light, \"gently infectious","Document [9](Title: Oceans (Coldplay song)) a lovely, slightly forlorn sway of a song, with an acoustic guitar anchoring Chris Martin's meandering falsetto amidst some swirling atmospherics\". Alex Young of \"Consequence of Sound\" jokingly stated that the song would \"make for a good Starbucks soundtrack\". \"Oceans\" was first performed by the band during their appearance on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge program on 23 April 2014, alongside \"Magic\". A video of the performance was uploaded onto the official BBC Radio 1 YouTube channel the same day as the airing of the performance. The performance was featured on many music magazines and websites, with some noting Martin's","Document [10](Title: Fun (Coldplay song)) The song has the name title and concept as another song written by Chris Martin in 2008, which was left off \"Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends\" and was released by Australian singer-songwriter Natalie Imbruglia. Judah Joseph of \"The Huffington Post\" said Martin's and Tove Lo's vocals \"[weaved] seamlessly\", and he complimented the former for his \"effortless\" crooning. Referring to Martin's allusion to his separation from Paltrow, Tom Breihan of \"Stereogum\" wrote, \"It\u2019s a rare moment of acute, cutting humanity from a songwriter who tends to prefer sloppy vagaries.\" Furthermore, he said, \"And goofy though it may"],"query":"coldplay song i will try to fix you?","answers":["\"Fix You\""],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall) Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall \"Every Teardrop is a Waterfall\" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. The song is the lead single from Coldplay's fifth studio album, \"Mylo Xyloto\", it was released on 3 June 2011, as a digital download except in the United Kingdom where it was released 2 days later. The song was nominated for two Grammy Awards: Best Rock Performance and Best Rock Song. It contains elements of the 1976 song \"I Go to Rio\" written by Peter Allen and Adrienne Anderson. Debuting at number 29 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the United States,","Document [2](Title: Yellow (Coldplay song)) song's main melody, consisting of a chord pattern, popped into his head. At first, Martin did not take it seriously \"as he relayed the tune to the rest of the band in his worst Neil Young impersonation voice\". Martin has said, \"The song had the word 'stars' and that seemed like a word you should sing in a Neil Young voice.\" The melody \"started off a lot slower\", according to drummer Will Champion, and it sounded like a Neil Young song. Not long after, despite not taking the song seriously, Martin's idea worked out when he had developed the tempo","Document [3](Title: Viva la Vida) the stupidity of what we have to put up with every day. Hence the album title.\" Unlike the then-typical arrangement of Coldplay songs, in which either the guitar or piano is the prominent instrument, the track mostly consists of a string section and a digital piano playing the song's upbeat riff, along with a steady bass drum beat, percussion (including a timpano and a church bell), bass guitar, and Martin's vocals; there is limited use of electric guitar. All the strings are arranged and conducted by violinist Davide Rossi, who is one of the main collaborators of the album. Rossi's","Document [4](Title: Birds (Coldplay song)) Birds (Coldplay song) \"Birds\" is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay. It was produced by the band's long-time record producer Rik Simpson along with Norwegian production duo Stargate. It appears as the second track on their seventh studio album, \"A Head Full of Dreams\" (2015). An official music video was also released by the band. The video was directed by Marcus Haney. It was set to the backdrop of the Colorado Desert's famous Salvation Mountain. The entire video was shot on a Super 8mm camera. The director wrote on Instagram: \"It's a tribute of thanks to the late","Document [5](Title: Fix You) Manchester\" benefit concert for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. The song received widespread acclaim from music critics. In the \"Rolling Stone Magazine\" review of the album, critic Kelefa Sanneh wrote: \"One of the best is 'Fix You', an unabashedly sentimental song where Martin delivers words of encouragement in a gentle falsetto [...] Proving once more that no band can deliver a stately rock ballad like this one.\" Paul McNamee of \"NME\" magazine wrote: \"It\u2019s a wonderful song that shifts from simple stark piano and voice to a ringing, clattering burst of intent and proto-prog four-part harmony.\" Adrien","Document [6](Title: Oceans (Coldplay song)) performance of the song, playing the acoustic guitar without his wedding ring; the first time since his separation from Gwyneth Paltrow. Oceans (Coldplay song) \"Oceans\" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. It is the seventh track from their sixth studio album, \"Ghost Stories\". The song is an acoustic ballad that has been described as channelling Coldplay's earlier works, \"Parachutes\" and \"A Rush of Blood to the Head\". The song is predominantly played with an acoustic guitar and a steady electronic drum beat, with a light orchestra accompanying the song towards the end. The song's second half merges into","Document [7](Title: Strawberry Swing) Petrdis of \"The Guardian\" stated that there \"certainly a wider sonic palette on offer\" on the song, musing that that track contained both a jerkily funky beat, and a vaguely African-sounding guitar line. The song shares common traits of Coldplay's songs; it's a mid-tempo track, featuring echoing guitars, piano ballad-inspired melodies and bittersweet, anthemics, falsetto vocals. The overall sound of the song was also inspired by the Delakota song \"The Rock\", which utilizes a backward guitar loop. The song received mostly positive reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic stated that the track, with its light, \"gently infectious","Document [8](Title: Oceans (Coldplay song)) a lovely, slightly forlorn sway of a song, with an acoustic guitar anchoring Chris Martin's meandering falsetto amidst some swirling atmospherics\". Alex Young of \"Consequence of Sound\" jokingly stated that the song would \"make for a good Starbucks soundtrack\". \"Oceans\" was first performed by the band during their appearance on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge program on 23 April 2014, alongside \"Magic\". A video of the performance was uploaded onto the official BBC Radio 1 YouTube channel the same day as the airing of the performance. The performance was featured on many music magazines and websites, with some noting Martin's","Document [9](Title: Fun (Coldplay song)) The song has the name title and concept as another song written by Chris Martin in 2008, which was left off \"Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends\" and was released by Australian singer-songwriter Natalie Imbruglia. Judah Joseph of \"The Huffington Post\" said Martin's and Tove Lo's vocals \"[weaved] seamlessly\", and he complimented the former for his \"effortless\" crooning. Referring to Martin's allusion to his separation from Paltrow, Tom Breihan of \"Stereogum\" wrote, \"It\u2019s a rare moment of acute, cutting humanity from a songwriter who tends to prefer sloppy vagaries.\" Furthermore, he said, \"And goofy though it may","Document [10](Title: Fix You) \"Fix You\" is a song by the British rock band Coldplay. It was written by all four members of the band for their third studio album, X&Y (2005). The track is built around an organ accompanied by slow tempo drums and vocals."],"query":"coldplay song i will try to fix you?","answers":["\"Fix You\""],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Blond) hair is related to the evolution of light skin, and in turn the requirement for vitamin D synthesis and northern Europe's seasonal less solar radiation. Lighter skin is due to a low concentration in pigmentation, thus allowing more sunlight to trigger the production of vitamin D. In this way, high frequencies of light hair in northern latitudes are a result of the light skin adaptation to lower levels of solar radiation, which reduces the prevalence of rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency. The darker pigmentation at higher latitudes in certain ethnic groups such as the Inuit is explained by a","Document [2](Title: Blond) ice or snow on the ground, and this reflects the solar radiation onto the skin, making this environment lack the conditions for the person to have blond, brown or red hair, light skin and blue, grey or green eyes. An alternative hypothesis was presented by Canadian anthropologist Peter Frost, who claims blond hair evolved very quickly in a specific area at the end of the last ice age by means of sexual selection. According to Frost, the appearance of blond hair and blue eyes in some northern European women made them stand out from their rivals, and more sexually appealing","Document [3](Title: Eye color) low or moderate concentration of melanin) with: 2) a blue shade created by the Rayleigh scattering of reflected light. Green eyes contain the yellowish pigment lipochrome. Green eyes probably result from the interaction of multiple variants within the \"OCA2\" and other genes. They were present in south Siberia during the Bronze Age. They are most common in Northern, Western and Central Europe. In Ireland and Scotland 14% of people have brown eyes and 86% have either blue or green eyes, In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic","Document [4](Title: Sex differences in human physiology) hair, whereas males were more likely to have black or dark brown hair. Another study found green eyes, which are a result of lower melanin levels, to be much more common in women than in men, at least by a factor of two. However, one more recent study found that while women indeed tend to have a lower frequency of black hair, men on the other hand had a higher frequency of platinum blond hair, blue eyes and lighter skin. According to this one theory the cause for this is a higher frequency of genetic recombination in women than in","Document [5](Title: Green) green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light. Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe. They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic","Document [6](Title: Eye color) and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%. 37.2% of Italians from Verona and 56% of Slovenes have blue\/green eyes. Green eyes are common in Tabby cats as well as the Chinchilla Longhair and its shorthaired equivalents are notable for their black-rimmed sea-green eyes. Hazel eyes are due to a combination of Rayleigh scattering and a moderate amount of melanin in the iris' anterior border layer. Hazel eyes often appear to shift in color","Document [7](Title: Leggy) sweet and pretty, and likes to sing diverse songs. Jill has long blonde hair almost to her knees with bangs, as well as blue eyes and pink lipstick. In the Leggy brochure it states that her nickname is the new blonde. She was American born in Denver, living in Santa Monica California. She is a student, with the distinguishing features of long blonde hair, long legs and big eyes. She loves horses, sleeping late and cooking. Nan has brown curly hair in an up do ponytail, with brown and violet eyes and red lipstick. In the Leggy brochure it states","Document [8](Title: Eva Green) described herself as \"a secular Jew who never attended synagogue as a girl\" and feels \"like a citizen of the world\". She has described her family as \"bourgeois\" and has said that her sister is very different from her. Green is naturally dark blonde; she has dyed her hair black since she was 15 years old. She is the niece of actress Marika Green and the maternal first cousin of singer Elsa Lunghini and actress Jos\u00e9phine Jobert. The surname \"Green\" ]; is Swedish. It does not originate from the English word \"green\", which is \"gr\u00f6n\" in Swedish. \"Green\" is derived","Document [9](Title: The Green-Eyed Blonde) The Green-Eyed Blonde The Green-Eyed Blonde is a 1957 American drama film directed by Bernard Girard and written by Dalton Trumbo, a blacklisted Hollywood screenwriter; the script was credited to his front, Sally Stubblefield. The film stars Susan Oliver, Melinda Plowman, Beverly Long, Norma Jean Nilsson, Tommie Moore and Carla Merey. The film was released by Warner Bros. on December 14, 1957. Maggie Wilson joins the staff of a California institution for wayward girls, run by the stern Mrs. Nichols. A new arrival, Betsy Abel, hates her mother and has a two-month-old baby of her own, refusing to identify the","Document [10](Title: Carleton S. Coon) basin from a Near Eastern origin. While often characterized by dark brown hair, dark eyes and robust features, he stressed that Mediterraneans skin is, as a rule, some shade of white from pink to light brown, hair is usually black or dark brown but his whiskers may reveal a few strands of red of even blond, and blond hair is an exception but can be found, and a wide range of eye color can be found. Coon first modified Franz Weidenreich's polycentric (or multiregional) theory of the origin of races. The Weidenreich Theory states that human races have evolved independently"],"query":"where does blonde hair green eyes come from?","answers":["a low concentration in pigmentation"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Blond) ice or snow on the ground, and this reflects the solar radiation onto the skin, making this environment lack the conditions for the person to have blond, brown or red hair, light skin and blue, grey or green eyes. An alternative hypothesis was presented by Canadian anthropologist Peter Frost, who claims blond hair evolved very quickly in a specific area at the end of the last ice age by means of sexual selection. According to Frost, the appearance of blond hair and blue eyes in some northern European women made them stand out from their rivals, and more sexually appealing","Document [2](Title: Eye color) low or moderate concentration of melanin) with: 2) a blue shade created by the Rayleigh scattering of reflected light. Green eyes contain the yellowish pigment lipochrome. Green eyes probably result from the interaction of multiple variants within the \"OCA2\" and other genes. They were present in south Siberia during the Bronze Age. They are most common in Northern, Western and Central Europe. In Ireland and Scotland 14% of people have brown eyes and 86% have either blue or green eyes, In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic","Document [3](Title: Sex differences in human physiology) hair, whereas males were more likely to have black or dark brown hair. Another study found green eyes, which are a result of lower melanin levels, to be much more common in women than in men, at least by a factor of two. However, one more recent study found that while women indeed tend to have a lower frequency of black hair, men on the other hand had a higher frequency of platinum blond hair, blue eyes and lighter skin. According to this one theory the cause for this is a higher frequency of genetic recombination in women than in","Document [4](Title: Green) green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light. Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe. They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic","Document [5](Title: Blond) hair is related to the evolution of light skin, and in turn the requirement for vitamin D synthesis and northern Europe's seasonal less solar radiation. Lighter skin is due to a low concentration in pigmentation, thus allowing more sunlight to trigger the production of vitamin D. In this way, high frequencies of light hair in northern latitudes are a result of the light skin adaptation to lower levels of solar radiation, which reduces the prevalence of rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency. The darker pigmentation at higher latitudes in certain ethnic groups such as the Inuit is explained by a","Document [6](Title: Eye color) and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%. 37.2% of Italians from Verona and 56% of Slovenes have blue\/green eyes. Green eyes are common in Tabby cats as well as the Chinchilla Longhair and its shorthaired equivalents are notable for their black-rimmed sea-green eyes. Hazel eyes are due to a combination of Rayleigh scattering and a moderate amount of melanin in the iris' anterior border layer. Hazel eyes often appear to shift in color","Document [7](Title: Leggy) sweet and pretty, and likes to sing diverse songs. Jill has long blonde hair almost to her knees with bangs, as well as blue eyes and pink lipstick. In the Leggy brochure it states that her nickname is the new blonde. She was American born in Denver, living in Santa Monica California. She is a student, with the distinguishing features of long blonde hair, long legs and big eyes. She loves horses, sleeping late and cooking. Nan has brown curly hair in an up do ponytail, with brown and violet eyes and red lipstick. In the Leggy brochure it states","Document [8](Title: Eva Green) described herself as \"a secular Jew who never attended synagogue as a girl\" and feels \"like a citizen of the world\". She has described her family as \"bourgeois\" and has said that her sister is very different from her. Green is naturally dark blonde; she has dyed her hair black since she was 15 years old. She is the niece of actress Marika Green and the maternal first cousin of singer Elsa Lunghini and actress Jos\u00e9phine Jobert. The surname \"Green\" ]; is Swedish. It does not originate from the English word \"green\", which is \"gr\u00f6n\" in Swedish. \"Green\" is derived","Document [9](Title: The Green-Eyed Blonde) The Green-Eyed Blonde The Green-Eyed Blonde is a 1957 American drama film directed by Bernard Girard and written by Dalton Trumbo, a blacklisted Hollywood screenwriter; the script was credited to his front, Sally Stubblefield. The film stars Susan Oliver, Melinda Plowman, Beverly Long, Norma Jean Nilsson, Tommie Moore and Carla Merey. The film was released by Warner Bros. on December 14, 1957. Maggie Wilson joins the staff of a California institution for wayward girls, run by the stern Mrs. Nichols. A new arrival, Betsy Abel, hates her mother and has a two-month-old baby of her own, refusing to identify the","Document [10](Title: Carleton S. Coon) basin from a Near Eastern origin. While often characterized by dark brown hair, dark eyes and robust features, he stressed that Mediterraneans skin is, as a rule, some shade of white from pink to light brown, hair is usually black or dark brown but his whiskers may reveal a few strands of red of even blond, and blond hair is an exception but can be found, and a wide range of eye color can be found. Coon first modified Franz Weidenreich's polycentric (or multiregional) theory of the origin of races. The Weidenreich Theory states that human races have evolved independently"],"query":"where does blonde hair green eyes come from?","answers":["a low concentration in pigmentation"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Blond) ice or snow on the ground, and this reflects the solar radiation onto the skin, making this environment lack the conditions for the person to have blond, brown or red hair, light skin and blue, grey or green eyes. An alternative hypothesis was presented by Canadian anthropologist Peter Frost, who claims blond hair evolved very quickly in a specific area at the end of the last ice age by means of sexual selection. According to Frost, the appearance of blond hair and blue eyes in some northern European women made them stand out from their rivals, and more sexually appealing","Document [2](Title: Eye color) low or moderate concentration of melanin) with: 2) a blue shade created by the Rayleigh scattering of reflected light. Green eyes contain the yellowish pigment lipochrome. Green eyes probably result from the interaction of multiple variants within the \"OCA2\" and other genes. They were present in south Siberia during the Bronze Age. They are most common in Northern, Western and Central Europe. In Ireland and Scotland 14% of people have brown eyes and 86% have either blue or green eyes, In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic","Document [3](Title: Sex differences in human physiology) hair, whereas males were more likely to have black or dark brown hair. Another study found green eyes, which are a result of lower melanin levels, to be much more common in women than in men, at least by a factor of two. However, one more recent study found that while women indeed tend to have a lower frequency of black hair, men on the other hand had a higher frequency of platinum blond hair, blue eyes and lighter skin. According to this one theory the cause for this is a higher frequency of genetic recombination in women than in","Document [4](Title: Green) green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light. Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe. They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic","Document [5](Title: Eye color) and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%. 37.2% of Italians from Verona and 56% of Slovenes have blue\/green eyes. Green eyes are common in Tabby cats as well as the Chinchilla Longhair and its shorthaired equivalents are notable for their black-rimmed sea-green eyes. Hazel eyes are due to a combination of Rayleigh scattering and a moderate amount of melanin in the iris' anterior border layer. Hazel eyes often appear to shift in color","Document [6](Title: Leggy) sweet and pretty, and likes to sing diverse songs. Jill has long blonde hair almost to her knees with bangs, as well as blue eyes and pink lipstick. In the Leggy brochure it states that her nickname is the new blonde. She was American born in Denver, living in Santa Monica California. She is a student, with the distinguishing features of long blonde hair, long legs and big eyes. She loves horses, sleeping late and cooking. Nan has brown curly hair in an up do ponytail, with brown and violet eyes and red lipstick. In the Leggy brochure it states","Document [7](Title: Eva Green) described herself as \"a secular Jew who never attended synagogue as a girl\" and feels \"like a citizen of the world\". She has described her family as \"bourgeois\" and has said that her sister is very different from her. Green is naturally dark blonde; she has dyed her hair black since she was 15 years old. She is the niece of actress Marika Green and the maternal first cousin of singer Elsa Lunghini and actress Jos\u00e9phine Jobert. The surname \"Green\" ]; is Swedish. It does not originate from the English word \"green\", which is \"gr\u00f6n\" in Swedish. \"Green\" is derived","Document [8](Title: The Green-Eyed Blonde) The Green-Eyed Blonde The Green-Eyed Blonde is a 1957 American drama film directed by Bernard Girard and written by Dalton Trumbo, a blacklisted Hollywood screenwriter; the script was credited to his front, Sally Stubblefield. The film stars Susan Oliver, Melinda Plowman, Beverly Long, Norma Jean Nilsson, Tommie Moore and Carla Merey. The film was released by Warner Bros. on December 14, 1957. Maggie Wilson joins the staff of a California institution for wayward girls, run by the stern Mrs. Nichols. A new arrival, Betsy Abel, hates her mother and has a two-month-old baby of her own, refusing to identify the","Document [9](Title: Carleton S. Coon) basin from a Near Eastern origin. While often characterized by dark brown hair, dark eyes and robust features, he stressed that Mediterraneans skin is, as a rule, some shade of white from pink to light brown, hair is usually black or dark brown but his whiskers may reveal a few strands of red of even blond, and blond hair is an exception but can be found, and a wide range of eye color can be found. Coon first modified Franz Weidenreich's polycentric (or multiregional) theory of the origin of races. The Weidenreich Theory states that human races have evolved independently","Document [10](Title: Blond) hair is related to the evolution of light skin, and in turn the requirement for vitamin D synthesis and northern Europe's seasonal less solar radiation. Lighter skin is due to a low concentration in pigmentation, thus allowing more sunlight to trigger the production of vitamin D. In this way, high frequencies of light hair in northern latitudes are a result of the light skin adaptation to lower levels of solar radiation, which reduces the prevalence of rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency. The darker pigmentation at higher latitudes in certain ethnic groups such as the Inuit is explained by a"],"query":"where does blonde hair green eyes come from?","answers":["a low concentration in pigmentation"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Anglo-Zulu War) Frere, on his own initiative, without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878, to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply, including disbanding his army and abandoning key cultural traditions. Bartle Frere then sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand after this ultimatum was not met. The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, including an opening victory of the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana, followed by the defeat of a large Zulu army at Rorke's","Document [2](Title: Mbongeleni Zondi) Mbongeleni Zondi Inkosi (Zulu Chief\/King) Mbongeleni Zondi (1969 \u2013 January 22, 2009) was a Zulu chief and great-grandson of Inkosi Bambatha kaMancinza, who led a Zulu rebellion against British rule in 1906. He was also a close ally of African National Congress President Jacob Zuma and a cultural patron of the ANC leadership in KwaZulu-Natal. At 7:00 AM on January 22, 2009, Zondi was shot to death along Stimela Avenue in Durban\u2019s Umlazi township. At the time, he lived in Msinga in the Midlands, and was visiting his sister in Umlazi. Four men arrived in an SUV; two of them","Document [3](Title: Senzangakhona kaJama) Senzangakhona kaJama Senzangakhona kaJama (c. 1762 \u2013 1816) was a chief of the Zulu clan, and primarily notable as the father of three Zulu kings who ruled during the period when the Zulus achieved prominence, led by his oldest son Shaka. His father was King Jama kaNdaba and his mother was Queen Mthaniya Sibiya. He succeeded on his father's death. During the chieftaincy of Senzangakhona, the Zulus were a small clan in the Mthethwa confederation which was ruled by Dingiswayo. Senzangakhona\u2019s name is derived from the Zulu word meaning \"he who acts with a good reason\". Although the Zulus practised","Document [4](Title: Anthony Durnford) decision not to fortify the camp (which was in direct violation of his own standing pre-campaign orders). In the 1979 film \"Zulu Dawn\", which depicted the battle of Isandlwana, Durnford was portrayed by Burt Lancaster. Anthony Durnford Lieutenant-Colonel Anthony William Durnford (24 June 1830 \u2013 22 January 1879) was an Irish career British Army officer of the Royal Engineers who served in the Anglo-Zulu War. Breveted colonel, Durnford is mainly known for his heroic presence at the defeat of the British Army by the Zulus at the Battle of Isandlwana. Durnford was born into a military family at Manorhamilton, County","Document [5](Title: Henry Cele) Henry Cele Henry Cele () (30 January 1949 \u2013 2 November 2007) was a South African actor noted for his portrayal of the great Zulu Warrior King Shaka kaSenzangakhona in the South African television miniseries \"Shaka Zulu.\" Henry Cele was born on 30 January 1949 in KwaMashu, Durban, South Africa. As a member of the Cele family he was referred to by his clan name Ndosi (Bavela KwaMthetwa), or Magaye. Cele, nicknamed \"Black Cat\" for his prowess as a goalkeeper, played for Aces United in the old South African Soccer League (SASL) in the 1960s. He also played for Zulu","Document [6](Title: Henry Francis Fynn) Shaka and the kingdom of the Zulu in South Africa. He was played by Robert Powell in the 1986 television drama \"Shaka Zulu\". Fynn's son, also Henry Francis attended St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown in 1858 and 1859. Francis Farewell, leader of the colonists \"This article draws heavily on the article in the German-language Wikipedia, which was accessed in the version of 19 July 2011\". Henry Francis Fynn Henry Francis Fynn (29 March 1803 in Grosvenor Square, London, England \u2013 20 September 1861 in Durban, Natal, South Africa) was an English traveler and trader. His diary covers the period from 1824","Document [7](Title: Lindiwe Zulu) Lindiwe Zulu Lindiwe Daphney Zulu (born 21 April 1958) is South Africa's Minister of Small Business Development. She was the special advisor to the President on International Relations. She previously served as the head of communication for the PAN African women\u2019s organisation in Angola in 1988. In 1989 she moved to Lusaka, Zambia where she held the position of head of communication in the ANC department of Religious Affairs. In 1990 she moved to Uganda where she was the head of communication and administrator in the ANC office. In 1991 she returned to South Africa and became the head of","Document [8](Title: Mbongeni Ngema) the heart of Zululand, with the wealth of his heritage, bringing vividly to life the historic panoply of the Zulu nation. \"The Zulu\" continues its triumphant tours of South Africa, filling theatres around the country, and is set to soon tour abroad. Ngema prides himself on being from the lineage of the warriors Mbandama and Sigcwelegcwele kaMhlekehleke of the Ngema clan who led the Ingoba Makhosi regiment, a pivotal regiment that defeated the British armies at the Battle of Isandlwana in the Anglo-Zulu war, on 22 January 1879. To add to the growing list of accolades, Ngema has recently been","Document [9](Title: Kleist Sykes) Zulu warriors. The Zulu mercenaries were under the leadership of Chief Mohosh of Inhambane, Mozambique. They were recruited from a village named Kwa Likunyi in Mozambique. Among the mercenaries was my grandfather, Sykes Mbuwane. This was just after the Berlin Conference of 1884 in which Africa was partitioned between imperial powers in Europe. This caused resistance and from 1888-89 the people of Tanganyika rose up in arms to defend their freedom. Germans had a military camp at Pangani, the small coastal town few miles from Tanga which in those days was an important town in the German administration. It was","Document [10](Title: Mangosuthu Buthelezi) Mangosuthu Buthelezi Mangosuthu Buthelezi (born 27 August 1928) is a South African politician and Zulu tribal leader who founded the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) in 1975 and was Chief Minister of the KwaZulu bantustan until 1994. He was Minister of Home Affairs of South Africa from 1994 to 2004. His praise name is Shenge. He was also previously called Gatsha. Throughout most of the apartheid era, Buthelezi was considered one of the foremost black leaders. He played a key role in creating a framework for a negotiated solution to South Africa's racial conflict, signing the landmark Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith"],"query":"who was the leader of the zulu in south africa who led the fight against the british?","answers":["Cetshwayo","Cetshwayo kaMpande"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Mbongeleni Zondi) Mbongeleni Zondi Inkosi (Zulu Chief\/King) Mbongeleni Zondi (1969 \u2013 January 22, 2009) was a Zulu chief and great-grandson of Inkosi Bambatha kaMancinza, who led a Zulu rebellion against British rule in 1906. He was also a close ally of African National Congress President Jacob Zuma and a cultural patron of the ANC leadership in KwaZulu-Natal. At 7:00 AM on January 22, 2009, Zondi was shot to death along Stimela Avenue in Durban\u2019s Umlazi township. At the time, he lived in Msinga in the Midlands, and was visiting his sister in Umlazi. Four men arrived in an SUV; two of them","Document [2](Title: Senzangakhona kaJama) Senzangakhona kaJama Senzangakhona kaJama (c. 1762 \u2013 1816) was a chief of the Zulu clan, and primarily notable as the father of three Zulu kings who ruled during the period when the Zulus achieved prominence, led by his oldest son Shaka. His father was King Jama kaNdaba and his mother was Queen Mthaniya Sibiya. He succeeded on his father's death. During the chieftaincy of Senzangakhona, the Zulus were a small clan in the Mthethwa confederation which was ruled by Dingiswayo. Senzangakhona\u2019s name is derived from the Zulu word meaning \"he who acts with a good reason\". Although the Zulus practised","Document [3](Title: Anthony Durnford) decision not to fortify the camp (which was in direct violation of his own standing pre-campaign orders). In the 1979 film \"Zulu Dawn\", which depicted the battle of Isandlwana, Durnford was portrayed by Burt Lancaster. Anthony Durnford Lieutenant-Colonel Anthony William Durnford (24 June 1830 \u2013 22 January 1879) was an Irish career British Army officer of the Royal Engineers who served in the Anglo-Zulu War. Breveted colonel, Durnford is mainly known for his heroic presence at the defeat of the British Army by the Zulus at the Battle of Isandlwana. Durnford was born into a military family at Manorhamilton, County","Document [4](Title: Henry Cele) Henry Cele Henry Cele () (30 January 1949 \u2013 2 November 2007) was a South African actor noted for his portrayal of the great Zulu Warrior King Shaka kaSenzangakhona in the South African television miniseries \"Shaka Zulu.\" Henry Cele was born on 30 January 1949 in KwaMashu, Durban, South Africa. As a member of the Cele family he was referred to by his clan name Ndosi (Bavela KwaMthetwa), or Magaye. Cele, nicknamed \"Black Cat\" for his prowess as a goalkeeper, played for Aces United in the old South African Soccer League (SASL) in the 1960s. He also played for Zulu","Document [5](Title: Anglo-Zulu War) Frere, on his own initiative, without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878, to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply, including disbanding his army and abandoning key cultural traditions. Bartle Frere then sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand after this ultimatum was not met. The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, including an opening victory of the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana, followed by the defeat of a large Zulu army at Rorke's","Document [6](Title: Henry Francis Fynn) Shaka and the kingdom of the Zulu in South Africa. He was played by Robert Powell in the 1986 television drama \"Shaka Zulu\". Fynn's son, also Henry Francis attended St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown in 1858 and 1859. Francis Farewell, leader of the colonists \"This article draws heavily on the article in the German-language Wikipedia, which was accessed in the version of 19 July 2011\". Henry Francis Fynn Henry Francis Fynn (29 March 1803 in Grosvenor Square, London, England \u2013 20 September 1861 in Durban, Natal, South Africa) was an English traveler and trader. His diary covers the period from 1824","Document [7](Title: Lindiwe Zulu) Lindiwe Zulu Lindiwe Daphney Zulu (born 21 April 1958) is South Africa's Minister of Small Business Development. She was the special advisor to the President on International Relations. She previously served as the head of communication for the PAN African women\u2019s organisation in Angola in 1988. In 1989 she moved to Lusaka, Zambia where she held the position of head of communication in the ANC department of Religious Affairs. In 1990 she moved to Uganda where she was the head of communication and administrator in the ANC office. In 1991 she returned to South Africa and became the head of","Document [8](Title: Mbongeni Ngema) the heart of Zululand, with the wealth of his heritage, bringing vividly to life the historic panoply of the Zulu nation. \"The Zulu\" continues its triumphant tours of South Africa, filling theatres around the country, and is set to soon tour abroad. Ngema prides himself on being from the lineage of the warriors Mbandama and Sigcwelegcwele kaMhlekehleke of the Ngema clan who led the Ingoba Makhosi regiment, a pivotal regiment that defeated the British armies at the Battle of Isandlwana in the Anglo-Zulu war, on 22 January 1879. To add to the growing list of accolades, Ngema has recently been","Document [9](Title: Kleist Sykes) Zulu warriors. The Zulu mercenaries were under the leadership of Chief Mohosh of Inhambane, Mozambique. They were recruited from a village named Kwa Likunyi in Mozambique. Among the mercenaries was my grandfather, Sykes Mbuwane. This was just after the Berlin Conference of 1884 in which Africa was partitioned between imperial powers in Europe. This caused resistance and from 1888-89 the people of Tanganyika rose up in arms to defend their freedom. Germans had a military camp at Pangani, the small coastal town few miles from Tanga which in those days was an important town in the German administration. It was","Document [10](Title: Mangosuthu Buthelezi) Mangosuthu Buthelezi Mangosuthu Buthelezi (born 27 August 1928) is a South African politician and Zulu tribal leader who founded the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) in 1975 and was Chief Minister of the KwaZulu bantustan until 1994. He was Minister of Home Affairs of South Africa from 1994 to 2004. His praise name is Shenge. He was also previously called Gatsha. Throughout most of the apartheid era, Buthelezi was considered one of the foremost black leaders. He played a key role in creating a framework for a negotiated solution to South Africa's racial conflict, signing the landmark Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith"],"query":"who was the leader of the zulu in south africa who led the fight against the british?","answers":["Cetshwayo","Cetshwayo kaMpande"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Mbongeleni Zondi) Mbongeleni Zondi Inkosi (Zulu Chief\/King) Mbongeleni Zondi (1969 \u2013 January 22, 2009) was a Zulu chief and great-grandson of Inkosi Bambatha kaMancinza, who led a Zulu rebellion against British rule in 1906. He was also a close ally of African National Congress President Jacob Zuma and a cultural patron of the ANC leadership in KwaZulu-Natal. At 7:00 AM on January 22, 2009, Zondi was shot to death along Stimela Avenue in Durban\u2019s Umlazi township. At the time, he lived in Msinga in the Midlands, and was visiting his sister in Umlazi. Four men arrived in an SUV; two of them","Document [2](Title: Senzangakhona kaJama) Senzangakhona kaJama Senzangakhona kaJama (c. 1762 \u2013 1816) was a chief of the Zulu clan, and primarily notable as the father of three Zulu kings who ruled during the period when the Zulus achieved prominence, led by his oldest son Shaka. His father was King Jama kaNdaba and his mother was Queen Mthaniya Sibiya. He succeeded on his father's death. During the chieftaincy of Senzangakhona, the Zulus were a small clan in the Mthethwa confederation which was ruled by Dingiswayo. Senzangakhona\u2019s name is derived from the Zulu word meaning \"he who acts with a good reason\". Although the Zulus practised","Document [3](Title: Anthony Durnford) decision not to fortify the camp (which was in direct violation of his own standing pre-campaign orders). In the 1979 film \"Zulu Dawn\", which depicted the battle of Isandlwana, Durnford was portrayed by Burt Lancaster. Anthony Durnford Lieutenant-Colonel Anthony William Durnford (24 June 1830 \u2013 22 January 1879) was an Irish career British Army officer of the Royal Engineers who served in the Anglo-Zulu War. Breveted colonel, Durnford is mainly known for his heroic presence at the defeat of the British Army by the Zulus at the Battle of Isandlwana. Durnford was born into a military family at Manorhamilton, County","Document [4](Title: Henry Cele) Henry Cele Henry Cele () (30 January 1949 \u2013 2 November 2007) was a South African actor noted for his portrayal of the great Zulu Warrior King Shaka kaSenzangakhona in the South African television miniseries \"Shaka Zulu.\" Henry Cele was born on 30 January 1949 in KwaMashu, Durban, South Africa. As a member of the Cele family he was referred to by his clan name Ndosi (Bavela KwaMthetwa), or Magaye. Cele, nicknamed \"Black Cat\" for his prowess as a goalkeeper, played for Aces United in the old South African Soccer League (SASL) in the 1960s. He also played for Zulu","Document [5](Title: Henry Francis Fynn) Shaka and the kingdom of the Zulu in South Africa. He was played by Robert Powell in the 1986 television drama \"Shaka Zulu\". Fynn's son, also Henry Francis attended St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown in 1858 and 1859. Francis Farewell, leader of the colonists \"This article draws heavily on the article in the German-language Wikipedia, which was accessed in the version of 19 July 2011\". Henry Francis Fynn Henry Francis Fynn (29 March 1803 in Grosvenor Square, London, England \u2013 20 September 1861 in Durban, Natal, South Africa) was an English traveler and trader. His diary covers the period from 1824","Document [6](Title: Lindiwe Zulu) Lindiwe Zulu Lindiwe Daphney Zulu (born 21 April 1958) is South Africa's Minister of Small Business Development. She was the special advisor to the President on International Relations. She previously served as the head of communication for the PAN African women\u2019s organisation in Angola in 1988. In 1989 she moved to Lusaka, Zambia where she held the position of head of communication in the ANC department of Religious Affairs. In 1990 she moved to Uganda where she was the head of communication and administrator in the ANC office. In 1991 she returned to South Africa and became the head of","Document [7](Title: Mbongeni Ngema) the heart of Zululand, with the wealth of his heritage, bringing vividly to life the historic panoply of the Zulu nation. \"The Zulu\" continues its triumphant tours of South Africa, filling theatres around the country, and is set to soon tour abroad. Ngema prides himself on being from the lineage of the warriors Mbandama and Sigcwelegcwele kaMhlekehleke of the Ngema clan who led the Ingoba Makhosi regiment, a pivotal regiment that defeated the British armies at the Battle of Isandlwana in the Anglo-Zulu war, on 22 January 1879. To add to the growing list of accolades, Ngema has recently been","Document [8](Title: Kleist Sykes) Zulu warriors. The Zulu mercenaries were under the leadership of Chief Mohosh of Inhambane, Mozambique. They were recruited from a village named Kwa Likunyi in Mozambique. Among the mercenaries was my grandfather, Sykes Mbuwane. This was just after the Berlin Conference of 1884 in which Africa was partitioned between imperial powers in Europe. This caused resistance and from 1888-89 the people of Tanganyika rose up in arms to defend their freedom. Germans had a military camp at Pangani, the small coastal town few miles from Tanga which in those days was an important town in the German administration. It was","Document [9](Title: Mangosuthu Buthelezi) Mangosuthu Buthelezi Mangosuthu Buthelezi (born 27 August 1928) is a South African politician and Zulu tribal leader who founded the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) in 1975 and was Chief Minister of the KwaZulu bantustan until 1994. He was Minister of Home Affairs of South Africa from 1994 to 2004. His praise name is Shenge. He was also previously called Gatsha. Throughout most of the apartheid era, Buthelezi was considered one of the foremost black leaders. He played a key role in creating a framework for a negotiated solution to South Africa's racial conflict, signing the landmark Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith","Document [10](Title: Anglo-Zulu War) Frere, on his own initiative, without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878, to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply, including disbanding his army and abandoning key cultural traditions. Bartle Frere then sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand after this ultimatum was not met. The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, including an opening victory of the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana, followed by the defeat of a large Zulu army at Rorke's"],"query":"who was the leader of the zulu in south africa who led the fight against the british?","answers":["Cetshwayo","Cetshwayo kaMpande"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends (TV series)) Show remained in syndicated reruns and was still available for local television stations through The Program Exchange as late as 2016; WBBZ-TV, for instance, aired the show in a strip to counterprogram 10 PM newscasts in the Buffalo, New York market during the summer 2013 season. The underlying rights are now owned by Universal Pictures, which holds the library of predecessor companies DreamWorks Animation and Classic Media, and who in turn with copyright holder Ward Productions forms the joint venture Bullwinkle Studios, which manages the Rocky and Bullwinkle properties; Universal's purchase of Classic Media coincided with The Program Exchange's shutdown.","Document [2](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (TV series)) DHX Studios Vancouver with writing and early production duties taking place in Los Angeles. On April 12, 2018, it was announced that Amazon Video had given a series order to the production and that the show would premiere on May 11, 2018. Executive producers were reported to include Scott Fellows and Tiffany Ward, daughter of the original series producer Jay Ward. On December 15, 2018, it was reported that the series would return with the second half of season one in January 2019. Alongside the series announcement, it was confirmed that voice cast would include Tara Strong, Brad Norman, Ben","Document [3](Title: Mr. Peabody & Sherman) Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\". The short was directed by Gary Trousdale, who is known for co-directing Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", produced by Nolan Cascino, and written by Thomas Lennon and Robert Garant. June Foray was set to reprise her role as Rocket \"Rocky\" J. Squirrel, while Tom Kenny was set to voice Bullwinkle Moose. The short would have served as a test for a possible feature film based on the characters. \"Almost Home\", a short based on the DreamWorks Animation film \"Home\", played before the film instead. However, the new CGI \"Rocky & Bullwinkle\" short was instead released on","Document [4](Title: Rocky & Bullwinkle (2014 film)) Rocky & Bullwinkle (2014 film) Rocky & Bullwinkle is a 2014 American computer-animated direct-to-video short film based on the 1960s animated television series \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\", produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The short was directed by Gary Trousdale, best known for co-directing Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", and \"\", while Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon were the writers (They also provided the voices of Fearless Leader and the narrator for this short). June Foray reprises her role as Rocky, in her final reprisal of the role before","Document [5](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (TV series)) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (TV series) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle is an American animated web television series produced by DreamWorks Animation Television which is a reboot of the original \"Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends\". It debuted on May 11, 2018 on Amazon Video \u2014 being DreamWorks Animation Television's first series to air on a streaming service other than Netflix. Like its preceding spin-off \"The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show\", animation was outsourced by DHX Media's 2D animation studio in Vancouver, Canada. In December 2018, it was announced that the series would return with new episodes in","Document [6](Title: Rocky & Bullwinkle (2014 film)) Peabody & Sherman'. The short features the songs \"Bad Romance\" by Lady Gaga, and \"If You Wanna Be Happy\" by Jimmy Soul. Rocky & Bullwinkle (2014 film) Rocky & Bullwinkle is a 2014 American computer-animated direct-to-video short film based on the 1960s animated television series \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\", produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The short was directed by Gary Trousdale, best known for co-directing Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", and \"\", while Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon were the writers (They also provided the voices of Fearless","Document [7](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (TV series)) Diskin, Rachel Butera, Piotr Michael, and Daran Norris. Alongside the series announcement, the first official trailer was released. On April 27, 2018, four clips from the series were released. The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (TV series) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle is an American animated web television series produced by DreamWorks Animation Television which is a reboot of the original \"Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends\". It debuted on May 11, 2018 on Amazon Video \u2014 being DreamWorks Animation Television's first series to air on a streaming service other than Netflix. Like its preceding spin-off \"The Mr. Peabody &","Document [8](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends) Ward (the daughter of Jay). The cast will include Tara Strong as Rocky, Brad Norman as Bullwinkle, Ben Diskin as Boris, Rachel Butera as Natasha, Piotr Michael as Fearless Leader, and Daran Norris as the Narrator. Louis Chunovic. \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Book\". Bantam, 1996. The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends is the blanket title for an American animated television series that originally aired from November 19, 1959, to June 27, 1964, on the ABC and NBC television networks. The current blanket title was imposed for home video releases over","Document [9](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends) package shows via 16 mm \"Bullwinkle Show\" prints and Bridgestone Multimedia released eight episodes as \"Rocky and his Friends\" using an old broadcast 16 mm print. The copyright status of these 98 episodes (along with some episodes of \"Hoppity Hooper\") is disputed. As of 2017, the copyright is generally recognized as valid, and attempts to post the gray market releases on video sites have historically been greeted with DMCA takedown notices. In 2002, Jay Ward Productions established a partnership with Classic Media called Bullwinkle Studios. From 2003 to 2005, the partnership produced DVDs of the first three seasons of the","Document [10](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (film)) cameo appearancess by performers including James Rebhorn, Randy Quaid, Paget Brewster, Janeane Garofalo, John Goodman, David Alan Grier, Don Novello, Jon Polito, Carl Reiner, Whoopi Goldberg, Max Grodenchik, Jonathan Winters and Billy Crystal. The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a box office bomb, grossing $35.1 million worldwide against its $76 million budget. Thirty-five years following their show's cancellation in 1964, Rocket J. \"Rocky\" Squirrel and Bullwinkle J. Moose have been living off the finances of their reruns on TV. Their home, Frostbite Falls, has been destroyed by deforestation, Rocky has lost his ability to fly and the"],"query":"who owns the rights to rocky and bullwinkle?","answers":["Universal Pictures"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (TV series)) DHX Studios Vancouver with writing and early production duties taking place in Los Angeles. On April 12, 2018, it was announced that Amazon Video had given a series order to the production and that the show would premiere on May 11, 2018. Executive producers were reported to include Scott Fellows and Tiffany Ward, daughter of the original series producer Jay Ward. On December 15, 2018, it was reported that the series would return with the second half of season one in January 2019. Alongside the series announcement, it was confirmed that voice cast would include Tara Strong, Brad Norman, Ben","Document [2](Title: Mr. Peabody & Sherman) Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\". The short was directed by Gary Trousdale, who is known for co-directing Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", produced by Nolan Cascino, and written by Thomas Lennon and Robert Garant. June Foray was set to reprise her role as Rocket \"Rocky\" J. Squirrel, while Tom Kenny was set to voice Bullwinkle Moose. The short would have served as a test for a possible feature film based on the characters. \"Almost Home\", a short based on the DreamWorks Animation film \"Home\", played before the film instead. However, the new CGI \"Rocky & Bullwinkle\" short was instead released on","Document [3](Title: Rocky & Bullwinkle (2014 film)) Rocky & Bullwinkle (2014 film) Rocky & Bullwinkle is a 2014 American computer-animated direct-to-video short film based on the 1960s animated television series \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\", produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The short was directed by Gary Trousdale, best known for co-directing Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", and \"\", while Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon were the writers (They also provided the voices of Fearless Leader and the narrator for this short). June Foray reprises her role as Rocky, in her final reprisal of the role before","Document [4](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (TV series)) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (TV series) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle is an American animated web television series produced by DreamWorks Animation Television which is a reboot of the original \"Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends\". It debuted on May 11, 2018 on Amazon Video \u2014 being DreamWorks Animation Television's first series to air on a streaming service other than Netflix. Like its preceding spin-off \"The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show\", animation was outsourced by DHX Media's 2D animation studio in Vancouver, Canada. In December 2018, it was announced that the series would return with new episodes in","Document [5](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends (TV series)) Show remained in syndicated reruns and was still available for local television stations through The Program Exchange as late as 2016; WBBZ-TV, for instance, aired the show in a strip to counterprogram 10 PM newscasts in the Buffalo, New York market during the summer 2013 season. The underlying rights are now owned by Universal Pictures, which holds the library of predecessor companies DreamWorks Animation and Classic Media, and who in turn with copyright holder Ward Productions forms the joint venture Bullwinkle Studios, which manages the Rocky and Bullwinkle properties; Universal's purchase of Classic Media coincided with The Program Exchange's shutdown.","Document [6](Title: Rocky & Bullwinkle (2014 film)) Peabody & Sherman'. The short features the songs \"Bad Romance\" by Lady Gaga, and \"If You Wanna Be Happy\" by Jimmy Soul. Rocky & Bullwinkle (2014 film) Rocky & Bullwinkle is a 2014 American computer-animated direct-to-video short film based on the 1960s animated television series \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\", produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The short was directed by Gary Trousdale, best known for co-directing Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", and \"\", while Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon were the writers (They also provided the voices of Fearless","Document [7](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (TV series)) Diskin, Rachel Butera, Piotr Michael, and Daran Norris. Alongside the series announcement, the first official trailer was released. On April 27, 2018, four clips from the series were released. The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (TV series) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle is an American animated web television series produced by DreamWorks Animation Television which is a reboot of the original \"Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends\". It debuted on May 11, 2018 on Amazon Video \u2014 being DreamWorks Animation Television's first series to air on a streaming service other than Netflix. Like its preceding spin-off \"The Mr. Peabody &","Document [8](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends) Ward (the daughter of Jay). The cast will include Tara Strong as Rocky, Brad Norman as Bullwinkle, Ben Diskin as Boris, Rachel Butera as Natasha, Piotr Michael as Fearless Leader, and Daran Norris as the Narrator. Louis Chunovic. \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Book\". Bantam, 1996. The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends is the blanket title for an American animated television series that originally aired from November 19, 1959, to June 27, 1964, on the ABC and NBC television networks. The current blanket title was imposed for home video releases over","Document [9](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends) package shows via 16 mm \"Bullwinkle Show\" prints and Bridgestone Multimedia released eight episodes as \"Rocky and his Friends\" using an old broadcast 16 mm print. The copyright status of these 98 episodes (along with some episodes of \"Hoppity Hooper\") is disputed. As of 2017, the copyright is generally recognized as valid, and attempts to post the gray market releases on video sites have historically been greeted with DMCA takedown notices. In 2002, Jay Ward Productions established a partnership with Classic Media called Bullwinkle Studios. From 2003 to 2005, the partnership produced DVDs of the first three seasons of the","Document [10](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (film)) cameo appearancess by performers including James Rebhorn, Randy Quaid, Paget Brewster, Janeane Garofalo, John Goodman, David Alan Grier, Don Novello, Jon Polito, Carl Reiner, Whoopi Goldberg, Max Grodenchik, Jonathan Winters and Billy Crystal. The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a box office bomb, grossing $35.1 million worldwide against its $76 million budget. Thirty-five years following their show's cancellation in 1964, Rocket J. \"Rocky\" Squirrel and Bullwinkle J. Moose have been living off the finances of their reruns on TV. Their home, Frostbite Falls, has been destroyed by deforestation, Rocky has lost his ability to fly and the"],"query":"who owns the rights to rocky and bullwinkle?","answers":["Universal Pictures"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (TV series)) DHX Studios Vancouver with writing and early production duties taking place in Los Angeles. On April 12, 2018, it was announced that Amazon Video had given a series order to the production and that the show would premiere on May 11, 2018. Executive producers were reported to include Scott Fellows and Tiffany Ward, daughter of the original series producer Jay Ward. On December 15, 2018, it was reported that the series would return with the second half of season one in January 2019. Alongside the series announcement, it was confirmed that voice cast would include Tara Strong, Brad Norman, Ben","Document [2](Title: Mr. Peabody & Sherman) Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\". The short was directed by Gary Trousdale, who is known for co-directing Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", produced by Nolan Cascino, and written by Thomas Lennon and Robert Garant. June Foray was set to reprise her role as Rocket \"Rocky\" J. Squirrel, while Tom Kenny was set to voice Bullwinkle Moose. The short would have served as a test for a possible feature film based on the characters. \"Almost Home\", a short based on the DreamWorks Animation film \"Home\", played before the film instead. However, the new CGI \"Rocky & Bullwinkle\" short was instead released on","Document [3](Title: Rocky & Bullwinkle (2014 film)) Rocky & Bullwinkle (2014 film) Rocky & Bullwinkle is a 2014 American computer-animated direct-to-video short film based on the 1960s animated television series \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\", produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The short was directed by Gary Trousdale, best known for co-directing Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", and \"\", while Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon were the writers (They also provided the voices of Fearless Leader and the narrator for this short). June Foray reprises her role as Rocky, in her final reprisal of the role before","Document [4](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (TV series)) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (TV series) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle is an American animated web television series produced by DreamWorks Animation Television which is a reboot of the original \"Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends\". It debuted on May 11, 2018 on Amazon Video \u2014 being DreamWorks Animation Television's first series to air on a streaming service other than Netflix. Like its preceding spin-off \"The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show\", animation was outsourced by DHX Media's 2D animation studio in Vancouver, Canada. In December 2018, it was announced that the series would return with new episodes in","Document [5](Title: Rocky & Bullwinkle (2014 film)) Peabody & Sherman'. The short features the songs \"Bad Romance\" by Lady Gaga, and \"If You Wanna Be Happy\" by Jimmy Soul. Rocky & Bullwinkle (2014 film) Rocky & Bullwinkle is a 2014 American computer-animated direct-to-video short film based on the 1960s animated television series \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\", produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The short was directed by Gary Trousdale, best known for co-directing Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", and \"\", while Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon were the writers (They also provided the voices of Fearless","Document [6](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (TV series)) Diskin, Rachel Butera, Piotr Michael, and Daran Norris. Alongside the series announcement, the first official trailer was released. On April 27, 2018, four clips from the series were released. The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (TV series) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle is an American animated web television series produced by DreamWorks Animation Television which is a reboot of the original \"Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends\". It debuted on May 11, 2018 on Amazon Video \u2014 being DreamWorks Animation Television's first series to air on a streaming service other than Netflix. Like its preceding spin-off \"The Mr. Peabody &","Document [7](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends) Ward (the daughter of Jay). The cast will include Tara Strong as Rocky, Brad Norman as Bullwinkle, Ben Diskin as Boris, Rachel Butera as Natasha, Piotr Michael as Fearless Leader, and Daran Norris as the Narrator. Louis Chunovic. \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Book\". Bantam, 1996. The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends is the blanket title for an American animated television series that originally aired from November 19, 1959, to June 27, 1964, on the ABC and NBC television networks. The current blanket title was imposed for home video releases over","Document [8](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends) package shows via 16 mm \"Bullwinkle Show\" prints and Bridgestone Multimedia released eight episodes as \"Rocky and his Friends\" using an old broadcast 16 mm print. The copyright status of these 98 episodes (along with some episodes of \"Hoppity Hooper\") is disputed. As of 2017, the copyright is generally recognized as valid, and attempts to post the gray market releases on video sites have historically been greeted with DMCA takedown notices. In 2002, Jay Ward Productions established a partnership with Classic Media called Bullwinkle Studios. From 2003 to 2005, the partnership produced DVDs of the first three seasons of the","Document [9](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (film)) cameo appearancess by performers including James Rebhorn, Randy Quaid, Paget Brewster, Janeane Garofalo, John Goodman, David Alan Grier, Don Novello, Jon Polito, Carl Reiner, Whoopi Goldberg, Max Grodenchik, Jonathan Winters and Billy Crystal. The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a box office bomb, grossing $35.1 million worldwide against its $76 million budget. Thirty-five years following their show's cancellation in 1964, Rocket J. \"Rocky\" Squirrel and Bullwinkle J. Moose have been living off the finances of their reruns on TV. Their home, Frostbite Falls, has been destroyed by deforestation, Rocky has lost his ability to fly and the","Document [10](Title: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends (TV series)) Show remained in syndicated reruns and was still available for local television stations through The Program Exchange as late as 2016; WBBZ-TV, for instance, aired the show in a strip to counterprogram 10 PM newscasts in the Buffalo, New York market during the summer 2013 season. The underlying rights are now owned by Universal Pictures, which holds the library of predecessor companies DreamWorks Animation and Classic Media, and who in turn with copyright holder Ward Productions forms the joint venture Bullwinkle Studios, which manages the Rocky and Bullwinkle properties; Universal's purchase of Classic Media coincided with The Program Exchange's shutdown."],"query":"who owns the rights to rocky and bullwinkle?","answers":["Universal Pictures"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: 2016 World Series) The Cubs defeated the Indians when they won 4 games to 3 to win their first World Series since 1908. Game 7, an 8\u20137 victory in extra innings, marked the fifth time that a Game 7 had gone past nine innings and the first since 1997 (which, coincidentally, also featured the Indians). It was also the first to have a rain delay which occurred as the tenth inning was about to start. The Cubs became the sixth team to come back from a 3-1 deficit to win a best-of-seven World Series, following the 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates, the 1958 New York","Document [2](Title: 2016 National League Championship Series) fly by Andrew Toles to make the score 8\u20134, but induced Justin Turner to ground out to end the game. The win put the Cubs on the brink of the World Series as the series moved back to Wrigley Field. Cubs pitchers Kyle Hendricks and Aroldis Chapman combined to allow only two hits and one walk, facing the minimum 27 batters, the first time this had occurred in postseason play since Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series. The Cubs won the series four games to two and won the pennant for the first time since 1945, clinching","Document [3](Title: 2017 Chicago Cubs season) Looking to take a 2\u20130 lead in the series, the Cubs sent Jon Lester to the mound while the Nationals went with Gio Gonz\u00e1lez. Lester gave up a first inning home run to Anthony Rendon, but Willson Contreras quickly answered with a homer in the top of the second to tie the game at one. Anthony Rizzo gave the Cubs a 3\u20131 lead in the fourth when he homered to deep right with Kris Bryant at second. Lester cruised through the Nationals until the fifth inning with two outs and a runner on when he walked back-to-back batters to load","Document [4](Title: 2016 World Series) this game.'\" The Cubs became the first team to come back from a 3\u20131 deficit to win the Series since the 1985 Kansas City Royals. They were also the first since the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates to do so while winning Games 6 and 7 on the road, and the second team since the 1979 Pirates to win Game 7 as the visiting team, with the 2014 San Francisco Giants also having achieved that feat in Kansas City; almost one year later, the 2017 Houston Astros did the same thing in Los Angeles. With the Game 7 victory, Joe Maddon is","Document [5](Title: 2016 National League Championship Series) an RBI double by Anthony Rizzo, but the Cubs left runners on base in the first, second, fourth, and fifth innings without another run. The Dodgers tied the game in the fourth following a Howie Kendrick double and steal of third. Adrian Gonzalez hit a ball to Rizzo, who could not field it cleanly, Kendrick scoring. The Dodgers lifted Maeda in the fourth inning. In the sixth, Javier B\u00e1ez continued his strong post-season by singling. Addison Russell homered to center field to break the deadlock and put the Cubs up 3\u20131. After stranding two more runners in the seventh, the","Document [6](Title: 2015 National League Championship Series) losing team never had a lead during a game. It was also the first since 2007 to end in a sweep and the third best-of-seven NLCS to do so (the other being in 1995). The Mets would go on to lose to the Kansas City Royals in the World Series in five games. The Chicago Cubs finished the 2015 season with a 97\u201365 record, the third best record in the majors. With new manager Joe Maddon and the great play of pitcher Jake Arrieta and hitters Anthony Rizzo and Kris Bryant, the Cubs experienced their best season since 2008 when","Document [7](Title: Curse of the Billy Goat) with them. The Cubs ended the 2016 season with a () record. It was their first 100-win season since 1935 (, ), their best since 1910 (, ), and the sixth 100-win season in franchise history. The Cubs won the National League Championship Series (NLCS), their first pennant in 71 years, with a 5\u20130 shutout in Game 6 against the Los Angeles Dodgers at Wrigley Field on October 22, 2016, the \"curse\" was broken on the 46th anniversary of Billy Sianis's death. In 2016, the Cubs won the World Series for the first time since 1908, ending the historic 108-year","Document [8](Title: 2017 National League Division Series) the Nationals won to stave off elimination. With both teams' seasons on the line, the Cubs brought back Game 1 starter and winning pitcher Kyle Hendricks while the Nationals countered with Game 2 starter Gio Gonz\u00e1lez, who got a no decision. The Cubs struck first in the top of the first off of Gonz\u00e1lez with an RBI groundout by Anthony Rizzo, scoring Jon Jay. In the bottom of the second, Daniel Murphy led off the inning by hitting the first pitch from Hendricks into the stands to tie the game at 1\u20131. After two straight singles, Michael Taylor hit his","Document [9](Title: 2016 National League Championship Series) reached second: Andrew Toles (single, first inning), Josh Reddick (single, eighth inning), and Carlos Ruiz (walk, ninth inning) were all retired on double plays. Reddick reached on a fielding error in the second inning but was picked off at first by Hendricks. As a result, the Cubs faced the minimum numbers of batters (27) to complete a nine-inning Major League Baseball game, a rarity in a postseason contest (Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series was the only other occurrence). The Dodgers' World Series drought reached 28 years with the loss. Dodgers starter Clayton Kershaw could not repeat","Document [10](Title: 2016 National League Championship Series) slam off Joe Blanton was followed by a Dexter Fowler homer on the next pitch to put the Cubs back in front 8\u20133. The Dodgers got a run off H\u00e9ctor Rond\u00f3n in the ninth when Joc Pederson singled with one out and scored on Andrew Toles's double, but Chase Utley lined into an inning-ending double play as Game 1 marked the Cubs' first victory in a National League Championship Series since Game 4 of 2003. They had previously lost seven straight NLCS games. Game 2 featured a matchup between two of the league's stingiest pitchers in 2016, in terms of"],"query":"who did cubs beat in 2016 world series?","answers":["the Indians","Cleveland Indians"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: 2016 National League Championship Series) fly by Andrew Toles to make the score 8\u20134, but induced Justin Turner to ground out to end the game. The win put the Cubs on the brink of the World Series as the series moved back to Wrigley Field. Cubs pitchers Kyle Hendricks and Aroldis Chapman combined to allow only two hits and one walk, facing the minimum 27 batters, the first time this had occurred in postseason play since Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series. The Cubs won the series four games to two and won the pennant for the first time since 1945, clinching","Document [2](Title: 2017 Chicago Cubs season) Looking to take a 2\u20130 lead in the series, the Cubs sent Jon Lester to the mound while the Nationals went with Gio Gonz\u00e1lez. Lester gave up a first inning home run to Anthony Rendon, but Willson Contreras quickly answered with a homer in the top of the second to tie the game at one. Anthony Rizzo gave the Cubs a 3\u20131 lead in the fourth when he homered to deep right with Kris Bryant at second. Lester cruised through the Nationals until the fifth inning with two outs and a runner on when he walked back-to-back batters to load","Document [3](Title: 2016 World Series) this game.'\" The Cubs became the first team to come back from a 3\u20131 deficit to win the Series since the 1985 Kansas City Royals. They were also the first since the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates to do so while winning Games 6 and 7 on the road, and the second team since the 1979 Pirates to win Game 7 as the visiting team, with the 2014 San Francisco Giants also having achieved that feat in Kansas City; almost one year later, the 2017 Houston Astros did the same thing in Los Angeles. With the Game 7 victory, Joe Maddon is","Document [4](Title: 2016 National League Championship Series) an RBI double by Anthony Rizzo, but the Cubs left runners on base in the first, second, fourth, and fifth innings without another run. The Dodgers tied the game in the fourth following a Howie Kendrick double and steal of third. Adrian Gonzalez hit a ball to Rizzo, who could not field it cleanly, Kendrick scoring. The Dodgers lifted Maeda in the fourth inning. In the sixth, Javier B\u00e1ez continued his strong post-season by singling. Addison Russell homered to center field to break the deadlock and put the Cubs up 3\u20131. After stranding two more runners in the seventh, the","Document [5](Title: 2016 World Series) The Cubs defeated the Indians when they won 4 games to 3 to win their first World Series since 1908. Game 7, an 8\u20137 victory in extra innings, marked the fifth time that a Game 7 had gone past nine innings and the first since 1997 (which, coincidentally, also featured the Indians). It was also the first to have a rain delay which occurred as the tenth inning was about to start. The Cubs became the sixth team to come back from a 3-1 deficit to win a best-of-seven World Series, following the 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates, the 1958 New York","Document [6](Title: 2015 National League Championship Series) losing team never had a lead during a game. It was also the first since 2007 to end in a sweep and the third best-of-seven NLCS to do so (the other being in 1995). The Mets would go on to lose to the Kansas City Royals in the World Series in five games. The Chicago Cubs finished the 2015 season with a 97\u201365 record, the third best record in the majors. With new manager Joe Maddon and the great play of pitcher Jake Arrieta and hitters Anthony Rizzo and Kris Bryant, the Cubs experienced their best season since 2008 when","Document [7](Title: Curse of the Billy Goat) with them. The Cubs ended the 2016 season with a () record. It was their first 100-win season since 1935 (, ), their best since 1910 (, ), and the sixth 100-win season in franchise history. The Cubs won the National League Championship Series (NLCS), their first pennant in 71 years, with a 5\u20130 shutout in Game 6 against the Los Angeles Dodgers at Wrigley Field on October 22, 2016, the \"curse\" was broken on the 46th anniversary of Billy Sianis's death. In 2016, the Cubs won the World Series for the first time since 1908, ending the historic 108-year","Document [8](Title: 2017 National League Division Series) the Nationals won to stave off elimination. With both teams' seasons on the line, the Cubs brought back Game 1 starter and winning pitcher Kyle Hendricks while the Nationals countered with Game 2 starter Gio Gonz\u00e1lez, who got a no decision. The Cubs struck first in the top of the first off of Gonz\u00e1lez with an RBI groundout by Anthony Rizzo, scoring Jon Jay. In the bottom of the second, Daniel Murphy led off the inning by hitting the first pitch from Hendricks into the stands to tie the game at 1\u20131. After two straight singles, Michael Taylor hit his","Document [9](Title: 2016 National League Championship Series) reached second: Andrew Toles (single, first inning), Josh Reddick (single, eighth inning), and Carlos Ruiz (walk, ninth inning) were all retired on double plays. Reddick reached on a fielding error in the second inning but was picked off at first by Hendricks. As a result, the Cubs faced the minimum numbers of batters (27) to complete a nine-inning Major League Baseball game, a rarity in a postseason contest (Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series was the only other occurrence). The Dodgers' World Series drought reached 28 years with the loss. Dodgers starter Clayton Kershaw could not repeat","Document [10](Title: 2016 National League Championship Series) slam off Joe Blanton was followed by a Dexter Fowler homer on the next pitch to put the Cubs back in front 8\u20133. The Dodgers got a run off H\u00e9ctor Rond\u00f3n in the ninth when Joc Pederson singled with one out and scored on Andrew Toles's double, but Chase Utley lined into an inning-ending double play as Game 1 marked the Cubs' first victory in a National League Championship Series since Game 4 of 2003. They had previously lost seven straight NLCS games. Game 2 featured a matchup between two of the league's stingiest pitchers in 2016, in terms of"],"query":"who did cubs beat in 2016 world series?","answers":["the Indians","Cleveland Indians"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: 2016 National League Championship Series) fly by Andrew Toles to make the score 8\u20134, but induced Justin Turner to ground out to end the game. The win put the Cubs on the brink of the World Series as the series moved back to Wrigley Field. Cubs pitchers Kyle Hendricks and Aroldis Chapman combined to allow only two hits and one walk, facing the minimum 27 batters, the first time this had occurred in postseason play since Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series. The Cubs won the series four games to two and won the pennant for the first time since 1945, clinching","Document [2](Title: 2017 Chicago Cubs season) Looking to take a 2\u20130 lead in the series, the Cubs sent Jon Lester to the mound while the Nationals went with Gio Gonz\u00e1lez. Lester gave up a first inning home run to Anthony Rendon, but Willson Contreras quickly answered with a homer in the top of the second to tie the game at one. Anthony Rizzo gave the Cubs a 3\u20131 lead in the fourth when he homered to deep right with Kris Bryant at second. Lester cruised through the Nationals until the fifth inning with two outs and a runner on when he walked back-to-back batters to load","Document [3](Title: 2016 World Series) this game.'\" The Cubs became the first team to come back from a 3\u20131 deficit to win the Series since the 1985 Kansas City Royals. They were also the first since the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates to do so while winning Games 6 and 7 on the road, and the second team since the 1979 Pirates to win Game 7 as the visiting team, with the 2014 San Francisco Giants also having achieved that feat in Kansas City; almost one year later, the 2017 Houston Astros did the same thing in Los Angeles. With the Game 7 victory, Joe Maddon is","Document [4](Title: 2016 National League Championship Series) an RBI double by Anthony Rizzo, but the Cubs left runners on base in the first, second, fourth, and fifth innings without another run. The Dodgers tied the game in the fourth following a Howie Kendrick double and steal of third. Adrian Gonzalez hit a ball to Rizzo, who could not field it cleanly, Kendrick scoring. The Dodgers lifted Maeda in the fourth inning. In the sixth, Javier B\u00e1ez continued his strong post-season by singling. Addison Russell homered to center field to break the deadlock and put the Cubs up 3\u20131. After stranding two more runners in the seventh, the","Document [5](Title: 2015 National League Championship Series) losing team never had a lead during a game. It was also the first since 2007 to end in a sweep and the third best-of-seven NLCS to do so (the other being in 1995). The Mets would go on to lose to the Kansas City Royals in the World Series in five games. The Chicago Cubs finished the 2015 season with a 97\u201365 record, the third best record in the majors. With new manager Joe Maddon and the great play of pitcher Jake Arrieta and hitters Anthony Rizzo and Kris Bryant, the Cubs experienced their best season since 2008 when","Document [6](Title: Curse of the Billy Goat) with them. The Cubs ended the 2016 season with a () record. It was their first 100-win season since 1935 (, ), their best since 1910 (, ), and the sixth 100-win season in franchise history. The Cubs won the National League Championship Series (NLCS), their first pennant in 71 years, with a 5\u20130 shutout in Game 6 against the Los Angeles Dodgers at Wrigley Field on October 22, 2016, the \"curse\" was broken on the 46th anniversary of Billy Sianis's death. In 2016, the Cubs won the World Series for the first time since 1908, ending the historic 108-year","Document [7](Title: 2017 National League Division Series) the Nationals won to stave off elimination. With both teams' seasons on the line, the Cubs brought back Game 1 starter and winning pitcher Kyle Hendricks while the Nationals countered with Game 2 starter Gio Gonz\u00e1lez, who got a no decision. The Cubs struck first in the top of the first off of Gonz\u00e1lez with an RBI groundout by Anthony Rizzo, scoring Jon Jay. In the bottom of the second, Daniel Murphy led off the inning by hitting the first pitch from Hendricks into the stands to tie the game at 1\u20131. After two straight singles, Michael Taylor hit his","Document [8](Title: 2016 National League Championship Series) reached second: Andrew Toles (single, first inning), Josh Reddick (single, eighth inning), and Carlos Ruiz (walk, ninth inning) were all retired on double plays. Reddick reached on a fielding error in the second inning but was picked off at first by Hendricks. As a result, the Cubs faced the minimum numbers of batters (27) to complete a nine-inning Major League Baseball game, a rarity in a postseason contest (Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series was the only other occurrence). The Dodgers' World Series drought reached 28 years with the loss. Dodgers starter Clayton Kershaw could not repeat","Document [9](Title: 2016 National League Championship Series) slam off Joe Blanton was followed by a Dexter Fowler homer on the next pitch to put the Cubs back in front 8\u20133. The Dodgers got a run off H\u00e9ctor Rond\u00f3n in the ninth when Joc Pederson singled with one out and scored on Andrew Toles's double, but Chase Utley lined into an inning-ending double play as Game 1 marked the Cubs' first victory in a National League Championship Series since Game 4 of 2003. They had previously lost seven straight NLCS games. Game 2 featured a matchup between two of the league's stingiest pitchers in 2016, in terms of","Document [10](Title: 2016 World Series) The Cubs defeated the Indians when they won 4 games to 3 to win their first World Series since 1908. Game 7, an 8\u20137 victory in extra innings, marked the fifth time that a Game 7 had gone past nine innings and the first since 1997 (which, coincidentally, also featured the Indians). It was also the first to have a rain delay which occurred as the tenth inning was about to start. The Cubs became the sixth team to come back from a 3-1 deficit to win a best-of-seven World Series, following the 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates, the 1958 New York"],"query":"who did cubs beat in 2016 world series?","answers":["the Indians","Cleveland Indians"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: 2018 World Men's Curling Championship) The 2018 World Men's Curling Championship (branded as the 361\u02da World Men's Curling Championship 2018 for sponsorship reasons) was held from March 31 to April 8, 2018 at Orleans Arena, on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States.","Document [2](Title: 2017 World Men's Curling Championship) of the sport to win the world junior title, the Olympic gold medal, and the world men's title, and Canada became the first country ever to be in simultaneous possession of Olympic and World championships in both men's and women's curling. The following nations qualified to participate in the 2017 World Men's Curling Championship: Year to date World Curling Tour order of merit ranking for each team prior to the event. \"Final Round Robin Standings\" All times listed in Mountain Daylight Time (UTC\u22126). \"Saturday, April 1, 14:00\" \"Saturday, April 1, 19:00\" \"Sunday, April 2, 9:00\" \"Sunday, April 2, 14:00\" \"Sunday,","Document [3](Title: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament) \"Sunday, 18 February, 20:05\" \"Monday, 19 February, 14:05\" \"Tuesday, 20 February, 09:05\" \"Tuesday, 20 February, 20:05\" \"Wednesday, 21 February, 14:05\" \"Thursday, 22 February, 9:05\" \"Thursday, 22 February, 20:05\" \"Friday, 23 February, 15:35\" \"Saturday, 24 February, 15:35\" The final standings are: Player percentages during round robin play are as follows: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament The men's curling tournament of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held between 14 and 24 February 2018 at the Gangneung Curling Centre. Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round","Document [4](Title: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament) Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament The men's curling tournament of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held between 14 and 24 February 2018 at the Gangneung Curling Centre. Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round robin qualified for the medal round. The teams are listed as follows: All draw times are listed in Seoul Time (UTC+9). \"Wednesday, 14 February, 09:05\" \"Wednesday, 14 February, 20:05\" \"Thursday, 15 February, 14:05\" \"Friday, 16 February, 09:05\" \"Friday, 16 February, 20:05\" \"Saturday, 17 February, 14:05\" \"Sunday, 18 February, 09:05\"","Document [5](Title: Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament) February, 09:00\" \"Friday, 14 February, 19:00\" \"Saturday, 15 February, 14:00\" \"Sunday, 16 February, 09:00\" \"Sunday, 16 February, 19:00\" \"Monday, 17 February, 14:00\" \"Tuesday, 18 February, 9:00\" \"Wednesday, 19 February, 19:00\" \"Friday, 21 February, 12:30\" \"Friday, 21 February, 17:30\" Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament The men's curling tournament of the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Ice Cube Curling Center in Sochi, Russia on 10\u201321 February 2014. Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round robin qualified for the medal round. The teams are","Document [6](Title: Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament) Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament The men's curling tournament of the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Ice Cube Curling Center in Sochi, Russia on 10\u201321 February 2014. Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round robin qualified for the medal round. The teams are listed as follows: All draw times are listed in Moscow Time (UTC+4). \"Monday, 10 February, 09:00\" \"Monday, 10 February, 19:00\" \"Tuesday, 11 February, 14:00\" \"Wednesday, 12 February, 09:00\" \"Wednesday, 12 February, 19:00\" \"Thursday, 13 February, 14:00\" \"Friday, 14","Document [7](Title: Curling at the 2010 Winter Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament) February 18, 2:00 PM\" \"Friday, February 19, 9:00 AM\" \"Friday, February 19, 7:00 PM\" \"Saturday, February 20, 2:00 PM\" \"Sunday, February 21, 9:00 AM\" \"Sunday, February 21, 7:00 PM\" \"Monday, February 22, 2:00 PM\" \"Tuesday, February 23, 9:00 AM\" \"Tuesday, February 23, 7:00 PM\" \"Thursday, February 25, 9:00 AM\" \"Friday, February 26, 9:00 AM\" \"Friday, February 26, 3:00 PM\" Curling at the 2010 Winter Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's curling tournament took place at the Vancouver Olympic\/Paralympic Centre. The draws took place between 16 and 25 February 2010 and the final took place on 26 February 2010. All start","Document [8](Title: 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup) the current world champions, a team specifically invited, and the two highest remaining teams on the Curling World Cup ranking list will qualify for the Grand Final. Two separate teams from the same member association may qualify for the Grand Final. \"Sunday, September 17, 12:00\" \"Sunday, September 17, 16:00\" \"Sunday, September 16, 08:30\" \"Sunday, December 9, 12:00\" \"Sunday, December 9, 16:00\" \"Sunday, December 9, 08:30\" 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup The 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup will be the first edition of the Curling World Cup, held between men's, women's, and mixed doubles teams. It will take place in three legs and","Document [9](Title: Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics) played every other team. The top four teams from the round robin advanced to the playoffs. The top four teams at the conclusion of the round robin advanced to the playoffs. \"Thursday, 20 February, 12:30\" \"Thursday, 20 February, 17:30\" Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics The curling competition of the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Ice Cube Curling Center, nicknamed \"the Ice Cube\". It is the sixth time that curling was on the Olympic program. In both the men's and women's competitions, ten nations competed. These two events took place from 10 to 21 February 2014. The Canadian","Document [10](Title: 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup \u2013 First Leg) 14, 12:00\" \"Friday, September 14, 16:00\" \"Saturday, September 15, 08:30\" \"Saturday, September 15, 16:00\" \"Saturday, September 15, 19:30\" \"Sunday, September 17, 16:00\" \"After Draw 14\" \"Wednesday, September 12, 18:30\" \"Thursday, September 13, 08:30\" \"Thursday, September 13, 16:00\" \"Friday, September 14, 08:30\" \"Friday, September 14, 12:00\" \"Friday, September 14, 16:00\" \"Friday, September 14, 19:30\" \"Saturday, September 15, 12:00\" \"Saturday, September 15, 16:00\" \"Sunday, September 16, 08:30\" 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup \u2013 First Leg The First Leg of the 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup took place from September 12 to 16, 2018 at the Suzhou Olympic Sports Center in Suzhou, China. Canada had"],"query":"when does the men's worlds curling start?","answers":["March 31"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: 2017 World Men's Curling Championship) of the sport to win the world junior title, the Olympic gold medal, and the world men's title, and Canada became the first country ever to be in simultaneous possession of Olympic and World championships in both men's and women's curling. The following nations qualified to participate in the 2017 World Men's Curling Championship: Year to date World Curling Tour order of merit ranking for each team prior to the event. \"Final Round Robin Standings\" All times listed in Mountain Daylight Time (UTC\u22126). \"Saturday, April 1, 14:00\" \"Saturday, April 1, 19:00\" \"Sunday, April 2, 9:00\" \"Sunday, April 2, 14:00\" \"Sunday,","Document [2](Title: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament) \"Sunday, 18 February, 20:05\" \"Monday, 19 February, 14:05\" \"Tuesday, 20 February, 09:05\" \"Tuesday, 20 February, 20:05\" \"Wednesday, 21 February, 14:05\" \"Thursday, 22 February, 9:05\" \"Thursday, 22 February, 20:05\" \"Friday, 23 February, 15:35\" \"Saturday, 24 February, 15:35\" The final standings are: Player percentages during round robin play are as follows: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament The men's curling tournament of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held between 14 and 24 February 2018 at the Gangneung Curling Centre. Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round","Document [3](Title: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament) Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament The men's curling tournament of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held between 14 and 24 February 2018 at the Gangneung Curling Centre. Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round robin qualified for the medal round. The teams are listed as follows: All draw times are listed in Seoul Time (UTC+9). \"Wednesday, 14 February, 09:05\" \"Wednesday, 14 February, 20:05\" \"Thursday, 15 February, 14:05\" \"Friday, 16 February, 09:05\" \"Friday, 16 February, 20:05\" \"Saturday, 17 February, 14:05\" \"Sunday, 18 February, 09:05\"","Document [4](Title: Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament) February, 09:00\" \"Friday, 14 February, 19:00\" \"Saturday, 15 February, 14:00\" \"Sunday, 16 February, 09:00\" \"Sunday, 16 February, 19:00\" \"Monday, 17 February, 14:00\" \"Tuesday, 18 February, 9:00\" \"Wednesday, 19 February, 19:00\" \"Friday, 21 February, 12:30\" \"Friday, 21 February, 17:30\" Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament The men's curling tournament of the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Ice Cube Curling Center in Sochi, Russia on 10\u201321 February 2014. Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round robin qualified for the medal round. The teams are","Document [5](Title: 2018 World Men's Curling Championship) The 2018 World Men's Curling Championship (branded as the 361\u02da World Men's Curling Championship 2018 for sponsorship reasons) was held from March 31 to April 8, 2018 at Orleans Arena, on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States.","Document [6](Title: Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament) Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament The men's curling tournament of the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Ice Cube Curling Center in Sochi, Russia on 10\u201321 February 2014. Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round robin qualified for the medal round. The teams are listed as follows: All draw times are listed in Moscow Time (UTC+4). \"Monday, 10 February, 09:00\" \"Monday, 10 February, 19:00\" \"Tuesday, 11 February, 14:00\" \"Wednesday, 12 February, 09:00\" \"Wednesday, 12 February, 19:00\" \"Thursday, 13 February, 14:00\" \"Friday, 14","Document [7](Title: Curling at the 2010 Winter Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament) February 18, 2:00 PM\" \"Friday, February 19, 9:00 AM\" \"Friday, February 19, 7:00 PM\" \"Saturday, February 20, 2:00 PM\" \"Sunday, February 21, 9:00 AM\" \"Sunday, February 21, 7:00 PM\" \"Monday, February 22, 2:00 PM\" \"Tuesday, February 23, 9:00 AM\" \"Tuesday, February 23, 7:00 PM\" \"Thursday, February 25, 9:00 AM\" \"Friday, February 26, 9:00 AM\" \"Friday, February 26, 3:00 PM\" Curling at the 2010 Winter Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's curling tournament took place at the Vancouver Olympic\/Paralympic Centre. The draws took place between 16 and 25 February 2010 and the final took place on 26 February 2010. All start","Document [8](Title: 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup) the current world champions, a team specifically invited, and the two highest remaining teams on the Curling World Cup ranking list will qualify for the Grand Final. Two separate teams from the same member association may qualify for the Grand Final. \"Sunday, September 17, 12:00\" \"Sunday, September 17, 16:00\" \"Sunday, September 16, 08:30\" \"Sunday, December 9, 12:00\" \"Sunday, December 9, 16:00\" \"Sunday, December 9, 08:30\" 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup The 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup will be the first edition of the Curling World Cup, held between men's, women's, and mixed doubles teams. It will take place in three legs and","Document [9](Title: Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics) played every other team. The top four teams from the round robin advanced to the playoffs. The top four teams at the conclusion of the round robin advanced to the playoffs. \"Thursday, 20 February, 12:30\" \"Thursday, 20 February, 17:30\" Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics The curling competition of the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Ice Cube Curling Center, nicknamed \"the Ice Cube\". It is the sixth time that curling was on the Olympic program. In both the men's and women's competitions, ten nations competed. These two events took place from 10 to 21 February 2014. The Canadian","Document [10](Title: 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup \u2013 First Leg) 14, 12:00\" \"Friday, September 14, 16:00\" \"Saturday, September 15, 08:30\" \"Saturday, September 15, 16:00\" \"Saturday, September 15, 19:30\" \"Sunday, September 17, 16:00\" \"After Draw 14\" \"Wednesday, September 12, 18:30\" \"Thursday, September 13, 08:30\" \"Thursday, September 13, 16:00\" \"Friday, September 14, 08:30\" \"Friday, September 14, 12:00\" \"Friday, September 14, 16:00\" \"Friday, September 14, 19:30\" \"Saturday, September 15, 12:00\" \"Saturday, September 15, 16:00\" \"Sunday, September 16, 08:30\" 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup \u2013 First Leg The First Leg of the 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup took place from September 12 to 16, 2018 at the Suzhou Olympic Sports Center in Suzhou, China. Canada had"],"query":"when does the men's worlds curling start?","answers":["March 31"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: 2017 World Men's Curling Championship) of the sport to win the world junior title, the Olympic gold medal, and the world men's title, and Canada became the first country ever to be in simultaneous possession of Olympic and World championships in both men's and women's curling. The following nations qualified to participate in the 2017 World Men's Curling Championship: Year to date World Curling Tour order of merit ranking for each team prior to the event. \"Final Round Robin Standings\" All times listed in Mountain Daylight Time (UTC\u22126). \"Saturday, April 1, 14:00\" \"Saturday, April 1, 19:00\" \"Sunday, April 2, 9:00\" \"Sunday, April 2, 14:00\" \"Sunday,","Document [2](Title: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament) \"Sunday, 18 February, 20:05\" \"Monday, 19 February, 14:05\" \"Tuesday, 20 February, 09:05\" \"Tuesday, 20 February, 20:05\" \"Wednesday, 21 February, 14:05\" \"Thursday, 22 February, 9:05\" \"Thursday, 22 February, 20:05\" \"Friday, 23 February, 15:35\" \"Saturday, 24 February, 15:35\" The final standings are: Player percentages during round robin play are as follows: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament The men's curling tournament of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held between 14 and 24 February 2018 at the Gangneung Curling Centre. Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round","Document [3](Title: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament) Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament The men's curling tournament of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held between 14 and 24 February 2018 at the Gangneung Curling Centre. Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round robin qualified for the medal round. The teams are listed as follows: All draw times are listed in Seoul Time (UTC+9). \"Wednesday, 14 February, 09:05\" \"Wednesday, 14 February, 20:05\" \"Thursday, 15 February, 14:05\" \"Friday, 16 February, 09:05\" \"Friday, 16 February, 20:05\" \"Saturday, 17 February, 14:05\" \"Sunday, 18 February, 09:05\"","Document [4](Title: Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament) February, 09:00\" \"Friday, 14 February, 19:00\" \"Saturday, 15 February, 14:00\" \"Sunday, 16 February, 09:00\" \"Sunday, 16 February, 19:00\" \"Monday, 17 February, 14:00\" \"Tuesday, 18 February, 9:00\" \"Wednesday, 19 February, 19:00\" \"Friday, 21 February, 12:30\" \"Friday, 21 February, 17:30\" Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament The men's curling tournament of the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Ice Cube Curling Center in Sochi, Russia on 10\u201321 February 2014. Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round robin qualified for the medal round. The teams are","Document [5](Title: Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament) Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament The men's curling tournament of the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Ice Cube Curling Center in Sochi, Russia on 10\u201321 February 2014. Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round robin qualified for the medal round. The teams are listed as follows: All draw times are listed in Moscow Time (UTC+4). \"Monday, 10 February, 09:00\" \"Monday, 10 February, 19:00\" \"Tuesday, 11 February, 14:00\" \"Wednesday, 12 February, 09:00\" \"Wednesday, 12 February, 19:00\" \"Thursday, 13 February, 14:00\" \"Friday, 14","Document [6](Title: Curling at the 2010 Winter Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament) February 18, 2:00 PM\" \"Friday, February 19, 9:00 AM\" \"Friday, February 19, 7:00 PM\" \"Saturday, February 20, 2:00 PM\" \"Sunday, February 21, 9:00 AM\" \"Sunday, February 21, 7:00 PM\" \"Monday, February 22, 2:00 PM\" \"Tuesday, February 23, 9:00 AM\" \"Tuesday, February 23, 7:00 PM\" \"Thursday, February 25, 9:00 AM\" \"Friday, February 26, 9:00 AM\" \"Friday, February 26, 3:00 PM\" Curling at the 2010 Winter Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's curling tournament took place at the Vancouver Olympic\/Paralympic Centre. The draws took place between 16 and 25 February 2010 and the final took place on 26 February 2010. All start","Document [7](Title: 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup) the current world champions, a team specifically invited, and the two highest remaining teams on the Curling World Cup ranking list will qualify for the Grand Final. Two separate teams from the same member association may qualify for the Grand Final. \"Sunday, September 17, 12:00\" \"Sunday, September 17, 16:00\" \"Sunday, September 16, 08:30\" \"Sunday, December 9, 12:00\" \"Sunday, December 9, 16:00\" \"Sunday, December 9, 08:30\" 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup The 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup will be the first edition of the Curling World Cup, held between men's, women's, and mixed doubles teams. It will take place in three legs and","Document [8](Title: Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics) played every other team. The top four teams from the round robin advanced to the playoffs. The top four teams at the conclusion of the round robin advanced to the playoffs. \"Thursday, 20 February, 12:30\" \"Thursday, 20 February, 17:30\" Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics The curling competition of the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Ice Cube Curling Center, nicknamed \"the Ice Cube\". It is the sixth time that curling was on the Olympic program. In both the men's and women's competitions, ten nations competed. These two events took place from 10 to 21 February 2014. The Canadian","Document [9](Title: 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup \u2013 First Leg) 14, 12:00\" \"Friday, September 14, 16:00\" \"Saturday, September 15, 08:30\" \"Saturday, September 15, 16:00\" \"Saturday, September 15, 19:30\" \"Sunday, September 17, 16:00\" \"After Draw 14\" \"Wednesday, September 12, 18:30\" \"Thursday, September 13, 08:30\" \"Thursday, September 13, 16:00\" \"Friday, September 14, 08:30\" \"Friday, September 14, 12:00\" \"Friday, September 14, 16:00\" \"Friday, September 14, 19:30\" \"Saturday, September 15, 12:00\" \"Saturday, September 15, 16:00\" \"Sunday, September 16, 08:30\" 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup \u2013 First Leg The First Leg of the 2018\u201319 Curling World Cup took place from September 12 to 16, 2018 at the Suzhou Olympic Sports Center in Suzhou, China. Canada had","Document [10](Title: 2018 World Men's Curling Championship) The 2018 World Men's Curling Championship (branded as the 361\u02da World Men's Curling Championship 2018 for sponsorship reasons) was held from March 31 to April 8, 2018 at Orleans Arena, on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States."],"query":"when does the men's worlds curling start?","answers":["March 31"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Helminthiasis) Helminths may cause iron-deficiency anemia. This is most severe in heavy hookworm infections, as Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale feed directly on the blood of their hosts. Although the daily consumption of an individual worm (0.02\u20130.07 ml and 0.14\u20130.26 ml respectively) is small, the collective consumption under heavy infection can be clinically significantly. Intestinal whipworm may also cause anemia. Anemia has also been associated with reduced stamina for physical labor, a decline in the ability to learn new information, and apathy, irritability, and fatigue. A study of the effect of deworming and iron supplementation in 47 students from the Democratic","Document [2](Title: Helminthiasis) Helminthiasis Helminthiasis, also known as worm infection, is any macroparasitic disease of humans and other animals in which a part of the body is infected with parasitic worms, known as helminths. There are numerous species of these parasites, which are broadly classified into tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms. They often live in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts, but they may also burrow into other organs, where they induce physiological damage. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis are the most important helminthiases, and are among the neglected tropical diseases. This group of helmianthiases have been targeted under the joint action of the world's","Document [3](Title: Helminthiasis) memory and fluency. Large parasite burdens, particularly severe hookworm infections, are also associated with absenteeism, under-enrollment, and attrition in school children. Of all the known helminth species, the most important helminths with respect to understanding their transmission pathways, their control, inactivation and enumeration in samples of human excreta from dried feces, faecal sludge, wastewater, and sewage sludge are: Helminthiases are classified as follows (the disease names end with \"-sis\" and the causative worms are in brackets): Helminths are transmitted to the final host in several ways. The most common infection is through ingestion of contaminated vegetables, drinking water, and raw","Document [4](Title: Illithid) 4 inches and 6 feet 2 inches. The most desirable of races for hosts are Humans, Drow, Elves, Githzerai, Githyanki , Grimlocks, Gnolls, Goblinoids, and Orcs. Upon being implanted (through the ear canal), the larva then grows and consumes the host's brain, absorbing the host's physical form entirely and becoming sapient itself, a physically mature (but mentally young) Illithid. This process is called \"ceremorphosis\". Illithids often experiment with non-humanoid hosts, but ceremorphosis involving other creatures usually fails, killing both host and larva. The transformation between the host (almost always a human or similar humanoid, such as an elf or dwarf)","Document [5](Title: Hematophagy) Hematophagy Hematophagy (sometimes spelled haematophagy or hematophagia) is the practice by certain animals of feeding on blood (from the Greek words \u03b1\u1f37\u03bc\u03b1 \"haima\" \"blood\" and \u03c6\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \"phagein\" \"to eat\"). Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious proteins and lipids that can be taken without great effort, hematophagy has evolved as a preferred form of feeding for many small animals, such as worms and arthropods. Some intestinal nematodes, such as Ancylostomids, feed on blood extracted from the capillaries of the gut, and about 75 percent of all species of leeches (e.g., \"Hirudo medicinalis\"), a free-living worm, are hematophagous. Some","Document [6](Title: Parasitic worm) Parasitic worm Parasitic worms, also known as helminths, are large macroparasites, which as adults can generally be seen with the naked eye. Many are intestinal worms that are soil-transmitted and infect the gastrointestinal tract. Other parasitic worms such as schistosomes reside in blood vessels. There is no taxonomy of parasitic worms since it is an umbrella term that includes many species of worm from different genera, having parasitism as a commonality. These include two classes of the flatworm (Platyhelminthes) phylum, namely cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes and blood flukes), many species of nematodes (roundworms), and the acanthocephalins known as thorny-headed","Document [7](Title: Helminthology) Helminthology Helminthology is the study of parasitic worms (helminths), while helminthiasis describes the medical condition of being infected with helminths. Helminthology studies the taxonomy of helminths and their effects on their hosts. The origin of the first compound of the word is the Greek \"\u1f15\u03bb\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03c2\" - helmins, meaning \"worm\". In the 18th and early 19th century there was wave of publications on helminthology; this period has been described as the science's \"Golden Era\". During that period the authors F\u00e9lix Dujardin, William Blaxland Benham, Peter Simon Pallas, Marcus Elieser Bloch, Otto Friedrich M\u00fcller, Johann Goeze, Friedrich Zenker, Charles Wardell Stiles, Carl","Document [8](Title: Vandellia) dark bands extending from the dorsal fin and the anal fin and converging onto the caudal fin. \"V. sanguinea\" may grow to 5.3 centimetres (2.1 in) SL. \"V. cirrhosa\" grows up to SL. These species are hematophagous (blood-consuming) parasites, like all other members of the subfamily Vandelliinae. \"V. cirrhosa\" uses visual and chemo-sensory orientation to find potential hosts. It is active both during the daytime and nighttime while foraging. \"V. cirrhosa\" enters the gill chambers of larger fish to suck blood. It bites mostly at the ventral or dorsal aorta arteries, and the blood is pumped into its gut by","Document [9](Title: Helminthiasis) the body. Helminths excrete into the intestine toxic substances after they feed. These substances then enter the circulatory and lymphatic systems of the host body. Chronic immune responses to helminthiasis may lead to increased susceptibility to other infections such as tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria. There is conflicting information about whether deworming reduces HIV progression and viral load and increases CD4 counts in antiretroviral naive and experienced individuals, although the most recent Cochrane review found some evidence that this approach might have favorable effects. Chronic helminthiasis may cause severe morbidity. Helminthiasis has been found to result in poor birth outcome, poor","Document [10](Title: Parasitic worm) number of different helminth species is vast: it is estimated to be around one million species. The nematodes are the most diverse of all the helminths with the highest number of species. There may be as many as 300,000 species of parasites affecting vertebrates, and as many as 300 affecting humans alone. Characteristics that are common for all helminths include: Lifetime: Eggs: Larvae: The following table shows the principal morphological and reproductive distinctions for three helminth groups: Draft genomes for all categories of helminth have been sequenced in recent years and are available through the ParaSite sub-portal of WormBase. Parasitic"],"query":"which of the following helmiths feeds on blood?","answers":["Necator americanus","Ancylostoma duodenale"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Helminthiasis) Helminthiasis Helminthiasis, also known as worm infection, is any macroparasitic disease of humans and other animals in which a part of the body is infected with parasitic worms, known as helminths. There are numerous species of these parasites, which are broadly classified into tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms. They often live in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts, but they may also burrow into other organs, where they induce physiological damage. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis are the most important helminthiases, and are among the neglected tropical diseases. This group of helmianthiases have been targeted under the joint action of the world's","Document [2](Title: Helminthiasis) memory and fluency. Large parasite burdens, particularly severe hookworm infections, are also associated with absenteeism, under-enrollment, and attrition in school children. Of all the known helminth species, the most important helminths with respect to understanding their transmission pathways, their control, inactivation and enumeration in samples of human excreta from dried feces, faecal sludge, wastewater, and sewage sludge are: Helminthiases are classified as follows (the disease names end with \"-sis\" and the causative worms are in brackets): Helminths are transmitted to the final host in several ways. The most common infection is through ingestion of contaminated vegetables, drinking water, and raw","Document [3](Title: Illithid) 4 inches and 6 feet 2 inches. The most desirable of races for hosts are Humans, Drow, Elves, Githzerai, Githyanki , Grimlocks, Gnolls, Goblinoids, and Orcs. Upon being implanted (through the ear canal), the larva then grows and consumes the host's brain, absorbing the host's physical form entirely and becoming sapient itself, a physically mature (but mentally young) Illithid. This process is called \"ceremorphosis\". Illithids often experiment with non-humanoid hosts, but ceremorphosis involving other creatures usually fails, killing both host and larva. The transformation between the host (almost always a human or similar humanoid, such as an elf or dwarf)","Document [4](Title: Hematophagy) Hematophagy Hematophagy (sometimes spelled haematophagy or hematophagia) is the practice by certain animals of feeding on blood (from the Greek words \u03b1\u1f37\u03bc\u03b1 \"haima\" \"blood\" and \u03c6\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \"phagein\" \"to eat\"). Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious proteins and lipids that can be taken without great effort, hematophagy has evolved as a preferred form of feeding for many small animals, such as worms and arthropods. Some intestinal nematodes, such as Ancylostomids, feed on blood extracted from the capillaries of the gut, and about 75 percent of all species of leeches (e.g., \"Hirudo medicinalis\"), a free-living worm, are hematophagous. Some","Document [5](Title: Helminthiasis) Helminths may cause iron-deficiency anemia. This is most severe in heavy hookworm infections, as Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale feed directly on the blood of their hosts. Although the daily consumption of an individual worm (0.02\u20130.07 ml and 0.14\u20130.26 ml respectively) is small, the collective consumption under heavy infection can be clinically significantly. Intestinal whipworm may also cause anemia. Anemia has also been associated with reduced stamina for physical labor, a decline in the ability to learn new information, and apathy, irritability, and fatigue. A study of the effect of deworming and iron supplementation in 47 students from the Democratic","Document [6](Title: Parasitic worm) Parasitic worm Parasitic worms, also known as helminths, are large macroparasites, which as adults can generally be seen with the naked eye. Many are intestinal worms that are soil-transmitted and infect the gastrointestinal tract. Other parasitic worms such as schistosomes reside in blood vessels. There is no taxonomy of parasitic worms since it is an umbrella term that includes many species of worm from different genera, having parasitism as a commonality. These include two classes of the flatworm (Platyhelminthes) phylum, namely cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes and blood flukes), many species of nematodes (roundworms), and the acanthocephalins known as thorny-headed","Document [7](Title: Helminthology) Helminthology Helminthology is the study of parasitic worms (helminths), while helminthiasis describes the medical condition of being infected with helminths. Helminthology studies the taxonomy of helminths and their effects on their hosts. The origin of the first compound of the word is the Greek \"\u1f15\u03bb\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03c2\" - helmins, meaning \"worm\". In the 18th and early 19th century there was wave of publications on helminthology; this period has been described as the science's \"Golden Era\". During that period the authors F\u00e9lix Dujardin, William Blaxland Benham, Peter Simon Pallas, Marcus Elieser Bloch, Otto Friedrich M\u00fcller, Johann Goeze, Friedrich Zenker, Charles Wardell Stiles, Carl","Document [8](Title: Vandellia) dark bands extending from the dorsal fin and the anal fin and converging onto the caudal fin. \"V. sanguinea\" may grow to 5.3 centimetres (2.1 in) SL. \"V. cirrhosa\" grows up to SL. These species are hematophagous (blood-consuming) parasites, like all other members of the subfamily Vandelliinae. \"V. cirrhosa\" uses visual and chemo-sensory orientation to find potential hosts. It is active both during the daytime and nighttime while foraging. \"V. cirrhosa\" enters the gill chambers of larger fish to suck blood. It bites mostly at the ventral or dorsal aorta arteries, and the blood is pumped into its gut by","Document [9](Title: Helminthiasis) the body. Helminths excrete into the intestine toxic substances after they feed. These substances then enter the circulatory and lymphatic systems of the host body. Chronic immune responses to helminthiasis may lead to increased susceptibility to other infections such as tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria. There is conflicting information about whether deworming reduces HIV progression and viral load and increases CD4 counts in antiretroviral naive and experienced individuals, although the most recent Cochrane review found some evidence that this approach might have favorable effects. Chronic helminthiasis may cause severe morbidity. Helminthiasis has been found to result in poor birth outcome, poor","Document [10](Title: Parasitic worm) number of different helminth species is vast: it is estimated to be around one million species. The nematodes are the most diverse of all the helminths with the highest number of species. There may be as many as 300,000 species of parasites affecting vertebrates, and as many as 300 affecting humans alone. Characteristics that are common for all helminths include: Lifetime: Eggs: Larvae: The following table shows the principal morphological and reproductive distinctions for three helminth groups: Draft genomes for all categories of helminth have been sequenced in recent years and are available through the ParaSite sub-portal of WormBase. Parasitic"],"query":"which of the following helmiths feeds on blood?","answers":["Necator americanus","Ancylostoma duodenale"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Helminthiasis) Helminthiasis Helminthiasis, also known as worm infection, is any macroparasitic disease of humans and other animals in which a part of the body is infected with parasitic worms, known as helminths. There are numerous species of these parasites, which are broadly classified into tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms. They often live in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts, but they may also burrow into other organs, where they induce physiological damage. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis are the most important helminthiases, and are among the neglected tropical diseases. This group of helmianthiases have been targeted under the joint action of the world's","Document [2](Title: Helminthiasis) memory and fluency. Large parasite burdens, particularly severe hookworm infections, are also associated with absenteeism, under-enrollment, and attrition in school children. Of all the known helminth species, the most important helminths with respect to understanding their transmission pathways, their control, inactivation and enumeration in samples of human excreta from dried feces, faecal sludge, wastewater, and sewage sludge are: Helminthiases are classified as follows (the disease names end with \"-sis\" and the causative worms are in brackets): Helminths are transmitted to the final host in several ways. The most common infection is through ingestion of contaminated vegetables, drinking water, and raw","Document [3](Title: Illithid) 4 inches and 6 feet 2 inches. The most desirable of races for hosts are Humans, Drow, Elves, Githzerai, Githyanki , Grimlocks, Gnolls, Goblinoids, and Orcs. Upon being implanted (through the ear canal), the larva then grows and consumes the host's brain, absorbing the host's physical form entirely and becoming sapient itself, a physically mature (but mentally young) Illithid. This process is called \"ceremorphosis\". Illithids often experiment with non-humanoid hosts, but ceremorphosis involving other creatures usually fails, killing both host and larva. The transformation between the host (almost always a human or similar humanoid, such as an elf or dwarf)","Document [4](Title: Hematophagy) Hematophagy Hematophagy (sometimes spelled haematophagy or hematophagia) is the practice by certain animals of feeding on blood (from the Greek words \u03b1\u1f37\u03bc\u03b1 \"haima\" \"blood\" and \u03c6\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \"phagein\" \"to eat\"). Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious proteins and lipids that can be taken without great effort, hematophagy has evolved as a preferred form of feeding for many small animals, such as worms and arthropods. Some intestinal nematodes, such as Ancylostomids, feed on blood extracted from the capillaries of the gut, and about 75 percent of all species of leeches (e.g., \"Hirudo medicinalis\"), a free-living worm, are hematophagous. Some","Document [5](Title: Parasitic worm) Parasitic worm Parasitic worms, also known as helminths, are large macroparasites, which as adults can generally be seen with the naked eye. Many are intestinal worms that are soil-transmitted and infect the gastrointestinal tract. Other parasitic worms such as schistosomes reside in blood vessels. There is no taxonomy of parasitic worms since it is an umbrella term that includes many species of worm from different genera, having parasitism as a commonality. These include two classes of the flatworm (Platyhelminthes) phylum, namely cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes and blood flukes), many species of nematodes (roundworms), and the acanthocephalins known as thorny-headed","Document [6](Title: Helminthology) Helminthology Helminthology is the study of parasitic worms (helminths), while helminthiasis describes the medical condition of being infected with helminths. Helminthology studies the taxonomy of helminths and their effects on their hosts. The origin of the first compound of the word is the Greek \"\u1f15\u03bb\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03c2\" - helmins, meaning \"worm\". In the 18th and early 19th century there was wave of publications on helminthology; this period has been described as the science's \"Golden Era\". During that period the authors F\u00e9lix Dujardin, William Blaxland Benham, Peter Simon Pallas, Marcus Elieser Bloch, Otto Friedrich M\u00fcller, Johann Goeze, Friedrich Zenker, Charles Wardell Stiles, Carl","Document [7](Title: Vandellia) dark bands extending from the dorsal fin and the anal fin and converging onto the caudal fin. \"V. sanguinea\" may grow to 5.3 centimetres (2.1 in) SL. \"V. cirrhosa\" grows up to SL. These species are hematophagous (blood-consuming) parasites, like all other members of the subfamily Vandelliinae. \"V. cirrhosa\" uses visual and chemo-sensory orientation to find potential hosts. It is active both during the daytime and nighttime while foraging. \"V. cirrhosa\" enters the gill chambers of larger fish to suck blood. It bites mostly at the ventral or dorsal aorta arteries, and the blood is pumped into its gut by","Document [8](Title: Helminthiasis) the body. Helminths excrete into the intestine toxic substances after they feed. These substances then enter the circulatory and lymphatic systems of the host body. Chronic immune responses to helminthiasis may lead to increased susceptibility to other infections such as tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria. There is conflicting information about whether deworming reduces HIV progression and viral load and increases CD4 counts in antiretroviral naive and experienced individuals, although the most recent Cochrane review found some evidence that this approach might have favorable effects. Chronic helminthiasis may cause severe morbidity. Helminthiasis has been found to result in poor birth outcome, poor","Document [9](Title: Parasitic worm) number of different helminth species is vast: it is estimated to be around one million species. The nematodes are the most diverse of all the helminths with the highest number of species. There may be as many as 300,000 species of parasites affecting vertebrates, and as many as 300 affecting humans alone. Characteristics that are common for all helminths include: Lifetime: Eggs: Larvae: The following table shows the principal morphological and reproductive distinctions for three helminth groups: Draft genomes for all categories of helminth have been sequenced in recent years and are available through the ParaSite sub-portal of WormBase. Parasitic","Document [10](Title: Helminthiasis) Helminths may cause iron-deficiency anemia. This is most severe in heavy hookworm infections, as Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale feed directly on the blood of their hosts. Although the daily consumption of an individual worm (0.02\u20130.07 ml and 0.14\u20130.26 ml respectively) is small, the collective consumption under heavy infection can be clinically significantly. Intestinal whipworm may also cause anemia. Anemia has also been associated with reduced stamina for physical labor, a decline in the ability to learn new information, and apathy, irritability, and fatigue. A study of the effect of deworming and iron supplementation in 47 students from the Democratic"],"query":"which of the following helmiths feeds on blood?","answers":["Necator americanus","Ancylostoma duodenale"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Pangaea) Pangaea or Pangea ( \/p\u00e6n\u02c8d\u0292i\u02d0\u0259\/) was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago, and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago. In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of continental mass, much of Pangaea was in the southern hemisphere and surrounded by a superocean, Panthalassa. Pangaea was the most recent supercontinent to have existed and the first to be reconstructed by geologists.","Document [2](Title: Continent) Vespucci's name in 1502 or 1503, although it seems that it had additions or alterations by another writer. Regardless of who penned the words, \"Mundus Novus\" credited Vespucci with saying, \"I have discovered a continent in those southern regions that is inhabited by more numerous people and animals than our Europe, or Asia or Africa\", the first known explicit identification of part of the Americas as a continent like the other three. Within a few years, the name \"New World\" began appearing as a name for South America on world maps, such as the Oliveriana (Pesaro) map of around 1504\u20131505.","Document [3](Title: Terra Australis) Incognita (\"the unknown land of the south\") or Terra Australis Nondum Cognita (\"the southern land not yet known\"). Other names were Brasiliae Australis (\"the south of Brazil\"), and Magellanica (\"the land of Magellan\"). During the eighteenth century, today's Australia was not conflated with \"Terra Australis\", as it sometimes was in the twentieth century. Captain Cook and his contemporaries knew that the fifth continent (today's Australia), which they called \"New Holland\", was entirely separate from the imagined (but still undiscovered) sixth continent (today's Antarctica), which they called \"the Southern Continent\" or \"Terra Australis\", sometimes shortened to \"Australia\". In the nineteenth century,","Document [4](Title: Continent) Introductio\", Waldseem\u00fcller noted that the earth is divided into four parts, Europe, Asia, Africa and the fourth part, which he named \"America\" after Amerigo Vespucci's first name. On the map, the word \"America\" was placed on part of South America. From the 16th century the English noun \"continent\" was derived from the term \"continent land\", meaning continuous or connected land and translated from the Latin \"terra continens\". The noun was used to mean \"a connected or continuous tract of land\" or mainland. It was not applied only to very large areas of land\u2014in the 17th century, references were made to","Document [5](Title: North America) Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseem\u00fcller produced a world map, in which he placed the word \"America\" on the continent of South America, in the middle of what is today Brazil. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book \"Cosmographiae Introductio\": For Waldseem\u00fcller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespucci's name (Americus Vespucius), but in its","Document [6](Title: Pangaea) Earth, land\"). The concept that the continents once formed a continuous land mass was first proposed by Alfred Wegener, the originator of the scientific theory of continental drift, in his 1912 publication \"The Origin of Continents\" (\"Die Entstehung der Kontinente\"). He expanded upon his hypothesis in his 1915 book \"The Origin of Continents and Oceans\" (\"Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane\"), in which he postulated that, before breaking up and drifting to their present locations, all the continents had formed a single supercontinent that he called the \"\"Urkontinent\"\". The name \"Pangea\" occurs in the 1920 edition of \"Die Entstehung der","Document [7](Title: Naming of the Americas) unitary continent, the form is generally \"the continent of America\" in the singular. However, without a clarifying context, singular \"America\" in English commonly refers to the United States of America. The earliest known use of the name \"America\" dates to April 25, 1507, where it was applied to what is now known as South America. It appears on a small globe map with twelve time zones, together with the largest wall map made to date, both created by the German cartographer Martin Waldseem\u00fcller in Saint-Di\u00e9-des-Vosges in France. These were the first maps to show the Americas as a land mass","Document [8](Title: Antarctica) the north\". For example, the short-lived French colony established in Brazil in the 16th century was called \"France Antarctique\". The first formal use of the name \"Antarctica\" as a continental name in the 1890s is attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew. The long-imagined (but undiscovered) south polar continent was originally called \"Terra Australis\", sometimes shortened to 'Australia' as seen in a woodcut illustration titled \"Sphere of the winds\", contained in an astrological textbook published in Frankfurt in 1545. Although the longer Latin phrase was better known, the shortened name \"Australia\" was used in Europe's scholarly circles. Then in","Document [9](Title: The Continent Makers) land area of the overpopulated twenty-second century Earth by creating new continents through the manipulation of geological forces. The project's initial goal is to raise a new land mass to be called Gamanovia around the existing Ascension Island in the South Atlantic. The name of the proposed new continent was chosen to honor fifteenth century Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama, the first European to navigate the region's waters, and for Jo\u00e3o da Nova, who discovered Ascension Island a few years later. A sinister group concealing itself under the mask of the bogus Churchillian Society, supposedly dedicated to proving that the","Document [10](Title: Southern Ocean) the \"Terra Australis Incognita\" (\"Unknown Southern Land\"), a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics. The search for this great south land was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries. The Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla, who claimed having sighted \"snow-covered mountains\" beyond the 64\u00b0 S in 1603, is recognized as the first explorer that discovered the continent of Antarctica, although he was ignored in his time. In 1606, Pedro Fern\u00e1ndez de Quir\u00f3s took possession for the king of Spain all of the lands he had discovered in Australia del Espiritu"],"query":"what was the name of the first continent?","answers":["Pangaea"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Continent) Vespucci's name in 1502 or 1503, although it seems that it had additions or alterations by another writer. Regardless of who penned the words, \"Mundus Novus\" credited Vespucci with saying, \"I have discovered a continent in those southern regions that is inhabited by more numerous people and animals than our Europe, or Asia or Africa\", the first known explicit identification of part of the Americas as a continent like the other three. Within a few years, the name \"New World\" began appearing as a name for South America on world maps, such as the Oliveriana (Pesaro) map of around 1504\u20131505.","Document [2](Title: Terra Australis) Incognita (\"the unknown land of the south\") or Terra Australis Nondum Cognita (\"the southern land not yet known\"). Other names were Brasiliae Australis (\"the south of Brazil\"), and Magellanica (\"the land of Magellan\"). During the eighteenth century, today's Australia was not conflated with \"Terra Australis\", as it sometimes was in the twentieth century. Captain Cook and his contemporaries knew that the fifth continent (today's Australia), which they called \"New Holland\", was entirely separate from the imagined (but still undiscovered) sixth continent (today's Antarctica), which they called \"the Southern Continent\" or \"Terra Australis\", sometimes shortened to \"Australia\". In the nineteenth century,","Document [3](Title: Continent) Introductio\", Waldseem\u00fcller noted that the earth is divided into four parts, Europe, Asia, Africa and the fourth part, which he named \"America\" after Amerigo Vespucci's first name. On the map, the word \"America\" was placed on part of South America. From the 16th century the English noun \"continent\" was derived from the term \"continent land\", meaning continuous or connected land and translated from the Latin \"terra continens\". The noun was used to mean \"a connected or continuous tract of land\" or mainland. It was not applied only to very large areas of land\u2014in the 17th century, references were made to","Document [4](Title: North America) Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseem\u00fcller produced a world map, in which he placed the word \"America\" on the continent of South America, in the middle of what is today Brazil. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book \"Cosmographiae Introductio\": For Waldseem\u00fcller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespucci's name (Americus Vespucius), but in its","Document [5](Title: Pangaea) Pangaea or Pangea ( \/p\u00e6n\u02c8d\u0292i\u02d0\u0259\/) was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago, and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago. In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of continental mass, much of Pangaea was in the southern hemisphere and surrounded by a superocean, Panthalassa. Pangaea was the most recent supercontinent to have existed and the first to be reconstructed by geologists.","Document [6](Title: Pangaea) Earth, land\"). The concept that the continents once formed a continuous land mass was first proposed by Alfred Wegener, the originator of the scientific theory of continental drift, in his 1912 publication \"The Origin of Continents\" (\"Die Entstehung der Kontinente\"). He expanded upon his hypothesis in his 1915 book \"The Origin of Continents and Oceans\" (\"Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane\"), in which he postulated that, before breaking up and drifting to their present locations, all the continents had formed a single supercontinent that he called the \"\"Urkontinent\"\". The name \"Pangea\" occurs in the 1920 edition of \"Die Entstehung der","Document [7](Title: Naming of the Americas) unitary continent, the form is generally \"the continent of America\" in the singular. However, without a clarifying context, singular \"America\" in English commonly refers to the United States of America. The earliest known use of the name \"America\" dates to April 25, 1507, where it was applied to what is now known as South America. It appears on a small globe map with twelve time zones, together with the largest wall map made to date, both created by the German cartographer Martin Waldseem\u00fcller in Saint-Di\u00e9-des-Vosges in France. These were the first maps to show the Americas as a land mass","Document [8](Title: Antarctica) the north\". For example, the short-lived French colony established in Brazil in the 16th century was called \"France Antarctique\". The first formal use of the name \"Antarctica\" as a continental name in the 1890s is attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew. The long-imagined (but undiscovered) south polar continent was originally called \"Terra Australis\", sometimes shortened to 'Australia' as seen in a woodcut illustration titled \"Sphere of the winds\", contained in an astrological textbook published in Frankfurt in 1545. Although the longer Latin phrase was better known, the shortened name \"Australia\" was used in Europe's scholarly circles. Then in","Document [9](Title: The Continent Makers) land area of the overpopulated twenty-second century Earth by creating new continents through the manipulation of geological forces. The project's initial goal is to raise a new land mass to be called Gamanovia around the existing Ascension Island in the South Atlantic. The name of the proposed new continent was chosen to honor fifteenth century Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama, the first European to navigate the region's waters, and for Jo\u00e3o da Nova, who discovered Ascension Island a few years later. A sinister group concealing itself under the mask of the bogus Churchillian Society, supposedly dedicated to proving that the","Document [10](Title: Southern Ocean) the \"Terra Australis Incognita\" (\"Unknown Southern Land\"), a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics. The search for this great south land was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries. The Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla, who claimed having sighted \"snow-covered mountains\" beyond the 64\u00b0 S in 1603, is recognized as the first explorer that discovered the continent of Antarctica, although he was ignored in his time. In 1606, Pedro Fern\u00e1ndez de Quir\u00f3s took possession for the king of Spain all of the lands he had discovered in Australia del Espiritu"],"query":"what was the name of the first continent?","answers":["Pangaea"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Continent) Vespucci's name in 1502 or 1503, although it seems that it had additions or alterations by another writer. Regardless of who penned the words, \"Mundus Novus\" credited Vespucci with saying, \"I have discovered a continent in those southern regions that is inhabited by more numerous people and animals than our Europe, or Asia or Africa\", the first known explicit identification of part of the Americas as a continent like the other three. Within a few years, the name \"New World\" began appearing as a name for South America on world maps, such as the Oliveriana (Pesaro) map of around 1504\u20131505.","Document [2](Title: Terra Australis) Incognita (\"the unknown land of the south\") or Terra Australis Nondum Cognita (\"the southern land not yet known\"). Other names were Brasiliae Australis (\"the south of Brazil\"), and Magellanica (\"the land of Magellan\"). During the eighteenth century, today's Australia was not conflated with \"Terra Australis\", as it sometimes was in the twentieth century. Captain Cook and his contemporaries knew that the fifth continent (today's Australia), which they called \"New Holland\", was entirely separate from the imagined (but still undiscovered) sixth continent (today's Antarctica), which they called \"the Southern Continent\" or \"Terra Australis\", sometimes shortened to \"Australia\". In the nineteenth century,","Document [3](Title: Continent) Introductio\", Waldseem\u00fcller noted that the earth is divided into four parts, Europe, Asia, Africa and the fourth part, which he named \"America\" after Amerigo Vespucci's first name. On the map, the word \"America\" was placed on part of South America. From the 16th century the English noun \"continent\" was derived from the term \"continent land\", meaning continuous or connected land and translated from the Latin \"terra continens\". The noun was used to mean \"a connected or continuous tract of land\" or mainland. It was not applied only to very large areas of land\u2014in the 17th century, references were made to","Document [4](Title: North America) Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseem\u00fcller produced a world map, in which he placed the word \"America\" on the continent of South America, in the middle of what is today Brazil. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book \"Cosmographiae Introductio\": For Waldseem\u00fcller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespucci's name (Americus Vespucius), but in its","Document [5](Title: Pangaea) Earth, land\"). The concept that the continents once formed a continuous land mass was first proposed by Alfred Wegener, the originator of the scientific theory of continental drift, in his 1912 publication \"The Origin of Continents\" (\"Die Entstehung der Kontinente\"). He expanded upon his hypothesis in his 1915 book \"The Origin of Continents and Oceans\" (\"Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane\"), in which he postulated that, before breaking up and drifting to their present locations, all the continents had formed a single supercontinent that he called the \"\"Urkontinent\"\". The name \"Pangea\" occurs in the 1920 edition of \"Die Entstehung der","Document [6](Title: Naming of the Americas) unitary continent, the form is generally \"the continent of America\" in the singular. However, without a clarifying context, singular \"America\" in English commonly refers to the United States of America. The earliest known use of the name \"America\" dates to April 25, 1507, where it was applied to what is now known as South America. It appears on a small globe map with twelve time zones, together with the largest wall map made to date, both created by the German cartographer Martin Waldseem\u00fcller in Saint-Di\u00e9-des-Vosges in France. These were the first maps to show the Americas as a land mass","Document [7](Title: Antarctica) the north\". For example, the short-lived French colony established in Brazil in the 16th century was called \"France Antarctique\". The first formal use of the name \"Antarctica\" as a continental name in the 1890s is attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew. The long-imagined (but undiscovered) south polar continent was originally called \"Terra Australis\", sometimes shortened to 'Australia' as seen in a woodcut illustration titled \"Sphere of the winds\", contained in an astrological textbook published in Frankfurt in 1545. Although the longer Latin phrase was better known, the shortened name \"Australia\" was used in Europe's scholarly circles. Then in","Document [8](Title: The Continent Makers) land area of the overpopulated twenty-second century Earth by creating new continents through the manipulation of geological forces. The project's initial goal is to raise a new land mass to be called Gamanovia around the existing Ascension Island in the South Atlantic. The name of the proposed new continent was chosen to honor fifteenth century Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama, the first European to navigate the region's waters, and for Jo\u00e3o da Nova, who discovered Ascension Island a few years later. A sinister group concealing itself under the mask of the bogus Churchillian Society, supposedly dedicated to proving that the","Document [9](Title: Southern Ocean) the \"Terra Australis Incognita\" (\"Unknown Southern Land\"), a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics. The search for this great south land was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries. The Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla, who claimed having sighted \"snow-covered mountains\" beyond the 64\u00b0 S in 1603, is recognized as the first explorer that discovered the continent of Antarctica, although he was ignored in his time. In 1606, Pedro Fern\u00e1ndez de Quir\u00f3s took possession for the king of Spain all of the lands he had discovered in Australia del Espiritu","Document [10](Title: Pangaea) Pangaea or Pangea ( \/p\u00e6n\u02c8d\u0292i\u02d0\u0259\/) was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago, and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago. In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of continental mass, much of Pangaea was in the southern hemisphere and surrounded by a superocean, Panthalassa. Pangaea was the most recent supercontinent to have existed and the first to be reconstructed by geologists."],"query":"what was the name of the first continent?","answers":["Pangaea"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Licensing Act 2003) provide late night refreshment. Permission to carry on some or all of these licensable activities is now contained in a single licence \u2014 the premises licence \u2014 replacing several different and complex schemes. Responsibility for issuing licences now rests with local authorities, specifically London boroughs, Metropolitan boroughs, unitary authorities, and district councils, who took over this power from the Justices of the Peace. These authorities are each required to establish a Licensing Committee, which acts in a quasi-judicial capacity under the Act. The powers of the Act came fully into force at midnight at the start of 24 November 2005.","Document [2](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) that proper fees have been remitted. The Section responsible for the regulation and licensing of Resident, Non-resident and Apprentice Auctioneers holding auctions within the State. The Section responsible for the regulation of gasoline stations and advertising. The Section responsible for the regulation and registration of health clubs. The Section responsible for the assessment and collection of fees specified by Rhode Island state law. The Section is also responsible for the inspection of retail and wholesale establishments and the issuance of licenses to manufacturers, wholesalers, marine vessels and railroads as well as airplanes. The Section handles retail license appeals from actions","Document [3](Title: Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom) regard to \u201cthe licensing objectives\u201d: The licensing authorities are local councils. In two-tier parts of England and Wales, these are the district or borough councils and elsewhere the unitary authority is the licensing authority. In Scotland each council has a Licensing Board to act as licensing authority. For a premises licence, the licensing authority is the council for the place where the premises are located; where they straddle a boundary, the applicant may choose either one. For a personal licence, it is the licensing authority in whose area the applicant lives. The Licensing Authority is also responsible for the issue","Document [4](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) taken by local boards. The Section also investigates complaints, licensing and examining its regulated entities. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of mobile home parks. The Section is also empowered to investigate and adjudicate complaints from park owners, residents and citizens to insure compliance with Rhode Island state laws and rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of Real Estate salespersons, brokers and appraisers. The Section coordinates and administers examinations for real estate brokers, salesperson and real estate appraisers. Additionally, the Section is responsible for issuing licenses to real estate branch offices, real estate","Document [5](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) adjudicate complaints against licensees to insure compliance with Rhode Island state laws and rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the regulation and licensing of the auto body industry statewide. The section also investigates complaints from consumers, the insurance industry and law enforcement. The section reviews both new and renewal license applications to ensure that applicants meet all licensure requirements and that proper fees have been remitted. The Section establishes standards and procedures for the issuance of Limited Glass Licenses for motor vehicle glass installation. The Section responsible for creating standards and procedures for the issuance of a salvage rebuilder's","Document [6](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) schools and out of state land sales. The Section is also empowered to investigate and adjudicate complaints to insure license compliance with Rhode Island State laws, rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the regulation of travel agencies and travel agents. It is also responsible for the issuing licenses and enforcing travel laws, rules and regulations. The Division also coordinates and administers examinations for travel agencies, managers and agents licenses. The Section responsible for enforcing state laws regarding the marking of the unit price of items in retail stores. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of Manufacturers, Supply","Document [7](Title: CDMA Certification Forum) CDMA Certification Forum CDMA Certification Forum (known as CCF) was the original official authority governing CDMA Device certification. The CCF is an international partnership between network operator and device vendors to maintain and evolve a core global device certification process that helps improve quality through consistent interoperability, conformance and performance testing across the globe. On 31 December 2014, CCF voted to hand all its certification responsibilities to the Global Certification Forum (GCF). The CDMA Certification Forum (CCF) and its members are dedicated to improving the quality and time-to-market of all CDMA devices by using a common test process that ensures","Document [8](Title: Nuclear licensing) States, licenses are issued either by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or in some cases by the individual states who have been delegated authority for some licensing activities, e.g. Arizona ([Arizona Radiation Regulatory Agency]). Countries other than the U.S.A. use different licensing schemes, typically at the national level, with formal or informal participation at the local government level. For example, in Great Britain, the Health and Safety Executive oversees licenses and nuclear safety. In the United States, recent licensing activities have been focused on the next generation of nuclear reactors being planned. Efforts are underway to prepare the documents required","Document [9](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation The Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation is the division of the Rhode Island Department of Business Regulation responsible for the licensing and regulation of real estate agents, brokers and appraisers, auto body & salvage re-builder shops, auto wrecking and salvage yards, travel agencies and travel agents, upholsterers, alarm system installers, auctioneers, liquor wholesalers, breweries, wineries, salespersons (representing wholesalers) and agents (representing manufacturers and distillers), Class G (boat\/airline\/railroads) license holders, line-cleaners, and mobile and manufactured homes and parks. The enforcement of unit pricing, motor fuel advertising and health club pre-opening laws are","Document [10](Title: Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control) Governor and confirmed by the Senate for three-year terms. Cyndy A. Valdez (Pima County) Chairman Term Expires: 2017 Michael J. Troyan (Maricopa County) Vice Chairman Term Expires: 2018 Vikki R. Scarafiotti, (Maricopa County) Term Expires: June 2017 Sergio A. Arellano (Pima County) Term Expires: 2019 Troy Campbell (Coconino County) Term Expires: 2018 Vacant Term Expires: Vacant Term Expires: Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control The Department of Liquor Licenses and Control is an Arizona state agency responsible for reviewing state liquor applications and issuing renewal licenses. In Arizona, there are 17 different license categories \u2013 airplanes, trains, watercraft, restaurants,"],"query":"who is responsible for establishing local licensing forum?","answers":["unitary authorities","local authorities","district councils"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) that proper fees have been remitted. The Section responsible for the regulation and licensing of Resident, Non-resident and Apprentice Auctioneers holding auctions within the State. The Section responsible for the regulation of gasoline stations and advertising. The Section responsible for the regulation and registration of health clubs. The Section responsible for the assessment and collection of fees specified by Rhode Island state law. The Section is also responsible for the inspection of retail and wholesale establishments and the issuance of licenses to manufacturers, wholesalers, marine vessels and railroads as well as airplanes. The Section handles retail license appeals from actions","Document [2](Title: Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom) regard to \u201cthe licensing objectives\u201d: The licensing authorities are local councils. In two-tier parts of England and Wales, these are the district or borough councils and elsewhere the unitary authority is the licensing authority. In Scotland each council has a Licensing Board to act as licensing authority. For a premises licence, the licensing authority is the council for the place where the premises are located; where they straddle a boundary, the applicant may choose either one. For a personal licence, it is the licensing authority in whose area the applicant lives. The Licensing Authority is also responsible for the issue","Document [3](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) taken by local boards. The Section also investigates complaints, licensing and examining its regulated entities. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of mobile home parks. The Section is also empowered to investigate and adjudicate complaints from park owners, residents and citizens to insure compliance with Rhode Island state laws and rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of Real Estate salespersons, brokers and appraisers. The Section coordinates and administers examinations for real estate brokers, salesperson and real estate appraisers. Additionally, the Section is responsible for issuing licenses to real estate branch offices, real estate","Document [4](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) adjudicate complaints against licensees to insure compliance with Rhode Island state laws and rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the regulation and licensing of the auto body industry statewide. The section also investigates complaints from consumers, the insurance industry and law enforcement. The section reviews both new and renewal license applications to ensure that applicants meet all licensure requirements and that proper fees have been remitted. The Section establishes standards and procedures for the issuance of Limited Glass Licenses for motor vehicle glass installation. The Section responsible for creating standards and procedures for the issuance of a salvage rebuilder's","Document [5](Title: Licensing Act 2003) provide late night refreshment. Permission to carry on some or all of these licensable activities is now contained in a single licence \u2014 the premises licence \u2014 replacing several different and complex schemes. Responsibility for issuing licences now rests with local authorities, specifically London boroughs, Metropolitan boroughs, unitary authorities, and district councils, who took over this power from the Justices of the Peace. These authorities are each required to establish a Licensing Committee, which acts in a quasi-judicial capacity under the Act. The powers of the Act came fully into force at midnight at the start of 24 November 2005.","Document [6](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) schools and out of state land sales. The Section is also empowered to investigate and adjudicate complaints to insure license compliance with Rhode Island State laws, rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the regulation of travel agencies and travel agents. It is also responsible for the issuing licenses and enforcing travel laws, rules and regulations. The Division also coordinates and administers examinations for travel agencies, managers and agents licenses. The Section responsible for enforcing state laws regarding the marking of the unit price of items in retail stores. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of Manufacturers, Supply","Document [7](Title: CDMA Certification Forum) CDMA Certification Forum CDMA Certification Forum (known as CCF) was the original official authority governing CDMA Device certification. The CCF is an international partnership between network operator and device vendors to maintain and evolve a core global device certification process that helps improve quality through consistent interoperability, conformance and performance testing across the globe. On 31 December 2014, CCF voted to hand all its certification responsibilities to the Global Certification Forum (GCF). The CDMA Certification Forum (CCF) and its members are dedicated to improving the quality and time-to-market of all CDMA devices by using a common test process that ensures","Document [8](Title: Nuclear licensing) States, licenses are issued either by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or in some cases by the individual states who have been delegated authority for some licensing activities, e.g. Arizona ([Arizona Radiation Regulatory Agency]). Countries other than the U.S.A. use different licensing schemes, typically at the national level, with formal or informal participation at the local government level. For example, in Great Britain, the Health and Safety Executive oversees licenses and nuclear safety. In the United States, recent licensing activities have been focused on the next generation of nuclear reactors being planned. Efforts are underway to prepare the documents required","Document [9](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation The Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation is the division of the Rhode Island Department of Business Regulation responsible for the licensing and regulation of real estate agents, brokers and appraisers, auto body & salvage re-builder shops, auto wrecking and salvage yards, travel agencies and travel agents, upholsterers, alarm system installers, auctioneers, liquor wholesalers, breweries, wineries, salespersons (representing wholesalers) and agents (representing manufacturers and distillers), Class G (boat\/airline\/railroads) license holders, line-cleaners, and mobile and manufactured homes and parks. The enforcement of unit pricing, motor fuel advertising and health club pre-opening laws are","Document [10](Title: Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control) Governor and confirmed by the Senate for three-year terms. Cyndy A. Valdez (Pima County) Chairman Term Expires: 2017 Michael J. Troyan (Maricopa County) Vice Chairman Term Expires: 2018 Vikki R. Scarafiotti, (Maricopa County) Term Expires: June 2017 Sergio A. Arellano (Pima County) Term Expires: 2019 Troy Campbell (Coconino County) Term Expires: 2018 Vacant Term Expires: Vacant Term Expires: Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control The Department of Liquor Licenses and Control is an Arizona state agency responsible for reviewing state liquor applications and issuing renewal licenses. In Arizona, there are 17 different license categories \u2013 airplanes, trains, watercraft, restaurants,"],"query":"who is responsible for establishing local licensing forum?","answers":["unitary authorities","local authorities","district councils"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) that proper fees have been remitted. The Section responsible for the regulation and licensing of Resident, Non-resident and Apprentice Auctioneers holding auctions within the State. The Section responsible for the regulation of gasoline stations and advertising. The Section responsible for the regulation and registration of health clubs. The Section responsible for the assessment and collection of fees specified by Rhode Island state law. The Section is also responsible for the inspection of retail and wholesale establishments and the issuance of licenses to manufacturers, wholesalers, marine vessels and railroads as well as airplanes. The Section handles retail license appeals from actions","Document [2](Title: Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom) regard to \u201cthe licensing objectives\u201d: The licensing authorities are local councils. In two-tier parts of England and Wales, these are the district or borough councils and elsewhere the unitary authority is the licensing authority. In Scotland each council has a Licensing Board to act as licensing authority. For a premises licence, the licensing authority is the council for the place where the premises are located; where they straddle a boundary, the applicant may choose either one. For a personal licence, it is the licensing authority in whose area the applicant lives. The Licensing Authority is also responsible for the issue","Document [3](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) taken by local boards. The Section also investigates complaints, licensing and examining its regulated entities. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of mobile home parks. The Section is also empowered to investigate and adjudicate complaints from park owners, residents and citizens to insure compliance with Rhode Island state laws and rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of Real Estate salespersons, brokers and appraisers. The Section coordinates and administers examinations for real estate brokers, salesperson and real estate appraisers. Additionally, the Section is responsible for issuing licenses to real estate branch offices, real estate","Document [4](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) adjudicate complaints against licensees to insure compliance with Rhode Island state laws and rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the regulation and licensing of the auto body industry statewide. The section also investigates complaints from consumers, the insurance industry and law enforcement. The section reviews both new and renewal license applications to ensure that applicants meet all licensure requirements and that proper fees have been remitted. The Section establishes standards and procedures for the issuance of Limited Glass Licenses for motor vehicle glass installation. The Section responsible for creating standards and procedures for the issuance of a salvage rebuilder's","Document [5](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) schools and out of state land sales. The Section is also empowered to investigate and adjudicate complaints to insure license compliance with Rhode Island State laws, rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the regulation of travel agencies and travel agents. It is also responsible for the issuing licenses and enforcing travel laws, rules and regulations. The Division also coordinates and administers examinations for travel agencies, managers and agents licenses. The Section responsible for enforcing state laws regarding the marking of the unit price of items in retail stores. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of Manufacturers, Supply","Document [6](Title: CDMA Certification Forum) CDMA Certification Forum CDMA Certification Forum (known as CCF) was the original official authority governing CDMA Device certification. The CCF is an international partnership between network operator and device vendors to maintain and evolve a core global device certification process that helps improve quality through consistent interoperability, conformance and performance testing across the globe. On 31 December 2014, CCF voted to hand all its certification responsibilities to the Global Certification Forum (GCF). The CDMA Certification Forum (CCF) and its members are dedicated to improving the quality and time-to-market of all CDMA devices by using a common test process that ensures","Document [7](Title: Nuclear licensing) States, licenses are issued either by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or in some cases by the individual states who have been delegated authority for some licensing activities, e.g. Arizona ([Arizona Radiation Regulatory Agency]). Countries other than the U.S.A. use different licensing schemes, typically at the national level, with formal or informal participation at the local government level. For example, in Great Britain, the Health and Safety Executive oversees licenses and nuclear safety. In the United States, recent licensing activities have been focused on the next generation of nuclear reactors being planned. Efforts are underway to prepare the documents required","Document [8](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation The Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation is the division of the Rhode Island Department of Business Regulation responsible for the licensing and regulation of real estate agents, brokers and appraisers, auto body & salvage re-builder shops, auto wrecking and salvage yards, travel agencies and travel agents, upholsterers, alarm system installers, auctioneers, liquor wholesalers, breweries, wineries, salespersons (representing wholesalers) and agents (representing manufacturers and distillers), Class G (boat\/airline\/railroads) license holders, line-cleaners, and mobile and manufactured homes and parks. The enforcement of unit pricing, motor fuel advertising and health club pre-opening laws are","Document [9](Title: Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control) Governor and confirmed by the Senate for three-year terms. Cyndy A. Valdez (Pima County) Chairman Term Expires: 2017 Michael J. Troyan (Maricopa County) Vice Chairman Term Expires: 2018 Vikki R. Scarafiotti, (Maricopa County) Term Expires: June 2017 Sergio A. Arellano (Pima County) Term Expires: 2019 Troy Campbell (Coconino County) Term Expires: 2018 Vacant Term Expires: Vacant Term Expires: Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control The Department of Liquor Licenses and Control is an Arizona state agency responsible for reviewing state liquor applications and issuing renewal licenses. In Arizona, there are 17 different license categories \u2013 airplanes, trains, watercraft, restaurants,","Document [10](Title: Licensing Act 2003) provide late night refreshment. Permission to carry on some or all of these licensable activities is now contained in a single licence \u2014 the premises licence \u2014 replacing several different and complex schemes. Responsibility for issuing licences now rests with local authorities, specifically London boroughs, Metropolitan boroughs, unitary authorities, and district councils, who took over this power from the Justices of the Peace. These authorities are each required to establish a Licensing Committee, which acts in a quasi-judicial capacity under the Act. The powers of the Act came fully into force at midnight at the start of 24 November 2005."],"query":"who is responsible for establishing local licensing forum?","answers":["unitary authorities","local authorities","district councils"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: 2017 Grand National) The race was won by One For Arthur, only the second horse trained in Scotland to win the Grand National (the other being Rubstic in 1979). One For Arthur was ridden by Derek Fox and trained by Lucinda Russell, and was sent off at odds of 1014 14\/1.","Document [2](Title: 2017 Grand National) 2017 Grand National The 2017 Grand National (officially known as the 2017 Randox Health Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 170th official running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase over a distance of took place on 8 April 2017, the final day of a three-day meeting. A maximum field of 40 runners competed for a share of a prize fund of \u00a31 million. Randox Health is the new sponsor of the main race and the festival itself for the next five years. It was broadcast live on television by ITV","Document [3](Title: 2017 Grand National) first time in his terrestrial television commentary career. 2017 Grand National The 2017 Grand National (officially known as the 2017 Randox Health Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 170th official running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase over a distance of took place on 8 April 2017, the final day of a three-day meeting. A maximum field of 40 runners competed for a share of a prize fund of \u00a31 million. Randox Health is the new sponsor of the main race and the festival itself for the next five years.","Document [4](Title: 2018 Grand National) the betting ring by Matt Chapman and Brian Gleeson. The commentary team was Mark Johnson, Ian Bartlett and Richard Hoiles. 2018 Grand National The 2018 Grand National (officially, the Randox Health 2018 Grand National) was the 171st annual running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase was the pinnacle of a three-day festival which commenced on 12 April 2018. The event was sponsored by Randox Health for the second time. The race was won by shot Tiger Roll, ridden by Davy Russell, in a photo finish from Pleasant Company. All 38 runners","Document [5](Title: 2018 Grand National) 2018 Grand National The 2018 Grand National (officially, the Randox Health 2018 Grand National) was the 171st annual running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase was the pinnacle of a three-day festival which commenced on 12 April 2018. The event was sponsored by Randox Health for the second time. The race was won by shot Tiger Roll, ridden by Davy Russell, in a photo finish from Pleasant Company. All 38 runners returned to the stables, although Saint Are required veterinary attention on the course and Charlie Deutsch, riding Houblon Des Obeaux,","Document [6](Title: 2016 Grand National) 2016 Grand National The 2016 Grand National (officially known as the 2016 Crabbie's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 169th annual running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase took place on 9 April 2016, the final day of a three-day meeting. A field of 39 runners competed for a share of a prize fund of \u00a31 million. The 2016 National was won by shot Rule The World, ridden by David Mullins and trained by Mouse Morris. In second place was the joint-favourite The Last Samuri. Sixteen of the 39 runners","Document [7](Title: 2017 Grand National) first scratching deadline on 28 February. Elliott, who had earlier expressed his dissatisfaction with the weights assigned to his horses, withdrew several of his entries, including Outlander, Empire of Dirt and Don Poli, leaving Carlingford Lough as the new top weight. Vieux Lion Rouge, who won the Grand National Trial at Haydock, was now the favourite with the bookmakers, at 12\/1. The field was reduced to 79 following the second scratching deadline on 21 March. The five-day confirmation process began on 3 April with 70 horses advancing, following the withdrawal of top-weight Carlingford Lough. The final field was announced on","Document [8](Title: 2016 Grand National) of 1.1 million on the previous year, and attracted a 59% share of the television audience. 2016 Grand National The 2016 Grand National (officially known as the 2016 Crabbie's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 169th annual running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase took place on 9 April 2016, the final day of a three-day meeting. A field of 39 runners competed for a share of a prize fund of \u00a31 million. The 2016 National was won by shot Rule The World, ridden by David Mullins and trained by","Document [9](Title: 2018 Grand National) was treated on the track after a fall leading to Becher's Brook being bypassed on the second circuit. From an initial 105 entries, the final field of 40 runners was declared on 13 April. Two contenders, Regal Encore and Walk In The Mill, were withdrawn on the morning of the race, leaving 38 starters, the smallest field since 1999. 2018 also marked the first National for 30 years to feature three female jockeys in the line-up. 2012 third-placed jockey Katie Walsh paired Baie Des Iles for her sixth ride in the race, whilst Rachael Blackmore and Bryony Frost were both","Document [10](Title: 1954 Grand National) in the Grand National. 1954 Grand National The 1954 Grand National was the 108th annual renewal of the Grand National steeplechase that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 10 April 1954. The race was won by ten-year-old gelding Royal Tan, an 8\/1 shot trained by Vincent O'Brien. O'Brien had also trained the previous year's winner, Early Mist, and would secure a third consecutive win the following year with Quare Times. Royal Tan was ridden by jockey Bryan Marshall, who also won his second consecutive Grand National. Tudor Line was second and the 15\/2 favourite Irish Lizard finished"],"query":"who won last year's grand national 2017?","answers":["One For Arthur"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: 2017 Grand National) 2017 Grand National The 2017 Grand National (officially known as the 2017 Randox Health Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 170th official running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase over a distance of took place on 8 April 2017, the final day of a three-day meeting. A maximum field of 40 runners competed for a share of a prize fund of \u00a31 million. Randox Health is the new sponsor of the main race and the festival itself for the next five years. It was broadcast live on television by ITV","Document [2](Title: 2017 Grand National) first time in his terrestrial television commentary career. 2017 Grand National The 2017 Grand National (officially known as the 2017 Randox Health Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 170th official running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase over a distance of took place on 8 April 2017, the final day of a three-day meeting. A maximum field of 40 runners competed for a share of a prize fund of \u00a31 million. Randox Health is the new sponsor of the main race and the festival itself for the next five years.","Document [3](Title: 2018 Grand National) the betting ring by Matt Chapman and Brian Gleeson. The commentary team was Mark Johnson, Ian Bartlett and Richard Hoiles. 2018 Grand National The 2018 Grand National (officially, the Randox Health 2018 Grand National) was the 171st annual running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase was the pinnacle of a three-day festival which commenced on 12 April 2018. The event was sponsored by Randox Health for the second time. The race was won by shot Tiger Roll, ridden by Davy Russell, in a photo finish from Pleasant Company. All 38 runners","Document [4](Title: 2018 Grand National) 2018 Grand National The 2018 Grand National (officially, the Randox Health 2018 Grand National) was the 171st annual running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase was the pinnacle of a three-day festival which commenced on 12 April 2018. The event was sponsored by Randox Health for the second time. The race was won by shot Tiger Roll, ridden by Davy Russell, in a photo finish from Pleasant Company. All 38 runners returned to the stables, although Saint Are required veterinary attention on the course and Charlie Deutsch, riding Houblon Des Obeaux,","Document [5](Title: 2017 Grand National) The race was won by One For Arthur, only the second horse trained in Scotland to win the Grand National (the other being Rubstic in 1979). One For Arthur was ridden by Derek Fox and trained by Lucinda Russell, and was sent off at odds of 1014 14\/1.","Document [6](Title: 2016 Grand National) 2016 Grand National The 2016 Grand National (officially known as the 2016 Crabbie's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 169th annual running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase took place on 9 April 2016, the final day of a three-day meeting. A field of 39 runners competed for a share of a prize fund of \u00a31 million. The 2016 National was won by shot Rule The World, ridden by David Mullins and trained by Mouse Morris. In second place was the joint-favourite The Last Samuri. Sixteen of the 39 runners","Document [7](Title: 2017 Grand National) first scratching deadline on 28 February. Elliott, who had earlier expressed his dissatisfaction with the weights assigned to his horses, withdrew several of his entries, including Outlander, Empire of Dirt and Don Poli, leaving Carlingford Lough as the new top weight. Vieux Lion Rouge, who won the Grand National Trial at Haydock, was now the favourite with the bookmakers, at 12\/1. The field was reduced to 79 following the second scratching deadline on 21 March. The five-day confirmation process began on 3 April with 70 horses advancing, following the withdrawal of top-weight Carlingford Lough. The final field was announced on","Document [8](Title: 2016 Grand National) of 1.1 million on the previous year, and attracted a 59% share of the television audience. 2016 Grand National The 2016 Grand National (officially known as the 2016 Crabbie's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 169th annual running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase took place on 9 April 2016, the final day of a three-day meeting. A field of 39 runners competed for a share of a prize fund of \u00a31 million. The 2016 National was won by shot Rule The World, ridden by David Mullins and trained by","Document [9](Title: 2018 Grand National) was treated on the track after a fall leading to Becher's Brook being bypassed on the second circuit. From an initial 105 entries, the final field of 40 runners was declared on 13 April. Two contenders, Regal Encore and Walk In The Mill, were withdrawn on the morning of the race, leaving 38 starters, the smallest field since 1999. 2018 also marked the first National for 30 years to feature three female jockeys in the line-up. 2012 third-placed jockey Katie Walsh paired Baie Des Iles for her sixth ride in the race, whilst Rachael Blackmore and Bryony Frost were both","Document [10](Title: 1954 Grand National) in the Grand National. 1954 Grand National The 1954 Grand National was the 108th annual renewal of the Grand National steeplechase that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 10 April 1954. The race was won by ten-year-old gelding Royal Tan, an 8\/1 shot trained by Vincent O'Brien. O'Brien had also trained the previous year's winner, Early Mist, and would secure a third consecutive win the following year with Quare Times. Royal Tan was ridden by jockey Bryan Marshall, who also won his second consecutive Grand National. Tudor Line was second and the 15\/2 favourite Irish Lizard finished"],"query":"who won last year's grand national 2017?","answers":["One For Arthur"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: 2017 Grand National) 2017 Grand National The 2017 Grand National (officially known as the 2017 Randox Health Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 170th official running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase over a distance of took place on 8 April 2017, the final day of a three-day meeting. A maximum field of 40 runners competed for a share of a prize fund of \u00a31 million. Randox Health is the new sponsor of the main race and the festival itself for the next five years. It was broadcast live on television by ITV","Document [2](Title: 2017 Grand National) first time in his terrestrial television commentary career. 2017 Grand National The 2017 Grand National (officially known as the 2017 Randox Health Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 170th official running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase over a distance of took place on 8 April 2017, the final day of a three-day meeting. A maximum field of 40 runners competed for a share of a prize fund of \u00a31 million. Randox Health is the new sponsor of the main race and the festival itself for the next five years.","Document [3](Title: 2018 Grand National) the betting ring by Matt Chapman and Brian Gleeson. The commentary team was Mark Johnson, Ian Bartlett and Richard Hoiles. 2018 Grand National The 2018 Grand National (officially, the Randox Health 2018 Grand National) was the 171st annual running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase was the pinnacle of a three-day festival which commenced on 12 April 2018. The event was sponsored by Randox Health for the second time. The race was won by shot Tiger Roll, ridden by Davy Russell, in a photo finish from Pleasant Company. All 38 runners","Document [4](Title: 2018 Grand National) 2018 Grand National The 2018 Grand National (officially, the Randox Health 2018 Grand National) was the 171st annual running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase was the pinnacle of a three-day festival which commenced on 12 April 2018. The event was sponsored by Randox Health for the second time. The race was won by shot Tiger Roll, ridden by Davy Russell, in a photo finish from Pleasant Company. All 38 runners returned to the stables, although Saint Are required veterinary attention on the course and Charlie Deutsch, riding Houblon Des Obeaux,","Document [5](Title: 2016 Grand National) 2016 Grand National The 2016 Grand National (officially known as the 2016 Crabbie's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 169th annual running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase took place on 9 April 2016, the final day of a three-day meeting. A field of 39 runners competed for a share of a prize fund of \u00a31 million. The 2016 National was won by shot Rule The World, ridden by David Mullins and trained by Mouse Morris. In second place was the joint-favourite The Last Samuri. Sixteen of the 39 runners","Document [6](Title: 2017 Grand National) first scratching deadline on 28 February. Elliott, who had earlier expressed his dissatisfaction with the weights assigned to his horses, withdrew several of his entries, including Outlander, Empire of Dirt and Don Poli, leaving Carlingford Lough as the new top weight. Vieux Lion Rouge, who won the Grand National Trial at Haydock, was now the favourite with the bookmakers, at 12\/1. The field was reduced to 79 following the second scratching deadline on 21 March. The five-day confirmation process began on 3 April with 70 horses advancing, following the withdrawal of top-weight Carlingford Lough. The final field was announced on","Document [7](Title: 2016 Grand National) of 1.1 million on the previous year, and attracted a 59% share of the television audience. 2016 Grand National The 2016 Grand National (officially known as the 2016 Crabbie's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 169th annual running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase took place on 9 April 2016, the final day of a three-day meeting. A field of 39 runners competed for a share of a prize fund of \u00a31 million. The 2016 National was won by shot Rule The World, ridden by David Mullins and trained by","Document [8](Title: 2018 Grand National) was treated on the track after a fall leading to Becher's Brook being bypassed on the second circuit. From an initial 105 entries, the final field of 40 runners was declared on 13 April. Two contenders, Regal Encore and Walk In The Mill, were withdrawn on the morning of the race, leaving 38 starters, the smallest field since 1999. 2018 also marked the first National for 30 years to feature three female jockeys in the line-up. 2012 third-placed jockey Katie Walsh paired Baie Des Iles for her sixth ride in the race, whilst Rachael Blackmore and Bryony Frost were both","Document [9](Title: 1954 Grand National) in the Grand National. 1954 Grand National The 1954 Grand National was the 108th annual renewal of the Grand National steeplechase that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 10 April 1954. The race was won by ten-year-old gelding Royal Tan, an 8\/1 shot trained by Vincent O'Brien. O'Brien had also trained the previous year's winner, Early Mist, and would secure a third consecutive win the following year with Quare Times. Royal Tan was ridden by jockey Bryan Marshall, who also won his second consecutive Grand National. Tudor Line was second and the 15\/2 favourite Irish Lizard finished","Document [10](Title: 2017 Grand National) The race was won by One For Arthur, only the second horse trained in Scotland to win the Grand National (the other being Rubstic in 1979). One For Arthur was ridden by Derek Fox and trained by Lucinda Russell, and was sent off at odds of 1014 14\/1."],"query":"who won last year's grand national 2017?","answers":["One For Arthur"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Lakh) In Indian English, the word is used both as an attributive and non-attributive noun, and with either a marked (\"-s\") or unmarked plural, as in: \"1\u00a0lakh people\" or \"1\u00a0lakh of people\"; \"200\u00a0lakh rupees\"; \"5\u00a0lakh of rupees\"; \"rupees 10\u00a0lakhs\"; or \"5\u00a0lakhs of rupees\". In the abbreviated form, usage such as \"\u20b9\u200d5L\" (for \"rupees 5\u00a0lakhs\") is common. In this system of numeration 100 lakh is called one crore and is equal to 10 million.","Document [2](Title: Lakhna) male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 64%. In Lakhna, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. Lakhna Lakhna is a town and a nagar panchayat in Etawah district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Lakhna has an average elevation of . It is famous for a Kalka Devi mandir and wholesale market for agriculture produce, also for jewellery shops. Kalka Devi mandir is famous for social rituals. It is well connected to Etawah through roads. Kanpur and Gwalior are nearby airports from Lakhna India census, Lakhna had a population of 10,452. Males constitute 52%","Document [3](Title: Lakhera) variety of business. The community is also equated with the Patwa community at some places. The Lakhera get their name from the Sanskrit \"laksha kuru\" meaning a worker in lac. According to their mythologies, this caste created by the goddess Parvati. Other traditions make them out to be Yaduvanshi Rajputs. They are said to have originated in Rajasthan, and then spread to Uttarakhand, Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra. The community in Delhi speaks Hindi, while in Haryana they speaks Haryanvi, while in Rajasthan they Speaks Hadoti. In Maharshtra can speak Marathi, Marwadi. They are known as","Document [4](Title: Lakhna) Lakhna Lakhna is a town and a nagar panchayat in Etawah district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Lakhna has an average elevation of . It is famous for a Kalka Devi mandir and wholesale market for agriculture produce, also for jewellery shops. Kalka Devi mandir is famous for social rituals. It is well connected to Etawah through roads. Kanpur and Gwalior are nearby airports from Lakhna India census, Lakhna had a population of 10,452. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Lakhna has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%:","Document [5](Title: Lakhipur) Lakhipur Lakhipur (IPA: \u02c8l\u00e6k\u026a\u02ccp\u028a\u0259), is a town and a Municipal Board in Cachar district in the Indian state of Assam. The name \"Lakhipur\" is said to be very ancient. Two schools of opinion on the origin of its name exist. According to one school of opinion, the name relates to Lakshmi, the Hindu Goddess of wealth. Another school of opinion says that the place was named after notable Dimasa Kachari King \"Laxminarayan\" who ruled this part of the country in ancient times. Lakhipur is located at . It has an average elevation of 22 metres (72 feet). India census, Lakhipur","Document [6](Title: Lucknow) in the state. \"Lucknow\" is the anglicised spelling of the local pronunciation \"Lakhnau\". According to one legend, the city is named after Lakshmana, a hero of the ancient Hindu epic \"Ramayana\". The legend states that Lakshmana had a palace or an estate in the area, which was called \"Lakshmanapuri\" (Sanskrit: \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0923\u092a\u0941\u0930\u0940, lit. \"Lakshmana's city\"). However, the Dalit movement believes that Lakhan Pasi, a dalit ruler, was the settler of the city and is named after him. The settlement came to be known as Lakhanpur (or Lachhmanpur) by the 11th century, and later, Lucknow. A similar theory states that the city","Document [7](Title: Lakheri) of the population and females 48.5%. Lakheri had an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 77%, and female literacy was 50%. In Lakheri, 14% of the population was under 6 years of age. Harauti, a dialect of Rajasthani is widely spoken in Lakheri with Hindi, and English being the other languages spoken. According to the 2011 census, Hinduism is the majority religion in the city practised by about 83.2% of the population. Muslims form large minorities (14.07%) followed by Jains (1.34%), Sikhs (0.9%) and Christians (0.4%). The city lies in between","Document [8](Title: Lakhnadon) Lakhnadon Lakhnadon is a town and a nagar panchayat in Seoni district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, and the headquarters of lakhnadon janpad and tahsil. It is best known for its sagon woods, which are exported, and tobacco leaves (tendu patta). It is one of the oldest tehsils of Madhya Pradesh. It is the second biggest town in Seoni district. The town is said to be named after a former ruler, Raja Lakhan Kunwar. There is a belief among the locals that there is a palace of Kunwar inside Ranital lake, and its peak can be seen during","Document [9](Title: Lakheri) Lakheri Lakheri () is a town and municipality in Bundi district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is located in the southeast of Rajasthan., around south of the state capital, Jaipur. Lakheri has been a subdivision headquarter since 2002. Garima Lata (RAS) is the Deputy Collector and Majistrate of Lakheri subdivision. It is the second largest city in the district, after Bundi. Mostly surrounded by agricultural lands and villages the most distinct feature of Lakheri is a cement manufacturing unit of ACC (Associated Cement Companies) Ltd. This plant is the oldest running cement plant in Asia (1912\u20131913). But with","Document [10](Title: Lakhey) Lakhey L\u0101khey (Nepal Bhasa: \u0932\u093e\u0916\u0947, l\u0101-kh\u00e9) (alternative spellings L\u0101khe, L\u0101khay, \u0932\u093e\u0916\u092f\u094d) is a demon in Nepalese folklore. He is depicted with a ferocious face, protruding fangs and mane of red or black hair. Lakhes figure prominently in traditional Newar culture of Nepal Mandala. The Lakhe tradition is found in the Kathmandu Valley and other Newar settlements throughout Nepal. Lakhes are said to be demons who used to live in the forests and later became protectors to the townspeople. A female Lakhe is known as Lasin (\u0932\u0938\u093f\u0902). The other common legendary being in Nepalese folklore is the Khy\u0101h, who is depicted"],"query":"what is the spelling of lakh in english?","answers":["lakh"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Lakhna) male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 64%. In Lakhna, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. Lakhna Lakhna is a town and a nagar panchayat in Etawah district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Lakhna has an average elevation of . It is famous for a Kalka Devi mandir and wholesale market for agriculture produce, also for jewellery shops. Kalka Devi mandir is famous for social rituals. It is well connected to Etawah through roads. Kanpur and Gwalior are nearby airports from Lakhna India census, Lakhna had a population of 10,452. Males constitute 52%","Document [2](Title: Lakhera) variety of business. The community is also equated with the Patwa community at some places. The Lakhera get their name from the Sanskrit \"laksha kuru\" meaning a worker in lac. According to their mythologies, this caste created by the goddess Parvati. Other traditions make them out to be Yaduvanshi Rajputs. They are said to have originated in Rajasthan, and then spread to Uttarakhand, Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra. The community in Delhi speaks Hindi, while in Haryana they speaks Haryanvi, while in Rajasthan they Speaks Hadoti. In Maharshtra can speak Marathi, Marwadi. They are known as","Document [3](Title: Lakhna) Lakhna Lakhna is a town and a nagar panchayat in Etawah district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Lakhna has an average elevation of . It is famous for a Kalka Devi mandir and wholesale market for agriculture produce, also for jewellery shops. Kalka Devi mandir is famous for social rituals. It is well connected to Etawah through roads. Kanpur and Gwalior are nearby airports from Lakhna India census, Lakhna had a population of 10,452. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Lakhna has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%:","Document [4](Title: Lakhipur) Lakhipur Lakhipur (IPA: \u02c8l\u00e6k\u026a\u02ccp\u028a\u0259), is a town and a Municipal Board in Cachar district in the Indian state of Assam. The name \"Lakhipur\" is said to be very ancient. Two schools of opinion on the origin of its name exist. According to one school of opinion, the name relates to Lakshmi, the Hindu Goddess of wealth. Another school of opinion says that the place was named after notable Dimasa Kachari King \"Laxminarayan\" who ruled this part of the country in ancient times. Lakhipur is located at . It has an average elevation of 22 metres (72 feet). India census, Lakhipur","Document [5](Title: Lakh) In Indian English, the word is used both as an attributive and non-attributive noun, and with either a marked (\"-s\") or unmarked plural, as in: \"1\u00a0lakh people\" or \"1\u00a0lakh of people\"; \"200\u00a0lakh rupees\"; \"5\u00a0lakh of rupees\"; \"rupees 10\u00a0lakhs\"; or \"5\u00a0lakhs of rupees\". In the abbreviated form, usage such as \"\u20b9\u200d5L\" (for \"rupees 5\u00a0lakhs\") is common. In this system of numeration 100 lakh is called one crore and is equal to 10 million.","Document [6](Title: Lucknow) in the state. \"Lucknow\" is the anglicised spelling of the local pronunciation \"Lakhnau\". According to one legend, the city is named after Lakshmana, a hero of the ancient Hindu epic \"Ramayana\". The legend states that Lakshmana had a palace or an estate in the area, which was called \"Lakshmanapuri\" (Sanskrit: \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0923\u092a\u0941\u0930\u0940, lit. \"Lakshmana's city\"). However, the Dalit movement believes that Lakhan Pasi, a dalit ruler, was the settler of the city and is named after him. The settlement came to be known as Lakhanpur (or Lachhmanpur) by the 11th century, and later, Lucknow. A similar theory states that the city","Document [7](Title: Lakheri) of the population and females 48.5%. Lakheri had an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 77%, and female literacy was 50%. In Lakheri, 14% of the population was under 6 years of age. Harauti, a dialect of Rajasthani is widely spoken in Lakheri with Hindi, and English being the other languages spoken. According to the 2011 census, Hinduism is the majority religion in the city practised by about 83.2% of the population. Muslims form large minorities (14.07%) followed by Jains (1.34%), Sikhs (0.9%) and Christians (0.4%). The city lies in between","Document [8](Title: Lakhnadon) Lakhnadon Lakhnadon is a town and a nagar panchayat in Seoni district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, and the headquarters of lakhnadon janpad and tahsil. It is best known for its sagon woods, which are exported, and tobacco leaves (tendu patta). It is one of the oldest tehsils of Madhya Pradesh. It is the second biggest town in Seoni district. The town is said to be named after a former ruler, Raja Lakhan Kunwar. There is a belief among the locals that there is a palace of Kunwar inside Ranital lake, and its peak can be seen during","Document [9](Title: Lakheri) Lakheri Lakheri () is a town and municipality in Bundi district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is located in the southeast of Rajasthan., around south of the state capital, Jaipur. Lakheri has been a subdivision headquarter since 2002. Garima Lata (RAS) is the Deputy Collector and Majistrate of Lakheri subdivision. It is the second largest city in the district, after Bundi. Mostly surrounded by agricultural lands and villages the most distinct feature of Lakheri is a cement manufacturing unit of ACC (Associated Cement Companies) Ltd. This plant is the oldest running cement plant in Asia (1912\u20131913). But with","Document [10](Title: Lakhey) Lakhey L\u0101khey (Nepal Bhasa: \u0932\u093e\u0916\u0947, l\u0101-kh\u00e9) (alternative spellings L\u0101khe, L\u0101khay, \u0932\u093e\u0916\u092f\u094d) is a demon in Nepalese folklore. He is depicted with a ferocious face, protruding fangs and mane of red or black hair. Lakhes figure prominently in traditional Newar culture of Nepal Mandala. The Lakhe tradition is found in the Kathmandu Valley and other Newar settlements throughout Nepal. Lakhes are said to be demons who used to live in the forests and later became protectors to the townspeople. A female Lakhe is known as Lasin (\u0932\u0938\u093f\u0902). The other common legendary being in Nepalese folklore is the Khy\u0101h, who is depicted"],"query":"what is the spelling of lakh in english?","answers":["lakh"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Lakhna) male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 64%. In Lakhna, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. Lakhna Lakhna is a town and a nagar panchayat in Etawah district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Lakhna has an average elevation of . It is famous for a Kalka Devi mandir and wholesale market for agriculture produce, also for jewellery shops. Kalka Devi mandir is famous for social rituals. It is well connected to Etawah through roads. Kanpur and Gwalior are nearby airports from Lakhna India census, Lakhna had a population of 10,452. Males constitute 52%","Document [2](Title: Lakhera) variety of business. The community is also equated with the Patwa community at some places. The Lakhera get their name from the Sanskrit \"laksha kuru\" meaning a worker in lac. According to their mythologies, this caste created by the goddess Parvati. Other traditions make them out to be Yaduvanshi Rajputs. They are said to have originated in Rajasthan, and then spread to Uttarakhand, Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra. The community in Delhi speaks Hindi, while in Haryana they speaks Haryanvi, while in Rajasthan they Speaks Hadoti. In Maharshtra can speak Marathi, Marwadi. They are known as","Document [3](Title: Lakhna) Lakhna Lakhna is a town and a nagar panchayat in Etawah district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Lakhna has an average elevation of . It is famous for a Kalka Devi mandir and wholesale market for agriculture produce, also for jewellery shops. Kalka Devi mandir is famous for social rituals. It is well connected to Etawah through roads. Kanpur and Gwalior are nearby airports from Lakhna India census, Lakhna had a population of 10,452. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Lakhna has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%:","Document [4](Title: Lakhipur) Lakhipur Lakhipur (IPA: \u02c8l\u00e6k\u026a\u02ccp\u028a\u0259), is a town and a Municipal Board in Cachar district in the Indian state of Assam. The name \"Lakhipur\" is said to be very ancient. Two schools of opinion on the origin of its name exist. According to one school of opinion, the name relates to Lakshmi, the Hindu Goddess of wealth. Another school of opinion says that the place was named after notable Dimasa Kachari King \"Laxminarayan\" who ruled this part of the country in ancient times. Lakhipur is located at . It has an average elevation of 22 metres (72 feet). India census, Lakhipur","Document [5](Title: Lucknow) in the state. \"Lucknow\" is the anglicised spelling of the local pronunciation \"Lakhnau\". According to one legend, the city is named after Lakshmana, a hero of the ancient Hindu epic \"Ramayana\". The legend states that Lakshmana had a palace or an estate in the area, which was called \"Lakshmanapuri\" (Sanskrit: \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0923\u092a\u0941\u0930\u0940, lit. \"Lakshmana's city\"). However, the Dalit movement believes that Lakhan Pasi, a dalit ruler, was the settler of the city and is named after him. The settlement came to be known as Lakhanpur (or Lachhmanpur) by the 11th century, and later, Lucknow. A similar theory states that the city","Document [6](Title: Lakheri) of the population and females 48.5%. Lakheri had an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 77%, and female literacy was 50%. In Lakheri, 14% of the population was under 6 years of age. Harauti, a dialect of Rajasthani is widely spoken in Lakheri with Hindi, and English being the other languages spoken. According to the 2011 census, Hinduism is the majority religion in the city practised by about 83.2% of the population. Muslims form large minorities (14.07%) followed by Jains (1.34%), Sikhs (0.9%) and Christians (0.4%). The city lies in between","Document [7](Title: Lakhnadon) Lakhnadon Lakhnadon is a town and a nagar panchayat in Seoni district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, and the headquarters of lakhnadon janpad and tahsil. It is best known for its sagon woods, which are exported, and tobacco leaves (tendu patta). It is one of the oldest tehsils of Madhya Pradesh. It is the second biggest town in Seoni district. The town is said to be named after a former ruler, Raja Lakhan Kunwar. There is a belief among the locals that there is a palace of Kunwar inside Ranital lake, and its peak can be seen during","Document [8](Title: Lakheri) Lakheri Lakheri () is a town and municipality in Bundi district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is located in the southeast of Rajasthan., around south of the state capital, Jaipur. Lakheri has been a subdivision headquarter since 2002. Garima Lata (RAS) is the Deputy Collector and Majistrate of Lakheri subdivision. It is the second largest city in the district, after Bundi. Mostly surrounded by agricultural lands and villages the most distinct feature of Lakheri is a cement manufacturing unit of ACC (Associated Cement Companies) Ltd. This plant is the oldest running cement plant in Asia (1912\u20131913). But with","Document [9](Title: Lakhey) Lakhey L\u0101khey (Nepal Bhasa: \u0932\u093e\u0916\u0947, l\u0101-kh\u00e9) (alternative spellings L\u0101khe, L\u0101khay, \u0932\u093e\u0916\u092f\u094d) is a demon in Nepalese folklore. He is depicted with a ferocious face, protruding fangs and mane of red or black hair. Lakhes figure prominently in traditional Newar culture of Nepal Mandala. The Lakhe tradition is found in the Kathmandu Valley and other Newar settlements throughout Nepal. Lakhes are said to be demons who used to live in the forests and later became protectors to the townspeople. A female Lakhe is known as Lasin (\u0932\u0938\u093f\u0902). The other common legendary being in Nepalese folklore is the Khy\u0101h, who is depicted","Document [10](Title: Lakh) In Indian English, the word is used both as an attributive and non-attributive noun, and with either a marked (\"-s\") or unmarked plural, as in: \"1\u00a0lakh people\" or \"1\u00a0lakh of people\"; \"200\u00a0lakh rupees\"; \"5\u00a0lakh of rupees\"; \"rupees 10\u00a0lakhs\"; or \"5\u00a0lakhs of rupees\". In the abbreviated form, usage such as \"\u20b9\u200d5L\" (for \"rupees 5\u00a0lakhs\") is common. In this system of numeration 100 lakh is called one crore and is equal to 10 million."],"query":"what is the spelling of lakh in english?","answers":["lakh"],"gold_index":9}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Licence to Kill (soundtrack)) The prospect, however, fell apart and Gladys Knight's song and performance was chosen, later becoming a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom. The song was composed by Narada Michael Walden, Jeffrey Cohen and Walter Afanasieff, based on the \"horn line\" from Goldfinger, which required royalty payments to the original writers. At five-minutes twelve seconds it is the longest Bond theme. The music video of \"Licence to Kill\" was directed by Daniel Kleinman, who later took over the reins of title designer from Maurice Binder for the 1995 Bond film, GoldenEye.","Document [2](Title: Licence to Kill (song)) 79 on Canada's \"RPM\" Top Singles chart. 7\" Single A - \"Licence to Kill\" - 4:11 B - \"Pam\" - 3:50 (performed by Michael Kamen & The National Philharmonic Orchestra) 12\" Single A - \"Licence to Kill\" (Extended Version) - 5:13 B1 - \"Pam\" - 3:50 (performed by Michael Kamen & The National Philharmonic Orchestra) B2 - \"Licence to Kill\" - 4:11 In 2017, musician and producer Fernando Perdomo collaborated with former Pink Floyd backing vocalist and Blue Pearl lead singer, Durga McBroom, recording the song for the multi-artist compilation album, \"Songs, Bond Songs: The Music Of 007\". Licence to","Document [3](Title: Licence to Kill) seen as an homage to the film of the same name, which required royalty payments to the original writers. The song gave Knight her first British top-ten hit since 1977. The end credits feature the Top 10 R&B hit \"If You Asked Me To\", sung by Patti LaBelle. John Barry was not available at the time due to throat surgery, so the soundtrack's score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen, who was known for scoring many action films at the time, such as \"Lethal Weapon\" and \"Die Hard\". Glen said he picked Kamen, feeling he could give \"the closest","Document [4](Title: Licence to Kill (soundtrack)) of \"Licence to Kill\" was directed by Daniel Kleinman, who later took over the reins of title designer from Maurice Binder for the 1995 Bond film, \"GoldenEye\". All the instrumental tracks are amalgams of various sequences and musical cues from the film rather than straight score excerpts. The end credits of the film feature the song \"If You Asked Me To\" sung by Patti LaBelle. Though the song was a top ten R&B charter and a minor pop hit for LaBelle, in 1992, the song was covered by and became a much bigger hit for singer C\u00e9line Dion. The track","Document [5](Title: Licence to Kill (soundtrack)) Licence to Kill (soundtrack) The soundtrack to Licence to Kill, the 16th James Bond film of the same name, was released by MCA Records in 1989. Because the usual James Bond composer John Barry (who had scored almost every film from \"From Russia with Love\" onwards) was not available at the time as he was undergoing throat surgery, the soundtrack's more upbeat and suspenseful score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen. Initially Eric Clapton and Vic Flick were asked to write and perform the theme song to \"Licence to Kill\". The theme was said to have been a new","Document [6](Title: Licensed to Kill (1965 film)) had great financial success after cheaply purchasing an Italian film called \"Hercules\" and releasing it in America with a massive publicity campaign, and decided to do the same with \"Licensed to Kill\". However, the American release reedited the film by having the opening assassination performed by a Mum pulling a Sten gun out of her pram of twins changing to a pre-credit scene. Levine engaged songwriters Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen to write a title song performed by Sammy Davis Jr and arranged and conducted by Claus Ogerman over the credits with the new title. The American release then","Document [7](Title: Licence to Kill) with Carey Lowell reprising her role by providing the voice for the character. Licence to Kill Licence to Kill is a 1989 British spy film, the sixteenth in the \"James Bond\" film series produced by Eon Productions, and the last to star Timothy Dalton in the role of the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It is the first one not to use the title of an Ian Fleming story. It is also the fifth and final consecutive Bond film to be directed by John Glen. The story has elements of two Ian Fleming short stories and a novel, interwoven with","Document [8](Title: Branded to Kill) Compact Disc through its \"Cine Jazz\" series, which focused on 1960s Nikkatsu action films. The music was culled from Naozumi Yamamoto's score. Atsushi Yamatoya wrote the lyrics for the \"Killing Blues\" themes. Listings 27 through 29 are bonus karaoke tracks. Branded to Kill The studio was unhappy with the original script and called in Suzuki to rewrite and direct it at the last minute. Suzuki came up with many of his ideas the night before or on the set while filming, and welcomed ideas from his collaborators. He gave the film a satirical, anarchic and visually eclectic bent which the","Document [9](Title: James Bond music) Was a Man,\" composed by John Barry with Chrissie Hynde. \"Licence to Kill\" has \"If You Asked Me To\" sung by Patti Labelle. \"GoldenEye\" featured \u00c9ric Serra's \"The Experience of Love\". \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" included k.d. lang's \"Surrender\" during the closing credits, a song which was originally proposed by composer David Arnold to be the title sequence theme instead of the Sheryl Crow title song. The \"Surrender\" theme is heard throughout the score while the melody of Sheryl Crow's song is not used again during the film. This hearkens back to the \"Thunderball\" soundtrack, where \"Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\"","Document [10](Title: James Bond in film) and Stephano's House 707 South Street for his house and patio. The US Coast Guard Pier was used to film Isthmus City harbour. John Barry was not available to score the film because of throat surgery, so the soundtrack's score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen, who was known for scoring many action films at the time, such as \"Lethal Weapon\" and \"Die Hard\". The film's darker and more violent plot elicited calls for cuts by the British Board of Film Classification. \"Licence to Kill\" marked the end of the involvement for a number of long-term crew members, including"],"query":"who sang theme song for license to kill?","answers":["Gladys Knight"],"gold_index":0}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Licence to Kill (song)) 79 on Canada's \"RPM\" Top Singles chart. 7\" Single A - \"Licence to Kill\" - 4:11 B - \"Pam\" - 3:50 (performed by Michael Kamen & The National Philharmonic Orchestra) 12\" Single A - \"Licence to Kill\" (Extended Version) - 5:13 B1 - \"Pam\" - 3:50 (performed by Michael Kamen & The National Philharmonic Orchestra) B2 - \"Licence to Kill\" - 4:11 In 2017, musician and producer Fernando Perdomo collaborated with former Pink Floyd backing vocalist and Blue Pearl lead singer, Durga McBroom, recording the song for the multi-artist compilation album, \"Songs, Bond Songs: The Music Of 007\". Licence to","Document [2](Title: Licence to Kill) seen as an homage to the film of the same name, which required royalty payments to the original writers. The song gave Knight her first British top-ten hit since 1977. The end credits feature the Top 10 R&B hit \"If You Asked Me To\", sung by Patti LaBelle. John Barry was not available at the time due to throat surgery, so the soundtrack's score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen, who was known for scoring many action films at the time, such as \"Lethal Weapon\" and \"Die Hard\". Glen said he picked Kamen, feeling he could give \"the closest","Document [3](Title: Licence to Kill (soundtrack)) of \"Licence to Kill\" was directed by Daniel Kleinman, who later took over the reins of title designer from Maurice Binder for the 1995 Bond film, \"GoldenEye\". All the instrumental tracks are amalgams of various sequences and musical cues from the film rather than straight score excerpts. The end credits of the film feature the song \"If You Asked Me To\" sung by Patti LaBelle. Though the song was a top ten R&B charter and a minor pop hit for LaBelle, in 1992, the song was covered by and became a much bigger hit for singer C\u00e9line Dion. The track","Document [4](Title: Licence to Kill (soundtrack)) Licence to Kill (soundtrack) The soundtrack to Licence to Kill, the 16th James Bond film of the same name, was released by MCA Records in 1989. Because the usual James Bond composer John Barry (who had scored almost every film from \"From Russia with Love\" onwards) was not available at the time as he was undergoing throat surgery, the soundtrack's more upbeat and suspenseful score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen. Initially Eric Clapton and Vic Flick were asked to write and perform the theme song to \"Licence to Kill\". The theme was said to have been a new","Document [5](Title: Licence to Kill (soundtrack)) The prospect, however, fell apart and Gladys Knight's song and performance was chosen, later becoming a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom. The song was composed by Narada Michael Walden, Jeffrey Cohen and Walter Afanasieff, based on the \"horn line\" from Goldfinger, which required royalty payments to the original writers. At five-minutes twelve seconds it is the longest Bond theme. The music video of \"Licence to Kill\" was directed by Daniel Kleinman, who later took over the reins of title designer from Maurice Binder for the 1995 Bond film, GoldenEye.","Document [6](Title: Licensed to Kill (1965 film)) had great financial success after cheaply purchasing an Italian film called \"Hercules\" and releasing it in America with a massive publicity campaign, and decided to do the same with \"Licensed to Kill\". However, the American release reedited the film by having the opening assassination performed by a Mum pulling a Sten gun out of her pram of twins changing to a pre-credit scene. Levine engaged songwriters Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen to write a title song performed by Sammy Davis Jr and arranged and conducted by Claus Ogerman over the credits with the new title. The American release then","Document [7](Title: Licence to Kill) with Carey Lowell reprising her role by providing the voice for the character. Licence to Kill Licence to Kill is a 1989 British spy film, the sixteenth in the \"James Bond\" film series produced by Eon Productions, and the last to star Timothy Dalton in the role of the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It is the first one not to use the title of an Ian Fleming story. It is also the fifth and final consecutive Bond film to be directed by John Glen. The story has elements of two Ian Fleming short stories and a novel, interwoven with","Document [8](Title: Branded to Kill) Compact Disc through its \"Cine Jazz\" series, which focused on 1960s Nikkatsu action films. The music was culled from Naozumi Yamamoto's score. Atsushi Yamatoya wrote the lyrics for the \"Killing Blues\" themes. Listings 27 through 29 are bonus karaoke tracks. Branded to Kill The studio was unhappy with the original script and called in Suzuki to rewrite and direct it at the last minute. Suzuki came up with many of his ideas the night before or on the set while filming, and welcomed ideas from his collaborators. He gave the film a satirical, anarchic and visually eclectic bent which the","Document [9](Title: James Bond music) Was a Man,\" composed by John Barry with Chrissie Hynde. \"Licence to Kill\" has \"If You Asked Me To\" sung by Patti Labelle. \"GoldenEye\" featured \u00c9ric Serra's \"The Experience of Love\". \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" included k.d. lang's \"Surrender\" during the closing credits, a song which was originally proposed by composer David Arnold to be the title sequence theme instead of the Sheryl Crow title song. The \"Surrender\" theme is heard throughout the score while the melody of Sheryl Crow's song is not used again during the film. This hearkens back to the \"Thunderball\" soundtrack, where \"Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\"","Document [10](Title: James Bond in film) and Stephano's House 707 South Street for his house and patio. The US Coast Guard Pier was used to film Isthmus City harbour. John Barry was not available to score the film because of throat surgery, so the soundtrack's score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen, who was known for scoring many action films at the time, such as \"Lethal Weapon\" and \"Die Hard\". The film's darker and more violent plot elicited calls for cuts by the British Board of Film Classification. \"Licence to Kill\" marked the end of the involvement for a number of long-term crew members, including"],"query":"who sang theme song for license to kill?","answers":["Gladys Knight"],"gold_index":4}
{"context":["Document [1](Title: Licence to Kill (song)) 79 on Canada's \"RPM\" Top Singles chart. 7\" Single A - \"Licence to Kill\" - 4:11 B - \"Pam\" - 3:50 (performed by Michael Kamen & The National Philharmonic Orchestra) 12\" Single A - \"Licence to Kill\" (Extended Version) - 5:13 B1 - \"Pam\" - 3:50 (performed by Michael Kamen & The National Philharmonic Orchestra) B2 - \"Licence to Kill\" - 4:11 In 2017, musician and producer Fernando Perdomo collaborated with former Pink Floyd backing vocalist and Blue Pearl lead singer, Durga McBroom, recording the song for the multi-artist compilation album, \"Songs, Bond Songs: The Music Of 007\". Licence to","Document [2](Title: Licence to Kill) seen as an homage to the film of the same name, which required royalty payments to the original writers. The song gave Knight her first British top-ten hit since 1977. The end credits feature the Top 10 R&B hit \"If You Asked Me To\", sung by Patti LaBelle. John Barry was not available at the time due to throat surgery, so the soundtrack's score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen, who was known for scoring many action films at the time, such as \"Lethal Weapon\" and \"Die Hard\". Glen said he picked Kamen, feeling he could give \"the closest","Document [3](Title: Licence to Kill (soundtrack)) of \"Licence to Kill\" was directed by Daniel Kleinman, who later took over the reins of title designer from Maurice Binder for the 1995 Bond film, \"GoldenEye\". All the instrumental tracks are amalgams of various sequences and musical cues from the film rather than straight score excerpts. The end credits of the film feature the song \"If You Asked Me To\" sung by Patti LaBelle. Though the song was a top ten R&B charter and a minor pop hit for LaBelle, in 1992, the song was covered by and became a much bigger hit for singer C\u00e9line Dion. The track","Document [4](Title: Licence to Kill (soundtrack)) Licence to Kill (soundtrack) The soundtrack to Licence to Kill, the 16th James Bond film of the same name, was released by MCA Records in 1989. Because the usual James Bond composer John Barry (who had scored almost every film from \"From Russia with Love\" onwards) was not available at the time as he was undergoing throat surgery, the soundtrack's more upbeat and suspenseful score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen. Initially Eric Clapton and Vic Flick were asked to write and perform the theme song to \"Licence to Kill\". The theme was said to have been a new","Document [5](Title: Licensed to Kill (1965 film)) had great financial success after cheaply purchasing an Italian film called \"Hercules\" and releasing it in America with a massive publicity campaign, and decided to do the same with \"Licensed to Kill\". However, the American release reedited the film by having the opening assassination performed by a Mum pulling a Sten gun out of her pram of twins changing to a pre-credit scene. Levine engaged songwriters Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen to write a title song performed by Sammy Davis Jr and arranged and conducted by Claus Ogerman over the credits with the new title. The American release then","Document [6](Title: Licence to Kill) with Carey Lowell reprising her role by providing the voice for the character. Licence to Kill Licence to Kill is a 1989 British spy film, the sixteenth in the \"James Bond\" film series produced by Eon Productions, and the last to star Timothy Dalton in the role of the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It is the first one not to use the title of an Ian Fleming story. It is also the fifth and final consecutive Bond film to be directed by John Glen. The story has elements of two Ian Fleming short stories and a novel, interwoven with","Document [7](Title: Branded to Kill) Compact Disc through its \"Cine Jazz\" series, which focused on 1960s Nikkatsu action films. The music was culled from Naozumi Yamamoto's score. Atsushi Yamatoya wrote the lyrics for the \"Killing Blues\" themes. Listings 27 through 29 are bonus karaoke tracks. Branded to Kill The studio was unhappy with the original script and called in Suzuki to rewrite and direct it at the last minute. Suzuki came up with many of his ideas the night before or on the set while filming, and welcomed ideas from his collaborators. He gave the film a satirical, anarchic and visually eclectic bent which the","Document [8](Title: James Bond music) Was a Man,\" composed by John Barry with Chrissie Hynde. \"Licence to Kill\" has \"If You Asked Me To\" sung by Patti Labelle. \"GoldenEye\" featured \u00c9ric Serra's \"The Experience of Love\". \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" included k.d. lang's \"Surrender\" during the closing credits, a song which was originally proposed by composer David Arnold to be the title sequence theme instead of the Sheryl Crow title song. The \"Surrender\" theme is heard throughout the score while the melody of Sheryl Crow's song is not used again during the film. This hearkens back to the \"Thunderball\" soundtrack, where \"Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\"","Document [9](Title: James Bond in film) and Stephano's House 707 South Street for his house and patio. The US Coast Guard Pier was used to film Isthmus City harbour. John Barry was not available to score the film because of throat surgery, so the soundtrack's score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen, who was known for scoring many action films at the time, such as \"Lethal Weapon\" and \"Die Hard\". The film's darker and more violent plot elicited calls for cuts by the British Board of Film Classification. \"Licence to Kill\" marked the end of the involvement for a number of long-term crew members, including","Document [10](Title: Licence to Kill (soundtrack)) The prospect, however, fell apart and Gladys Knight's song and performance was chosen, later becoming a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom. The song was composed by Narada Michael Walden, Jeffrey Cohen and Walter Afanasieff, based on the \"horn line\" from Goldfinger, which required royalty payments to the original writers. At five-minutes twelve seconds it is the longest Bond theme. The music video of \"Licence to Kill\" was directed by Daniel Kleinman, who later took over the reins of title designer from Maurice Binder for the 1995 Bond film, GoldenEye."],"query":"who sang theme song for license to kill?","answers":["Gladys Knight"],"gold_index":9}