Context: Document [1](Title: Movie Star (song)) Movie Star (song) "Movie Star" is a song by Irish singer Róisín Murphy from her second studio album, "Overpowered" (2007). It was written by Murphy, Paul "Seiji" Dolby and Mike Patto, while production was handled by Parrot & Dean. The song was released digitally in the United States on 14 October 2008 as the album's fourth and final single. The track was set to be released as the album's fourth single on 21 July 2008, but was then pushed back many times for a release in November. It was to be released as a double A-side single with a cover

Context: Document [2](Title: The Movie Star) The Movie Star "The Movie Star" is the eleventh episode of the American television series, "Smash". The episode aired on April 16, 2012. Rehearsal with Rebecca Duvall (Uma Thurman) as Marilyn gets off to a bumpy start. Within minutes, everyone realizes Duvall can't sing very well. Additionally, Duvall is unprofessional and self-centered, continually trying to change the show, blowing off events and showing up late, and creating a scene when a drunken ex-lover crashes rehearsal. In order to compensate for Duvall's lack of theatrical skills, Derek creates bigger parts for Karen (Katharine McPhee) and the newly rehired Ivy (Megan Hilty).

Context: Document [3](Title: Star (2001 film)) Star (2001 film) Star is a 2001 Tamil action film directed by Praveen Gandhi and produced by Vijaykrishna. The film stars Prashanth and Jyothika in the lead roles while Raghuvaran, Vijayakumar, and Praveen Gandhi play other pivotal roles. The film's score and soundtrack are composed by A.R. Rahman, while the film is edited by M. N. Rajan. The film opened to poor reviews and performed below average at the box office in July 2001. Murthy (Prashanth) earns his living taking the blame for the mistakes of other people, and so the jail is his second home. Dhanushkodi (Raghuvaran) has sworn

Context: Document [4](Title: Movie star) Movie star A movie star (also known as a film star and cinema star) is an actor who is famous for their starring, or leading, roles in motion pictures. The term is used for actors who are marketable stars and whose names are used to promote movies, for example in trailers and posters. In the early days of silent movies, the names of the actors and actresses appearing in them were not publicized or credited because producers feared this would result in demands for higher salaries. However, audience curiosity soon undermined this policy. By 1909, actresses such as Florence Lawrence

Context: Document [5](Title: Film Star (film)) Film Star (film) Film Star is a 2005 Hindi film directed by Tanuja Chandra and starring Priyanshu Chatterjee, Mahima Chaudhry Vasundhara Das and Anup Shukla Hira Pandit (Mahima Chaudhry) is an actress who is nothing if not full of herself. Arrogant and thriving on only one thing - people adoring her unabashedly, and without stopping, just loving her! So naturally when this adoration stars to wane, she can't take it. Her vanity can't bear the fact that her popularity is slipping, that she's not getting nominated for awards, that her films simply aren't working like they used to. And at

Context: Document [6](Title: Film Star (film)) out...as she realizes...that life...is much more than films. Film Star (film) Film Star is a 2005 Hindi film directed by Tanuja Chandra and starring Priyanshu Chatterjee, Mahima Chaudhry Vasundhara Das and Anup Shukla Hira Pandit (Mahima Chaudhry) is an actress who is nothing if not full of herself. Arrogant and thriving on only one thing - people adoring her unabashedly, and without stopping, just loving her! So naturally when this adoration stars to wane, she can't take it. Her vanity can't bear the fact that her popularity is slipping, that she's not getting nominated for awards, that her films simply

Context: Document [7](Title: Movie star) as Aaron Aziz and Adi Putra. Movie star A movie star (also known as a film star and cinema star) is an actor who is famous for their starring, or leading, roles in motion pictures. The term is used for actors who are marketable stars and whose names are used to promote movies, for example in trailers and posters. In the early days of silent movies, the names of the actors and actresses appearing in them were not publicized or credited because producers feared this would result in demands for higher salaries. However, audience curiosity soon undermined this policy. By

Context: Document [8](Title: A Star Is Born (1976 film)) with an average rating of 5.3/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four, writing in his review, "There is, to begin with, no denying Barbra Streisand's enormous talent. At the end of 'A Star Is Born' the camera stays on her for one unbroken shot of seven or eight minutes, and she sings her heart out, and we concede that she's one of the great stars of the movies, one of

Context: Document [9](Title: Star! (film)) last countries in which the film was released. When the film was in production, 15,000 people responded to promotional ads placed by 20th Century Fox for advance ticket sales in New York City, but a year later, when the studio followed up by mailing them order forms, only a very small percentage actually bought tickets. Sales were higher for Wednesday matinees than for Saturday nights, which indicated that a crucial component—young adults—would not be a large part of the picture's audience. The film opened in the US with little advance sale, and good-to-mediocre reviews. "Star!" was a commercial disappointment in

Context: Document [10](Title: A Star Is Born (1954 film)) rumored that film restorer (and friend of Liza Minnelli) Michael Arick had a complete print of the film. "A Star Is Born", a remake itself, was again remade in 1976 with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson. The film was remade without permission in Bollywood as "Aashiqui 2" in 2013. The original film is in the public domain. The latest remake of "A Star Is Born" stars Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga, who also created new music for the project. Filming began April 17, 2017, and the film was released on October 5, 2018. The soundtrack has never been out of

Context: Document [11](Title: Movie Star (song)) of Bryan Ferry's 1985 song "Slave to Love" to coincide with its use in the Gucci Pour Homme advertising campaign. On 4 December 2008, it was announced that the European and UK release of the single had been cancelled. Nevertheless, "Movie Star" was released digitally in the United States on 14 October 2008. Heather Phares of AllMusic referred to "Movie Star" as "Murphy's spin on Goldfrapp's glossy glam pop (and the only time she seems in danger of being overpowered by someone else's sound on the album)." Stephen Trouss of Pitchfork agreed, saying the song "laces itself a little too

Context: Document [12](Title: A Star Is Born (2018 film)) theatrically released in the United States on October 5, 2018, by Warner Bros. The film has grossed over $376 million worldwide and received critical acclaim, with praise for Cooper, Gaga and Elliott's performances and Cooper's direction, as well as the screenplay, cinematography and music. It was chosen by both the National Board of Review and American Film Institute as one of the Top 10 Films of 2018, and received five nominations at the 76th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Drama. Jackson Maine, a famous country music singer privately battling an alcohol and drug addiction, plays a concert

Context: Document [13](Title: The Star (2017 film)) as he felt that there was a lack of Christmas films centering on the Nativity of Jesus: "It felt like an opportunity to be part of a movie that has not been done before, that's really going to fill a void." The animation was produced by Cinesite Studios. Animation work began on January 2017. On January 5, 2017, it was reported that Oprah Winfrey and Tyler Perry would be in the film. The rest of the cast was announced on January 19, 2017. "The Star (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)" was released on October 27, 2017, including contributions from Jessie James

Context: Document [14](Title: The Star (2017 film)) available on her YouTube channel. "The Star" was released on digital on February 6, 2018, and on DVD and Blu-ray on February 20, 2018 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. "The Star" has grossed $40.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $22 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $62.8 million, against a production budget of $20 million. In the United States and Canada, "The Star" was released alongside "Justice League" and "Wonder", and was projected to gross around $10 million from 2,800 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $2.8 million on its first day.

Context: Document [15](Title: A Star Is Born (2018 film)) Canada. Jeff Goldstein, President of Domestic Distribution, Warner Bros. Pictures, said, "Securing premium IMAX screens in this competitive holiday window, ten weeks into release, speaks to the quality of the film Bradley Cooper has delivered and the passion audiences have for this story. We are thrilled to be able to give moviegoers a chance to see 'A Star Is Born' again, or for the first time, in such an experiential format as IMAX." Warner Bros. announced that the film would be available for digital download through retailers on January 15, 2019, followed by its release on Blu-ray, DVD and 4K

Context: Document [16](Title: A Star Is Born (2018 film)) on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film." "A Star Is Born" had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on August 31, 2018. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival, the San Sebastián International Film Festival, and the Zurich Film Festival in September 2018. The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 5, 2018, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, after initially having been set for September 28, 2018, and May 18, 2018, releases. From December 7, 2018, the film had a limited release in IMAX theaters across United States and

Context: Document [17](Title: The Star (1952 film)) as a saleswoman in an upscale department store, but overhearing some unkind gossip from two customers wounds her pride and she runs out. Her old agent manages to get her a screen test for a role in a film she'd always wanted to play. She is offered and takes a screen test for a supporting role, believing that if she plays that character as a sexy younger woman -- rather than the middle-aged frump she is seen as by the studio -- she might be able to win the more coveted lead role. It does not work out. At a

Context: Document [18](Title: The Star (2017 film)) The Star (2017 film) The Star is a 2017 American computer-animated Christian comedy film directed by Timothy Reckart. Based on the Nativity of Jesus, an original idea by Tom Sheridan, the screenplay was written by Carlos Kotkin and Simon Moore. It is produced by Sony Pictures Animation, with partnership from Walden Media, Affirm Films and The Jim Henson Company. It stars the voices of Steven Yeun, Gina Rodriguez, Zachary Levi, Keegan-Michael Key, Kelly Clarkson, Patricia Heaton, Kristin Chenoweth, Tracy Morgan, Tyler Perry, and Oprah Winfrey. The film was released by Columbia Pictures through its parental label Sony Pictures Entertainment on

Context: Document [19](Title: A Star Is Born (2018 film)) A Star Is Born (2018 film) A Star Is Born is a 2018 American musical romantic drama film produced and directed by Bradley Cooper (in his directorial debut) and written by Eric Roth, Cooper and Will Fetters. A remake of the 1937 film of the same name, it stars Cooper, Lady Gaga, Andrew Dice Clay, Dave Chappelle, and Sam Elliott, and follows a hard-drinking musician (Cooper) who discovers and falls in love with a young singer (Gaga). It marks the fourth remake of the original 1937 film, after the 1954 musical, the 1976 rock musical and the 2013 Bollywood romance

Context: Document [20](Title: The Star (2017 film)) The film was released by Columbia Pictures through its parental label Sony Pictures Entertainment on November 17, 2017 in the United States. It was met with mixed reviews and has grossed $61 million worldwide. The film received a nomination for Best Original Song ("The Star") at the 75th Golden Globe Awards.

Question: when does the movie the star come out?

Answer: November 17, 2017


Context: Document [1](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) A. planci has a very wide Indo-Pacific distribution. It is perhaps most common in Australia, but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean, and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America. It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region.

Context: Document [2](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region. The body form of the crown-of-thorns starfish is fundamentally the same as that of a typical starfish, with a central disk and radiating arms. Its special traits, however, include being disc-shaped, multiple-armed, flexible, prehensile, and heavily spined, and having a large ratio of stomach surface to body mass. Its prehensile ability arises from the two rows of numerous tube feet that extend to the tip of each arm. In being multiple-armed, it has lost the five-fold symmetry (pentamerism) typical of starfish, although it begins its life cycle with

Context: Document [3](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) the starfish found no evidence of the starfish in the fish's guts. These carnivorous fish were caught commercially on the coral reefs on the Gulf of Oman and examined at local fish markets. One problem with the concept of predators of large juvenile and adult starfish causing total mortality is that the starfish have good regenerative powers and they wouldn't keep still while being eaten. Also, they would need to be consumed completely or almost completely to die. 17–60% of starfish in various populations had missing or regenerating arms. Clearly the starfish experience various levels of sublethal predation. When the

Context: Document [4](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) it eradicates the bulk of the starfish in a given area, human divers can move in and remove the survivors. Field trials of the robot have begun in Moreton Bay in Brisbane to refine its navigation system, according to Queensland University of Technology researcher Matthew Dunbabin. There are no crown-of-thorns starfish in Moreton Bay, but when the navigation has been refined, the robot will be used on the reef. Crown-of-thorns starfish The crown-of-thorns starfish, "Acanthaster planci", is a large starfish that preys upon hard, or stony, coral polyps (Scleractinia). The crown-of-thorns starfish receives its name from venomous thorn-like spines that

Context: Document [5](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) was an initial period of relatively slow growth while the starfish were feeding on coralline algae. This was followed by a phase of rapid growth which led to sexual maturity at the end of the second year. The starfish were in the vicinity of 200 mm diameter at this stage. They continued to grow rapidly and were in the order of 300 mm at 3 years of age. Then they reached a plateau between 3 and 4 years and tended to decline after 4 years. Gonad development was greater in the third and subsequent years than at 2 years and

Context: Document [6](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) (four locations), Micronesia (two locations), and samples from one location each of the Great Barrier Reef, Fiji, Hawaii, and Gulf of California. A sample of 10 specimens of "A. brevispinus" from the Great Barrier Reef region was included for comparison. There was considerable genetic differentiation between the "A. brevispinus" and "A. planci" populations (D= 0.20 +/- 0.02)(D is genetic distance). The genetic differences between geographic populations of "A. planci" were, however, small (D = 0.03 +/- 0.00; Fsr = 0.07 + 0.02) (Fsr is standardized genetic variance for each polymorphic locus) despite the great distances separating them. A positive correlation

Context: Document [7](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) between the Indian and Pacific Ocean populations. Those, however, off northern Western Australia had a strong Pacific affinity. With the exception of the very strong connection of southern Japanese populations to the Great Barrier Reef populations, the patterns of variation within regions were consistent with isolation by distance. Again, the pattern of decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances is apparent. Benzie suggests that the divergence between Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean populations began at least 1.6 million years ago and is likely to reflect responses to changes in climate and sea level. A more recent comprehensive geographic

Context: Document [8](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) spines on the sides of the starfish's arms and upper (aboral) surface resemble thorns and create a crown-like shape, giving the creature its name. The spines are stiff and very sharp, and readily pierce through soft surfaces. Despite the battery of sharp spines on the aboral surface and blunt spines on the oral surface, the crown-of-thorns starfish's general body surface is membranous and soft. When the starfish is removed from the water, the body surface ruptures and the body fluid leaks out, so the body collapses and flattens. The spines bend over and flatten, as well. They recover their shape

Context: Document [9](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) fecundity of this starfish. Babcock et al. (1993) monitored changes in fecundity and fertility (fertilisation rate) over the spawning season of the Crown-of-thorns starfish on Davies Reef, central Great Barrier Reef, from 1990 to 1992. The starfish were observed to spawn (photograph) from December to January (early to mid-summer) in this region with most observations being in January. However, both gonadosomatic index and fertility peaked early and declined to low levels by late January, indicating that most successful reproductive events took place early in the spawning season. In northern hemisphere coral reefs however, crown-of-thorns populations reproduce in April and May,

Context: Document [10](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) in the central (Hawaii) and eastern Pacific (Gulf of California) populations suggests they were derived from those in the western Pacific. Further details of the genetic relationship between "A. planci" and "Acanthaster brevispinus" are presented in the entry for the latter species. These are clearly sibling species and it is suggested that "A. planci", the specialised coral-feeding species arose from "A. brevispinus", the less specialised soft-bottom inhabitant. In a very comprehensive geographic study, Benzie examined allozyme loci variation in 20 populations of " A. planci", throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The most striking result was a very marked discontinuity

Context: Document [11](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) testes are readily distinguished with the former being more yellow and having larger lobes. In section they are very different with the ovaries densely filled with nutrient-packed ova (see ovum and photograph) and the testes densely filled with sperm, which consist of little more than a nucleus and flagellum. Fecundity in female Crown-of-thorns starfish is related to size with large starfish committing proportionally more energy into ova production such that a: In coral reefs in the Philippines, female specimens were found with a gonadosomatic index (ratio of gonad mass to body mass) as high as 22%, which underlines the high

Context: Document [12](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) ellisii" came to be used for the distinctive starfish in the eastern Pacific Gulf of California. The eastern Pacific "Acanthaster" is very distinctive (see image to the right) with its rather 'plump' body, large disk to total diameter ratio and short, blunt spines. It gives the impression of living in a habitat where having sharp defenses against predators has little value, although it lives on coral reef and feeds on coral. Nishida and Lucas examined variation at 14 allozyme loci of ten population samples of "A. planci" using starch-gel electrophoresis. The samples were from localities across the Pacific: Ryukyu archipelago

Context: Document [13](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) hypotheses focused on changes in the survival of juvenile and adult starfish - the "predator removal hypothesis": Many of the reports of fish preying on "Acanthaster" are single observations or presumed predation from the nature of the fish. For example, the humphead wrasse may prey on the starfish amongst its more usual diet. Individual puffer fish and trigger-fish have been observed to feed crown-of-thorns starfish in the Red Sea, but there is no evidence that they are a significant factor in population control. A study, however, based on the stomach contents of large carnivorous fish that are potential predators of

Context: Document [14](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) this symmetry. Adult crown-of-thorns starfish normally range in size from . They have up to 21 arms. Although the body of the crown of thorns has a stiff appearance, it is able to bend and twist to fit around the contours of the corals on which it feeds. The underside of each arm has a series of closely fitting plates which form a groove and extend in rows to the mouth. They are usually of subdued colours, pale brown to grey-green, but they may be garish with bright warning colours in some parts of their wide range. The long, sharp

Context: Document [15](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) survival rate increases to 0.1% (one in a thousand) throughout development from one spawning of 20 million eggs this would result in 20,000 adult starfish where the larvae have recruited. Since the larvae are the most abundant stages of development it is likely that changes in survival will be most importance during this phase of development. Temperature and salinity have little effect on the survival of crown-of-thorns larvae. However, abundance and species of the particular component of phytoplankton (unicellular flagellates) on which the larvae feed has a profound effect on survival and rate of growth. The abundance of phytoplankton cells

Context: Document [16](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) central Great Barrier Reef region, large starfish (40 cm and greater diameter) killed about 61 cm²/day in winter and 357–478 cm²/day in summer. Smaller starfish, 20–39 cm, killed 155 and 234 cm²/day in the equivalent seasons. The area killed by the large starfish is equivalent to about from these observations. Differences in feeding and locomotion rates between summer and winter reflect the fact that the crown-of-thorns, like all marine invertebrates, is a poikilotherm whose body temperature and metabolic rate are directly affected by the temperature of the surrounding water. In tropical coral reefs, crown-of-thorns specimens reach mean locomotion rates of

Context: Document [17](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) that it was first described in 1705. Rhumphius used the name "Stella marina quindecium radiotorum". Later, Linnaeus described it as "Asterias planci", based on an illustration by Plancus and Gualtieri (1743), when he introduced his system of binomial nomenclature. No type specimens are known; the specimen described by Plancus and Gualtieri (1743) is no longer extant. Subsequent generic names used for the crown-of-thorns starfish included "Stellonia", "Echinaster" and "Echinites", before settling on "Acanthaster" (Gervais 1841). Species names included "echintes", "solaris", "mauritensis", "ellisii", and "ellisii pseudoplanci" (with subspecies). Most of these names arose from confusion in the historical literature, but "Acanthaster

Context: Document [18](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) starfish larvae in experimental studies gave support for a mechanism for starfish outbreaks: increased terrestrial runoff → increased nutrients denser phytoplankton↑→ better larval survival → increased starfish populations There have been further conformations of these connections, however research by Olson (1987), Kaufmann (2002), and Byrne (2016) suggests terrestrial runoff has little or no impact on larval survival. The conflicting data describing the negligible role of terrestrial agricultural runoff has been described as "an inconvenient study". There is also a flow-on effect in that where there are large starfish populations producing large numbers of larvae, there is likely to be heavy

Context: Document [19](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) coral reefs where "A. planci" hasn't been found to the more typical reefs with "A. planci". Some ecologists suggest that the starfish has an important and active role in maintaining coral reef biodiversity, driving ecological succession. Before overpopulation became a significant issue, crown-of-thorns prevented fast-growing coral from overpowering the slower growing coral varieties. At high densities ('outbreaks', 'plagues'), which may be defined as when the starfish are too abundant for the coral food supply, coral cover goes into decline. The starfish must broaden their diet from their preferred species, colony size and shape. The starfish often aggregate during feeding, even

Context: Document [20](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) is especially important. As autotrophs, phytoplankton abundance is strongly influenced by the concentration of inorganic nutrients, such as nitrogenous compounds. Birkeland had observed a correlation between the abundance of crown-of-thorns on reefs adjacent to land masses. These occurred on mainland islands as distinct from coral atolls about three years after heavy rainfall that followed a period of drought. He suggested that runoff from such heavy rainfall may stimulate phytoplankton blooms of sufficient size to produce enough food for the larvae of "A. planci" through input of nutrients. Combining Birkeland observations with the influence of inorganic nutrients on survival of the

Question: where did the crown of thorns starfish come from?

Answer: Indo-Pacific


Context: Document [1](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region. The body form of the crown-of-thorns starfish is fundamentally the same as that of a typical starfish, with a central disk and radiating arms. Its special traits, however, include being disc-shaped, multiple-armed, flexible, prehensile, and heavily spined, and having a large ratio of stomach surface to body mass. Its prehensile ability arises from the two rows of numerous tube feet that extend to the tip of each arm. In being multiple-armed, it has lost the five-fold symmetry (pentamerism) typical of starfish, although it begins its life cycle with

Context: Document [2](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) the starfish found no evidence of the starfish in the fish's guts. These carnivorous fish were caught commercially on the coral reefs on the Gulf of Oman and examined at local fish markets. One problem with the concept of predators of large juvenile and adult starfish causing total mortality is that the starfish have good regenerative powers and they wouldn't keep still while being eaten. Also, they would need to be consumed completely or almost completely to die. 17–60% of starfish in various populations had missing or regenerating arms. Clearly the starfish experience various levels of sublethal predation. When the

Context: Document [3](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) it eradicates the bulk of the starfish in a given area, human divers can move in and remove the survivors. Field trials of the robot have begun in Moreton Bay in Brisbane to refine its navigation system, according to Queensland University of Technology researcher Matthew Dunbabin. There are no crown-of-thorns starfish in Moreton Bay, but when the navigation has been refined, the robot will be used on the reef. Crown-of-thorns starfish The crown-of-thorns starfish, "Acanthaster planci", is a large starfish that preys upon hard, or stony, coral polyps (Scleractinia). The crown-of-thorns starfish receives its name from venomous thorn-like spines that

Context: Document [4](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) was an initial period of relatively slow growth while the starfish were feeding on coralline algae. This was followed by a phase of rapid growth which led to sexual maturity at the end of the second year. The starfish were in the vicinity of 200 mm diameter at this stage. They continued to grow rapidly and were in the order of 300 mm at 3 years of age. Then they reached a plateau between 3 and 4 years and tended to decline after 4 years. Gonad development was greater in the third and subsequent years than at 2 years and

Context: Document [5](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) A. planci has a very wide Indo-Pacific distribution. It is perhaps most common in Australia, but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean, and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America. It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region.

Context: Document [6](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) (four locations), Micronesia (two locations), and samples from one location each of the Great Barrier Reef, Fiji, Hawaii, and Gulf of California. A sample of 10 specimens of "A. brevispinus" from the Great Barrier Reef region was included for comparison. There was considerable genetic differentiation between the "A. brevispinus" and "A. planci" populations (D= 0.20 +/- 0.02)(D is genetic distance). The genetic differences between geographic populations of "A. planci" were, however, small (D = 0.03 +/- 0.00; Fsr = 0.07 + 0.02) (Fsr is standardized genetic variance for each polymorphic locus) despite the great distances separating them. A positive correlation

Context: Document [7](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) between the Indian and Pacific Ocean populations. Those, however, off northern Western Australia had a strong Pacific affinity. With the exception of the very strong connection of southern Japanese populations to the Great Barrier Reef populations, the patterns of variation within regions were consistent with isolation by distance. Again, the pattern of decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances is apparent. Benzie suggests that the divergence between Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean populations began at least 1.6 million years ago and is likely to reflect responses to changes in climate and sea level. A more recent comprehensive geographic

Context: Document [8](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) spines on the sides of the starfish's arms and upper (aboral) surface resemble thorns and create a crown-like shape, giving the creature its name. The spines are stiff and very sharp, and readily pierce through soft surfaces. Despite the battery of sharp spines on the aboral surface and blunt spines on the oral surface, the crown-of-thorns starfish's general body surface is membranous and soft. When the starfish is removed from the water, the body surface ruptures and the body fluid leaks out, so the body collapses and flattens. The spines bend over and flatten, as well. They recover their shape

Context: Document [9](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) fecundity of this starfish. Babcock et al. (1993) monitored changes in fecundity and fertility (fertilisation rate) over the spawning season of the Crown-of-thorns starfish on Davies Reef, central Great Barrier Reef, from 1990 to 1992. The starfish were observed to spawn (photograph) from December to January (early to mid-summer) in this region with most observations being in January. However, both gonadosomatic index and fertility peaked early and declined to low levels by late January, indicating that most successful reproductive events took place early in the spawning season. In northern hemisphere coral reefs however, crown-of-thorns populations reproduce in April and May,

Context: Document [10](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) in the central (Hawaii) and eastern Pacific (Gulf of California) populations suggests they were derived from those in the western Pacific. Further details of the genetic relationship between "A. planci" and "Acanthaster brevispinus" are presented in the entry for the latter species. These are clearly sibling species and it is suggested that "A. planci", the specialised coral-feeding species arose from "A. brevispinus", the less specialised soft-bottom inhabitant. In a very comprehensive geographic study, Benzie examined allozyme loci variation in 20 populations of " A. planci", throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The most striking result was a very marked discontinuity

Context: Document [11](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) testes are readily distinguished with the former being more yellow and having larger lobes. In section they are very different with the ovaries densely filled with nutrient-packed ova (see ovum and photograph) and the testes densely filled with sperm, which consist of little more than a nucleus and flagellum. Fecundity in female Crown-of-thorns starfish is related to size with large starfish committing proportionally more energy into ova production such that a: In coral reefs in the Philippines, female specimens were found with a gonadosomatic index (ratio of gonad mass to body mass) as high as 22%, which underlines the high

Context: Document [12](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) ellisii" came to be used for the distinctive starfish in the eastern Pacific Gulf of California. The eastern Pacific "Acanthaster" is very distinctive (see image to the right) with its rather 'plump' body, large disk to total diameter ratio and short, blunt spines. It gives the impression of living in a habitat where having sharp defenses against predators has little value, although it lives on coral reef and feeds on coral. Nishida and Lucas examined variation at 14 allozyme loci of ten population samples of "A. planci" using starch-gel electrophoresis. The samples were from localities across the Pacific: Ryukyu archipelago

Context: Document [13](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) hypotheses focused on changes in the survival of juvenile and adult starfish - the "predator removal hypothesis": Many of the reports of fish preying on "Acanthaster" are single observations or presumed predation from the nature of the fish. For example, the humphead wrasse may prey on the starfish amongst its more usual diet. Individual puffer fish and trigger-fish have been observed to feed crown-of-thorns starfish in the Red Sea, but there is no evidence that they are a significant factor in population control. A study, however, based on the stomach contents of large carnivorous fish that are potential predators of

Context: Document [14](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) this symmetry. Adult crown-of-thorns starfish normally range in size from . They have up to 21 arms. Although the body of the crown of thorns has a stiff appearance, it is able to bend and twist to fit around the contours of the corals on which it feeds. The underside of each arm has a series of closely fitting plates which form a groove and extend in rows to the mouth. They are usually of subdued colours, pale brown to grey-green, but they may be garish with bright warning colours in some parts of their wide range. The long, sharp

Context: Document [15](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) survival rate increases to 0.1% (one in a thousand) throughout development from one spawning of 20 million eggs this would result in 20,000 adult starfish where the larvae have recruited. Since the larvae are the most abundant stages of development it is likely that changes in survival will be most importance during this phase of development. Temperature and salinity have little effect on the survival of crown-of-thorns larvae. However, abundance and species of the particular component of phytoplankton (unicellular flagellates) on which the larvae feed has a profound effect on survival and rate of growth. The abundance of phytoplankton cells

Context: Document [16](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) central Great Barrier Reef region, large starfish (40 cm and greater diameter) killed about 61 cm²/day in winter and 357–478 cm²/day in summer. Smaller starfish, 20–39 cm, killed 155 and 234 cm²/day in the equivalent seasons. The area killed by the large starfish is equivalent to about from these observations. Differences in feeding and locomotion rates between summer and winter reflect the fact that the crown-of-thorns, like all marine invertebrates, is a poikilotherm whose body temperature and metabolic rate are directly affected by the temperature of the surrounding water. In tropical coral reefs, crown-of-thorns specimens reach mean locomotion rates of

Context: Document [17](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) that it was first described in 1705. Rhumphius used the name "Stella marina quindecium radiotorum". Later, Linnaeus described it as "Asterias planci", based on an illustration by Plancus and Gualtieri (1743), when he introduced his system of binomial nomenclature. No type specimens are known; the specimen described by Plancus and Gualtieri (1743) is no longer extant. Subsequent generic names used for the crown-of-thorns starfish included "Stellonia", "Echinaster" and "Echinites", before settling on "Acanthaster" (Gervais 1841). Species names included "echintes", "solaris", "mauritensis", "ellisii", and "ellisii pseudoplanci" (with subspecies). Most of these names arose from confusion in the historical literature, but "Acanthaster

Context: Document [18](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) starfish larvae in experimental studies gave support for a mechanism for starfish outbreaks: increased terrestrial runoff → increased nutrients denser phytoplankton↑→ better larval survival → increased starfish populations There have been further conformations of these connections, however research by Olson (1987), Kaufmann (2002), and Byrne (2016) suggests terrestrial runoff has little or no impact on larval survival. The conflicting data describing the negligible role of terrestrial agricultural runoff has been described as "an inconvenient study". There is also a flow-on effect in that where there are large starfish populations producing large numbers of larvae, there is likely to be heavy

Context: Document [19](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) coral reefs where "A. planci" hasn't been found to the more typical reefs with "A. planci". Some ecologists suggest that the starfish has an important and active role in maintaining coral reef biodiversity, driving ecological succession. Before overpopulation became a significant issue, crown-of-thorns prevented fast-growing coral from overpowering the slower growing coral varieties. At high densities ('outbreaks', 'plagues'), which may be defined as when the starfish are too abundant for the coral food supply, coral cover goes into decline. The starfish must broaden their diet from their preferred species, colony size and shape. The starfish often aggregate during feeding, even

Context: Document [20](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) is especially important. As autotrophs, phytoplankton abundance is strongly influenced by the concentration of inorganic nutrients, such as nitrogenous compounds. Birkeland had observed a correlation between the abundance of crown-of-thorns on reefs adjacent to land masses. These occurred on mainland islands as distinct from coral atolls about three years after heavy rainfall that followed a period of drought. He suggested that runoff from such heavy rainfall may stimulate phytoplankton blooms of sufficient size to produce enough food for the larvae of "A. planci" through input of nutrients. Combining Birkeland observations with the influence of inorganic nutrients on survival of the

Question: where did the crown of thorns starfish come from?

Answer: Indo-Pacific


Context: Document [1](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region. The body form of the crown-of-thorns starfish is fundamentally the same as that of a typical starfish, with a central disk and radiating arms. Its special traits, however, include being disc-shaped, multiple-armed, flexible, prehensile, and heavily spined, and having a large ratio of stomach surface to body mass. Its prehensile ability arises from the two rows of numerous tube feet that extend to the tip of each arm. In being multiple-armed, it has lost the five-fold symmetry (pentamerism) typical of starfish, although it begins its life cycle with

Context: Document [2](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) the starfish found no evidence of the starfish in the fish's guts. These carnivorous fish were caught commercially on the coral reefs on the Gulf of Oman and examined at local fish markets. One problem with the concept of predators of large juvenile and adult starfish causing total mortality is that the starfish have good regenerative powers and they wouldn't keep still while being eaten. Also, they would need to be consumed completely or almost completely to die. 17–60% of starfish in various populations had missing or regenerating arms. Clearly the starfish experience various levels of sublethal predation. When the

Context: Document [3](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) it eradicates the bulk of the starfish in a given area, human divers can move in and remove the survivors. Field trials of the robot have begun in Moreton Bay in Brisbane to refine its navigation system, according to Queensland University of Technology researcher Matthew Dunbabin. There are no crown-of-thorns starfish in Moreton Bay, but when the navigation has been refined, the robot will be used on the reef. Crown-of-thorns starfish The crown-of-thorns starfish, "Acanthaster planci", is a large starfish that preys upon hard, or stony, coral polyps (Scleractinia). The crown-of-thorns starfish receives its name from venomous thorn-like spines that

Context: Document [4](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) was an initial period of relatively slow growth while the starfish were feeding on coralline algae. This was followed by a phase of rapid growth which led to sexual maturity at the end of the second year. The starfish were in the vicinity of 200 mm diameter at this stage. They continued to grow rapidly and were in the order of 300 mm at 3 years of age. Then they reached a plateau between 3 and 4 years and tended to decline after 4 years. Gonad development was greater in the third and subsequent years than at 2 years and

Context: Document [5](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) (four locations), Micronesia (two locations), and samples from one location each of the Great Barrier Reef, Fiji, Hawaii, and Gulf of California. A sample of 10 specimens of "A. brevispinus" from the Great Barrier Reef region was included for comparison. There was considerable genetic differentiation between the "A. brevispinus" and "A. planci" populations (D= 0.20 +/- 0.02)(D is genetic distance). The genetic differences between geographic populations of "A. planci" were, however, small (D = 0.03 +/- 0.00; Fsr = 0.07 + 0.02) (Fsr is standardized genetic variance for each polymorphic locus) despite the great distances separating them. A positive correlation

Context: Document [6](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) between the Indian and Pacific Ocean populations. Those, however, off northern Western Australia had a strong Pacific affinity. With the exception of the very strong connection of southern Japanese populations to the Great Barrier Reef populations, the patterns of variation within regions were consistent with isolation by distance. Again, the pattern of decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances is apparent. Benzie suggests that the divergence between Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean populations began at least 1.6 million years ago and is likely to reflect responses to changes in climate and sea level. A more recent comprehensive geographic

Context: Document [7](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) spines on the sides of the starfish's arms and upper (aboral) surface resemble thorns and create a crown-like shape, giving the creature its name. The spines are stiff and very sharp, and readily pierce through soft surfaces. Despite the battery of sharp spines on the aboral surface and blunt spines on the oral surface, the crown-of-thorns starfish's general body surface is membranous and soft. When the starfish is removed from the water, the body surface ruptures and the body fluid leaks out, so the body collapses and flattens. The spines bend over and flatten, as well. They recover their shape

Context: Document [8](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) fecundity of this starfish. Babcock et al. (1993) monitored changes in fecundity and fertility (fertilisation rate) over the spawning season of the Crown-of-thorns starfish on Davies Reef, central Great Barrier Reef, from 1990 to 1992. The starfish were observed to spawn (photograph) from December to January (early to mid-summer) in this region with most observations being in January. However, both gonadosomatic index and fertility peaked early and declined to low levels by late January, indicating that most successful reproductive events took place early in the spawning season. In northern hemisphere coral reefs however, crown-of-thorns populations reproduce in April and May,

Context: Document [9](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) in the central (Hawaii) and eastern Pacific (Gulf of California) populations suggests they were derived from those in the western Pacific. Further details of the genetic relationship between "A. planci" and "Acanthaster brevispinus" are presented in the entry for the latter species. These are clearly sibling species and it is suggested that "A. planci", the specialised coral-feeding species arose from "A. brevispinus", the less specialised soft-bottom inhabitant. In a very comprehensive geographic study, Benzie examined allozyme loci variation in 20 populations of " A. planci", throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The most striking result was a very marked discontinuity

Context: Document [10](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) A. planci has a very wide Indo-Pacific distribution. It is perhaps most common in Australia, but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean, and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America. It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region.

Context: Document [11](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) testes are readily distinguished with the former being more yellow and having larger lobes. In section they are very different with the ovaries densely filled with nutrient-packed ova (see ovum and photograph) and the testes densely filled with sperm, which consist of little more than a nucleus and flagellum. Fecundity in female Crown-of-thorns starfish is related to size with large starfish committing proportionally more energy into ova production such that a: In coral reefs in the Philippines, female specimens were found with a gonadosomatic index (ratio of gonad mass to body mass) as high as 22%, which underlines the high

Context: Document [12](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) ellisii" came to be used for the distinctive starfish in the eastern Pacific Gulf of California. The eastern Pacific "Acanthaster" is very distinctive (see image to the right) with its rather 'plump' body, large disk to total diameter ratio and short, blunt spines. It gives the impression of living in a habitat where having sharp defenses against predators has little value, although it lives on coral reef and feeds on coral. Nishida and Lucas examined variation at 14 allozyme loci of ten population samples of "A. planci" using starch-gel electrophoresis. The samples were from localities across the Pacific: Ryukyu archipelago

Context: Document [13](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) hypotheses focused on changes in the survival of juvenile and adult starfish - the "predator removal hypothesis": Many of the reports of fish preying on "Acanthaster" are single observations or presumed predation from the nature of the fish. For example, the humphead wrasse may prey on the starfish amongst its more usual diet. Individual puffer fish and trigger-fish have been observed to feed crown-of-thorns starfish in the Red Sea, but there is no evidence that they are a significant factor in population control. A study, however, based on the stomach contents of large carnivorous fish that are potential predators of

Context: Document [14](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) this symmetry. Adult crown-of-thorns starfish normally range in size from . They have up to 21 arms. Although the body of the crown of thorns has a stiff appearance, it is able to bend and twist to fit around the contours of the corals on which it feeds. The underside of each arm has a series of closely fitting plates which form a groove and extend in rows to the mouth. They are usually of subdued colours, pale brown to grey-green, but they may be garish with bright warning colours in some parts of their wide range. The long, sharp

Context: Document [15](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) survival rate increases to 0.1% (one in a thousand) throughout development from one spawning of 20 million eggs this would result in 20,000 adult starfish where the larvae have recruited. Since the larvae are the most abundant stages of development it is likely that changes in survival will be most importance during this phase of development. Temperature and salinity have little effect on the survival of crown-of-thorns larvae. However, abundance and species of the particular component of phytoplankton (unicellular flagellates) on which the larvae feed has a profound effect on survival and rate of growth. The abundance of phytoplankton cells

Context: Document [16](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) central Great Barrier Reef region, large starfish (40 cm and greater diameter) killed about 61 cm²/day in winter and 357–478 cm²/day in summer. Smaller starfish, 20–39 cm, killed 155 and 234 cm²/day in the equivalent seasons. The area killed by the large starfish is equivalent to about from these observations. Differences in feeding and locomotion rates between summer and winter reflect the fact that the crown-of-thorns, like all marine invertebrates, is a poikilotherm whose body temperature and metabolic rate are directly affected by the temperature of the surrounding water. In tropical coral reefs, crown-of-thorns specimens reach mean locomotion rates of

Context: Document [17](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) that it was first described in 1705. Rhumphius used the name "Stella marina quindecium radiotorum". Later, Linnaeus described it as "Asterias planci", based on an illustration by Plancus and Gualtieri (1743), when he introduced his system of binomial nomenclature. No type specimens are known; the specimen described by Plancus and Gualtieri (1743) is no longer extant. Subsequent generic names used for the crown-of-thorns starfish included "Stellonia", "Echinaster" and "Echinites", before settling on "Acanthaster" (Gervais 1841). Species names included "echintes", "solaris", "mauritensis", "ellisii", and "ellisii pseudoplanci" (with subspecies). Most of these names arose from confusion in the historical literature, but "Acanthaster

Context: Document [18](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) starfish larvae in experimental studies gave support for a mechanism for starfish outbreaks: increased terrestrial runoff → increased nutrients denser phytoplankton↑→ better larval survival → increased starfish populations There have been further conformations of these connections, however research by Olson (1987), Kaufmann (2002), and Byrne (2016) suggests terrestrial runoff has little or no impact on larval survival. The conflicting data describing the negligible role of terrestrial agricultural runoff has been described as "an inconvenient study". There is also a flow-on effect in that where there are large starfish populations producing large numbers of larvae, there is likely to be heavy

Context: Document [19](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) coral reefs where "A. planci" hasn't been found to the more typical reefs with "A. planci". Some ecologists suggest that the starfish has an important and active role in maintaining coral reef biodiversity, driving ecological succession. Before overpopulation became a significant issue, crown-of-thorns prevented fast-growing coral from overpowering the slower growing coral varieties. At high densities ('outbreaks', 'plagues'), which may be defined as when the starfish are too abundant for the coral food supply, coral cover goes into decline. The starfish must broaden their diet from their preferred species, colony size and shape. The starfish often aggregate during feeding, even

Context: Document [20](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) is especially important. As autotrophs, phytoplankton abundance is strongly influenced by the concentration of inorganic nutrients, such as nitrogenous compounds. Birkeland had observed a correlation between the abundance of crown-of-thorns on reefs adjacent to land masses. These occurred on mainland islands as distinct from coral atolls about three years after heavy rainfall that followed a period of drought. He suggested that runoff from such heavy rainfall may stimulate phytoplankton blooms of sufficient size to produce enough food for the larvae of "A. planci" through input of nutrients. Combining Birkeland observations with the influence of inorganic nutrients on survival of the

Question: where did the crown of thorns starfish come from?

Answer: Indo-Pacific


Context: Document [1](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region. The body form of the crown-of-thorns starfish is fundamentally the same as that of a typical starfish, with a central disk and radiating arms. Its special traits, however, include being disc-shaped, multiple-armed, flexible, prehensile, and heavily spined, and having a large ratio of stomach surface to body mass. Its prehensile ability arises from the two rows of numerous tube feet that extend to the tip of each arm. In being multiple-armed, it has lost the five-fold symmetry (pentamerism) typical of starfish, although it begins its life cycle with

Context: Document [2](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) the starfish found no evidence of the starfish in the fish's guts. These carnivorous fish were caught commercially on the coral reefs on the Gulf of Oman and examined at local fish markets. One problem with the concept of predators of large juvenile and adult starfish causing total mortality is that the starfish have good regenerative powers and they wouldn't keep still while being eaten. Also, they would need to be consumed completely or almost completely to die. 17–60% of starfish in various populations had missing or regenerating arms. Clearly the starfish experience various levels of sublethal predation. When the

Context: Document [3](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) it eradicates the bulk of the starfish in a given area, human divers can move in and remove the survivors. Field trials of the robot have begun in Moreton Bay in Brisbane to refine its navigation system, according to Queensland University of Technology researcher Matthew Dunbabin. There are no crown-of-thorns starfish in Moreton Bay, but when the navigation has been refined, the robot will be used on the reef. Crown-of-thorns starfish The crown-of-thorns starfish, "Acanthaster planci", is a large starfish that preys upon hard, or stony, coral polyps (Scleractinia). The crown-of-thorns starfish receives its name from venomous thorn-like spines that

Context: Document [4](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) was an initial period of relatively slow growth while the starfish were feeding on coralline algae. This was followed by a phase of rapid growth which led to sexual maturity at the end of the second year. The starfish were in the vicinity of 200 mm diameter at this stage. They continued to grow rapidly and were in the order of 300 mm at 3 years of age. Then they reached a plateau between 3 and 4 years and tended to decline after 4 years. Gonad development was greater in the third and subsequent years than at 2 years and

Context: Document [5](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) (four locations), Micronesia (two locations), and samples from one location each of the Great Barrier Reef, Fiji, Hawaii, and Gulf of California. A sample of 10 specimens of "A. brevispinus" from the Great Barrier Reef region was included for comparison. There was considerable genetic differentiation between the "A. brevispinus" and "A. planci" populations (D= 0.20 +/- 0.02)(D is genetic distance). The genetic differences between geographic populations of "A. planci" were, however, small (D = 0.03 +/- 0.00; Fsr = 0.07 + 0.02) (Fsr is standardized genetic variance for each polymorphic locus) despite the great distances separating them. A positive correlation

Context: Document [6](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) between the Indian and Pacific Ocean populations. Those, however, off northern Western Australia had a strong Pacific affinity. With the exception of the very strong connection of southern Japanese populations to the Great Barrier Reef populations, the patterns of variation within regions were consistent with isolation by distance. Again, the pattern of decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances is apparent. Benzie suggests that the divergence between Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean populations began at least 1.6 million years ago and is likely to reflect responses to changes in climate and sea level. A more recent comprehensive geographic

Context: Document [7](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) spines on the sides of the starfish's arms and upper (aboral) surface resemble thorns and create a crown-like shape, giving the creature its name. The spines are stiff and very sharp, and readily pierce through soft surfaces. Despite the battery of sharp spines on the aboral surface and blunt spines on the oral surface, the crown-of-thorns starfish's general body surface is membranous and soft. When the starfish is removed from the water, the body surface ruptures and the body fluid leaks out, so the body collapses and flattens. The spines bend over and flatten, as well. They recover their shape

Context: Document [8](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) fecundity of this starfish. Babcock et al. (1993) monitored changes in fecundity and fertility (fertilisation rate) over the spawning season of the Crown-of-thorns starfish on Davies Reef, central Great Barrier Reef, from 1990 to 1992. The starfish were observed to spawn (photograph) from December to January (early to mid-summer) in this region with most observations being in January. However, both gonadosomatic index and fertility peaked early and declined to low levels by late January, indicating that most successful reproductive events took place early in the spawning season. In northern hemisphere coral reefs however, crown-of-thorns populations reproduce in April and May,

Context: Document [9](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) in the central (Hawaii) and eastern Pacific (Gulf of California) populations suggests they were derived from those in the western Pacific. Further details of the genetic relationship between "A. planci" and "Acanthaster brevispinus" are presented in the entry for the latter species. These are clearly sibling species and it is suggested that "A. planci", the specialised coral-feeding species arose from "A. brevispinus", the less specialised soft-bottom inhabitant. In a very comprehensive geographic study, Benzie examined allozyme loci variation in 20 populations of " A. planci", throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The most striking result was a very marked discontinuity

Context: Document [10](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) testes are readily distinguished with the former being more yellow and having larger lobes. In section they are very different with the ovaries densely filled with nutrient-packed ova (see ovum and photograph) and the testes densely filled with sperm, which consist of little more than a nucleus and flagellum. Fecundity in female Crown-of-thorns starfish is related to size with large starfish committing proportionally more energy into ova production such that a: In coral reefs in the Philippines, female specimens were found with a gonadosomatic index (ratio of gonad mass to body mass) as high as 22%, which underlines the high

Context: Document [11](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) ellisii" came to be used for the distinctive starfish in the eastern Pacific Gulf of California. The eastern Pacific "Acanthaster" is very distinctive (see image to the right) with its rather 'plump' body, large disk to total diameter ratio and short, blunt spines. It gives the impression of living in a habitat where having sharp defenses against predators has little value, although it lives on coral reef and feeds on coral. Nishida and Lucas examined variation at 14 allozyme loci of ten population samples of "A. planci" using starch-gel electrophoresis. The samples were from localities across the Pacific: Ryukyu archipelago

Context: Document [12](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) hypotheses focused on changes in the survival of juvenile and adult starfish - the "predator removal hypothesis": Many of the reports of fish preying on "Acanthaster" are single observations or presumed predation from the nature of the fish. For example, the humphead wrasse may prey on the starfish amongst its more usual diet. Individual puffer fish and trigger-fish have been observed to feed crown-of-thorns starfish in the Red Sea, but there is no evidence that they are a significant factor in population control. A study, however, based on the stomach contents of large carnivorous fish that are potential predators of

Context: Document [13](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) this symmetry. Adult crown-of-thorns starfish normally range in size from . They have up to 21 arms. Although the body of the crown of thorns has a stiff appearance, it is able to bend and twist to fit around the contours of the corals on which it feeds. The underside of each arm has a series of closely fitting plates which form a groove and extend in rows to the mouth. They are usually of subdued colours, pale brown to grey-green, but they may be garish with bright warning colours in some parts of their wide range. The long, sharp

Context: Document [14](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) survival rate increases to 0.1% (one in a thousand) throughout development from one spawning of 20 million eggs this would result in 20,000 adult starfish where the larvae have recruited. Since the larvae are the most abundant stages of development it is likely that changes in survival will be most importance during this phase of development. Temperature and salinity have little effect on the survival of crown-of-thorns larvae. However, abundance and species of the particular component of phytoplankton (unicellular flagellates) on which the larvae feed has a profound effect on survival and rate of growth. The abundance of phytoplankton cells

Context: Document [15](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) A. planci has a very wide Indo-Pacific distribution. It is perhaps most common in Australia, but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean, and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America. It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region.

Context: Document [16](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) central Great Barrier Reef region, large starfish (40 cm and greater diameter) killed about 61 cm²/day in winter and 357–478 cm²/day in summer. Smaller starfish, 20–39 cm, killed 155 and 234 cm²/day in the equivalent seasons. The area killed by the large starfish is equivalent to about from these observations. Differences in feeding and locomotion rates between summer and winter reflect the fact that the crown-of-thorns, like all marine invertebrates, is a poikilotherm whose body temperature and metabolic rate are directly affected by the temperature of the surrounding water. In tropical coral reefs, crown-of-thorns specimens reach mean locomotion rates of

Context: Document [17](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) that it was first described in 1705. Rhumphius used the name "Stella marina quindecium radiotorum". Later, Linnaeus described it as "Asterias planci", based on an illustration by Plancus and Gualtieri (1743), when he introduced his system of binomial nomenclature. No type specimens are known; the specimen described by Plancus and Gualtieri (1743) is no longer extant. Subsequent generic names used for the crown-of-thorns starfish included "Stellonia", "Echinaster" and "Echinites", before settling on "Acanthaster" (Gervais 1841). Species names included "echintes", "solaris", "mauritensis", "ellisii", and "ellisii pseudoplanci" (with subspecies). Most of these names arose from confusion in the historical literature, but "Acanthaster

Context: Document [18](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) starfish larvae in experimental studies gave support for a mechanism for starfish outbreaks: increased terrestrial runoff → increased nutrients denser phytoplankton↑→ better larval survival → increased starfish populations There have been further conformations of these connections, however research by Olson (1987), Kaufmann (2002), and Byrne (2016) suggests terrestrial runoff has little or no impact on larval survival. The conflicting data describing the negligible role of terrestrial agricultural runoff has been described as "an inconvenient study". There is also a flow-on effect in that where there are large starfish populations producing large numbers of larvae, there is likely to be heavy

Context: Document [19](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) coral reefs where "A. planci" hasn't been found to the more typical reefs with "A. planci". Some ecologists suggest that the starfish has an important and active role in maintaining coral reef biodiversity, driving ecological succession. Before overpopulation became a significant issue, crown-of-thorns prevented fast-growing coral from overpowering the slower growing coral varieties. At high densities ('outbreaks', 'plagues'), which may be defined as when the starfish are too abundant for the coral food supply, coral cover goes into decline. The starfish must broaden their diet from their preferred species, colony size and shape. The starfish often aggregate during feeding, even

Context: Document [20](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) is especially important. As autotrophs, phytoplankton abundance is strongly influenced by the concentration of inorganic nutrients, such as nitrogenous compounds. Birkeland had observed a correlation between the abundance of crown-of-thorns on reefs adjacent to land masses. These occurred on mainland islands as distinct from coral atolls about three years after heavy rainfall that followed a period of drought. He suggested that runoff from such heavy rainfall may stimulate phytoplankton blooms of sufficient size to produce enough food for the larvae of "A. planci" through input of nutrients. Combining Birkeland observations with the influence of inorganic nutrients on survival of the

Question: where did the crown of thorns starfish come from?

Answer: Indo-Pacific


Context: Document [1](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region. The body form of the crown-of-thorns starfish is fundamentally the same as that of a typical starfish, with a central disk and radiating arms. Its special traits, however, include being disc-shaped, multiple-armed, flexible, prehensile, and heavily spined, and having a large ratio of stomach surface to body mass. Its prehensile ability arises from the two rows of numerous tube feet that extend to the tip of each arm. In being multiple-armed, it has lost the five-fold symmetry (pentamerism) typical of starfish, although it begins its life cycle with

Context: Document [2](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) the starfish found no evidence of the starfish in the fish's guts. These carnivorous fish were caught commercially on the coral reefs on the Gulf of Oman and examined at local fish markets. One problem with the concept of predators of large juvenile and adult starfish causing total mortality is that the starfish have good regenerative powers and they wouldn't keep still while being eaten. Also, they would need to be consumed completely or almost completely to die. 17–60% of starfish in various populations had missing or regenerating arms. Clearly the starfish experience various levels of sublethal predation. When the

Context: Document [3](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) it eradicates the bulk of the starfish in a given area, human divers can move in and remove the survivors. Field trials of the robot have begun in Moreton Bay in Brisbane to refine its navigation system, according to Queensland University of Technology researcher Matthew Dunbabin. There are no crown-of-thorns starfish in Moreton Bay, but when the navigation has been refined, the robot will be used on the reef. Crown-of-thorns starfish The crown-of-thorns starfish, "Acanthaster planci", is a large starfish that preys upon hard, or stony, coral polyps (Scleractinia). The crown-of-thorns starfish receives its name from venomous thorn-like spines that

Context: Document [4](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) was an initial period of relatively slow growth while the starfish were feeding on coralline algae. This was followed by a phase of rapid growth which led to sexual maturity at the end of the second year. The starfish were in the vicinity of 200 mm diameter at this stage. They continued to grow rapidly and were in the order of 300 mm at 3 years of age. Then they reached a plateau between 3 and 4 years and tended to decline after 4 years. Gonad development was greater in the third and subsequent years than at 2 years and

Context: Document [5](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) (four locations), Micronesia (two locations), and samples from one location each of the Great Barrier Reef, Fiji, Hawaii, and Gulf of California. A sample of 10 specimens of "A. brevispinus" from the Great Barrier Reef region was included for comparison. There was considerable genetic differentiation between the "A. brevispinus" and "A. planci" populations (D= 0.20 +/- 0.02)(D is genetic distance). The genetic differences between geographic populations of "A. planci" were, however, small (D = 0.03 +/- 0.00; Fsr = 0.07 + 0.02) (Fsr is standardized genetic variance for each polymorphic locus) despite the great distances separating them. A positive correlation

Context: Document [6](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) between the Indian and Pacific Ocean populations. Those, however, off northern Western Australia had a strong Pacific affinity. With the exception of the very strong connection of southern Japanese populations to the Great Barrier Reef populations, the patterns of variation within regions were consistent with isolation by distance. Again, the pattern of decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances is apparent. Benzie suggests that the divergence between Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean populations began at least 1.6 million years ago and is likely to reflect responses to changes in climate and sea level. A more recent comprehensive geographic

Context: Document [7](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) spines on the sides of the starfish's arms and upper (aboral) surface resemble thorns and create a crown-like shape, giving the creature its name. The spines are stiff and very sharp, and readily pierce through soft surfaces. Despite the battery of sharp spines on the aboral surface and blunt spines on the oral surface, the crown-of-thorns starfish's general body surface is membranous and soft. When the starfish is removed from the water, the body surface ruptures and the body fluid leaks out, so the body collapses and flattens. The spines bend over and flatten, as well. They recover their shape

Context: Document [8](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) fecundity of this starfish. Babcock et al. (1993) monitored changes in fecundity and fertility (fertilisation rate) over the spawning season of the Crown-of-thorns starfish on Davies Reef, central Great Barrier Reef, from 1990 to 1992. The starfish were observed to spawn (photograph) from December to January (early to mid-summer) in this region with most observations being in January. However, both gonadosomatic index and fertility peaked early and declined to low levels by late January, indicating that most successful reproductive events took place early in the spawning season. In northern hemisphere coral reefs however, crown-of-thorns populations reproduce in April and May,

Context: Document [9](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) in the central (Hawaii) and eastern Pacific (Gulf of California) populations suggests they were derived from those in the western Pacific. Further details of the genetic relationship between "A. planci" and "Acanthaster brevispinus" are presented in the entry for the latter species. These are clearly sibling species and it is suggested that "A. planci", the specialised coral-feeding species arose from "A. brevispinus", the less specialised soft-bottom inhabitant. In a very comprehensive geographic study, Benzie examined allozyme loci variation in 20 populations of " A. planci", throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The most striking result was a very marked discontinuity

Context: Document [10](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) testes are readily distinguished with the former being more yellow and having larger lobes. In section they are very different with the ovaries densely filled with nutrient-packed ova (see ovum and photograph) and the testes densely filled with sperm, which consist of little more than a nucleus and flagellum. Fecundity in female Crown-of-thorns starfish is related to size with large starfish committing proportionally more energy into ova production such that a: In coral reefs in the Philippines, female specimens were found with a gonadosomatic index (ratio of gonad mass to body mass) as high as 22%, which underlines the high

Context: Document [11](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) ellisii" came to be used for the distinctive starfish in the eastern Pacific Gulf of California. The eastern Pacific "Acanthaster" is very distinctive (see image to the right) with its rather 'plump' body, large disk to total diameter ratio and short, blunt spines. It gives the impression of living in a habitat where having sharp defenses against predators has little value, although it lives on coral reef and feeds on coral. Nishida and Lucas examined variation at 14 allozyme loci of ten population samples of "A. planci" using starch-gel electrophoresis. The samples were from localities across the Pacific: Ryukyu archipelago

Context: Document [12](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) hypotheses focused on changes in the survival of juvenile and adult starfish - the "predator removal hypothesis": Many of the reports of fish preying on "Acanthaster" are single observations or presumed predation from the nature of the fish. For example, the humphead wrasse may prey on the starfish amongst its more usual diet. Individual puffer fish and trigger-fish have been observed to feed crown-of-thorns starfish in the Red Sea, but there is no evidence that they are a significant factor in population control. A study, however, based on the stomach contents of large carnivorous fish that are potential predators of

Context: Document [13](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) this symmetry. Adult crown-of-thorns starfish normally range in size from . They have up to 21 arms. Although the body of the crown of thorns has a stiff appearance, it is able to bend and twist to fit around the contours of the corals on which it feeds. The underside of each arm has a series of closely fitting plates which form a groove and extend in rows to the mouth. They are usually of subdued colours, pale brown to grey-green, but they may be garish with bright warning colours in some parts of their wide range. The long, sharp

Context: Document [14](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) survival rate increases to 0.1% (one in a thousand) throughout development from one spawning of 20 million eggs this would result in 20,000 adult starfish where the larvae have recruited. Since the larvae are the most abundant stages of development it is likely that changes in survival will be most importance during this phase of development. Temperature and salinity have little effect on the survival of crown-of-thorns larvae. However, abundance and species of the particular component of phytoplankton (unicellular flagellates) on which the larvae feed has a profound effect on survival and rate of growth. The abundance of phytoplankton cells

Context: Document [15](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) central Great Barrier Reef region, large starfish (40 cm and greater diameter) killed about 61 cm²/day in winter and 357–478 cm²/day in summer. Smaller starfish, 20–39 cm, killed 155 and 234 cm²/day in the equivalent seasons. The area killed by the large starfish is equivalent to about from these observations. Differences in feeding and locomotion rates between summer and winter reflect the fact that the crown-of-thorns, like all marine invertebrates, is a poikilotherm whose body temperature and metabolic rate are directly affected by the temperature of the surrounding water. In tropical coral reefs, crown-of-thorns specimens reach mean locomotion rates of

Context: Document [16](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) that it was first described in 1705. Rhumphius used the name "Stella marina quindecium radiotorum". Later, Linnaeus described it as "Asterias planci", based on an illustration by Plancus and Gualtieri (1743), when he introduced his system of binomial nomenclature. No type specimens are known; the specimen described by Plancus and Gualtieri (1743) is no longer extant. Subsequent generic names used for the crown-of-thorns starfish included "Stellonia", "Echinaster" and "Echinites", before settling on "Acanthaster" (Gervais 1841). Species names included "echintes", "solaris", "mauritensis", "ellisii", and "ellisii pseudoplanci" (with subspecies). Most of these names arose from confusion in the historical literature, but "Acanthaster

Context: Document [17](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) starfish larvae in experimental studies gave support for a mechanism for starfish outbreaks: increased terrestrial runoff → increased nutrients denser phytoplankton↑→ better larval survival → increased starfish populations There have been further conformations of these connections, however research by Olson (1987), Kaufmann (2002), and Byrne (2016) suggests terrestrial runoff has little or no impact on larval survival. The conflicting data describing the negligible role of terrestrial agricultural runoff has been described as "an inconvenient study". There is also a flow-on effect in that where there are large starfish populations producing large numbers of larvae, there is likely to be heavy

Context: Document [18](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) coral reefs where "A. planci" hasn't been found to the more typical reefs with "A. planci". Some ecologists suggest that the starfish has an important and active role in maintaining coral reef biodiversity, driving ecological succession. Before overpopulation became a significant issue, crown-of-thorns prevented fast-growing coral from overpowering the slower growing coral varieties. At high densities ('outbreaks', 'plagues'), which may be defined as when the starfish are too abundant for the coral food supply, coral cover goes into decline. The starfish must broaden their diet from their preferred species, colony size and shape. The starfish often aggregate during feeding, even

Context: Document [19](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) is especially important. As autotrophs, phytoplankton abundance is strongly influenced by the concentration of inorganic nutrients, such as nitrogenous compounds. Birkeland had observed a correlation between the abundance of crown-of-thorns on reefs adjacent to land masses. These occurred on mainland islands as distinct from coral atolls about three years after heavy rainfall that followed a period of drought. He suggested that runoff from such heavy rainfall may stimulate phytoplankton blooms of sufficient size to produce enough food for the larvae of "A. planci" through input of nutrients. Combining Birkeland observations with the influence of inorganic nutrients on survival of the

Context: Document [20](Title: Crown-of-thorns starfish) A. planci has a very wide Indo-Pacific distribution. It is perhaps most common in Australia, but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean, and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America. It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region.

Question: where did the crown of thorns starfish come from?

Answer: Indo-Pacific


Context: Document [1](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)) Kal Ho Naa Ho (Hindi: कल हो ना हो, English: Tomorrow May Never Come) is a Hindi song from the 2003 Hindi film Kal Ho Naa Ho directed by Nikhil Advani. The song is one of the most popular Hindi film songs all time. The song was composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy with lyrics penned by Javed Akhtar and sung by Sonu Nigam. It quickly became popular upon release. There is also a sad version of the song in the film on which Sonu Nigam is joined by Alka Yagnik and Richa Sharma.

Context: Document [2](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)) in Rohit's place, romancing Naina. The theme of the song was composed by Loy Mendonsa of the Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy trio and Shankar Mahadevan arranged the groove. In a later interview in the documentary "Pancham unmixed", Shankar, Ehsaan and Loy revealed that the music of the segment "har pal yahaan" in the song was inspired by the music of R.D.Burman. The song was featured in "Outlook" magazine's "20 Best Hindi Film Songs Ever" list. The jury was composed of celebrities such as Gulzar, Hariharan, Javed Akhtar, Kumar Sanu and Shantanu Moitra. Each jury member was asked to nominate 10 favorites and the

Context: Document [3](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) music directors for "Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...". The soundtrack for "Kal Ho Naa Ho" was composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy in their first collaboration with Johar, with lyrics by Javed Akhtar. Unlike many previous Bollywood films, Johar complied with international copyright laws and obtained permission to rework Roy Orbison's 1964 song "Oh, Pretty Woman" for the film; the revised song was entitled "Pretty Woman". The music for the title song, "Kal Ho Naa Ho", was composed by Loy Mendonsa when he and Advani were at the German Bakery in Pune. Advani wanted a song thematically similar to Celine Dion's 1997 recording of

Context: Document [4](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) favourite directors, she immediately changed her mind and accepted. Kajol and Rani Mukherji made special appearances in the song "Maahi Ve". "Vogue India" fashion director Anaita Shroff Adajania made a cameo appearance as Geeta Parekh, Naina and Rohit's fellow MBA candidate. In addition to writing the story and screenplay, Johar co-produced "Kal Ho Naa Ho" with Yash Johar under the banner of Dharma Productions. The film was the last produced by Yash Johar before his death on 26 June 2004. The dialogue was written by Niranjan Iyengar. Anil Mehta and Sanjay Sankla were signed as cinematographer and editor, respectively, and

Context: Document [5](Title: Mahalakshmi Iyer) for her performances in songs like "Kabhi Sham Dhale" from "Sur – The Melody of Life" (2002), "Har Taraf" from "Rishtey" (2002) and for hit songs like "Chup Chup Ke" from "Bunty Aur Babli" (2005), "Aaj Ki Raat" from "" (2006) and "Bol Na Halke Halke" from "Jhoom Barabar Jhoom". She sang on the Academy Award winning song "Jai Ho" for A. R. Rahman in the film "Slumdog Millionaire" (2008). Specifically, she sang the Hindi words between the short "Jai Ho" chants, as well as portions of the verses (most of which were sung by Sukhwinder Singh). In the past,

Context: Document [6](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) Kal Ho Naa Ho Kal Ho Naa Ho (, ), also abbreviated as KHNH, is a 2003 Indian romantic drama film directed by Nikkhil Advani. The film features Jaya Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Saif Ali Khan, and Preity Zinta as the lead characters, with Sushma Seth, Reema Lagoo, Lilette Dubey, and Delnaaz Paul in supporting roles. It narrates the story of Naina Catherine Kapur, a pessimistic and uptight MBA student. She falls in love with her neighbour Aman Mathur, a terminally-ill heart patient who tries to get Naina and her friend Rohit Patel to fall in love with each other,

Context: Document [7](Title: Monali Thakur) Monali Thakur Monali Thakur (born 3 November 1985) is an Indian singer and actress. She is the recipient of a National Film Award and a Filmfare Award.Thakur won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage" from the film "Dum Laga Ke Haisha" (2015) and the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Sawaar Loon" from the film "Lootera" (2013). She is even now continuously giving various new hits. She was a "judge" on Zee TV's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014. She was also an "expert"

Context: Document [8](Title: Ka Karoon Sajni Aaye Na Baalam) Ka Karoon Sajni Aaye Na Baalam Ka Karoon Sajni Aye Na Baalam is a classical song of Hindustani classical music. It is a Thumri sung in the raaga, Sindh Bhairavi Thumri. It was popularised by legendary Hindustani vocalist, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Barkat Ali Khan, Bismillah Khan on shehnai, Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty etc. It was part of the Hindi film, "Swami" (1977), sung by Yesudas under the music direction of Rajesh Roshan. Yesudas was also nominated for the 1978 Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song. This song of Movie 'SWAMY' composed in raaga 'kirwani' which is

Context: Document [9](Title: Naqsh Lyallpuri) Lyallpuri, rather than her own singing. Lyallpuri is best known for the song "Tumhe Ho Na Ho" from the film "Gharonda" (1977), sung by Bangladeshi singer Runa Laila. The song is often wrongly ascribed to Gulzar, who wrote the other songs in the film, whereas the song "Do Deewane Shahar Mein" in the same film is misattributed to Lyallpuri. The 1979 song "Yeh Mulaqaat Ek Bahana Hai" in the film "Khandaan" is noted for its unusual ghazal format. His "Pyar Ka Dard Hai" from the 1981 film "Dard" has been lauded for Kishore Kumar's soft singing and for using "everyday

Context: Document [10](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) "My Heart Will Go On", which he was humming at the time. When he heard it, Mendonsa came up with the tune and recorded it on his phone. After Shankar Mahadevan and Ehsaan Noorani listened to it, the trio composed the song. The soundtrack was released on 27 September 2003 under the Sony Music India label. The audio launch ceremony was held two days later at the Taj Lands End in Mumbai. The album had positive reviews and the title song, "It's The Time To Disco", "Kuch To Hua Hai" and "Pretty Woman" became popular. A Bollywood Hungama critic called

Context: Document [11](Title: Monali Thakur) the film "Lootera". In March 2016, she received the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage" from the film "Dum Laga Ke Haisha" and earned a nomination at the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the same. As a child, she appeared in a Bengali television show, "Aalokito ek Indu", in which she played the lead role Indubala. It was followed by two telefilms, including Sudeshna Roy's "Phagune Agun", in which she was seen as Ruman. She made her acting debut in Raja Sen's Bengali film "Krishnakanter Will", in which

Context: Document [12](Title: Caralisa Monteiro) Bollywood came when the acclaimed trio Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy invited her to sing the chorus of the song "Jaane Kyon" from the cult film Dil Chahta Hai in 2001. She was known for the rendition of English parts in Hindi songs and continues to work in the Hindi film music industry on background scores. Monteiro has sung on mainstream Bollywood films like Rock On!! (Phir Dekhiye), Don (2006 Hindi film) theme, Don 2 (Don Waltz), Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna where she sang the song "Mitwa" with Shafqat Amanat Ali, Karthik Calling Karthik with Shankar Mahadevan.On Anjaana Anjaani she sang the song "Tumse

Context: Document [13](Title: Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star 2) for her title song in Balaji Telefilms’ Kasamh Se. She has had an opportunity to sing in the Hindi film industry with artists like Sunidhi Chauhan and Udit Narayan in Bunty aur Babli, and also had a solo soundtrack. Nihira is fond of learning languages and is learning Spanish. Harpreet Deol<br> Harpreet was amongst the finalists in a reality music show in 2007. His favourite personalities are Shaheed Bhagat Singh and Mohammed Rafi. A student of Punjab University, Harpreet loves singing and sleeping. He has gained popularity in Punjab and has performed at numerous stage shows. He is working on

Context: Document [14](Title: Suman Kalyanpur) Rafi are "Aajkal Tere Mere Pyaar Ke Charche", "Na Na Karte Pyaar", "Tumse O Hasina", "Rahen Na Rahen Hum", "Parbaton Ke Pedon Par Shaam Ka Basera He", "Yeh Parbaton Ke Daayare", "Ajahuna Aye Balama", "Tumane Pukara Aur Hum Chale Aye", "Bad Muddat Ke Yeh Ghadi Ayee", "Mujhhe Yeh Bhool Na", "Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya", "Tujhko Dilbari Ki Kasam" and "Chand Takata Hai Idhar". With Manna Dey, she sang the popular duet "Na Jane Kahan Ham The" under the music direction of Dattaram. With Mukesh she has sung many popular duets like `Yeh Kisne geet chheda', "Akhiyon ka noor hai

Context: Document [15](Title: Oyshee) Taan”, “Naalish”, “Din-e Din-e” and “Ari”. They were written by Anurup Aich, Shomeshwar Oli and Robiul Islam Jibon. she recorded a folk song "Kajol Bhromora" as a featured artist alongside Adit Ozbert, it became popular. "Dil Ki Doya Hoyna" and "Tumi Chokh Mele Takale" are other successful songs by her in that period. In February 2018, she signed a contract with Indian record label Shree Venkatesh Films, becoming the youngest Bangladeshi singer to do so. Oyshee Oyshee is a Bangladeshi singer. She is most remembered for her albums 'Oyshee Express' with Imran Mahmudul and 'Dehobazi' with Arfin Rumey. Oyshee learned

Context: Document [16](Title: Kal Ho Naa Ho) "signify ethnicity and caste." In "Kal Ho Naa Ho", Jennifer and Lajjo are Christian and Punjabi Sikh, respectively; Rohit is a Gujarati. According to Kumar, Rohit and Naina's marriage symbolises the unity of the people of Punjab and Gujarat. Both films emphasise different aspects of marriage. In "Salaam Namaste", central characters Nick and Ambar's (Saif Ali Khan and Zinta, respectively) professional careers come first and they are fearful of commitment. Conversely, in "Kal Ho Naa Ho" the tradition of love-cum-arranged marriage is encouraged. Aman is noted by many critics to resemble Rajesh Khanna's character, Anand Saigal, in Hrishikesh Mukherjee's "Anand"

Context: Document [17](Title: Richa Sharma (singer)) (the song "Duppatte Ka Palu"), "Baghban" (Title Song for Aadesh Shrivastava); "Soch" (the song "Nikal Chali Be" for Jatin-Lalit); "Rudraksh", "Kal Ho Naa Ho" (Sad version of the title track for Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy); "Gangajal" (Sandesh Shandilya); "Popcorn Khao Mast Ho Jao" (Vishal-Shekhar), "Saawariya" (Monty Sharma), and "Om Shanti Om" (Vishal-Shekhar) and the most popular song for "Kaante" ("Mahi Ve" for Anand Raaj Anand). The versatile playback singer has also done quite a few albums to showcase her talent. Albums like "Ni Main Yaar Nu Sajda Kardi", "Piya" and "Winds of Rajasthan" (for Times Music released early 2004) have brought out the

Context: Document [18](Title: Tulsi Kumar) Tulsi Kumar Tulsi Kumari Ralhan, known professionally as Tulsi Kumar is an Indian playback singer and actress, born to Gulshan Kumar and Sudesh Kumari Dua. Kumar has two siblings Khushali Kumari Dua and Bhushan Kumar Dua. Her singing career started by her backing tracks in Bollywood movies such as "Chup Chup Ke", "Humko Deewana Kar Gaye" and "Aksar". In 2009, her debut album, "Love ho Jaaye", was released. Along with the album, Kumar made a music video for the title track. Her song "Mujhe Teri" from the movie "Paathshaala" and "Tum Jo Aaye" from "Once Upon a Time in Mumbai"

Context: Document [19](Title: Naina Chaar) Naina Chaar Naina Chaar is an Indian pop song performed by singers Shreya Ghoshal and Kailash Kher. The song was written by Kailash Kher and produced by Naresh Kamath and Paresh Kamath, from his band Kailasa. It was released on 16 September 2013 by Sony Music India. The exclusively online initiative by Sony Music, of which the song was a part, was titled 'Project Resound' and it marked the first collaboration between veteran Indian singers Shreya Ghoshal and Kailash Kher, who were asked to share their knowledge about music genres and Indian languages. 'Upgrade your ears' was the tagline of

Context: Document [20](Title: Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star 2) He aspires to follow his dream of making it big in the music industry. Vaishali Mhade<br> 27 year old Vaishali from Maharashtra is the winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 and the Marathi version of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa in 2008. Her life revolves around being a singer, wife and mother with equal enthusiasm. A versatile and consistent singer, she says her husband has been a great support in her singing career. She has sung the title track of the Marathi daily soap called "Kulvadhu" and also lent her voice for Shridhar Phadke’s album. She made

Question: who is the singer of kal ho na ho?

Answer: Sonu Nigam

Answer: Richa Sharma

Answer: Alka Yagnik