Обращайтесь в агентства с хорошей репутацией. Ходите на открытые кастинги для агентств и клиентов. Перед подписанием обсудите контракт с юристом. Тщательно просчитывайте ваши расходы. Поддерживайте связь со своим куратором от агентства.

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An agency will manage and promote your modeling career, marketing you to clients, fashion shows, and online, and helping to arrange jobs based on your availability and assets.  Most agencies take a standard 20% commission from your earnings.  Being a part of an agency does not mean that you’re guaranteed work, though you should feel that they’re marketing you appropriately. Some non-exclusive agencies will allow you to sign with other agencies, so that you have even more opportunities for modeling jobs. Some agencies will offer open casting calls for new talent, so add those dates to your calendar and be prepared for a go-see or a cattle-call.  Be sure that the open casting is for a legitimate agency and is not a scam or a dangerous situation. If you have any concerns, take a friend with you to the call or photo shoot.  Know the signs of a modeling scam, such as unsolicited contact from a photographer or agency, or the requirement for a down payment or fees in advance of your acceptance to the agency. Most contracts are biased towards the agency, but always contact a lawyer before signing any documents. The terms of an agency contract are always negotiable, so review the document with a lawyer and propose any changes to the agency before deciding whether or not to sign. Modeling for an agency, especially at the beginning, can be expensive, as you will need start-up costs for marketing, such as for your composite cards and messenger services between the agency and the client. Agencies often bill these expenses were billed to your future earnings, so that it may take some time to see any pay at all. Foreign models may need to pay the agency for travel expenses, and so may be deep in debt before they’ve begun working. Make sure they’re promoting you on a regular basis, and ask if you need to do anything else to be more marketable. If your agency is not doing a good job of finding work for you or you do not like the way that they are marketing you, then you may want to consider looking for a new agent or going freelance.


Обращайтесь за поддержкой к близким друзьям и родственникам. Меняйте свой стиль общения. Узнайте разные причины чрезмерной болтливости. Обратитесь за советом к психологу-консультанту, если разговорчивость мешает вам в социальной жизни.

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Be open to listening to what others have to say about your talkativeness.  They may have some helpful insight about ways to stop being so talkative. Ask them to prompt you if they catch you interrupting people or talking too much. Having people hold you accountable will help you reach your goal faster.   Consider asking a trusted friend or family member if they have faced the same challenges as you with being overly talkative. They may be able to explain what has helped them, or what they’ve been through. Listen to their suggestions about ways to change your habits. While it may seem hard at first to change the way you talk or interact with others, it’s important that you find ways to communicate that adapt and change to fit your audience.  Know your audience. Is it a large group? Just one person? Someone who’s quiet or someone else who’s really talkative? Is it a classroom setting? At work? Or just hanging out with friends? Each situation may merit a change in your way of communicating. Be attuned to what others are saying or doing. If everyone else is quiet, then think about ways to be quiet.  If it’s a social gathering, find ways to engage others in the conversation. Some talkativeness comes from personality differences, such as being very extroverted. Other times it could be a symptom of a medical or mental health condition. Most commonly, being overly talkative is a nervous or stress-related habit that can be controlled.  Watch out for any concerns that your excessive talkativeness may be pressured, rapid, and seemingly uncontrollable. Maybe it feels like you can't stop, and the pace of speech seems inappropriately urgent. If this is your situation, talk with a mental health or medical professional for an evaluation. There may be medication or therapy that can help.   Evaluate if you constantly crave to be with others, or get your energy from talking with other people. You may be strongly extroverted, and thus might come off as bothersome to others if you are constantly restless and want to talk with...


Обращайтесь за помощью, когда вы в ней нуждаетесь. Дайте возможность другим взять ответственность на себя. Учитесь выражаться недвусмысленно. Не превращайте разговор в соревнование.

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Self-centered people often struggle to admit when they're wrong, and admit that they need help. Don't just blunder into things on your own. Recognize when your skills and talents aren't enough, and ask for help from someone who can help you. Asking for help means that you're able to recognize there are other capable people in the world. People who might be better than you at some task or skill. That's a good thing. Do you always feel like you need to make your voice heard? Instead, take the back seat for a change. Let someone else be in charge when you're in a group, instead of taking the lead.  When you're out with your friends, does it really matter where you go for dinner? If you're with five people, there could be five different opinions. Just let someone else pick and have fun instead. Standing up for yourself is important, too, but only if your voice is regularly buried in the mix, and only if you have a constructive solution to add. You don't have to be a doormat to be more selfless. Lots of things that people say can seem self-centered, even if they really aren't. If you sometimes try to guess what someone else wants, you might be trying too hard. Instead of guessing, ask, so you can make yourself clear.  Don't look for hidden motivations in people's actions and words. If your mom asks if you'd like a salad, it's probably not a subtle jab at your weight. While it might be, assuming can make you look pretty self-involved. Some people interpret shyness as self-centeredness, or ego. Don't expect for anyone to read your mind. You have to be willing to speak up if you need help, or you have something to say. Don't expect that everyone's going to ask. Self-centered people always find a way to talk about themselves. If you tend to treat conversations as a battleground, or a way to show off, stop it. Stop waiting for your turn to speak and start listening and responding during conversation, not formulating your next great statement. Don't "one-up" people, even if you get the chance. If someone just told a...


Обращайтесь к Богу по имени. Признайте величие Бога. Поблагодарите Бога за его доброту и милосердие. Излейте свои чувства Богу.

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You might say, "Dear God," "Our Heavenly Father," "Jehovah," or any other name you have for God. You can even pray to Jesus, if you like. If you have faith in God, you believe he is the creator of the world and all life on earth. Imagine the incredible power God must have to have created all of that! Then, think about that powerful being taking the time to listen to your problems and take an interest in your life. God is merciful, loving, and generous. Take the time to include worship in every prayer. You could thank him for coming into your life, for all of the blessings he's given you, and for answering your prayers. Remember, God already knows what's on your mind, what has happened in your life, and everything you feel. Prayer isn't about telling God these things, but about building a stronger relationship with God by communicating with him.  This is similar to the way telling your parents "I love you" is about reinforcing the bond with them, rather than telling them something they don't know. You might talk to God about something that hurt you, an upcoming event you're feeling nervous about, or a Scripture you're having trouble understanding. Just talk to him about whatever's on your mind!


Обращайтесь к группе через средства массовой информации. Создайте сплоченные группы. Вдохновляйте группу на использование своего права голоса. Убедитесь, что люди внимательны. И, наконец, будьте своим собственным маяком, и будете нести свет другим.

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Media recognition and support that highlights achievements, problems or unjust treatment for any group can be a useful method of empowering a group or social class. This is because it raises wide public awareness which creates support and leads to the people feeling somewhat heard. Most people seek to know they exist and are being listened to, and doing so will validate them.  If possible, get the group on Facebook, Twitter, and other social media platforms. Call the local news, get in the paper, advertise, and just spread the word.  Have them be a part of it, too. Form a brainstorming committee where they can take action into their own hands, not just follow your creative commands on how to reach out to the public. This is another useful way of empowering a group. Being in a group, fighting for a united cause, makes people stronger and more active in controlling their lives. It provides people with a solidarity, the lack of which had left them feeling dis-empowered previously. Think of just about any group that is fighting against another group, whether it's something abysmal like racism or something scheduled and planned, like political elections. In the most pressured of times, people band together and create upward movement and get things done. A pressure group can force about this motivation. Let them know they have the right to have more say in things that affect their lives, their happiness, or even their rights as citizens. Whether it's a small issue within the group that they're not happy about or an issue in our global village, encourage them to speak up. If they don't speak up, nothing will get done. For example, certain European governments do this very well by allowing people to vote in referendums on issues such as "whether to stay in the EU." This makes the people feel that they are autonomous upon themselves and so, empowered. Use this as an example and make it work on a smaller level. You can have elections, voting sessions, meetings, and even informal sounding board sessions. When it comes...


Обращайтесь к девушке уверенно и дружелюбно. Убедитесь, что девушке комфортно общаться с вами. Общайтесь с девушкой на комфортном вам уровне. Ведите непринужденную беседу и задавайте девушке открытые вопросы. Скажите комплимент о качествах девушки, которые вам понравились. Начните дружескую беседу о ваших общих интересах и взглядах. Старайтесь не жаловаться. Старайтесь не задавать слишком личных вопросов. Старайтесь писать грамотно. Следите за количеством смайликов. Учитывайте разные варианты толкований сообщения.

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When communicating with a girl online for the first time, put yourself out there so she knows that you are interested in her.  Start out by saying, "Hello!" or "Hi there!" Introduce yourself briefly; your name is likely all you need to share at this point. Ask her a question about something you saw on her profile that caught your eye. Online flirting and dating can feel uncomfortable and dangerous to many women, especially when they do not actually know the man with whom they are talking.  Respond to her in a timely fashion once she gets back to you. Responding too quickly might indicate that you are too eager, while taking too long might indicate that you have lost interest. It is best to respond within a few hours, whenever possible.  Focus on learning about who she is and what her personality is like. Asking her about her physical appearance or to send you photographs of herself will give the wrong impression of why you are chatting with her. Avoid immediately asking her out on a date or to meet in person. This also might give her the wrong impression and cause her to stop chatting with you. It is best to get to know each other for at least a few days before doing this. The point right now is to get to know her enough to determine whether you would like to take her on a date.  Keep the conversation balanced in terms of how much you talk about yourself. Answer her questions about you, and turn the conversation back around to her when you can. Be polite and funny, if appropriate. Do not be afraid to make jokes that you find funny, because chances are, she might also find them funny. "What do you do for a living?" "If you could go on vacation anywhere in the world, where would it be and why?" "What is your favorite season and why?" "Do you have brothers and/or sisters? How many?" "What is your favorite pastime with you family?" "What do you most enjoy doing with friends?" "Which is your favorite holiday and why?" "Do you like animals? What kinds?" "How would your best friend describe you?" "What is your...


Обращайтесь к его любви к красоте, искусству или музыке. Обратитесь к его вкусу к роскоши. Дайте ему пространство. Покажите ему свое отношение. Пусть романтика будет простой.

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Most Libra men can really appreciate beauty and culture, so if you want to make his heart skip a beat for you, invite him to the art museum or give him a book with photographs of beautiful scenery. Showing him that you understand what he loves can be a huge plus in your favor. When you extend an invitation, pick a place that your Libra man will probably enjoy, like an art gallery, arts and crafts fair, or museum. You can appeal to him even more by inviting him out during an active time. For instance, ask him to a special one-day-only exhibit instead of inviting him to the museum during a quiet "off" time. Along with art and culture, Libra men usually have a strong appreciation for the finer things in life. When you invite him to spend time with you, choose impressive locations like trendy cafes or four-star restaurants. When you give him a gift, consider picking out something tasteful from a designer. If you do not have the finances to back Libra's love of luxury, fear not! These men are interested in refinement, but that refinement does not necessarily need to cost you an arm and a leg. Try inviting him to a fancy restaurant for dessert only to save you the cost of a meal, or go somewhere with an elegant atmosphere but a moderate cost. As social creatures, Libra men love freedom and need to feel unconfined in order to be happy. You can dote on him as much as you want when the two of you are together, but avoid smothering him or forcing your way into areas of his life he hasn't invited you to on his own. Keep in mind that Libra is an active guy, so once he takes a liking to you, you'll probably know about it. In the meantime, work on him steadily, and avoid pushing your feelings onto him before he is ready for them. Libra men love to love, and they love being loved on. Little tokens of appreciation can underscore your feelings for him while making you appear more attractive in his eyes. Try giving him a small gift or note for no reason, or offer a massage at the end of a long day or week.  Refined, tasteful...


Обращайтесь к людям с уважением. Соблюдайте спокойствие в конфликтных ситуациях. Не занимайте оборонительную позицию. Отвечайте за свои поступки. Обратитесь с вежливой просьбой.

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Treat those around you with respect, with both your actions and your words. Respect builds trust and support in a relationship, whether it be with your parents, siblings, friends, or romantic partner. A good way to learn respect is to first treat yourself with respect. Don’t feel pressure to do anything just because everyone else is doing it, but respect your mind, body, and spirituality enough to listen if one of them is telling you not to participate. Learn what it feels like to respect yourself, and make sure you treat others with the same respect.  Say “please” and “thank you” often. Even if you’re in an argument, refrain from name-calling. You can disagree with someone while still being respectful. Think before you speak and hold off from saying anything that can be hurtful. Say, “I appreciate and respect your opinion, even though it differs from mine.” Treating other people respectfully shows maturity in how you interact. It may be easy to retaliate when in an argument and unleash your anger, but keep your cool. Keeping calm in stressful situations has positive long-term health benefits, such as less inflammation in the body. Being calm and thinking about something positive can help when stressful events occur. By not raging but choosing to keep calm, you show others that you are able to handle your emotions in a mature way.  When you feel anger coming on, take a couple deep breaths and connect with your body. Feel where the anger comes from and listen to what it is telling you. Allow your rational mind to determine how you want to handle the situation. If you struggle to respond calmly, ask for a time out. Say, “This is important and we need to talk about it, but I am so angry and I need to cool down. Can we talk about this after I’ve had some time to think?” When things get heated, resist the urge to defend your views. Don’t be a brick wall, but be intentional to listen to other people’s opinions, even if you fiercely disagree with them. There are no two people on the planet that will agree on...


Обращайтесь к папе "Святой отец. Когда входит Папа, нужно подняться и аплодировать. При приближении Папы положено преклонять колени. Если это уместно, поцелуйте перстень Папы. Говорите с уважением, четко и кратко. Когда Папа будет уходить, поднимитесь.

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” Other appropriate ways to address the Pope in person include "Your Holiness" and "Most Holy Father." “His Holiness” and “Holy Father” both address the Pope by his title and position in the Church. You should address the Pope only by these titles rather than by his name when speaking to him face-to-face. The amount of applause will vary depending on the venue, but you should always stand in respect once the Pope walks into the room you are in.  Usually, if the venue is a small room with a small to mid-size crowd, the applause is quiet and polite. For large venues, however, like a stadium Mass, loud applause and even cheers are appropriate. If the Pope approaches you directly, you should kneel with your right knee bent to the floor. You do not need to make the Sign of the Cross, as you would do while genuflecting to the Eucharist, but you should still bend at the knee. Genuflection is a sign of high respect. If you are Catholic and if the Pope offers you his hand, that would be an appropriate time to plant a quick yet respectful kiss on the Piscatory ring, also known as the Ring of the Fisherman, traditionally worn by the Pope.  On the other hand, if the Pope offers you his hand and you are not Catholic, you are not obligated to kiss the ring. You could simply shake his hand, instead. The Ring of the Fisherman is a symbol and mark of the office. By kissing it, you show both respect and sincere affection for the man who holds that office. Plan what to say beforehand so that you do not stumble too much over your words, and maintain a tone that is both clear and respectful the entire time.  Start by introducing yourself. Give your name and say something important or fitting about yourself. If you came to the Vatican for a specific purpose or desired an audience with the Pope for a specific purpose, you should also state that. The Pope will guide the conversation, and you should let him do so. Keep your answers direct and brief, and speak in a clear, loud voice so that the Pope can hear you. As soon as the Pope...


Обращайтесь к пожилым людям уважительно. Предложите помощь. Будьте терпеливы. Не стоит относиться к пожилому человеку как к инвалиду.

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Even if you’ve grown up in a more casual environment where you usually call your friends’ parents by their first names, you shouldn’t assume that all older people are comfortable with that kind of informal title. Some elderly people may be more traditional, and prefer that you call them Mr./Mrs. So-and-So.  Always ask what name they prefer you call them. Use sir or ma'am when you don't feel comfortable asking. If they ask you to call them by name, then respect their request and do so! Continuing calling them by something else would be disrespectful. People can often lose strength, balance, and agility as they age, which can make some everyday activities that we take for granted more difficult. Providing even the smallest assistance may help make their day a little easier, and demonstrate your respect in a courteous, thoughtful manner.  It’s always polite to hold the door open for the people behind you, but it can be especially helpful for older people with canes or walkers. When you’re on public transportation, such as the subway, train, or bus, consider offering your seat to an elderly person, who might need to rest more than you. If you’re at the store, offer to reach for items on shelves that might be too high or low for an older person to reach. You might also offer to carry an elderly person’s bags to the car or unload their cart into the trunk. Older people usually don’t move as quickly as they used to when they were younger, which means it can take them longer to do even the simplest of tasks, such as crossing the street. Be respectful by showing some patience when you encounter them instead of trying to hurry them along.  If an elderly person is slow to get off the bus, subway, or elevator, or just walking down the street, don’t push past them. Let them take their time, so they are comfortable and don’t injure themselves. Don’t huff and puff if an older person on line in front of you at a store takes a little longer to pay for their items. Instead, try to be understanding -- you might even offer to...


Обращайтесь к работодателю, который вас очень ценит. Выберите работодателя, который близко знаком с вами. Не ограничивайтесь одной рекомендацией.

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Letters of reference should be glowing, Lukewarm references are not helpful. Think of an employer you’ve worked closely with who knows your style, skills and strengths. The most important thing is to ask people who will have good things to say about you. Reflect on what a potential reference would say about your background and performance before you ask. Theoretically, a letter of reference can come from any employer, past or current. However, it’s often best to ask one who has known you for a long time. They’ll be more likely to have specific compliments to make about your performance. Showing that you develop long-term relationships with your employers can also be a plus. Prospective employers often ask for multiple references so it’s a good idea to have several people in mind who can write letters for you. Three is a typical number but you may be asked for more.  If you only have a few employers, then look for other people who might be able to write a letter of support, such as former teachers or community leaders who know you well. If you have several letters you can also tailor the ones you send to each job, picking and choosing the ones that are most relevant.


Обращайтесь к специалисту за ежегодной проверкой. Уберите из дома мусор, состоящий из целлюлозы. Устраните контакт дерева с землей. Обработайте дом заранее, чтобы предотвратить появление термитов. Устраните точки проникновения, заделав все трещины в доме.

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A professional exterminator will typically have the knowledge to spot a termite infestation before it’s too late. The earlier you catch termites, the easier it is to deal with them.  If you live in a densely wooded area, you may be more prone to termites. Make sure the service is part of the National Pest Control Association or your local or state pest control association.  Ensure that the company offers a guarantee with their service. If you have any sort of organic material made of wood around your house, make sure you’re disposing of it. The longer it’s allowed to stay out, the more likely it will attract termites to your location.  You can make compost out of your landscaping trimmings. Breaking it down will prevent termites from infesting the wood. Another alternative is to contact your local municipality and ask about wood recycling in your area. Termites can enter your house easily if there is wood making contact with the ground. Some examples of this include a wood lattice, wood siding, and door or window frames that make contact with the ground. Anything made of wood should be at least 6 inches (15 cm) above ground level, to prevent termites from getting into your house.  You may have to put a concrete base on some wooded items on your house. Cutting off the base of wood lattice work that touches the ground will help you keep termites out of your house. If you're building a new home make sure to consider getting your house pre-treated for termite prevention. It’s much easier to set a termite barrier with termiticide before you begin construction, by creating the barrier on the land where the house will be. If you live in the southwest U.S., you should highly consider this option, as this is where most termites are found. After locating where you think the termites may be coming from, make sure to fill the holes and treat the surrounding area with termiticide to prevent further termite infestations.  Laying down termite poison around entry points will kill them before they can begin constructing new tunnels.


Обращайтесь с волосами аккуратно, когда вы моете и сушите их. Мойте волосы шампунем несколько раз в неделю. Позвольте волосам высохнуть естественным путем, без применения фена и подобных инструментов. Расчесывайте волосы гребнем, вместо того, чтобы использовать щетку. Не используйте процедуры, которые могут нанести вред вашим волосам. Делайте щадящие прически.

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The way you handle your hair makes a big difference in its texture and appearance. When you're rough with your hair, it can frizz up and start looking dull. Hair is a fragile material that should be handled with care, just like a delicate piece of fabric. Here's what to keep in mind:  When you shampoo your hair don't roughly scrub it. Massage the shampoo into your hair and distribute it with your fingers. Rinse your conditioner in the coldest water you can stand. The cold temperature seals the cuticle and helps your hair look shiny, while hot water will cause it to frizz up and look dull. Gently squeeze the water from your hair and pat it dry with a towel instead of twisting and wringing it out. Shampooing your hair every single day causes it to dry out and become brittle. The natural oil your scalp produces to nourish your hair gets rinsed away before it can do its job. If you want your hair to stay healthy and shiny, you only really need to wash it once or twice a week, depending on your hair type.  When you first cut back on how often you wash your hair, you may notice it looking oilier than normal. Your scalp is producing oil on overdrive since it's used to everyday washings. After a week or two things will balance out and your hair will look cleaner, longer. On days in between washings, when you need to perk up your hair,  try dry shampoo. It's a powder you sprinkle, or an aerosol you spray, on your hair to absorb the oil, and it works like a charm. The best way to keep your hair healthy is to let it dry naturally instead of using a hair dryer. The heat from the hair dryer damages the hair shaft, and if you do it every day you'll definitely see damage over time. Put that hair dryer away and let your hair dry the natural way.  The same goes for other heat styling tools, like curling irons, straightening irons, and hot rollers. On days when you do want to use a hair dryer or other styling tools, apply a heat protectant serum to your hair so it doesn't get quite as damaged. Running a plastic-bristled brush...


Обращайтесь с ружьем с осторожностью. Извлеките заряженный патрон. Загляните внутрь патронника. Поверните колпачок. Извлеките толкатель. Переверните винтовку. Ударьте по магазину. Передерните затвор.

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When unloading a loaded gun, you must handle it with special care to prevent injury or death.  Even if the safety mechanism is on and you think the gun may not be loaded, you must still treat it as though it were loaded Keep all fingers off of the trigger while unloading the gun. Your fingers must remain to the outside of the trigger guard throughout the entire process. You should also point the muzzle of the gun in a safe direction throughout the entire procedure. You will need to tilt the barrel and magazine tube at different angles at different points of the process, but regardless of the specifics, you should always make sure that the gun is not pointing at any living being or valuable property. Cycle the bolt to open the chamber. If there is a bullet sitting in the chamber, this action should cause the bullet to eject from the gun.  Even though this is a semi-automatic gun and not a bolt-action rifle, there is still a bolt that allows you to manually manipulate the chamber. The bolt on a Winchester Model 190 is a small knob located at the side of the chamber. When the chamber is closed, this bolt will face toward the front of the gun. When you pull the bolt toward the back of the gun, the chamber should open and the bullet inside should be ejected. Point the muzzle in a safe direction and look down into the chamber from the back of the gun. Verify that there are no other bullets inside the chamber or barrel of the gun.  You should approach the gun from the back as you look down into the chamber. Do not look into the chamber from the front of the firearm. If there are additional bullets in the chamber, you may need to tap the outside of the gun barrel to help free the trapped bullet. After freeing the bullet, you should be able to drop it out of the chamber opening. Pinch or unscrew the cap on the magazine tube follower to loosen it. Manipulate the cap in the same manner used when removing the follower during the loading process. Pull the follower cap forward. As you do this, the follower should glide out...


Обрежьте 2–3 вторичные ветви у земли, если растение уже зрелое. Обрежьте верхушки веток с семянками. Обрежьте мертвые и больные ветви. Обрежьте слабые ветви. Обрежьте ветки, которые трутся о главный стебель. Обрезайте треть растения на протяжении нескольких сезонов, чтобы поощрить новый рост.

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Cutting secondary stems will give you a fuller weigela plant. Locate 2-3 branches that are growing next to the main stem and use a hand-held pruning saw to cut the stems upward at a 45-degree angle. Saw the stems as close to the ground as you can. This will divert the plant's energy to the main stem and new growth, which will promote stronger blooms. Seed pods are left over after the flowers bloom and fall off the plant. They look like buds on the tips of the weigela branches. Use a pair of hand shears to cut the upper growth right above a lower hanging bud on the branch.  Do not cut more than 1/2 of the branches full length. Make the cut straight, right above a flowering bud. Cutting away old buds will promote the growth of new, stronger buds which will lead to more robust blooms the next year. Look for light grey or brown branches that feel brittle or hollow to the touch. Diseased branches may also have spots or mold on them. Cut these branches down to the main stem, on a 45-degree angle, to make room for new growth and prevent potential disease from spreading. If the center of the branch is brown or gray, the branch is dead. If a branch looks weak or wispy, there's a good chance it will never develop flowering buds. Cut away these branches down to the main stem to promote growth in other parts of the plant. Leave strong branches that have minimal offshoots and that are capable of growing flowers. You should cut branches that are rubbing up against the main stem or crossing over, as they can damage the plant. Use a pair of hand shears and cut the branches down to the main stem. Use rejuvenation pruning if you want to start over with your weigela shrub. Prune all the branches down to 1/3 each season until the shrub is 4–10 inches (10–25 cm) in height and there is only new branches left. This is a great way to restart your plant without having to purchase a new one. You should rejuvenate prune in the late winter.


Обрежьте ваше растение, чтобы получить черенки. Удалите лишние листья и разделите их. Подготовьте и обработайте узлы.

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Use a pair of sharp pruning shears to snip the lower end of the stem at a slight angle. Only take healthy cuttings that do not have signs of disease of infestation. Cutting the stem at an angle increases its surface area, allowing it to take up more moisture and nutrients from the planting soil.  Wear gardening gloves and eye protection when you take a cutting. Take semi-ripe or hardwood for your cuttings rather than younger sections that are still green. The best time to take cuttings from bougainvillea is late-spring to mid-summer, when growth is most rapid and abundant. Getting bougainvillea to root can be tricky. Consider taking multiple cuttings to give yourself more than one shot if your first attempt fails. You can cut back as much as a third of the plant's growth without worrying about harming it. Sterilize your gardening tools with rubbing alcohol before and after you take a cutting. The stem is the only part of the bougainvillea that will  take root successfully. Cut away all flowers, leaves, and small offshoots from the slender, woody shaft. Trim and discard any sections that are still green, as these are less likely to survive when planted.  Make sure you remove at least half of the leaves from the stem. This will help ensure that all of the plant’s resources are being used to form new roots. If you’re not planning on rooting your bougainvillea right away, wrap your cuttings in a damp paper towel and store them in the refrigerator in an airtight plastic bag. This will keep them from drying out for 1-2 weeks. Wet the bottom of the stem and press it into a container of powdered rooting hormone. Coat the underside thoroughly, but avoid caking or clumping. To remove excess powder, tap the stem lightly with your fingertip.  Rooting hormone can be found at most major gardening centers, greenhouses, and plant nurseries. It’s also sometimes known as “rooting acid.” You can also try making your own rooting hormone at home using ingredients like apple cider vinegar, cinnamon, honey, or crushed Aspirin.


Обрежьте все засохшие и больные ветки. Придайте форму своему персиковому дереву. Обрезайте ветки у их основания.

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You can remove the following growth at any time of year:  Dead or fungus-infected branches Suckers: the shoots that come up near the roots of the tree. Water shoots growing from the top branches Dried fruit from the previous year’s harvest This is the most important step in pruning, as it is responsible for the ultimate growth pattern and fruit production of the tree. You want to choose 4-6 primary branches to work with, and cut off all the rest.  All the branches you cut should be growing up at a 45 degree angle. Any branches that grow vertically or horizontally need to be removed, as they are likely to break when the tree begins bearing fruit. Prune your tree in a V-shaped pattern. All branches should have the appearance of the letter “V.” Cut off any branches that cross over each other, since these block sunlight. The best shape for a peach tree is an open vase, with a clear center to maximize sun.  Remove any branches on which the new growth is growing upwards above your head. This will make it difficult to pick the fruit. You want to cut the tree at the same angle of growth, about ¼ an inch from the lateral bud.  Avoid cutting the branch at too steep an angle or too close to the collar at the base, as this opens it up for infection. For branches exceeding 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter, use three cuts to aid in pruning. Make the first cut about halfway up the branch from the underside. Then, make a cut from the top down about one inch further. The weight of the branch will help the branch to break easily. Then, make your cut near the collar of the branch.


Обрежьте выбившиеся нитки по краям разрыва. Зашейте разорванное место. Обрежьте лишнюю нитку и торчащие из шва остатки материала. Прогладьте отремонтированные джинсы утюгом.

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Before you get to properly repairing your jeans, you'll first need to cut the excess threads, or frayed edges caused by the tear. Take some scissors and try to cut reasonably close; you want to get rid of any protrusions, but you also don't want to lose any material you can otherwise save. Provided you haven't lost much material, you can usually mend smaller rips without using any patches. First, turn your jeans inside out; that way, when you sew, the new seams won't be as visible. Take a sewing needle and thread, and stitch back and forth until the rip is mended. Try to make the stitches as close as possible. If it's available, try to use thread that's the same as the seam as the rest of the jeans. In many cases, this will be a white or black thread. If the rip is in a conspicuous place far away from natural seams, it's recommended you choose a colour that best fits your jeans' regular colour (usually blue or black). Once you get the rip sewn up, you can proceed to cut the extra bits off. Be sure to cut the sewing thread as close to the jean material as you can. If there are any frayed edges you didn't catch the first time around, give them a cut now. Now that you've made the repair, you'll want to seal the jeans with an iron press. This will smooth out any creases and give your pants a fresh feeling of newness.


Обрежьте до начала роста. Удалите мертвый, поврежденный или пораженный рост. Слегка подрежьте в течение вегетационного периода.

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Lantana benefits from being pruned in the mid-springtime before growth begins. This will improve flowering later in the season. Avoid pruning in the fall. Remove any branches that are crowded or grow over other branches. Cut back the Lantana by about a third of the size of the plant. Give the plant a liquid feed after pruning. During the growing season you should lightly prune your Lantana, as this will encourage new flowering. Take about two inches off each growing tip with a sharp pair of garden scissors. This should encourage new growth. It’s always a good idea to feed the plant after pruning.


Обрежьте излишки материала. Украсьте цилиндр по вашему вкусу. Носите ваш цилиндр с гордостью.

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Any excess fabric on the inside of the brim or flue should be trimmed away with sewing scissors or shears. While this is not strictly essential since the excess fabric should be hidden, it might make the hat more comfortable to wear. You can leave the top hat plain and wear it as is, or you can add decorative elements to it to personalize it or make it usable for a costume.  If you are using the hat for cosplay or costume purposes, study pictures of the character you are trying to dress as and decorate the hat accordingly. If you want the top hat to look more “classic,” you could try embellishing it by attaching a black satin ribbon around the base of the flue. To make the top hat more versatile, add embellishments that are removable. Your top hat should now be complete and ready to wear.


Обрежьте концы. Высушите листья, если это необходимо. Наполните стакан небольшим количеством воды и кинзой. Накройте полиэтиленовым пакетом. Периодически меняйте воду. Храните в холодильнике. Finished.

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Cut off any dry or damaged stem ends with a sharp pair of kitchen shears. At this time, you should also inspect the bunch for damaged or wilted leaves. Remove these leaves, as well. Consider trimming the stems under cool, running water. Doing so causes less shock to the herb, and since the ends will be immersed in water anyway, they can get wet without worry. Keeping the ends as fresh as possible is actually preferred since they will be able to draw up more water that way. If the leaves have any noticeable moisture on them, you should dry them off with clean, dry paper towels or by running them through a salad spinner.  Even though the stems will be wet for this method, it is important that the leaves remain dry. The cilantro will wither much quicker if you allow the leaves to remain wet. Note that for this method, it is better to clean the cilantro before you are ready to use it instead of now, when you are only trying to keep it fresh. Waiting minimizes the amount of water touching the leaves. Fill the bottom quarter of a sturdy glass jar with cool water. Arrange the cilantro inside the glass after that, making sure that all the cut stem ends are submerged. The cut ends should be submerged, but the leaves should remain above the surface of the water. If a few leaves dip under the water, either reduce the amount of water in the jar or trim off the bottom leaves. Place a resealable plastic bag over the top of the cilantro. Let the opening of the bag remain loose.  Do not secure the bag onto the jar with a rubber band or anything else. The opening of the bag should fall below the mouth of the glass. In other words, the leafy portion of the cilantro needs to be completely covered with the bag. You will need to change the water every few days. Knowing when to change the water is as easy as simply taking a look at the glass. As soon as the water starts to become discolored, it is time to swap it out for a fresher water supply. Check the condition of the cilantro when you change the water. Snip off any dried ends...


Обрежьте концы. Замочите кинзу. Поместите кинзу в герметичный контейнер. Храните в холодильнике.

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Use kitchen shears to trim off the dry tip from each stem of cilantro. Take this time to also remove any damaged or dying leaves, as well. To keep the end fresher and cause less shock to the plant, trim the stems under cool, running water. Place the cilantro in a dish and cover the stems with cool water. Let them soak for five to ten minutes. Soaking the cilantro removes all dirt and debris from the leaves. Since the leaves and stems will be moist when you use this method, cleaning the leaves beforehand is not an issue. If you were using a method that required the leaves to remain dry, however, you would wait until you were ready to use the herb before cleaning it. Transfer the wrapped cilantro to a plastic bag or plastic container with an airtight seal. Close the container and label it with the current date and contents.  If placing the cilantro in a plastic bag, close the top seal, leaving only 1 inch (2.5 cm) of open space. Gently squeeze out all the air before you finish sealing the bag. If placing the cilantro into an airtight container, make sure that the lid snaps on securely and leaves no space for air to slip in or out. Store the container of cilantro in your refrigerator for a week or so.  Cilantro is a fairly delicate herb. As such, using this method to store fresh cilantro may not be as effective as other methods. While a damp paper towel and plastic bag work well for hardier herbs, like mint and parsley, cilantro wilts faster. According to the experiences of many home cooks, methods that allow the leaves to remain dry can actually prolong the freshness of the herb longer. Note, however, that this method is very effective if you only want to keep the cilantro fresh for five days or so. The combination of moisture and cool temperatures can keep the cilantro at optimum freshness and crispness for a few days, but if you need to keep it fresh for a longer period of time, you would be better off with another method.


Обрежьте края кожи. Нанесите лак, краску или пигмент. Сгладьте края. Проделайте отверстия для сшивания. Перед сшиванием добавьте фурнитуру, например, застежку. При необходимости используйте прозрачный лак.

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Use a bevel tool to cut the square off of the edge of your leather. This will keep the edges from rolling up over time. It is only necessary to bevel one side of the leather: the back side can remain flat. Pay special attention to any sharp corners on your leather piece. These will need to be beveled separately, creating a diagonal or cut corner. With your edges beveled, you can move on to adding whatever finish is appropriate for your leather. You can use a resist to keep it a particular area clear of the finish or to reduce the coloring. Just be sure to always use gloves when using dyes or finishes....unless you like your hands a different color!  Tandy sells excellent finishes in a variety of colors. To apply these, use a paper towel, wool dauber, or a natural or very old sponge (regular sponges contain a chemical that does not react well with the leather). You can also use dyes. There are dyes intended for leather, but some leathers can also be dyed with shoe polish! These should be applied in the same way as the finishes. Acrylic paint thinned with water works on leather, if you'd prefer a painted look. Just use a normal paint brush to apply it. This works better for smaller, detailed sections than larger ones. You'll want to smooth the beveled edges of your piece after dying it. You can use a special tool for this purpose but the cheaper option is to simply rub it with a paper towel or canvas cloth! This will make the edges look shiny and professional. If you plan on doing any stitching, you'll want to add a stitching groove to keep your stitches from being worn down over time. There is a tool for this purpose called a stitch groover. Once you've cut a channel into your leather where the stitching will go, use a pricking iron or overstitch wheel to lightly mark where your individual stitches will go. This will help create an even, professional look. Finally, punch the individual holes you marked using a piercing awl.  When buying an overstitch wheel or pricking iron, get a shorter one to start off with,...


Обрежьте кутикулу, если на нее тоже попала краска. Покройте ногти лаком, если вам не удается удалить краску.

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If you have dead skin or cuticles that changed colors because of the dye, use a cuticle clipper to carefully remove the skin. This will save you from using harsh nail polish remover on your skin. If you've tried everything and your nails are still discolored, your best bet is to cover them with a fun nail polish. Be fashionable and disguise the stain at the same time!


Обрежьте мертвые ветки весной. Сделайте легкую подрезку, после того как азалия отцветет. Сделайте значительное подрезание, если есть необходимость.

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Pruning azalea plants early will allow the plant's energy to be directed toward producing new growth. Assess your azalea to find dead branches and other spots that need trimming. Use a pair of hand clippers to thin the azaleas. Clip out any dead branches. Don't go overboard with this early-season pruning. Each healthy branch you cut away is a branch that could have produced beautiful spring flowers. If you want to drastically change the shape of your azalea, wait until later in the summer. Now is the time to reshape your azalea shrub if you wish. Cut long, stray shoots next to woody branches to retain the azalea's natural form. Trim back areas that seem too crowded to promote air flow and improve the look of the bush. Be sure you make careful cuts - don't use hedge clippers to trim the bush willy nilly. Don't prune too late in the year. Prune no later than 3 weeks after the blooms have gone - otherwise, you'll be cutting away next year's flower growth. If you have an azalea that has grown to large proportions and you're ready to cut it back, you can safely cut it to within a foot of the ground and it will grow back bushy and beautiful. Do it after the blooms of spring have faded, so the plant has time to reestablish itself before the next phase of growth.


Обрежьте нить в соответствии со сделанными измерениями. Завяжите нити двойным узлом и переплетите друг с другом. Зафиксируйте провод от наушников.

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Be sure you make a clean cut so you don’t have unraveling thread at the base of the wires. Cut a little extra thread, just in case.    Consider starting at the base area where your headphones will plug into your audio system (or iPod). Place the headphone wire with a knot in either a clipboard to stabilize it or tape it down to a hard surface. You don’t want it moving around or slipping while working on the wrapping.


Обрежьте ногти, чтобы предотвратить дальнейшее повреждение. Используйте противогрибковые средства, если онихолизис вызван грибковой инфекцией. Узнайте у врача о вариантах лечения онихолизиса, вызванного псориазом. Спросите врача о витаминных добавках, если у вас в организме дефицит витаминов и минералов. Обрабатывайте ногти рецептурным осушающим средством после того, как они намокнут.

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Nails that have separated from their nail beds are vulnerable to injury. Ask your doctor if they can remove the separated part of the nail for you in-office. Removing the nail on your own may result in pain, infection, or further injury. If you have an infection under your nail, removing it will allow you to apply the medication directly to the site. Before your nail can grow back, the fungus and bacteria under the nail must be killed. After diagnosing this kind of infection, your doctor will prescribe an oral or topical antifungal medication to treat it.  Take or apply the medication exactly as directed until a new, healthy nail begins growing in.  Oral medications should be taken for 6-24 weeks depending on the severity and nature of the infection. Topical creams or ointments should be applied daily around the nail bed and are usually slow to produce results. Oral medications are generally more effective than topical ones, but carry additional risks such as potential liver damage. Follow up with your doctor after 6-12 weeks of treatment. Psoriasis is a common cause of onycholysis that has a number of possible treatments. Discuss treatment options with your doctor to decide which one may be most effective for you. These options may include:  Oral medications like methotrexate, cyclosporine, and retinoids Topical treatments like corticosteroids, synthetic vitamin D, anthralin, calcineurin inhibitors, salicylic acid, and topical retinoids Light therapy treatments, such as UVB phototherapy, narrow band UVB phototherapy, and excimer laser therapy Alternative, natural treatments like aloe vera, fish oil, and topical applications of Oregon grape A lack of vitamins and minerals may leave your nails weak and brittle, making it more difficult for them to regrow after onycholysis. Ask your doctor if you should take supplements to help your nails regain strength. Iron in particular may help to strengthen your nails.  Biotin, a B vitamin, can also help to improve the condition of your nails. Taking a daily multivitamin...


Обрежьте ногти, чтобы противогрибковое средство лучше проникло в них. Если на ногтях есть белые пятна, снимите их с помощью пилочки. Нанесите на ногти отпускаемое без рецепта противогрибковое средство. Раз в день вымачивайте ногти в таком натуральном средстве, как уксус. Прикладывайте к зараженному месту чеснок, если вы не хотите использовать лекарственные препараты. Наносите в качестве натурального средства несколько капель масла чайного дерева.

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You might be able to get rid of some of the fungus just by cutting your nails. Even if you can’t remove most of it with clippers, you can thin out the nail so that the anti-fungal treatment you choose can get deep into your nail. This will help it fight the fungus. If you usually keep your toenails on the longer side, consider keeping them pretty short while you’re trying to get rid of fungus. By filing off white marks, you are removing an additional barrier to the nail. Take time to file so that your topical treatment can reach the actual fungus. Use an Emory board to file off any ragged edges or colored markings on your nail. Try to make your strokes small and precise to shave off as much of the infected nail as you can; filing down your nail can actually make the topical treatment more effective.   File your toenails once a week, or more if you notice ragged edges. Treat yourself to a professional pedicure. Your nails will look great and you'll feel nice and relaxed! You can purchase a variety of OTC treatments at your local pharmacy. Both ointments and creams work well; just pick whichever formula you like best. Follow the directions on the package for applying the cream. Make sure to keep applying it for as long as the directions specify, even if the fungus appears to be gone.  If you’re not sure which product is right for you, ask the pharmacist or your doctor for a recommendation. If an OTC product is too pricey, you can use Vick's VapoRub as an inexpensive alternative. Apply a small amount to the affected nail twice a day. It's most effective if you do this after a shower so that your toes are already nice and clean. It might take 3-4 months to see results. If you prefer not to use medicine, you can try to get rid of the fungus by using basic vinegar. Fill a bowl with warm water and white vinegar. Use a ratio of 2-1 for water to vinegar.  Keep your feet in this solution for 20 minutes, then rinse with plain water. You can do this daily for the best results. There is no medical evidence that suggests...


Обрежьте ногти. Вымойте ногти. Нанесите основу под лак. Нанесите противогрибковый лак для ногтей. Нанесите второй слой лака. Нанесите финиш-гель (верхнее покрытие).

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It is important to keep your nails trimmed and neat. Keeping your nails short will help keep the fungus from spreading. Use specialized clippers if your nails have become too thick. Wash your clippers with rubbing alcohol in between uses to prevent the fungus from spreading. Use soap and water, focusing especially on clearing your nails and cuticles of any grime or dirt. Use a small brush to spread the base coat across the nail. This will prevent your nails from stains and anchor the polish to your nail.   Bring the brush down the middle of your nail in one, even stroke. Don't try to cover the entire nail with this one stroke. Then, starting from the same position as the first stroke, bring the brush down at an angle, covering the left side of your nail. Repeating this process, place your brush at the same starting point and brush the right side of your nail. Allow time to air dry. Starting at the base of your nail, use a downward stroke to apply an even coat of nail polish to the middle of your nail.  Using the same technique as before, place the brush at the same starting point at the base of your nail and brush down at an angle, covering the left side of your nail. Repeat this process for the right side of your nail. Be sure that the strokes are even and that no nail polish is pooling on your nail. Using the same downward strokes, spread the nail polish evenly across the nail until the color is more solid.  Air dry your nails for 3-5 minutes. The topcoat will seal the polish onto your nail as well as add a nice shine. Repeat the same technique for applying the nail polish. Allow time to dry and be careful not to smudge the polish while it is still drying.


Обрежьте ногти. Наденьте тонкие латексные перчатки. Попросите кого-нибудь помочь вам держать коня. Свободной рукой нежно поглаживайте коня по спине. Станьте спереди коня. Проводите очистку там, где есть достаточно места.

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Cut them as short as possible and/or file down any sharp edges. Since a horse's sheath is incredibly sensitive, you'll want to eliminate the possibility of scratching the horse. Keep in mind that the horse's instinctual response to discomfort in its nether regions will be to kick and buck, which can lead to serious injury — for you and/or the horse. Do not use thick rubber washing gloves. This might offend your sense of propriety, but it is more important that you retain your tactile senses. You'll need to be able to feel for any built-up smegma secretions or beans. They can hold the reins, which will keep the horse facing a specific direction. They can also brush the horse to calm them while you do the dirty business. If you are alone tie the horse safely and securely. This helps you feel for your horse's movements so you can move out of the way quickly in case he moves to kick. Many horse owners and vets also claim that a trusting horse will be comforted by your hand too. It is safest to stand with your hip and shoulder near the horse's front legs. Since horses kick with their back legs, you want to stay as far away from them as possible. Since you need a hose and want to avoid being trampled, you'll want to clean your horse's sheath in an open area - perhaps in your barn. Don't stuff yourself and your horse in a small stable stall. You won't have anywhere to turn.


Обрежьте отцветшие соцветия на цветах. Контролируйте сеянцы, которые появляются. Рассмотрите размножение семян в теплице.

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In order to avoid unwanted seedlings, prune off the flowers as they begin to fade or die. This type of pruning is commonly called deadheading. Deadheading also helps the plant put its energy towards new blooms, rather than trying to keep the old blooms alive. Cut the stems all the way off at the base. Any flowers that are left on the plant will drop seeds onto the soil and new seedlings will emerge around the parent plant the following spring. The seedlings that grow from dropped seeds the previous season can be allowed to grow. However, they should be carefully dug up and moved as soon as they are large enough to handle to prevent overcrowding. If you remove the seeds from your roses, you can collect those seeds and grow them in a greenhouse. Keep in mind that the seedlings may not look like the parent plant. Seeds from hybrid plants often produce plants that look like winter roses from a previous generation.


Обрежьте первую бутылку объемом 2 л прямо над основанием. Обрежьте вторую бутылку (объемом 2 л) прямо у верхней части. Просверлите отверстие в крышечке первой бутылки. Через отверстие пропустите веревку или фитиль. Налейте воду в основание бутылки. Переверните вторую половину бутылки и поместите внутрь основания. Насыпьте в бутылку почву. Посадите несколько семян. Полейте семена. Запечатайте экосистему дополнительной верхней частью бутылки. Поместите экосистему на солнце.

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Ask an adult to help you cut the bottle. Use a utility knife and cut a 2 quart (2 liter) clear plastic bottle, just about an inch (2.5 cm) above the base. The plastic near the bottom is usually quite thick and as a result, you may not be able to cut it with scissors.  You can discard the small base of the bottle because it will not be needed. Place the top of the bottle with the cap to the side, for later use. Make sure you have adult supervision. Take a second 2 quart bottle and cut all the way around the bottle just below the neck. You can use scissors or a utility knife to cut the bottle. Keep both pieces from this bottle. The base of this bottle will form the base of your ecosystem and the top will be used to as a cap to seal the ecosystem shut. Remove the lid from the first 2 US-quart (2,000 ml) bottle that you cut. Place the lid on a cutting board and then use a pair of pliers or a small handheld vice to hold the cap in place. Carefully drill a small hole through the center of the bottle cap.  You should ask an adult to help with drilling the hole into the cap. Make sure to wear safety glasses when using the drill. Next, push a thick cotton string or long wick through the hole. Wicks can be purchased from your local craft supply store. The wick or string should be about 3-4 inches (7-10 cm) long.  Screw the lid back onto the bottle. Set this piece aside for later use. Now you will need the base portion of bottle. Fill the bottom of the bottle with water. You may need to experiment a little to find the exact measurement of water. If you have too much water the cap will be submerged and if you don't have enough water the wick will not be able to reach the water. Make sure the string is submerged in the water, but the cap should not be touching the water. This string will collect water and help keep the soil above moist. This is how your seeds will get water once they have been planted. Now, pour 3-4 inches (8-10 cm) of top soil into the bottle. Make sure that the string or wick is buried in the soil. You...


Обрежьте пленку ножом и снимите ее с пробки.

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Most wing corkscrews don't come with knife attachments, so use a sharp kitchen knife to score the foil just under the lip of the wine bottle. Pull off the foil cap and discard it.


Обрежьте растения и листья вокруг конденсатора. Смойте пыльцу и пыль с конденсатора. Ежегодно проверяйте и чистите кондиционер.

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Although condenser units are often viewed as an eyesore, they need to be surrounded by open space in order to function properly. If you have weeds, vines, or bushes encroaching on your condenser unit, use a pair of garden shears and trim the plants back. Make sure that you have a space of about two feet on all sides of the condenser unit. This space will maximize the unit’s efficiency by allowing plenty of free-flowing air. Rinse the condenser by spraying it with water from a garden hose. Work the spray from the hose over all sides of the condenser unit. Rinse from top to bottom, so that runoff from the top portion of the condenser does not stain the bottom portion. Over the course of time, the outdoor condenser unit can become covered in a layer of dirt and pollen kicked up by the wind. This coating of dust can reduce the efficiency of the condenser unit by blocking the unit from pulling in air. While maintaining the function of the air conditioner unit should keep it functioning efficiently, it’s still smart to have it inspected by a professional. Plan to schedule your inspection in spring, before you start using the AC unit heavily in the summer. AC professionals will be able to inspect all parts of the air conditioning unit—including the evaporator coils and the air compressor—and can prevent or repair any problems early on.  If you live in an apartment or a rental house, the landlord or property owner will likely have annual inspections performed. If you notice that your AC unit is not working properly or seems to be broken, contact your rental agency.


Обрежьте рожки молодняку. Кастрируйте молодых козлов. Следите за тем, чтобы козы были покрыты. Ежедневно доите коз. Обращайтесь к специалистам, столкнувшись с серьезными проблемами. Найдите каналы сбыта конечного продукта.

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. Most goat species grow horns, and if allowed to grow, these horns have the potential to seriously injure other animals or humans. Anytime after the young goat is two weeks old, have the horn stubs removed, or "disbudded." This can be painful for the goat, and difficult without proper assistance. The assistance of an experienced goat farmer or veterinarian is recommended, especially one who knows how to administer anesthetization before starting the procedure. If the skin on their forehead is easily moved around by rubbing, the goats are probably naturally hornless and do not require disbudding. Even if you are breeding goats, you typically only need one buck per 25–50 does. Young, male goats that you do not intend to breed should be castrated at two weeks old or later, but only if they are healthy. Have a veterinarian administer a preventative tetanus shot before you perform the castration. Male goats grow large testicles, so even a castrated goat (wether) may not look as though it has been castrated. If you wish your does to produce milk or kids, you will need to breed them with a buck once the doe has reached breeding age. When a doe goes into estrus (heat), remove it from the herd and introduce it to a buck, rather than the other way around. Two to four breedings is usually enough to ensure pregnancy. A normal gestation period is around 150 days, but this can vary by species. . Does can be milked while they are pregnant, once the udder is enlarged. Milk one or two times a day until roughly two months before the due date for the birth. This pause ensures the mother has enough nutrients to feed the newborn goat. Resume milking again once the newborn kid is six weeks old. You do not need to breed the doe again until its milk production drops significantly. Know who you can consult if one of your goats develops a health problem or escapes its enclosure. If no goat farmers or livestock veterinarians live nearby, try to find a book on goat farming that covers topics such as performing a health check and...


Обрежьте секатором нижние листья, если хотите убрать «юбку». Не обрезайте листья, если вам нравится дерево с «юбкой». Срежьте цветочный стебель в 10 см от основания. Когда закончите, соберите и утилизируйте все обрезанные куски.

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" The bottom leaves are called the yucca’s “skirt.” Start at the bottom of the plant, and begin cutting off leaves using a knife, blade, pruning shears, or scissors. Make your cuts as close as possible to the yucca's trunk. Stop removing leaves about halfway up the tree or when you like the way the yucca looks.  You can cut these leaves away as desired. Keep in mind the best time to prune yuccas is in the early spring, so you can also choose to trim your plants then if you'd like. Yucca plants develop a “skirt” of lower leaves much like palms trees. Cutting away damaged leaves is especially helpful if the yucca plant is struggling. Removing the leaves will bring the plant back to health. Let the lower leaves naturally fall off rather than pruning them if you'd like. The lower leaves will not harm the plant if you keep them on, and you may like the way this looks better than a trimmed yucca plant.  Cosmetic pruning is mostly based on personal preference. You can still cut away damaged or dying leaves. They may naturally fall off, but this will help maintain the plant's health. Do this after the yucca plant blooms. When yucca plants bloom, white flowers grow from the top center of the plant. Grasp the flower stalk, move the leaves out of the way, and make your cuts with either pruning shears, a sharp knife, or a pair of scissors. You may prune before the plant blooms, though yucca trees are most commonly pruned after they bloom. Once they bloom, you can cut them immediately or wait for the flowers to fade. Throw out the leaves or use them for compost. The yucca tree will look beautiful with its new haircut!


Обрежьте стебель, если он неправильно растет или чтобы стимулировать вертикальный рост. Срежьте верхушку главного стебля, чтобы сделать растение более компактным и густым. Не обрезайте стебель, если хотите, чтобы растение было пышным и имело дикий вид. Обрезайте стебли под углом в 45 градусов, чтобы растение оставалось здоровым. Обрежьте стебель до нужной высоты.

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Oftentimes, dracaena species have 1 main stem and a few additional stems. If one of the stems grows out to the side and looks unattractive, cut the stem off using your pruning shears. You can either cut it at the base of the plant to remove the entire stem, or cut the stem to your desired height. The stem will grow a new branch at its new height. While this is optional, it will keep your plants looking neat and compact. If you want a small, round dracaena plant, use your pruning shears to cut off just the top of the stem. Make your cut based on your desired height, though it can be between ¼ to ¾ of the total stem length. This encourages new branches to grow near the new top of the stem. Keep in mind that pruning is optional with dracaena plants. If you want your plants to look full and luscious, let it grow throughout the season and prune it next year if you'd like. Let the stems grow and see where the branches form. You have the ability to customize your dracaena. However, once your plants reach the ceiling, you may want to at least trim the leaves! Look at your stem to see its growth direction, and angle your pruning shears so they are at a 45-degree angle at the stem. Tighten your shears quickly to make a clean cut.  This reduces the risk of infection and allows your plants to heal quickly. If you want to replant your clippings, cut the stems straight across after making the 45-degree angle cut. Pruning dracaenas is a matter of personal preference. You can cut off the entire stem if you want to reduce the total number of branches, or you can cut it half-way if you want to grow a more compact top. There is no explicit rules when it comes to pruning dracaena plants.


Обрежьте стебли. Взрыхлите землю возле клубней. Достаньте клубни из земли. Стряхните и смойте землю с клубней.

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Before you can remove dahlia bulbs from the ground, you will need to cut down the stems. You should do this as soon as the first frost of the season has arrived.  Cut back the stems until they're about 6 inches (15 centimeters) from the ground. You can now leave the roots for two to three more weeks before removing the bulbs. If desired, you can wait for the leaves to die instead and skip cutting the stems. To start removing the bulbs, use a fork to gently loosen the soil surrounding the bulbs. Be careful not to dig too close to the stem or too deep into the ground. You do not want to accidentally cut into the bulbs and damage them.  Use wiggling motions to remove the dirt. Loosen up a small circle of soil around each bulb. Once you start to see the bulbs, you can remove them. You can use a blunt-ended stick to remove soil surrounding the bulbs. Then, insert your fork under the bulb. Push back on the fork gently to lift the bulb out of the ground. Go very slowly as you lift the bulb. There will be a lot of soil clinging to the bulbs. This should be removed prior to storage. Gently shake off as much soil as you can. Then, rinse off the remaining soil using water.  Wear gardening gloves to protect your hands. Be extremely careful when shaking and rinsing the bulbs. You do not want to cause them any damage. If damaged, you will not be able to reuse the bulbs next year.


Обрежьте увядшие бутоны вербены после первого полного цветения. Обрезайте два-три раза за сезон. Рассмотрите возможность черенкования, чтобы приумножить количество вербены, если вы хотите вырастить ее снова. Немного обрежьте растение осенью, если вы живете в более теплом месте и хотите выращивать их как многолетние.

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Prune one-fourth of the plants top growth, include old flower blooms. Take care not to prune on the main stem. The next bloom will appear in 15 to 20 days. This practice will produce more blooms and wider plants. Cut a stem just below the node, or thickened place on a stem. Plant them in soil and keep them moist and shaded until they take root. Keep them in a container with as much sun as possible until you are ready to plant them in your beds. They will die with exposure to frost. Don’t overtrim them or they may not remain hardy.


Обрежьте часть стебля. Обрежьте лозу в первую зиму.

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When planting a blackberry vine as a rooted cutting, prune off two-thirds to three-fourths of the handle or stem, leaving only a short crown behind. Doing so stimulates the buds at the crown of the cutting, encouraging them to grow more vigorously.  The "crown" of the cutting refers to the portion of the cutting that extends just above ground once the cutting is planted. Cutting off most of the stem also removes any potentially damaged or diseased tissue that may have been on the stem. Do this pruning after you have already planted the cutting in the ground. If you are planting a seedling, bush, or vine with well-established erect canes, do not prune them back. First year growth is usually poor, so late during the first winter, you should cut back the canes back until they are roughly 3 to 4 inches (7.6 to 10 cm) high. This encourages the plant to develop sturdier canes that can support more fruit. If you are satisfied with your first year growth, however, pruning back the canes so dramatically may not be necessary. Blackberries producing satisfactory growth in their first year can be pruned according to standard annual requirements.


Обрежьте шпон до нужного размера. Нанесите контактный цемент на подложку. Нанесите контактный цемент на шпон. Дайте время «на отлип». Расположите лист вощеной бумаги. Выровняйте шпон. Прогладьте шпон. Обрежьте края.

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Cut the veneer to the size you want, making sure to leave as little overhang as possible. Any more than 1/4" overhang and you'll likely crack the veneer. Using a very short nap roller, roll the contact cement onto the area of the substrate that will be covered by a single panel of the veneer. Roll in one direction and then the other, just like you would a wall, in order to guarantee 100% coverage of the substrate surface. Go through the same motions to apply contact cement to the veneer, also making sure to get 100% coverage. There should not be any dry spots. Allow just enough time for the adhesive to dry slightly. It should feel perhaps somewhat tacky to the touch, but not be able to grab hold of a sheet of paper or the hairs of your arm. This is usually after 5-10 minutes. Place a sheet of wax or parchment paper on your substrate. This will go between the substrate and the veneer while you align the veneer, to help you get it as straight as possible without joining the pieces before they're ready. Line up the corners of the veneer and the substrate and get it into place. Then start to press it down so that the two glued sides touch, removing the paper as you go. Using your hand, smooth out the piece of veneer, starting from the center and moving out toward the edges. Apply firm pressure to ensure that full contact is made. Next, smooth it again using a flat tool like a putty knife or a carpet stair tool. Smooth it in one direction and then the other, just like you applies the adhesive. Do not use a tool like a roller, as this applies weak and uneven pressure. Trim the edges using a utility knife and then sand the edges using high grit sandpaper (180 to 220).


Обрезайте буддлею ранней весной. Проводите сильную обрезку весной. Удалите старые ветви. Удаляйте увядшие цветы на протяжении всего сезона цветения.

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When you prune your buddleia matters greatly in terms of care. You should always prune your plant in early spring. Usually, March is the recommended time for pruning. However, when to prune truly depends on your region. Severe frost, present in late spring in some areas, can cause damage to a buddleia.  Making a decision on when to prune your buddleia heavily depends on the weather in your area. As stated above, if you prune too soon early spring frost can harm the plant. However, waiting until later in the summer, or even the fall, can be deadly for the buddleia. If new growths do not harden before winter, they will be killed by the cold. This results in a dead plant the next spring. Keep an eye on the forecast, especially if you live in a colder area or an area with unpredictable weather patterns. If you see freezing temperatures or snow in your 10 day forecast, hold off on pruning. Wait until the weather's been consistently warm and above freezing for a few weeks before pruning. Buddleias bloom on new wood. Even if there is no sign of rot or damage to existing branches, cut all of the branches back to the ground in early spring. This will stimulate blooming and growth from your buddleia during the flowering season.  Buddleias grow in bunches of stems sprouting from the same patch of ground. You prune the plant by cutting these stems downward towards the ground. Stems should be at least a foot tall. Stop pruning once your stems are about a foot in length. Trimming any shorter could cause damage to the plant. When you finish pruning your buddleia, it should look somewhat like a stag's antlers. Don't be alarmed by how much you cut from the plant. Such intense pruning is what helps the buddleia grow new flowers when the rainy season passes. Buddleias can become overcrowded if too many branches sprout. If your buddleia bush looks crowded, remove older branches completely rather than just trimming them down.  It's fairly easy to differentiate old stems from young stems. Young stems tend to be green. Old stems...


Обрезайте вейгелу поздней осенью или ранней весной. Никогда не обрезайте за раз больше трети растения. Обрезайте вейгелу раз в год. Обрезайте вейгелу острым, стерилизованным секатором. Обрезайте ветви над почкой, чтобы контролировать направление роста.

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Prune your weigela plant after the threat of frost is over, sometime in the late fall or early spring. You can prune the weigela before it blooms to promote more flowers this year or after it blooms to promote stronger growth during the next blooming season. Weigela should not be pruned after mid-July. Over-pruning a weigela plant can weaken or even kill it. Never prune more than 1/3rd of the entire plant in a single season. If you need to remove a lot of growth, do it gradually over the course of several seasons. Weigela is prone to growing wispy and weak looking branches with a lot of offshoots. This can detract from the natural beauty of the weigela blooms. To prevent these types of branches from taking over your plant, you should prune it once a year. Sharp shears will prevent damage to the weigela plant. Wipe down the shears with rubbing alcohol after each cut to prevent the transmission of disease to other plants. If your shears are breaking or snapping the branches rather than cutting straight through, purchase new ones. An upward facing bud will continue to grow out and upward, while a downward facing bud will grow downward. Cutting the branch immediately above a bud will allow you to control the direction that it grows in. If you are pruning to maintain the look of your weigela plant, keep this in mind.


Обрезайте ветки зимой или ранней весной. Обрежьте сухие ветви. Обрежьте больные или зараженные насекомыми ветки. Обрежьте старые стебли. Очищайте густые места. Обрежьте стебли, которые растут ниже точки прививки. Определите, нужно или нет обрезать нижние ветки.

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The dogwood should still be in a dormant state when you remove branches. Sawing or otherwise removing branches during the late spring or summer, after the tree begins to actively grow, can create fresh, appealing entry spots for insects that like to bore into the wood of the tree. Wood that is dying or dead will do nothing good for your tree. In fact, leaving it on the tree may actually cause problems. Deadwood is more likely to grow mold or other fungi, which can then spread to healthy parts of the dogwood. Like dead branches, diseased branches will only invite further infection to the rest of your dogwood. When cutting off noticeably diseased branches, you should dip the shears or saw into a solution made of one part bleach and three parts water to sterilize them. Otherwise, you may accidentally spread the disease to other parts of the tree. Some dogwood varieties, particularly the shrubby types, are valued mostly for the colorful bark that grows on new stems. You can either cut back the old stems on these dogwoods or cut them down completely. For shrubby dogwoods, you can actually cut the dogwood down to the ground every few years to remove old stems and encourage the growth of new twigs. If a particular section of your dogwood tree seems abnormally thick or crowded, select the weakest branches from that spot and cut them back to their point of origin. Some hybrid or variegated dogwood varieties are created by grafting together two separate dogwood trees. A branch that grows beneath the grafting point will have characteristics of one of the original trees used for the hybrid, rather than the hybrid dogwood itself. To keep the foliage and appearance of the tree consistent, you should remove these unexpected branches by sawing or pruning them off at the point of origin. Sometimes, the lowest branches of the dogwood can interfere with walking or other gardening activities. Other times, the branches hang so low that the underside of the tree does not receive enough air. In either case, the lowest branches can...


Обрезайте гардению обычным секатором. Продезинфицируйте секатор (и ножовку, если надо) перед обрезкой. Отойдите от куста, чтобы определить его размер и форму. Держите секатор под углом в 45 градусов по отношению к ветке. Обрежьте половину самых старых веток. Обрежьте оставшиеся ветви до нужной высоты и формы. Проведите более тщательную обрезку там, где хотите стимулировать новый рост.

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For branches that are up to 1.5 in (3.8 cm) thick, use common hand-held pruning shears. In the unlikely event that you have branches larger than that, use a narrow-bladed saw. Mix a solution of 1 part rubbing alcohol to 1 part water. Dip the blades into the solution, or apply it to a clean rag and wipe down the blades. However, if it's been awhile since you've used your shears, let the blades soak in the solution for 10 minutes or so. Then let your shears air dry.  You can also use a solution of 1 part bleach to 9 parts water. Wipe down the blades after cutting any diseased or infected branches, and when moving from one plant to another. If you don't disinfect your shears, you could accidentally transfer any insects or disease from one branch (or plant) to another. Stand far enough away from your gardenia bush that you can see the whole thing in comparison to the area around it. Then decide what size and shape you'd like the bush to be. Once you begin pruning, step back frequently to check to make sure you're maintaining the size and shape you want. This angle will help you cut through the branches easily. It also prevents you from damaging the main branches of the bush if you get too close. Cutting the oldest, thickest branches will allow space for new growth. Depending on how overgrown your gardenia bush is, you might want to trim out more than half of the oldest branches. The oldest branches tend to be the darkest shade of brown and the thickest. After you've thinned out the oldest branches, trim the remaining branches. As you're trimming the branches, make sure you make cuts above a stem branch or leaf node to encourage new growth there. The stem branch is where thinner stems branch off of thicker limbs. The leaf node is the bulge at the end of the leaf stem at the branch. In addition to pruning your gardenia bush to maintain its shape and size, you can prune to encourage growth in certain areas. If you prune back the bottom of the gardenia bush beyond the excess growth – up to a few inches – that area...


Обрезайте дерево. Прореживайте плоды. Собирайте урожай после полного вызревания плодов.

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You want it to take on an open center shape. After the first year and in the summer, cut the shoots that are forming on the top of the tree by two or three buds. In a month, check the tree for progress. If you have three wide-angled branches spaced equally apart, cut back other branches to keep these as your three main branches.  A year from then, again in summer, prune any shoots growing below these main branches. From then on, remove any shoots in the center of the tree to help it keep its shape. Prune the tree in late winter or early spring to shape the tree. Cut off any branches that are rubbing against others as well as any that might be growing up into the open center of the tree. Pruning annually encourages production, not diminishes it. It encourages new growth, allocating more resources to the parts of the tree you want growing. You'll get 10 to 18 inches of new growth each season. After the tree blooms, which will take about 4 to 6 weeks, thin the fruit by spacing them out 6 to 8 inches apart. This ensures that the fruit left over becomes large and juicy. You also want the sun to be able to reach all branches and fruit – if some fruit is flowering in the shade, thin it – that way you can allocate the nutrients to the fruits that will grow faster. You always want an "open canopy" for your fruit. Try to have every branch have access to plenty of sunlight. Remove dead, dying, and crossing branches and blooms to give your fruit the best chance. Watch the fruits on the top and outsides of the tree – they'll likely be ready for harvest first. When there are no longer any bits of green on the fruits, they're ready. They should come off with a slight twist.  Peaches are notorious for bruising easily, so be careful when you pick them. They can store in a resealable bag in the fridge for up to 5 days. Or, of course, you could make peach jam.


Обрезайте и собирайте только цветущую лаванду. Соберите лаванду в пучок. Обрежьте лаванду на несколько сантиметров над древесным основанием. Срезайте стебли лаванды по мере цветения. Удалите засохшие листья.

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Pruning and harvesting lavender are essentially the same - you're removing the flowering stalks from the bush. This promotes new growth in the plant's roots, keeps the plant looking neat, and leaves you with 1 - 8 bunches of fresh lavender flowers. Lavender should be cut when the flower have just opened in spring. This is the time during which they're most fragrant and beautiful.  Monitor the lavender in the early spring so you can catch it right when the flowers open. If you cut lavender in the spring, the plant may have time to produce more flowers for a second harvest. Use your hands to gather enough stalks to comfortably fit in your fist.  This is one bunch of lavender. The stalks are quite hardy, so you can gather from all parts of the bush without worrying about tearing it apart.  A first-year lavender bush will typically produce only enough flowers to form one or two bunches. Lavender bushes reach full maturity by the third year, during which they may produce 8 - 10 bunches of lavender. If you examine the lavender bush, you'll see it's rooted to the ground with tough, woody growth, above which grow the green stalks - green growth. Cutting into the woody growth can hurt the plant. Give it plenty of room by cutting about two inches above the end of the woody growth.  The best cutting tool for lavender is called a harvesting knife. It's curved like a scythe and has a serrated edge. If you don't have one on hand, a hand pruner will also work fine. When using a harvesting knife, hook it around the bunched lavender and pull the knife toward you, cutting off the lavender stalks. Continue cutting the lavender until all the stalks have been cut, and the bush that remains is shaped in a neat-looking mound. Cut after the dew has dried but before the heat of the sun draws out too much of the essential oils (you will want those intact to evoke the scent in your home). The first harvest will be early in the flower cycle. As the bush continues producing more flowers throughout the season, cut when necessary. Areas...


Обрезайте мертвые или поврежденные стебли в любое время. Срежьте более старые стебли. Выполняйте ежегодную обрезку в соответствии с требованиями сорта.

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While clematis aren't prone to being affected by pests, they can get a fungal disease that can cause the entire plant to turn black and die. If you see a dead or wilting stem on the clematis, use a clean pair of pruning shears to trim it away at the base. Disinfect the shears in an isopropyl alcohol or a bleach solution between cuts so you don't spread the disease to other parts of the plant. Since flowering becomes less abundant on stems over 4 years old, you can cut off the oldest stems to encourage new ones to grow. Wait until after the first bloom of the season, then use a pair of clean pruning shears to remove the stems at the base stem. Clematis does well with an annual pruning to encourage fresh growth. However, different cultivars require pruning at different times of year. It's important to know exactly when to prune your specific cultivar, since you can damage the plant if you prune it at the wrong time of year.   Plants that bloom on old wood, meaning the flowers appear on last year's stems, require no pruning except to cut back their size a bit and keep them contained. After they flower, prune back to a pair of healthy buds. (Apple Blossom is in this group.)  Plants that bloom first on old wood and again on new wood, meaning the flowers appear on last year's stems and new spring stems, need to be pruned to remove weak growth. Prune them in early spring, before they bloom, to remove weaker stems, then again after they bloom to improve their shape. (Nelly Moser and Ernest Markham are in this group.)  Plants that bloom on new wood, meaning the flowers appear only on new spring stems, should be cut back to 12 inches at the beginning of spring. (This includes Niobe, Princess Diana, Jackmanii, and Venosa Violacea.)


Обрезайте многолетние растения два раза в год. Помните о теплом климате. Избегайте обрезки после появления первых цветов. Обрезайте очень высокие сорта подсолнечника в июне или июле. Знайте, что однолетние цветы не будут цвести снова.

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A good general rule for pruning perennial sunflowers is to cut them down to half their size in the late spring or early summer. Then, reduce their size again by a third in June or July. Gardeners from warmer climates should prune Maximillian, swamp (Helianthus angustifolius), and willow leafed (Helianthus salicifolius) sunflowers to two-thirds of their original height in June. This procedure will keep these potential giants at a more manageable size and eliminate the need to stake them. Most perennial sunflower species bloom between mid and late summer. Gardeners should keep an eye on their plants at such times and refrain from pruning them after their buds start forming. However, the rules are slightly different for late summer blooming varieties. Late summer blooming types should be pruned back when they reach between 1.5 to 2 feet (0.5 to 0.6 m) in height, because they will recover in a few weeks and bloom regardless of the cuts. Maximilian sunflowers (Helianthus maximiliani) and Mexican sunflowers (Tithonia diversifolia) should be trimmed in June or July. This will reduce the sunflowers’ size from their typical height of 9 feet (2.7 m) or greater to a much more manageable 4 feet (1.2 m). Maximilian sunflowers can also be left standing through the winter months as food for the birds. If you choose to leave your tall sunflowers for the birds, they can be cut to the ground in the early spring to prepare the plant for new growth. Annual sunflowers can be trimmed back to the ground when they start to dry out and turn brown. They will not bloom again so many gardeners choose to remove them from their gardens entirely.


Обрезайте поздней зимой или ранней весной. Уберите мертвые или умирающие ветки. Срежьте ветки, которые мешают друг другу.

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Pruning done only for the health of the plant should be scheduled for the late winter or early spring, before new growth has had much chance for development.  Since burning bushes are primarily grown for their foliage, you don't need to worry too much about accidentally removing flower buds. The most vibrant foliage will grow on new branches, though, so it is still best to trim the bush before new growth has developed. When you decide to prune a burning bush for the health of the plant alone, you only need to worry about removing branches that could encourage disease to spread through the plant and destroy it. Even if you opt to prune the plant for shape, you should still prune it for health before worrying shape maintenance. Use pruning shears to cut away any dead branches or branches that have been severely injured.  Branches are most often injured by disease, insect infestation, animals, or bad weather. Cut diseased branched down to their point of origin on the main stem. Doing so is the only way to make sure that the disease does not spread. Injured branches can be cut back to their point of origin on the main stem, or you may wish to only cut away the injured portion of the branch. In the latter case, cut the injured branch down to a side branch and make the cut 1/4 inch (6 mm) above the bud. Look for any branches or branch stubs that are intertwined or rubbing against each other. Use pruning shears to remove these branches, as well. Cut these branches down to their point of origin on the main stem. Problem branches like these will typically grow back again in the same direction, so it is best to remove them completely instead of trimming them down.


Обрезайте пораженные участки растений. Опрыскивайте растения холодной водой. Поставьте рядом с растениями увлажнитель воздуха.

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If you notice webbing on branches or spots on your leaves, you should prune these parts of the plant with hand pruners or shears. Discard the infested parts of the plant in the trash. Throwing away mite infested portions of a plant near your garden may spread mites to other plants. Moisture will keep mites away from your plants. Moving the plants indoors and misting them with water 2-3 times a day will reduce the likelihood of mites infesting the plants. You can also keep the plants over a saucer of water to prevent your plants from attracting mites. Spider mites thrive in dry conditions, and a humidifier will help keep them away. Do not use a humidifier when applying horticultural oils.


Обрезайте хвойные деревья в конце зимы или ранней весной. Выберите острые, правильного размера инструменты. Продезинфицируйте инструменты для обрезки перед использованием. Определите, какие ветви можно и должны быть срезаны. Срежьте ветви под углом 45 °- 60 ° в правильном месте. Сделайте два разреза в каждой ветке. Ознакомьтесь с требованиями к обрезке конкретных видов. Обязательно удалите все больные части дерева. Рассмотрите вопрос о найме профессиональной компании, чтобы они подрезали деревья для вас.

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In general, conifers should be pruned in late winter or early spring to encourage lush, healthy new branches and foliage in the spring. There is also less risk of fungal infections at this time of the year because the bark is more easily damaged while the trees are growing. The tools used for pruning conifers should always be sharp, as this is safer and more effective. You can determine which type of tool to use based on the size of the branches being pruned.  If the branches are less than ½-inch thick, use hand or bypass pruners that cut with a scissor action. If the branches are larger than ½-inch thick but less than 1 1⁄2 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter, use loppers or lopping shears. When the branches are more than 1 1⁄2 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter, use a pruning saw. Hedge clippers or shears can be used to shape conifers that are grown as a hedge or maintained in a particular shape. It’s recommended that gardeners disinfect any tools they are going to be using with either alcohol or regular bleach before they begin pruning their trees. This helps to prevent any lingering contaminants from being unintentionally spread throughout one’s yard. The main leader of a conifer tree should not usually be pruned. However, if the tree grows a second leader, you can prune off the weaker of the two. You can also trim the branches back to neaten the conifer up, if necessary.  Remove entire branches to thin out overly-thick growth, if necessary, and open the interior of the conifer up for better sun exposure and air circulation. Branches that are growing at angles will also need to be removed. Choose the branches carefully, though. Once an entire branch is removed from either a tree or shrub conifer, it will not grow back. Prune off entire branches at a 45° to 60° angle just outside of the branch collar.  Be very careful not to damage the branch collar, which is the raised area of bark at the base of the branch. Larger branches should be cut off 6 to 12 inches (15.2 to 30.5 cm) away from the branch collar. Cut about halfway...