Repository: 4DNucleome/PartSegCore-compiled-backend
Pull request #68: Fix checking if polygon is convex 
Author: login: Czaki
Created: 2025-03-12T17:09:11Z | Merged: 2025-03-13T19:08:30Z



<!-- This is an auto-generated comment: release notes by coderabbit.ai -->
## Summary by CodeRabbit

- **New Features**
  - Added a utility to compute centroids of point clusters.
  - Introduced functionality to assess whether a polygon is simple.
  - Enhanced polygon validation with improved checks for convexity.

- **Refactor**
  - Improved geometric orientation handling by using clear, descriptive indicators.

- **Tests**
  - Expanded the testing suite with new cases covering various polygon configurations and rotations for robust geometric validation.
  - Added assertions to verify polygon convexity before triangulation.
<!-- end of auto-generated comment: release notes by coderabbit.ai -->


Diff:
diff --git a/src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/intersection.hpp b/src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/intersection.hpp
index dbbc245..6ce8e72 100644
--- a/src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/intersection.hpp
+++ b/src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/intersection.hpp
@@ -112,6 +112,12 @@ inline int64_t double_as_hex(double d) {
   return result;
 }
 
+enum Orientation {
+  COLLINEAR = 0,
+  CLOCKWISE = 1,
+  COUNTERCLOCKWISE = 2,
+};
+
 /**
  * Determines the orientation of the triplet (p, q, r).
  *
@@ -119,12 +125,14 @@ inline int64_t double_as_hex(double d) {
  * @param q The second point.
  * @param r The third point.
  *
- * @return 0 if p, q and r are collinear.
- *         1 if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a clockwise orientation.
- *         2 if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a counterclockwise orientation.
+ * @return Orientation::COLLINEAR if p, q and r are collinear.
+ *         Orientation::CLOCKWISE if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a clockwise
+ *         orientation.
+ *         Orientation::COUNTERCLOCKWISE if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a
+ *         counterclockwise orientation.
  */
-inline int _orientation(const point::Point &p, const point::Point &q,
-                        const point::Point &r) {
+inline Orientation _orientation(const point::Point &p, const point::Point &q,
+                                const point::Point &r) {
   double val1 = ((q.y - p.y) * (r.x - q.x));
   double val2 = ((r.y - q.y) * (q.x - p.x));
   // This commented code if for debugging purposes of differences between macOS
@@ -142,8 +150,8 @@ inline int _orientation(const point::Point &p, const point::Point &q,
   // }
   // Instead of using classical equation, we need to use two variables
   // to handle problem with strange behavior on macOS.
-  if (val1 == val2) return 0;
-  return (val1 > val2) ? 1 : 2;
+  if (val1 == val2) return Orientation::COLLINEAR;
+  return (val1 > val2) ? Orientation::CLOCKWISE : Orientation::COUNTERCLOCKWISE;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -163,17 +171,17 @@ inline bool _do_intersect(const point::Segment &s1, const point::Segment &s2) {
   const point::Point &p2 = s2.bottom;
   const point::Point &q2 = s2.top;
 
-  int o1 = _orientation(p1, q1, p2);
-  int o2 = _orientation(p1, q1, q2);
-  int o3 = _orientation(p2, q2, p1);
-  int o4 = _orientation(p2, q2, q1);
+  Orientation o1 = _orientation(p1, q1, p2);
+  Orientation o2 = _orientation(p1, q1, q2);
+  Orientation o3 = _orientation(p2, q2, p1);
+  Orientation o4 = _orientation(p2, q2, q1);
 
   if (o1 != o2 && o3 != o4) return true;
 
-  if (o1 == 0 && _on_segment(p1, p2, q1)) return true;
-  if (o2 == 0 && _on_segment(p1, q2, q1)) return true;
-  if (o3 == 0 && _on_segment(p2, p1, q2)) return true;
-  if (o4 == 0 && _on_segment(p2, q1, q2)) return true;
+  if (o1 == Orientation::COLLINEAR && _on_segment(p1, p2, q1)) return true;
+  if (o2 == Orientation::COLLINEAR && _on_segment(p1, q2, q1)) return true;
+  if (o3 == Orientation::COLLINEAR && _on_segment(p2, p1, q2)) return true;
+  if (o4 == Orientation::COLLINEAR && _on_segment(p2, q1, q2)) return true;
 
   return false;
 }
diff --git a/src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/point.hpp b/src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/point.hpp
index 61f8143..b04fc24 100644
--- a/src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/point.hpp
+++ b/src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/point.hpp
@@ -208,6 +208,19 @@ struct Segment {
     }
   };
 };
+Point centroid(const std::vector<Point> &point_list) {
+  if (point_list.empty()) {
+    return {0, 0};
+  }
+  Point res(0, 0);
+  for (auto &point : point_list) {
+    res.x += point.x;
+    res.y += point.y;
+  }
+  res.x /= float(point_list.size());
+  res.y /= float(point_list.size());
+  return res;
+}
 }  // namespace partsegcore::point
 
 // overload of hash function for
diff --git a/src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/triangulate.hpp b/src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/triangulate.hpp
index e362d78..afda8d3 100644
--- a/src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/triangulate.hpp
+++ b/src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/triangulate.hpp
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #define PARTSEGCORE_TRIANGULATE_H
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>  // memory header is required on linux, and not on macos
 #include <set>
@@ -602,6 +603,36 @@ struct MonotonePolygonBuilder {
   };
 };
 
+/*
+ * Check if the polygon, that all angles have the same orientation
+ * do not have self-intersections
+ *
+ * @param begin Iterator to the first point of the polygon
+ * @param end Iterator to the end of the polygon
+ * @param centroid Centroid of the polygon
+ *
+ * @return True if the polygon is simple, false otherwise
+ */
+template <typename Iterator>
+bool is_simple_polygon(Iterator begin, Iterator end, point::Point centroid) {
+  double start_angle = std::atan2(begin->y - centroid.y, begin->x - centroid.x);
+  double prev_angle = 0;
+  begin++;
+  for (; begin != end; begin++) {
+    double angle =
+        std::atan2(begin->y - centroid.y, begin->x - centroid.x) - start_angle;
+    if (angle < 0) {
+      angle += 2 * M_PI;
+    }
+    if (angle < prev_angle) {
+      return false;
+    } else {
+      prev_angle = angle;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
 /**
  * Checks if a given polygon is convex.
  *
@@ -615,26 +646,47 @@ struct MonotonePolygonBuilder {
  * @return True if the polygon is convex, false otherwise.
  */
 inline bool _is_convex(const std::vector<point::Point> &polygon) {
-  int orientation = 0;
-  int triangle_orientation;
-  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < polygon.size() - 2; i++) {
-    triangle_orientation =
-        intersection::_orientation(polygon[i], polygon[i + 1], polygon[i + 2]);
-    if (triangle_orientation == 0) continue;
-    if (orientation == 0)
+  if (polygon.size() < 3) return false;
+  if (polygon.size() == 3) return true;
+  intersection::Orientation orientation = intersection::Orientation::COLLINEAR;
+  intersection::Orientation triangle_orientation;
+  size_t idx = 0;
+  for (; idx < polygon.size() - 2; idx++) {
+    triangle_orientation = intersection::_orientation(
+        polygon[idx], polygon[(idx + 1)], polygon[(idx + 2)]);
+    if (triangle_orientation != intersection::Orientation::COLLINEAR) {
       orientation = triangle_orientation;
-    else if (orientation != triangle_orientation)
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (orientation == intersection::Orientation::COLLINEAR) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  for (; idx < polygon.size() - 2; idx++) {
+    triangle_orientation = intersection::_orientation(
+        polygon[idx], polygon[(idx + 1)], polygon[(idx + 2)]);
+    if (triangle_orientation != 0 && triangle_orientation != orientation) {
       return false;
+    }
   }
   triangle_orientation = intersection::_orientation(
       polygon[polygon.size() - 2], polygon[polygon.size() - 1], polygon[0]);
-  if (triangle_orientation != 0 && triangle_orientation != orientation)
+  if (triangle_orientation != 0 && triangle_orientation != orientation) {
     return false;
+  }
   triangle_orientation = intersection::_orientation(polygon[polygon.size() - 1],
                                                     polygon[0], polygon[1]);
-  if (triangle_orientation != 0 && triangle_orientation != orientation)
+  if (triangle_orientation != 0 && triangle_orientation != orientation) {
     return false;
-  return true;
+  }
+
+  point::Point centroid = point::centroid(polygon);
+
+  if (orientation == intersection::Orientation::COUNTERCLOCKWISE) {
+    return is_simple_polygon(polygon.begin(), polygon.end(), centroid);
+  } else {
+    return is_simple_polygon(polygon.rbegin(), polygon.rend(), centroid);
+  }
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/tests/test_triangulate.py b/src/tests/test_triangulate.py
index f5b7286..18b6a90 100644
--- a/src/tests/test_triangulate.py
+++ b/src/tests/test_triangulate.py
@@ -208,6 +208,7 @@ def test_triangle_convex_polygon():
     ],
 )
 def test_triangulate_polygon_py_convex(polygon, expected):
+    assert is_convex(polygon)
     assert triangulate_polygon_py(polygon)[0] == expected
 
 
@@ -691,3 +692,55 @@ def test_splitting_edges(split_edges, triangles):
     )
     triangles_ = triangulate_polygon_with_edge_numpy_li([polygon], split_edges=split_edges)[1][2]
     assert len(triangles_) == triangles
+
+
+def generate_regular_polygon(n: int, reverse: bool, radius: int = 1) -> np.ndarray:
+    angles = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, n, endpoint=False)
+    if reverse:
+        angles = angles[::-1]
+    return np.column_stack((radius * np.cos(angles), radius * np.sin(angles)))
+
+
+def generate_self_intersecting_polygon(n: int, reverse: bool, radius: int = 1) -> np.ndarray:
+    """Generate self-intersecting polygon with n vertices
+
+    The polygon is generated by doubling the angle range of a regular polygon
+    """
+    assert n % 2 == 1, 'an odd number is required to generate a self-intersecting polygon'
+    angles = np.linspace(0, 4 * np.pi, n, endpoint=False)
+    if reverse:
+        angles = angles[::-1]
+    return np.column_stack((radius * np.cos(angles), radius * np.sin(angles)))
+
+
+def rotation_matrix(angle: float) -> np.ndarray:
+    """Create a 2D rotation matrix for the given angle in degrees."""
+    return np.array(
+        [
+            [np.cos(np.radians(angle)), -np.sin(np.radians(angle))],
+            [np.sin(np.radians(angle)), np.cos(np.radians(angle))],
+        ]
+    )
+
+
+ANGLES = [0, 5, 75, 95, 355]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('angle', ANGLES, ids=str)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('n_vertex', [5, 7, 19])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('reverse', [False, True])
+def test_is_convex_self_intersection(angle, n_vertex, reverse):
+    p = generate_self_intersecting_polygon(n_vertex, reverse)
+    rot = rotation_matrix(angle)
+    data = np.dot(p, rot)
+    assert not is_convex(data)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('angle', ANGLES, ids=str)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('n_vertex', [3, 4, 7, 12, 15, 20])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('reverse', [False, True])
+def test_is_convex_regular_polygon(angle, n_vertex, reverse):
+    poly = generate_regular_polygon(n_vertex, reverse=reverse)
+    rot = rotation_matrix(angle)
+    rotated_poly = np.dot(poly, rot)
+    assert is_convex(rotated_poly)


Reviews:
user: login: copilot-pull-request-reviewer[bot]
body: ## Pull Request Overview

This PR improves the convex polygon checking by adding assertions in the triangulation tests and introduces new utility functions and tests for generating regular and star-shaped (pentagram) polygons. The changes include:
- Adding an extra assertion in test_triangulate_polygon_py_convex to ensure the polygon is convex.
- Introducing helper functions (generate_regular_polygon, pentagram, rotation_matrix) for generating test polygons.
- Adding new parametrized tests that validate the convexity check on rotated and self-intersecting polygons.


<details>
<summary>Comments suppressed due to low confidence (2)</summary>

**src/tests/test_triangulate.py:707**
* Using 4*pi in the pentagram function may be confusing; consider adding a comment to explain why a 4*pi range is needed for generating the star shape.
```
angles = np.linspace(0, 4 * np.pi, n, endpoint=False)
```
**src/tests/test_triangulate.py:704**
* [nitpick] Consider renaming 'pentagram' to 'generate_pentagram' for consistency with 'generate_regular_polygon'.
```
def pentagram(reverse):
```
</details>


state: COMMENTED
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submitted_at: 2025-03-12T23:48:24Z
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body: **Actionable comments posted: 1**

<details>
<summary>🧹 Nitpick comments (1)</summary><blockquote>

<details>
<summary>src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/intersection.hpp (1)</summary><blockquote>

`132-153`: **Update function documentation to match enum return type.**

The function implementation correctly returns the Orientation enum values, but the documentation still refers to returning integer values 0, 1, and 2.


```diff
/**
 * Determines the orientation of the triplet (p, q, r).
 *
 * @param p The first point.
 * @param q The second point.
 * @param r The third point.
 *
-* @return 0 if p, q and r are collinear.
-*         1 if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a clockwise orientation.
-*         2 if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a counterclockwise orientation.
+* @return Orientation::COLLINEAR if p, q and r are collinear.
+*         Orientation::CLOCKWISE if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a clockwise orientation.
+*         Orientation::COUNTERCLOCKWISE if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a counterclockwise orientation.
 */
```

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* `src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/intersection.hpp` (3 hunks)
* `src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/point.hpp` (1 hunks)
* `src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/triangulate.hpp` (3 hunks)
* `src/tests/test_triangulate.py` (2 hunks)

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<details>
<summary>🔇 Additional comments (9)</summary><blockquote>

<details>
<summary>src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/triangulate.hpp (3)</summary>

`606-634`: **Good implementation of polygon simplicity check.**

The function correctly checks if a polygon is simple by verifying that all angles are in non-decreasing order when traversing the vertices. The calculation handles angle normalization properly.

---

`648-664`: **Good enhancements to convexity check.**

The changes to the `_is_convex` function improve the code by:
1. Handling edge cases (polygons with fewer than 3 points)
2. Early returning true for triangles (which are always convex)
3. Using the new `Orientation` enum for better readability
4. Proper initialization of orientation variable

---

`665-690`: **Well-integrated simplicity check.**

The function correctly uses the polygon's orientation to determine whether to check simplicity in forward or reverse order. This ensures correct handling of both clockwise and counterclockwise polygon definitions.

</details>
<details>
<summary>src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/intersection.hpp (1)</summary>

`115-119`: **Good introduction of Orientation enum.**

Replacing integer literals with named constants improves code readability and maintainability. This enum clearly represents the three possible orientations of points.

</details>
<details>
<summary>src/tests/test_triangulate.py (5)</summary>

`697-702`: **Well-implemented regular polygon generator.**

The function correctly generates regular polygons with configurable parameters. The use of numpy functions for angle generation and coordinate calculation is efficient.

---

`704-711`: **Good pentagram generator for testing self-intersecting shapes.**

The function correctly generates a pentagram by using angles that span 4π radians rather than 2π, creating the star pattern. This is useful for testing self-intersecting polygons.

---

`713-720`: **Correct implementation of 2D rotation matrix.**

The function correctly implements a 2D rotation matrix using numpy. The conversion from degrees to radians is properly handled.

---

`725-732`: **Good test for self-intersecting polygons.**

This test ensures that self-intersecting shapes like pentagrams are correctly identified as non-convex, regardless of rotation angle or winding order.

---

`734-742`: **Comprehensive test for convex polygon detection.**

This test verifies convexity detection across a range of regular polygons with different vertex counts, rotation angles, and winding orders. This provides thorough coverage of the convexity check functionality.

</details>

</blockquote></details>

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<!-- This is an auto-generated comment by CodeRabbit for review status -->
state: COMMENTED
author_association: CONTRIBUTOR
submitted_at: 2025-03-12T23:51:08Z
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body: **Actionable comments posted: 1**

<details>
<summary>🧹 Nitpick comments (4)</summary><blockquote>

<details>
<summary>src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/point.hpp (3)</summary><blockquote>

`211-223`: **Consider adding documentation for the centroid function.**

The function correctly calculates the centroid of a collection of points and handles empty input appropriately. However, it would benefit from documentation comments that explain its purpose, parameters, and return value, similar to other functions in this file.

```diff
+/**
+ * Calculates the centroid (geometric center) of a set of points.
+ *
+ * If the input vector is empty, returns a point at the origin (0, 0).
+ * Otherwise, computes the average of all points' coordinates.
+ *
+ * @param point_list A vector of Point objects
+ * @return The centroid as a Point
+ */
Point centroid(const std::vector<Point> &point_list) {
  if (point_list.empty()) {
    return {0, 0};
  }
  Point res(0, 0);
  for (auto &point : point_list) {
    res.x += point.x;
    res.y += point.y;
  }
  res.x /= float(point_list.size());
  res.y /= float(point_list.size());
  return res;
}
```

---

`220-221`: **Consider using static_cast for type conversion.**

Replace C-style cast with static_cast for more explicit type conversion, which is preferred in modern C++.

```diff
-  res.x /= float(point_list.size());
-  res.y /= float(point_list.size());
+  res.x /= static_cast<float>(point_list.size());
+  res.y /= static_cast<float>(point_list.size());
```

---

`212-214`: **Use consistent initialization style.**

For consistency with the rest of the code, consider using the same initialization style throughout the function.

```diff
  if (point_list.empty()) {
-    return {0, 0};
+    return Point(0, 0);
  }
```

</blockquote></details>
<details>
<summary>src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/intersection.hpp (1)</summary><blockquote>

`179-184`: **Use enum values in conditional checks for better clarity**

While these comparisons will work due to implicit conversion between enum and int, it would be more consistent to use the enum values explicitly.

```diff
-if (o1 != o2 && o3 != o4) return true;
+if (o1 != o2 && o3 != o4) return true;

-if (o1 == 0 && _on_segment(p1, p2, q1)) return true;
-if (o2 == 0 && _on_segment(p1, q2, q1)) return true;
-if (o3 == 0 && _on_segment(p2, p1, q2)) return true;
-if (o4 == 0 && _on_segment(p2, q1, q2)) return true;
+if (o1 == Orientation::COLLINEAR && _on_segment(p1, p2, q1)) return true;
+if (o2 == Orientation::COLLINEAR && _on_segment(p1, q2, q1)) return true;
+if (o3 == Orientation::COLLINEAR && _on_segment(p2, p1, q2)) return true;
+if (o4 == Orientation::COLLINEAR && _on_segment(p2, q1, q2)) return true;
```

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<details>
<summary>🔇 Additional comments (3)</summary><blockquote>

<details>
<summary>src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/intersection.hpp (3)</summary>

`115-119`: **Great addition of an Orientation enum!**

This is a good refactoring that replaces magic numbers with descriptive named constants, making the code more readable and self-documenting.

---

`128-132`: **Documentation update correctly reflects the enum change**

The function documentation has been properly updated to reference the new enum values instead of integer literals.

---

`153-154`: **Return statements correctly use the new enum values**

The function logic has been updated to properly return enum values instead of integer literals, which is consistent with the function signature change.

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<!-- This is an auto-generated comment by CodeRabbit for review status -->
state: COMMENTED
author_association: CONTRIBUTOR
submitted_at: 2025-03-13T07:16:17Z
user: login: Czaki
state: COMMENTED
author_association: CONTRIBUTOR
submitted_at: 2025-03-13T07:25:49Z
user: login: coderabbitai[bot]
state: COMMENTED
author_association: CONTRIBUTOR
submitted_at: 2025-03-13T07:26:08Z
user: login: copilot-pull-request-reviewer[bot]
body: ## Pull Request Overview

This PR enhances polygon validation by improving convexity checks and expanding test coverage for various polygon configurations and rotations.  
- Added an assertion to validate convex polygons in the triangulation test.  
- Introduced helper functions to generate regular and self-intersecting polygons, as well as a rotation matrix function.  
- Added new test cases to verify behavior on rotated polygons and self-intersecting shapes.


<details>
<summary>Comments suppressed due to low confidence (2)</summary>

**src/tests/test_triangulate.py:709**
* [nitpick] Consider adding an error message to the assertion to clarify that 'n' must be odd for generating a self-intersecting polygon.
```
assert n % 2 == 1
```
**src/tests/test_triangulate.py:741**
* [nitpick] Consider renaming 'test_is_convex2' to a more descriptive name like 'test_regular_polygon_convex' to better convey its purpose.
```
def test_is_convex2(angle, n_vertex, reverse):
```
</details>


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<details>
<summary>🧹 Nitpick comments (1)</summary><blockquote>

<details>
<summary>src/tests/test_triangulate.py (1)</summary><blockquote>

`716-722`: **Add type hints to rotation_matrix function.**

While the implementation is correct, the function lacks type hints unlike the other new utility functions.

```diff
-def rotation_matrix(angle):
+def rotation_matrix(angle: float) -> np.ndarray:
    return np.array(
        [
            [np.cos(np.radians(angle)), -np.sin(np.radians(angle))],
            [np.sin(np.radians(angle)), np.cos(np.radians(angle))],
        ]
    )
```

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<details>
<summary>🔇 Additional comments (5)</summary><blockquote>

<details>
<summary>src/tests/test_triangulate.py (5)</summary>

`211-211`: **Good addition of convexity verification.**

Adding the assertion to verify that the polygon is actually convex before testing ensures the triangulation algorithm is only tested with valid inputs. This makes the test more robust and better aligned with the function's preconditions.

---

`697-702`: **Well-implemented polygon generation utility.**

This function correctly implements regular polygon generation with proper type hints and parameterization. The ability to control orientation with the `reverse` parameter adds flexibility for testing various scenarios.

---

`704-714`: **Good implementation of self-intersecting polygon generator.**

The function ensures proper self-intersection by doubling the angle range to 4π. The assertion that checks for an odd number of vertices is a good safeguard to ensure the generated polygon will actually self-intersect as intended.

---

`729-736`: **Comprehensive test for non-convexity of self-intersecting polygons.**

Great use of parametrization to test multiple configurations of self-intersecting polygons. The test ensures that the `is_convex` function correctly identifies self-intersecting polygons as non-convex, regardless of rotation angle, vertex count, and orientation.

---

`738-746`: **Thorough verification of convexity across polygon variations.**

This test effectively verifies that regular polygons are correctly identified as convex under various conditions including rotation, different vertex counts, and orientation. The comprehensive parametrization ensures good test coverage.

</details>

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<!-- This is an auto-generated comment by CodeRabbit for review status -->
state: COMMENTED
author_association: CONTRIBUTOR
submitted_at: 2025-03-13T16:10:36Z
user: login: coderabbitai[bot]
body: **Actionable comments posted: 0**

<details>
<summary>🧹 Nitpick comments (2)</summary><blockquote>

<details>
<summary>src/tests/test_triangulate.py (2)</summary><blockquote>

`716-722`: **Correctly implemented rotation matrix**

The rotation matrix function is mathematically correct and properly converts the angle from degrees to radians using numpy's functions.

Consider adding a docstring to clarify that the angle is in degrees, since the function converts it to radians internally.

```diff
def rotation_matrix(angle: float) -> np.ndarray:
+    """Create a 2D rotation matrix for the given angle in degrees."""
    return np.array(
        [
            [np.cos(np.radians(angle)), -np.sin(np.radians(angle))],
            [np.sin(np.radians(angle)), np.cos(np.radians(angle))],
        ]
    )
```

---

`738-745`: **Comprehensive test for convex polygons**

This test thoroughly verifies that regular polygons maintain their convexity property after rotation, with good coverage across different vertex counts and orientations.

Consider renaming `test_is_convex2` to something more descriptive like `test_is_convex_regular_polygon` to better reflect what it's testing.

```diff
-def test_is_convex2(angle, n_vertex, reverse):
+def test_is_convex_regular_polygon(angle, n_vertex, reverse):
```

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<summary>🔇 Additional comments (5)</summary><blockquote>

<details>
<summary>src/tests/test_triangulate.py (5)</summary>

`211-211`: **LGTM: Improved input validation**

Adding this assertion is good practice as it ensures the test correctly validates that input polygons are convex before proceeding with triangulation tests.

---

`697-702`: **Well-implemented polygon generation utility**

This helper function is well-implemented using numpy's vectorized operations. It provides a clean way to generate regular polygons for testing, including the ability to control orientation via the `reverse` parameter.

---

`704-714`: **Good implementation with appropriate validation**

The self-intersecting polygon generation function is well-implemented with proper validation to ensure an odd number of vertices (which is required for the implementation to work correctly).

---

`725-726`: **Good set of test angles**

This selection of angles provides good coverage for testing rotations, including edge cases (near 0°, near 90°, and near 360°).

---

`728-736`: **Comprehensive parametrized test for non-convex polygons**

This test thoroughly verifies that self-intersecting polygons are correctly identified as non-convex across various configurations and rotations. The parametrization ensures good test coverage.

</details>

</blockquote></details>

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<!-- This is an auto-generated comment by CodeRabbit for review status -->
state: COMMENTED
author_association: CONTRIBUTOR
submitted_at: 2025-03-13T16:16:41Z
user: login: copilot-pull-request-reviewer[bot]
body: ## Pull Request Overview

This PR enhances polygon validation by adding improved convexity checks and new testing functions.  
- Introduces explicit assertions for polygon convexity in triangulation tests.  
- Adds helper functions for generating both regular and self-intersecting polygons, along with a rotation matrix utility.  
- Expands tests to validate behavior under various rotations and polygon configurations.


<details>
<summary>Comments suppressed due to low confidence (1)</summary>

**src/tests/test_triangulate.py:709**
* Consider revising the error message to be more grammatically clear, e.g., 'an odd number is required to generate a self-intersecting polygon'.
```
assert n % 2 == 1, 'need odd number to generate self-intersecting polygon'
```
</details>


state: COMMENTED
author_association: NONE
submitted_at: 2025-03-13T16:47:53Z

Review comments:
diff_hunk: @@ -208,6 +208,16 @@ struct Segment {
     }
   };
 };
+Point centroid(const std::vector<Point> &point_list) {
+  Point res(0, 0);
+  for (auto &point : point_list) {
+    res.x += point.x;
+    res.y += point.y;
+  }
+  res.x /= float(point_list.size());
+  res.y /= float(point_list.size());
+  return res;
+}
path: src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/point.hpp
user: login: coderabbitai[bot]
body: _🛠️ Refactor suggestion_

**Add a check for empty input vector to prevent division by zero.**

The centroid function correctly calculates the average position of points by summing coordinates and dividing by the count, but it doesn't handle the case where the input vector is empty.


```diff
Point centroid(const std::vector<Point> &point_list) {
+  if (point_list.empty()) {
+    return Point(0, 0);
+  }
  Point res(0, 0);
  for (auto &point : point_list) {
    res.x += point.x;
    res.y += point.y;
  }
  res.x /= float(point_list.size());
  res.y /= float(point_list.size());
  return res;
}
```


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> ‼️ **IMPORTANT**
> Carefully review the code before committing. Ensure that it accurately replaces the highlighted code, contains no missing lines, and has no issues with indentation. Thoroughly test & benchmark the code to ensure it meets the requirements.

`````suggestion
Point centroid(const std::vector<Point> &point_list) {
  if (point_list.empty()) {
    return Point(0, 0);
  }
  Point res(0, 0);
  for (auto &point : point_list) {
    res.x += point.x;
    res.y += point.y;
  }
  res.x /= float(point_list.size());
  res.y /= float(point_list.size());
  return res;
}
`````

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✅ Fixed in commits 9957feb to 82eed0a
created_at: 2025-03-12T23:51:07Z
author_association: CONTRIBUTOR
diff_hunk: @@ -112,19 +112,27 @@ inline int64_t double_as_hex(double d) {
   return result;
 }
 
+enum Orientation {
+  COLLINEAR = 0,
+  CLOCKWISE = 1,
+  COUNTERCLOCKWISE = 2,
+};
+
 /**
  * Determines the orientation of the triplet (p, q, r).
  *
  * @param p The first point.
  * @param q The second point.
  * @param r The third point.
  *
- * @return 0 if p, q and r are collinear.
- *         1 if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a clockwise orientation.
- *         2 if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a counterclockwise orientation.
+ * @return Orientation::COLLINEAR if p, q and r are collinear.
+ *         Orientation::CLOCKWISE if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a clockwise
+ *         orientation.
+ *         Orientation::COUNTERCLOCKWISE if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a
+ *         counterclockwise orientation.
  */
-inline int _orientation(const point::Point &p, const point::Point &q,
-                        const point::Point &r) {
+inline Orientation _orientation(const point::Point &p, const point::Point &q,
+                                const point::Point &r) {
path: src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/intersection.hpp
user: login: coderabbitai[bot]
body: _⚠️ Potential issue_

**Function signature update is good but needs consistent usage throughout the code**

The return type change from `int` to `Orientation` improves type safety and readability, but there's an inconsistency in the code that uses this function.

The callers of this function at lines 174-177 are still storing the result in `int` variables rather than `Orientation` variables:

```diff
-int o1 = _orientation(p1, q1, p2);
-int o2 = _orientation(p1, q1, q2);
-int o3 = _orientation(p2, q2, p1);
-int o4 = _orientation(p2, q2, q1);
+Orientation o1 = _orientation(p1, q1, p2);
+Orientation o2 = _orientation(p1, q1, q2);
+Orientation o3 = _orientation(p2, q2, p1);
+Orientation o4 = _orientation(p2, q2, q1);
```

<!-- This is an auto-generated reply by CodeRabbit -->

✅ Fixed in commit f11a871
created_at: 2025-03-13T07:16:16Z
author_association: CONTRIBUTOR
diff_hunk: @@ -112,19 +112,27 @@ inline int64_t double_as_hex(double d) {
   return result;
 }
 
+enum Orientation {
+  COLLINEAR = 0,
+  CLOCKWISE = 1,
+  COUNTERCLOCKWISE = 2,
+};
+
 /**
  * Determines the orientation of the triplet (p, q, r).
  *
  * @param p The first point.
  * @param q The second point.
  * @param r The third point.
  *
- * @return 0 if p, q and r are collinear.
- *         1 if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a clockwise orientation.
- *         2 if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a counterclockwise orientation.
+ * @return Orientation::COLLINEAR if p, q and r are collinear.
+ *         Orientation::CLOCKWISE if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a clockwise
+ *         orientation.
+ *         Orientation::COUNTERCLOCKWISE if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a
+ *         counterclockwise orientation.
  */
-inline int _orientation(const point::Point &p, const point::Point &q,
-                        const point::Point &r) {
+inline Orientation _orientation(const point::Point &p, const point::Point &q,
+                                const point::Point &r) {
path: src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/intersection.hpp
user: login: Czaki
body: Thanks for pointing 
created_at: 2025-03-13T07:25:49Z
author_association: CONTRIBUTOR
diff_hunk: @@ -112,19 +112,27 @@ inline int64_t double_as_hex(double d) {
   return result;
 }
 
+enum Orientation {
+  COLLINEAR = 0,
+  CLOCKWISE = 1,
+  COUNTERCLOCKWISE = 2,
+};
+
 /**
  * Determines the orientation of the triplet (p, q, r).
  *
  * @param p The first point.
  * @param q The second point.
  * @param r The third point.
  *
- * @return 0 if p, q and r are collinear.
- *         1 if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a clockwise orientation.
- *         2 if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a counterclockwise orientation.
+ * @return Orientation::COLLINEAR if p, q and r are collinear.
+ *         Orientation::CLOCKWISE if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a clockwise
+ *         orientation.
+ *         Orientation::COUNTERCLOCKWISE if the triplet (p, q, r) is in a
+ *         counterclockwise orientation.
  */
-inline int _orientation(const point::Point &p, const point::Point &q,
-                        const point::Point &r) {
+inline Orientation _orientation(const point::Point &p, const point::Point &q,
+                                const point::Point &r) {
path: src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/intersection.hpp
user: login: coderabbitai[bot]
body: @Czaki You're welcome! I see that you've already fixed the inconsistency in commit f11a871. Thank you for implementing the suggestion so promptly. The code is now more consistent with the `Orientation` enum being used throughout.

<!-- This is an auto-generated reply by CodeRabbit -->
created_at: 2025-03-13T07:26:08Z
author_association: CONTRIBUTOR

PR comments:
user: login: coderabbitai[bot]
created_at: 2025-03-12T17:09:19Z
body: <!-- This is an auto-generated comment: summarize by coderabbit.ai -->
<!-- walkthrough_start -->

## Walkthrough

This update introduces an enumeration type `Orientation` to replace integer literals in the `_orientation` routine, improving clarity in representing geometric orientation. A new `centroid` function is added for computing the average position of a set of points. An `is_simple_polygon` function is introduced to verify polygon simplicity, and the existing `_is_convex` function is refined accordingly. Additionally, new test utilities and cases are provided to support polygon generation, rotation, and convexity validation.

## Changes

| File(s)                                                                                                                       | Summary                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/intersection.hpp`                                                               | Introduces `Orientation` enum (`COLLINEAR`, `CLOCKWISE`, `COUNTERCLOCKWISE`) and updates `_orientation` to return the enum instead of an integer.                                                                       |
| `src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/point.hpp`                                                                      | Adds a new `centroid` function to compute the average (centroid) of a list of points.                                                                                                                                      |
| `src/PartSegCore_compiled_backend/triangulation/triangulate.hpp`                                                                | Adds `is_simple_polygon` to validate polygon simplicity and refines the `_is_convex` function using the new orientation logic.                                                                                           |
| `src/tests/test_triangulate.py`                                                                                                 | Introduces helper functions (`generate_regular_polygon`, `generate_self_intersecting_polygon`, `rotation_matrix`) and new tests for checking polygon convexity and triangulation, including cases for self-intersecting and rotated shapes.       |

## Possibly related PRs

- **4DNucleome/PartSegCore-compiled-backend#36**: Addresses similar modifications in the orientation functionality by transitioning to an enum-based approach for point orientation.

## Poem

> I'm a rabbit hopping through the code,  
> With enums and centroids lighting my road.  
> Polygons twist and turn, so neat,  
> In every angle, a rhythm, a beat.  
> Testing each curve with carrot delight,  
> Coding through day and coding through night! 🐰🥕

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<details>
<summary>🔇 Additional comments (7)</summary><blockquote>

<details>
<summary>src/tests/test_triangulate.py (7)</summary>

`211-211`: **Great addition of a precondition check!**

Adding this assertion ensures that the polygon being tested is actually convex before proceeding with the triangulation test. This helps validate the test's assumptions and prevents false positives.

---

`697-702`: **Well-implemented utility function for regular polygon generation.**

This function elegantly generates regular polygons using numpy's vectorized operations. The ability to create polygons in both clockwise and counter-clockwise order (via the `reverse` parameter) is valuable for comprehensive testing.

---

`704-714`: **Good implementation with helpful documentation.**

The function for generating self-intersecting polygons is well-documented and includes a proper assertion to ensure odd vertex count. The explanation of how it works (by doubling the angle range) is clear and helpful.

---

`716-724`: **Clean and correct implementation of rotation matrix.**

The rotation matrix function correctly converts degrees to radians and uses the proper mathematical formulas. The docstring clearly explains the purpose and parameters.

---

`726-726`: **Good test angle selection.**

The selected angles (0°, 5°, 75°, 95°, 355°) provide a good range of test cases, including edge cases near 0°/360° and different quadrants.

---

`729-737`: **Comprehensive test for non-convex polygons.**

This test function thoroughly verifies that self-intersecting polygons are correctly identified as non-convex across different orientations, sizes, and rotations. The parametrization ensures good test coverage.

---

`739-747`: **Thorough test for convex polygons.**

This test function comprehensively verifies that regular polygons are correctly identified as convex, regardless of rotation angle, vertex count, or orientation. The parameterization with various polygon sizes (from triangles to 20-sided polygons) ensures robust testing.

</details>

</blockquote></details>

</details>
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<!-- finishing_touch_checkbox_start -->

<details>
<summary>✨ Finishing Touches</summary>

- [ ] <!-- {"checkboxId": "7962f53c-55bc-4827-bfbf-6a18da830691"} --> 📝 Generate Docstrings

</details>

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author_association: CONTRIBUTOR
user: login: Czaki
created_at: 2025-03-12T23:48:34Z
body: @coderabbitai review
author_association: CONTRIBUTOR
user: login: coderabbitai[bot]
created_at: 2025-03-12T23:48:39Z
body: <!-- This is an auto-generated reply by CodeRabbit -->
<details>
<summary>:white_check_mark: Actions performed</summary>

Review triggered.

> Note: CodeRabbit is an incremental review system and does not re-review already reviewed commits. This command is applicable only when automatic reviews are paused.

</details>
author_association: CONTRIBUTOR