bowang0911/MedQuAD huggingface dataset:
Cushing disease is a condition caused by elevated levels of a hormone called cortisol. It is part of a group of diseases known as Cushings syndrome. The signs and symptoms include weight gain around the trunk and in the face, stretch marks, easy bruising, a hump on the upper back, muscle weakness, tiredness, thin bones that are prone to fracture (osteoporosis), mood disorders and memory problems. Patients also have an increased risk of infections, high blood pressure and diabetes. Women may have irregular menses and a lot of hair in the body (hirsutism). Cushing disease occurs when a benign pituitary tumor (adenoma) or pituitary hyperplasia causes the adrenal glands to produce large amounts of cortisol. The genetic cause of Cushing disease is often unknown but some cases are caused by somatic mutations in genes involved in hormonal activity. Most cases occur sporadically in people with no family history of the condition. Rarely, Cushing disease can be inherited, either as an isolated condition or as part of a genetic syndrome (such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and familial isolated pituitary adenoma). Treatment generally involves surgery to remove the tumor and medications to decrease cortisol levels.
What are the signs and symptoms of Cushing disease? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Cushing disease. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of adipose tissue 90% Hypercortisolism 90% Neoplasm of the endocrine system 90% Round face 90% Thin skin 90% Truncal obesity 90% Acne 50% Bruising susceptibility 50% Decreased fertility 50% Diabetes mellitus 50% Hypertension 50% Hypertrichosis 50% Hypokalemia 50% Nephrolithiasis 50% Recurrent fractures 50% Reduced bone mineral density 50% Abdominal pain 7.5% Abnormality of the gastric mucosa 7.5% Aseptic necrosis 7.5% Cataract 7.5% Generalized hyperpigmentation 7.5% Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 7.5% Migraine 7.5% Myopathy 7.5% Paronychia 7.5% Reduced consciousness/confusion 7.5% Secondary amenorrhea 7.5% Skin ulcer 7.5% Sleep disturbance 7.5% Telangiectasia of the skin 7.5% Thrombophlebitis 7.5% Visual impairment 7.5% Abdominal obesity - Abnormal fear/anxiety-related behavior - Alkalosis - Biconcave vertebral bodies - Edema - Facial erythema - Glucose intolerance - Hirsutism - Increased circulating ACTH level - Kyphosis - Mood changes - Oligomenorrhea - Osteoporosis - Pituitary adenoma - Poor wound healing - Psychotic mentation - Purpura - Skeletal muscle atrophy - Striae distensae - Vertebral compression fractures - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the brain that causes gradual loss of memory, judgment, and the ability to function socially. Alzheimer disease currently affects about 5 million people. About 75 percent of Alzheimer disease cases are classified as sporadic, which means they occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. Although the cause of these cases is unknown, genetic changes are likely to play a role. Virtually all sporadic cases of Alzheimer disease begin after age 65, and the risk of developing this condition increases as a person gets older. AD can be subdivided into two groups based on the age of onset: (1) Early-onset (1%-6% of the cases) which start in people younger than 60- 65 years of age (2) Late-onset, which starts in people older than 65 years old. In about 25% of cases, AD is familial (2 or more people in a family have AD). For more information, please visit GARD's familial Alzheimer disease Web page.
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic condition that affects many parts of the body. Infants with PWS have severe hypotonia (low muscle tone), feeding difficulties, and slow growth. In later infancy or early childhood, affected children typically begin to eat excessively and become obese. Other signs and symptoms often include short stature, hypogonadism, developmental delays, cognitive impairment, and distinctive behavioral characteristics such as temper tantrums, stubbornness, and obsessive-compulsive tendencies. PWS is caused by missing or non-working genes on chromosome 15. Most cases are not inherited and occur randomly. Rarely, a genetic change responsible for PWS can be inherited. Management of PWS generally depends on the affected person's age and symptoms.
What causes Prader-Willi syndrome? Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is caused by the loss of active genes in a specific region of chromosome 15. People normally inherit one copy of chromosome 15 from each parent. Some genes on chromosome 15 are only active (or "expressed") on the copy that is inherited from a person's father (the paternal copy). When genes are only active if inherited from a specific parent, it is called genomic imprinting. About 70% of cases of PWS occur when a person is missing specific genes on the long arm of the paternal copy of chromosome 15. This is called a deletion. While there are copies of these same genes on the maternal copy of chromosome 15, the maternal copies of these genes are not expressed.   In about 25% of cases, PWS is due to a person inheriting only 2 maternal copies of chromosome 15, instead of one copy from each parent. This is called maternal uniparental disomy. Rarely (in about 2% of cases), PWS is caused by a rearrangement of chromosome material called a translocation, or by a change (mutation) or other defect that abnormally inactivates genes on the paternal chromosome 15. Each of these genetic changes result in a loss of gene function on part of chromosome 15, likely causing the characteristic features of PWS.
Is Prader-Willi syndrome inherited? Most cases of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) are not inherited and are due to random events during the formation of egg or sperm cells, or in early fetal development. This is usually the case when PWS is caused by a deletion in the paternal chromosome 15, or by maternal uniparental disomy. However in rare cases, a genetic change responsible for PWS can be inherited. The risk to family members of a person with PWS depends on the genetic cause of the condition in the affected person. Because the various genetic causes of PWS are complex, people seeking information about specific risks to themselves or family members are encouraged to speak with a genetics professional. More information about the causes of PWS can be viewed on our Web site here.
How is Prader-Willi syndrome diagnosed? There are clinical diagnostic criteria for Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) that were developed in the past that continue to be useful. These criteria can be viewed on the National Institute of Health's NICHD Web site. However, the current mainstay of a diagnosis when PWS is suspected is a form of genetic testing called DNA methylation testing. This testing can detect abnormal, parent-specific imprinting on the region of chromosome 15 that is responsible for PWS. It determines whether the region is maternally inherited only (i.e., the paternally contributed region is absent) and confirms a diagnosis in more than 99% of affected people. DNA methylation testing is especially important in people who have non-classic features, or are too young to show enough features to make the diagnosis based on signs and symptoms alone.
How might Prader-Willi syndrome be treated? A multidisciplinary team approach is ideal for the treatment of people with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Early diagnosis, early multidisciplinary care, and growth hormone treatment have greatly improved the quality of life of many affected children. In general, management of this condition depends on the affected person's age and symptoms. When a diagnosis of PWS is made, several evaluations are needed to assess the extent of the condition. For example, newborns should be assessed for sucking problems; infants should be assessed for development; and young children should have a vision exam. All males should be evaluated for the presence of cryptorchidism. Other associated conditions for which evaluations may be recommended include hypothyroidism, scoliosis, behavioral problems, psychosis, and respiratory problems and sleep issues. In infants, special feeding techniques may be needed. Young children often need early intervention, including physical therapy for muscle strength and reaching physical milestones, and speech therapy for language issues. Cryptorchidism may resolve on its own but usually requires hormonal and/or surgical treatment. When excessive eating begins and weight percentiles increase, affected children should be on a program of a well-balanced diet, exercise, and close supervision with food. A consultation with a dietitian is recommended. Behavioral problems may be addressed with special behavioral management programs. Serotonin uptake inhibitors have helped many affected teenagers and adults, particularly those with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Growth hormone treatment can normalize height, increase lean body mass, increase mobility, and decrease fat mass. Controlled trials of growth hormone therapies have shown significant benefit from infancy through adulthood. Benefits may include an increase in language and cognitive skills, and better motor performance. Sex hormone replacement helps to produce secondary sex characteristics (those that develop during puberty) but is somewhat controversial due to possible behavior problems in males, risk of stroke, and hygiene concerns related to menstruation in females. Clinical trials investigating potential treatment options for people with PWS are ongoing. ClinicalTrials.gov provides patients, family members, and members of the public with current information on clinical research studies. People interested in participating in clinical trials are encouraged to visit this site to determine if any trials would be helpful. Use each study's contact information to learn more. You can view a list of clinical trials for PWS here.   To learn more about how to find and participate in a research study, clinical trial, or patient registry, view our Get Involved in Research page.   Additional information on this topic can be found at the links below. Foundation for Prader-Willi Research - Diagnosis & Treatment  GeneReviews - Prader-Willi Syndrome Medscape - Prader-Willi Syndrome
What are the signs and symptoms of Ichthyosis follicularis atrichia photophobia syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Ichthyosis follicularis atrichia photophobia syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Alopecia 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Cryptorchidism 90% Dry skin 90% Hydrocephalus 90% Ichthyosis 90% Low-set, posteriorly rotated ears 90% Microcephaly 90% Optic atrophy 90% Photophobia 90% Renal hypoplasia/aplasia 90% Seizures 90% Abnormality of the fingernails 50% Aganglionic megacolon 50% Aplasia/Hypoplasia affecting the eye 50% Cleft palate 50% Convex nasal ridge 50% Developmental regression 50% Eczema 50% Hearing impairment 50% Hypohidrosis 50% Intrauterine growth retardation 50% Iris coloboma 50% Multicystic kidney dysplasia 50% Plagiocephaly 50% Postaxial hand polydactyly 50% Recurrent respiratory infections 50% Scoliosis 50% Vertebral segmentation defect 50% Vesicoureteral reflux 50% Abnormality of dental enamel 7.5% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the cerebellum 7.5% Astigmatism 7.5% Camptodactyly of finger 7.5% Cataract 7.5% Cerebral cortical atrophy 7.5% Cheilitis 7.5% Choanal atresia 7.5% Delayed skeletal maturation 7.5% Frontal bossing 7.5% Inflammatory abnormality of the eye 7.5% Kyphosis 7.5% Macrotia 7.5% Muscular hypotonia 7.5% Myopia 7.5% Nystagmus 7.5% Omphalocele 7.5% Opacification of the corneal stroma 7.5% Platyspondyly 7.5% Short stature 7.5% Split hand 7.5% Urticaria 7.5% Hip dislocation 5% Abnormality of the ribs - Abnormality of the vertebrae - Absent eyebrow - Absent eyelashes - Brain atrophy - Congenital onset - Ectodermal dysplasia - Erythroderma - Follicular hyperkeratosis - Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum - Inguinal hernia - Intellectual disability - Nail dysplasia - Nail dystrophy - Oligohydramnios - Olivopontocerebellar atrophy - Recurrent corneal erosions - Renal dysplasia - Scaling skin - Umbilical hernia - Unilateral chest hypoplasia - Unilateral renal agenesis - Variable expressivity - Ventriculomegaly - X-linked recessive inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
What are the signs and symptoms of Blepharophimosis with ptosis, syndactyly, and short stature? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Blepharophimosis with ptosis, syndactyly, and short stature. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the cranial nerves 90% Blepharophimosis 90% Highly arched eyebrow 90% Mandibular prognathia 90% Ptosis 90% Strabismus 90% Synophrys 90% Thick eyebrow 90% Short stature 50% Abnormality of the sense of smell 7.5% Cognitive impairment 7.5% Hypertelorism 7.5% Thick lower lip vermilion 7.5% Abnormality of the foot - Anosmia - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Cutaneous finger syndactyly - Esotropia - Frontalis muscle weakness - Intellectual disability, borderline - Weak extraocular muscles - Wide nasal bridge - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
What are the signs and symptoms of Ectodermal dysplasia with natal teeth Turnpenny type? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Ectodermal dysplasia with natal teeth Turnpenny type. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the nail - Acanthosis nigricans - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Cranial hyperostosis - Ectodermal dysplasia - Hypodontia - Hypoplastic pilosebaceous units - Hypoplastic sweat glands - Natal tooth - Oligodontia - Relative macrocephaly - Short stature - Slow-growing scalp hair - Sparse eyebrow - Sparse eyelashes - Sparse scalp hair - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
What are the signs and symptoms of Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Cholelithiasis 5% Hemoglobinuria 5% Hepatitis 5% Hepatomegaly 5% Increased serum ferritin 5% Jaundice 5% Pallor 5% Splenomegaly 5% Autosomal dominant inheritance - Exercise-induced hemolysis - Increased red cell hemolysis by shear stress - Reticulocytosis - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
What are the signs and symptoms of Rienhoff syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Rienhoff syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Brachycephaly 5% Broad face 5% Bruising susceptibility 5% Cerebral hemorrhage 5% Cervical spine instability 5% Dolichocephaly 5% Hypoplasia of midface 5% Long face 5% Motor delay 5% Patent foramen ovale 5% Ptosis 5% Smooth philtrum 5% Spondylolisthesis 5% Talipes equinovarus 5% Ventricular septal defect 5% Arachnodactyly - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Bifid uvula - Bilateral coxa valga - Blue sclerae - Cleft palate - Decreased muscle mass - Exotropia - Hiatus hernia - High palate - Hypertelorism - Hyporeflexia - Increased arm span - Inguinal hernia - Joint hypermobility - Kyphoscoliosis - Mitral regurgitation - Pectus carinatum - Pectus excavatum - Pes planus - Proptosis - Retrognathia - Short stature - Small for gestational age - Tall stature - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
What are the signs and symptoms of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, X-linked? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, X-linked. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the neck - Achilles tendon contracture - Atrioventricular block - Childhood onset - Decreased cervical spine flexion due to contractures of posterior cervical muscles - Elbow flexion contracture - Elevated serum creatine phosphokinase - Juvenile onset - Pectus excavatum - Primary atrial arrhythmia - Slow progression - Sudden cardiac death - Type 1 muscle fiber atrophy - Waddling gait - X-linked recessive inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.