Context: Document [1](Title: Continent) Vespucci's name in 1502 or 1503, although it seems that it had additions or alterations by another writer. Regardless of who penned the words, "Mundus Novus" credited Vespucci with saying, "I have discovered a continent in those southern regions that is inhabited by more numerous people and animals than our Europe, or Asia or Africa", the first known explicit identification of part of the Americas as a continent like the other three. Within a few years, the name "New World" began appearing as a name for South America on world maps, such as the Oliveriana (Pesaro) map of around 1504–1505.

Context: Document [2](Title: Terra Australis) Incognita ("the unknown land of the south") or Terra Australis Nondum Cognita ("the southern land not yet known"). Other names were Brasiliae Australis ("the south of Brazil"), and Magellanica ("the land of Magellan"). During the eighteenth century, today's Australia was not conflated with "Terra Australis", as it sometimes was in the twentieth century. Captain Cook and his contemporaries knew that the fifth continent (today's Australia), which they called "New Holland", was entirely separate from the imagined (but still undiscovered) sixth continent (today's Antarctica), which they called "the Southern Continent" or "Terra Australis", sometimes shortened to "Australia". In the nineteenth century,

Context: Document [3](Title: Continent) Introductio", Waldseemüller noted that the earth is divided into four parts, Europe, Asia, Africa and the fourth part, which he named "America" after Amerigo Vespucci's first name. On the map, the word "America" was placed on part of South America. From the 16th century the English noun "continent" was derived from the term "continent land", meaning continuous or connected land and translated from the Latin "terra continens". The noun was used to mean "a connected or continuous tract of land" or mainland. It was not applied only to very large areas of land—in the 17th century, references were made to

Context: Document [4](Title: North America) Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a world map, in which he placed the word "America" on the continent of South America, in the middle of what is today Brazil. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book "Cosmographiae Introductio": For Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespucci's name (Americus Vespucius), but in its

Context: Document [5](Title: Pangaea) Earth, land"). The concept that the continents once formed a continuous land mass was first proposed by Alfred Wegener, the originator of the scientific theory of continental drift, in his 1912 publication "The Origin of Continents" ("Die Entstehung der Kontinente"). He expanded upon his hypothesis in his 1915 book "The Origin of Continents and Oceans" ("Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane"), in which he postulated that, before breaking up and drifting to their present locations, all the continents had formed a single supercontinent that he called the ""Urkontinent"". The name "Pangea" occurs in the 1920 edition of "Die Entstehung der

Context: Document [6](Title: Naming of the Americas) unitary continent, the form is generally "the continent of America" in the singular. However, without a clarifying context, singular "America" in English commonly refers to the United States of America. The earliest known use of the name "America" dates to April 25, 1507, where it was applied to what is now known as South America. It appears on a small globe map with twelve time zones, together with the largest wall map made to date, both created by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller in Saint-Dié-des-Vosges in France. These were the first maps to show the Americas as a land mass

Context: Document [7](Title: Antarctica) the north". For example, the short-lived French colony established in Brazil in the 16th century was called "France Antarctique". The first formal use of the name "Antarctica" as a continental name in the 1890s is attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew. The long-imagined (but undiscovered) south polar continent was originally called "Terra Australis", sometimes shortened to 'Australia' as seen in a woodcut illustration titled "Sphere of the winds", contained in an astrological textbook published in Frankfurt in 1545. Although the longer Latin phrase was better known, the shortened name "Australia" was used in Europe's scholarly circles. Then in

Context: Document [8](Title: The Continent Makers) land area of the overpopulated twenty-second century Earth by creating new continents through the manipulation of geological forces. The project's initial goal is to raise a new land mass to be called Gamanovia around the existing Ascension Island in the South Atlantic. The name of the proposed new continent was chosen to honor fifteenth century Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama, the first European to navigate the region's waters, and for João da Nova, who discovered Ascension Island a few years later. A sinister group concealing itself under the mask of the bogus Churchillian Society, supposedly dedicated to proving that the

Context: Document [9](Title: Southern Ocean) the "Terra Australis Incognita" ("Unknown Southern Land"), a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics. The search for this great south land was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries. The Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla, who claimed having sighted "snow-covered mountains" beyond the 64° S in 1603, is recognized as the first explorer that discovered the continent of Antarctica, although he was ignored in his time. In 1606, Pedro Fernández de Quirós took possession for the king of Spain all of the lands he had discovered in Australia del Espiritu

Context: Document [10](Title: Pangaea) Pangaea or Pangea ( /pænˈdʒiːə/) was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago, and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago. In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of continental mass, much of Pangaea was in the southern hemisphere and surrounded by a superocean, Panthalassa. Pangaea was the most recent supercontinent to have existed and the first to be reconstructed by geologists.

Context: Document [11](Title: Amerigo Vespucci) view. The book accompanying the map stated: "I do not see what right any one would have to object to calling this part, after Americus who discovered it and who is a man of intelligence, Amerige, that is, the Land of Americus, or America: since both Europa and Asia got their names from women". It is possible that Vespucci was not aware that Waldseemüller had named the continent after him. The two disputed letters claim that Vespucci made four voyages to America, while at most two can be verified from other sources. At the moment, there is a dispute between

Context: Document [12](Title: Johannes Schöner globe) Antarctic continent which had not been explored at that date. On Schöner’s 1515 and 1520 globes, is shown as an island, as he explained in the "Luculentissima": America, the fourth part of the world, and the other islands belonging to it. In this way it may be known that the Earth is in four parts and that the first three parts are continents, that is, terra firma, but that the fourth is an island, for it is seen to be surrounded everywhere by the seas”. This is drawn from the "Cosmographiae Introductio" of Martin Waldseemüller, which said: Hitherto [the whole

Context: Document [13](Title: North America) feminine form "America", following the examples of "Europa", "Asia" and "Africa". Later, other mapmakers extended the name "America" to the northern continent, In 1538, Gerard Mercator used "America" on his map of the world for all the Western Hemisphere. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty and so a derivation from "Amerigo Vespucci" could be problematic. Ricardo Palma (1949) proposed a derivation from the "Amerrique" mountains of Central America—Vespucci was the first to discover South America and the "Amerrique" mountains of Central America, which connected his discoveries to

Context: Document [14](Title: Matthias Ringmann) version of the Italian name Amerigo]. […] We do not see why the name of the man of genius, Amerigo, who has discovered them, should not be given to these lands, as Europe and Asia have adopted the names of women." When the book was published by the name "Cosmographiae Introductio" on April 25, 1507, it was the first time that the word 'Americas' appeared in print. Waldseemüller corrected the error in a later edition and named South America "Terra Nova", but the name America had now already been established. Ringmann corrected the texts of the Latin editions of Ptolemy's

Context: Document [15](Title: Lemuria (continent)) of which some have become amalgamated with ... Africa, some ... with what is now Asia; and that in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands we have existing relics of this great continent, for which ... I should propose the name Lemuria! Sclater's theory was hardly unusual for his time; "land bridges", real and imagined, fascinated several of Sclater's contemporaries. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, also looking at the relationship between animals in India and Madagascar, had suggested a southern continent about two decades before Sclater, but did not give it a name. The acceptance of Darwinism led scientists to seek to trace

Context: Document [16](Title: Naming of the Americas) separate from Asia. An accompanying book, "Cosmographiae Introductio", anonymous but apparently written by Waldseemüller's collaborator Matthias Ringmann, states, "I do not see what right any one would have to object to calling this part [that is, the South American mainland], after Americus who discovered it and who is a man of intelligence, Amerigen, that is, the Land of Americus, or America: since both Europa and Asia got their names from women". "Americus Vesputius" was the Latinized version of the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci's name, the forename being an old Italianization (compare modern Italian Enrico) of Medieval Latin "Emericus" (see Saint

Context: Document [17](Title: Americas) Vespucci's first name. The feminine form "America" accorded with the feminine names of Asia, Africa, and Europa. In modern English, North and South America are generally considered separate continents, and taken together are called "America" or "the Americas" in the plural. When conceived as a unitary continent, the form is generally "the continent of America" in the singular. However, without a clarifying context, singular "America" in English commonly refers to the United States of America. Historically, in the English-speaking world, the term America used to refer to a single continent until the 1950s (as in Van Loon's Geography of 1937):

Context: Document [18](Title: Geography of Asia) one: the islands, nēsoi, versus the mainland, ēpeiros. One etymology relates ēpeir- to the same Indo-European root from which English "over" came. The Armenian form means "bank, coast." The Greek form must be some sort of "overland," whether continuous land or a coast that looms over. In Latin it became continens terra, "the continuous land," shortened to just continens, stem continent-. Most ships of the Archaic Period were not ocean-going. They followed the shores closely, ready to put in at the first sign of trouble. It is not surprising that the first continents were "shores," as they are in Herodotus,

Context: Document [19](Title: Continent) had reached a new continent—he always thought it was part of Asia. In 1501, Amerigo Vespucci and Gonçalo Coelho attempted to sail around what they considered the southern end of the Asian mainland into the Indian Ocean, passing through Fernando de Noronha. After reaching the coast of Brazil, they sailed a long way further south along the coast of South America, confirming that this was a land of continental proportions and that it also extended much further south than Asia was known to. On return to Europe, an account of the voyage, called "Mundus Novus" ("New World"), was published under

Context: Document [20](Title: Globus Jagellonicus) globe is considered the earliest existing globe to indicate any part of the New World and the first to delineate the South American continent. It is also the oldest globe on which the continent of America is shown to be distinct from that of Asia. It uses the name "America", which had been introduced in 1507 by Martin Waldseemüller in his Universalis Cosmographia, though for a continent located to the south of India. A replica of the globe is on display in the Polish Nationality Room at the University of Pittsburgh Robert J. King has pointed out that America was

Question: what was the name of the first continent?

Answer: Pangaea


Context: Document [1](Title: Continent) Vespucci's name in 1502 or 1503, although it seems that it had additions or alterations by another writer. Regardless of who penned the words, "Mundus Novus" credited Vespucci with saying, "I have discovered a continent in those southern regions that is inhabited by more numerous people and animals than our Europe, or Asia or Africa", the first known explicit identification of part of the Americas as a continent like the other three. Within a few years, the name "New World" began appearing as a name for South America on world maps, such as the Oliveriana (Pesaro) map of around 1504–1505.

Context: Document [2](Title: Terra Australis) Incognita ("the unknown land of the south") or Terra Australis Nondum Cognita ("the southern land not yet known"). Other names were Brasiliae Australis ("the south of Brazil"), and Magellanica ("the land of Magellan"). During the eighteenth century, today's Australia was not conflated with "Terra Australis", as it sometimes was in the twentieth century. Captain Cook and his contemporaries knew that the fifth continent (today's Australia), which they called "New Holland", was entirely separate from the imagined (but still undiscovered) sixth continent (today's Antarctica), which they called "the Southern Continent" or "Terra Australis", sometimes shortened to "Australia". In the nineteenth century,

Context: Document [3](Title: Continent) Introductio", Waldseemüller noted that the earth is divided into four parts, Europe, Asia, Africa and the fourth part, which he named "America" after Amerigo Vespucci's first name. On the map, the word "America" was placed on part of South America. From the 16th century the English noun "continent" was derived from the term "continent land", meaning continuous or connected land and translated from the Latin "terra continens". The noun was used to mean "a connected or continuous tract of land" or mainland. It was not applied only to very large areas of land—in the 17th century, references were made to

Context: Document [4](Title: North America) Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a world map, in which he placed the word "America" on the continent of South America, in the middle of what is today Brazil. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book "Cosmographiae Introductio": For Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespucci's name (Americus Vespucius), but in its

Context: Document [5](Title: Pangaea) Earth, land"). The concept that the continents once formed a continuous land mass was first proposed by Alfred Wegener, the originator of the scientific theory of continental drift, in his 1912 publication "The Origin of Continents" ("Die Entstehung der Kontinente"). He expanded upon his hypothesis in his 1915 book "The Origin of Continents and Oceans" ("Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane"), in which he postulated that, before breaking up and drifting to their present locations, all the continents had formed a single supercontinent that he called the ""Urkontinent"". The name "Pangea" occurs in the 1920 edition of "Die Entstehung der

Context: Document [6](Title: Naming of the Americas) unitary continent, the form is generally "the continent of America" in the singular. However, without a clarifying context, singular "America" in English commonly refers to the United States of America. The earliest known use of the name "America" dates to April 25, 1507, where it was applied to what is now known as South America. It appears on a small globe map with twelve time zones, together with the largest wall map made to date, both created by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller in Saint-Dié-des-Vosges in France. These were the first maps to show the Americas as a land mass

Context: Document [7](Title: Antarctica) the north". For example, the short-lived French colony established in Brazil in the 16th century was called "France Antarctique". The first formal use of the name "Antarctica" as a continental name in the 1890s is attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew. The long-imagined (but undiscovered) south polar continent was originally called "Terra Australis", sometimes shortened to 'Australia' as seen in a woodcut illustration titled "Sphere of the winds", contained in an astrological textbook published in Frankfurt in 1545. Although the longer Latin phrase was better known, the shortened name "Australia" was used in Europe's scholarly circles. Then in

Context: Document [8](Title: The Continent Makers) land area of the overpopulated twenty-second century Earth by creating new continents through the manipulation of geological forces. The project's initial goal is to raise a new land mass to be called Gamanovia around the existing Ascension Island in the South Atlantic. The name of the proposed new continent was chosen to honor fifteenth century Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama, the first European to navigate the region's waters, and for João da Nova, who discovered Ascension Island a few years later. A sinister group concealing itself under the mask of the bogus Churchillian Society, supposedly dedicated to proving that the

Context: Document [9](Title: Southern Ocean) the "Terra Australis Incognita" ("Unknown Southern Land"), a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics. The search for this great south land was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries. The Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla, who claimed having sighted "snow-covered mountains" beyond the 64° S in 1603, is recognized as the first explorer that discovered the continent of Antarctica, although he was ignored in his time. In 1606, Pedro Fernández de Quirós took possession for the king of Spain all of the lands he had discovered in Australia del Espiritu

Context: Document [10](Title: Amerigo Vespucci) view. The book accompanying the map stated: "I do not see what right any one would have to object to calling this part, after Americus who discovered it and who is a man of intelligence, Amerige, that is, the Land of Americus, or America: since both Europa and Asia got their names from women". It is possible that Vespucci was not aware that Waldseemüller had named the continent after him. The two disputed letters claim that Vespucci made four voyages to America, while at most two can be verified from other sources. At the moment, there is a dispute between

Context: Document [11](Title: Johannes Schöner globe) Antarctic continent which had not been explored at that date. On Schöner’s 1515 and 1520 globes, is shown as an island, as he explained in the "Luculentissima": America, the fourth part of the world, and the other islands belonging to it. In this way it may be known that the Earth is in four parts and that the first three parts are continents, that is, terra firma, but that the fourth is an island, for it is seen to be surrounded everywhere by the seas”. This is drawn from the "Cosmographiae Introductio" of Martin Waldseemüller, which said: Hitherto [the whole

Context: Document [12](Title: North America) feminine form "America", following the examples of "Europa", "Asia" and "Africa". Later, other mapmakers extended the name "America" to the northern continent, In 1538, Gerard Mercator used "America" on his map of the world for all the Western Hemisphere. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty and so a derivation from "Amerigo Vespucci" could be problematic. Ricardo Palma (1949) proposed a derivation from the "Amerrique" mountains of Central America—Vespucci was the first to discover South America and the "Amerrique" mountains of Central America, which connected his discoveries to

Context: Document [13](Title: Matthias Ringmann) version of the Italian name Amerigo]. […] We do not see why the name of the man of genius, Amerigo, who has discovered them, should not be given to these lands, as Europe and Asia have adopted the names of women." When the book was published by the name "Cosmographiae Introductio" on April 25, 1507, it was the first time that the word 'Americas' appeared in print. Waldseemüller corrected the error in a later edition and named South America "Terra Nova", but the name America had now already been established. Ringmann corrected the texts of the Latin editions of Ptolemy's

Context: Document [14](Title: Lemuria (continent)) of which some have become amalgamated with ... Africa, some ... with what is now Asia; and that in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands we have existing relics of this great continent, for which ... I should propose the name Lemuria! Sclater's theory was hardly unusual for his time; "land bridges", real and imagined, fascinated several of Sclater's contemporaries. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, also looking at the relationship between animals in India and Madagascar, had suggested a southern continent about two decades before Sclater, but did not give it a name. The acceptance of Darwinism led scientists to seek to trace

Context: Document [15](Title: Pangaea) Pangaea or Pangea ( /pænˈdʒiːə/) was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago, and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago. In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of continental mass, much of Pangaea was in the southern hemisphere and surrounded by a superocean, Panthalassa. Pangaea was the most recent supercontinent to have existed and the first to be reconstructed by geologists.

Context: Document [16](Title: Naming of the Americas) separate from Asia. An accompanying book, "Cosmographiae Introductio", anonymous but apparently written by Waldseemüller's collaborator Matthias Ringmann, states, "I do not see what right any one would have to object to calling this part [that is, the South American mainland], after Americus who discovered it and who is a man of intelligence, Amerigen, that is, the Land of Americus, or America: since both Europa and Asia got their names from women". "Americus Vesputius" was the Latinized version of the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci's name, the forename being an old Italianization (compare modern Italian Enrico) of Medieval Latin "Emericus" (see Saint

Context: Document [17](Title: Americas) Vespucci's first name. The feminine form "America" accorded with the feminine names of Asia, Africa, and Europa. In modern English, North and South America are generally considered separate continents, and taken together are called "America" or "the Americas" in the plural. When conceived as a unitary continent, the form is generally "the continent of America" in the singular. However, without a clarifying context, singular "America" in English commonly refers to the United States of America. Historically, in the English-speaking world, the term America used to refer to a single continent until the 1950s (as in Van Loon's Geography of 1937):

Context: Document [18](Title: Geography of Asia) one: the islands, nēsoi, versus the mainland, ēpeiros. One etymology relates ēpeir- to the same Indo-European root from which English "over" came. The Armenian form means "bank, coast." The Greek form must be some sort of "overland," whether continuous land or a coast that looms over. In Latin it became continens terra, "the continuous land," shortened to just continens, stem continent-. Most ships of the Archaic Period were not ocean-going. They followed the shores closely, ready to put in at the first sign of trouble. It is not surprising that the first continents were "shores," as they are in Herodotus,

Context: Document [19](Title: Continent) had reached a new continent—he always thought it was part of Asia. In 1501, Amerigo Vespucci and Gonçalo Coelho attempted to sail around what they considered the southern end of the Asian mainland into the Indian Ocean, passing through Fernando de Noronha. After reaching the coast of Brazil, they sailed a long way further south along the coast of South America, confirming that this was a land of continental proportions and that it also extended much further south than Asia was known to. On return to Europe, an account of the voyage, called "Mundus Novus" ("New World"), was published under

Context: Document [20](Title: Globus Jagellonicus) globe is considered the earliest existing globe to indicate any part of the New World and the first to delineate the South American continent. It is also the oldest globe on which the continent of America is shown to be distinct from that of Asia. It uses the name "America", which had been introduced in 1507 by Martin Waldseemüller in his Universalis Cosmographia, though for a continent located to the south of India. A replica of the globe is on display in the Polish Nationality Room at the University of Pittsburgh Robert J. King has pointed out that America was

Question: what was the name of the first continent?

Answer: Pangaea


Context: Document [1](Title: Continent) Vespucci's name in 1502 or 1503, although it seems that it had additions or alterations by another writer. Regardless of who penned the words, "Mundus Novus" credited Vespucci with saying, "I have discovered a continent in those southern regions that is inhabited by more numerous people and animals than our Europe, or Asia or Africa", the first known explicit identification of part of the Americas as a continent like the other three. Within a few years, the name "New World" began appearing as a name for South America on world maps, such as the Oliveriana (Pesaro) map of around 1504–1505.

Context: Document [2](Title: Terra Australis) Incognita ("the unknown land of the south") or Terra Australis Nondum Cognita ("the southern land not yet known"). Other names were Brasiliae Australis ("the south of Brazil"), and Magellanica ("the land of Magellan"). During the eighteenth century, today's Australia was not conflated with "Terra Australis", as it sometimes was in the twentieth century. Captain Cook and his contemporaries knew that the fifth continent (today's Australia), which they called "New Holland", was entirely separate from the imagined (but still undiscovered) sixth continent (today's Antarctica), which they called "the Southern Continent" or "Terra Australis", sometimes shortened to "Australia". In the nineteenth century,

Context: Document [3](Title: Continent) Introductio", Waldseemüller noted that the earth is divided into four parts, Europe, Asia, Africa and the fourth part, which he named "America" after Amerigo Vespucci's first name. On the map, the word "America" was placed on part of South America. From the 16th century the English noun "continent" was derived from the term "continent land", meaning continuous or connected land and translated from the Latin "terra continens". The noun was used to mean "a connected or continuous tract of land" or mainland. It was not applied only to very large areas of land—in the 17th century, references were made to

Context: Document [4](Title: North America) Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a world map, in which he placed the word "America" on the continent of South America, in the middle of what is today Brazil. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book "Cosmographiae Introductio": For Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespucci's name (Americus Vespucius), but in its

Context: Document [5](Title: Pangaea) Earth, land"). The concept that the continents once formed a continuous land mass was first proposed by Alfred Wegener, the originator of the scientific theory of continental drift, in his 1912 publication "The Origin of Continents" ("Die Entstehung der Kontinente"). He expanded upon his hypothesis in his 1915 book "The Origin of Continents and Oceans" ("Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane"), in which he postulated that, before breaking up and drifting to their present locations, all the continents had formed a single supercontinent that he called the ""Urkontinent"". The name "Pangea" occurs in the 1920 edition of "Die Entstehung der

Context: Document [6](Title: Naming of the Americas) unitary continent, the form is generally "the continent of America" in the singular. However, without a clarifying context, singular "America" in English commonly refers to the United States of America. The earliest known use of the name "America" dates to April 25, 1507, where it was applied to what is now known as South America. It appears on a small globe map with twelve time zones, together with the largest wall map made to date, both created by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller in Saint-Dié-des-Vosges in France. These were the first maps to show the Americas as a land mass

Context: Document [7](Title: Antarctica) the north". For example, the short-lived French colony established in Brazil in the 16th century was called "France Antarctique". The first formal use of the name "Antarctica" as a continental name in the 1890s is attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew. The long-imagined (but undiscovered) south polar continent was originally called "Terra Australis", sometimes shortened to 'Australia' as seen in a woodcut illustration titled "Sphere of the winds", contained in an astrological textbook published in Frankfurt in 1545. Although the longer Latin phrase was better known, the shortened name "Australia" was used in Europe's scholarly circles. Then in

Context: Document [8](Title: The Continent Makers) land area of the overpopulated twenty-second century Earth by creating new continents through the manipulation of geological forces. The project's initial goal is to raise a new land mass to be called Gamanovia around the existing Ascension Island in the South Atlantic. The name of the proposed new continent was chosen to honor fifteenth century Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama, the first European to navigate the region's waters, and for João da Nova, who discovered Ascension Island a few years later. A sinister group concealing itself under the mask of the bogus Churchillian Society, supposedly dedicated to proving that the

Context: Document [9](Title: Southern Ocean) the "Terra Australis Incognita" ("Unknown Southern Land"), a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics. The search for this great south land was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries. The Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla, who claimed having sighted "snow-covered mountains" beyond the 64° S in 1603, is recognized as the first explorer that discovered the continent of Antarctica, although he was ignored in his time. In 1606, Pedro Fernández de Quirós took possession for the king of Spain all of the lands he had discovered in Australia del Espiritu

Context: Document [10](Title: Amerigo Vespucci) view. The book accompanying the map stated: "I do not see what right any one would have to object to calling this part, after Americus who discovered it and who is a man of intelligence, Amerige, that is, the Land of Americus, or America: since both Europa and Asia got their names from women". It is possible that Vespucci was not aware that Waldseemüller had named the continent after him. The two disputed letters claim that Vespucci made four voyages to America, while at most two can be verified from other sources. At the moment, there is a dispute between

Context: Document [11](Title: Johannes Schöner globe) Antarctic continent which had not been explored at that date. On Schöner’s 1515 and 1520 globes, is shown as an island, as he explained in the "Luculentissima": America, the fourth part of the world, and the other islands belonging to it. In this way it may be known that the Earth is in four parts and that the first three parts are continents, that is, terra firma, but that the fourth is an island, for it is seen to be surrounded everywhere by the seas”. This is drawn from the "Cosmographiae Introductio" of Martin Waldseemüller, which said: Hitherto [the whole

Context: Document [12](Title: North America) feminine form "America", following the examples of "Europa", "Asia" and "Africa". Later, other mapmakers extended the name "America" to the northern continent, In 1538, Gerard Mercator used "America" on his map of the world for all the Western Hemisphere. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty and so a derivation from "Amerigo Vespucci" could be problematic. Ricardo Palma (1949) proposed a derivation from the "Amerrique" mountains of Central America—Vespucci was the first to discover South America and the "Amerrique" mountains of Central America, which connected his discoveries to

Context: Document [13](Title: Matthias Ringmann) version of the Italian name Amerigo]. […] We do not see why the name of the man of genius, Amerigo, who has discovered them, should not be given to these lands, as Europe and Asia have adopted the names of women." When the book was published by the name "Cosmographiae Introductio" on April 25, 1507, it was the first time that the word 'Americas' appeared in print. Waldseemüller corrected the error in a later edition and named South America "Terra Nova", but the name America had now already been established. Ringmann corrected the texts of the Latin editions of Ptolemy's

Context: Document [14](Title: Lemuria (continent)) of which some have become amalgamated with ... Africa, some ... with what is now Asia; and that in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands we have existing relics of this great continent, for which ... I should propose the name Lemuria! Sclater's theory was hardly unusual for his time; "land bridges", real and imagined, fascinated several of Sclater's contemporaries. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, also looking at the relationship between animals in India and Madagascar, had suggested a southern continent about two decades before Sclater, but did not give it a name. The acceptance of Darwinism led scientists to seek to trace

Context: Document [15](Title: Naming of the Americas) separate from Asia. An accompanying book, "Cosmographiae Introductio", anonymous but apparently written by Waldseemüller's collaborator Matthias Ringmann, states, "I do not see what right any one would have to object to calling this part [that is, the South American mainland], after Americus who discovered it and who is a man of intelligence, Amerigen, that is, the Land of Americus, or America: since both Europa and Asia got their names from women". "Americus Vesputius" was the Latinized version of the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci's name, the forename being an old Italianization (compare modern Italian Enrico) of Medieval Latin "Emericus" (see Saint

Context: Document [16](Title: Americas) Vespucci's first name. The feminine form "America" accorded with the feminine names of Asia, Africa, and Europa. In modern English, North and South America are generally considered separate continents, and taken together are called "America" or "the Americas" in the plural. When conceived as a unitary continent, the form is generally "the continent of America" in the singular. However, without a clarifying context, singular "America" in English commonly refers to the United States of America. Historically, in the English-speaking world, the term America used to refer to a single continent until the 1950s (as in Van Loon's Geography of 1937):

Context: Document [17](Title: Geography of Asia) one: the islands, nēsoi, versus the mainland, ēpeiros. One etymology relates ēpeir- to the same Indo-European root from which English "over" came. The Armenian form means "bank, coast." The Greek form must be some sort of "overland," whether continuous land or a coast that looms over. In Latin it became continens terra, "the continuous land," shortened to just continens, stem continent-. Most ships of the Archaic Period were not ocean-going. They followed the shores closely, ready to put in at the first sign of trouble. It is not surprising that the first continents were "shores," as they are in Herodotus,

Context: Document [18](Title: Continent) had reached a new continent—he always thought it was part of Asia. In 1501, Amerigo Vespucci and Gonçalo Coelho attempted to sail around what they considered the southern end of the Asian mainland into the Indian Ocean, passing through Fernando de Noronha. After reaching the coast of Brazil, they sailed a long way further south along the coast of South America, confirming that this was a land of continental proportions and that it also extended much further south than Asia was known to. On return to Europe, an account of the voyage, called "Mundus Novus" ("New World"), was published under

Context: Document [19](Title: Globus Jagellonicus) globe is considered the earliest existing globe to indicate any part of the New World and the first to delineate the South American continent. It is also the oldest globe on which the continent of America is shown to be distinct from that of Asia. It uses the name "America", which had been introduced in 1507 by Martin Waldseemüller in his Universalis Cosmographia, though for a continent located to the south of India. A replica of the globe is on display in the Polish Nationality Room at the University of Pittsburgh Robert J. King has pointed out that America was

Context: Document [20](Title: Pangaea) Pangaea or Pangea ( /pænˈdʒiːə/) was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago, and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago. In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of continental mass, much of Pangaea was in the southern hemisphere and surrounded by a superocean, Panthalassa. Pangaea was the most recent supercontinent to have existed and the first to be reconstructed by geologists.

Question: what was the name of the first continent?

Answer: Pangaea


Context: Document [1](Title: Licensing Act 2003) provide late night refreshment. Permission to carry on some or all of these licensable activities is now contained in a single licence — the premises licence — replacing several different and complex schemes. Responsibility for issuing licences now rests with local authorities, specifically London boroughs, Metropolitan boroughs, unitary authorities, and district councils, who took over this power from the Justices of the Peace. These authorities are each required to establish a Licensing Committee, which acts in a quasi-judicial capacity under the Act. The powers of the Act came fully into force at midnight at the start of 24 November 2005.

Context: Document [2](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) that proper fees have been remitted. The Section responsible for the regulation and licensing of Resident, Non-resident and Apprentice Auctioneers holding auctions within the State. The Section responsible for the regulation of gasoline stations and advertising. The Section responsible for the regulation and registration of health clubs. The Section responsible for the assessment and collection of fees specified by Rhode Island state law. The Section is also responsible for the inspection of retail and wholesale establishments and the issuance of licenses to manufacturers, wholesalers, marine vessels and railroads as well as airplanes. The Section handles retail license appeals from actions

Context: Document [3](Title: Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom) regard to “the licensing objectives”: The licensing authorities are local councils. In two-tier parts of England and Wales, these are the district or borough councils and elsewhere the unitary authority is the licensing authority. In Scotland each council has a Licensing Board to act as licensing authority. For a premises licence, the licensing authority is the council for the place where the premises are located; where they straddle a boundary, the applicant may choose either one. For a personal licence, it is the licensing authority in whose area the applicant lives. The Licensing Authority is also responsible for the issue

Context: Document [4](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) taken by local boards. The Section also investigates complaints, licensing and examining its regulated entities. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of mobile home parks. The Section is also empowered to investigate and adjudicate complaints from park owners, residents and citizens to insure compliance with Rhode Island state laws and rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of Real Estate salespersons, brokers and appraisers. The Section coordinates and administers examinations for real estate brokers, salesperson and real estate appraisers. Additionally, the Section is responsible for issuing licenses to real estate branch offices, real estate

Context: Document [5](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) adjudicate complaints against licensees to insure compliance with Rhode Island state laws and rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the regulation and licensing of the auto body industry statewide. The section also investigates complaints from consumers, the insurance industry and law enforcement. The section reviews both new and renewal license applications to ensure that applicants meet all licensure requirements and that proper fees have been remitted. The Section establishes standards and procedures for the issuance of Limited Glass Licenses for motor vehicle glass installation. The Section responsible for creating standards and procedures for the issuance of a salvage rebuilder's

Context: Document [6](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) schools and out of state land sales. The Section is also empowered to investigate and adjudicate complaints to insure license compliance with Rhode Island State laws, rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the regulation of travel agencies and travel agents. It is also responsible for the issuing licenses and enforcing travel laws, rules and regulations. The Division also coordinates and administers examinations for travel agencies, managers and agents licenses. The Section responsible for enforcing state laws regarding the marking of the unit price of items in retail stores. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of Manufacturers, Supply

Context: Document [7](Title: CDMA Certification Forum) CDMA Certification Forum CDMA Certification Forum (known as CCF) was the original official authority governing CDMA Device certification. The CCF is an international partnership between network operator and device vendors to maintain and evolve a core global device certification process that helps improve quality through consistent interoperability, conformance and performance testing across the globe. On 31 December 2014, CCF voted to hand all its certification responsibilities to the Global Certification Forum (GCF). The CDMA Certification Forum (CCF) and its members are dedicated to improving the quality and time-to-market of all CDMA devices by using a common test process that ensures

Context: Document [8](Title: Nuclear licensing) States, licenses are issued either by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or in some cases by the individual states who have been delegated authority for some licensing activities, e.g. Arizona ([Arizona Radiation Regulatory Agency]). Countries other than the U.S.A. use different licensing schemes, typically at the national level, with formal or informal participation at the local government level. For example, in Great Britain, the Health and Safety Executive oversees licenses and nuclear safety. In the United States, recent licensing activities have been focused on the next generation of nuclear reactors being planned. Efforts are underway to prepare the documents required

Context: Document [9](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation The Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation is the division of the Rhode Island Department of Business Regulation responsible for the licensing and regulation of real estate agents, brokers and appraisers, auto body & salvage re-builder shops, auto wrecking and salvage yards, travel agencies and travel agents, upholsterers, alarm system installers, auctioneers, liquor wholesalers, breweries, wineries, salespersons (representing wholesalers) and agents (representing manufacturers and distillers), Class G (boat/airline/railroads) license holders, line-cleaners, and mobile and manufactured homes and parks. The enforcement of unit pricing, motor fuel advertising and health club pre-opening laws are

Context: Document [10](Title: Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control) Governor and confirmed by the Senate for three-year terms. Cyndy A. Valdez (Pima County) Chairman Term Expires: 2017 Michael J. Troyan (Maricopa County) Vice Chairman Term Expires: 2018 Vikki R. Scarafiotti, (Maricopa County) Term Expires: June 2017 Sergio A. Arellano (Pima County) Term Expires: 2019 Troy Campbell (Coconino County) Term Expires: 2018 Vacant Term Expires: Vacant Term Expires: Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control The Department of Liquor Licenses and Control is an Arizona state agency responsible for reviewing state liquor applications and issuing renewal licenses. In Arizona, there are 17 different license categories – airplanes, trains, watercraft, restaurants,

Context: Document [11](Title: Florida Division of Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco) these tasks using both sworn Special Agents and non-sworn civilian Investigative Specialists (Inspectors). Enforcement operates 12 district offices to fulfill its duties. The Bureau of Licensing is responsible for the issuance of all alcoholic beverage licenses and cigarette or other tobacco product permits, and for the maintenance of all records pertaining to these licenses throughout the state. Florida law requires that licenses may only be issued to persons who are at least twenty-one years of age, are of good moral character, and who have not been convicted of certain criminal offenses within a prescribed period of time. This bureau determines

Context: Document [12](Title: Censorship in Thailand) the broadcasting regulator is authorized to issue "community broadcast" licenses to stations which offer non-commercial service to a local audience. The Broadcasting Act of 2008 prohibits the community broadcaster from engaging in commercial activities or undertake any commercial undertaking. As of July 2008, no community broadcast license has been sought or issued. The National Telecommunications Commission as a temporary regulator/licensor of CR and CTV in Thailand proposed a draft "provisional license" for CR and CTV in May 2009. During June, an NTC subcommittee on broadcasting went around Thailand to "pre-register" prospective CR operators with the expectation that when the regulation

Context: Document [13](Title: Liquor and Cannabis Regulation Branch) Liquor and Cannabis Regulation Branch The Liquor and Cannabis Regulation Branch (formerly the Liquor Control and Licensing Branch) is the agency of the government of British Columbia, within the Ministry of Small Business and Red Tape Reduction, responsible for issuing liquor licenses in the province and for enforcing the provisions of the "Liquor Control and Licensing Act". British Columbia's government also has a separate Liquor Distribution Branch, which is responsible for operating the province's monopoly on the sale of alcoholic beverages. The BC Liquor Distribution Branch is one of the world's largest importers, distributors and retailers of wines, beer and

Context: Document [14](Title: Local marketing agreement) Local marketing agreement In North American broadcasting, a local marketing agreement (or local management agreement, abbreviated as an LMA) is a contract in which one company agrees to operate a radio or television station owned by another party. In essence, it is a sort of lease or time-buy.</P? Under Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations, a local marketing agreement must give the company operating the station (the "senior" partner) under the agreemen<t control over the entire facilities of the station, including the finances, personnel and programming of the station. Its original licensee (the "junior" partner) still remains legally responsible for the

Context: Document [15](Title: Local Community Radio Act) who are blind or hearing impaired.) This protection was to ensure that such channels are not subject to possible interference by LPFM stations. The final part of the bill required that when giving out licenses to FM stations, the FCC must make licenses available to LPFM stations and that licensing decisions be made with regard to local community needs. The bill had unanimous bipartisan support from FCC leadership. It was passed by the House and referred to the Senate. The Local Community Radio Act of 2010 (based upon legislation originally introduced in 2005) was signed into law by President Barack

Context: Document [16](Title: Cannabis in Zimbabwe) licenses is a maximum of five years and renewable allowing growers to own, sell, and transport cannabis in dried and oil forms. Applicants are required to state plans for the growing site along with quantity for production and selling as well as production period. The health minister has the prerogative not to approve a license if it causes risks in terms of public health and security. The Zimbabwe Mail reported that ministers of parliament lobbied for the reduction of the “$50,000 license fee imposed on growers if they want to produce cannabis commercially.” According to these legislators, the fees are

Context: Document [17](Title: City of license) City of license In American, Canadian and Philippine broadcasting, a city of license or community of license is the community that a radio station or television station is officially licensed to serve by that country's broadcast regulator. In North American broadcast law, the concept of "community of license" dates to the early days of AM radio broadcasting. The requirement that a broadcasting station operate a "main studio" within a prescribed distance of the community which the station is licensed to serve appears in U.S. law as early as 1939. Various specific obligations have been applied to broadcasters by governments to

Context: Document [18](Title: Florida Division of Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco) Bureau also performs brand registration of all alcoholic beverages, the registration of all salesman for spirituous beverages and wines, and the issuance of cooperative pool buying approvals, wholesale alcoholic beverage licenses, wholesale cigarette and other tobacco products permits, retail cigarette and other tobacco products permits, common carrier licenses for airplanes, trains, boats and other vehicle permits. Licensing operates 11 district offices throughout the state to assist applicants and the public. The Bureau Auditing is responsible for the auditing and collection of excise taxes levied upon alcoholic beverages, cigarettes, and other tobacco products sold in Florida, as well as the auditing

Context: Document [19](Title: Firearms legislation in Ireland) licensing person, whether that is the local Superintendent or the local Chief Superintendent, have significant powers in law with regard to licensing decisions and may impose preconditions he or she requires of an applicant before granting a licence so long as such preconditions are imposed on a case-by-case basis (blanket preconditions having been deemed beyond the legal authority of the licensing person by the Supreme Court ). The local Superintendent and local Chief Superintendent also have wide-ranging powers to revoke firearms certificates. The Legal firearms are Shooting ranges in Ireland must be granted both planning permission by the local county

Context: Document [20](Title: Toronto Licensing Commission) Standards Committee. Toronto Licensing Commission Municipal Licensing & Standards is a municipal body in Toronto which grants licenses and permits for certain activities under the city's jurisdiction including: Municipal Licensing & Standards provides bylaw administration and enforcement services, including targeted strategies to address graffiti, noise, business inspections, parks regulations and animal services issues. Services also include business licensing and permitting, property standards, and animal care including control, shelter and adoption services. The Commission replaced the old Metro Toronto Licensing Commission and various other bodies of the former municipalities of Metro Toronto and will now report to Howard Moscoe of the

Question: who is responsible for establishing local licensing forum?

Answer: unitary authorities

Answer: local authorities

Answer: district councils


Context: Document [1](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) that proper fees have been remitted. The Section responsible for the regulation and licensing of Resident, Non-resident and Apprentice Auctioneers holding auctions within the State. The Section responsible for the regulation of gasoline stations and advertising. The Section responsible for the regulation and registration of health clubs. The Section responsible for the assessment and collection of fees specified by Rhode Island state law. The Section is also responsible for the inspection of retail and wholesale establishments and the issuance of licenses to manufacturers, wholesalers, marine vessels and railroads as well as airplanes. The Section handles retail license appeals from actions

Context: Document [2](Title: Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom) regard to “the licensing objectives”: The licensing authorities are local councils. In two-tier parts of England and Wales, these are the district or borough councils and elsewhere the unitary authority is the licensing authority. In Scotland each council has a Licensing Board to act as licensing authority. For a premises licence, the licensing authority is the council for the place where the premises are located; where they straddle a boundary, the applicant may choose either one. For a personal licence, it is the licensing authority in whose area the applicant lives. The Licensing Authority is also responsible for the issue

Context: Document [3](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) taken by local boards. The Section also investigates complaints, licensing and examining its regulated entities. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of mobile home parks. The Section is also empowered to investigate and adjudicate complaints from park owners, residents and citizens to insure compliance with Rhode Island state laws and rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of Real Estate salespersons, brokers and appraisers. The Section coordinates and administers examinations for real estate brokers, salesperson and real estate appraisers. Additionally, the Section is responsible for issuing licenses to real estate branch offices, real estate

Context: Document [4](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) adjudicate complaints against licensees to insure compliance with Rhode Island state laws and rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the regulation and licensing of the auto body industry statewide. The section also investigates complaints from consumers, the insurance industry and law enforcement. The section reviews both new and renewal license applications to ensure that applicants meet all licensure requirements and that proper fees have been remitted. The Section establishes standards and procedures for the issuance of Limited Glass Licenses for motor vehicle glass installation. The Section responsible for creating standards and procedures for the issuance of a salvage rebuilder's

Context: Document [5](Title: Licensing Act 2003) provide late night refreshment. Permission to carry on some or all of these licensable activities is now contained in a single licence — the premises licence — replacing several different and complex schemes. Responsibility for issuing licences now rests with local authorities, specifically London boroughs, Metropolitan boroughs, unitary authorities, and district councils, who took over this power from the Justices of the Peace. These authorities are each required to establish a Licensing Committee, which acts in a quasi-judicial capacity under the Act. The powers of the Act came fully into force at midnight at the start of 24 November 2005.

Context: Document [6](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) schools and out of state land sales. The Section is also empowered to investigate and adjudicate complaints to insure license compliance with Rhode Island State laws, rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the regulation of travel agencies and travel agents. It is also responsible for the issuing licenses and enforcing travel laws, rules and regulations. The Division also coordinates and administers examinations for travel agencies, managers and agents licenses. The Section responsible for enforcing state laws regarding the marking of the unit price of items in retail stores. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of Manufacturers, Supply

Context: Document [7](Title: CDMA Certification Forum) CDMA Certification Forum CDMA Certification Forum (known as CCF) was the original official authority governing CDMA Device certification. The CCF is an international partnership between network operator and device vendors to maintain and evolve a core global device certification process that helps improve quality through consistent interoperability, conformance and performance testing across the globe. On 31 December 2014, CCF voted to hand all its certification responsibilities to the Global Certification Forum (GCF). The CDMA Certification Forum (CCF) and its members are dedicated to improving the quality and time-to-market of all CDMA devices by using a common test process that ensures

Context: Document [8](Title: Nuclear licensing) States, licenses are issued either by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or in some cases by the individual states who have been delegated authority for some licensing activities, e.g. Arizona ([Arizona Radiation Regulatory Agency]). Countries other than the U.S.A. use different licensing schemes, typically at the national level, with formal or informal participation at the local government level. For example, in Great Britain, the Health and Safety Executive oversees licenses and nuclear safety. In the United States, recent licensing activities have been focused on the next generation of nuclear reactors being planned. Efforts are underway to prepare the documents required

Context: Document [9](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation The Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation is the division of the Rhode Island Department of Business Regulation responsible for the licensing and regulation of real estate agents, brokers and appraisers, auto body & salvage re-builder shops, auto wrecking and salvage yards, travel agencies and travel agents, upholsterers, alarm system installers, auctioneers, liquor wholesalers, breweries, wineries, salespersons (representing wholesalers) and agents (representing manufacturers and distillers), Class G (boat/airline/railroads) license holders, line-cleaners, and mobile and manufactured homes and parks. The enforcement of unit pricing, motor fuel advertising and health club pre-opening laws are

Context: Document [10](Title: Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control) Governor and confirmed by the Senate for three-year terms. Cyndy A. Valdez (Pima County) Chairman Term Expires: 2017 Michael J. Troyan (Maricopa County) Vice Chairman Term Expires: 2018 Vikki R. Scarafiotti, (Maricopa County) Term Expires: June 2017 Sergio A. Arellano (Pima County) Term Expires: 2019 Troy Campbell (Coconino County) Term Expires: 2018 Vacant Term Expires: Vacant Term Expires: Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control The Department of Liquor Licenses and Control is an Arizona state agency responsible for reviewing state liquor applications and issuing renewal licenses. In Arizona, there are 17 different license categories – airplanes, trains, watercraft, restaurants,

Context: Document [11](Title: Florida Division of Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco) these tasks using both sworn Special Agents and non-sworn civilian Investigative Specialists (Inspectors). Enforcement operates 12 district offices to fulfill its duties. The Bureau of Licensing is responsible for the issuance of all alcoholic beverage licenses and cigarette or other tobacco product permits, and for the maintenance of all records pertaining to these licenses throughout the state. Florida law requires that licenses may only be issued to persons who are at least twenty-one years of age, are of good moral character, and who have not been convicted of certain criminal offenses within a prescribed period of time. This bureau determines

Context: Document [12](Title: Censorship in Thailand) the broadcasting regulator is authorized to issue "community broadcast" licenses to stations which offer non-commercial service to a local audience. The Broadcasting Act of 2008 prohibits the community broadcaster from engaging in commercial activities or undertake any commercial undertaking. As of July 2008, no community broadcast license has been sought or issued. The National Telecommunications Commission as a temporary regulator/licensor of CR and CTV in Thailand proposed a draft "provisional license" for CR and CTV in May 2009. During June, an NTC subcommittee on broadcasting went around Thailand to "pre-register" prospective CR operators with the expectation that when the regulation

Context: Document [13](Title: Liquor and Cannabis Regulation Branch) Liquor and Cannabis Regulation Branch The Liquor and Cannabis Regulation Branch (formerly the Liquor Control and Licensing Branch) is the agency of the government of British Columbia, within the Ministry of Small Business and Red Tape Reduction, responsible for issuing liquor licenses in the province and for enforcing the provisions of the "Liquor Control and Licensing Act". British Columbia's government also has a separate Liquor Distribution Branch, which is responsible for operating the province's monopoly on the sale of alcoholic beverages. The BC Liquor Distribution Branch is one of the world's largest importers, distributors and retailers of wines, beer and

Context: Document [14](Title: Local marketing agreement) Local marketing agreement In North American broadcasting, a local marketing agreement (or local management agreement, abbreviated as an LMA) is a contract in which one company agrees to operate a radio or television station owned by another party. In essence, it is a sort of lease or time-buy.</P? Under Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations, a local marketing agreement must give the company operating the station (the "senior" partner) under the agreemen<t control over the entire facilities of the station, including the finances, personnel and programming of the station. Its original licensee (the "junior" partner) still remains legally responsible for the

Context: Document [15](Title: Local Community Radio Act) who are blind or hearing impaired.) This protection was to ensure that such channels are not subject to possible interference by LPFM stations. The final part of the bill required that when giving out licenses to FM stations, the FCC must make licenses available to LPFM stations and that licensing decisions be made with regard to local community needs. The bill had unanimous bipartisan support from FCC leadership. It was passed by the House and referred to the Senate. The Local Community Radio Act of 2010 (based upon legislation originally introduced in 2005) was signed into law by President Barack

Context: Document [16](Title: Cannabis in Zimbabwe) licenses is a maximum of five years and renewable allowing growers to own, sell, and transport cannabis in dried and oil forms. Applicants are required to state plans for the growing site along with quantity for production and selling as well as production period. The health minister has the prerogative not to approve a license if it causes risks in terms of public health and security. The Zimbabwe Mail reported that ministers of parliament lobbied for the reduction of the “$50,000 license fee imposed on growers if they want to produce cannabis commercially.” According to these legislators, the fees are

Context: Document [17](Title: City of license) City of license In American, Canadian and Philippine broadcasting, a city of license or community of license is the community that a radio station or television station is officially licensed to serve by that country's broadcast regulator. In North American broadcast law, the concept of "community of license" dates to the early days of AM radio broadcasting. The requirement that a broadcasting station operate a "main studio" within a prescribed distance of the community which the station is licensed to serve appears in U.S. law as early as 1939. Various specific obligations have been applied to broadcasters by governments to

Context: Document [18](Title: Florida Division of Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco) Bureau also performs brand registration of all alcoholic beverages, the registration of all salesman for spirituous beverages and wines, and the issuance of cooperative pool buying approvals, wholesale alcoholic beverage licenses, wholesale cigarette and other tobacco products permits, retail cigarette and other tobacco products permits, common carrier licenses for airplanes, trains, boats and other vehicle permits. Licensing operates 11 district offices throughout the state to assist applicants and the public. The Bureau Auditing is responsible for the auditing and collection of excise taxes levied upon alcoholic beverages, cigarettes, and other tobacco products sold in Florida, as well as the auditing

Context: Document [19](Title: Firearms legislation in Ireland) licensing person, whether that is the local Superintendent or the local Chief Superintendent, have significant powers in law with regard to licensing decisions and may impose preconditions he or she requires of an applicant before granting a licence so long as such preconditions are imposed on a case-by-case basis (blanket preconditions having been deemed beyond the legal authority of the licensing person by the Supreme Court ). The local Superintendent and local Chief Superintendent also have wide-ranging powers to revoke firearms certificates. The Legal firearms are Shooting ranges in Ireland must be granted both planning permission by the local county

Context: Document [20](Title: Toronto Licensing Commission) Standards Committee. Toronto Licensing Commission Municipal Licensing & Standards is a municipal body in Toronto which grants licenses and permits for certain activities under the city's jurisdiction including: Municipal Licensing & Standards provides bylaw administration and enforcement services, including targeted strategies to address graffiti, noise, business inspections, parks regulations and animal services issues. Services also include business licensing and permitting, property standards, and animal care including control, shelter and adoption services. The Commission replaced the old Metro Toronto Licensing Commission and various other bodies of the former municipalities of Metro Toronto and will now report to Howard Moscoe of the

Question: who is responsible for establishing local licensing forum?

Answer: unitary authorities

Answer: local authorities

Answer: district councils


Context: Document [1](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) that proper fees have been remitted. The Section responsible for the regulation and licensing of Resident, Non-resident and Apprentice Auctioneers holding auctions within the State. The Section responsible for the regulation of gasoline stations and advertising. The Section responsible for the regulation and registration of health clubs. The Section responsible for the assessment and collection of fees specified by Rhode Island state law. The Section is also responsible for the inspection of retail and wholesale establishments and the issuance of licenses to manufacturers, wholesalers, marine vessels and railroads as well as airplanes. The Section handles retail license appeals from actions

Context: Document [2](Title: Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom) regard to “the licensing objectives”: The licensing authorities are local councils. In two-tier parts of England and Wales, these are the district or borough councils and elsewhere the unitary authority is the licensing authority. In Scotland each council has a Licensing Board to act as licensing authority. For a premises licence, the licensing authority is the council for the place where the premises are located; where they straddle a boundary, the applicant may choose either one. For a personal licence, it is the licensing authority in whose area the applicant lives. The Licensing Authority is also responsible for the issue

Context: Document [3](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) taken by local boards. The Section also investigates complaints, licensing and examining its regulated entities. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of mobile home parks. The Section is also empowered to investigate and adjudicate complaints from park owners, residents and citizens to insure compliance with Rhode Island state laws and rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of Real Estate salespersons, brokers and appraisers. The Section coordinates and administers examinations for real estate brokers, salesperson and real estate appraisers. Additionally, the Section is responsible for issuing licenses to real estate branch offices, real estate

Context: Document [4](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) adjudicate complaints against licensees to insure compliance with Rhode Island state laws and rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the regulation and licensing of the auto body industry statewide. The section also investigates complaints from consumers, the insurance industry and law enforcement. The section reviews both new and renewal license applications to ensure that applicants meet all licensure requirements and that proper fees have been remitted. The Section establishes standards and procedures for the issuance of Limited Glass Licenses for motor vehicle glass installation. The Section responsible for creating standards and procedures for the issuance of a salvage rebuilder's

Context: Document [5](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) schools and out of state land sales. The Section is also empowered to investigate and adjudicate complaints to insure license compliance with Rhode Island State laws, rules and regulations. The Section responsible for the regulation of travel agencies and travel agents. It is also responsible for the issuing licenses and enforcing travel laws, rules and regulations. The Division also coordinates and administers examinations for travel agencies, managers and agents licenses. The Section responsible for enforcing state laws regarding the marking of the unit price of items in retail stores. The Section responsible for the licensing and regulation of Manufacturers, Supply

Context: Document [6](Title: CDMA Certification Forum) CDMA Certification Forum CDMA Certification Forum (known as CCF) was the original official authority governing CDMA Device certification. The CCF is an international partnership between network operator and device vendors to maintain and evolve a core global device certification process that helps improve quality through consistent interoperability, conformance and performance testing across the globe. On 31 December 2014, CCF voted to hand all its certification responsibilities to the Global Certification Forum (GCF). The CDMA Certification Forum (CCF) and its members are dedicated to improving the quality and time-to-market of all CDMA devices by using a common test process that ensures

Context: Document [7](Title: Nuclear licensing) States, licenses are issued either by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or in some cases by the individual states who have been delegated authority for some licensing activities, e.g. Arizona ([Arizona Radiation Regulatory Agency]). Countries other than the U.S.A. use different licensing schemes, typically at the national level, with formal or informal participation at the local government level. For example, in Great Britain, the Health and Safety Executive oversees licenses and nuclear safety. In the United States, recent licensing activities have been focused on the next generation of nuclear reactors being planned. Efforts are underway to prepare the documents required

Context: Document [8](Title: Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation) Rhode Island Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation The Division of Commercial Licensing and Regulation is the division of the Rhode Island Department of Business Regulation responsible for the licensing and regulation of real estate agents, brokers and appraisers, auto body & salvage re-builder shops, auto wrecking and salvage yards, travel agencies and travel agents, upholsterers, alarm system installers, auctioneers, liquor wholesalers, breweries, wineries, salespersons (representing wholesalers) and agents (representing manufacturers and distillers), Class G (boat/airline/railroads) license holders, line-cleaners, and mobile and manufactured homes and parks. The enforcement of unit pricing, motor fuel advertising and health club pre-opening laws are

Context: Document [9](Title: Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control) Governor and confirmed by the Senate for three-year terms. Cyndy A. Valdez (Pima County) Chairman Term Expires: 2017 Michael J. Troyan (Maricopa County) Vice Chairman Term Expires: 2018 Vikki R. Scarafiotti, (Maricopa County) Term Expires: June 2017 Sergio A. Arellano (Pima County) Term Expires: 2019 Troy Campbell (Coconino County) Term Expires: 2018 Vacant Term Expires: Vacant Term Expires: Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control The Department of Liquor Licenses and Control is an Arizona state agency responsible for reviewing state liquor applications and issuing renewal licenses. In Arizona, there are 17 different license categories – airplanes, trains, watercraft, restaurants,

Context: Document [10](Title: Licensing Act 2003) provide late night refreshment. Permission to carry on some or all of these licensable activities is now contained in a single licence — the premises licence — replacing several different and complex schemes. Responsibility for issuing licences now rests with local authorities, specifically London boroughs, Metropolitan boroughs, unitary authorities, and district councils, who took over this power from the Justices of the Peace. These authorities are each required to establish a Licensing Committee, which acts in a quasi-judicial capacity under the Act. The powers of the Act came fully into force at midnight at the start of 24 November 2005.

Context: Document [11](Title: Florida Division of Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco) these tasks using both sworn Special Agents and non-sworn civilian Investigative Specialists (Inspectors). Enforcement operates 12 district offices to fulfill its duties. The Bureau of Licensing is responsible for the issuance of all alcoholic beverage licenses and cigarette or other tobacco product permits, and for the maintenance of all records pertaining to these licenses throughout the state. Florida law requires that licenses may only be issued to persons who are at least twenty-one years of age, are of good moral character, and who have not been convicted of certain criminal offenses within a prescribed period of time. This bureau determines

Context: Document [12](Title: Censorship in Thailand) the broadcasting regulator is authorized to issue "community broadcast" licenses to stations which offer non-commercial service to a local audience. The Broadcasting Act of 2008 prohibits the community broadcaster from engaging in commercial activities or undertake any commercial undertaking. As of July 2008, no community broadcast license has been sought or issued. The National Telecommunications Commission as a temporary regulator/licensor of CR and CTV in Thailand proposed a draft "provisional license" for CR and CTV in May 2009. During June, an NTC subcommittee on broadcasting went around Thailand to "pre-register" prospective CR operators with the expectation that when the regulation

Context: Document [13](Title: Liquor and Cannabis Regulation Branch) Liquor and Cannabis Regulation Branch The Liquor and Cannabis Regulation Branch (formerly the Liquor Control and Licensing Branch) is the agency of the government of British Columbia, within the Ministry of Small Business and Red Tape Reduction, responsible for issuing liquor licenses in the province and for enforcing the provisions of the "Liquor Control and Licensing Act". British Columbia's government also has a separate Liquor Distribution Branch, which is responsible for operating the province's monopoly on the sale of alcoholic beverages. The BC Liquor Distribution Branch is one of the world's largest importers, distributors and retailers of wines, beer and

Context: Document [14](Title: Local marketing agreement) Local marketing agreement In North American broadcasting, a local marketing agreement (or local management agreement, abbreviated as an LMA) is a contract in which one company agrees to operate a radio or television station owned by another party. In essence, it is a sort of lease or time-buy.</P? Under Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations, a local marketing agreement must give the company operating the station (the "senior" partner) under the agreemen<t control over the entire facilities of the station, including the finances, personnel and programming of the station. Its original licensee (the "junior" partner) still remains legally responsible for the

Context: Document [15](Title: Local Community Radio Act) who are blind or hearing impaired.) This protection was to ensure that such channels are not subject to possible interference by LPFM stations. The final part of the bill required that when giving out licenses to FM stations, the FCC must make licenses available to LPFM stations and that licensing decisions be made with regard to local community needs. The bill had unanimous bipartisan support from FCC leadership. It was passed by the House and referred to the Senate. The Local Community Radio Act of 2010 (based upon legislation originally introduced in 2005) was signed into law by President Barack

Context: Document [16](Title: Cannabis in Zimbabwe) licenses is a maximum of five years and renewable allowing growers to own, sell, and transport cannabis in dried and oil forms. Applicants are required to state plans for the growing site along with quantity for production and selling as well as production period. The health minister has the prerogative not to approve a license if it causes risks in terms of public health and security. The Zimbabwe Mail reported that ministers of parliament lobbied for the reduction of the “$50,000 license fee imposed on growers if they want to produce cannabis commercially.” According to these legislators, the fees are

Context: Document [17](Title: City of license) City of license In American, Canadian and Philippine broadcasting, a city of license or community of license is the community that a radio station or television station is officially licensed to serve by that country's broadcast regulator. In North American broadcast law, the concept of "community of license" dates to the early days of AM radio broadcasting. The requirement that a broadcasting station operate a "main studio" within a prescribed distance of the community which the station is licensed to serve appears in U.S. law as early as 1939. Various specific obligations have been applied to broadcasters by governments to

Context: Document [18](Title: Florida Division of Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco) Bureau also performs brand registration of all alcoholic beverages, the registration of all salesman for spirituous beverages and wines, and the issuance of cooperative pool buying approvals, wholesale alcoholic beverage licenses, wholesale cigarette and other tobacco products permits, retail cigarette and other tobacco products permits, common carrier licenses for airplanes, trains, boats and other vehicle permits. Licensing operates 11 district offices throughout the state to assist applicants and the public. The Bureau Auditing is responsible for the auditing and collection of excise taxes levied upon alcoholic beverages, cigarettes, and other tobacco products sold in Florida, as well as the auditing

Context: Document [19](Title: Firearms legislation in Ireland) licensing person, whether that is the local Superintendent or the local Chief Superintendent, have significant powers in law with regard to licensing decisions and may impose preconditions he or she requires of an applicant before granting a licence so long as such preconditions are imposed on a case-by-case basis (blanket preconditions having been deemed beyond the legal authority of the licensing person by the Supreme Court ). The local Superintendent and local Chief Superintendent also have wide-ranging powers to revoke firearms certificates. The Legal firearms are Shooting ranges in Ireland must be granted both planning permission by the local county

Context: Document [20](Title: Toronto Licensing Commission) Standards Committee. Toronto Licensing Commission Municipal Licensing & Standards is a municipal body in Toronto which grants licenses and permits for certain activities under the city's jurisdiction including: Municipal Licensing & Standards provides bylaw administration and enforcement services, including targeted strategies to address graffiti, noise, business inspections, parks regulations and animal services issues. Services also include business licensing and permitting, property standards, and animal care including control, shelter and adoption services. The Commission replaced the old Metro Toronto Licensing Commission and various other bodies of the former municipalities of Metro Toronto and will now report to Howard Moscoe of the

Question: who is responsible for establishing local licensing forum?

Answer: unitary authorities

Answer: local authorities

Answer: district councils