Context: Document [1](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (play)) The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for 188 performances. The cast included Gary Sinise, Kathryn Erbe, Terry

Context: Document [2](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) The Grapes of Wrath (opera) The Grapes of Wrath is an opera in three acts composed by Ricky Ian Gordon to a libretto by Michael Korie based on John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel of the same title. It premiered on February 10, 2007 at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota in a production by Minnesota Opera. The work has been revised in subsequent years and has also been performed as a two-act concert version. Originally commissioned by the Minnesota Opera and co-produced with Utah Symphony – Utah Opera, the Minnesota Opera production had its premiere February

Context: Document [3](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (play)) Kinney, Jeff Perry, Lois Smith, Francis Guinan, and Stephen Bogardus. The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for

Context: Document [4](Title: Operation Grapes of Wrath) the grapes of wrath are stored; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword: His truth is marching on.</poem> The irony (and potential controversy) of an Israeli military operation being named after a Christian religious doctrine was not entirely lost on the Israeli press. However, most commentators either believed the title was a reference from the Torah or that the phrase merely referred to John Steinbeck's novel of the same name, "The Grapes of Wrath". Operation Grapes of Wrath Operation "Grapes of Wrath" () is the Israeli Defense Forces code-name (referred to as April War by Hezbollah)

Context: Document [5](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California. Along with thousands of other "Okies", they seek jobs, land, dignity, and a future.

Context: Document [6](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) break-up of the Joad family, the film switches the order of sequences so that the family ends up in a "good" camp provided by the government, and events turn out relatively well. The novel's original ending was considered far too controversial to be included in the film. In the novel, Rose-of-Sharon ("Rosasharn") Rivers (played in the film by Dorris Bowdon) gives birth to a stillborn baby. Later she offers her milk-filled breasts to a starving man, dying in a barn. These scenes were not included in the film. While the film is somewhat stark, it has a more optimistic and

Context: Document [7](Title: Operation Grapes of Wrath) Committee for the Implementation of the "Grapes of Wrath" Understandings was set up, comprising representatives from the U.S., France, Syria, Israel and Lebanon. The committee convenes to monitor and discuss infringements of the understandings by the two sides. The phrase "grapes of wrath" is a reference from the Book of Revelation (chapter 14 verses 19 and 20). It was a well-known idea in 19th century American Christian eschatology and also appears in the abolitionist hymn The Battle Hymn of the Republic: <poem>Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord: He is trampling out the vintage where

Context: Document [8](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) whereas the novel focuses on their journey as a part of the "family of man". She points out that their farm is never shown in detail, and that the family members are never shown working in agriculture; not a single peach is shown in the entire film. This subtly serves to focus the film on the specific family, as opposed to the novel's focus on man and land together. In the film, most family members are either reduced, such as Al, Noah and Uncle John, to background characters or, like Rose of Sharon and Connie, to being the focus of

Context: Document [9](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) 10, 2007, at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota conducted by Grant Gershon. The world premiere broadcast was heard on Minnesota Public Radio on September 19, 2007. Utah Symphony – Utah Opera subsequently performed the work (in a modified version) on May 12–20, 2007, at the Capitol Theatre in Salt Lake City. A revised version of the opera was performed by Pittsburgh Opera in November, 2008. Its collegiate premiere was performed at the Moores School of Music of the University of Houston in April, 2009. A greatly revised concert version of the opera (in two

Context: Document [10](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) of Daryl F. Zanuck, outtakes, a gallery, Franklin D. Roosevelt lauds motion pictures at Academy featurette, Movietone news: three drought reports from 1934, etc. The film was released on Blu-ray on April 3, 2012, and features all supplemental material from the DVD release. The Grapes of Wrath (film) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1940 American drama film directed by John Ford. It was based on John Steinbeck's 1939 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. The screenplay was written by Nunnally Johnson and the executive producer was Darryl F. Zanuck. The film tells the story of the Joads, an

Context: Document [11](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) Galati. Gary Sinise played Tom Joad for its entire run of 188 performances on Broadway in 1990. One of these performances was filmed and shown on PBS the following year. In 1990, the Illegitimate Players theater company in Chicago produced "Of Grapes and Nuts", an original, satirical mash-up of "The Grapes of Wrath" and Steinbeck's acclaimed novella "Of Mice and Men". The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. The book won the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and it was cited prominently when

Context: Document [12](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) the preacher who baptized Tom, but now Casy has "lost the spirit" and his faith. Casy goes with Tom to the Joad property only to find it deserted. There, they meet Muley Graves (John Qualen) who is hiding out. In a flashback, he describes how farmers all over the area were forced from their farms by the deed holders of the land. A local boy (John Arledge), hired for the purpose, is shown knocking down Muley's house with a Caterpillar tractor. The large Joad family of twelve leaves at daybreak, along with Casy, who decides to accompany them. They pack

Context: Document [13](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) "Here is outstanding entertainment, projected against a heart-rending sector of the American scene," concluding, "It possesses an adult viewpoint and its success may lead other producers to explore the rich field of contemporary life which films long have neglected and ignored." John Mosher wrote in "The New Yorker", "With a majesty never before so constantly sustained on any screen, the film never for an instant falters. Its beauty is of the sort found in the art of Burchfield, Benton and Curry, as the landscape and people involved belong to the world of these painters." The "Film Daily" year-end poll of

Context: Document [14](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) "The Grapes of Wrath" was comedian Bill Hicks' favorite novel. He based his famous last words on Tom Joad's final speech: "I left in love, in laughter, and in truth, and wherever truth, love and laughter abide, I am there in spirit." In July 2013, Steven Spielberg announced his plans to direct a remake of "The Grapes of Wrath" for DreamWorks. Woody Guthrie's two-part song—"Tom Joad – Parts 1 & 2" – from the album "Dust Bowl Ballads" (1940), explores the protagonist's life after being paroled from prison. It was covered in 1988 by Andy Irvine, who recorded both parts

Context: Document [15](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) 546 critics nationwide ranked "The Grapes of Wrath" as the second-best film of 1940, behind only "Rebecca". Academy Awards wins (1941) Academy Awards nominations (1941) Other wins American Film Institute recognition The film was released on VHS in 1988 by Key Video. It was later it was released in video format on March 3, 1998 by 20th Century Fox on its Studio Classic series. A DVD was released on April 6, 2004 by 20th Century Fox Entertainment. The DVD contains a special commentary track by scholars Joseph McBride and Susan Shillinglaw. It also includes various supplements: an A&E Network biography

Context: Document [16](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) "Grapes of Wrath" was published by Carl Fischer Music in 2010. Some are expanded versions of arias which were shortened or cut in the most recent edition of the opera. Articles and reviews Video, audio, photographs The Grapes of Wrath (opera) The Grapes of Wrath is an opera in three acts composed by Ricky Ian Gordon to a libretto by Michael Korie based on John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel of the same title. It premiered on February 10, 2007 at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota in a production by Minnesota Opera. The work has been

Context: Document [17](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) when the engine overheats due to a broken fan belt; they have little gas, but decide to try coasting down the hill to some lights. The lights are from a third type of camp: Farmworkers' Wheat Patch Camp (Weedpatch in the book), a clean camp run by the Department of Agriculture, complete with indoor toilets and showers, which the Joad children had never seen before. Tom is moved to work for change by what he has witnessed in the various camps. He tells his family that he plans to carry on Casy's mission in the world by fighting for social

Context: Document [18](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) his father, who is dying of starvation. Rose of Sharon takes pity on the man and offers him her breast milk to save him from starvation. Many scholars note Steinbeck for his many uses of Christian imagery within "The Grapes of Wrath." The largest implications lie with Tom Joad and Jim Casy, who are both interpreted as Christ-like figures at certain intervals within the novel. These two are often interpreted together, with Jim Casy representing Jesus Christ in the early days of his ministry, up until his death, which is interpreted as representing the death of Christ. From there, Tom

Context: Document [19](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) acts) was given its New York premiere by The Collegiate Chorale at Carnegie Hall on March 22, 2010, with Ted Sperling conducting the American Symphony Orchestra and a narration performed by Jane Fonda. In April 2011, the Opera was presented by the Michigan State University College of Music Opera Theater, directed by Melanie Helton and conducted by Raphael Jimenez. This performance was in collaboration with Gordan's residency at Michigan State. In February 2013, the opera found its Chicago premiere at Northwestern University through the Bienen School of Music. The production was directed by Michael Ehrman, conducted by Hal France, and

Context: Document [20](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) killed by one of the camp guards. As Tom tries to defend Casy from the attack, he inadvertently kills the guard. Tom suffers a serious wound on his cheek, and the camp guards realize it will not be difficult to identify him. That evening the family hides Tom under the mattresses of the truck just as guards arrive to question them; they are searching for the man who killed the guard. Tom avoids being spotted and the family leaves the Keene Ranch without further incident. After driving for a while, they have to stop at the top of a hill

Question: where does the grapes of wrath take place?

Answer: Oklahoma

Answer: California


Context: Document [1](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (play)) The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for 188 performances. The cast included Gary Sinise, Kathryn Erbe, Terry

Context: Document [2](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) The Grapes of Wrath (opera) The Grapes of Wrath is an opera in three acts composed by Ricky Ian Gordon to a libretto by Michael Korie based on John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel of the same title. It premiered on February 10, 2007 at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota in a production by Minnesota Opera. The work has been revised in subsequent years and has also been performed as a two-act concert version. Originally commissioned by the Minnesota Opera and co-produced with Utah Symphony – Utah Opera, the Minnesota Opera production had its premiere February

Context: Document [3](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (play)) Kinney, Jeff Perry, Lois Smith, Francis Guinan, and Stephen Bogardus. The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for

Context: Document [4](Title: Operation Grapes of Wrath) the grapes of wrath are stored; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword: His truth is marching on.</poem> The irony (and potential controversy) of an Israeli military operation being named after a Christian religious doctrine was not entirely lost on the Israeli press. However, most commentators either believed the title was a reference from the Torah or that the phrase merely referred to John Steinbeck's novel of the same name, "The Grapes of Wrath". Operation Grapes of Wrath Operation "Grapes of Wrath" () is the Israeli Defense Forces code-name (referred to as April War by Hezbollah)

Context: Document [5](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) break-up of the Joad family, the film switches the order of sequences so that the family ends up in a "good" camp provided by the government, and events turn out relatively well. The novel's original ending was considered far too controversial to be included in the film. In the novel, Rose-of-Sharon ("Rosasharn") Rivers (played in the film by Dorris Bowdon) gives birth to a stillborn baby. Later she offers her milk-filled breasts to a starving man, dying in a barn. These scenes were not included in the film. While the film is somewhat stark, it has a more optimistic and

Context: Document [6](Title: Operation Grapes of Wrath) Committee for the Implementation of the "Grapes of Wrath" Understandings was set up, comprising representatives from the U.S., France, Syria, Israel and Lebanon. The committee convenes to monitor and discuss infringements of the understandings by the two sides. The phrase "grapes of wrath" is a reference from the Book of Revelation (chapter 14 verses 19 and 20). It was a well-known idea in 19th century American Christian eschatology and also appears in the abolitionist hymn The Battle Hymn of the Republic: <poem>Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord: He is trampling out the vintage where

Context: Document [7](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) whereas the novel focuses on their journey as a part of the "family of man". She points out that their farm is never shown in detail, and that the family members are never shown working in agriculture; not a single peach is shown in the entire film. This subtly serves to focus the film on the specific family, as opposed to the novel's focus on man and land together. In the film, most family members are either reduced, such as Al, Noah and Uncle John, to background characters or, like Rose of Sharon and Connie, to being the focus of

Context: Document [8](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) 10, 2007, at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota conducted by Grant Gershon. The world premiere broadcast was heard on Minnesota Public Radio on September 19, 2007. Utah Symphony – Utah Opera subsequently performed the work (in a modified version) on May 12–20, 2007, at the Capitol Theatre in Salt Lake City. A revised version of the opera was performed by Pittsburgh Opera in November, 2008. Its collegiate premiere was performed at the Moores School of Music of the University of Houston in April, 2009. A greatly revised concert version of the opera (in two

Context: Document [9](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) of Daryl F. Zanuck, outtakes, a gallery, Franklin D. Roosevelt lauds motion pictures at Academy featurette, Movietone news: three drought reports from 1934, etc. The film was released on Blu-ray on April 3, 2012, and features all supplemental material from the DVD release. The Grapes of Wrath (film) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1940 American drama film directed by John Ford. It was based on John Steinbeck's 1939 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. The screenplay was written by Nunnally Johnson and the executive producer was Darryl F. Zanuck. The film tells the story of the Joads, an

Context: Document [10](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California. Along with thousands of other "Okies", they seek jobs, land, dignity, and a future.

Context: Document [11](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) Galati. Gary Sinise played Tom Joad for its entire run of 188 performances on Broadway in 1990. One of these performances was filmed and shown on PBS the following year. In 1990, the Illegitimate Players theater company in Chicago produced "Of Grapes and Nuts", an original, satirical mash-up of "The Grapes of Wrath" and Steinbeck's acclaimed novella "Of Mice and Men". The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. The book won the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and it was cited prominently when

Context: Document [12](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) the preacher who baptized Tom, but now Casy has "lost the spirit" and his faith. Casy goes with Tom to the Joad property only to find it deserted. There, they meet Muley Graves (John Qualen) who is hiding out. In a flashback, he describes how farmers all over the area were forced from their farms by the deed holders of the land. A local boy (John Arledge), hired for the purpose, is shown knocking down Muley's house with a Caterpillar tractor. The large Joad family of twelve leaves at daybreak, along with Casy, who decides to accompany them. They pack

Context: Document [13](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) "Here is outstanding entertainment, projected against a heart-rending sector of the American scene," concluding, "It possesses an adult viewpoint and its success may lead other producers to explore the rich field of contemporary life which films long have neglected and ignored." John Mosher wrote in "The New Yorker", "With a majesty never before so constantly sustained on any screen, the film never for an instant falters. Its beauty is of the sort found in the art of Burchfield, Benton and Curry, as the landscape and people involved belong to the world of these painters." The "Film Daily" year-end poll of

Context: Document [14](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) "The Grapes of Wrath" was comedian Bill Hicks' favorite novel. He based his famous last words on Tom Joad's final speech: "I left in love, in laughter, and in truth, and wherever truth, love and laughter abide, I am there in spirit." In July 2013, Steven Spielberg announced his plans to direct a remake of "The Grapes of Wrath" for DreamWorks. Woody Guthrie's two-part song—"Tom Joad – Parts 1 & 2" – from the album "Dust Bowl Ballads" (1940), explores the protagonist's life after being paroled from prison. It was covered in 1988 by Andy Irvine, who recorded both parts

Context: Document [15](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) 546 critics nationwide ranked "The Grapes of Wrath" as the second-best film of 1940, behind only "Rebecca". Academy Awards wins (1941) Academy Awards nominations (1941) Other wins American Film Institute recognition The film was released on VHS in 1988 by Key Video. It was later it was released in video format on March 3, 1998 by 20th Century Fox on its Studio Classic series. A DVD was released on April 6, 2004 by 20th Century Fox Entertainment. The DVD contains a special commentary track by scholars Joseph McBride and Susan Shillinglaw. It also includes various supplements: an A&E Network biography

Context: Document [16](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) "Grapes of Wrath" was published by Carl Fischer Music in 2010. Some are expanded versions of arias which were shortened or cut in the most recent edition of the opera. Articles and reviews Video, audio, photographs The Grapes of Wrath (opera) The Grapes of Wrath is an opera in three acts composed by Ricky Ian Gordon to a libretto by Michael Korie based on John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel of the same title. It premiered on February 10, 2007 at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota in a production by Minnesota Opera. The work has been

Context: Document [17](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) when the engine overheats due to a broken fan belt; they have little gas, but decide to try coasting down the hill to some lights. The lights are from a third type of camp: Farmworkers' Wheat Patch Camp (Weedpatch in the book), a clean camp run by the Department of Agriculture, complete with indoor toilets and showers, which the Joad children had never seen before. Tom is moved to work for change by what he has witnessed in the various camps. He tells his family that he plans to carry on Casy's mission in the world by fighting for social

Context: Document [18](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) his father, who is dying of starvation. Rose of Sharon takes pity on the man and offers him her breast milk to save him from starvation. Many scholars note Steinbeck for his many uses of Christian imagery within "The Grapes of Wrath." The largest implications lie with Tom Joad and Jim Casy, who are both interpreted as Christ-like figures at certain intervals within the novel. These two are often interpreted together, with Jim Casy representing Jesus Christ in the early days of his ministry, up until his death, which is interpreted as representing the death of Christ. From there, Tom

Context: Document [19](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) acts) was given its New York premiere by The Collegiate Chorale at Carnegie Hall on March 22, 2010, with Ted Sperling conducting the American Symphony Orchestra and a narration performed by Jane Fonda. In April 2011, the Opera was presented by the Michigan State University College of Music Opera Theater, directed by Melanie Helton and conducted by Raphael Jimenez. This performance was in collaboration with Gordan's residency at Michigan State. In February 2013, the opera found its Chicago premiere at Northwestern University through the Bienen School of Music. The production was directed by Michael Ehrman, conducted by Hal France, and

Context: Document [20](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) killed by one of the camp guards. As Tom tries to defend Casy from the attack, he inadvertently kills the guard. Tom suffers a serious wound on his cheek, and the camp guards realize it will not be difficult to identify him. That evening the family hides Tom under the mattresses of the truck just as guards arrive to question them; they are searching for the man who killed the guard. Tom avoids being spotted and the family leaves the Keene Ranch without further incident. After driving for a while, they have to stop at the top of a hill

Question: where does the grapes of wrath take place?

Answer: Oklahoma

Answer: California


Context: Document [1](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (play)) The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for 188 performances. The cast included Gary Sinise, Kathryn Erbe, Terry

Context: Document [2](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) The Grapes of Wrath (opera) The Grapes of Wrath is an opera in three acts composed by Ricky Ian Gordon to a libretto by Michael Korie based on John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel of the same title. It premiered on February 10, 2007 at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota in a production by Minnesota Opera. The work has been revised in subsequent years and has also been performed as a two-act concert version. Originally commissioned by the Minnesota Opera and co-produced with Utah Symphony – Utah Opera, the Minnesota Opera production had its premiere February

Context: Document [3](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (play)) Kinney, Jeff Perry, Lois Smith, Francis Guinan, and Stephen Bogardus. The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for

Context: Document [4](Title: Operation Grapes of Wrath) the grapes of wrath are stored; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword: His truth is marching on.</poem> The irony (and potential controversy) of an Israeli military operation being named after a Christian religious doctrine was not entirely lost on the Israeli press. However, most commentators either believed the title was a reference from the Torah or that the phrase merely referred to John Steinbeck's novel of the same name, "The Grapes of Wrath". Operation Grapes of Wrath Operation "Grapes of Wrath" () is the Israeli Defense Forces code-name (referred to as April War by Hezbollah)

Context: Document [5](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) break-up of the Joad family, the film switches the order of sequences so that the family ends up in a "good" camp provided by the government, and events turn out relatively well. The novel's original ending was considered far too controversial to be included in the film. In the novel, Rose-of-Sharon ("Rosasharn") Rivers (played in the film by Dorris Bowdon) gives birth to a stillborn baby. Later she offers her milk-filled breasts to a starving man, dying in a barn. These scenes were not included in the film. While the film is somewhat stark, it has a more optimistic and

Context: Document [6](Title: Operation Grapes of Wrath) Committee for the Implementation of the "Grapes of Wrath" Understandings was set up, comprising representatives from the U.S., France, Syria, Israel and Lebanon. The committee convenes to monitor and discuss infringements of the understandings by the two sides. The phrase "grapes of wrath" is a reference from the Book of Revelation (chapter 14 verses 19 and 20). It was a well-known idea in 19th century American Christian eschatology and also appears in the abolitionist hymn The Battle Hymn of the Republic: <poem>Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord: He is trampling out the vintage where

Context: Document [7](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) whereas the novel focuses on their journey as a part of the "family of man". She points out that their farm is never shown in detail, and that the family members are never shown working in agriculture; not a single peach is shown in the entire film. This subtly serves to focus the film on the specific family, as opposed to the novel's focus on man and land together. In the film, most family members are either reduced, such as Al, Noah and Uncle John, to background characters or, like Rose of Sharon and Connie, to being the focus of

Context: Document [8](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) 10, 2007, at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota conducted by Grant Gershon. The world premiere broadcast was heard on Minnesota Public Radio on September 19, 2007. Utah Symphony – Utah Opera subsequently performed the work (in a modified version) on May 12–20, 2007, at the Capitol Theatre in Salt Lake City. A revised version of the opera was performed by Pittsburgh Opera in November, 2008. Its collegiate premiere was performed at the Moores School of Music of the University of Houston in April, 2009. A greatly revised concert version of the opera (in two

Context: Document [9](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) of Daryl F. Zanuck, outtakes, a gallery, Franklin D. Roosevelt lauds motion pictures at Academy featurette, Movietone news: three drought reports from 1934, etc. The film was released on Blu-ray on April 3, 2012, and features all supplemental material from the DVD release. The Grapes of Wrath (film) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1940 American drama film directed by John Ford. It was based on John Steinbeck's 1939 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. The screenplay was written by Nunnally Johnson and the executive producer was Darryl F. Zanuck. The film tells the story of the Joads, an

Context: Document [10](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) Galati. Gary Sinise played Tom Joad for its entire run of 188 performances on Broadway in 1990. One of these performances was filmed and shown on PBS the following year. In 1990, the Illegitimate Players theater company in Chicago produced "Of Grapes and Nuts", an original, satirical mash-up of "The Grapes of Wrath" and Steinbeck's acclaimed novella "Of Mice and Men". The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. The book won the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and it was cited prominently when

Context: Document [11](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) the preacher who baptized Tom, but now Casy has "lost the spirit" and his faith. Casy goes with Tom to the Joad property only to find it deserted. There, they meet Muley Graves (John Qualen) who is hiding out. In a flashback, he describes how farmers all over the area were forced from their farms by the deed holders of the land. A local boy (John Arledge), hired for the purpose, is shown knocking down Muley's house with a Caterpillar tractor. The large Joad family of twelve leaves at daybreak, along with Casy, who decides to accompany them. They pack

Context: Document [12](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) "Here is outstanding entertainment, projected against a heart-rending sector of the American scene," concluding, "It possesses an adult viewpoint and its success may lead other producers to explore the rich field of contemporary life which films long have neglected and ignored." John Mosher wrote in "The New Yorker", "With a majesty never before so constantly sustained on any screen, the film never for an instant falters. Its beauty is of the sort found in the art of Burchfield, Benton and Curry, as the landscape and people involved belong to the world of these painters." The "Film Daily" year-end poll of

Context: Document [13](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) "The Grapes of Wrath" was comedian Bill Hicks' favorite novel. He based his famous last words on Tom Joad's final speech: "I left in love, in laughter, and in truth, and wherever truth, love and laughter abide, I am there in spirit." In July 2013, Steven Spielberg announced his plans to direct a remake of "The Grapes of Wrath" for DreamWorks. Woody Guthrie's two-part song—"Tom Joad – Parts 1 & 2" – from the album "Dust Bowl Ballads" (1940), explores the protagonist's life after being paroled from prison. It was covered in 1988 by Andy Irvine, who recorded both parts

Context: Document [14](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) 546 critics nationwide ranked "The Grapes of Wrath" as the second-best film of 1940, behind only "Rebecca". Academy Awards wins (1941) Academy Awards nominations (1941) Other wins American Film Institute recognition The film was released on VHS in 1988 by Key Video. It was later it was released in video format on March 3, 1998 by 20th Century Fox on its Studio Classic series. A DVD was released on April 6, 2004 by 20th Century Fox Entertainment. The DVD contains a special commentary track by scholars Joseph McBride and Susan Shillinglaw. It also includes various supplements: an A&E Network biography

Context: Document [15](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California. Along with thousands of other "Okies", they seek jobs, land, dignity, and a future.

Context: Document [16](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) "Grapes of Wrath" was published by Carl Fischer Music in 2010. Some are expanded versions of arias which were shortened or cut in the most recent edition of the opera. Articles and reviews Video, audio, photographs The Grapes of Wrath (opera) The Grapes of Wrath is an opera in three acts composed by Ricky Ian Gordon to a libretto by Michael Korie based on John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel of the same title. It premiered on February 10, 2007 at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota in a production by Minnesota Opera. The work has been

Context: Document [17](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) when the engine overheats due to a broken fan belt; they have little gas, but decide to try coasting down the hill to some lights. The lights are from a third type of camp: Farmworkers' Wheat Patch Camp (Weedpatch in the book), a clean camp run by the Department of Agriculture, complete with indoor toilets and showers, which the Joad children had never seen before. Tom is moved to work for change by what he has witnessed in the various camps. He tells his family that he plans to carry on Casy's mission in the world by fighting for social

Context: Document [18](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) his father, who is dying of starvation. Rose of Sharon takes pity on the man and offers him her breast milk to save him from starvation. Many scholars note Steinbeck for his many uses of Christian imagery within "The Grapes of Wrath." The largest implications lie with Tom Joad and Jim Casy, who are both interpreted as Christ-like figures at certain intervals within the novel. These two are often interpreted together, with Jim Casy representing Jesus Christ in the early days of his ministry, up until his death, which is interpreted as representing the death of Christ. From there, Tom

Context: Document [19](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) acts) was given its New York premiere by The Collegiate Chorale at Carnegie Hall on March 22, 2010, with Ted Sperling conducting the American Symphony Orchestra and a narration performed by Jane Fonda. In April 2011, the Opera was presented by the Michigan State University College of Music Opera Theater, directed by Melanie Helton and conducted by Raphael Jimenez. This performance was in collaboration with Gordan's residency at Michigan State. In February 2013, the opera found its Chicago premiere at Northwestern University through the Bienen School of Music. The production was directed by Michael Ehrman, conducted by Hal France, and

Context: Document [20](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) killed by one of the camp guards. As Tom tries to defend Casy from the attack, he inadvertently kills the guard. Tom suffers a serious wound on his cheek, and the camp guards realize it will not be difficult to identify him. That evening the family hides Tom under the mattresses of the truck just as guards arrive to question them; they are searching for the man who killed the guard. Tom avoids being spotted and the family leaves the Keene Ranch without further incident. After driving for a while, they have to stop at the top of a hill

Question: where does the grapes of wrath take place?

Answer: Oklahoma

Answer: California


Context: Document [1](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (play)) The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for 188 performances. The cast included Gary Sinise, Kathryn Erbe, Terry

Context: Document [2](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) The Grapes of Wrath (opera) The Grapes of Wrath is an opera in three acts composed by Ricky Ian Gordon to a libretto by Michael Korie based on John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel of the same title. It premiered on February 10, 2007 at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota in a production by Minnesota Opera. The work has been revised in subsequent years and has also been performed as a two-act concert version. Originally commissioned by the Minnesota Opera and co-produced with Utah Symphony – Utah Opera, the Minnesota Opera production had its premiere February

Context: Document [3](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (play)) Kinney, Jeff Perry, Lois Smith, Francis Guinan, and Stephen Bogardus. The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for

Context: Document [4](Title: Operation Grapes of Wrath) the grapes of wrath are stored; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword: His truth is marching on.</poem> The irony (and potential controversy) of an Israeli military operation being named after a Christian religious doctrine was not entirely lost on the Israeli press. However, most commentators either believed the title was a reference from the Torah or that the phrase merely referred to John Steinbeck's novel of the same name, "The Grapes of Wrath". Operation Grapes of Wrath Operation "Grapes of Wrath" () is the Israeli Defense Forces code-name (referred to as April War by Hezbollah)

Context: Document [5](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) break-up of the Joad family, the film switches the order of sequences so that the family ends up in a "good" camp provided by the government, and events turn out relatively well. The novel's original ending was considered far too controversial to be included in the film. In the novel, Rose-of-Sharon ("Rosasharn") Rivers (played in the film by Dorris Bowdon) gives birth to a stillborn baby. Later she offers her milk-filled breasts to a starving man, dying in a barn. These scenes were not included in the film. While the film is somewhat stark, it has a more optimistic and

Context: Document [6](Title: Operation Grapes of Wrath) Committee for the Implementation of the "Grapes of Wrath" Understandings was set up, comprising representatives from the U.S., France, Syria, Israel and Lebanon. The committee convenes to monitor and discuss infringements of the understandings by the two sides. The phrase "grapes of wrath" is a reference from the Book of Revelation (chapter 14 verses 19 and 20). It was a well-known idea in 19th century American Christian eschatology and also appears in the abolitionist hymn The Battle Hymn of the Republic: <poem>Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord: He is trampling out the vintage where

Context: Document [7](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) whereas the novel focuses on their journey as a part of the "family of man". She points out that their farm is never shown in detail, and that the family members are never shown working in agriculture; not a single peach is shown in the entire film. This subtly serves to focus the film on the specific family, as opposed to the novel's focus on man and land together. In the film, most family members are either reduced, such as Al, Noah and Uncle John, to background characters or, like Rose of Sharon and Connie, to being the focus of

Context: Document [8](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) 10, 2007, at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota conducted by Grant Gershon. The world premiere broadcast was heard on Minnesota Public Radio on September 19, 2007. Utah Symphony – Utah Opera subsequently performed the work (in a modified version) on May 12–20, 2007, at the Capitol Theatre in Salt Lake City. A revised version of the opera was performed by Pittsburgh Opera in November, 2008. Its collegiate premiere was performed at the Moores School of Music of the University of Houston in April, 2009. A greatly revised concert version of the opera (in two

Context: Document [9](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) of Daryl F. Zanuck, outtakes, a gallery, Franklin D. Roosevelt lauds motion pictures at Academy featurette, Movietone news: three drought reports from 1934, etc. The film was released on Blu-ray on April 3, 2012, and features all supplemental material from the DVD release. The Grapes of Wrath (film) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1940 American drama film directed by John Ford. It was based on John Steinbeck's 1939 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. The screenplay was written by Nunnally Johnson and the executive producer was Darryl F. Zanuck. The film tells the story of the Joads, an

Context: Document [10](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) Galati. Gary Sinise played Tom Joad for its entire run of 188 performances on Broadway in 1990. One of these performances was filmed and shown on PBS the following year. In 1990, the Illegitimate Players theater company in Chicago produced "Of Grapes and Nuts", an original, satirical mash-up of "The Grapes of Wrath" and Steinbeck's acclaimed novella "Of Mice and Men". The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. The book won the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and it was cited prominently when

Context: Document [11](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) the preacher who baptized Tom, but now Casy has "lost the spirit" and his faith. Casy goes with Tom to the Joad property only to find it deserted. There, they meet Muley Graves (John Qualen) who is hiding out. In a flashback, he describes how farmers all over the area were forced from their farms by the deed holders of the land. A local boy (John Arledge), hired for the purpose, is shown knocking down Muley's house with a Caterpillar tractor. The large Joad family of twelve leaves at daybreak, along with Casy, who decides to accompany them. They pack

Context: Document [12](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) "Here is outstanding entertainment, projected against a heart-rending sector of the American scene," concluding, "It possesses an adult viewpoint and its success may lead other producers to explore the rich field of contemporary life which films long have neglected and ignored." John Mosher wrote in "The New Yorker", "With a majesty never before so constantly sustained on any screen, the film never for an instant falters. Its beauty is of the sort found in the art of Burchfield, Benton and Curry, as the landscape and people involved belong to the world of these painters." The "Film Daily" year-end poll of

Context: Document [13](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) "The Grapes of Wrath" was comedian Bill Hicks' favorite novel. He based his famous last words on Tom Joad's final speech: "I left in love, in laughter, and in truth, and wherever truth, love and laughter abide, I am there in spirit." In July 2013, Steven Spielberg announced his plans to direct a remake of "The Grapes of Wrath" for DreamWorks. Woody Guthrie's two-part song—"Tom Joad – Parts 1 & 2" – from the album "Dust Bowl Ballads" (1940), explores the protagonist's life after being paroled from prison. It was covered in 1988 by Andy Irvine, who recorded both parts

Context: Document [14](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) 546 critics nationwide ranked "The Grapes of Wrath" as the second-best film of 1940, behind only "Rebecca". Academy Awards wins (1941) Academy Awards nominations (1941) Other wins American Film Institute recognition The film was released on VHS in 1988 by Key Video. It was later it was released in video format on March 3, 1998 by 20th Century Fox on its Studio Classic series. A DVD was released on April 6, 2004 by 20th Century Fox Entertainment. The DVD contains a special commentary track by scholars Joseph McBride and Susan Shillinglaw. It also includes various supplements: an A&E Network biography

Context: Document [15](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) "Grapes of Wrath" was published by Carl Fischer Music in 2010. Some are expanded versions of arias which were shortened or cut in the most recent edition of the opera. Articles and reviews Video, audio, photographs The Grapes of Wrath (opera) The Grapes of Wrath is an opera in three acts composed by Ricky Ian Gordon to a libretto by Michael Korie based on John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel of the same title. It premiered on February 10, 2007 at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota in a production by Minnesota Opera. The work has been

Context: Document [16](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) when the engine overheats due to a broken fan belt; they have little gas, but decide to try coasting down the hill to some lights. The lights are from a third type of camp: Farmworkers' Wheat Patch Camp (Weedpatch in the book), a clean camp run by the Department of Agriculture, complete with indoor toilets and showers, which the Joad children had never seen before. Tom is moved to work for change by what he has witnessed in the various camps. He tells his family that he plans to carry on Casy's mission in the world by fighting for social

Context: Document [17](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) his father, who is dying of starvation. Rose of Sharon takes pity on the man and offers him her breast milk to save him from starvation. Many scholars note Steinbeck for his many uses of Christian imagery within "The Grapes of Wrath." The largest implications lie with Tom Joad and Jim Casy, who are both interpreted as Christ-like figures at certain intervals within the novel. These two are often interpreted together, with Jim Casy representing Jesus Christ in the early days of his ministry, up until his death, which is interpreted as representing the death of Christ. From there, Tom

Context: Document [18](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) acts) was given its New York premiere by The Collegiate Chorale at Carnegie Hall on March 22, 2010, with Ted Sperling conducting the American Symphony Orchestra and a narration performed by Jane Fonda. In April 2011, the Opera was presented by the Michigan State University College of Music Opera Theater, directed by Melanie Helton and conducted by Raphael Jimenez. This performance was in collaboration with Gordan's residency at Michigan State. In February 2013, the opera found its Chicago premiere at Northwestern University through the Bienen School of Music. The production was directed by Michael Ehrman, conducted by Hal France, and

Context: Document [19](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) killed by one of the camp guards. As Tom tries to defend Casy from the attack, he inadvertently kills the guard. Tom suffers a serious wound on his cheek, and the camp guards realize it will not be difficult to identify him. That evening the family hides Tom under the mattresses of the truck just as guards arrive to question them; they are searching for the man who killed the guard. Tom avoids being spotted and the family leaves the Keene Ranch without further incident. After driving for a while, they have to stop at the top of a hill

Context: Document [20](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California. Along with thousands of other "Okies", they seek jobs, land, dignity, and a future.

Question: where does the grapes of wrath take place?

Answer: Oklahoma

Answer: California


Context: Document [1](Title: Ming dynasty) In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, Chen Youliang, in the Battle of Lake Poyang, arguably the largest naval battle in history. Known for its ambitious use of fire ships, Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000-strong. The victory destroyed the last opposing rebel faction, leaving Zhu Yuanzhang in uncontested control of the bountiful Yangtze River Valley and cementing his power in the south. After the dynastic head of the Red Turbans suspiciously died in 1367 while a guest of Zhu, there was no one left who was remotely capable of contesting his march to the throne, and he made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital Dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1368. The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu, and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground; the city was renamed Beiping in the same year. Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or "Vastly Martial", as his era name.

Context: Document [2](Title: House of Zhu) Beijing), he claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty in 1368. The Ming's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. Under the Hongwu Emperor's rule, the Mongol bureaucrats who dominated the government in the Yuan dynasty were replaced by Han Chinese officials. The Hongwu Emperor revamped the traditional Confucian examination system. Mongol-related things, including garments and names, were discontinued from use and boycotted. There were also attacks on palaces and administrative buildings previously used by the Mongol rulers. The Hongwu Emperor's grandson, Zhu Yunwen, assumed the throne as the Jianwen

Context: Document [3](Title: Manchuria under Ming rule) and the Qing dynasty established by his son would eventually conquer the Ming and take control of China proper. The Mongol Empire conquered all Manchuria (modern Northeast China and Outer Manchuria) in the 13th century and it was put under the rule of the Yuan dynasty established by Kublai Khan. After the overthrown of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty founded by the Han Chinese in 1368, Manchuria was still under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won

Context: Document [4](Title: Ming dynasty) remained under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won hegemony over the Mongol tribes in Manchuria (Liaoyang province of the former Yuan dynasty). He grew strong in the northeast, with forces large enough (numbering hundreds of thousands) to threaten invasion of the newly founded Ming dynasty in order to restore the Mongols to power in China. The Ming decided to defeat him instead of waiting for the Mongols to attack. In 1387 the Ming sent a military campaign to attack

Context: Document [5](Title: Hongwu Emperor) his era name. His dynasty's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. In 1368, Ming armies headed north to attack territories that were still under Yuan rule. The Mongols gave up their capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing), and the rest of northern China in September 1368 and retreated to Mongolia. On 15 October 1371, one of the Hongwu Emperor's sons, Zhu Shuang, was married to the sister of Köke Temür, a Bayad general of the Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty defeated Ming Yuchen's Xia polity, which ruled Sichuan. The Ming army captured the last

Context: Document [6](Title: Emperor Yingzong of Ming) to its core, and the ensuing crisis almost caused the dynasty to collapse had it not been for the capable governing of a prominent minister named Yu Qian. Although the Zhengtong Emperor was a prisoner of the Mongols, he became a good friend to both Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1416–1453) and his grand preceptor (taishi) Esen. Meanwhile, to calm the crisis at home, his younger brother Zhu Qiyu was installed as the Jingtai Emperor. This reduced the Zhengtong Emperor's imperial status and he was granted the title of "Tàishàng Huángdi" (emperor emeritus). Historians at the time, in an effort to

Context: Document [7](Title: Chinese emperors family tree (late)) 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghun Temür in 1368, but it survived in Mongolia, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty; years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty (up to 1388) are given in brackets. It should be noted that the Mongol Great Khans (Khagans) before Kublai Khan were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271. The following is a simplified family tree for the Ming dynasty, which ruled China between 1368 and 1644. Those who became emperor are listed in bold, with their years of reign.

Context: Document [8](Title: History of the Yuan dynasty) History of the Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China and Mongolia established by Kublai Khan and a khanate of the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol Empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234 and conquered most of northern China. Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese, but had several Han Chinese teachers

Context: Document [9](Title: Chin Ning Chu) Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD) by defeating the Mongol rule of Genghis Khan. At the age of three, holding tight to her mother's skirt, she ran for her life across the Shanghai airport runway amid bombs bursting as her parents boarded the last commercial flight out of China. Her family, from a life of affluence, were reduced to refugees. At the age of twenty-two, clutching two suitcases, again she up-rooted herself and came to America. She brought two books, Sun Tzu - The Art of War and Li Zongwu - Thick Black Theory. At the age of ten,

Context: Document [10](Title: Ming dynasty) epidemic, the dynasty collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng, who was defeated by the Manchu-led Eight Banner armies who founded the Qing dynasty. The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. Explanations for the demise of the Yuan include institutionalized ethnic discrimination against Han Chinese that stirred resentment and rebellion, overtaxation of areas hard-hit by inflation, and massive flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects. Consequently, agriculture and the economy were in shambles, and rebellion broke out among the hundreds of thousands of peasants called upon to

Context: Document [11](Title: Khutughtu Khan Kusala) Khutughtu Khan Kusala Khutughtu Khan (Mongolian: Хутагт хаан, "Hutagt haan", Qutuγtu qaγan), born Kuśala (Mongolian: Хүслэн Höslen), also known by the temple name Mingzong (Emperor Mingzong of Yuan, Chinese: 元明宗, December 22, 1300 – August 30, 1329), was a son of Khayishan who seized the throne of the Yuan dynasty in 1329, but died soon after. Apart from Emperor of China, he is considered as the 13th Great Khan of the Mongol Empire or Mongols, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. He was the eldest son of Khayishan (Külüg Khan or Emperor Wuzong) and

Context: Document [12](Title: Hongwu Emperor) Yuan-controlled province of Yunnan in 1381, and China was unified under Ming rule. Under the Hongwu Emperor's rule, the Mongol, and other foreign bureaucrats, who dominated the government during the Yuan dynasty along with Northern Chinese officials, were replaced by Han Chinese officials. The emperor re-instituted, then abolished, then restored the Confucian civil service imperial examination system, from which most state officials were selected based on their knowledge of literature and philosophy. The Ming examination curriculum followed that set by the Yuan in 1313: a focus on the Four Books over the Five Classics, and the commentaries of Zhu Xi.

Context: Document [13](Title: Mongol Empire) Yuan dynasty. Some sources state that the full Mongolian name was "Dai Ön Yehe Monggul Ulus". The area around Mongolia, Manchuria, and parts of North China had been controlled by the Liao dynasty since the 10th century. In 1125, the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchens overthrew the Liao dynasty and attempted to gain control over former Liao territory in Mongolia. In the 1130s the Jin dynasty rulers, known as the Golden Kings, successfully resisted the Khamag Mongol confederation, ruled at the time by Khabul Khan, great-grandfather of Genghis Khan. The Mongolian plateau was occupied mainly by five powerful tribal

Context: Document [14](Title: Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty) the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as "A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Yüan in 1271." The "Encyclopedia Americana" describes the Yuan dynasty as "the line of Mongol rulers in China" and adds that the Mongols "proclaimed a Chinese-style Yüan dynasty at Khanbaliq (Beijing)." The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty "adopted Chinese political and cultural models; ruling from their capitals in Dadu, they

Context: Document [15](Title: Mongolia) Khaanate", consisting of the Mongol homeland and China, became known as the Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. He set up his capital in present-day Beijing. After more than a century of power, the Yuan was replaced by the Ming dynasty in 1368, and the Mongol court fled to the north. As the Ming armies pursued the Mongols into their homeland, they successfully sacked and destroyed the Mongol capital Karakorum and other cities. Some of these attacks were repelled by the Mongols under Ayushridar and his general Köke Temür. After the expulsion of the Yuan dynasty

Context: Document [16](Title: History of the Song dynasty) boy emperor in his arms and jumped from his sinking ship into the sea, drowning both of them. With the death of the last remaining emperor, Song China was eliminated, while Kublai Khan established the realm of the Yuan dynasty over China proper, Mongolia, Manchuria, Tibet, and Korea. For nearly a century to follow, the Chinese would live under a dynasty established by Mongols. However, a native Han Chinese dynasty would be established once more with the Ming dynasty in 1368. During the Song dynasty, the "Zizhi Tongjian" (Chinese: 資治通鑒/资治通鉴; Wade–Giles : "Tzu-chih t'ung-chien"; literally "Comprehensive Mirror for/to Aid in

Context: Document [17](Title: Chinese nobility) alive by the Yuan. Zhao Yiguang was a Song Imperial family descendant who was a writer during the Ming dynasty. When the Ming dynasty fell and the Qing dynasty took over, the Qing Emperors granted a Ming descendant the title Marquis of Extended Grace and gave him a stipend to perform sacrifices to his ancestors, the Ming Emperors at the Ming Imperial Tombs. The Qing granted Zheng Keshuang of the Kingdom of Tungning the title of "Duke of Haicheng" (海澄公) after he surrendered to the Qing. When the Northern Yuan Chahar Borjigin Mongol Khan Ejei Khan surrendered to the Qing,

Context: Document [18](Title: Mongol siege of Kaifeng) looted the city. The dynasty fell two years later after the suicide of Aizong and the capture of Caizhou in 1234. Genghis Khan was declared Khaghan in 1206. The Mongols had united under his leadership, and defeated the rival tribes of the steppes. In the same period, China was divided into three separate states. In the north, the Jurchen Jin dynasty controlled Manchuria and all of China north of the Huai River. The Tangut Western Xia ruled parts of the western China, while the Song dynasty reigned over the south. The Mongols subjugated Western Xia in 1210. In that same

Context: Document [19](Title: Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty) Yongji and enthroned Wanyan Yongji's nephew, Emperor Xuanzong. When the Mongols besieged Zhongdu, the Jin government temporarily agreed to become a tributary state of the Mongol Empire, presenting a Jurchen princess to Genghis Khan. But when the Mongols withdrew in 1214, believing the war was over after being given a large tribute by the Jurchens, Li Ying wanted to ambush them on the way with his forces (which had grown to several tens of thousands). However, the Jin ruler, Emperor Aizong, was afraid of offending the Mongols again so he stopped Li Ying. Emperor Aizong and the general Zhuhu Gaoqi

Context: Document [20](Title: Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia) dynasty. Even after the overthrown of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty in 1368, Manchuria was still controlled by the Mongols under Naghachu, a general of the Mongolia-based Northern Yuan dynasty who was originally a Yuan official. Ming conquest of Manchuria only occurred after the Ming military campaign against Naghachu in 1387. The Mongols came from the Mongolian steppe, and Karakorum was the capital of the Mongol Empire until 1260. During the Toluid Civil War, Mongolia was controlled by Ariq Böke, a younger brother of Kublai Khan. After Kublai's victory over Ariq Böke, Mongolia was put within the

Question: who overthrew the mongols and established the ming dynasty?

Answer: Zhu Yuanzhang


Context: Document [1](Title: House of Zhu) Beijing), he claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty in 1368. The Ming's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. Under the Hongwu Emperor's rule, the Mongol bureaucrats who dominated the government in the Yuan dynasty were replaced by Han Chinese officials. The Hongwu Emperor revamped the traditional Confucian examination system. Mongol-related things, including garments and names, were discontinued from use and boycotted. There were also attacks on palaces and administrative buildings previously used by the Mongol rulers. The Hongwu Emperor's grandson, Zhu Yunwen, assumed the throne as the Jianwen

Context: Document [2](Title: Manchuria under Ming rule) and the Qing dynasty established by his son would eventually conquer the Ming and take control of China proper. The Mongol Empire conquered all Manchuria (modern Northeast China and Outer Manchuria) in the 13th century and it was put under the rule of the Yuan dynasty established by Kublai Khan. After the overthrown of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty founded by the Han Chinese in 1368, Manchuria was still under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won

Context: Document [3](Title: Ming dynasty) remained under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won hegemony over the Mongol tribes in Manchuria (Liaoyang province of the former Yuan dynasty). He grew strong in the northeast, with forces large enough (numbering hundreds of thousands) to threaten invasion of the newly founded Ming dynasty in order to restore the Mongols to power in China. The Ming decided to defeat him instead of waiting for the Mongols to attack. In 1387 the Ming sent a military campaign to attack

Context: Document [4](Title: Hongwu Emperor) his era name. His dynasty's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. In 1368, Ming armies headed north to attack territories that were still under Yuan rule. The Mongols gave up their capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing), and the rest of northern China in September 1368 and retreated to Mongolia. On 15 October 1371, one of the Hongwu Emperor's sons, Zhu Shuang, was married to the sister of Köke Temür, a Bayad general of the Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty defeated Ming Yuchen's Xia polity, which ruled Sichuan. The Ming army captured the last

Context: Document [5](Title: Ming dynasty) In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, Chen Youliang, in the Battle of Lake Poyang, arguably the largest naval battle in history. Known for its ambitious use of fire ships, Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000-strong. The victory destroyed the last opposing rebel faction, leaving Zhu Yuanzhang in uncontested control of the bountiful Yangtze River Valley and cementing his power in the south. After the dynastic head of the Red Turbans suspiciously died in 1367 while a guest of Zhu, there was no one left who was remotely capable of contesting his march to the throne, and he made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital Dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1368. The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu, and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground; the city was renamed Beiping in the same year. Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or "Vastly Martial", as his era name.

Context: Document [6](Title: Emperor Yingzong of Ming) to its core, and the ensuing crisis almost caused the dynasty to collapse had it not been for the capable governing of a prominent minister named Yu Qian. Although the Zhengtong Emperor was a prisoner of the Mongols, he became a good friend to both Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1416–1453) and his grand preceptor (taishi) Esen. Meanwhile, to calm the crisis at home, his younger brother Zhu Qiyu was installed as the Jingtai Emperor. This reduced the Zhengtong Emperor's imperial status and he was granted the title of "Tàishàng Huángdi" (emperor emeritus). Historians at the time, in an effort to

Context: Document [7](Title: Chinese emperors family tree (late)) 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghun Temür in 1368, but it survived in Mongolia, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty; years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty (up to 1388) are given in brackets. It should be noted that the Mongol Great Khans (Khagans) before Kublai Khan were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271. The following is a simplified family tree for the Ming dynasty, which ruled China between 1368 and 1644. Those who became emperor are listed in bold, with their years of reign.

Context: Document [8](Title: History of the Yuan dynasty) History of the Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China and Mongolia established by Kublai Khan and a khanate of the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol Empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234 and conquered most of northern China. Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese, but had several Han Chinese teachers

Context: Document [9](Title: Chin Ning Chu) Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD) by defeating the Mongol rule of Genghis Khan. At the age of three, holding tight to her mother's skirt, she ran for her life across the Shanghai airport runway amid bombs bursting as her parents boarded the last commercial flight out of China. Her family, from a life of affluence, were reduced to refugees. At the age of twenty-two, clutching two suitcases, again she up-rooted herself and came to America. She brought two books, Sun Tzu - The Art of War and Li Zongwu - Thick Black Theory. At the age of ten,

Context: Document [10](Title: Ming dynasty) epidemic, the dynasty collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng, who was defeated by the Manchu-led Eight Banner armies who founded the Qing dynasty. The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. Explanations for the demise of the Yuan include institutionalized ethnic discrimination against Han Chinese that stirred resentment and rebellion, overtaxation of areas hard-hit by inflation, and massive flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects. Consequently, agriculture and the economy were in shambles, and rebellion broke out among the hundreds of thousands of peasants called upon to

Context: Document [11](Title: Khutughtu Khan Kusala) Khutughtu Khan Kusala Khutughtu Khan (Mongolian: Хутагт хаан, "Hutagt haan", Qutuγtu qaγan), born Kuśala (Mongolian: Хүслэн Höslen), also known by the temple name Mingzong (Emperor Mingzong of Yuan, Chinese: 元明宗, December 22, 1300 – August 30, 1329), was a son of Khayishan who seized the throne of the Yuan dynasty in 1329, but died soon after. Apart from Emperor of China, he is considered as the 13th Great Khan of the Mongol Empire or Mongols, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. He was the eldest son of Khayishan (Külüg Khan or Emperor Wuzong) and

Context: Document [12](Title: Hongwu Emperor) Yuan-controlled province of Yunnan in 1381, and China was unified under Ming rule. Under the Hongwu Emperor's rule, the Mongol, and other foreign bureaucrats, who dominated the government during the Yuan dynasty along with Northern Chinese officials, were replaced by Han Chinese officials. The emperor re-instituted, then abolished, then restored the Confucian civil service imperial examination system, from which most state officials were selected based on their knowledge of literature and philosophy. The Ming examination curriculum followed that set by the Yuan in 1313: a focus on the Four Books over the Five Classics, and the commentaries of Zhu Xi.

Context: Document [13](Title: Mongol Empire) Yuan dynasty. Some sources state that the full Mongolian name was "Dai Ön Yehe Monggul Ulus". The area around Mongolia, Manchuria, and parts of North China had been controlled by the Liao dynasty since the 10th century. In 1125, the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchens overthrew the Liao dynasty and attempted to gain control over former Liao territory in Mongolia. In the 1130s the Jin dynasty rulers, known as the Golden Kings, successfully resisted the Khamag Mongol confederation, ruled at the time by Khabul Khan, great-grandfather of Genghis Khan. The Mongolian plateau was occupied mainly by five powerful tribal

Context: Document [14](Title: Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty) the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as "A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Yüan in 1271." The "Encyclopedia Americana" describes the Yuan dynasty as "the line of Mongol rulers in China" and adds that the Mongols "proclaimed a Chinese-style Yüan dynasty at Khanbaliq (Beijing)." The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty "adopted Chinese political and cultural models; ruling from their capitals in Dadu, they

Context: Document [15](Title: Mongolia) Khaanate", consisting of the Mongol homeland and China, became known as the Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. He set up his capital in present-day Beijing. After more than a century of power, the Yuan was replaced by the Ming dynasty in 1368, and the Mongol court fled to the north. As the Ming armies pursued the Mongols into their homeland, they successfully sacked and destroyed the Mongol capital Karakorum and other cities. Some of these attacks were repelled by the Mongols under Ayushridar and his general Köke Temür. After the expulsion of the Yuan dynasty

Context: Document [16](Title: History of the Song dynasty) boy emperor in his arms and jumped from his sinking ship into the sea, drowning both of them. With the death of the last remaining emperor, Song China was eliminated, while Kublai Khan established the realm of the Yuan dynasty over China proper, Mongolia, Manchuria, Tibet, and Korea. For nearly a century to follow, the Chinese would live under a dynasty established by Mongols. However, a native Han Chinese dynasty would be established once more with the Ming dynasty in 1368. During the Song dynasty, the "Zizhi Tongjian" (Chinese: 資治通鑒/资治通鉴; Wade–Giles : "Tzu-chih t'ung-chien"; literally "Comprehensive Mirror for/to Aid in

Context: Document [17](Title: Chinese nobility) alive by the Yuan. Zhao Yiguang was a Song Imperial family descendant who was a writer during the Ming dynasty. When the Ming dynasty fell and the Qing dynasty took over, the Qing Emperors granted a Ming descendant the title Marquis of Extended Grace and gave him a stipend to perform sacrifices to his ancestors, the Ming Emperors at the Ming Imperial Tombs. The Qing granted Zheng Keshuang of the Kingdom of Tungning the title of "Duke of Haicheng" (海澄公) after he surrendered to the Qing. When the Northern Yuan Chahar Borjigin Mongol Khan Ejei Khan surrendered to the Qing,

Context: Document [18](Title: Mongol siege of Kaifeng) looted the city. The dynasty fell two years later after the suicide of Aizong and the capture of Caizhou in 1234. Genghis Khan was declared Khaghan in 1206. The Mongols had united under his leadership, and defeated the rival tribes of the steppes. In the same period, China was divided into three separate states. In the north, the Jurchen Jin dynasty controlled Manchuria and all of China north of the Huai River. The Tangut Western Xia ruled parts of the western China, while the Song dynasty reigned over the south. The Mongols subjugated Western Xia in 1210. In that same

Context: Document [19](Title: Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty) Yongji and enthroned Wanyan Yongji's nephew, Emperor Xuanzong. When the Mongols besieged Zhongdu, the Jin government temporarily agreed to become a tributary state of the Mongol Empire, presenting a Jurchen princess to Genghis Khan. But when the Mongols withdrew in 1214, believing the war was over after being given a large tribute by the Jurchens, Li Ying wanted to ambush them on the way with his forces (which had grown to several tens of thousands). However, the Jin ruler, Emperor Aizong, was afraid of offending the Mongols again so he stopped Li Ying. Emperor Aizong and the general Zhuhu Gaoqi

Context: Document [20](Title: Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia) dynasty. Even after the overthrown of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty in 1368, Manchuria was still controlled by the Mongols under Naghachu, a general of the Mongolia-based Northern Yuan dynasty who was originally a Yuan official. Ming conquest of Manchuria only occurred after the Ming military campaign against Naghachu in 1387. The Mongols came from the Mongolian steppe, and Karakorum was the capital of the Mongol Empire until 1260. During the Toluid Civil War, Mongolia was controlled by Ariq Böke, a younger brother of Kublai Khan. After Kublai's victory over Ariq Böke, Mongolia was put within the

Question: who overthrew the mongols and established the ming dynasty?

Answer: Zhu Yuanzhang


Context: Document [1](Title: House of Zhu) Beijing), he claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty in 1368. The Ming's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. Under the Hongwu Emperor's rule, the Mongol bureaucrats who dominated the government in the Yuan dynasty were replaced by Han Chinese officials. The Hongwu Emperor revamped the traditional Confucian examination system. Mongol-related things, including garments and names, were discontinued from use and boycotted. There were also attacks on palaces and administrative buildings previously used by the Mongol rulers. The Hongwu Emperor's grandson, Zhu Yunwen, assumed the throne as the Jianwen

Context: Document [2](Title: Manchuria under Ming rule) and the Qing dynasty established by his son would eventually conquer the Ming and take control of China proper. The Mongol Empire conquered all Manchuria (modern Northeast China and Outer Manchuria) in the 13th century and it was put under the rule of the Yuan dynasty established by Kublai Khan. After the overthrown of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty founded by the Han Chinese in 1368, Manchuria was still under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won

Context: Document [3](Title: Ming dynasty) remained under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won hegemony over the Mongol tribes in Manchuria (Liaoyang province of the former Yuan dynasty). He grew strong in the northeast, with forces large enough (numbering hundreds of thousands) to threaten invasion of the newly founded Ming dynasty in order to restore the Mongols to power in China. The Ming decided to defeat him instead of waiting for the Mongols to attack. In 1387 the Ming sent a military campaign to attack

Context: Document [4](Title: Hongwu Emperor) his era name. His dynasty's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. In 1368, Ming armies headed north to attack territories that were still under Yuan rule. The Mongols gave up their capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing), and the rest of northern China in September 1368 and retreated to Mongolia. On 15 October 1371, one of the Hongwu Emperor's sons, Zhu Shuang, was married to the sister of Köke Temür, a Bayad general of the Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty defeated Ming Yuchen's Xia polity, which ruled Sichuan. The Ming army captured the last

Context: Document [5](Title: Emperor Yingzong of Ming) to its core, and the ensuing crisis almost caused the dynasty to collapse had it not been for the capable governing of a prominent minister named Yu Qian. Although the Zhengtong Emperor was a prisoner of the Mongols, he became a good friend to both Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1416–1453) and his grand preceptor (taishi) Esen. Meanwhile, to calm the crisis at home, his younger brother Zhu Qiyu was installed as the Jingtai Emperor. This reduced the Zhengtong Emperor's imperial status and he was granted the title of "Tàishàng Huángdi" (emperor emeritus). Historians at the time, in an effort to

Context: Document [6](Title: Chinese emperors family tree (late)) 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghun Temür in 1368, but it survived in Mongolia, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty; years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty (up to 1388) are given in brackets. It should be noted that the Mongol Great Khans (Khagans) before Kublai Khan were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271. The following is a simplified family tree for the Ming dynasty, which ruled China between 1368 and 1644. Those who became emperor are listed in bold, with their years of reign.

Context: Document [7](Title: History of the Yuan dynasty) History of the Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China and Mongolia established by Kublai Khan and a khanate of the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol Empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234 and conquered most of northern China. Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese, but had several Han Chinese teachers

Context: Document [8](Title: Chin Ning Chu) Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD) by defeating the Mongol rule of Genghis Khan. At the age of three, holding tight to her mother's skirt, she ran for her life across the Shanghai airport runway amid bombs bursting as her parents boarded the last commercial flight out of China. Her family, from a life of affluence, were reduced to refugees. At the age of twenty-two, clutching two suitcases, again she up-rooted herself and came to America. She brought two books, Sun Tzu - The Art of War and Li Zongwu - Thick Black Theory. At the age of ten,

Context: Document [9](Title: Ming dynasty) epidemic, the dynasty collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng, who was defeated by the Manchu-led Eight Banner armies who founded the Qing dynasty. The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. Explanations for the demise of the Yuan include institutionalized ethnic discrimination against Han Chinese that stirred resentment and rebellion, overtaxation of areas hard-hit by inflation, and massive flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects. Consequently, agriculture and the economy were in shambles, and rebellion broke out among the hundreds of thousands of peasants called upon to

Context: Document [10](Title: Ming dynasty) In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, Chen Youliang, in the Battle of Lake Poyang, arguably the largest naval battle in history. Known for its ambitious use of fire ships, Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000-strong. The victory destroyed the last opposing rebel faction, leaving Zhu Yuanzhang in uncontested control of the bountiful Yangtze River Valley and cementing his power in the south. After the dynastic head of the Red Turbans suspiciously died in 1367 while a guest of Zhu, there was no one left who was remotely capable of contesting his march to the throne, and he made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital Dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1368. The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu, and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground; the city was renamed Beiping in the same year. Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or "Vastly Martial", as his era name.

Context: Document [11](Title: Khutughtu Khan Kusala) Khutughtu Khan Kusala Khutughtu Khan (Mongolian: Хутагт хаан, "Hutagt haan", Qutuγtu qaγan), born Kuśala (Mongolian: Хүслэн Höslen), also known by the temple name Mingzong (Emperor Mingzong of Yuan, Chinese: 元明宗, December 22, 1300 – August 30, 1329), was a son of Khayishan who seized the throne of the Yuan dynasty in 1329, but died soon after. Apart from Emperor of China, he is considered as the 13th Great Khan of the Mongol Empire or Mongols, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. He was the eldest son of Khayishan (Külüg Khan or Emperor Wuzong) and

Context: Document [12](Title: Hongwu Emperor) Yuan-controlled province of Yunnan in 1381, and China was unified under Ming rule. Under the Hongwu Emperor's rule, the Mongol, and other foreign bureaucrats, who dominated the government during the Yuan dynasty along with Northern Chinese officials, were replaced by Han Chinese officials. The emperor re-instituted, then abolished, then restored the Confucian civil service imperial examination system, from which most state officials were selected based on their knowledge of literature and philosophy. The Ming examination curriculum followed that set by the Yuan in 1313: a focus on the Four Books over the Five Classics, and the commentaries of Zhu Xi.

Context: Document [13](Title: Mongol Empire) Yuan dynasty. Some sources state that the full Mongolian name was "Dai Ön Yehe Monggul Ulus". The area around Mongolia, Manchuria, and parts of North China had been controlled by the Liao dynasty since the 10th century. In 1125, the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchens overthrew the Liao dynasty and attempted to gain control over former Liao territory in Mongolia. In the 1130s the Jin dynasty rulers, known as the Golden Kings, successfully resisted the Khamag Mongol confederation, ruled at the time by Khabul Khan, great-grandfather of Genghis Khan. The Mongolian plateau was occupied mainly by five powerful tribal

Context: Document [14](Title: Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty) the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as "A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Yüan in 1271." The "Encyclopedia Americana" describes the Yuan dynasty as "the line of Mongol rulers in China" and adds that the Mongols "proclaimed a Chinese-style Yüan dynasty at Khanbaliq (Beijing)." The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty "adopted Chinese political and cultural models; ruling from their capitals in Dadu, they

Context: Document [15](Title: Mongolia) Khaanate", consisting of the Mongol homeland and China, became known as the Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. He set up his capital in present-day Beijing. After more than a century of power, the Yuan was replaced by the Ming dynasty in 1368, and the Mongol court fled to the north. As the Ming armies pursued the Mongols into their homeland, they successfully sacked and destroyed the Mongol capital Karakorum and other cities. Some of these attacks were repelled by the Mongols under Ayushridar and his general Köke Temür. After the expulsion of the Yuan dynasty

Context: Document [16](Title: History of the Song dynasty) boy emperor in his arms and jumped from his sinking ship into the sea, drowning both of them. With the death of the last remaining emperor, Song China was eliminated, while Kublai Khan established the realm of the Yuan dynasty over China proper, Mongolia, Manchuria, Tibet, and Korea. For nearly a century to follow, the Chinese would live under a dynasty established by Mongols. However, a native Han Chinese dynasty would be established once more with the Ming dynasty in 1368. During the Song dynasty, the "Zizhi Tongjian" (Chinese: 資治通鑒/资治通鉴; Wade–Giles : "Tzu-chih t'ung-chien"; literally "Comprehensive Mirror for/to Aid in

Context: Document [17](Title: Chinese nobility) alive by the Yuan. Zhao Yiguang was a Song Imperial family descendant who was a writer during the Ming dynasty. When the Ming dynasty fell and the Qing dynasty took over, the Qing Emperors granted a Ming descendant the title Marquis of Extended Grace and gave him a stipend to perform sacrifices to his ancestors, the Ming Emperors at the Ming Imperial Tombs. The Qing granted Zheng Keshuang of the Kingdom of Tungning the title of "Duke of Haicheng" (海澄公) after he surrendered to the Qing. When the Northern Yuan Chahar Borjigin Mongol Khan Ejei Khan surrendered to the Qing,

Context: Document [18](Title: Mongol siege of Kaifeng) looted the city. The dynasty fell two years later after the suicide of Aizong and the capture of Caizhou in 1234. Genghis Khan was declared Khaghan in 1206. The Mongols had united under his leadership, and defeated the rival tribes of the steppes. In the same period, China was divided into three separate states. In the north, the Jurchen Jin dynasty controlled Manchuria and all of China north of the Huai River. The Tangut Western Xia ruled parts of the western China, while the Song dynasty reigned over the south. The Mongols subjugated Western Xia in 1210. In that same

Context: Document [19](Title: Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty) Yongji and enthroned Wanyan Yongji's nephew, Emperor Xuanzong. When the Mongols besieged Zhongdu, the Jin government temporarily agreed to become a tributary state of the Mongol Empire, presenting a Jurchen princess to Genghis Khan. But when the Mongols withdrew in 1214, believing the war was over after being given a large tribute by the Jurchens, Li Ying wanted to ambush them on the way with his forces (which had grown to several tens of thousands). However, the Jin ruler, Emperor Aizong, was afraid of offending the Mongols again so he stopped Li Ying. Emperor Aizong and the general Zhuhu Gaoqi

Context: Document [20](Title: Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia) dynasty. Even after the overthrown of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty in 1368, Manchuria was still controlled by the Mongols under Naghachu, a general of the Mongolia-based Northern Yuan dynasty who was originally a Yuan official. Ming conquest of Manchuria only occurred after the Ming military campaign against Naghachu in 1387. The Mongols came from the Mongolian steppe, and Karakorum was the capital of the Mongol Empire until 1260. During the Toluid Civil War, Mongolia was controlled by Ariq Böke, a younger brother of Kublai Khan. After Kublai's victory over Ariq Böke, Mongolia was put within the

Question: who overthrew the mongols and established the ming dynasty?

Answer: Zhu Yuanzhang