Context: Document [1](Title: Macbeth) would already be aware that a ghost enters at that point. Ferdinand Fleck, notable as the first German actor to present Shakespeare's tragic roles in their fullness, played Macbeth at the Berlin National Theatre from 1787. Unlike his English counterparts, he portrayed the character as achieving his stature after the murder of Duncan, growing in presence and confidence: thereby enabling stark contrasts, such as in the banquet scene, which he ended babbling like a child. Performances outside the patent theatres were instrumental in bringing the monopoly to an end. Robert Elliston, for example, produced a popular adaptation of "Macbeth" in

Context: Document [2](Title: Lady Macbeth) Lady Macbeth Lady Macbeth is a leading character in William Shakespeare's tragedy "Macbeth" (c.1603–1607). The wife of the play's tragic hero, Macbeth (a Scottish nobleman), Lady Macbeth goads her husband into committing regicide, after which she becomes queen of Scotland. Later, however, she suffers pangs of guilt for her part in the crime, which drives her to sleepwalk. She dies off-stage in the last act, an apparent suicide. According to some genealogists, Lady Macbeth and King Duncan's wife were siblings or cousins, where Duncan's wife had a stronger claim to the throne than Lady Macbeth. It was this that incited

Context: Document [3](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) show him a vision of slain soldiers who tell him to beware of Macduff, and that Macbeth shall be King until Great Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill, where the royal castle is built. Finally, the ghost of the slain boy soldier who gave him the dagger tells Macbeth that he won't be slain by any man born of a woman. The King is found wandering the hills by Lennox who tells him that Macduff has fled to England. Anxious at this, in a fit of rage, Macbeth orders Macduff's family and servants to be killed. Lady Macduff and her

Context: Document [4](Title: Macduff (Macbeth)) Macduff (Macbeth) Lord Macduff, the Thane of Fife, is a character in William Shakespeare's "Macbeth" (c.1603–1607). Macduff plays a pivotal role in the play: he suspects Macbeth of regicide and eventually kills Macbeth in the final act. He can be seen as the avenging hero who helps save Scotland from Macbeth's tyranny in the play. The character is first known from "Chronica Gentis Scotorum" (late 14th century) and "Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland" (early 15th century). Shakespeare drew mostly from "Holinshed's Chronicles" (1587). Although characterised sporadically throughout the play, Macduff serves as a foil to Macbeth and a figure of morality.

Context: Document [5](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) done, and how her hands are covered in blood. She then sees the ghost of her dead child, which she urges to go to bed. Then she wanders in the hills and sees the three witches as she walks towards them. In the castle, rumours spread that Macbeth has gone mad and his subjects fear his anger and tyrannical behaviour. Macbeth is told that his wife is dead. Saying "tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow", he then lifts her body and carries it around the chamber in despair. Seyton then brings him news that Malcolm is leading an army against him

Context: Document [6](Title: Macduff (Macbeth)) 2, scene 3 to the drunken porter to report to his duty of awaking King Duncan when he is sleeping for the night at Macbeth's castle. When he discovers the corpse of King Duncan (murdered by Macbeth, but it appears that nearby guards are guilty since Macbeth—at the prodding of Lady Macbeth—put his knife by them and smeared them with Duncan's blood), he raises an alarm, informing the castle that the king has been murdered. Macduff begins to suspect Macbeth of regicide when Macbeth says, "O, yet I do repent me of my fury / That I did kill them"

Context: Document [7](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) sees the ghost of one of the dead boy soldiers who gives him a dagger and leads him towards Duncan's tent. Macbeth brutally slays Duncan. Malcolm enters the tent and, seeing what Macbeth has done, flees in fear. Shaken, Macbeth goes to his wife and gives her the dagger he has used to kill the King. Lady Macbeth rebukes him, saying that he should have left it in the tent and she goes herself to place the dagger in the hands of the sleeping chamberlains. Later she meets Macbeth in the church where they both wash the blood from their

Context: Document [8](Title: Macbeth (2015 film)) hands and she tells him that the water has washed their deed away. In the morning, Macduff finds Duncan dead, and Macbeth slaughters the sleeping servants to prevent their denial of the murder. Macduff and Lennox, a Scottish noble, discuss that as Malcolm has fled to England that puts him under suspicion of being involved in the murder. They also admire Macbeth's justice on the supposedly-treacherous servants. With Malcolm gone, Macbeth is asked to become King of Scotland. After the coronation he sits in a sour mood in his chamber where Lady Macbeth comes to him. He complains that killing

Context: Document [9](Title: Duncan I of Scotland) probably on 14 August 1040. He is thought to have been buried at Elgin before later relocation to the Isle of Iona. Duncan is depicted as an elderly King in the play "Macbeth" (1606) by William Shakespeare. He is killed in his sleep by the protagonist, Macbeth. In the historical novel "Macbeth the King" (1978) by Nigel Tranter, Duncan is portrayed as a schemer who is fearful of Macbeth as a possible rival for the throne. He tries to assassinate Macbeth by poisoning and then when this fails, attacks his home with an army. In self-defence Macbeth meets him in

Context: Document [10](Title: Paris during the Bourbon Restoration) of the Comédie-Française, who had been a favorite of Napoleon. His version of "MacBeth", according to an English visitor who saw it in 1814, his performance had some notable differences from the usual English version. The witches and ghosts in the play never appeared on the stage, since, in Talma's view, they existed only in his imagination; he simply described them to the audience. Mademoiselle George was the most famous female dramatic actress, Abraham-Joseph Bénard, known as Fleury, was the most famous comic actor, and Mademoiselle Mars was the leading comic actress on the Paris stage. The English visitor commented

Context: Document [11](Title: Donalbain (Macbeth)) Polanski's film of Macbeth, in which Donalbain, returning to Scotland after the death of Macbeth, hears the witches murmuring in the heather and gets off his horse to investigate, evidently alludes to the historical fact that Donalbain seized the throne after the death of Malcolm. Donalbain (Macbeth) Donalbain is a character in William Shakespeare's "Macbeth" (c. 1603–1607). He is the younger son of King Duncan and brother to Malcolm, the heir to the throne. Donalbain flees to Ireland after the murder of his father for refuge. He is based upon a personage in an account of King Duncan in "Holinshed's

Context: Document [12](Title: King Duncan) "Macbeth on the Estate" (1997), Laurence Payne in "" "Macbeth" (1992), Griffith Jones in "A Performance of Macbeth" (1979), and Jacques Mauclair in "Macbett" (1974), Kevin Coughlin on the "Goodyear Television Playhouse" (1955), and Lee Patterson on the "Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Presents" "Dream Stuff" (1954). Other television performers of the role include Philip Madoc (1998), Mark Dignam (1983), Powys Thomas (1961), Malcolm Keen (1960), Leo G. Carroll (1949), Arthur Wontner (1949). King Duncan King Duncan is a fictional character in Shakespeare's "Macbeth." He is the father of two youthful sons (Malcolm and Donalbain), and the victim of a well-plotted regicide

Context: Document [13](Title: Malcolm III of Scotland) Then Ross comes and Duncan decides that Macbeth should take the title of Thane of Cawdor. Then he later appears in Act 1.4 talking about the execution of the former Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth then enters and they congratulate him on his victory. He later appears in Macbeth's castle as a guest. When his father is killed he is suspected of the murder so he escapes to England. He later makes an appearance in Act 4.3, where he talks to Macduff about Macbeth and what to do. They both decide to start a war against him. In Act 5.4 he

Context: Document [14](Title: Macbeth) Elder), the Earl of Northumberland, against Dunsinane Castle. While encamped in Birnam Wood, the soldiers are ordered to cut down and carry tree limbs to camouflage their numbers. Before Macbeth's opponents arrive, he receives news that Lady Macbeth has killed herself, causing him to sink into a deep and pessimistic despair and deliver his "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow" soliloquy (V.v.17–28). Though he reflects on the brevity and meaninglessness of life, he nevertheless awaits the English and fortifies Dunsinane. He is certain that the witches' prophecies guarantee his invincibility, but is struck with fear when he learns that the English

Context: Document [15](Title: Macbeth (opera)) the encounter with the witches. She is determined to propel Macbeth to the throne - by fair means or foul. Lady Macbeth is advised that King Duncan will stay in the castle that night; she is determined to see him killed ("Or tutti, sorgete" / "Arise now, all you ministers of hell"). When Macbeth returns she urges him to take the opportunity to kill the King. The King and the nobles arrive and Macbeth is emboldened to carry out the murder ("Mi si affaccia un pugnal?" / "Is this a dagger which I see before me?"), but afterwards is filled

Context: Document [16](Title: Macbeth (1971 film)) seeks out the witches, who are performing a nude ritual. The witches and the spirits they summon deceive Macbeth into thinking he is invincible, as he cannot be killed except by a man not born of woman, and will not be defeated until "Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane." After Macduff flees to England, Ross leaves Fife's castle doors open, so Macbeth's murderers can kill Lady Macduff and the rest of the family and servants. With nobles fleeing Scotland, Macbeth chooses a new Thane of Cawdor, bestowing the title on Seyton over Ross. Disappointed, Ross joins Malcolm and Macduff in England,

Context: Document [17](Title: Macbeth, King of Scotland) Macbeth, King of Scotland Macbeth (Medieval Gaelic: "Mac Bethad mac Findlaích"; Modern Gaelic: "MacBheatha mac Fhionnlaigh"; nicknamed "", "the Red King"; – 15 August 1057) was King of Scots from 1040 until his death. He was titled King of Alba during his life, and ruled over only a portion of present-day Scotland. Little is known about Macbeth's early life, although he was the son of Findláech of Moray and may have been a grandson of Malcolm II. He became Mormaer of Moray – a semi-autonomous lordship – in 1032, and was probably responsible for the death of the previous mormaer,

Context: Document [18](Title: Donalbain (Macbeth)) Donalbain (Macbeth) Donalbain is a character in William Shakespeare's "Macbeth" (c. 1603–1607). He is the younger son of King Duncan and brother to Malcolm, the heir to the throne. Donalbain flees to Ireland after the murder of his father for refuge. He is based upon a personage in an account of King Duncan in "Holinshed's Chronicles", a history of Britain familiar to Shakespeare. He is ultimately based on the historical King Donald III of Scotland. In the original text of the First Folio his name is spelled Donalbaine, and is sometimes also spelled Donaldbain. Shakespeare's Donalbain is based upon 'Donald

Context: Document [19](Title: Macbeth, King of Scotland) kings. Macbeth was initially succeeded by his stepson Lulach, but Lulach ruled for only a few months before also being killed by Malcolm III, whose descendants would rule Scotland until the late 13th century. Macbeth is today best known as the main character of William Shakespeare's tragedy "Macbeth" and the many works it has inspired. However, Shakespeare's Macbeth is based on the "Holinshed's Chronicles" (published in 1577) and is not historically accurate. Macbeth's full name in Medieval Gaelic was '. This is realised as ' in Modern Gaelic, and anglicised as Macbeth MacFinlay (also spelled Findlay, Findley, or Finley). The

Context: Document [20](Title: Banquo) Lord Banquo /ˈbæŋkwoʊ/, the Thane of Lochaber, is a character in William Shakespeare's 1606 play Macbeth. In the play, he is at first an ally to Macbeth (both are generals in the King's army) and they meet the Three Witches together. After prophesying that Macbeth will become king, the witches tell Banquo that he will not be king himself, but that his descendants will be. Later, Macbeth in his lust for power sees Banquo as a threat and has him murdered by two hired assassins ; Banquo's son, Fleance, escapes. Banquo's ghost returns in a later scene [Banquet Scene] , causing Macbeth to react with alarm during a public feast.

Question: character in macbeth who is murdered and appears as a ghost?

Answer: Lord Banquo

Answer: Banquo


Context: Document [1](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo. Following the life of a china rabbit, the book won the 2006 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award in Fiction category.

Context: Document [2](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) Awards finalist in the children's chapter book category. In 2007 the U.S. National Education Association named it one of "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children" based on an online poll. In 2012 it was ranked number 59 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by "School Library Journal" – the third of three books by DiCamillo in the Top 100. The book was featured in "My Love from the Star", a 2014 Korean drama about an alien living on Earth for 400 years who falls in love with a popular actress. This propelled the novel to the top of

Context: Document [3](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) until a storm frees him from the seabed and a passing fisherman and his buddy pull him from their fishing net. The man takes him home to his wife where he is renamed and forced to wear dresses. Edward is passed from hand to hand of a succession of life-altering characters, such as a hobo and his dog and a four-year-old girl with tuberculosis and her brother. Edward's journeys not only take him far from home, but even farther from the selfish rabbit he once was. Eventually, Edward is cruelly broken against a counter top edge, repaired and then offered

Context: Document [4](Title: Kate DiCamillo) In 2012 "Winn-Dixie" was ranked number 30 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by "School Library Journal", a monthly with primarily U.S. audience. "Despereaux" (51) and "Edward Tulane" (59) also made the Top 100 list. DiCamillo is the fourth U.S. National Ambassador for Young People's Literature. In 2005, "Because of Winn-Dixie" was released as a film by 20th Century Fox. Universal Pictures released "The Tale of Despereaux" on December 19, 2008. "The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane" was optioned by New Line Cinema and is in early pre-production. In 2013, Robert Zemeckis signed on to direct the "Edward

Context: Document [5](Title: Paul Tulane) Paul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 – March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years touring the southern United States with a well-educated male cousin, who was a member of the bar in France. It was from this tour that Tulane developed a keen interest in New Orleans. In 1822, he established

Context: Document [6](Title: William Marbury Carpenter) near Port Hudson, East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. In 1842, he was a professor of "materia medica" at the University of Louisiana, where he was appointed dean in 1845. In 1844, he published a study on the habit of dirt eating among Negro slaves, and he published several other significant studies. He was a leading proponent of research into disease transportability and transmission as related to importation of disease and outbreak of epidemics. He joined the faculty of the Medical College of Louisiana as Professor of Botany and Geology, and from 1845-1846 he was Dean of the Tulane University School

Context: Document [7](Title: Rudolph Matas) Rudolph Matas Rudolph Matas (September 12, 1860 – September 23, 1957), a prominent and innovative surgeon was born outside of New Orleans in Bonnet Carre, Louisiana. He spent much of his childhood in his parents' native land of Spain, returning to the New Orleans in 1877 to begin his medical training at the Medical School of the University of Louisiana, now known as Tulane University School of Medicine, receiving his medical degree in 1880 at 19 years old. Dr. Matas is one of Tulane's most distinguished alumni, with 42 years of teaching in the medical school and a vast array

Context: Document [8](Title: Tulane Review) the design award of the AWP Literary Magazine. Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The "Review" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the

Context: Document [9](Title: Tulane Review) Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The "Review" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the fall and spring. "Review" is the recipient of

Context: Document [10](Title: John Lyon (poet)) prayer and gospel sermons. Because of these daily sermons and good relations between voyagers, all 48 non-Mormon passengers were baptized, including the captain and crew, making this specific emigration voyage unique. On 23 April 1853 the "International" docked in New Orleans. On their last day on the "International", Lyon was appointed to lead the 237 Ten Pound Saints (referring to the fact that they each paid ten pounds for the journey to Zion). The Ten Pound Saints stayed in New Orleans for four days before boarding the a Mississippi steamer called the "Leah Tunah" and prepared for the 1,200 mile,

Context: Document [11](Title: Tulane University) university was Francis Lister Hawks, an Episcopalian priest and prominent citizen of New Orleans at the time. The university was closed from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. After reopening, it went through a period of financial challenges because of an extended agricultural depression in the South which affected the nation's economy. Paul Tulane, owner of a prospering dry goods and clothing business, donated extensive real estate within New Orleans for the support of education. This donation led to the establishment of a Tulane Educational Fund (TEF), whose board of administrators sought to support the University of Louisiana

Context: Document [12](Title: Paul Tulane) D. Winters in his "Civil War in Louisiana" (1963) does not give the amount Tulane contributed. For many years he gave liberally to the charitable institutions and Presbyterian churches of Princeton and New Orleans. In 1882, he donated $363,000 (1882 value) to improve higher education in the city of New Orleans. Tulane's Act of Donation ultimately resulted in the renaming of the University of Louisiana (founded as the Medical College of Louisiana) to The Tulane University of Louisiana, in his honor and turning the once public institution into a private one, the only such instance in United States history. He

Context: Document [13](Title: Tulane Green Wave men's basketball) and the 2004 realignment of conferences. It rejoined many of its previous conference mates when it became a member of the American Athletic Conference in 2014. Tulane's men's basketball team played its first game on December 9, 1905. The program fell victim to one of the biggest scandals of the 1980s in college sports when four players, including star forward "Hot Rod" Williams, were accused of taking money and cocaine to alter the final point spreads of games they played in. Clyde Eads and Jon Johnson were granted immunity to testify against Williams, the alleged ringleader. Although he was indicted,

Context: Document [14](Title: Charles Eshleman) 2–2–1 record. While at Tulane, he set the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association record in the 220-yard dash at 23.2 seconds. He was a member of Alpha Tau Omega. In 1900, he studied literature at Tulane, and in 1904, Eshleman received his medical doctorate from Tulane. In the spring of 1904, he attended the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland to take graduate medical courses. Eshleman was "known for his altruism as well as for his notable achievements in the highly specialized field of Internal Medicine." He taught at the Tulane School of Medicine. In 1918, he was

Context: Document [15](Title: Theodore Clapp) no precedent in the New Testament for such political action. Clapp served on the Board of Trustees of the Medical College of Louisiana, which was to become The Tulane University School of Medicine. In 1847, he travelled in Europe, and in 1857, his health failing, and his church having been burned, he resigned his pastorate. He published in 1858, a volume of "Autobiographical Sketches and Recollections" of a 35 years' residence in New Orleans. The last nine years of his life were spent, chiefly in retirement, in Louisville, Kentucky. He died there on April 17, 1866, aged 74 years. He

Context: Document [16](Title: Adrien Rouquette) on the banks of Bayou Lacombe until his death in 1887. Special Collections & Archives at Loyola University New Orleans preserves a small collection of writings by Rouquette and his brother, author and poet François Dominique. Adrien Rouquette Adrien Rouquette (February 26, 1813–July 15, 1887) was a writer and a Catholic missionary among the Choctaw Native Americans. Adrien Emmanuel Rouquette was born February 26, 1813, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the third of five surviving children. His father, Dominique, had emigrated to New Orleans from Fleurance, France, in 1800, where he soon married a Creole woman named Louise Cousin. By marriage,

Context: Document [17](Title: Paul Tulane) died near Princeton, and is buried in the Princeton Cemetery on Witherspoon Street. In his honor, he has several streets named after him throughout the country, including Tulane Street in Princeton, and Tulane Avenue in New Orleans. Paul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 – March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years

Context: Document [18](Title: T. Wayland Vaughan) and Annie R. Hope. He entered Tulane University in 1885 intending to enter the medical profession, but became interested in physical science and graduated with a Bachelor of Science. From 1889–1892, Vaughan taught physics and chemistry at Mount Lebanon, Louisiana. During this time he published his first papers on the mollusks and trees of northwest Louisiana and began collecting fossils. This led him to study biology at Harvard University, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in 1893, a Master of Arts in 1894, and completing his Ph.D in 1903 with a thesis titled "Eocene and Oligocene Corals of the United States".

Context: Document [19](Title: Middle American Research Institute) hinterland. The report of the First Tulane Expedition, Tribes and Temples, became the Department’s first publication. More staff hires included Ralph Roys, and Oliver La Farge. Following disputes between members of the Department of Middle American Research and the president of Tulane, Frans Blom took over in the position of Director of the Department. In this position, Blom decided to promote “archaeology as the major function of the department.” During Blom’s time as director, he led multiple extensive expeditions to Latin America. In his own words, Blom describes the first expedition: “We discovered twenty-four ruined cities hitherto unrecorded by scientists…

Context: Document [20](Title: Ernest Lyon) in 1882. The next year, in 1883, Lyon became the first charge in La Teche. In 1894, he "was appointed Sunday School Agent of the Louisiana Conference." He also served as the Conference statistical secretary and the reserve delegate of the General conference for several years. He was an editor of the Sunday school column in the "Southwestern Christian Advocate". By 1895, Lyon was the "special agent of the Freedman's Aid and Southern Educational Society." Later he served as a pastor in multiple churches in New Orleans including the Mallalieu Methodist Episcopal Church in 1886, the Thompson Church in 1889,

Question: when was the miraculous journey of edward tulane published?

Answer: 2006

Answer: March 30, 2006


Context: Document [1](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) Awards finalist in the children's chapter book category. In 2007 the U.S. National Education Association named it one of "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children" based on an online poll. In 2012 it was ranked number 59 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by "School Library Journal" – the third of three books by DiCamillo in the Top 100. The book was featured in "My Love from the Star", a 2014 Korean drama about an alien living on Earth for 400 years who falls in love with a popular actress. This propelled the novel to the top of

Context: Document [2](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) until a storm frees him from the seabed and a passing fisherman and his buddy pull him from their fishing net. The man takes him home to his wife where he is renamed and forced to wear dresses. Edward is passed from hand to hand of a succession of life-altering characters, such as a hobo and his dog and a four-year-old girl with tuberculosis and her brother. Edward's journeys not only take him far from home, but even farther from the selfish rabbit he once was. Eventually, Edward is cruelly broken against a counter top edge, repaired and then offered

Context: Document [3](Title: Kate DiCamillo) In 2012 "Winn-Dixie" was ranked number 30 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by "School Library Journal", a monthly with primarily U.S. audience. "Despereaux" (51) and "Edward Tulane" (59) also made the Top 100 list. DiCamillo is the fourth U.S. National Ambassador for Young People's Literature. In 2005, "Because of Winn-Dixie" was released as a film by 20th Century Fox. Universal Pictures released "The Tale of Despereaux" on December 19, 2008. "The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane" was optioned by New Line Cinema and is in early pre-production. In 2013, Robert Zemeckis signed on to direct the "Edward

Context: Document [4](Title: Paul Tulane) Paul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 – March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years touring the southern United States with a well-educated male cousin, who was a member of the bar in France. It was from this tour that Tulane developed a keen interest in New Orleans. In 1822, he established

Context: Document [5](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo. Following the life of a china rabbit, the book won the 2006 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award in Fiction category.

Context: Document [6](Title: William Marbury Carpenter) near Port Hudson, East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. In 1842, he was a professor of "materia medica" at the University of Louisiana, where he was appointed dean in 1845. In 1844, he published a study on the habit of dirt eating among Negro slaves, and he published several other significant studies. He was a leading proponent of research into disease transportability and transmission as related to importation of disease and outbreak of epidemics. He joined the faculty of the Medical College of Louisiana as Professor of Botany and Geology, and from 1845-1846 he was Dean of the Tulane University School

Context: Document [7](Title: Rudolph Matas) Rudolph Matas Rudolph Matas (September 12, 1860 – September 23, 1957), a prominent and innovative surgeon was born outside of New Orleans in Bonnet Carre, Louisiana. He spent much of his childhood in his parents' native land of Spain, returning to the New Orleans in 1877 to begin his medical training at the Medical School of the University of Louisiana, now known as Tulane University School of Medicine, receiving his medical degree in 1880 at 19 years old. Dr. Matas is one of Tulane's most distinguished alumni, with 42 years of teaching in the medical school and a vast array

Context: Document [8](Title: Tulane Review) the design award of the AWP Literary Magazine. Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The "Review" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the

Context: Document [9](Title: Tulane Review) Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The "Review" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the fall and spring. "Review" is the recipient of

Context: Document [10](Title: John Lyon (poet)) prayer and gospel sermons. Because of these daily sermons and good relations between voyagers, all 48 non-Mormon passengers were baptized, including the captain and crew, making this specific emigration voyage unique. On 23 April 1853 the "International" docked in New Orleans. On their last day on the "International", Lyon was appointed to lead the 237 Ten Pound Saints (referring to the fact that they each paid ten pounds for the journey to Zion). The Ten Pound Saints stayed in New Orleans for four days before boarding the a Mississippi steamer called the "Leah Tunah" and prepared for the 1,200 mile,

Context: Document [11](Title: Tulane University) university was Francis Lister Hawks, an Episcopalian priest and prominent citizen of New Orleans at the time. The university was closed from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. After reopening, it went through a period of financial challenges because of an extended agricultural depression in the South which affected the nation's economy. Paul Tulane, owner of a prospering dry goods and clothing business, donated extensive real estate within New Orleans for the support of education. This donation led to the establishment of a Tulane Educational Fund (TEF), whose board of administrators sought to support the University of Louisiana

Context: Document [12](Title: Paul Tulane) D. Winters in his "Civil War in Louisiana" (1963) does not give the amount Tulane contributed. For many years he gave liberally to the charitable institutions and Presbyterian churches of Princeton and New Orleans. In 1882, he donated $363,000 (1882 value) to improve higher education in the city of New Orleans. Tulane's Act of Donation ultimately resulted in the renaming of the University of Louisiana (founded as the Medical College of Louisiana) to The Tulane University of Louisiana, in his honor and turning the once public institution into a private one, the only such instance in United States history. He

Context: Document [13](Title: Tulane Green Wave men's basketball) and the 2004 realignment of conferences. It rejoined many of its previous conference mates when it became a member of the American Athletic Conference in 2014. Tulane's men's basketball team played its first game on December 9, 1905. The program fell victim to one of the biggest scandals of the 1980s in college sports when four players, including star forward "Hot Rod" Williams, were accused of taking money and cocaine to alter the final point spreads of games they played in. Clyde Eads and Jon Johnson were granted immunity to testify against Williams, the alleged ringleader. Although he was indicted,

Context: Document [14](Title: Charles Eshleman) 2–2–1 record. While at Tulane, he set the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association record in the 220-yard dash at 23.2 seconds. He was a member of Alpha Tau Omega. In 1900, he studied literature at Tulane, and in 1904, Eshleman received his medical doctorate from Tulane. In the spring of 1904, he attended the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland to take graduate medical courses. Eshleman was "known for his altruism as well as for his notable achievements in the highly specialized field of Internal Medicine." He taught at the Tulane School of Medicine. In 1918, he was

Context: Document [15](Title: Theodore Clapp) no precedent in the New Testament for such political action. Clapp served on the Board of Trustees of the Medical College of Louisiana, which was to become The Tulane University School of Medicine. In 1847, he travelled in Europe, and in 1857, his health failing, and his church having been burned, he resigned his pastorate. He published in 1858, a volume of "Autobiographical Sketches and Recollections" of a 35 years' residence in New Orleans. The last nine years of his life were spent, chiefly in retirement, in Louisville, Kentucky. He died there on April 17, 1866, aged 74 years. He

Context: Document [16](Title: Adrien Rouquette) on the banks of Bayou Lacombe until his death in 1887. Special Collections & Archives at Loyola University New Orleans preserves a small collection of writings by Rouquette and his brother, author and poet François Dominique. Adrien Rouquette Adrien Rouquette (February 26, 1813–July 15, 1887) was a writer and a Catholic missionary among the Choctaw Native Americans. Adrien Emmanuel Rouquette was born February 26, 1813, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the third of five surviving children. His father, Dominique, had emigrated to New Orleans from Fleurance, France, in 1800, where he soon married a Creole woman named Louise Cousin. By marriage,

Context: Document [17](Title: Paul Tulane) died near Princeton, and is buried in the Princeton Cemetery on Witherspoon Street. In his honor, he has several streets named after him throughout the country, including Tulane Street in Princeton, and Tulane Avenue in New Orleans. Paul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 – March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years

Context: Document [18](Title: T. Wayland Vaughan) and Annie R. Hope. He entered Tulane University in 1885 intending to enter the medical profession, but became interested in physical science and graduated with a Bachelor of Science. From 1889–1892, Vaughan taught physics and chemistry at Mount Lebanon, Louisiana. During this time he published his first papers on the mollusks and trees of northwest Louisiana and began collecting fossils. This led him to study biology at Harvard University, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in 1893, a Master of Arts in 1894, and completing his Ph.D in 1903 with a thesis titled "Eocene and Oligocene Corals of the United States".

Context: Document [19](Title: Middle American Research Institute) hinterland. The report of the First Tulane Expedition, Tribes and Temples, became the Department’s first publication. More staff hires included Ralph Roys, and Oliver La Farge. Following disputes between members of the Department of Middle American Research and the president of Tulane, Frans Blom took over in the position of Director of the Department. In this position, Blom decided to promote “archaeology as the major function of the department.” During Blom’s time as director, he led multiple extensive expeditions to Latin America. In his own words, Blom describes the first expedition: “We discovered twenty-four ruined cities hitherto unrecorded by scientists…

Context: Document [20](Title: Ernest Lyon) in 1882. The next year, in 1883, Lyon became the first charge in La Teche. In 1894, he "was appointed Sunday School Agent of the Louisiana Conference." He also served as the Conference statistical secretary and the reserve delegate of the General conference for several years. He was an editor of the Sunday school column in the "Southwestern Christian Advocate". By 1895, Lyon was the "special agent of the Freedman's Aid and Southern Educational Society." Later he served as a pastor in multiple churches in New Orleans including the Mallalieu Methodist Episcopal Church in 1886, the Thompson Church in 1889,

Question: when was the miraculous journey of edward tulane published?

Answer: 2006

Answer: March 30, 2006


Context: Document [1](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) Awards finalist in the children's chapter book category. In 2007 the U.S. National Education Association named it one of "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children" based on an online poll. In 2012 it was ranked number 59 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by "School Library Journal" – the third of three books by DiCamillo in the Top 100. The book was featured in "My Love from the Star", a 2014 Korean drama about an alien living on Earth for 400 years who falls in love with a popular actress. This propelled the novel to the top of

Context: Document [2](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) until a storm frees him from the seabed and a passing fisherman and his buddy pull him from their fishing net. The man takes him home to his wife where he is renamed and forced to wear dresses. Edward is passed from hand to hand of a succession of life-altering characters, such as a hobo and his dog and a four-year-old girl with tuberculosis and her brother. Edward's journeys not only take him far from home, but even farther from the selfish rabbit he once was. Eventually, Edward is cruelly broken against a counter top edge, repaired and then offered

Context: Document [3](Title: Kate DiCamillo) In 2012 "Winn-Dixie" was ranked number 30 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by "School Library Journal", a monthly with primarily U.S. audience. "Despereaux" (51) and "Edward Tulane" (59) also made the Top 100 list. DiCamillo is the fourth U.S. National Ambassador for Young People's Literature. In 2005, "Because of Winn-Dixie" was released as a film by 20th Century Fox. Universal Pictures released "The Tale of Despereaux" on December 19, 2008. "The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane" was optioned by New Line Cinema and is in early pre-production. In 2013, Robert Zemeckis signed on to direct the "Edward

Context: Document [4](Title: Paul Tulane) Paul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 – March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years touring the southern United States with a well-educated male cousin, who was a member of the bar in France. It was from this tour that Tulane developed a keen interest in New Orleans. In 1822, he established

Context: Document [5](Title: William Marbury Carpenter) near Port Hudson, East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. In 1842, he was a professor of "materia medica" at the University of Louisiana, where he was appointed dean in 1845. In 1844, he published a study on the habit of dirt eating among Negro slaves, and he published several other significant studies. He was a leading proponent of research into disease transportability and transmission as related to importation of disease and outbreak of epidemics. He joined the faculty of the Medical College of Louisiana as Professor of Botany and Geology, and from 1845-1846 he was Dean of the Tulane University School

Context: Document [6](Title: Rudolph Matas) Rudolph Matas Rudolph Matas (September 12, 1860 – September 23, 1957), a prominent and innovative surgeon was born outside of New Orleans in Bonnet Carre, Louisiana. He spent much of his childhood in his parents' native land of Spain, returning to the New Orleans in 1877 to begin his medical training at the Medical School of the University of Louisiana, now known as Tulane University School of Medicine, receiving his medical degree in 1880 at 19 years old. Dr. Matas is one of Tulane's most distinguished alumni, with 42 years of teaching in the medical school and a vast array

Context: Document [7](Title: Tulane Review) the design award of the AWP Literary Magazine. Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The "Review" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the

Context: Document [8](Title: Tulane Review) Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The "Review" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the fall and spring. "Review" is the recipient of

Context: Document [9](Title: John Lyon (poet)) prayer and gospel sermons. Because of these daily sermons and good relations between voyagers, all 48 non-Mormon passengers were baptized, including the captain and crew, making this specific emigration voyage unique. On 23 April 1853 the "International" docked in New Orleans. On their last day on the "International", Lyon was appointed to lead the 237 Ten Pound Saints (referring to the fact that they each paid ten pounds for the journey to Zion). The Ten Pound Saints stayed in New Orleans for four days before boarding the a Mississippi steamer called the "Leah Tunah" and prepared for the 1,200 mile,

Context: Document [10](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo. Following the life of a china rabbit, the book won the 2006 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award in Fiction category.

Context: Document [11](Title: Tulane University) university was Francis Lister Hawks, an Episcopalian priest and prominent citizen of New Orleans at the time. The university was closed from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. After reopening, it went through a period of financial challenges because of an extended agricultural depression in the South which affected the nation's economy. Paul Tulane, owner of a prospering dry goods and clothing business, donated extensive real estate within New Orleans for the support of education. This donation led to the establishment of a Tulane Educational Fund (TEF), whose board of administrators sought to support the University of Louisiana

Context: Document [12](Title: Paul Tulane) D. Winters in his "Civil War in Louisiana" (1963) does not give the amount Tulane contributed. For many years he gave liberally to the charitable institutions and Presbyterian churches of Princeton and New Orleans. In 1882, he donated $363,000 (1882 value) to improve higher education in the city of New Orleans. Tulane's Act of Donation ultimately resulted in the renaming of the University of Louisiana (founded as the Medical College of Louisiana) to The Tulane University of Louisiana, in his honor and turning the once public institution into a private one, the only such instance in United States history. He

Context: Document [13](Title: Tulane Green Wave men's basketball) and the 2004 realignment of conferences. It rejoined many of its previous conference mates when it became a member of the American Athletic Conference in 2014. Tulane's men's basketball team played its first game on December 9, 1905. The program fell victim to one of the biggest scandals of the 1980s in college sports when four players, including star forward "Hot Rod" Williams, were accused of taking money and cocaine to alter the final point spreads of games they played in. Clyde Eads and Jon Johnson were granted immunity to testify against Williams, the alleged ringleader. Although he was indicted,

Context: Document [14](Title: Charles Eshleman) 2–2–1 record. While at Tulane, he set the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association record in the 220-yard dash at 23.2 seconds. He was a member of Alpha Tau Omega. In 1900, he studied literature at Tulane, and in 1904, Eshleman received his medical doctorate from Tulane. In the spring of 1904, he attended the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland to take graduate medical courses. Eshleman was "known for his altruism as well as for his notable achievements in the highly specialized field of Internal Medicine." He taught at the Tulane School of Medicine. In 1918, he was

Context: Document [15](Title: Theodore Clapp) no precedent in the New Testament for such political action. Clapp served on the Board of Trustees of the Medical College of Louisiana, which was to become The Tulane University School of Medicine. In 1847, he travelled in Europe, and in 1857, his health failing, and his church having been burned, he resigned his pastorate. He published in 1858, a volume of "Autobiographical Sketches and Recollections" of a 35 years' residence in New Orleans. The last nine years of his life were spent, chiefly in retirement, in Louisville, Kentucky. He died there on April 17, 1866, aged 74 years. He

Context: Document [16](Title: Adrien Rouquette) on the banks of Bayou Lacombe until his death in 1887. Special Collections & Archives at Loyola University New Orleans preserves a small collection of writings by Rouquette and his brother, author and poet François Dominique. Adrien Rouquette Adrien Rouquette (February 26, 1813–July 15, 1887) was a writer and a Catholic missionary among the Choctaw Native Americans. Adrien Emmanuel Rouquette was born February 26, 1813, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the third of five surviving children. His father, Dominique, had emigrated to New Orleans from Fleurance, France, in 1800, where he soon married a Creole woman named Louise Cousin. By marriage,

Context: Document [17](Title: Paul Tulane) died near Princeton, and is buried in the Princeton Cemetery on Witherspoon Street. In his honor, he has several streets named after him throughout the country, including Tulane Street in Princeton, and Tulane Avenue in New Orleans. Paul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 – March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years

Context: Document [18](Title: T. Wayland Vaughan) and Annie R. Hope. He entered Tulane University in 1885 intending to enter the medical profession, but became interested in physical science and graduated with a Bachelor of Science. From 1889–1892, Vaughan taught physics and chemistry at Mount Lebanon, Louisiana. During this time he published his first papers on the mollusks and trees of northwest Louisiana and began collecting fossils. This led him to study biology at Harvard University, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in 1893, a Master of Arts in 1894, and completing his Ph.D in 1903 with a thesis titled "Eocene and Oligocene Corals of the United States".

Context: Document [19](Title: Middle American Research Institute) hinterland. The report of the First Tulane Expedition, Tribes and Temples, became the Department’s first publication. More staff hires included Ralph Roys, and Oliver La Farge. Following disputes between members of the Department of Middle American Research and the president of Tulane, Frans Blom took over in the position of Director of the Department. In this position, Blom decided to promote “archaeology as the major function of the department.” During Blom’s time as director, he led multiple extensive expeditions to Latin America. In his own words, Blom describes the first expedition: “We discovered twenty-four ruined cities hitherto unrecorded by scientists…

Context: Document [20](Title: Ernest Lyon) in 1882. The next year, in 1883, Lyon became the first charge in La Teche. In 1894, he "was appointed Sunday School Agent of the Louisiana Conference." He also served as the Conference statistical secretary and the reserve delegate of the General conference for several years. He was an editor of the Sunday school column in the "Southwestern Christian Advocate". By 1895, Lyon was the "special agent of the Freedman's Aid and Southern Educational Society." Later he served as a pastor in multiple churches in New Orleans including the Mallalieu Methodist Episcopal Church in 1886, the Thompson Church in 1889,

Question: when was the miraculous journey of edward tulane published?

Answer: 2006

Answer: March 30, 2006


Context: Document [1](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) Awards finalist in the children's chapter book category. In 2007 the U.S. National Education Association named it one of "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children" based on an online poll. In 2012 it was ranked number 59 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by "School Library Journal" – the third of three books by DiCamillo in the Top 100. The book was featured in "My Love from the Star", a 2014 Korean drama about an alien living on Earth for 400 years who falls in love with a popular actress. This propelled the novel to the top of

Context: Document [2](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) until a storm frees him from the seabed and a passing fisherman and his buddy pull him from their fishing net. The man takes him home to his wife where he is renamed and forced to wear dresses. Edward is passed from hand to hand of a succession of life-altering characters, such as a hobo and his dog and a four-year-old girl with tuberculosis and her brother. Edward's journeys not only take him far from home, but even farther from the selfish rabbit he once was. Eventually, Edward is cruelly broken against a counter top edge, repaired and then offered

Context: Document [3](Title: Kate DiCamillo) In 2012 "Winn-Dixie" was ranked number 30 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by "School Library Journal", a monthly with primarily U.S. audience. "Despereaux" (51) and "Edward Tulane" (59) also made the Top 100 list. DiCamillo is the fourth U.S. National Ambassador for Young People's Literature. In 2005, "Because of Winn-Dixie" was released as a film by 20th Century Fox. Universal Pictures released "The Tale of Despereaux" on December 19, 2008. "The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane" was optioned by New Line Cinema and is in early pre-production. In 2013, Robert Zemeckis signed on to direct the "Edward

Context: Document [4](Title: Paul Tulane) Paul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 – March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years touring the southern United States with a well-educated male cousin, who was a member of the bar in France. It was from this tour that Tulane developed a keen interest in New Orleans. In 1822, he established

Context: Document [5](Title: William Marbury Carpenter) near Port Hudson, East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. In 1842, he was a professor of "materia medica" at the University of Louisiana, where he was appointed dean in 1845. In 1844, he published a study on the habit of dirt eating among Negro slaves, and he published several other significant studies. He was a leading proponent of research into disease transportability and transmission as related to importation of disease and outbreak of epidemics. He joined the faculty of the Medical College of Louisiana as Professor of Botany and Geology, and from 1845-1846 he was Dean of the Tulane University School

Context: Document [6](Title: Rudolph Matas) Rudolph Matas Rudolph Matas (September 12, 1860 – September 23, 1957), a prominent and innovative surgeon was born outside of New Orleans in Bonnet Carre, Louisiana. He spent much of his childhood in his parents' native land of Spain, returning to the New Orleans in 1877 to begin his medical training at the Medical School of the University of Louisiana, now known as Tulane University School of Medicine, receiving his medical degree in 1880 at 19 years old. Dr. Matas is one of Tulane's most distinguished alumni, with 42 years of teaching in the medical school and a vast array

Context: Document [7](Title: Tulane Review) the design award of the AWP Literary Magazine. Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The "Review" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the

Context: Document [8](Title: Tulane Review) Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The "Review" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the fall and spring. "Review" is the recipient of

Context: Document [9](Title: John Lyon (poet)) prayer and gospel sermons. Because of these daily sermons and good relations between voyagers, all 48 non-Mormon passengers were baptized, including the captain and crew, making this specific emigration voyage unique. On 23 April 1853 the "International" docked in New Orleans. On their last day on the "International", Lyon was appointed to lead the 237 Ten Pound Saints (referring to the fact that they each paid ten pounds for the journey to Zion). The Ten Pound Saints stayed in New Orleans for four days before boarding the a Mississippi steamer called the "Leah Tunah" and prepared for the 1,200 mile,

Context: Document [10](Title: Tulane University) university was Francis Lister Hawks, an Episcopalian priest and prominent citizen of New Orleans at the time. The university was closed from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. After reopening, it went through a period of financial challenges because of an extended agricultural depression in the South which affected the nation's economy. Paul Tulane, owner of a prospering dry goods and clothing business, donated extensive real estate within New Orleans for the support of education. This donation led to the establishment of a Tulane Educational Fund (TEF), whose board of administrators sought to support the University of Louisiana

Context: Document [11](Title: Paul Tulane) D. Winters in his "Civil War in Louisiana" (1963) does not give the amount Tulane contributed. For many years he gave liberally to the charitable institutions and Presbyterian churches of Princeton and New Orleans. In 1882, he donated $363,000 (1882 value) to improve higher education in the city of New Orleans. Tulane's Act of Donation ultimately resulted in the renaming of the University of Louisiana (founded as the Medical College of Louisiana) to The Tulane University of Louisiana, in his honor and turning the once public institution into a private one, the only such instance in United States history. He

Context: Document [12](Title: Tulane Green Wave men's basketball) and the 2004 realignment of conferences. It rejoined many of its previous conference mates when it became a member of the American Athletic Conference in 2014. Tulane's men's basketball team played its first game on December 9, 1905. The program fell victim to one of the biggest scandals of the 1980s in college sports when four players, including star forward "Hot Rod" Williams, were accused of taking money and cocaine to alter the final point spreads of games they played in. Clyde Eads and Jon Johnson were granted immunity to testify against Williams, the alleged ringleader. Although he was indicted,

Context: Document [13](Title: Charles Eshleman) 2–2–1 record. While at Tulane, he set the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association record in the 220-yard dash at 23.2 seconds. He was a member of Alpha Tau Omega. In 1900, he studied literature at Tulane, and in 1904, Eshleman received his medical doctorate from Tulane. In the spring of 1904, he attended the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland to take graduate medical courses. Eshleman was "known for his altruism as well as for his notable achievements in the highly specialized field of Internal Medicine." He taught at the Tulane School of Medicine. In 1918, he was

Context: Document [14](Title: Theodore Clapp) no precedent in the New Testament for such political action. Clapp served on the Board of Trustees of the Medical College of Louisiana, which was to become The Tulane University School of Medicine. In 1847, he travelled in Europe, and in 1857, his health failing, and his church having been burned, he resigned his pastorate. He published in 1858, a volume of "Autobiographical Sketches and Recollections" of a 35 years' residence in New Orleans. The last nine years of his life were spent, chiefly in retirement, in Louisville, Kentucky. He died there on April 17, 1866, aged 74 years. He

Context: Document [15](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo. Following the life of a china rabbit, the book won the 2006 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award in Fiction category.

Context: Document [16](Title: Adrien Rouquette) on the banks of Bayou Lacombe until his death in 1887. Special Collections & Archives at Loyola University New Orleans preserves a small collection of writings by Rouquette and his brother, author and poet François Dominique. Adrien Rouquette Adrien Rouquette (February 26, 1813–July 15, 1887) was a writer and a Catholic missionary among the Choctaw Native Americans. Adrien Emmanuel Rouquette was born February 26, 1813, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the third of five surviving children. His father, Dominique, had emigrated to New Orleans from Fleurance, France, in 1800, where he soon married a Creole woman named Louise Cousin. By marriage,

Context: Document [17](Title: Paul Tulane) died near Princeton, and is buried in the Princeton Cemetery on Witherspoon Street. In his honor, he has several streets named after him throughout the country, including Tulane Street in Princeton, and Tulane Avenue in New Orleans. Paul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 – March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years

Context: Document [18](Title: T. Wayland Vaughan) and Annie R. Hope. He entered Tulane University in 1885 intending to enter the medical profession, but became interested in physical science and graduated with a Bachelor of Science. From 1889–1892, Vaughan taught physics and chemistry at Mount Lebanon, Louisiana. During this time he published his first papers on the mollusks and trees of northwest Louisiana and began collecting fossils. This led him to study biology at Harvard University, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in 1893, a Master of Arts in 1894, and completing his Ph.D in 1903 with a thesis titled "Eocene and Oligocene Corals of the United States".

Context: Document [19](Title: Middle American Research Institute) hinterland. The report of the First Tulane Expedition, Tribes and Temples, became the Department’s first publication. More staff hires included Ralph Roys, and Oliver La Farge. Following disputes between members of the Department of Middle American Research and the president of Tulane, Frans Blom took over in the position of Director of the Department. In this position, Blom decided to promote “archaeology as the major function of the department.” During Blom’s time as director, he led multiple extensive expeditions to Latin America. In his own words, Blom describes the first expedition: “We discovered twenty-four ruined cities hitherto unrecorded by scientists…

Context: Document [20](Title: Ernest Lyon) in 1882. The next year, in 1883, Lyon became the first charge in La Teche. In 1894, he "was appointed Sunday School Agent of the Louisiana Conference." He also served as the Conference statistical secretary and the reserve delegate of the General conference for several years. He was an editor of the Sunday school column in the "Southwestern Christian Advocate". By 1895, Lyon was the "special agent of the Freedman's Aid and Southern Educational Society." Later he served as a pastor in multiple churches in New Orleans including the Mallalieu Methodist Episcopal Church in 1886, the Thompson Church in 1889,

Question: when was the miraculous journey of edward tulane published?

Answer: 2006

Answer: March 30, 2006


Context: Document [1](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) Awards finalist in the children's chapter book category. In 2007 the U.S. National Education Association named it one of "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children" based on an online poll. In 2012 it was ranked number 59 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by "School Library Journal" – the third of three books by DiCamillo in the Top 100. The book was featured in "My Love from the Star", a 2014 Korean drama about an alien living on Earth for 400 years who falls in love with a popular actress. This propelled the novel to the top of

Context: Document [2](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) until a storm frees him from the seabed and a passing fisherman and his buddy pull him from their fishing net. The man takes him home to his wife where he is renamed and forced to wear dresses. Edward is passed from hand to hand of a succession of life-altering characters, such as a hobo and his dog and a four-year-old girl with tuberculosis and her brother. Edward's journeys not only take him far from home, but even farther from the selfish rabbit he once was. Eventually, Edward is cruelly broken against a counter top edge, repaired and then offered

Context: Document [3](Title: Kate DiCamillo) In 2012 "Winn-Dixie" was ranked number 30 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by "School Library Journal", a monthly with primarily U.S. audience. "Despereaux" (51) and "Edward Tulane" (59) also made the Top 100 list. DiCamillo is the fourth U.S. National Ambassador for Young People's Literature. In 2005, "Because of Winn-Dixie" was released as a film by 20th Century Fox. Universal Pictures released "The Tale of Despereaux" on December 19, 2008. "The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane" was optioned by New Line Cinema and is in early pre-production. In 2013, Robert Zemeckis signed on to direct the "Edward

Context: Document [4](Title: Paul Tulane) Paul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 – March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years touring the southern United States with a well-educated male cousin, who was a member of the bar in France. It was from this tour that Tulane developed a keen interest in New Orleans. In 1822, he established

Context: Document [5](Title: William Marbury Carpenter) near Port Hudson, East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. In 1842, he was a professor of "materia medica" at the University of Louisiana, where he was appointed dean in 1845. In 1844, he published a study on the habit of dirt eating among Negro slaves, and he published several other significant studies. He was a leading proponent of research into disease transportability and transmission as related to importation of disease and outbreak of epidemics. He joined the faculty of the Medical College of Louisiana as Professor of Botany and Geology, and from 1845-1846 he was Dean of the Tulane University School

Context: Document [6](Title: Rudolph Matas) Rudolph Matas Rudolph Matas (September 12, 1860 – September 23, 1957), a prominent and innovative surgeon was born outside of New Orleans in Bonnet Carre, Louisiana. He spent much of his childhood in his parents' native land of Spain, returning to the New Orleans in 1877 to begin his medical training at the Medical School of the University of Louisiana, now known as Tulane University School of Medicine, receiving his medical degree in 1880 at 19 years old. Dr. Matas is one of Tulane's most distinguished alumni, with 42 years of teaching in the medical school and a vast array

Context: Document [7](Title: Tulane Review) the design award of the AWP Literary Magazine. Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The "Review" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the

Context: Document [8](Title: Tulane Review) Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The "Review" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the fall and spring. "Review" is the recipient of

Context: Document [9](Title: John Lyon (poet)) prayer and gospel sermons. Because of these daily sermons and good relations between voyagers, all 48 non-Mormon passengers were baptized, including the captain and crew, making this specific emigration voyage unique. On 23 April 1853 the "International" docked in New Orleans. On their last day on the "International", Lyon was appointed to lead the 237 Ten Pound Saints (referring to the fact that they each paid ten pounds for the journey to Zion). The Ten Pound Saints stayed in New Orleans for four days before boarding the a Mississippi steamer called the "Leah Tunah" and prepared for the 1,200 mile,

Context: Document [10](Title: Tulane University) university was Francis Lister Hawks, an Episcopalian priest and prominent citizen of New Orleans at the time. The university was closed from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. After reopening, it went through a period of financial challenges because of an extended agricultural depression in the South which affected the nation's economy. Paul Tulane, owner of a prospering dry goods and clothing business, donated extensive real estate within New Orleans for the support of education. This donation led to the establishment of a Tulane Educational Fund (TEF), whose board of administrators sought to support the University of Louisiana

Context: Document [11](Title: Paul Tulane) D. Winters in his "Civil War in Louisiana" (1963) does not give the amount Tulane contributed. For many years he gave liberally to the charitable institutions and Presbyterian churches of Princeton and New Orleans. In 1882, he donated $363,000 (1882 value) to improve higher education in the city of New Orleans. Tulane's Act of Donation ultimately resulted in the renaming of the University of Louisiana (founded as the Medical College of Louisiana) to The Tulane University of Louisiana, in his honor and turning the once public institution into a private one, the only such instance in United States history. He

Context: Document [12](Title: Tulane Green Wave men's basketball) and the 2004 realignment of conferences. It rejoined many of its previous conference mates when it became a member of the American Athletic Conference in 2014. Tulane's men's basketball team played its first game on December 9, 1905. The program fell victim to one of the biggest scandals of the 1980s in college sports when four players, including star forward "Hot Rod" Williams, were accused of taking money and cocaine to alter the final point spreads of games they played in. Clyde Eads and Jon Johnson were granted immunity to testify against Williams, the alleged ringleader. Although he was indicted,

Context: Document [13](Title: Charles Eshleman) 2–2–1 record. While at Tulane, he set the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association record in the 220-yard dash at 23.2 seconds. He was a member of Alpha Tau Omega. In 1900, he studied literature at Tulane, and in 1904, Eshleman received his medical doctorate from Tulane. In the spring of 1904, he attended the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland to take graduate medical courses. Eshleman was "known for his altruism as well as for his notable achievements in the highly specialized field of Internal Medicine." He taught at the Tulane School of Medicine. In 1918, he was

Context: Document [14](Title: Theodore Clapp) no precedent in the New Testament for such political action. Clapp served on the Board of Trustees of the Medical College of Louisiana, which was to become The Tulane University School of Medicine. In 1847, he travelled in Europe, and in 1857, his health failing, and his church having been burned, he resigned his pastorate. He published in 1858, a volume of "Autobiographical Sketches and Recollections" of a 35 years' residence in New Orleans. The last nine years of his life were spent, chiefly in retirement, in Louisville, Kentucky. He died there on April 17, 1866, aged 74 years. He

Context: Document [15](Title: Adrien Rouquette) on the banks of Bayou Lacombe until his death in 1887. Special Collections & Archives at Loyola University New Orleans preserves a small collection of writings by Rouquette and his brother, author and poet François Dominique. Adrien Rouquette Adrien Rouquette (February 26, 1813–July 15, 1887) was a writer and a Catholic missionary among the Choctaw Native Americans. Adrien Emmanuel Rouquette was born February 26, 1813, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the third of five surviving children. His father, Dominique, had emigrated to New Orleans from Fleurance, France, in 1800, where he soon married a Creole woman named Louise Cousin. By marriage,

Context: Document [16](Title: Paul Tulane) died near Princeton, and is buried in the Princeton Cemetery on Witherspoon Street. In his honor, he has several streets named after him throughout the country, including Tulane Street in Princeton, and Tulane Avenue in New Orleans. Paul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 – March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years

Context: Document [17](Title: T. Wayland Vaughan) and Annie R. Hope. He entered Tulane University in 1885 intending to enter the medical profession, but became interested in physical science and graduated with a Bachelor of Science. From 1889–1892, Vaughan taught physics and chemistry at Mount Lebanon, Louisiana. During this time he published his first papers on the mollusks and trees of northwest Louisiana and began collecting fossils. This led him to study biology at Harvard University, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in 1893, a Master of Arts in 1894, and completing his Ph.D in 1903 with a thesis titled "Eocene and Oligocene Corals of the United States".

Context: Document [18](Title: Middle American Research Institute) hinterland. The report of the First Tulane Expedition, Tribes and Temples, became the Department’s first publication. More staff hires included Ralph Roys, and Oliver La Farge. Following disputes between members of the Department of Middle American Research and the president of Tulane, Frans Blom took over in the position of Director of the Department. In this position, Blom decided to promote “archaeology as the major function of the department.” During Blom’s time as director, he led multiple extensive expeditions to Latin America. In his own words, Blom describes the first expedition: “We discovered twenty-four ruined cities hitherto unrecorded by scientists…

Context: Document [19](Title: Ernest Lyon) in 1882. The next year, in 1883, Lyon became the first charge in La Teche. In 1894, he "was appointed Sunday School Agent of the Louisiana Conference." He also served as the Conference statistical secretary and the reserve delegate of the General conference for several years. He was an editor of the Sunday school column in the "Southwestern Christian Advocate". By 1895, Lyon was the "special agent of the Freedman's Aid and Southern Educational Society." Later he served as a pastor in multiple churches in New Orleans including the Mallalieu Methodist Episcopal Church in 1886, the Thompson Church in 1889,

Context: Document [20](Title: The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane) The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo. Following the life of a china rabbit, the book won the 2006 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award in Fiction category.

Question: when was the miraculous journey of edward tulane published?

Answer: 2006

Answer: March 30, 2006


Context: Document [1](Title: Geocentric model) The geocentric model was eventually replaced by the heliocentric model. The earliest heliocentric model, Copernican heliocentrism, could remove Ptolemy's epicycles because the retrograde motion could be seen to be the result of the combination of Earth and planet movement and speeds. Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity, and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of new epicycles was entirely equivalent. Astronomers often continued using the equants instead of the epicycles because the former was easier to calculate, and gave the same result.

Context: Document [2](Title: Heliocentrism) of Samos's heliocentric scheme had centuries earlier necessarily placed the stars at least two orders of magnitude more distant. Problems with Ptolemy's system were well recognized in medieval astronomy, and an increasing effort to criticize and improve it in the late medieval period eventually led to the Copernican heliocentrism developed in Renaissance astronomy. The non-geocentric model of the Universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus (d. 390 BC), who taught that at the center of the Universe was a "central fire", around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and planets revolved in uniform circular motion. This system postulated the existence

Context: Document [3](Title: Johannes van Heeck) the universe, known as the Aristotelian model or the Ptolmaic system. This held that the stars were remote, fixed in their positions and unchanging, while movement and variance were associated with the planets, closer to the earth. An unusual event in the sky might take place close to the earth, and could therefore be explained within the standard cosmological model. However if it took place beyond the planets, this indicated that the stars, contrary to what was commonly believed, could not be fixed in a 'firmament'. Astronomers (still working with the unaided naked eye at this time) took measurements of

Context: Document [4](Title: Geocentric model) Alpetragius proposed a planetary model that abandoned the equant, epicycle and eccentric mechanisms, though this resulted in a system that was mathematically less accurate. Alpetragius also declared the Ptolemaic system as an imaginary model that was successful at predicting planetary positions but not real or physical. His alternative system spread through most of Europe during the 13th century. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209), in dealing with his conception of physics and the physical world in his "Matalib", rejects the Aristotelian and Avicennian notion of the Earth's centrality within the universe, but instead argues that there are "a thousand thousand worlds ("alfa

Context: Document [5](Title: Geocentric model) 17th century competition between astronomical cosmologies focused on variations of Tycho Brahe's Tychonic system (in which the Earth was still at the center of the universe, and around it revolved the Sun, but all other planets revolved around the Sun in one massive set of epicycles), or variations on the Copernican system. Johannes Kepler analysed Tycho Brahe's famously accurate observations and afterwards constructed his three laws in 1609 and 1619, based on a heliocentric view where the planets move in elliptical paths. Using these laws, he was the first astronomer to successfully predict a transit of Venus (for the year

Context: Document [6](Title: History of physics) mainstream scientific paradigm in Europe until the time of Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. Early in Classical Greece, knowledge that the Earth is spherical ("round") was common. Around 240 BCE, as the result a seminal experiment, Eratosthenes (276–194 BCE) accurately estimated its circumference. In contrast to Aristotle's geocentric views, Aristarchus of Samos (; c.310 – c.230 BCE) presented an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the Solar system, i.e. for placing the Sun, not the Earth, at its centre. Seleucus of Seleucia, a follower of Aristarchus' heliocentric theory, stated that the Earth rotated around its own axis, which, in

Context: Document [7](Title: Geocentric model) motion based on Plato's dictum stating that all phenomena in the heavens can be explained with uniform circular motion. Aristotle elaborated on Eudoxus' system. In the fully developed Aristotelian system, the spherical Earth is at the center of the universe, and all other heavenly bodies are attached to 47–55 transparent, rotating spheres surrounding the Earth, all concentric with it. (The number is so high because several spheres are needed for each planet.) These spheres, known as crystalline spheres, all moved at different uniform speeds to create the revolution of bodies around the Earth. They were composed of an incorruptible substance

Context: Document [8](Title: Copernican Revolution) is much older; it can be traced to Aristarchus of Samos, a Hellenistic author writing in the 3rd century BC, who may in turn have been drawing on even older concepts in Pythagoreanism. Ancient heliocentrism was, however, eclipsed by the geocentric model presented by Ptolemy and accepted in Aristotelianism. European scholars were well aware of the problems with Ptolemaic astronomy since the 13th century. The debate was precipitated by the reception by Averroes' criticism of Ptolemy, and it was again revived by the recovery of Ptolemy's text and its translation into Latin in the mid-15th century. Otto E. Neugebauer in

Context: Document [9](Title: Aristarchus of Samos) Aristarchus of Samos Aristarchus of Samos (; , "Aristarkhos ho Samios"; c. 310 – c. 230 BC) was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it. He was influenced by Philolaus of Croton, but Aristarchus identified the "central fire" with the Sun, and he put the other planets in their correct order of distance around the Sun. Like Anaxagoras before him, he suspected that the stars were just other bodies like the Sun, albeit further away from Earth.

Context: Document [10](Title: Heliocentrism) the Copernican Revolution. While a moving Earth was proposed at least from the 4th century BC in Pythagoreanism, and a fully developed heliocentric model was developed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC, these ideas were not successful in replacing the view of a static spherical Earth, and from the 2nd century AD the predominant model, which would be inherited by medieval astronomy, was the geocentric model described in Ptolemy's "Almagest". The Ptolemaic system was a sophisticated astronomical system that managed to calculate the positions for the planets to a fair degree of accuracy. Ptolemy himself, in his

Context: Document [11](Title: Geocentric model) intended to explain changes in the brightness of the planets due to a change in distance. Eventually, perfectly concentric spheres were abandoned as it was impossible to develop a sufficiently accurate model under that ideal. However, while providing for similar explanations, the later deferent and epicycle model was flexible enough to accommodate observations for many centuries. Although the basic tenets of Greek geocentrism were established by the time of Aristotle, the details of his system did not become standard. The Ptolemaic system, developed by the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus in the 2nd century AD finally standardised geocentrism. His main astronomical

Context: Document [12](Title: Geocentric model) coelestium" ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"), which posited that the Earth and the other planets instead revolved around the Sun. The geocentric system was still held for many years afterwards, as at the time the Copernican system did not offer better predictions than the geocentric system, and it posed problems for both natural philosophy and scripture. The Copernican system was no more accurate than Ptolemy's system, because it still used circular orbits. This was not altered until Johannes Kepler postulated that they were elliptical (Kepler's first law of planetary motion). With the invention of the telescope in 1609,

Context: Document [13](Title: Copernican heliocentrism) preserving the metaphysical implications of a mathematically ordered cosmos. Thus, his heliocentric model retained several of the Ptolemaic elements causing the inaccuracies, such as the planets' circular orbits, epicycles, and uniform speeds, while at the same time re-introducing such innovations as: Philolaus (4th century BCE) was one of the first to hypothesize movement of the Earth, probably inspired by Pythagoras' theories about a spherical, moving globe. Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BCE had developed some theories of Heraclides Ponticus (speaking of a revolution by Earth on its axis) to propose what was, so far as is known, the

Context: Document [14](Title: William Gilbert (astronomer)) of a more minute and practical knowledge of natural philosophy than Bacon, his opposition to the philosophy of the schools was more searching and particular, and at the same time probably little less efficient." In the opinion of Prof. John Robison, "De Mundo" consists of an attempt to establish a new system of natural philosophy upon the ruins of the Aristotelian doctrine. Dr. William Whewell says in his "History of the Inductive Sciences" (1859): Gilbert, in his work, "De Magnete" printed in 1600 has only some vague notions that the magnetic virtue of the earth in some way determines the

Context: Document [15](Title: Bernard of Verdun) to be insufficiently developed to challenge Ptolemy's system. Bernard of Verdun Little is known of the life of Bernard of Verdun, except that he was a Franciscan friar who may have been born in Verdun and lived in the second half of the thirteenth century. His most significant work was the Treatise on the Whole of Astronomy ("Tractatus super totam astrologiam"), in which he defended Ptolemy's theory of epicycles and eccentrics against al-Bitruji's system of homocentric spheres. Contrary to the criticisms of Averroes and al-Bitruji, Bernard maintained that Ptolemy's theory was consistent with Aristotle's physics. He further pointed out many

Context: Document [16](Title: Heliocentrism) to the Ptolemaic geocentric system: a geo-heliocentric system now known as the Tychonic system in which the five then known planets orbit the sun, while the sun and the moon orbit the earth. Tycho appreciated the Copernican system, but objected to the idea of a moving Earth on the basis of physics, astronomy, and religion. The Aristotelian physics of the time (modern Newtonian physics was still a century away) offered no physical explanation for the motion of a massive body like Earth, whereas it could easily explain the motion of heavenly bodies by postulating that they were made of a

Context: Document [17](Title: Universe) was brought into nearly perfect agreement with astronomical observations by Ptolemy. The success of such a model is largely due to the mathematical fact that any function (such as the position of a planet) can be decomposed into a set of circular functions (the Fourier modes). Other Greek scientists, such as the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus, postulated (according to Stobaeus account) that at the center of the Universe was a "central fire" around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and Planets revolved in uniform circular motion. The Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known individual to propose a heliocentric model

Context: Document [18](Title: Geocentric model) knew about Tusi's work or that of the Maragha school. Not all Greeks agreed with the geocentric model. The Pythagorean system has already been mentioned; some Pythagoreans believed the Earth to be one of several planets going around a central fire. Hicetas and Ecphantus, two Pythagoreans of the 5th century BC, and Heraclides Ponticus in the 4th century BC, believed that the Earth rotated on its axis but remained at the center of the universe. Such a system still qualifies as geocentric. It was revived in the Middle Ages by Jean Buridan. Heraclides Ponticus was once thought to have proposed

Context: Document [19](Title: Spherical Earth) up. In this geocentric model, the structure of the universe was believed to be a series of perfect spheres. The Sun, Moon, planets and fixed stars were believed to move on celestial spheres around a stationary Earth. Though Aristotle's theory of physics survived in the Christian world for many centuries, the heliocentric model was eventually shown to be a more correct explanation of the Solar System than the geocentric model, and atomic theory was shown to be a more correct explanation of the nature of matter than classical elements like earth, water, air, fire, and aether. In proposition 2 of

Context: Document [20](Title: Geocentric model) work, the "Almagest", was the culmination of centuries of work by Hellenic, Hellenistic and Babylonian astronomers. For over a millennium European and Islamic astronomers assumed it was the correct cosmological model. Because of its influence, people sometimes wrongly think the Ptolemaic system is identical with the geocentric model. Ptolemy argued that the Earth was a sphere in the center of the universe, from the simple observation that half the stars were above the horizon and half were below the horizon at any time (stars on rotating stellar sphere), and the assumption that the stars were all at some modest distance

Question: who challenged the aristotelian model of a geocentric universe?

Answer: Copernicus