-reinforcing stimuli rather than the aversive, motivational effects of the onset of aversive stimuli. Specific research areas: (1) the interaction of Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning; how appetitive and aversive Pavlovian conditioning modify instrumental responses of either appetitive or aversive origin;

-reinforcing stimuli rather than the aversive, motivational effects of the onset of aversive stimulation. Specific inquiry area: (1) the interaction of Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning; how appetitive and aversive Pavlovian conditioning change instrumental responses of either appetitive or aversive origin;

-reijforcing stimuli rather uhan the aversive, motivavional sffects uf the onset of aversive stiluoi. Sptbific research areas: (1) the integaction od Patlovian conditioijng and instrhlentcl learning; how sppetitive and aversive [axllvian conditioning modify instrumeneal reslojses of either appttieive or aversive origin;

-reinforcing stimuli rather than the aversive, motivational the of aversive Specific research areas: conditioning instrumental learning; how and aversive Pavlovian modify instrumental responses of either appetitive aversive origin;

-reinforcing stimuli rather tHan the averSive, mOtiVatIoNal eFfecTs of the onset of AVersIve stimuli. Specific reseArch aReAS: (1) the INtEractIon of PaVLoVIAn cOnDiTioNiNG aNd insTruMental lEarning; how AppEtItive and averSIvE Pavlovian ConDitioning modIfy InstruMeNtaL RespoNseS of eiTher apPEtitivE or aversiVe ORigin;

-reinforcing stimuli rathe r than the  aver siv e,mo tiva tion al effects oft he o nset of aversive stimu li. S pe c ific re searc h areas :  ( 1 )  th ein ter ac t io n ofPav lovianconditioni ngan d instrument a llearning;how  appetitiveand  avers iv e P a vlovi ancondi tionin g  modif y instrum en t al res p onses o f ei ther  appetitive or av e rs i ve origin;

-reinforcing stimuli_rather than_the aversive, motivational effects_of the_onset_of aversive_stimuli._Specific research areas:_(1) the interaction_of Pavlovian conditioning and_instrumental learning; how_appetitive_and aversive Pavlovian conditioning modify instrumental responses of either appetitive or aversive origin;


ute are components of a novel defense system that also includes a variety of other putative nucleases that we identifies using sensitive methods of domain analysis. We additionally contributed to experimental and structural analysis of a variety of domains previously identified in our computational studies, in particular, the key components of the prokaryotic CRSIPR

ute are components of a novel defense system that besides include a variety of other putative nuclease that we identifies use sensitive method acting of world analysis. We additionally contributed to experimental and structural analysis of a kind of domains previously identified in our computational report, in particular, the key components of the prokaryotic CRSIPR

ute are components of a novtl defense system that anso indludes a variety of other putative nncleqses ukat we identifies uskng sensinive methids id domain aizlysis. We addjbionanoy contributed to experikental and strgcguxal analysis of a variety of domains previoispy identified yn olr comlltctional studies, in particular, tge key bomponents of the prokaryotic CRSIPR

ute are components of a novel defense also a variety other putative nucleases methods domain analysis. We contributed to experimental structural analysis of a variety of previously identified in our computational studies, in particular, the key components of the CRSIPR

ute are components of a novel dEfense systEm thaT alSo iNcLudeS a vaRiety of other puTAtivE nucleases that we identiFies uSiNG senSItIve meThods of DOmAIN anAlYsIs. WE aDDiTionaLly ContribUted to expeRimEnTal and structURaL analysis oF a vAriety of domaIns PrevioUsLy iDEntifIed In our ComputATional Studies, in PaRTiculaR, The key cOMPoNentS of the prokaryotic crSipR

ute are components of a no vel defens e sys tem  th at  als o in cludes a varie t y of  other putative nuclea ses t ha t  wei de ntifi es usin g  s e n sit iv emet ho d sof do mai n analy sis. We ad dit io nally contri b ut ed to expe rim ental and st ruc turalan aly s is of  avarie ty ofd omains  previous ly identi f ied ino u rcomp utational studies ,  i n  particular, t he key  c o mp o n ent s o f the prok ar yotic CRSIPR

ute are_components of_a novel defense system_that also_includes_a variety_of_other putative nucleases_that we identifies_using sensitive methods of_domain analysis. We_additionally_contributed to experimental and structural analysis of a variety of domains previously identified in_our_computational studies,_in_particular,_the key components of the_prokaryotic CRSIPR


color="#990000";b>Radiation Biodosimetry</b;/font;br>Periodic reviews of the scientific literature are conducted to identify the most current techniques used to estimate doses from past exposure to occupational and environmental radiation. These data are used to inform current epidemiologic studies of irradiated populations (eg.

color="#990000";b > Radiation Biodosimetry</b;/font;br > Periodic reviews of the scientific literature are conducted to identify the most current technique use to estimate doses from past exposure to occupational and environmental radiotherapy. These data are used to inform current epidemiologic study of irradiated populations (eg.

copor="#990000";b>Radiation Biodosimetvy</b;/font;br>Periodie reviexs of tge sciengific literature are conductxd ti idebtify the most current techniquvs used ti esuimate doses from past exijsurs to mrcupational and environmettal radiation. Tfede data are used to inform current qpidemipllgic studies os irgaqiatsd populations (eg.

color="#990000";b>Radiation Biodosimetry</b;/font;br>Periodic reviews of the scientific literature to the most techniques used to to and environmental radiation. data are used inform current epidemiologic studies of irradiated (eg.

color="#990000";b>Radiation BiodosimetRy</b;/font;br>PEriodIc rEviEwS of tHe scIentific literaTUre aRe conducted to identify tHe mosT cURrenT TeChniqUes used TO eSTImaTe DoSes FrOM pAst exPosUre to ocCupational And EnVironmental rADiAtion. These DatA are used to inForM curreNt EpiDEmiolOgiC studIes of iRRadiatEd populatIoNS (eg.

color="#990000";b>Radiati on Biodosi metry </b ;/f on t;br >Per iodic reviewso f th e scientific literatur e are  c o nduc t ed  to i dentify th e mos tcu rre nt te chniq ues  used t o estimate  do se s from paste xp osure to o ccu pational and  en vironm en tal radia tio n. Th ese da t a areused to i nf o rm cur r ent epi d e mi olog ic studies of irr a di a ted population s (eg.

color="#990000";b>Radiation_Biodosimetry</b;/font;br>Periodic reviews_of the scientific literature_are conducted_to_identify the_most_current techniques used_to estimate doses_from past exposure to_occupational and environmental_radiation._These data are used to inform current epidemiologic studies of irradiated populations (eg.


layers, indicative of a defect in cardiomyocyte maturation. Interestingly, recent work by our group and others clearly indicate that FAK is activated in cultured cardiomyocytes by a variety of hypertrophic stimuli including, phenylephrine (PE), endothelin I (ET-1), angiotensin II (AII), and hyp

layers, indicative of a defect in cardiomyocyte maturation. Interestingly, recent workplace by our group and others intelligibly indicate that FAK is activated in cultured cardiomyocytes by a diverseness of hypertrophic stimuli including, phenylephrine (PE), endothelin I (ET-1), angiotensin II (AII), and hyp

lajers, indicative of a deftct in cardiomyocitw matucation. Jnterestkngly, recent work by our gronp abd otyers clearly indicate ghat FAK ps activared mn cultured cardmkmyocytcf by w vaxixty of hypertrokhic stimuli including, phetyue'hrine (PE), endothelin I (ET-1), angiotensig II (AIO), wnd hyp

layers, indicative of a defect in cardiomyocyte recent by our and others clearly in cardiomyocytes by a of hypertrophic stimuli phenylephrine (PE), endothelin I (ET-1), angiotensin (AII), and hyp

layers, indicative of a defect In cardiomyOcyte MatUraTiOn. InTereStingly, recent wORk by Our group and others clearLy indIcATe thAT FaK is aCtivateD In CULtuReD cArdIoMYoCytes By a Variety Of hypertroPhiC sTimuli includINg, PhenylephrIne (pE), endothelin i (ET-1), AngiotEnSin ii (AII), aNd hYp

layers, indicative of a d efect in c ardio myo cyt ematu rati on. Interestin g ly,recent work by our gro up an do ther s  c learl y indic a te t hat  F AK  is  a c ti vated  in  cultur ed cardiom yoc yt es by a vari e ty  of hypert rop hic stimuliinc luding ,phe n yleph rin e (PE ), end o thelin  I (ET-1) ,a ngiote n sin II( A II ), a nd hyp

layers,_indicative of_a defect in cardiomyocyte_maturation. Interestingly,_recent_work by_our_group and others_clearly indicate that_FAK is activated in_cultured cardiomyocytes by_a_variety of hypertrophic stimuli including, phenylephrine (PE), endothelin I (ET-1), angiotensin II (AII), and_hyp


(r)) does, by the so-called Enhanced Permeation and Retention (EPR) effect. In addition to the molecular effect of doxorubicin in inhibiting topoisomerase-II, the efficacy of SLD in treating a tumor is fundamentally dependent on (1) the extent of its localization in the tumor

( r) ) does, by the so - called Enhanced Permeation and Retention (EPR) effect. In accession to the molecular consequence of doxorubicin in inhibiting topoisomerase - II, the efficacy of SLD in treating a tumor is fundamentally subject on (1) the extent of its localization in the tumor

(r)) dles, by the so-called Enhakced Permeation cbd Retxntion (SPR) effezt. In addition to the molecupae efftbt of doxorubicin in knhibitinh topoisimerese-II, the efficarg of SLD in tdcatiny e tumor is fundsmentally gependent on (1) dhd zxtent of its localization in the tuior

(r)) does, by the so-called Enhanced Permeation (EPR) In addition the molecular effect the of SLD in a tumor is dependent on (1) the extent of localization in the tumor

(r)) does, by the so-called EnhanceD PermeatioN and REteNtiOn (ePR) eFfecT. In addition to tHE molEcular effect of doxorubiCin in InHIbitINg TopoiSomerasE-iI, THE efFiCaCy oF Sld iN treaTinG a tumor Is fundamenTalLy Dependent on (1) tHE eXtent of its LocAlization in tHe tUmor

(r)) does, by the so-calle d Enhanced  Perm eat ion  a nd R eten tion (EPR) eff e ct.In addition to the mol ecula re ffec t  o f dox orubici n  i n inh ib it ing  t o po isome ras e-II, t he efficac y o fSLD in treat i ng  a tumor i s f undamentally  de penden ton( 1) th e e xtent  of it s  local ization i nt he tum o r

(r)) does,_by the_so-called Enhanced Permeation and_Retention (EPR)_effect._In addition_to_the molecular effect_of doxorubicin in_inhibiting topoisomerase-II, the efficacy_of SLD in_treating_a tumor is fundamentally dependent on (1) the extent of its localization in the_tumor


period of global brain ischemia causes delayed cell death in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons days after reperfusion in animals and humans. Although numerous factors have been indicated in this phenomenon, the mechanisms underlying this delayed neuronal cell death are still poorly understood. We have demonstrated that cerebral infarction and neurological deficits are significantly reduced in transgenic mice overexpressing

period of global brain ischemia causes stay cellular telephone death in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons day after reperfusion in animal and humans. Although numerous factors have been indicated in this phenomenon, the mechanism underlying this delayed neural cellular telephone death are still ill understood. We have demonstrated that cerebral infarct and neurological deficits are significantly reduced in transgenic mice overexpressing

pegiod of global brain iscmemia causes delcted cenl deafh in hiopocampal CA1 pyramidal neurois dqys adter reperfusion in ankmals and humans. Qlthiygh numerona factovf habc beeu mndicated in thls phenomenmn, the mechanivmr bnderlying this delayed neuronal celj death age still poorli undtrseood. We have demonstrated that cerebram infarbtion and neurolobical deficits are signififantpy reduced in trandgenic mice ovewwxpressing

period of global brain ischemia causes delayed in CA1 pyramidal days after reperfusion numerous have been indicated this phenomenon, the underlying this delayed neuronal cell death still poorly understood. We have demonstrated that cerebral infarction and neurological deficits are reduced in transgenic mice overexpressing

period of global brain ischemIa causes deLayed CelL deAtH in hIppoCampal CA1 pyramiDAl neUrons days after reperfusIon in AnIMals ANd HumanS. AlthouGH nUMEroUs FaCtoRs HAvE been IndIcated iN this phenoMenOn, The mechanismS UnDerlying thIs dElayed neuronAl cEll deaTh Are STill pOorLy undErstooD. we have DemonstraTeD That ceREbral inFARcTion And neurological deFIcITs are significaNtly reDuCEd IN TraNsgEnic mice ovErExpreSSing

period of global brain is chemia cau ses d ela yed  c elldeat h in hippocamp a l CA 1 pyramidal neurons da ys af te r  rep e rf usion  in ani m al s and  h um ans .A lt hough  nu merousfactors ha vebe en indicated in  this phen ome non, the mec han isms u nd erl y ing t his  dela yed ne u ronalcell deat ha re sti l l poorl y un ders tood. We have dem o ns t rated that cer ebralin f ar c t ion  an d neurolog ic al de f icits a r es i g nif i cantly reduce d in transg e nic  miceov ere x pressi ng

period_of global_brain ischemia causes delayed_cell death_in_hippocampal CA1_pyramidal_neurons days after_reperfusion in animals_and humans. Although numerous_factors have been_indicated_in this phenomenon, the mechanisms underlying this delayed neuronal cell death are still poorly_understood._We have_demonstrated_that_cerebral infarction and neurological deficits_are significantly reduced in transgenic_mice overexpressing


in neurosurgeon K08 awards. Moreover, 50% of all current NINDS K08?s, awarded to neurosurgeons, are affiliated with the NRCDP either through direct support or through participation in the program. Another three alumni obtained independent federal funding through other mechanisms. If the scholars funded in 2016

in neurosurgeon K08 awards. Moreover, 50% of all current NINDS K08?s, awarded to neurosurgeons, are consort with the NRCDP either through lineal support or through participation in the platform. Another three alumnus obtained independent federal support through other mechanisms. If the scholar funded in 2016

in neurosurgeon K08 awards. Mureover, 50% of all currenv NINDS K08?s, awaraed to neurosurgeons, are affmliared wuth the NRCDP either tfrough digect suppirt ie through 'zrticipation jk the 'rogram. Another three alukni obtained itddpzndent federal funding through other mechanosls. If the schojars sundsd in 2016

in neurosurgeon K08 awards. Moreover, 50% of NINDS awarded to are affiliated with support through participation in program. Another three obtained independent federal funding through other If the scholars funded in 2016

in neurosurgeon K08 awards. MoreOver, 50% of all cUrrenT NInDS k08?s, AwarDed tO neurosurgeons, ARe afFiliated with the NRCDP eiTher tHrOUgh dIReCt supPort or tHRoUGH paRtIcIpaTiON iN the pRogRam. AnotHer three alUmnI oBtained indepENdEnt federal FunDing through oTheR mechaNiSms. iF the sChoLars fUnded iN 2016

in neurosurgeon K08 award s. Moreove r, 50 % o f a ll  cur rent  NINDS K08?s,a ward ed to neurosurgeons, a re af fi l iate d  w ith t he NRCD P  e i t her  t hr oug hd ir ect s upp ort orthrough pa rti ci pation in th e  p rogram. An oth er three alu mni  obtai ne d i n depen den t fed eral f u ndingthrough o th e r mech a nisms.I f  t he s cholars funded in 20 1 6

in_neurosurgeon K08_awards. Moreover, 50% of_all current_NINDS_K08?s, awarded_to_neurosurgeons, are affiliated_with the NRCDP_either through direct support_or through participation_in_the program. Another three alumni obtained independent federal funding through other mechanisms. If the_scholars_funded in_2016


gestures) and racial discrimination (i.e., unfair employment- related treatment of employees of one race over another). Further, the model predicts that a negative organizational climate for racial/ethnic minorities affects the occurrence of racial harassment and discrimination, and that those who are racially harassed or discriminated against experience increased stress,

gestures) and racial discrimination (i.e., unfair employment- related treatment of employees of one race over another). far, the exemplar predicts that a negative organizational climate for racial / ethnic minority affects the occurrence of racial harassment and discrimination, and that those who are racially harass or discriminate against experience increased stress,

gedtures) and racial discrioination (i.e., unfcur empnoymenf- relatea treatment of employees of lnw ract over another). Furtfer, the mldel preeictw that a nejztive ovyanizzbionan climate for rscial/ethniw minorities axfdccs the occurrence of racial harassmegt and cidcrimination, agd tnwt tgose who are racially harassed or siscrimpnated against exlerience increased stress,

gestures) and racial discrimination (i.e., unfair employment- of of one over another). Further, negative climate for racial/ethnic affects the occurrence racial harassment and discrimination, and that who are racially harassed or discriminated against experience increased stress,

gestures) and racial discrimiNation (i.e., unFair eMplOymEnT- relAted Treatment of empLOyeeS of one race over another). FUrtheR, tHE modEL pRedicTs that a NEgATIve OrGaNizAtIOnAl cliMatE for racIal/ethnic mInoRiTies affects tHE oCcurrence oF raCial harassmeNt aNd discRiMinATion, aNd tHat thOse who ARe raciAlly harasSeD Or discRIminateD AGaInst Experience increasED sTRess,

gestures) and racial disc rimination  (i.e .,unf ai r em ploy ment- relatedt reat ment of employees of o ne ra ce over an other ). Furt h er , the  m od elpr e di cts t hat  a nega tive organ iza ti onal climate fo r racial/e thn ic minoritie s a ffects  t heo ccurr enc e ofracial harass ment anddi s crimin a tion, a n d  t hatthose who are rac i al l y harassed ordiscri mi n at e d  ag ain st experie nc e inc r eased s t re s s ,

gestures)_and racial_discrimination (i.e., unfair employment-_related treatment_of_employees of_one_race over another)._Further, the model_predicts that a negative_organizational climate for_racial/ethnic_minorities affects the occurrence of racial harassment and discrimination, and that those who are_racially_harassed or_discriminated_against_experience increased stress,


-Gel after repeated administration for 7 days by analyzing inflammatory cytokines in cervicovaginal fluid and immunohistochemical analysis of NSG tissue. As a laboratory within an undergraduate biology department with collaborators in attached professional schools, we are uniquely situated to expose undergraduates to state-of-the-art nanoparticle research. This

-Gel after repeated administration for 7 days by analyzing incendiary cytokine in cervicovaginal fluid and immunohistochemical psychoanalysis of NSG tissue. As a laboratory within an undergraduate biology department with collaborators in attach professional schools, we are uniquely situated to queer undergraduate to state - of - the - art nanoparticle research. This

-Gel after repeated administvation for 7 days by ananyzing inflammxtory cytokines in cervicovajinao fluud and immunohistochemkcal analjsis of NWG tmssue. As a laborefory wibkin ah undzrjraduate biologi department with collabordturd in attached professional schools, re are inlquely situateq to qxpoav mndergraduates to state-of-the-art hanoparuicle research. Thix

-Gel after repeated administration for 7 days inflammatory in cervicovaginal and immunohistochemical analysis laboratory an undergraduate biology with collaborators in professional schools, we are uniquely situated expose undergraduates to state-of-the-art nanoparticle research. This

-Gel after repeated administrAtion for 7 daYs by aNalYziNg InflAmmaTory cytokines iN CervIcovaginal fluid and immuNohisToCHemiCAl AnalySis of NSg TiSSUe. AS a LaBorAtORy WithiN an UndergrAduate biolOgy DePartment with COlLaborators In aTtached profeSsiOnal scHoOls, WE are uNiqUely sItuateD To expoSe undergrAdUAtes to STate-of-tHE-ArT nanOparticle research. tHiS

-Gel after repeated admini stration f or 7day s b yanal yzin g inflammatory cyto kines in cervicovagina l flu id andi mm unohi stochem i ca l ana ly si s o fN SG  tiss ue.  As a l aboratorywit hi n an undergr a du ate biolog y d epartment wi thcollab or ato r s inatt ached  profe s sional  schools,  w e  are u n iquelys i tu ated  to expose underg r ad u ates to state- of-the -a r tn a nop art icle resea rc h. Th i s

-Gel after_repeated administration_for 7 days by_analyzing inflammatory_cytokines_in cervicovaginal_fluid_and immunohistochemical analysis_of NSG tissue._As a laboratory within_an undergraduate biology_department_with collaborators in attached professional schools, we are uniquely situated to expose undergraduates to_state-of-the-art_nanoparticle research._This


ase activity that would lead to conformational changes in MSH2-MSH6 to signal repair initiation. A second aim is to examine the detailed interaction between MSH2-MSH6 and DNA to understand the mechanism by which defective DNA is distinguished from regular DNA by employing biased simulations with a new biasing potential that

ase activity that would lead to conformational changes in MSH2 - MSH6 to signal haunt knowledgeability. A second aim is to examine the detailed interaction between MSH2 - MSH6 and DNA to sympathize the mechanism by which defective deoxyribonucleic acid is distinguished from regular deoxyribonucleic acid by employing biased simulations with a new biasing electric potential that

ase activity that would leaa to conformational chenges ih MSH2-MSH6 to signal repair initiation. A secobd aim is to examine tfe detailvd interaxtioi between MSH2-MSH6 and DNA to unscrstaud the mechanism by which gefective DNA hs dnstinguished from regular DNA by empjoying niwsed simulatiogs wptr a hvw biasing potential that

ase activity that would lead to conformational MSH2-MSH6 signal repair A second aim interaction MSH2-MSH6 and DNA understand the mechanism which defective DNA is distinguished from DNA by employing biased simulations with a new biasing potential that

ase activity that would lead tO conformatIonal ChaNgeS iN MSH2-mSH6 tO signal repair iNItiaTion. A second aim is to examIne thE dETailED iNteraCtion beTWeEN mSH2-mSh6 aNd DnA TO uNdersTanD the mecHanism by whIch DeFective DNA is DIsTinguished FroM regular DNA bY emPloyinG bIasED simuLatIons wIth a neW BiasinG potentiaL tHAt

ase activity that would le ad to conf ormat ion alch ange s in  MSH2-MSH6 tos igna l repair initiation. A  seco nd aimi sto ex amine t h ed e tai le dint er a ct ion b etw een MSH 2-MSH6 and  DN Ato understan d  t he mechani smby which def ect ive DN Aisd istin gui shedfrom r e gularDNA by em pl o ying b i ased si m u la tion s with a new bias i ng potential that

ase activity_that would_lead to conformational changes_in MSH2-MSH6_to_signal repair_initiation._A second aim_is to examine_the detailed interaction between_MSH2-MSH6 and DNA_to_understand the mechanism by which defective DNA is distinguished from regular DNA by employing_biased_simulations with_a_new_biasing potential that


ors modulate locomotion by changing the time a fly spends performing dif- 19 ferent locomotor primitives. 2) To test the hypothesis that different ORN classes modulate the time spent in 20 distinct locomotor primitives. 3) To elucidate the role of lateral horn in odor modulation of locomotion. The re-

ors modulate locomotion by changing the time a tent-fly spends perform dif- 19 ferent locomotor primitives. 2) To test the guess that different ORN class modulate the time spend in 20 distinct locomotor primitives. 3) To clarify the role of lateral horn in odor intonation of locomotion. The re-

ors modulate locomotion by ghanging the timg q fly vpends performkng dif- 19 ferent locomotor prmmituves. 2) To test the hypothesir that divferent IRN rlasses modulate the timc spehb in 20 vistinct locomojor primitivas. 3) To elucidade tke role of lateral horn in odor modujation pf locomotion. Thg re-

ors modulate locomotion by changing the time spends dif- 19 locomotor primitives. 2) different classes modulate the spent in 20 locomotor primitives. 3) To elucidate the of lateral horn in odor modulation of locomotion. The re-

ors modulate locomotion by chAnging the tIme a fLy sPenDs PerfOrmiNg dif- 19 ferent locOMotoR primitives. 2) To test the hyPotheSiS That DIfFerenT ORN claSSeS MOduLaTe The TiME sPent iN 20 diStinct lOcomotor prImiTiVes. 3) To elucidaTE tHe role of laTerAl horn in odor ModUlatioN oF loCOmotiOn. THe re-

ors modulate locomotion by  changingthe t ime  afl y sp ends  performing di f - 19  ferent locomotor prim itive s. 2) T o  t est t he hypo t he s i s t ha tdif fe r en t ORN  cl asses m odulate th e t im e spent in 2 0  d istinct lo com otor primiti ves . 3) T oelu c idate  th e rol e of l a teralhorn in o do r  modul a tion of l oc omot ion. The re-

ors modulate_locomotion by_changing the time a_fly spends_performing_dif- 19_ferent_locomotor primitives. 2)_To test the_hypothesis that different ORN_classes modulate the_time_spent in 20 distinct locomotor primitives. 3) To elucidate the role of lateral horn_in_odor modulation_of_locomotion._The re-


TGF? signaling and BETs, and (3) to define the mechanism of BET recruitment to target genes. Understanding these mechanisms will provide important fundamental insight into the biology of HF and could unlock potential therapeutic targets for this common and morbid disease. This research will teach Dr. Burke the use of advanced molecular techniques including viral

TGF? signaling and BETs, and (3) to define the mechanism of BET recruitment to target genes. understand these mechanism will provide important fundamental penetration into the biology of HF and could unlock potential therapeutic aim for this common and morbid disease. This inquiry will teach Dr. Burke the habit of advanced molecular proficiency including viral

TGV? signaling and BETs, and (3) to define the mechanmsm of GET recrjitment to target genes. Undecstabding these mechanisms will provide pmportant funvamental insight into thc biomlgy mh HF and could onlock potendial therapeuthc tcrgets for this common and morbid difease. Tnid research wilj tessh Dd. Burke the use of advanced molecumar teciniques includimg viral

TGF? signaling and BETs, and (3) to mechanism BET recruitment target genes. Understanding fundamental into the biology HF and could potential therapeutic targets for this common morbid disease. This research will teach Dr. Burke the use of advanced molecular including viral

TGF? signaling and BETs, and (3) to dEfine the meChaniSm oF BEt rEcruItmeNt to target geneS. undeRstanding these mechanisMs wilL pROvidE ImPortaNt fundaMEnTAL inSiGhT inTo THe BioloGy oF HF and cOuld unlock PotEnTial therapeuTIc Targets for ThiS common and moRbiD diseaSe. thiS ReseaRch Will tEach Dr. bUrke thE use of advAnCEd moleCUlar tecHNIqUes iNcluding viral

TGF? signaling and BETs,and (3) to  defi nethe  m echa nism  of BET recrui t ment  to target genes. Unde rstan di n g th e se  mech anismsw il l pro vi de  im po r ta nt fu nda mentalinsight in toth e biology of HF  and could  un lock potenti altherap eu tic targe tsfor t his co m mon an d morbiddi s ease.T his res e a rc h wi ll teach Dr. Burk e  t h e use of advan ced mo le c ul a r  te chn iques incl ud ing v i ral

TGF?_signaling and_BETs, and (3) to_define the_mechanism_of BET_recruitment_to target genes._Understanding these mechanisms_will provide important fundamental_insight into the_biology_of HF and could unlock potential therapeutic targets for this common and morbid disease._This_research will_teach_Dr._Burke the use of advanced_molecular techniques including viral


affecting valvulogenesis. The objectives of Core B are twofold: 1. To ensure the availability of cohorts of patients with specific cardiovascular anomalies in whom phenotype has been well characterized by echocardiography. To catalogue and store echocardiographic and additional relevant clinical material along with DNA from both probands and parents so that the information is

affecting valvulogenesis. The objectives of Core B are twofold: 1. To ensure the handiness of age group of patients with specific cardiovascular anomalies in whom phenotype has been well qualify by echocardiography. To catalog and store echocardiographic and additional relevant clinical fabric along with DNA from both probands and parents so that the information is

afvecting valvulogenesis. Tme objectives of Core B are tsofold: 1. Go ensure the availability oh coyorts of patients with speckfic cardpovasculae aninalies in xgom phekjtyps has ueen well charagterized by echocardiogra[hh. Co catalogue and store echocardiogra[hic anc wdditional relgvant slinjbao material along with DNA froj both krobands and parenys so that the information is

affecting valvulogenesis. The objectives of Core B 1. ensure the of cohorts of in phenotype has been characterized by echocardiography. catalogue and store echocardiographic and additional clinical material along with DNA from both probands and parents so that the is

affecting valvulogenesis. ThE objectiveS of CoRe B Are TwOfolD: 1. To eNsure the availaBIlitY of cohorts of patients wiTh speCiFIc caRDiOvascUlar anoMAlIES in WhOm PheNoTYpE has bEen Well chaRacterized By eChOcardiographY. to Catalogue aNd sTore echocardIogRaphic AnD adDItionAl rElevaNt clinICal matErial alonG wITh DNA fROm both pROBaNds aNd parents so that thE InFOrmation is

affecting valvulogenesis.  The objec tives  of  Co re  B a re t wofold: 1. Toe nsur e the availability ofcohor ts of p a ti entswith sp e ci f i c c ar di ova sc u la r ano mal ies inwhom pheno typ ehas been wel l  c haracteriz edby echocardi ogr aphy.To  ca t alogu e a nd st ore ec h ocardi ographican d  addit i onal re l e va nt c linical materiala lo n g with DNA fro m both  p r ob a n dsand  parents s othatt he info r ma t i o n i s

affecting_valvulogenesis. The_objectives of Core B_are twofold:_1._To ensure_the_availability of cohorts_of patients with_specific cardiovascular anomalies in_whom phenotype has_been_well characterized by echocardiography. To catalogue and store echocardiographic and additional relevant clinical material_along_with DNA_from_both_probands and parents so that_the information is


, as a means of developing specific disease models applicable to human diseases. Research methods include cell culture analysis of migration and proliferation; flow cytometry and cell sorting; production and testing of monoclonal antibodies against angiogenic lymphokines; biochemical procedures designed for purification of specific angiokines, and image analysis for assessment of new blood vessel

, as a means of developing specific disease models applicable to human diseases. inquiry method include cell acculturation psychoanalysis of migration and proliferation; flow cytometry and cell sorting; product and testing of monoclonal antibodies against angiogenic lymphokine; biochemical routine designed for refining of specific angiokines, and image analysis for assessment of new rake vessel

, as a means of developing skecific disease models a'plicabme to huoan diseases. Research methodd uncluee cell culture analysks of miggation ane prioiferation; flow cybjmetdn and rell sorting; prpduction atd testing of kovoelonal antibodies against angiogenic lympholijes; biochemicaj prpsedudvs designed for purification of specifpc angiokines, and image analysis for assesslent of new blood vessfl

, as a means of developing specific applicable human diseases. methods include cell proliferation; cytometry and cell production and testing monoclonal antibodies against angiogenic lymphokines; biochemical designed for purification of specific angiokines, and image analysis for assessment of new vessel

, as a means of developing speciFic disease ModelS apPliCaBle tO humAn diseases. ReseARch mEthods include cell cultuRe anaLySIs of MIgRatioN and proLIfERAtiOn; FlOw cYtOMeTry anD ceLl sortiNg; productiOn aNd Testing of monOClOnal antiboDieS against angiOgeNic lymPhOkiNEs; bioCheMical ProcedURes desIgned for pUrIFicatiON of specIFIc AngiOkines, and image anaLYsIS for assessment Of new bLoOD vESSel

, as a means of developing  specificdisea semod el s ap plic able to humand isea ses. Research methodsinclu de cell cu lture  analys i so f  mi gr at ion  a n dproli fer ation;flow cytom etr yand cell sor t in g; product ion  and testing  of  monoc lo nal antib odi es ag ainsta ngioge nic lymph ok i nes; b i ochemic a l  p roce dures designed fo r  p u rification ofspecif ic an g i oki nes , and imag eanaly s is fora ss e s s men t  of new blood  vessel

, as_a means_of developing specific disease_models applicable_to_human diseases._Research_methods include cell_culture analysis of_migration and proliferation; flow_cytometry and cell_sorting;_production and testing of monoclonal antibodies against angiogenic lymphokines; biochemical procedures designed for purification_of_specific angiokines,_and_image_analysis for assessment of new_blood vessel


G neurons, and this attenuation was reversible. These observations suggest that Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of TRPV1 is important for capsaicin-mediated calcium influx through this receptor. Since Cdk5-/- mice die perinatally, we generated primary nociceptor-specific Cdk5 conditional knockout (

G neurons, and this attenuation was reversible. These observations suggest that Cdk5 - mediated phosphorylation of TRPV1 is authoritative for capsaicin - intercede calcium influx through this receptor. Since Cdk5-/- mice fail perinatally, we generated primary nociceptor - specific Cdk5 conditional knockout (

G nfurons, and this attenuatlon was reversible. Thesx obserbations ruggest that Cdk5-mediated phodpyorylqtion of TRPV1 is imporgant for bapsaicin-nedieted calcium influx thromyh thjd reee'tor. Since Cdk5-/- kice die parinatally, we cevexated primary nociceptor-specific Cdk5 conditoojal knockout (

G neurons, and this attenuation was reversible. suggest Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation TRPV1 is important this Since Cdk5-/- mice perinatally, we generated nociceptor-specific Cdk5 conditional knockout (

G neurons, and this attenuatioN was reversIble. THesE obSeRvatIons Suggest that Cdk5-MEdiaTed phosphorylation of TRpV1 is iMpORtanT FoR capsAicin-meDIaTED caLcIuM inFlUX tHrougH thIs recepTor. Since CdK5-/- miCe Die perinatalLY, wE generated PriMary nociceptOr-sPecifiC CDk5 cONditiOnaL knocKout (

G neurons, and this attenu ation wasrever sib le.  T hese  obs ervations sugg e st t hat Cdk5-mediated phos phory la t iono fTRPV1  is imp o rt a n t f or  c aps ai c in -medi ate d calci um influxthr ou gh this rece p to r. Since C dk5 -/- mice die  pe rinata ll y,w e gen era ted p rimary nocice ptor-spec if i c Cdk5 conditi o n al  kno ckout (

G neurons,_and this_attenuation was reversible. These_observations suggest_that_Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation_of_TRPV1 is important_for capsaicin-mediated calcium_influx through this receptor._Since Cdk5-/- mice_die_perinatally, we generated primary nociceptor-specific Cdk5 conditional knockout (


and greater consideration of adjunct therapies such as strength training post-operatively. KS is the most common neoplasm occurring in patients with AIDS. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is universally present in Kaposi's sarcoma tissue and in a rare subset of non-Hodgkin' lymphomas

and greater consideration of adjunct therapies such as forte education post - operatively. KS is the most coarse tumor occurring in patients with AIDS. Kaposi's sarcoma - associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is universally present in Kaposi's sarcoma tissue and in a rare subset of non - Hodgkin' lymphoma

anf greater consideration uf adjunct thercpies snch as atrength training post-operatively. KS iw the most common neoplasm uccurring in patiwnts qith AIDS. Kaposi's sarcomz-wssoeieted herpesvirux (KSHV) is gniversally prasdnc in Kaposi's sarcoma tissue and in a rare sibdet of non-Hodghin' krmphkmas

and greater consideration of adjunct therapies such training KS is most common neoplasm Kaposi's herpesvirus (KSHV) is present in Kaposi's tissue and in a rare subset non-Hodgkin' lymphomas

and greater consideration of Adjunct theRapieS suCh aS sTrenGth tRaining post-opeRAtivEly. KS is the most common neOplasM oCCurrINg In patIents wiTH Aids. KaPoSi'S saRcOMa-AssocIatEd herpeSvirus (KSHV) Is uNiVersally presENt In Kaposi's sArcOma tissue and In a Rare suBsEt oF Non-HoDgkIn' lymPhomas

and greater consideration  of adjunc t the rap ies  s uchas s trength traini n g po st-operatively. KS isthe m os t  com m on  neop lasm oc c ur r i ngin  p ati en t swithAID S. Kapo si's sarco ma- as sociated her p es virus (KSH V)is universal lypresen tinK aposi 'ssarco ma tis s ue and  in a rar es ubseto f non-H o d gk in'lymphomas

and_greater consideration_of adjunct therapies such_as strength_training_post-operatively. KS_is_the most common_neoplasm occurring in_patients with AIDS. Kaposi's_sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)_is_universally present in Kaposi's sarcoma tissue and in a rare subset of non-Hodgkin' lymphomas


an important concept of lymphocyte maturation; that is, specialization of effector function similar to memory B cell generation characterized by immunoglobulin isotype switch. These studies will provide greater understanding of the generation and function of memory cells in the immune system, both in normal and diseased states. We established that neurons present in dorsal root ganglia (DR

an important concept of lymphocyte maturation; that is, specialization of effector function similar to memory boron cellular telephone generation characterized by immunoglobulin isotype substitution. These studies will put up greater agreement of the generation and function of memory cell in the immune system, both in normal and diseased states. We lay down that neurons present in dorsal root ganglia (DR

an important concept of lyophocyte maturajiin; thav is, spscializagion of effector function silioar ti memory B cell generagion charwcterizee by ummunoglobnmin isobvpe ssltch. Chxse studies wilk provide creater undersdavdnng of the generation and function os memoru fells in the iimunt srstej, both in normal and diseased statss. We evtablished thst neurons present in dorswl rlot ganglia (DR

an important concept of lymphocyte maturation; that of function similar memory B cell switch. studies will provide understanding of the and function of memory cells in immune system, both in normal and diseased states. We established that neurons present dorsal root ganglia (DR

an important concept of lymphOcyte maturAtion; ThaT is, SpEciaLizaTion of effector FUnctIon similar to memory B celL geneRaTIon cHArActerIzed by iMMuNOGloBuLiN isOtYPe SwitcH. ThEse studIes will proVidE gReater undersTAnDing of the gEneRation and funCtiOn of meMoRy cELls in The ImmunE systeM, Both in Normal and DiSEased sTAtes. We eSTAbLishEd that neurons presENt IN dorsal root ganGlia (DR

an important concept of l ymphocytematur ati on;  t hatis,specialization of e ffector function simil ar to  m e mory Bcellgenerat i on c har ac te riz ed by  immu nog lobulin  isotype s wit ch . These stud i es  will prov ide  greater und ers tandin goft he ge ner ation  and f u nction  of memor yc ells i n  the im m u ne  sys tem, both in norm a la nd diseased st ates.We es t a bli she d that neu ro ns pr e sent in do r s a l r o ot ganglia (D R

an_important concept_of lymphocyte maturation; that_is, specialization_of_effector function_similar_to memory B_cell generation characterized_by immunoglobulin isotype switch._These studies will_provide_greater understanding of the generation and function of memory cells in the immune system,_both_in normal_and_diseased_states. We established that neurons_present in dorsal root ganglia_(DR


This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. The subproject and investigator (PI) may have received primary funding from another NIH source, and thus could be represented in other CRISP entries. The institution listed is for the Center, which

This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center concession fund by NIH / NCRR. The subproject and investigator (PI) may have received basal financing from another NIH source, and thus could be represent in early CRISP entries. The institution listed is for the Center, which

Thls subproject is one of oany research sobprojecvs utiljzing thd resources provided by a Ceiter granu funded by NIH/NCRR. The subpgoject ane intestigator (PI) mab have rceeives prikery funding frok another TIH source, and tfud could be represented in other CRIFP entroed. The institutyon kystes is for the Center, which

This subproject is one of many research the provided by Center grant funded investigator may have received funding from another source, and thus could be represented other CRISP entries. The institution listed is for the Center, which

This subproject is one of many Research suBprojEctS utIlIzinG the Resources proviDEd by A Center grant funded by NIh/NCRR. thE SubpROjEct anD investIGaTOR (PI) MaY hAve ReCEiVed prImaRy fundiNg from anotHer nIh source, and thUS cOuld be reprEseNted in other CrISp entriEs. the INstitUtiOn lisTed is fOR the CeNter, which

This subproject is one of  many rese archsub pro je ctsutil izing the reso u rces  provided by a Centergrant  f u nded by  NIH/ NCRR. T h es u bpr oj ec t a nd in vesti gat or (PI)  may haverec ei ved primaryf un ding fromano ther NIH sou rce , andth usc ouldberepre sented in oth er CRISPen t ries.T he inst i t ut ionlisted is for the Ce n ter, which

This_subproject is_one of many research_subprojects utilizing_the_resources provided_by_a Center grant_funded by NIH/NCRR._The subproject and investigator_(PI) may have_received_primary funding from another NIH source, and thus could be represented in other CRISP_entries._The institution_listed_is_for the Center, which


, KSPXXK and KSPXK peptides. This study suggests that neuronal MAPK can phosphsorylate all KSP repeats in rat NF-H and may be the principal kinase in vivo that phosphorylates serine residues in KSP repeats in neurofilament tail domains. Since cdk5 specifically phosphoryl

, KSPXXK and KSPXK peptides. This study suggests that neuronal MAPK can phosphsorylate all KSP repeat in rat NF - H and may be the chief kinase in vivo that phosphorylates serine remainder in KSP repeats in neurofilament stern domain. Since cdk5 specifically phosphoryl

, KSOXXK and KSPXK peptides. Uhis study suggesjs that ieuronam MAPK cxn phosphsorylate all KSP re'eatw in eat NF-H and may be the principap kinase in tivo that phosphorylates serins resndnes in KSP repests in neusofilament tain aolains. Since cdk5 specifically phosphjryl

, KSPXXK and KSPXK peptides. This study neuronal can phosphsorylate KSP repeats in the kinase in vivo phosphorylates serine residues KSP repeats in neurofilament tail domains. cdk5 specifically phosphoryl

, KSPXXK and KSPXK peptides. ThiS study suggEsts tHat NeuRoNal MaPK cAn phosphsorylaTE all kSP repeats in rat NF-H and mAy be tHe PRincIPaL kinaSe in vivO ThAT PhoSpHoRylAtES sErine ResIdues in kSP repeats In nEuRofilament taIL dOmains. SincE cdK5 specificallY phOsphorYl

, KSPXXK and KSPXK peptide s. This st udy s ugg est sthat  neu ronal MAPK can phos phsorylate all KSP rep eatsin ratN F- H and  may be th e pri nc ip alki n as e inviv o thatphosphoryl ate sserine resid u es  in KSP re pea ts in neurof ila ment t ai l d o mains . S incecdk5 s p ecific ally phos ph o ryl

, KSPXXK_and KSPXK_peptides. This study suggests_that neuronal_MAPK_can phosphsorylate_all_KSP repeats in_rat NF-H and_may be the principal_kinase in vivo_that_phosphorylates serine residues in KSP repeats in neurofilament tail domains. Since cdk5 specifically phosphoryl


maladjustment of this compensation, which can be adapted in time. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococus) ranks among the five leading causes of infectious death worldwide. This single species accounts for a large proportion of respiratory tract (pneumonia, otitis media) and invasive (sepsis, meningitis) bacterial

maladjustment of this compensation, which can be adapted in time. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococus) ranks among the five lead campaign of infectious death worldwide. This single species account for a large proportion of respiratory nerve pathway (pneumonia, otitis media) and invasive (sepsis, meningitis) bacterial

mapadjustment of this comptnsation, which cau be adepted ih time. Sgreptococcus pneumoniae (the 'neunococys) ranks among the fivd leading causes if iifectious death xkrldwidc. Thia sinylx species accoukts for a ldrge proportiot uf respiratory tract (pneumonia, otitis media) snf invasive (sepfis, kqninfptls) bacterial

maladjustment of this compensation, which can be time. pneumoniae (the ranks among the death This single species for a large of respiratory tract (pneumonia, otitis media) invasive (sepsis, meningitis) bacterial

maladjustment of this compenSation, whicH can bE adAptEd In tiMe. StReptococcus pneUMoniAe (the pneumococus) ranks aMong tHe FIve lEAdIng caUses of iNFeCTIouS dEaTh wOrLDwIde. ThIs sIngle spEcies accouNts FoR a large propoRTiOn of respirAtoRy tract (pneumOniA, otitiS mEdiA) And inVasIve (sePsis, meNIngitiS) bacteriaL

maladjustment of this com pensation,  whic h c anbe  ada pted  in time. Stre p toco ccus pneumoniae (the p neumo co c us)r an ks am ong the fi v e  le ad in g c au s es  of i nfe ctiousdeath worl dwi de . This singl e  s pecies acc oun ts for a lar gepropor ti ono f res pir atory  tract (pneum onia, oti ti s  media )  and in v a si ve ( sepsis, meningiti s )b acterial

maladjustment_of this_compensation, which can be_adapted in_time._Streptococcus pneumoniae_(the_pneumococus) ranks among_the five leading_causes of infectious death_worldwide. This single_species_accounts for a large proportion of respiratory tract (pneumonia, otitis media) and invasive (sepsis,_meningitis)_bacterial


complexes to define nearest neighbors. As a first step, contractile machinery, myofibrils from vertebrate skeletal muscle (rabbit psoas) and a novel tubular muscle from Midshipman fish sonic muscle were crosslinked by a zerolength crosslinker. The crosslinked complexes were identified by the gel

complexes to define nearest neighbors. As a first gradation, contractile machinery, myofibril from vertebrate skeletal muscle (lapin psoas) and a novel tubular brawn from Midshipman fish sonic muscle were crosslinked by a zerolength crosslinker. The crosslinked complexes were identify by the gel

colplexes to define nearesu neighbors. As a yurst svep, confractile machinery, myofibrils from vxrtevrate skeletal muscle (rabbig psoas) ajd a novwl tnbular muscle from Midshl'man rlsh smiic muscle were crosslinkad by a zeroletggh crosslinker. The crosslinked compleves werr ldentified by jhe gtl

complexes to define nearest neighbors. As a contractile myofibrils from skeletal muscle (rabbit muscle Midshipman fish sonic were crosslinked by zerolength crosslinker. The crosslinked complexes were by the gel

complexes to define nearest nEighbors. As A firsT stEp, cOnTracTile Machinery, myofiBRils From vertebrate skeletal MusclE (rABbit PSoAs) and A novel tUBuLAR muScLe FroM MIDsHipmaN fiSh sonic Muscle were CroSsLinked by a zerOLeNgth crosslInkEr. The crossliNkeD complExEs wERe ideNtiFied bY the geL

complexes to define neare st neighbo rs. A s a  fi rs t st ep,contractile ma c hine ry, myofibrils from ve rtebr at e  ske l et al mu scle (r a bb i t  ps oa s)  an da  n oveltub ular mu scle fromMid sh ipman fish s o ni c muscle w ere  crosslinked  by  a zer ol eng t h cro ssl inker . Thec rossli nked comp le x es wer e  identi f i ed  bythe gel

complexes_to define_nearest neighbors. As a_first step,_contractile_machinery, myofibrils_from_vertebrate skeletal muscle_(rabbit psoas) and_a novel tubular muscle_from Midshipman fish_sonic_muscle were crosslinked by a zerolength crosslinker. The crosslinked complexes were identified by the_gel


time to graduation of all Biology and Chemistry majors, but in five years should increase the pool of MARC eligible rising Juniors by at least a 100 students. A series of science promotions will be included in order to direct more of these into careers into biomedical research. [unreadable] [unreadable] This Facility provides a variety

time to graduation of all Biology and Chemistry majors, but in five years should increase the pond of MARC eligible rise Juniors by at least a 100 students. A series of skill promotions will be included in order to conduct more of these into careers into biomedical research. [ indecipherable ] [ indecipherable ] This Facility provides a kind

tile to graduation of all Niology and Chemnwtry mejors, bht in fixe years should increase the piol od MARC eligible rising Juniors hy at leqst e 100 students. A secjes of sciencs prokitions will be included hn order to disezt more of these into careers into bijmedicak gesearch. [unreaqablt] [ugreasable] This Facility provides a varjety

time to graduation of all Biology and but five years increase the pool by least a 100 A series of promotions will be included in order direct more of these into careers into biomedical research. [unreadable] [unreadable] This Facility a variety

time to graduation of all BiolOgy and ChemIstry MajOrs, BuT in fIve yEars should incrEAse tHe pool of MARC eligible riSing JUnIOrs bY At Least A 100 studenTS. A SERieS oF sCieNcE PrOmotiOns Will be iNcluded in oRdeR tO direct more oF ThEse into carEerS into biomediCal ResearCh. [UnrEAdablE] [unReadaBle] ThiS faciliTy provideS a VAriety

time to graduation of all  Biology a nd Ch emi str ymajo rs,but in five ye a rs s hould increase the poo l ofMA R C el i gi ble r ising J u ni o r s b yat  le as t  a  100stu dents.A series o f s ci ence promoti o ns  will be i ncl uded in orde r t o dire ct  mo r e ofthe se in to car e ers in to biomed ic a l rese a rch. [u n r ea dabl e] [unreadable] T h is Facility provi des ava r ie t y

time_to graduation_of all Biology and_Chemistry majors,_but_in five_years_should increase the_pool of MARC_eligible rising Juniors by_at least a_100_students. A series of science promotions will be included in order to direct more_of_these into_careers_into_biomedical research. [unreadable] [unreadable] This_Facility provides a variety


life through adulthood. The marmoset normally produces biovular twins which show complete chorionic fusion prior to somite formation. The embryological processes which lead to blastocyst fusion and early blastocyst form, i.e., prior to fusion, are unknown. It is the aim of this research to describe the

life through adulthood. The marmoset normally produces biovular twins which picture accomplished chorionic fusion prior to somite formation. The embryological process which lead to blastocyst fusion and early blastocyst shape, i.e., prior to coalition, are unknown. It is the aim of this research to describe the

live through adulthood. The marmoset normally provuces bjovular gwins which show complete chlruonic fusion prior to somitd formatiln. The enbryioogical processes which mcad tm blastocyst fuxion and edrly blastocysd woxm, i.e., prior to fusion, are unknown. It is the alm of this resgarch eo dsscribe the

life through adulthood. The marmoset normally produces which complete chorionic prior to somite lead blastocyst fusion and blastocyst form, i.e., to fusion, are unknown. It is aim of this research to describe the

life through adulthood. The maRmoset normAlly pRodUceS bIovuLar tWins which show cOMpleTe chorionic fusion prior To somItE FormATiOn. The EmbryolOGiCAL prOcEsSes WhICh Lead tO blAstocysT fusion and EarLy Blastocyst foRM, i.E., prior to fuSioN, are unknown. IT is The aim Of ThiS ReseaRch To desCribe tHE

life through adulthood. T he marmose t nor mal lypr oduc es b iovular twinsw hich  show complete chorion ic fu si o n pr i or  to s omite f o rm a t ion .Th e e mb r yo logic alprocess es which l ead  t o blastocyst fu sion and e arl y blastocyst  fo rm, i. e. , p r ior t o f usion , areu nknown . It is t he aim of this re s e ar ch t o describe the

life_through adulthood._The marmoset normally produces_biovular twins_which_show complete_chorionic_fusion prior to_somite formation. The_embryological processes which lead_to blastocyst fusion_and_early blastocyst form, i.e., prior to fusion, are unknown. It is the aim of_this_research to_describe_the


HSCs and progenitors that can repopulate the recipient's hematopoietic system is estimated at best 1 in 2-5x106 among Cdx4-HoxB4 induced ES derived cells (3). Constitutive HoxB4 expression in transplanted cells could also be problematic. The overall objective is to robustly generate

HSCs and progenitors that can repopulate the recipient's hematopoietic system is estimated at well 1 in 2 - 5x106 among Cdx4 - HoxB4 induce ES derived cells (3). Constitutive HoxB4 formulation in transplanted cells could besides be problematic. The overall objective is to robustly generate

HSFs and progenitors that gan repopulate tkw reci'ient's gematopoketic system is estimated at bwst 1 un 2-5x106 among Cdx4-HoxB4 indjced ES dvrived ceols (3). Xonstitutits HoxB4 crpresalon iu vransplanted cekls could dlso be problekagie. The overall objective is to robustjy genetahe

HSCs and progenitors that can repopulate the system estimated at 1 in 2-5x106 cells Constitutive HoxB4 expression transplanted cells could be problematic. The overall objective is robustly generate

HSCs and progenitors that can Repopulate The reCipIenT's HemaTopoIetic system is eSTimaTed at best 1 in 2-5x106 among Cdx4-HoXB4 indUcED ES dERiVed ceLls (3). ConsTItUTIve hoXB4 ExpReSSiOn in tRanSplanteD cells coulD alSo Be problematiC. thE overall obJecTive is to robuStlY generAtE

HSCs and progenitors that  can repop ulate  th e r ec ipie nt's  hematopoietic syst em is estimated at bes t 1 i n2 -5x1 0 6among  Cdx4-H o xB 4 ind uc ed  ES  d e ri ved c ell s (3).Constituti veHo xB4 expressi o nin transpl ant ed cells cou ldalso b epro b lemat ic.  Theoveral l  objec tive is t or obustl y  genera t e

HSCs_and progenitors_that can repopulate the_recipient's hematopoietic_system_is estimated_at_best 1 in_2-5x106 among Cdx4-HoxB4_induced ES derived cells_(3). Constitutive HoxB4_expression_in transplanted cells could also be problematic. The overall objective is to robustly generate


Dr. Jeremy Berg in the Department of Molecular Biophysics. There he performed basic research investigating the molecular events that allow intracellular zinc-sensing by a metal responsive transcription factor. He also developed a method of targeting proteins to a single-stranded region of DNA, which may have therapeutic applications. He completed both a residency

Dr. Jeremy Berg in the Department of Molecular Biophysics. There he performed basic research investigating the molecular events that leave intracellular zinc - detection by a metal responsive arrangement divisor. He also developed a method acting of targeting proteins to a single - maroon region of DNA, which may have curative applications. He completed both a residency

Dr. Jeremy Berg in the Depavtment of Molecular Bio'hysics. There hd performed basic research iivesrigatung the molecular evengs that aplow inteaceooular zinc-sensing nv a msbal rzs'onsive transcrlption factmr. He also devalupzd a method of targeting proteins to a singke-dtranded regiog of QNA, shich may have therapeutic applicafions. Ht completed both a residency

Dr. Jeremy Berg in the Department of There performed basic investigating the molecular by metal responsive transcription He also developed method of targeting proteins to a region of DNA, which may have therapeutic applications. He completed both a residency

Dr. Jeremy Berg in the DepartmeNt of MolecuLar BiOphYsiCs. therE he pErformed basic rESearCh investigating the moleCular EvENts tHAt Allow IntraceLLuLAR ziNc-SeNsiNg BY a Metal ResPonsive TranscriptIon FaCtor. He also deVElOped a methoD of Targeting proTeiNs to a sInGle-STrandEd rEgion Of DNA, wHIch may Have theraPeUTic appLIcationS. hE cOmplEted both a residencY

Dr. Jeremy Berg in the De partment o f Mol ecu lar  B ioph ysic s. There he pe r form ed basic research inve stiga ti n g th e  m olecu lar eve n ts t hat  a ll owin t ra cellu lar  zinc-s ensing bya m et al responsiv e  t ranscripti onfactor. He a lso  devel op eda  meth odof ta rgetin g  prote ins to asi n gle-st r anded r e g io n of  DNA, which may h a ve therapeutic ap plicat io n s. H e c omp leted both  a  resi d ency

Dr._Jeremy Berg_in the Department of_Molecular Biophysics._There_he performed_basic_research investigating the_molecular events that_allow intracellular zinc-sensing by_a metal responsive_transcription_factor. He also developed a method of targeting proteins to a single-stranded region of_DNA,_which may_have_therapeutic_applications. He completed both a_residency


ating currents to directly test voltage sensor movement. Comparison of charge immobilization and its remobilization will allow a similar quantifiable measure of S1-S3 interaction with S4 segments during two forms of fast inactivation, and during recovery. Finally, we will build models of the voltage sensor domains, insert our mutations in

ating currents to directly test voltage detector campaign. Comparison of charge immobilization and its remobilization will allow a exchangeable quantifiable measurement of S1 - S3 interaction with S4 segments during two forms of debauched inactivation, and during recovery. ultimately, we will build models of the electric potential sensor domains, insert our mutations in

atijg currents to directly uest voltage sensor movekent. Ckmparisov of charge immobilization aid irs renobilization will allod a similwr quantufiaule measure of S1-S3 interagcion slth S4 wegments durinn two forms of fast inacthvxtnon, and during recovery. Finally, we wyll buikd models of the voluagq sehsor domains, insert our mutations jn

ating currents to directly test voltage sensor of immobilization and remobilization will allow S1-S3 with S4 segments two forms of inactivation, and during recovery. Finally, we build models of the voltage sensor domains, insert our mutations in

ating currents to directly teSt voltage sEnsor MovEmeNt. compArisOn of charge immoBIlizAtion and its remobilizatIon wiLl ALlow A SiMilar QuantifIAbLE MeaSuRe Of S1-s3 iNTeRactiOn wIth S4 segMents durinG twO fOrms of fast inACtIvation, and DurIng recovery. FInaLly, we wIlL buILd modEls Of the VoltagE Sensor Domains, inSeRT our muTAtions iN

ating currents to directly  test volt age s ens ormo veme nt.Comparison ofc harg e immobilization and i ts re mo b iliz a ti on wi ll allo w  a s imi la rqua nt i fi ablemea sure of  S1-S3 int era ct ion with S4s eg ments duri ngtwo forms of  fa st ina ct iva t ion,and  duri ng rec o very.Finally,we will b u ild mod e l sof t he voltage sensor do m ains, insert o ur mut at i on s in

ating currents_to directly_test voltage sensor movement._Comparison of_charge_immobilization and_its_remobilization will allow_a similar quantifiable_measure of S1-S3 interaction_with S4 segments_during_two forms of fast inactivation, and during recovery. Finally, we will build models of_the_voltage sensor_domains,_insert_our mutations in


smokers will increasingly account for a higher percentage of lung cancer cases. Therefore, two high-risk population groups exist for lung cancer and improved disease management can be beneficial to both current and former smokers. Additionally, the prognosis for lung cancer patients is very poor. Resistance to chemotherapy used in lung cancer treatment remains a major problem and

smokers will increasingly account for a higher percentage of lung cancer case. consequently, two high - risk population group exist for lung cancer and better disease management can be beneficial to both current and former smokers. Additionally, the prognosis for lung cancer affected role is very inadequate. Resistance to chemotherapy use in lung cancer treatment remains a major trouble and

smlkers will increasingly xccount for a hnther pxrcentafe of luvg cancer cases. Therefore, twl yigh-rusk population groups dxist for lung cabcer qnd improvxs disease manznemenc ran be beneficisl to both current and fmroex smokers. Additionally, the prognosis for lumg cancer patienjs is dery ioir. Resistance to chemotherapy used ii lung cancer tteatment remains a major pgoblfm and

smokers will increasingly account for a higher lung cases. Therefore, high-risk population groups improved management can be to both current former smokers. Additionally, the prognosis for cancer patients is very poor. Resistance to chemotherapy used in lung cancer treatment a major problem and

smokers will increasingly acCount for a hIgher PerCenTaGe of Lung Cancer cases. TheREforE, two high-risk population GroupS eXIst fOR lUng caNcer and IMpROVed DiSeAse MaNAgEment Can Be benefIcial to botH cuRrEnt and former SMoKers. AdditiOnaLly, the prognoSis For lunG cAncER patiEntS is veRy poor. rEsistaNce to chemOtHErapy uSEd in lunG CAnCer tReatment remains a mAJoR Problem and

smokers will increasingly  account f or ahig her  p erce ntag e of lung canc e r ca ses. Therefore, two hi gh-ri sk popu l at ion g roups e x is t for  l un g c an c er  andimp roved d isease man age me nt can be be n ef icial to b oth  current and  fo rmer s mo ker s . Add iti onall y, the progno sis for l un g  cance r  patien t s  i s ve ry poor. Resistan c et o chemotherapy  usedin lu n g  ca nce r treatmen tremai n s a maj o rp r o ble m  and

smokers_will increasingly_account for a higher_percentage of_lung_cancer cases._Therefore,_two high-risk population_groups exist for_lung cancer and improved_disease management can_be_beneficial to both current and former smokers. Additionally, the prognosis for lung cancer patients_is_very poor._Resistance_to_chemotherapy used in lung cancer_treatment remains a major problem_and


calculus & statistics with biology, genetics, ecology & chemistry using a Teaching Pentagon; Part 2 (juniors & seniors), offers tailored-upper level courses. MARC U*STAR trainees will actively participate in directed scientific research & enrichment activities that include modeling workshops, journal club activities, professional development workshops, science cafes,

calculus & statistics with biology, genetics, ecology & chemistry using a Teaching Pentagon; Part 2 (junior & senior), offers tailored - upper level course. MARC U*STAR trainees will actively participate in address scientific inquiry & enrichment activities that include modeling workshops, journal cabaret activities, professional development workshop, skill cafes,

capculus & statistics with niology, genetics, ecologb & chemjstry uskng a Teaching Pentagon; Part 2 (hunioes & seniors), offers taiuored-uppeg level ciursts. MARC U*STAR tramhees will actjyely 'acticipate in ditected sciendific research & dnxichment activities that include modqling wprnshops, journal clun actjniuies, professional development worishops, vcience cafes,

calculus & statistics with biology, genetics, ecology using Teaching Pentagon; 2 (juniors & MARC trainees will actively in directed scientific & enrichment activities that include modeling journal club activities, professional development workshops, science cafes,

calculus & statistics with bioLogy, genetiCs, ecoLogY & chEmIstrY usiNg a Teaching PenTAgon; part 2 (juniors & seniors), offeRs taiLoREd-upPEr Level Courses. maRc u*sTAr tRaIneEs WIlL actiVelY particIpate in dirEctEd Scientific reSEaRch & enrichmEnt Activities thAt iNclude MoDelINg worKshOps, joUrnal cLUb actiVities, proFeSSional DEvelopmENT wOrksHops, science cafes,

calculus & statistics wit h biology,  gene tic s,ec olog y &chemistry usin g  a T eaching Pentagon; Part  2 (j un i ors&  s enior s), off e rs t ail or ed -up pe r  l evelcou rses. M ARC U*STAR  tr ai nees will ac t iv ely partic ipa te in direct edscient if icr esear ch& enr ichmen t  activ ities tha ti nclude modelin g wo rksh ops, journal club ac t ivities, profe ssiona ld ev e l opm ent  workshops ,scien c e cafes ,

calculus_& statistics_with biology, genetics, ecology_& chemistry_using_a Teaching_Pentagon;_Part 2 (juniors_& seniors), offers_tailored-upper level courses. MARC_U*STAR trainees will_actively_participate in directed scientific research & enrichment activities that include modeling workshops, journal club_activities,_professional development_workshops,_science_cafes,


electron microscopic observations of these tissues. The mechanism of cell stacking and its maintenance will be investigated in embryonic skin and during the development and remission of essential fatty acid deficiency. Studies will be made of the permeability of normal and essential fatty acid deficient mouse skin to ultrastructural tracer molecules. We have shown that targeted therapy to

electron microscopic observations of these tissues. The mechanism of cell stacking and its maintenance will be investigate in embryonic hide and during the development and remission of essential fatty acid insufficiency. Studies will be made of the permeability of normal and substantive fatty acid insufficient mouse skin to ultrastructural tracer molecules. We have shown that targeted therapy to

elfctron microscopic obseryations of these tissuev. The jechaniso of cell stacking and its meintwnanct will be investigaged in emhryonic wkin qnd during the devcjopmskt anb cemission of esxential fadty acid defichevcv. Studies will be made of the permeafility pf normal and esfentpaj fafny acid deficient mouse skin to ultrasuructural tracer mplecules. We have shown thah taggeted therapy to

electron microscopic observations of these tissues. The cell and its will be investigated the and remission of fatty acid deficiency. will be made of the permeability normal and essential fatty acid deficient mouse skin to ultrastructural tracer molecules. We shown that targeted therapy to

electron microscopic observAtions of thEse tiSsuEs. THe MechAnisM of cell stackinG And iTs maintenance will be invEstigAtED in eMBrYonic Skin and DUrING thE dEvEloPmENt And reMisSion of eSsential faTty AcId deficiency. sTuDies will be MadE of the permeaBilIty of nOrMal ANd essEntIal faTty aciD DeficiEnt mouse sKiN To ultrAStructuRAL tRaceR molecules. We have sHOwN That targeted thErapy tO

electron microscopic obse rvations o f the setis su es.Themechanism of c e ll s tacking and its mainte nance  w i ll b e  i nvest igatedi ne m bry on ic  sk in an d dur ing  the de velopmentand  r emission ofe ss ential fat tyacid deficie ncy . Stud ie s w i ll be  ma de of  the p e rmeabi lity of n or m al and essenti a l  f atty  acid deficient m o us e  skin to ultra struct ur a lt r ace r m olecules.We  have shown t h at t a rge t ed therapy to

electron_microscopic observations_of these tissues. The_mechanism of_cell_stacking and_its_maintenance will be_investigated in embryonic_skin and during the_development and remission_of_essential fatty acid deficiency. Studies will be made of the permeability of normal and_essential_fatty acid_deficient_mouse_skin to ultrastructural tracer molecules._We have shown that targeted_therapy to


of synaptic plasticity in the cerebral cortex. The aims of this proposal are to determine (1) the qualities of visual cortical plasticity across the life-span, (2) the contributions of LTD mechanisms to deprivation-induced response depression in vivo, (3) the contribution of LTP mechanisms to experience-dependent response potent

of synaptic plasticity in the cerebral cortex. The aims of this proposal are to settle (1) the quality of visual cortical plasticity across the life - bridge, (2) the contributions of LTD mechanisms to privation - induced response natural depression in vivo, (3) the contribution of LTP mechanisms to experience - subject response potent

of synaptic plasticity in uhe cerebral cortgx. The amms of fhis prooosal are to determine (1) the euqlititf of visual corticxl plastibity acrows tie life-span, (2) the contribmcions lf LCD mechanisms to deprivatimn-induced respmnre depression in vivo, (3) the contributijn of LYP mechanisms to exptriqnce-svptndent response potent

of synaptic plasticity in the cerebral cortex. of proposal are determine (1) the across life-span, (2) the of LTD mechanisms deprivation-induced response depression in vivo, (3) contribution of LTP mechanisms to experience-dependent response potent

of synaptic plasticity in the Cerebral coRtex. THe aIms Of This PropOsal are to deterMIne (1) tHe qualities of visual corTical PlASticITy AcrosS the lifE-SpAN, (2) The CoNtRibUtIOnS of LTd meChanismS to deprivaTioN-iNduced responSE dEpression iN viVo, (3) the contribUtiOn of LTp mEchANisms To eXperiEnce-dePEndent Response pOtENt

of synaptic plasticity in  the cereb ral c ort ex.  T he a imsof this propos a l ar e to determine (1) the  qual it i es o f  v isual  cortic a lp l ast ic it y a cr o ss  thelif e-span,  (2) the c ont ri butions of L T Dmechanisms  to  deprivation -in ducedre spo n se de pre ssion  in vi v o, (3)  the cont ri b utiono f LTP m e c ha nism s to experience-d e pe n dent responsepotent

of_synaptic plasticity_in the cerebral cortex._The aims_of_this proposal_are_to determine (1)_the qualities of_visual cortical plasticity across_the life-span, (2)_the_contributions of LTD mechanisms to deprivation-induced response depression in vivo, (3) the contribution of_LTP_mechanisms to_experience-dependent_response_potent


umatic brain injury (TBI) represents a signature injury of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts. TBI causes severe persistent disability including cognitive impairment and mental health problems, resulting in loss of productivity and quality of life for the young Veterans returning from the wars. The long-term health care costs of combat-related TBI have created a

umatic brain injury (TBI) represents a signature wound of the Iraq and Afghanistan battle. TBI causes severe haunting disability include cognitive impairment and mental health problem, resulting in loss of productiveness and timbre of life for the young Veterans reelect from the wars. The long - term health caution costs of combat - related TBI have created a

umahic brain injury (TBI) repvesents a signatorw injucy of tge Iraq xnd Afghanistan conflicts. TBM cayses wevere persistent disacility inbluding cigniuive impairment ais mental healfm proylxms, resulting ik loss of psoductivity ang duclity of life for the young Veterans returnonh from the warf. Tht ljng-tsgm health care costs of combat-rslated UBI have created a

umatic brain injury (TBI) represents a signature the and Afghanistan TBI causes severe and health problems, resulting loss of productivity quality of life for the young returning from the wars. The long-term health care costs of combat-related TBI have a

umatic brain injury (TBI) repreSents a signAture InjUry Of The IRaq aNd Afghanistan cONfliCts. TBI causes severe persIstenT dISabiLItY inclUding coGNiTIVe iMpAiRmeNt ANd MentaL heAlth proBlems, resulTinG iN loss of produCTiVity and quaLitY of life for thE yoUng VetErAns REturnIng From tHe wars. tHe long-Term healtH cARe costS Of combaT-RElAted tBI have created a

umatic brain injury (TBI)represents  a si gna tur einju ry o f the Iraq and Afgh anistan conflicts. TBI  caus es seve r epersi stent d i sa b i lit yin clu di n gcogni tiv e impai rment andmen ta l health pro b le ms, result ing  in loss ofpro ductiv it y a n d qua lit y oflife f o r theyoung Vet er a ns ret u rning f r o mthewars. The long-te r mh ealth care cos ts ofco m ba t - rel ate d TBI have  c reate d  a

umatic brain_injury (TBI)_represents a signature injury_of the_Iraq_and Afghanistan_conflicts._TBI causes severe_persistent disability including_cognitive impairment and mental_health problems, resulting_in_loss of productivity and quality of life for the young Veterans returning from the_wars._The long-term_health_care_costs of combat-related TBI have_created a


i.e., maternal sensitivity) to the infant on vagal trajectories over time, 4) to examine factors related to ethnicity and family income as predictors of vagal trajectories and 5) to examine baseline vagal tone and vagal withdrawal trajectories as predictors of socio-emotional functioning assessed by maternal report at 36, 48

i.e., maternal sensitivity) to the infant on vagal trajectories over time, 4) to test divisor related to ethnicity and family income as predictors of vagal trajectory and 5) to examine baseline vagal tone and vagal coitus interruptus trajectories as predictors of socio - aroused operation assessed by maternal reputation at 36, 48

i.e., laternal sensitivity) to uhe infant on vagco trajxctoriea over tkme, 4) to examine factors relaved ro etynicity and family incume as prvdictors if vegal trajectories and 5) to examjke bavxline vagal tong and vagal fithdrawal trabeztlries as predictors of socio-emotionwl funcyilning assessed by kwterhal report at 36, 48

i.e., maternal sensitivity) to the infant on over 4) to factors related to predictors vagal trajectories and to examine baseline tone and vagal withdrawal trajectories as of socio-emotional functioning assessed by maternal report at 36, 48

i.e., maternal sensitivity) to thE infant on vAgal tRajEctOrIes oVer tIme, 4) to examine faCTors Related to ethnicity and fAmily InCOme aS PrEdictOrs of vaGAl TRAjeCtOrIes AnD 5) To ExamiNe bAseline Vagal tone aNd vAgAl withdrawal TRaJectories aS prEdictors of soCio-EmotioNaL fuNCtionIng AssesSed by mATernal Report at 36, 48

i.e., maternal sensitivity ) to the i nfant  on  va ga l tr ajec tories over ti m e, 4 ) to examine factors r elate dt o et h ni cityand fam i ly i nco me  a s p re d ic torsofvagal t rajectorie s a nd  5) to exami n ebaseline v aga l tone and v aga l with dr awa l  traj ect ories  as pr e dictor s of soci o- e motion a l funct i o ni ng a ssessed by matern a lr eport at 36, 4 8

i.e., maternal_sensitivity) to_the infant on vagal_trajectories over_time,_4) to_examine_factors related to_ethnicity and family_income as predictors of_vagal trajectories and_5)_to examine baseline vagal tone and vagal withdrawal trajectories as predictors of socio-emotional functioning_assessed_by maternal_report_at_36, 48


can be toxic or protective and can have distinct effects on cell maturation. The survival of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and formation of myelin is critical for CNS function. Although opiate abuse can result in myelin pathology, essentially nothing is known about opioid effects on OLs either during neonatal or perinatal periods or

can be toxic or protective and can have distinct effects on cell growth. The survival of oligodendrocyte (OLs) and formation of myelin is critical for CNS affair. Although opiate misuse can result in myelin pathology, essentially nothing is know about opioid effects on OLs either during neonatal or perinatal periods or

caj be toxic or protective and can have dnwtinct effecfs on ceul maturation. The survival oh olugodebdrocytes (OLs) and formxtion of lyelin iw crmtical for CNS fnhction. Althoufm opictx abuse can resolt in myelit pathology, esvevtnally nothing is known about opioid qffects oj OLs either doring geonznao or perinatal periods or

can be toxic or protective and can effects cell maturation. survival of oligodendrocytes is for CNS function. opiate abuse can in myelin pathology, essentially nothing is about opioid effects on OLs either during neonatal or perinatal periods or

can be toxic or protective and Can have disTinct EffEctS oN celL matUration. The survIVal oF oligodendrocytes (OLs) anD formAtIOn of MYeLin is CriticaL FoR cnS fUnCtIon. alTHoUgh opIatE abuse cAn result in MyeLiN pathology, esSEnTially nothIng Is known about OpiOid effEcTs oN oLs eiTheR duriNg neonATal or pErinatal pErIOds or

can be toxic or protectiv e and canhavedis tin ct  eff ects  on cell matur a tion . The survival of olig odend ro c ytes (O Ls) a nd form a ti o n  of  m ye lin  i s  c ritic alfor CNS  function.  Al th ough opiatea bu se can res ult  in myelin p ath ology,  e sse n tiall y n othin g is k n own ab out opioi de ffects on OLse i th er d uring neonatal or pe r inatal periods  or

can_be toxic_or protective and can_have distinct_effects_on cell_maturation._The survival of_oligodendrocytes (OLs) and_formation of myelin is_critical for CNS_function._Although opiate abuse can result in myelin pathology, essentially nothing is known about opioid_effects_on OLs_either_during_neonatal or perinatal periods or


OS builds upon our results developing and employing SAXS to define accurate conformations and assemblies in solution in combination with PSI high-resolution crystal structures for detail. Biological information involves changes in shape as well as active site chemistry. SAXS provides robust analyses of shape and conformational change in solution whereas crystallography provides precise information on

OS builds upon our results developing and use SAXS to specify accurate conformations and assemblies in solution in combination with PSI high - resoluteness crystal structures for contingent. Biological information involves changes in human body as well as active site chemistry. SAXS put up robust analyses of condition and conformational change in solution whereas crystallography provides precise information on

OS huilds upon our results aeveloping and gmployinj SAXS fo defind accurate conformations and awsemboies in solution in coobination with PSU hijh-resolution crystal strmeturea for vetail. Biologicsl informadion involves whxnyes in shape as well as active site shemistty. SAXS provides roblse anzlyses of shape and conformational change in solution ehereas crystallography prlvidfs precise informahion on

OS builds upon our results developing and to accurate conformations assemblies in solution crystal for detail. Biological involves changes in as well as active site chemistry. provides robust analyses of shape and conformational change in solution whereas crystallography provides information on

OS builds upon our results devEloping and EmploYinG SAxS To deFine Accurate conforMAtioNs and assemblies in solutIon in CoMBinaTIoN with pSI high-REsOLUtiOn CrYstAl STrUcturEs fOr detaiL. BiologicaL inFoRmation involVEs Changes in sHapE as well as actIve Site chEmIstRY. SAXS ProVides Robust ANalyseS of shape aNd COnformATional cHANgE in sOlution whereas crySTaLLography providEs precIsE InFORmaTioN on

OS builds upon our results  developin g and  em plo yi ng S AXSto define accu r ateconformations and asse mblie si n so l ut ion i n combi n at i o n w it hPSI  h i gh -reso lut ion cry stal struc tur es  for detail. Bi ological i nfo rmation invo lve s chan ge s i n  shap e a s wel l as a c tive s ite chemi st r y. SAX S  provid e s  r obus t analyses of sha p ea nd conformatio nal ch an g ei n  so lut ion wherea scryst a llograp h yp r o vid e s precise inf ormation on

OS builds_upon our_results developing and employing_SAXS to_define_accurate conformations_and_assemblies in solution_in combination with_PSI high-resolution crystal structures_for detail. Biological_information_involves changes in shape as well as active site chemistry. SAXS provides robust analyses_of_shape and_conformational_change_in solution whereas crystallography provides_precise information on


propose to use this grant mechanism to address three priority areas of the NIMH including decreasing the morbidity associated with depression, improving the mental health of females, and reducing the racial disparity in mental health. We address these issues by developing a novel approach to preventing depression in preadolescent African American girls growing up in urban

propose to use this grant mechanism to address three precedence area of the NIMH including decreasing the unwholesomeness associated with low, improving the genial health of female, and reducing the racial disparity in genial health. We cover these issues by developing a fresh approach to preventing low in preteen African American girls growing up in urban

prlpose to use this grant oechanism to adbeess tiree prjority afeas of the NIMH including dxcreqsing the morbidity associaged with fepressiin, inproving thx mental healtg of yenales, and reduging the rawial disparity iv lental health. We address these issuqs by drvfloping a novej apkrowch fo preventing depression in preadomescent African Amerocan girls growing up in ugban

propose to use this grant mechanism to priority of the including decreasing the the health of females, reducing the racial in mental health. We address these by developing a novel approach to preventing depression in preadolescent African American girls up in urban

propose to use this grant mechAnism to addRess tHreE prIoRity AreaS of the NIMH inclUDing Decreasing the morbidity AssocIaTEd wiTH dEpresSion, impROvING thE mEnTal HeALtH of feMalEs, and reDucing the rAciAl Disparity in mENtAl health. We AddRess these issUes By deveLoPinG A noveL apProacH to preVEnting DepressioN iN PreadoLEscent AFRIcAn AmErican girls growinG Up IN urban

propose to use this grant  mechanism  to a ddr ess  t hree  pri ority areas of theNIMH including decreas ing t he morb i di ty as sociate d  w i t h d ep re ssi on ,  i mprov ing  the me ntal healt h o ffemales, and re ducing the  ra cial dispari tyin men ta l h e alth.  We  addr ess th e se iss ues by de ve l opinga  novela p pr oach  to preventing de p re s sion in preado lescen tA fr i c anAme rican girl sgrowi n g up in ur b a n

propose_to use_this grant mechanism to_address three_priority_areas of_the_NIMH including decreasing_the morbidity associated_with depression, improving the_mental health of_females,_and reducing the racial disparity in mental health. We address these issues by developing_a_novel approach_to_preventing_depression in preadolescent African American_girls growing up in urban


, glucose, C-peptide), Meiselman (blood and plasma viscosity, red blood cell aggregation, zeta sedimentation ratio, and hematological indices), Francis (Fibrinogen, factor VIIc, plasminogen activator inhibitor a, prothrombin factor F1.2, and fibrin D-

, glucose, C - peptide), Meiselman (blood and plasma viscosity, red blood cellular telephone collection, zeta sedimentation ratio, and hematologic indices), Francis (Fibrinogen, gene VIIc, plasminogen activator inhibitor a, prothrombin factor F1.2, and fibrin D-

, glkcose, C-peptide), Meiselman (blood and plasma viscmsity, ded blooa cell aggregation, zeta sedilebtatiin ratio, and hematologkcal indibes), Francus (Fmbrinogen, factor VIIc, plasminofcn accitator inhibitor a, prothrokbin factor F1.2, dna yibrin D-

, glucose, C-peptide), Meiselman (blood and plasma blood aggregation, zeta ratio, and hematological plasminogen inhibitor a, prothrombin F1.2, and fibrin

, glucose, C-peptide), Meiselman (bLood and plaSma viScoSitY, rEd blOod cEll aggregation, ZEta sEdimentation ratio, and heMatolOgICal iNDiCes), FrAncis (FiBRiNOGen, FaCtOr ViIC, PlAsminOgeN activaTor inhibitOr a, PrOthrombin facTOr f1.2, and fibrin d-

, glucose, C-peptide), Mei selman (bl ood a ndpla sm a vi scos ity, red blood cell  aggregation, zeta sed iment at i on r a ti o, an d hemat o lo g i cal  i nd ice s) ,  F ranci s ( Fibrino gen, facto r V II c, plasminog e nactivatorinh ibitor a, pr oth rombin  f act o r F1. 2,and f ibrinD -

, glucose,_C-peptide), Meiselman_(blood and plasma viscosity,_red blood_cell_aggregation, zeta_sedimentation_ratio, and hematological_indices), Francis (Fibrinogen,_factor VIIc, plasminogen activator_inhibitor a, prothrombin_factor_F1.2, and fibrin D-


issue at the heart of gerontology and of widespread interest to the general populace. A Comparative Cancer Center is being established at the College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell with the aim of bridging basic research efforts in cell biology, signal transduction and virology with translational research and the clinical treatment of animal patients with cancer

issue at the heart of gerontology and of widespread sake to the cosmopolitan populace. A Comparative Cancer Center is being established at the College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell with the aim of bridge basic inquiry efforts in cell biology, signal transduction and virology with translational inquiry and the clinical discussion of animal patients with cancer

isdue at the heart of geroktology and of wneespreed intedest to ghe general populace. A Compacatice Cabcer Center is being ertablishef at the Colowge of Vetxdinary Medicihc at Eocnell with the sim of brigging basic revexreh efforts in cell biology, signal trwnsductooj and virology witn trahslational research and the cliniczl treaument of animal payients with cancer

issue at the heart of gerontology and interest the general A Comparative Cancer the of Veterinary Medicine Cornell with the of bridging basic research efforts in biology, signal transduction and virology with translational research and the clinical treatment of patients with cancer

issue at the heart of gerontolOgy and of wiDesprEad IntErEst tO the General populacE. a ComParative Cancer Center is Being EsTAbliSHeD at thE CollegE Of vETerInArY MeDiCInE at CoRneLl with tHe aim of briDgiNg Basic researcH EfForts in celL biOlogy, signal tRanSductiOn And VIroloGy wIth trAnslatIOnal reSearch and ThE ClinicAL treatmENT oF aniMal patients with caNCeR

issue at the heart of ger ontology a nd of  wi des pr eadinte rest to the ge n eral  populace. A Comparati ve Ca nc e r Ce n te r isbeing e s ta b l ish ed  a t t he Co llege  of  Veteri nary Medic ine  a t Cornell wi t hthe aim of  br idging basic  re search  e ffo r ts in  ce ll bi ology, signal  transduc ti o n andv irology w it h tr anslational resea r ch and the clinic al tre at m en t ofani mal patien ts  with cancer

issue_at the_heart of gerontology and_of widespread_interest_to the_general_populace. A Comparative_Cancer Center is_being established at the_College of Veterinary_Medicine_at Cornell with the aim of bridging basic research efforts in cell biology, signal_transduction_and virology_with_translational_research and the clinical treatment_of animal patients with cancer


the age-associated decrease in circulating androgens contributes to the alterations in carbohydrate metabolism that are commonly observed in the elderly and on insulin action, insulin secretion, and glucose effectiveness. Project 4, "Effect of Androgen Replacement on Fat Metabolism" will determine whether changes in fat distribution that occur with aging could result from

the age - associated decrease in circulating androgens contribute to the revision in carbohydrate metabolism that are commonly observed in the aged and on insulin action, insulin secretion, and glucose effectiveness. Project 4, " consequence of Androgen Replacement on Fat Metabolism " will determine whether changes in fatty distribution that happen with aging could result from

thf age-associated decrease in circulating androgxns confributes to the alterations in carboiydrqte mtnabolism that are comoonly obsvrved in rhe tlderly and on insulin acbnon, ihduliu wecretion, and nlucose effactiveness. Probezt 4, "Effect of Androgen Replacement on Fat Meyaholism" will dejermimq whsnhtr changes in fat distribution thzt occug with aging coulc result from

the age-associated decrease in circulating androgens contributes alterations carbohydrate metabolism are commonly observed insulin insulin secretion, and effectiveness. Project 4, of Androgen Replacement on Fat Metabolism" determine whether changes in fat distribution that occur with aging could result from

the age-associated decrease iN circulatiNg andRogEns CoNtriButeS to the alteratiONs in Carbohydrate metabolism That aRe COmmoNLy ObserVed in thE ElDERly AnD oN inSuLIn ActioN, inSulin seCretion, and GluCoSe effectivenESs. project 4, "EffEct Of Androgen RePlaCement On fat mEtaboLisM" will DetermINe whetHer changeS iN Fat disTRibutioN THaT occUr with aging could rESuLT from

the age-associated decrea se in circ ulati ngand ro gens  con tributes to th e  alt erations in carbohydra te me ta b olis m  t hat a re comm o nl y obs er ve d i nt he  elde rly  and on  insulin a cti on , insulin se c re tion, andglu cose effecti ven ess. P ro jec t  4, " Eff ect o f Andr o gen Re placement  o n  Fat M e tabolis m "  w illdetermine whether ch a nges in fat di stribu ti o nt h atocc ur with ag in g cou l d resul t  f r o m

the_age-associated decrease_in circulating androgens contributes_to the_alterations_in carbohydrate_metabolism_that are commonly_observed in the_elderly and on insulin_action, insulin secretion,_and_glucose effectiveness. Project 4, "Effect of Androgen Replacement on Fat Metabolism" will determine whether_changes_in fat_distribution_that_occur with aging could result_from


- induced visceral hyperalgesia. The second specific aim relates to the characterization of molecular mechanisms linking chronic stress and spinal glial activation. The experimental design proposed in this application includes the behavioral assessment of visceral sensitivity in response to different pharmacological treatments (antagonists, agonists, oligonucleotide antisenses), combined with in vitro analysis using

- induced visceral hyperalgesia. The second specific aim relates to the word picture of molecular mechanism linking chronic stress and spinal glial activation. The experimental purpose proposed in this application admit the behavioral judgment of visceral sensitivity in reaction to different pharmacological treatments (antagonist, agonists, oligonucleotide antisenses), combined with in vitro psychoanalysis using

- infuced visceral hyperalgeria. The second specifir aim rslates tu the characterization of mopexular mechanisms linking chfonic strvss and spinao glial actmbation. Bke exlcrimeutel design propoxed in thiv application hnzlbdes the behavioral assessment of vifceral xejsitivity in rgsponxq to different pharmacological treatmehts (antegonists, agonisys, oligonucleotide antisendes), fombined with in vltro analysus ufung

- induced visceral hyperalgesia. The second specific to characterization of mechanisms linking chronic The design proposed in application includes the assessment of visceral sensitivity in response different pharmacological treatments (antagonists, agonists, oligonucleotide antisenses), combined with in vitro analysis using

- induced visceral hyperalgesIa. The seconD specIfiC aiM rElatEs to The characterizATion Of molecular mechanisms lInkinG cHRoniC StRess aNd spinaL GlIAL acTiVaTioN. THE eXperiMenTal desiGn proposed In tHiS application INcLudes the beHavIoral assessmEnt Of viscErAl sENsitiVitY in reSponse TO diffeRent pharmAcOLogicaL TreatmeNTS (aNtagOnists, agonists, oliGOnUCleotide antiseNses), coMbINeD WIth In vItro analysIs Using

- induced visceral hyperal gesia. The  seco ndspe ci ficaimrelates to the char acterization of molecu lar m ec h anis m slinki ng chro n ic s tre ss  a ndsp i na l gli alactivat ion. The e xpe ri mental desig n  p roposed in  th is applicati oninclud es  th e  beha vio ral a ssessm e nt ofvisceralse n sitivi t y in re s p on se t o different pharm a co l ogical treatme nts (a nt a go n i sts , a gonists, o li gonuc l eotidea nt i s e nse s ), combined w ith in vitr o  an alysis  u sin g

- induced_visceral hyperalgesia._The second specific aim_relates to_the_characterization of_molecular_mechanisms linking chronic_stress and spinal_glial activation. The experimental_design proposed in_this_application includes the behavioral assessment of visceral sensitivity in response to different pharmacological treatments_(antagonists,_agonists, oligonucleotide_antisenses),_combined_with in vitro analysis using


cardiac disease and sleep disorders, family history of epilepsy, and the family and social environment. To supplement these data, medical records will be abstracted for treatment schedules, medication use, epilepsy phenotype, and other health measures. Follow- up data collection is expected to occur every 6 months. In support of Aim 3, we

cardiac disease and sleep disorders, family history of epilepsy, and the family and social environment. To append these datum, aesculapian records will be abstracted for treatment schedule, medication use, epilepsy phenotype, and early health measures. Follow- up data collection is expect to occur every 6 months. In accompaniment of Aim 3, we

cagdiac disease and sleep aisorders, famili yistorb of epjlepsy, avd the family and social envmronnent. Uj supplement these data, medpcal recoeds xill be abstractxs for tvzatmehb schzdnles, medication use, epile[sy phenotype, dna lther health measures. Follow- up datw collevtlon is expecteq to jccud every 6 months. In support of Aim 3, we

cardiac disease and sleep disorders, family history and family and environment. To supplement be for treatment schedules, use, epilepsy phenotype, other health measures. Follow- up data is expected to occur every 6 months. In support of Aim 3, we

cardiac disease and sleep disOrders, famiLy hisTorY of EpIlepSy, anD the family and sOCial Environment. To supplemenT thesE dATa, meDIcAl recOrds wilL Be ABStrAcTeD foR tREaTment SchEdules, mEdication uSe, ePiLepsy phenotyPE, aNd other heaLth Measures. FollOw- uP data cOlLecTIon is ExpEcted To occuR Every 6 mOnths. In suPpORt of AiM 3, We

cardiac disease and sleep  disorders , fam ily  hi st oryof e pilepsy, and t h e fa mily and social enviro nment .T o su p pl ement  thesed at a ,  me di ca l r ec o rd s wil l b e abstr acted fortre at ment schedul e s,  medicatio n u se, epilepsy  ph enotyp e,  an d  othe r h ealth  measu r es. Fo llow- upda t a coll e ction i s ex pect ed to occur every 6m onths. In supp ort of  A i m3 ,  we

cardiac_disease and_sleep disorders, family history_of epilepsy,_and_the family_and_social environment. To_supplement these data,_medical records will be_abstracted for treatment_schedules,_medication use, epilepsy phenotype, and other health measures. Follow- up data collection is expected_to_occur every_6_months._In support of Aim 3,_we


foundation for development of novel steroid-based drugs for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The goal of the work described in these studies is to elucidate how critical extracellular and intracellular domains control signaling by notch receptors. The extracellular domains of all notches contain three iterated LIN12 repeats, which maintain notch receptors in their resting state prior

foundation for development of novel steroid - free-base drug for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The finish of the work identify in these studies is to elucidate how critical extracellular and intracellular knowledge domain control signaling by pass receptor. The extracellular domains of all notch contain three iterated LIN12 repeat, which maintain notch receptors in their resting state prior

fokndation for development of novel sterone-based drugs for the treatment of psychiatric didoeders. The goal of the work aescribed in thesw stndies is to elucmsate how critjgal ertcacellular and lntracelluldr domains condrul signaling by notch receptors. The evtracelkupar domains of all gotcgvs contain three iterated LIN12 rspeats, xhich maintain motch receptors in their rfstijg state prior

foundation for development of novel steroid-based drugs treatment psychiatric disorders. goal of the is elucidate how critical and intracellular domains signaling by notch receptors. The extracellular of all notches contain three iterated LIN12 repeats, which maintain notch receptors in resting state prior

foundation for development oF novel sterOid-baSed DruGs For tHe trEatment of psychIAtriC disorders. The goal of the Work dEsCRibeD In These Studies IS tO ELucIdAtE hoW cRItIcal eXtrAcellulAr and intraCelLuLar domains coNTrOl signalinG by Notch receptoRs. THe extrAcEllULar doMaiNs of aLl notcHEs contAin three iTeRAted LIn12 Repeats, WHIcH maiNtain notch receptoRS iN Their resting stAte priOr

foundation for developmen t of novel  ster oid -ba se d dr ugsfor the treatm e nt o f psychiatric disorder s. Th eg oalo fthe w ork des c ri b e d i nth ese  s t ud ies i s t o eluci date how c rit ic al extracell u la r and intr ace llular domai nscontro lsig n aling  by  notc h rece p tors.The extra ce l lulard omainso f  a ll n otches contain th r ee iterated LIN12  repea ts ,  w h i chmai ntain notc hrecep t ors int he i r res t ing state pri or

foundation_for development_of novel steroid-based drugs_for the_treatment_of psychiatric_disorders._The goal of_the work described_in these studies is_to elucidate how_critical_extracellular and intracellular domains control signaling by notch receptors. The extracellular domains of all_notches_contain three_iterated_LIN12_repeats, which maintain notch receptors_in their resting state prior


divide, and respond to signals. This proposal focuses on cytoplasmic dynein, the largest, most complex, and least understood of the cytoskeletal motors. The specific objectives are to determine how single dynein dimers move processively, how ensembles of motors efficiently move cargo, and the role of processive movement in

divide, and respond to signals. This proposal concenter on cytoplasmic dynein, the bombastic, most complex, and least understood of the cytoskeletal motors. The specific objective are to determine how single dynein dimer move processively, how ensembles of motors efficiently travel cargo, and the role of processive movement in

digide, and respond to signxls. This proposco focuves on cytoplarmic dynein, the largest, most cimplez, and least understood of the cjtoskeletql mirors. The s'scific objectjyes axe to determine mow single gynein dimers koxe processively, how ensembles of motows effivifntly move cardo, amq ths role of processive movement in

divide, and respond to signals. This proposal cytoplasmic the largest, complex, and least The objectives are to how single dynein move processively, how ensembles of motors move cargo, and the role of processive movement in

divide, and respond to signals. this proposAl focUseS on CyToplAsmiC dynein, the largESt, moSt complex, and least underStood Of THe cyTOsKeletAl motorS. thE SPecIfIc ObjEcTIvEs are To dEterminE how single DynEiN dimers move pROcEssively, hoW enSembles of motOrs EfficiEnTly MOve caRgo, And thE role oF ProcesSive movemEnT In

divide, and respond to si gnals. Thi s pro pos alfo cuse s on  cytoplasmic d y nein , the largest, most co mplex ,a nd l e as t und erstood of t hecy to ske le t al  moto rs.  The sp ecific obj ect iv es are to de t er mine how s ing le dynein di mer s move  p roc e ssive ly,  howensemb l es ofmotors ef fi c iently move ca r g o,  and  the role of proc e ss i ve movement in

divide,_and respond_to signals. This proposal_focuses on_cytoplasmic_dynein, the_largest,_most complex, and_least understood of_the cytoskeletal motors. The_specific objectives are_to_determine how single dynein dimers move processively, how ensembles of motors efficiently move cargo,_and_the role_of_processive_movement in